[Federal Register Volume 80, Number 190 (Thursday, October 1, 2015)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 59248-59384]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2015-24184]



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Vol. 80

Thursday,

No. 190

October 1, 2015

Part II





Department of the Interior





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 Fish and Wildlife Service





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50 CFR Part 17





 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designation of Critical 
Habitat for the Dakota Skipper and Poweshiek Skipperling; Final Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 80 , No. 190 / Thursday, October 1, 2015 / 
Rules and Regulations  

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17

[Docket No. FWS-R3-ES-2013-0017; 4500030113]
RIN 1018-AZ58


Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designation of 
Critical Habitat for the Dakota Skipper and Poweshiek Skipperling

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), designate 
critical habitat for the Dakota skipper (Hesperia dacotae) under the 
Endangered Species Act (Act). In total, approximately 19,903 acres 
(8,054 hectares) in Chippewa, Clay, Kittson, Lincoln, Murray, Norman, 
Pipestone, Polk, Pope, and Swift Counties, Minnesota; McHenry, 
McKenzie, Ransom, Richland, and Rolette Counties, North Dakota; and 
Brookings, Day, Deuel, Grant, Marshall, and Roberts Counties, South 
Dakota, fall within the boundaries of the critical habitat designation 
for Dakota skipper. We also designate critical habitat for the 
Poweshiek skipperling (Oarisma poweshiek). In total, approximately 
25,888 acres (10,477 hectares) in Cerro Gordo, Dickinson, Emmet, 
Howard, Kossuth, and Osceola Counties, Iowa; Hilsdale, Jackson, 
Lenawee, Livingston, Oakland, and Washtenaw Counties, Michigan; 
Chippewa, Clay, Cottonwood, Douglas, Kittson, Lac Qui Parle, Lincoln, 
Lyon, Mahnomen, Murray, Norman, Pipestone, Polk, Pope, Swift, and 
Wilkin Counties, Minnesota; Richland County, North Dakota; Brookings, 
Day, Deuel, Grant, Marshall, Moody, and Roberts Counties, South Dakota; 
and Green Lake and Waukesha Counties, Wisconsin, fall within the 
boundaries of the critical habitat designation for Poweshiek 
skipperling. The effect of this regulation is to designate critical 
habitat for the Dakota skipper (Hesperia dacotae) and the Poweshiek 
skipperling (Oarisma poweshiek) under the Endangered Species Act.

DATES: This rule becomes effective on November 2, 2015.

ADDRESSES: This final rule is available on the internet at http://www.regulations.gov and http://www.fws.gov/midwest/Endangered/. 
Comments and materials we received, as well as some supporting 
documentation we used in preparing this final rule, are available for 
public inspection at http://www.regulations.gov. All of the comments, 
materials, and documentation that we considered in this rulemaking are 
available by appointment, during normal business hours at: U.S. Fish 
and Wildlife Service, Twin Cities Field Office, 4101 American Boulevard 
East, Bloomington, Minnesota, 55425; (612) 725-3548; (612) 725-3609 
(facsimile).
    The coordinates or plot points or both from which the maps are 
generated are included in the administrative record for this critical 
habitat designation and are available at http://www.regulations.gov at 
Docket No. FWS-R3-ES-2013-0017, and at the Twin Cities Field Office 
(http://www.fws.gov/midwest/Endangered/) (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION 
CONTACT). Any additional tools or supporting information that we 
developed for this critical habitat designation will also be available 
at the Fish and Wildlife Service Web site and Field Office set out 
above, and may also be included in the preamble and at http://www.regulations.gov.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Peter Fasbender, Field Supervisor, 
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Twin Cities Ecological Services Fish 
and Wildlife Office, 4101 American Boulevard East, Bloomington, 
Minnesota 55425; telephone (612) 725-3548; facsimile (612) 725-3609. If 
you use a telecommunications device for the deaf (TDD), call the 
Federal Information Relay Service (FIRS) at 800-877-8339.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

Executive Summary

    Why we need to publish a rule. This is a final rule to designate 
critical habitat for the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling. 
Under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et 
seq.) (Act), any species that is determined to be an endangered or 
threatened species requires critical habitat to be designated, to the 
maximum extent prudent and determinable. Designations and revisions of 
critical habitat can only be completed by issuing a rule.
    We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), listed the Dakota 
skipper as a threatened species and the Poweshiek skipperling as an 
endangered species on October 24, 2014 (79 FR 63672). On October 24, 
2013, we published in the Federal Register a proposed critical habitat 
designation for the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling (78 FR 
63625). Section 4(b)(2) of the Act states that the Secretary shall 
designate critical habitat on the basis of the best available 
scientific data after taking into consideration the economic impact, 
national security impact, and any other relevant impact of specifying 
any particular area as critical habitat.
    The critical habitat areas we are designating in this rule 
constitute our current best assessment of the areas that meet the 
definition of critical habitat for the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek 
skipperling. Here we are designating approximately 19,903 acres (8,054 
hectares) of native prairies and connecting dispersal habitats for the 
Dakota skipper and approximately 25,888 acres (10,477 hectares) of 
native prairies and connecting dispersal habitats for the Poweshiek 
skipperling.
    This rule consists of: A final designation of critical habitat for 
the Dakota skipper and the Poweshiek skipperling. The Dakota skipper 
and Poweshiek skipperling have been listed under the Act. This rule 
finalizes designation of critical habitat necessary for the 
conservation of the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling.
    We have prepared an economic analysis of the designation of 
critical habitat. In order to consider economic impacts, we have 
prepared an analysis of the economic impacts of the critical habitat 
designations and related factors. We announced the availability of the 
draft economic analysis (DEA) in the Federal Register on September 23, 
2014 (79 FR 56704), allowing the public to provide comments on our 
analysis. We have incorporated the comments and have completed the 
final economic analysis (FEA) concurrently with this final 
determination.
    Peer review and public comment. We sought comments from independent 
specialists to ensure that our designation is based on scientifically 
sound data and analyses. We obtained opinions from seven knowledgeable 
individuals with scientific expertise to review our technical 
assumptions, analysis, and whether or not we had used the best 
available information. These peer reviewers generally concurred with 
our methods and conclusions and provided additional information, 
clarifications, and suggestions to improve this final rule. Information 
we received from peer review is incorporated in this final revised 
designation. We also considered all comments and information received 
from the public during the comment period.

Previous Federal Actions

    We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), listed the Dakota

[[Page 59249]]

skipper as a threatened species and the Poweshiek skipperling as an 
endangered species on October 24, 2014 (79 FR 63672) with a rule issued 
under section 4(d) of the Act for the Dakota skipper. This rule 
followed publication on October 24, 2013, of a proposal to list the 
Dakota skipper as threatened with a section 4(d) rule and the Poweshiek 
skipperling as endangered (78 FR 63573). Also on October 24, 2013, we 
published in the Federal Register a proposed critical habitat 
designation for the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling (78 FR 
63625).

Summary of Comments and Recommendations

    We requested written comments from the public on the proposed 
designation of critical habitat for the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek 
skipperling during two comment periods. The first comment period 
associated with the publication of the proposed rule (78 FR 63625) 
opened on October 24, 2013, and closed on December 23, 2013, during 
which we held public meetings on November 5, 2013, in Minot, North 
Dakota; November 6, 2013, in Milbank, South Dakota; November 7, 2013, 
in Milford, Iowa; November 13, 2013, in Holly, Michigan, and November 
14, 2013, in Berlin, Wisconsin. We also requested comments on the 
proposed critical habitat designation and associated draft economic 
analysis during a comment period that opened September 23, 2014, and 
closed on October 23, 2014 (79 FR 56704). We published a news release 
stating that we would continue to accept comments during the time 
period between December 23, 2013, and the end of the second public 
comment period. We did not receive any requests for a public hearing. 
We also contacted appropriate Federal, State, and local agencies; 
scientific organizations; and other interested parties and invited them 
to comment on the proposed rule and draft economic analysis during 
these comment periods.
    During the first comment period, we received approximately 33 
comment letters addressing the proposed critical habitat designation. 
We also received several additional comment letters posted to the 
listing docket, but that also addressed the proposed critical habitat 
designation. Comment letters addressing the proposed listing rule were 
addressed in the final listing ruling document. We received 7 comment 
letters after the 1st comment period closed but before the 2nd comment 
period opened on the proposed critical habitat, and approximately 15 
comments on the listing docket that also addressed critical habitat. 
During the second comment period, we received 21 comment letters 
addressing the proposed critical habitat designation or the draft 
economic analysis. We also received 5 additional comment letters posted 
to the listing docket, but that also addressed the proposed critical 
habitat designation. All substantive information provided during 
comment periods has either been incorporated directly into this final 
determination or addressed below. Comments received were grouped into 
several general issues specifically relating to the critical habitat 
designation for the Dakota skipper and the Poweshiek skipperling and 
are addressed in the following summary and incorporated into the final 
rule as appropriate.

Peer Review

    In accordance with our peer review policy published on July 1, 1994 
(59 FR 34270), we solicited expert opinions from ten knowledgeable 
individuals with scientific expertise that included familiarity with 
the species, the geographic region in which the species occurs, and 
conservation biology principles. We received responses from seven of 
the peer reviewers.
    We reviewed all comments received from the peer reviewers for 
substantive issues and new information regarding critical habitat for 
the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling. The peer reviewers 
generally concurred with our methods and conclusions and provided 
additional information, clarifications, and suggestions to improve the 
final critical habitat rule. Peer reviewer comments are addressed in 
the following summary and incorporated into the final rule as 
appropriate.

Peer Reviewer Comments

General Comments
    (1) Comment: Several peer reviewers stated that the best available 
scientific information was used to develop the proposed critical 
habitat designation and the Service's analysis of the available 
information was scientifically sound. Peer reviewers provided updated 
information on Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling populations and 
stressors throughout the ranges of these species. Minor edits to 
specific details and interpretation of data did not affect their 
endorsement of the proposal and its conclusions.
    Our Response: We have incorporated the updated information into the 
Background section of this final rule. Some of the new information 
received resulted in minor changes or refinements of critical habitat 
unit boundaries, removal or addition of units, or the occupancy status 
of some units.
    (2) Comment: One peer reviewer asked if the definition of critical 
habitat, specifically, the geographical area occupied by the species, 
refers to the total range of the species--interpreted as the area 
bounding all known occurrences, or the spatial extent of particular 
colonies or populations (e.g., the area used by the species in one 
prairie site).
    Our Response: Critical habitat is a term defined and used in the 
Act. It is those specific geographic areas that contain features 
essential to the conservation of a threatened or endangered species and 
that may require special management and protection. Critical habitat 
may include areas that are not currently occupied by the species, but 
that will be needed for its conservation.
    (3) Comment: One peer reviewer asked if the definition of critical 
habitat, specifically, areas outside the geographical area occupied by 
the species, refers to the geographical area outside of the documented 
range of the species or sites within that range that are not known to 
be occupied at the time of listing?
    Our Response: That clause in the definition of critical habitat 
under section 3(5)(A)(ii) of the Act refers to any areas that are not 
occupied at the time the species is listed. These could be areas that 
fall outside the documented historical range of the species, or 
specific sites within the documented range of the species that were 
known to be occupied at one point, but which are not occupied when the 
species is listed (e.g., the species has been extirpated from that 
site). For the designation of critical habitat for the Dakota skipper 
and Poweshiek skipperling, all areas that we include as critical 
habitat under this prong of the definition were historically occupied, 
but some are not thought to be currently occupied by the species.
    (4) Comment: One peer reviewer, with particular experience in Iowa 
and Minnesota, agrees with the locations proposed as critical habitat, 
as they are a good representation of the recent historical range for 
both species.
    Our Response: We thank you for your comment.
Food, Water, Air, Light, Minerals, or Other Nutritional or 
Physiological Requirements
    (5) Comment: One peer reviewer stated that the assertion that 
Dakota skipper larvae are ``particularly vulnerable to desiccation 
during dry summer months'' was a hypothesis with

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no confirming evidence. The paper cited only surveyed occupied habitat 
and did not test unoccupied areas for the same parameters.
    Our Response: We recognize the limitations of Royer's 2008 study, 
and have corrected our interpretations accordingly; specifically, the 
sampling design (edaphic parameters (such as bulk density and soil 
moisture) were measured only in occupied areas and no unoccupied areas 
were examined to test the significance of the findings) does not allow 
for statistically significant conclusions.
    (6) Comment: One peer reviewer questioned why an increase in bulk 
density (compaction) is relevant in tilled lands, as tilling destroys 
the habitat in ways that are far more fundamental than changing bulk 
density.
    Our Response: We agree that tilling land alters the native remnant 
prairies in many ways, such that they are no longer inhabitable to the 
Dakota skipper or Poweshiek skipperling. Tilling alters the physical 
state of the soil, and bulk density is just one component of soils that 
has been measured before and after tilling.
    (7) Comment: One peer reviewer did not understand the statement 
about Dakota skipper distribution and isolation. ``The distribution'' 
would normally be understood as meaning the same as ``range,'' but the 
reviewer questioned what about the Dakota skipper's range led the 
Service to describe it as isolated. If what is intended is to describe 
the current distribution as consisting of small colonies highly 
isolated from each other, it would be better stated this way.
    Our Response: We did not intend for distribution to mean range in 
this context. We have corrected this information in the Physical or 
Biological Features section of this final rule to clarify that we mean 
that the species currently exists in small, isolated areas.
    (8) Comment: One peer reviewer suggested that we verify the 
accuracy of the following sentence: ``In Michigan, Poweshiek 
skipperling live on prairie fens, which occur on the lower slopes of 
glacial moraines or ice contact ridges (Albert 1995 in Michigan Natural 
Features Inventory 2012, p. 1) where coarse glacial deposits provide 
high hydraulic connectivity that forces groundwater to the surface 
(Moran 1981 in Michigan Natural Features Inventory 2012, p. 1)''.
    Our Response: We have checked additional sources and have modified 
the language in the Physical or Biological Features section of this 
final rule to correctly state that ``In Michigan, Poweshiek skipperling 
live on prairie fens, which occur on poorly drained outwash channels 
and outwash plains in the interlobate regions of southern Lower 
Michigan (Kost et al. 2007 pp. 69-73, Cohen et al. 2014, pp. 70-73). 
Prairie fens are typically found where these glacial outwash features 
abut coarse-textured end moraine or ice-contact features and where 
coarse glacial deposits provide high hydraulic connectivity that forces 
groundwater to the surface (Moran 1981 in Michigan Natural Features 
Inventory 2012, p. 1).''
    (9) Comment: One peer reviewer commented that populations of 
Poweshiek skipperlings in southwest Minnesota did not appear to need 
low wet areas that provide shelter and relief from high summer 
temperatures and fire. Areas like this were not present, or were 
located well away from areas where the Poweshiek skipperling was 
observed.
    Our Response: We have clarified that the Poweshiek skipperling may 
not need low and wet areas at all sites in the Physical or Biological 
Features section of this final rule.
Primary Constituent Elements
    (10) Comment: One peer reviewer commented that we should not use 
the precisely quantified soil parameters as stated in primary 
constituent element (PCE) 1b for the Dakota skipper.
    Our Response: We agree and have modified PCE 1b for Dakota 
skippers. Royer (2008) only examined occupied areas for these 
parameters; therefore, the statistical and biological significance of 
these edaphic variables cannot be determined from his study.
Why Occupied Areas are not Sufficient for the Conservation of the 
Species
    (11) Comment: One peer reviewer asked whether we assume there is 
some possibility that sites with unknown occupancy may still harbor 
populations.
    Our Response: In areas with unknown occupancy, we believe there is 
a possibility that the species still exists at the location. If these 
areas still do harbor a population, they would be important for species 
recovery for various reasons. For example, the remaining individuals 
may hold potential genetic representation, or a small population could 
be augmented to help establish a robust population or individuals from 
a large population may be used for reintroductions to other locations.
    (12) Comment: One peer reviewer questioned what genetic material 
would be preserved if the species is truly absent from locations where 
we are currently uncertain of the occupancy?
    Our Response: We agree that if the species is proven to be absent 
from a location that there will be no genetic material to preserve at 
that location. However, because we are uncertain of the occupancy, we 
believe there is some possibility that the species still exists there. 
If the species does exist at those locations, it would be important to 
preserve the genetic material at that location. Maintaining redundancy 
of genetic representation is important in case genetically similar 
populations are lost.
Unit-Specific Comments
    (13) Comment: One reviewer recommended that Dakota skipper critical 
habitat units DS MN 13A and 13B in Kittson County, Minnesota, be 
expanded to include locations referred to as ``Spot G'' and ``Spot H'' 
in Rigney (2013a). The reviewer supported that recommendation by 
stating that, although no Dakota skippers were observed at Lake Bronson 
in 2013, there was one highly likely sighting there, and the area 
continues to contain moderate-quality habitat.
    Our Response: We have reviewed this new information and have found 
that ``Spot G'' and ``Spot H'' were greater than the estimated 1-km 
(0.6-mi) dispersal distance from the closest sites where the species 
have been documented (those sites within MN Unit 13A and 13B), and we 
believe the habitat areas are too small (1 ac (0.4 ha) and 12 ac (5 
ha), respectively) to qualify as independent sub-units. These areas, 
however, may be useful as potential reintroduction sites, which we will 
consider during recovery planning.
    (14) Comment: One peer reviewer questioned why no areas in far 
northwestern Minnesota were proposed as critical habitat for Poweshiek 
skipperlings, given the close proximity of the extant Manitoba 
population to the U.S. border, the similarity between occupied habitats 
in Manitoba and in Minnesota, and the historical Poweshiek skipperling 
records in Kittson County.
    Our Response: We reviewed the known locations of Poweshiek 
skipperlings in northwestern Minnesota, and, based on new information 
that we received, we revised the proposed critical habitat (79 FR 
56704) and included critical habitat for the Poweshiek skipperling in 
Polk and Kittson counties, Minnesota (PS MN Units 19 and 20) in this 
final designation. See the Critical Habitat section of this final rule 
and the textual descriptions of units (available online at http://www.fws.gov/midwest/Endangered/insects/dask) for details of specific 
units.

[[Page 59251]]

    (15) Comment: One reviewer recommended the addition of several 
units in Minnesota as critical habitat for the Poweshiek skipperling. 
These areas included the following: Lake Bronson, North Clow 36, North 
Clow 35, Richardville 28 and 29, and the West Caribou Wildlife 
Management Area (WMA) sites identified in the 2013 Kittson County 
surveys (Rigney 2013a). The reviewer asserted that these areas have 
equivalent habitat and opportunity to encounter the Poweshiek 
skipperling as does the Lake Bronson site, which was included in the 
proposal; although no Poweshiek skipperlings were observed at these 
sites in 2013, they do provide moderate-quality habitat.
    Our Response: We reviewed the information in the 2013 reports and 
have designated critical habitat for the Poweshiek skipperling in the 
Lake Bronson Area (PS MN Unit 19), which was the only aforementioned 
location that met our criteria for critical habitat. Specifically, most 
of the Poweshiek skipperling records in the sites the reviewer 
recommended for inclusion were relatively old (1992 or earlier), the 
habitat was rated as relatively poor, or the sizes of the parcels were 
likely too small to sustain a viable population. The Poweshiek 
skipperling was last observed at the North Clow 35 location in 1992, 
and the site is very small (6 ac (2.4 ha)). North Clow 35 consists of 
four separate areas, ranging in size from 1 to 5 ac (0.4 to 2 ha), 
recently rated as moderate quality (Rigney 2013a, p. 3), but these 
areas are on the fringes of a densely forested area surrounded by 
agriculture and only equated to a total of approximately 9 ac (3.6 ha). 
The Poweshiek skipperling was last observed at both West Caribou WMA 
and North Clow 36 in 1991, but the habitat at West Caribou was recently 
considered to be of only fair quality (Rigney 2013a, pp. 7-9). The 
habitat at North Clow 36 was reported as good (Rigney 2013a, pp. 5-6), 
but the habitat equates to less than 5 ac (2 ha) in size. Richardville 
28 and 29 each had Poweshiek skipperling records from 1991, but equate 
to less than 4 ac (1.6 ha) in size combined.
    (16) Comment: One peer reviewer commented that all of the Dakota 
skipper critical habitat units in North Dakota are essential and should 
be included as critical habitat.
    Our Response: We thank you for your comment, which supports the 
designations in North Dakota. Based on new information, we have made 
some refinements to a few of the aforementioned critical habitat units, 
and other units have been partially or entirely removed from 
designation, due to these units no longer meeting our criteria for 
critical habitat. We have also excluded some of the areas in North 
Dakota that were proposed as critical habitat because of existing 
partnerships that outweigh the benefits of critical habitat (see 
Exclusions discussion below).
    (17) Comment: One peer reviewer commented that the three proposed 
Poweshiek skipperling critical habitat units in North Dakota were not 
enough and recommended additional land be considered as critical 
habitat. The reviewer further explained that, given the probable 
historical extent of habitat for this species in North Dakota, the 
designation of only 263 ac (106 ha) is not sufficient to represent the 
species' complete potential range within the State. For that reason, 
the reviewer recommended expanding the critical habitat designation to 
include other sites, particularly within the Sheyenne National 
Grassland (Richland-Ransom County) area.
    Our Response: We reviewed the available data on the occurrence of 
the Poweshiek skipperling in the Sheyenne National Grasslands, and 
found few records for the species in those areas. The single record of 
the species, from 1996, was unverified and the habitat was considered 
to be poor in 2012 (Royer 2012, p. 87). Thus, we have not included any 
areas as critical habitat for the Poweshiek skipperling in the Sheyenne 
National Grassland. However, there may be suitable habitat within the 
Sheyenne National Grasslands that may be important in recovery efforts 
for both species, such as potential sites for future reintroductions. 
For example, in light of new ecological information, we have refined 
the boundaries of North Dakota Critical Habitat Units 11 and 12 to 
better reflect Dakota skipper habitat--this area may also be utilized 
for Poweshiek skipperling recovery. PS North Dakota Unit 3 was removed 
from proposed critical habitat designation because we received new or 
updated information that indicates that this area no longer meets our 
criteria for critical habitat as described in this final critical 
habitat rule. This unit is dominated by Kentucky blue grass, and site 
managers ``are unsure if we can bring the site back to a more native 
dominated site,'' which has been either burned or grazed every spring 
from 2009 through 2013 (Askertooth, 2014, pers. comm.). North Dakota 
Unit 3 was 47 ha (117 ac) of federally owned land and included Krause 
Wildlife Production Area in Sargent County.
    (18) Comment: One peer reviewer asked if the site with the most 
recent historic sites for Dakota skipper in Iowa should be included as 
critical habitat for that species. Other sites that are included in the 
Poweshiek skipperling designations (PS Iowa Unit 3, PS Iowa Unit 11) 
may also contain good habitat for the Dakota skipper.
    Our Response: In Iowa, the Dakota skipper was recorded from two 
locations in 1911 and 1906, which did not meet our criteria for 
critical habitat because the records were old, and there is currently 
no suitable habitat at those locations. The Dakota skipper was observed 
at one additional site in Iowa in 1992. This area was not designated as 
critical habitat due to the relatively old record and because there 
were few records of the species in the State; therefore, we did not 
think that Iowa sites would help fulfill the conservation principles of 
redundancy, resiliency, and representation for the Dakota skipper. Some 
of the areas designated as critical habitat for the Poweshiek 
skipperling may also be important areas for Dakota skipper recovery 
efforts, however.
    (19) Comment: One peer reviewer noted that the Florenceville 
Prairie in Howard County, Iowa, may be another possible addition to the 
Poweshiek skipperling critical habitat units.
    Our Response: We examined Florenceville Prairie for its potential 
for critical habitat designation. The Poweshiek skipperling was last 
observed in this location in 1994. Other than the record, we had very 
little information regarding the habitat and management of the site, 
which appears to be approximately 25 ac (10 ha) from our aerial 
photograph interpretation. Because of its small size and little more 
information, this site did not fit our criteria for critical habitat. 
The Florenceville Prairie may be an important area for recovery.
    (20) Comment: One peer reviewer suggested that our discussion of 
the time for prairie habitat to degrade to non-habitat due to woody 
encroachment and invasive species would benefit from additional 
literature review, because there is much variation among sites.
    Our Response: We agree that there may be site-specific variation, 
which is why we attempted to verify habitat on the ground. There are 
few long-term studies of prairies without a management component that 
estimate the time of natural succession from prairie to non-prairie 
habitat. We have included citations from several sources that studied 
long-term succession across varying management regimes.

[[Page 59252]]

Federal Agency Comments

General Comments
    (21) Comment: North Dakota Natural Resources Conservation Service 
(ND NRCS) commented that a substantial percentage of the literature 
cited in the proposed rule was internal documents and not peer-reviewed 
or published literature.
    Our Response: Under the Act, we are obligated to use the best 
available scientific and commercial information, including results from 
surveys, reports by scientists and biological consultants, natural 
heritage data, and expert opinion from biologists with extensive 
experience studying the Dakota skippers and Poweshiek skipperling and 
their habitats, whether published or unpublished. We acknowledge that 
some of the reports we utilized were unpublished reports, most of which 
were reports of butterfly surveys that were submitted directly to 
various agencies. The Service's databases were also referenced several 
times within the document (e.g., USFWS 2014, unpublished geodatabase). 
These databases were built using hundreds of sources, including 
unpublished reports, published papers, and State heritage data. We 
referenced these databases in the proposed and final critical habitat 
document in places where we summarized data across many sources. All of 
the reports utilized in these databases are publically available, upon 
request. Our licenses to use State natural heritage data for internal 
purposes have data sharing restrictions.
Management Concerns
    (22) Comment: Several agencies expressed interest in working with 
the Service to manage Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling habitat 
and establish best management practices for the species.
    Our Response: We look forward to continuing to work with Federal 
agencies and other interested parties to explore management approaches 
and their benefit to the species and their habitat.
Exclusions
    (23) Comment: The North Dakota Army National Guard (NDARNG) 
requested exemptions from listing and critical habitat designations on 
lands that they use for training in North Dakota where they have an 
Integrated Natural Resources Management Plan (INRMP) in place in 
accordance with the Sikes Act.
    Our Response: Neither Camp Grafton South nor Garrison Training Area 
were proposed for critical habitat designations, nor are they included 
in our final designations.
Primary Constituent Elements
    (24) Comment: North Dakota State Department of Trust Lands 
commented that non-invasive grasses, such as Kentucky bluegrass and 
smooth brome, exceed the five percent threshold as defined for PCE 1d 
for the Dakota skipper and PCE 1e for the Poweshiek skipperling. They 
further state that data show that managed grazing has limited the 
dominance of Kentucky bluegrass, whereas no management results in a 
total dominance of Kentucky bluegrass.
    Our Response: We realize that non-native plant species in some 
areas designated as critical habitat may currently exceed five percent 
of the area, and that non-native plants will likely increase if these 
areas are not managed properly. Through active management, such as 
managed grazing, we will strive to reduce the amount of non-native 
invasive plants in critical habitat areas.
Unit-Specific Comments
    (25) Comment: The U.S. Forest Service recommended that the Service 
consider making boundary adjustments to Dakota skipper North Dakota 
Units 11 and 12. The Forest Service used a butterfly habitat model 
(Foli and Sjursen 2005) to develop recommendations for boundary 
adjustments that eliminate lands cultivated in the early 1900s that are 
dominated by non-native plants.
    Our Response: In light of this new ecological information, we have 
refined the boundaries of North Dakota Critical Habitat Units 11 and 12 
to better reflect Dakota skipper habitat.

Comments From States

General Comments
    (26) Comment: The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (MN 
DNR) supports the Service's decision to designate critical habitat for 
the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling in Minnesota and concurs 
with the Service's determination that designation of critical habitat 
for these species will be beneficial to their conservation.
    Our Response: Thank you for your comment.
    (27) Comment: The MN DNR recommends that areas with plans for 
restoration of severely degraded prairie be considered for exclusion 
under section 4(b)(2) of the Act. They commented that this would 
necessitate an explicit distinction between prairie remnants requiring 
maintenance-level management and remnants requiring restoration-level 
management, and would allow for more liberal use of management in lands 
targeted for restoration and support cautious management in restored 
areas. As such, prairie restoration practices are critical to 
connecting existing prairie remnants, countering the effects of habitat 
fragmentation and isolation, and are a focus of the Minnesota Prairie 
Conservation Plan (MPCP).
    Our Response: To exclude areas from critical habitat, the benefit 
of exclusion of that land must outweigh inclusion as critical habitat. 
The critical habitat designation for these two butterflies focused on 
relatively high-quality native remnant prairie, which may need 
maintenance-level management, with limited areas of lesser quality 
habitat included as dispersal areas. Four units in Minnesota contain 
lesser quality dispersal habitat (DS/PS Minnesota Unit 2, DS/PS 
Minnesota subunit 7A, PS Minnesota Unit 11 and PS Minnesota Unit 13), 
where restoration management may be appropriate. There are several 
areas included in the MPCP that are designated as critical habitat. We 
determined that degraded or poor-quality prairies and dispersal areas 
would benefit from inclusion in the designation because the species may 
use these areas during the short adult period. The Service will work 
with the MN DNR and other stakeholders to help identify varying habitat 
types and is looking forward to working together to develop methods and 
practices for restoring habitat for the two butterfly species. We hope 
to work with those involved in the MPCP to develop mutually acceptable 
management on these areas. See the Consideration of Impacts Under 
Section 4(b)(2) of the Act section of this final rule for more details 
on our balancing analysis for critical habitat exclusions.
    (28) Comment: The North Dakota Department of Agriculture suggested 
the addition of public informational meetings throughout the range of 
the butterflies in North Dakota and requested that there be more 
discussion on the potential impacts to private landowners, Federal 
funding programs, and current and future easements with the Service.
    Our Response: The Service will continue to conduct public outreach 
and coordinate with the U.S. Department of Agriculture and other 
stakeholders throughout the recovery planning and implementation 
process for these species. Proposed projects in areas where one or both 
species may be present, or on designated critical habitat that has a 
Federal nexus (in other words, funded, authorized or carried out

[[Page 59253]]

by a Federal agency), will be required to undergo consultation with the 
Service under section 7 of the Act. We suggest that action agencies 
contact the Service's Ecological Services Office in their State if they 
are planning an activity with a Federal nexus that may affect the 
species or its critical habitat. For more information about section 7 
consultations, visit the Service's Web site (http://www.fws.gov/endangered/what-we-do/consultations-overview.html).
    (29) Comment: North Dakota Game and Fish and South Dakota 
Department of Game, Fish, and Parks commented that including private 
land in the designation of critical habitat increases the threat of 
conversion of privately owned grassland. Benefits may be derived from 
the triggering of consultation under section 7 of the ESA for 
activities that have a Federal nexus on State and Federal lands. 
However, benefits of consultation or regulatory protections afforded by 
the implementation of section 7 of the ESA are lost when applied on 
private land. The Service should take this concern seriously and 
continue to investigate suitable alternatives to critical habitat 
designation. The Service should consult with each private landowner 
individually and directly to determine their potential impacts.
    Our Response: We agree that conversion of native prairies to 
agricultural or other uses is a threat to both species and have 
discussed this threat in the final listing determination, published in 
the Federal Register on October 24, 2014 (79 FR 63671). The Service is 
committed to working with private landowners, public land managers, 
conservation agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and the 
scientific community to conserve the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek 
skipperling and their habitats. For example, in recognition of efforts 
that provide for conservation and management of the Dakota skipper and 
its habitat in a manner consistent with the purposes of the Act, we 
finalized a rule under section 4(d) of the Act (79 FR 63671) that 
exempts incidental take of Dakota skippers that may result from 
livestock grazing since we believe this is necessary and advisable for 
the conservation of the species and facilitates the habitat protection, 
coordination, and partnerships needed to recover the species.
    During development of the proposed critical habitat designation, 
the Service notified each private landowner of record of the proposed 
designation and requested that landowners submit information, in the 
form of public comments, about potential impacts. While efforts to 
consult directly with each private landowner are outside the scope of 
this effort, the Service has considered this issue and has held some 
meetings with individual landowners to discuss their concerns. We 
focused initial meetings with private landowners in Minnesota, North 
Dakota, and South Dakota, which is where we received several comments 
from private landowners who had concerns about the implications of 
listing and critical habitat designations. Additionally, we have 
excluded some areas that are covered by conservation partnerships that 
provide a conservation benefit to Dakota skipper or Poweshiek 
skipperling from final critical habitat designation in this final rule. 
It is important for private individuals to understand that only those 
proposed projects in areas where one or both species may be present, or 
on designated critical habitat, and that have a Federal nexus (in other 
words, funded, authorized or carried out by a Federal agency), will be 
required to undergo consultation with the Service under section 7 of 
the Act. The responsibility of this consultation is that of the Federal 
agency, not the private landowner.
    (30) Comment: The South Dakota Department of Agriculture asked how 
a private landowner would be compensated, if during the course of the 
Service's activities for monitoring the critical habitat areas, the 
land or property is damaged.
    Our Response: Surveys for either species on private lands would 
only be conducted with landowner permission. Furthermore, surveys are 
not destructive in nature and have little, if any, impact to the land.
    (31) Comment: South Dakota Department of Agriculture suggested that 
further research should be conducted to determine if the Poweshiek 
skipperling is present in South Dakota. Because the Poweshiek 
skipperling is not found in South Dakota, this commenter submitted that 
South Dakota should not be included in the critical habitat designation 
for that species.
    Our Response: According to our data and analysis, the presence of 
Poweshiek skipperling is unknown at 36 of the total 69 sites where the 
species has been documented in South Dakota. The species was detected 
at least once at all 36 of these sites in 1993 or later; of those, 19 
had positive detections in 2002 or later. No surveys were conducted for 
the species between 2007 and 2011 at these 36 sites. Many of these 36 
sites were surveyed in 2012 and/or 2013, but we cannot presume that the 
species is truly absent at sites with only 1 or 2 years of negative 
data. The most recent detection of the species in South Dakota was at 
three sites in 2008. At several South Dakota sites, the species 
persisted for longer than 20 years. South Dakota is in the range of the 
Poweshiek skipperling and the species is listed throughout its range. 
Critical habitat is defined in the Endangered Species Act as specific 
areas within the geographic area occupied by a species, at the time it 
is listed, on which are found those biological or physical features 
that are essential to the conservation of the species and may require 
special management considerations or protection. Additionally, specific 
areas outside the geographic area occupied by a species at the time of 
listing may be considered for critical habitat designation if they are 
essential for the conservation of the species. The areas we have 
designated as critical habitat are important for the resiliency, 
redundancy, and representation concepts of species recovery, as 
discussed in the Criteria Used To Identify Critical Habitat section of 
this final rule. We addressed the comment regarding additional surveys 
or research in the final listing rule, published in the Federal 
Register on October 24, 2014 (79 FR 63671).
    (32) Comment: North Dakota Game and Fish commented that the 
proposal infers that the Service has identified skipper habitat in 
addition to critical habitat in North Dakota. If that is correct, does 
the Service have specific legal descriptions where such habitat exists 
and what restrictions will be placed on that habitat?
    Our Response: The Dakota skipper and the Poweshiek skipperling are 
both closely tied to native prairie habitats. Dakota skipper and 
Poweshiek skipperling are among a group of species endemic to North 
American tallgrass and mixed-grass prairie. In addition, these 
butterflies are not likely to inhabit reconstructed prairies, such as 
former cropland replanted to native prairie species. The Service has 
records of the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling in areas that 
are not designated as critical habitat, but these sites did not meet 
our criteria for critical habitat as described in this final ruling. 
However, they may still be important for recovery. The Service 
recognizes that there may be areas of suitable habitat for the species 
where surveys have never occurred or the survey effort was insufficient 
to know if the species were truly absent from a location. We do not 
have specific legal descriptions of all potential habitat areas. 
Therefore, the

[[Page 59254]]

Service recommends that, to determine whether a section 7 consultation 
may be required or recommended, action agencies should first provide 
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Ecological Services field office 
(FWS-ES) with a description of the area.
    (33) Comment: The North Dakota Farm Bureau and several other 
organizations noted that incentive-based voluntary programs that work 
well for other species may be a better solution to listing and critical 
habitat designations.
    Our Response: We appreciate any assistance to incentivize 
landowners to conserve these species. Voluntary action can have a 
significant contribution to conservation, and if such measures are in 
place when we are evaluating a species for listing, we consider them in 
that decision. The Service's policy, Expanding Incentives for Voluntary 
Conservation Actions Under the Act (77 FR 15352, March 15, 2012), 
encourages voluntary conservation actions for non-listed species 
(http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-03-15/pdf/2012-6221.pdf). 
However, if such voluntary actions are not in place when we are 
evaluating a species for listing, or if those actions are not 
sufficient to affect the need to list a species, the Service must make 
a determination based on the status of the species. Furthermore, under 
the ESA, the Service must propose critical habitat concurrently, or 
within 1 year of the final listing ruling, if it is found to be 
prudent. In this final critical habitat designation, we are excluding 
lands covered by conservation partnerships that provide a conservation 
benefit to Dakota skipper or Poweshiek skipperling. See the 
Consideration of Impacts under section 4(b)(2) of the Act section of 
this final rule for more details on these easements and the benefits of 
excluding these areas.
    (34) Comment: North Dakota Game and Fish supported the removal of 
Poweshiek skipperling North Dakota Unit 3 from the final designation as 
proposed on September 23, 2014.
    Our Response: We proposed some changes to our critical habitat 
proposal on September 23, 2014, based on updated biological or 
ecological information. Based on the information we received, the 
habitat in the aforementioned unit no longer met our criteria for 
critical habitat and has been removed.
    (35) Comment: The North Dakota Department of Agriculture suggests 
removing all critical habitat designations from any lands that are not 
currently inhabited by either species. Both species rarely travel more 
than 1 mile in their lifetime, so it is highly unlikely that unoccupied 
areas will be re-colonized without artificial reintroduction. It would 
not be beneficial to the species to designate critical habitat that 
will not be re-colonized naturally.
    Our Response: Some of the lands we are considering to be 
``unoccupied'' for critical habitat analyses have actually had recent 
records of the species' presence and have only had 1 or t2 years of 
negative surveys (no detections during the survey season). It is 
beneficial to designate these areas as critical habitat in light of the 
potential for recovery of the species on these lands as discussed in 
the Critical Habitat section of this rule.
Economic Concerns
    (36) Comment: The South Dakota Department of Agriculture requested 
that all private lands be removed from the critical habitat 
designations due to economic impacts. The average size of the farms in 
the South Dakota counties selected for critical habitat for both 
species is 675 acres (USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service 
2013). These are small family farms that support the local county 
economy. The National Agricultural Statistics Service reported that the 
total livestock and crop cash receipts for these counties are 
$1,447,861,000. The Service proposed to designate about 0.20 percent of 
total farmed acres as critical habitat. This could potentially result 
in a loss of $2.5 million to the local economies.
    Our Response: The Service must consider the economic impacts of 
designating critical habitat and has done so for these two species. As 
noted in the notice of availability for the draft economic analysis (79 
FR 56708; September 23, 2014), the Service evaluated the economic 
impact of designating critical habitat for the Dakota skipper and 
Poweshiek skipperling in the ``Screening Analysis of the Likely 
Economic Impacts of Critical Habitat Designation for the Dakota Skipper 
and Poweshiek Skipperling.'' The screening analysis was made available 
for public review and comment on September 23, 2014. As a result of our 
analysis, we concluded that the proposed critical habitat designation 
for the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling is unlikely to 
generate costs exceeding $100 million in a single year; therefore, the 
rule is unlikely to meet the threshold for an economically significant 
rule. Private property owners have expressed concern that the 
designation of critical habitat for the two butterflies may affect 
their property values. Data limitations prevented the quantification of 
the possible incremental reduction in property values; however, data on 
current land values suggest that, even if such costs occur, the rule is 
unlikely to reach the threshold of an economically significant 
rulemaking when possible perception effects are combined with the other 
incremental costs.
    The commenters' calculation of a potential loss of $2.5 million to 
the local economies assumes that all livestock and crop income will be 
lost in those counties. The designation of critical habitat does not 
have such far-reaching effects. Furthermore, several privately owned 
areas have been removed due to new ecological information indicating 
unsuitable habitat or excluded based on the existence of conservation 
partnerships as described in the Consideration of Impacts under section 
4(b)(2) of the Act section of this rule.
    (37) Comment: The North Dakota Department of Agriculture (NDDA) and 
a few private individuals are concerned that the designation of 
critical habitat on private lands could jeopardize current private 
conservation efforts or result in fewer private-public partnerships to 
preserve native grassland, and they suggest the Service remove all 
critical habitat designations from private lands. They further 
commented that, whether the impacts associated with a critical habitat 
designation are real or perceived, private land designated as critical 
habitat has decreased value economically. It is less marketable to 
future buyers, both for agriculture and development. The Service's 
September 8, 2014, memorandum concludes that proposed critical habitat 
designation does not reach the threshold of an ``economically 
significant rulemaking,'' however, it is very significant for current 
and future landowners.
    Our Response: As the commenter notes, this issue was discussed in a 
September 8, 2014, memorandum titled ``Supplemental Information on Land 
Value--Critical Habitat Designation for the Dakota skipper and 
Poweshiek skipperling.'' Data limitations prevent the quantification of 
the possible incremental reduction in property values due to the 
designation of critical habitat, but the memorandum presents 
information on the total value of the private lands (excluding 
conservation lands) included in the proposed critical habitat 
designation as an estimate of the upper bound on possible costs. It 
also identifies the relative value of private land across the proposed 
units.
    In this final critical habitat designation, we have made 
modifications to some of the critical habitat units due to new 
ecological

[[Page 59255]]

information, including the removal of some unsuitable private lands. We 
also exclude lands covered by Service permanent conservation easements 
and certain lands covered by current management agreements with the 
Service's Partners for Fish and Wildlife Program (PFW). See the 
Consideration of Impacts under section 4(b)(2) of the Act section of 
the preamble to this final rule for more details on these easements and 
the benefits of excluding these areas.
    The public perceptions supplement to the draft economic analysis 
discusses the idea that public attitudes about the limits or 
restrictions that critical habitat may impose can cause real economic 
effects to property owners, regardless of whether such limits are 
actually imposed (stigma effects). As the public becomes aware of the 
true regulatory burden imposed by critical habitat, the impact of the 
designation on property markets may decrease. Although stigma impacts 
may occur when critical habitat is first designated, and may be a real 
concern to landowners, research shows those impacts should be 
temporary. As described in the memorandum, small entities are generally 
not directly involved in the consultation process between NRCS or U.S. 
Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Service. As a result, impacts 
to small ranchers are not anticipated.
Management Concerns
    (38) Comment: MN DNR recommended that a clear distinction be made 
regarding management activities that will be permitted in designated 
critical habitat that is occupied by one or both species and critical 
habitat that is not currently occupied by either species. Furthermore, 
this commenter requested that the Service provide clear guidance to 
support distinguishing between ``occupied'' and ``unoccupied'' habitat 
in terms of the required frequency of surveys upon which to base 
conclusions regarding occupancy years since the last observation for a 
site to be considered occupied; number of individuals observed for a 
site to be considered occupied; distance from a site with more recent, 
larger, or more certain observation for a site to be considered 
occupied; and when artificial reintroduction of a listed species into 
an unoccupied site would be permitted, and when the site would then be 
considered occupied.
    Our Response: Stakeholders and project proponents should provide 
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Ecological Services field office (FWS-
ES) with a description of the area that would be affected, directly or 
indirectly, by the proposed or ongoing action to determine whether it 
is occurring in an area that is occupied by the species and what the 
appropriate management activities would be at the particular location. 
We discuss species occupancy in the Criteria Used to Identify Critical 
Habitat section of this final rule, which we used to determine the 
occupancy status of critical habitat units at the time of the 
publication of this final rule.
    (39) Comment: The South Dakota Department of Agriculture expressed 
concern that management restrictions implemented on critical habitat 
may have an impact on noxious weed and pest management on adjacent 
private lands. They asked what steps the Service will take to ensure 
that the management practices on critical habitat do not adversely 
affect adjacent private lands.
    Our Response: Proposed projects on designated critical habitat with 
a Federal nexus (in other words, funded, authorized or carried out by a 
Federal agency) will be required to undergo consultation with the 
Service under section 7 of the Act. We are not aware of any management 
restrictions that would affect noxious weed and pest management on 
property adjacent to critical habitat areas.
    (40) Comment: The North Dakota Department of Transportation is 
concerned that all activity related to highway construction and 
maintenance projects adjacent to or within critical habitat of the 
Dakota skipper will have to undergo consultation with the Service. 
There are six proposed critical habitat units for Dakota skipper that 
are located adjacent to highways in North Dakota (DS Units 5, 6, 7, 9, 
10, and 14).
    Our Response: In the section 4(d) rule for Dakota skipper, 
published with the final listing rule, we exempted take of Dakota 
skippers caused by mowing native grassland for hay after July 15 within 
transportation rights-of-way. See the Designation section of this final 
rule for maps of our final designations--we have made adjustments to 
some of the aforementioned units due to new ecological information, and 
we have excluded some lands in some of those units--see Consideration 
of Impacts Under Section 4(b)(2) of the Act section of this final rule. 
However, new highway construction projects in critical habitat would 
need to undergo consultation if they have a Federal nexus.
    (41) Comment: The South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks 
(SDGFP) commented that they have a cooperative agreement with the 
Service for the conservation of endangered and threatened animals. As 
such, they have coordinated and funded numerous butterfly surveys, 
published a butterfly field guide, developed specific management 
recommendations for Hartford Beach State Park and Pickerel Lake 
Recreation Area, and are developing a management plan for the Crystal 
Springs GPA to benefit prairie wildlife species. The SDGFP submitted 
this information as documentation of their past, current, and future 
commitment to assist with rare tallgrass prairie butterfly species 
recovery. They hope this will facilitate management of the critical 
habitat owned and managed by SDGFP.
    Our Response: We appreciate your continued efforts towards 
conservation of the two species and look forward to working with the 
SDGFP to that end.
Exclusion Comments
    (42) Comment: The MN DNR commented that exclusions under section 
4(b)(2) of the Act should be exercised cautiously and reserved only for 
circumstances in which the benefit of exclusion will clearly outweigh 
the benefit of designation and treat all landowners equitably.
    Our Response: We agree. Exclusions under Section 4(b)(2) of the Act 
must outweigh the benefit of inclusion in the critical habitat 
designation. This weighing analysis was completed for several 
situations, including lands with established partnerships with the 
Service such as private lands on which the Service has secured 
conservation easements and private properties that are covered by 
existing conservation agreements under the Service's Partners for Fish 
and Wildlife Program. Exclusions are discussed in detail in the 
Consideration of Impacts Under Section 4(b)(2) of the Act section of 
this rule.
    (43) Comment: The MN DNR discouraged the Service from invoking 
participation in the Minnesota Prairie Conservation Plan (MPCP) to 
justify exclusion of land from critical habitat. The agency believes 
that the designation of critical habitat is concordant with a 
landowner's participation in the MPCP and, in many cases, will enhance 
the effectiveness and further the goals of the MPCP.
    Our Response: The Service did not exclude any land from critical 
habitat designation based solely on participation in the Minnesota 
Prairie Conservation Plan.
    (44) Comment: The MN DNR recommended that relief from regulatory 
restrictions be provided to private landowners within designated 
critical habitat, rather than exclusion from critical habitat under 
section 4(b)(2), such as those provided under section 10

[[Page 59256]]

of the Act. For example, the agency requested that the Service consider 
working with them and other stakeholders to develop habitat 
conservation plans and incidental take permits under section 10 of the 
Act to provide for a balance between prohibited and permitted 
activities, which may result in a strategy to accommodate beneficial 
management rather than excluding the land.
    Our Response: The Service hopes to work with the State to develop 
ways to conserve the two butterfly species. See the Consideration of 
Impacts under section 4(b)(2) of the Act section of this final rule for 
a discussion of the lands that were excluded from final designations.
    (45) Comment: The MN DNR recommends that areas with plans for 
restoration of severely degraded prairie should be considered as 
eligible for exclusion under section 4(b)(2) of the Act. This will 
necessitate that the Service draw an explicit distinction between 
prairie remnants requiring maintenance-level management and remnants 
requiring restoration-level management.
    Our Response: To exclude areas from critical habitat, the benefit 
of exclusion of that land must clearly outweigh inclusion. The critical 
habitat designation focused on relatively high-quality native remnant 
prairie with limited areas of lesser quality habitat included as 
dispersal areas. Some degraded areas were considered for exclusions, 
for example, if they were part of a conservation agreement as described 
in the Consideration of Impacts under Section 4(b)(2) of the Act 
section of this rule. We did not, however, use degraded areas with 
plans for restoration as the sole basis for exclusion from critical 
habitat. Furthermore, several critical habitat boundaries were modified 
prior to our exclusion analysis to remove degraded areas from critical 
habitat due to the poor habitat quality. The Service will work with the 
MN DNR and other stakeholders to help identify varying habitat types 
and is looking forward to working with the MN DNR and others to develop 
methods and practices for restoring habitat for the two butterfly 
species.
Comments on the Section 4(d) Rule Related to Critical Habitat
    (46) Comment: ND Game and Fish and ND State Department of Trust 
Lands stated that the list of counties in which the 4(d) rule did not 
allow take caused by grazing--Eddy, McHenry, Richland, Rolette, 
Sargent, and Stutsman--did not directly correspond to the list of 
counties in which critical habitat was proposed--McHenry, McKenzie, 
Ransom, Richland, Rolette, and Wells.
    Our Response: We revised the 4(d) rule to exempt take caused by 
grazing throughout the range of the species, and not limited to certain 
counties. Thus, the final 4(d) rule exempts take of Dakota skippers 
caused by livestock grazing on all private, State, tribal, and other 
non-Federal (e.g., county) lands, regardless of where critical habitat 
is designated.
Unit-Specific Comments
    (47) Comment: The North Dakota State Department of Trust Lands 
requested that their land be removed from critical habitat, because 
cultivation on these lands is prohibited by the North Dakota State 
constitution. Due to this lack of cultivation, the Dakota skipper is 
still found on North Dakota School Trust Lands.
    Our Response: Although cultivation is prohibited on these lands, we 
still conclude that the benefits of excluding these lands do not 
outweigh the benefits of including them as critical habitat as 
described in the Consideration of Impacts under section 4(b)(2) of the 
Act section of this rule. We will work with the North Dakota School 
Department of Trust Lands to conserve Dakota skipper habitat and hope 
to develop a mutually acceptable partnership with them.
    (48) Comment: The North Dakota State Department of Trust Lands 
stated that Kentucky bluegrass is the dominant species in two of the 
four tracts of North Dakota trust land in McHenry County that were 
proposed as critical habitat. The third tract has been actively grazed, 
which has reduced the amount of Kentucky bluegrass, and the fourth 
tract is tallgrass prairie in good condition that had previously been 
hayed in the fall.
    Our Response: The Dakota skipper has been consistently observed in 
all four of the units partially or entirely owned by the North Dakota 
State Land Department and was observed during 2012 surveys at all four 
units. In light of new ecological information, however, we have refined 
the boundaries of DS North Dakota Unit 3, and corrected a mapping error 
in North Dakota Unit 8 to better reflect Dakota skipper habitat.
    (49) Comment: The North Dakota State Department of Trust Lands 
requested that the following counties be excluded from critical habitat 
for the Dakota skipper: Adams, Billings, Bowman, Burleigh, Dunn 
(southern), Emmons, Golden Valley, Grant, Hettinger, Logan Mercer, 
McIntosh, McKenzie (southern), Oliver, Sioux, and Slope. The commenter 
requested exclusion because these counties are not part of the 
historical range of the species, they do not contain suitable habitat, 
the cost of conducting surveys in these counties is significant, and 
their inclusion as critical habitat will cause significant economic 
harm.
    Our Response: Of the counties listed in this comment, only one, 
McKenzie County, contains critical habitat for the Dakota skipper and 
Poweshiek skipperling. The economic analysis does not anticipate 
incremental impacts resulting from additional surveying efforts for the 
butterflies in the critical habitat areas in McKenzie County because 
all are considered occupied or of uncertain occupancy. Therefore, any 
surveying effort would likely occur with or without the critical 
habitat designation, as a result of the listing of the species. Dunn, 
McKenzie, and Oliver counties are within the range of the species and 
are included in the final listing determination, which was published on 
October 24, 2014 (79 FR 63671).
    (50) Comment: The MN DNR stated that the Service should include 
Camden and Split Rock Creek state parks as critical habitat.
    Our Response: We have considered Camden State Park and Split Rock 
Creek State Park for critical habitat, but neither meets our criteria 
as described in this final rule. Split Rock Creek State Park may, 
however, be important for recovery of the species.

Comments From Other Organizations

General
    (51) Comment: Wild Earth Guardians, North Oakland Headwaters Land 
Conservancy, and The Nature Conservancy (TNC) in Minnesota, North 
Dakota, and South Dakota support the proposed rules to list and 
designate critical habitat for the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek 
skipperling as published in the proposed rule in the Federal Register 
of September 23, 2014. One organization asked for protection for all 
inhabited and uninhabited potential habitat under a critical habitat 
designation.
    Our Response: We appreciate your support for the listing and 
critical habitat designations and look forward to working with our 
partners to conserve both species. The criteria for critical habitat 
are discussed in Criteria Used To Identify Critical Habitat section of 
this final rule. In brief, some areas did not meet these criteria, for 
example, if the habitat has been severely degraded and is no longer in 
a suitable condition to support the species. Areas not included in our 
designations may still be important for recovery of one or both

[[Page 59257]]

species as discussed in the Critical Habitat section of the rule.
    (52) Comment: TNC commented that it was not clear exactly how the 
unoccupied sites are contributing to the long-term goals of the 
critical habitat and ultimately the recovery of the species. They 
encouraged the Service to further clarify its rationale for designating 
unoccupied sites as critical habitat and how that designation 
contributes to the long-term recovery goals for both species.
    Our Response: Federal agencies must ensure that their activities do 
not adversely modify critical habitat to the point that it will no 
longer aid in the species' recovery. In many cases, this level of 
protection is very similar to that already provided to species by the 
``jeopardy standard.'' However, areas that are currently unoccupied by 
the species, but which are needed for the species' recovery, are 
protected by the prohibition against adverse modification of critical 
habitat. Such unoccupied areas are rarely protected by the prohibition 
against jeopardizing the survival of the species. The importance of 
including unoccupied areas for recovery of one or both species is 
discussed in the Critical Habitat section of the rule.
    (53) Comment: The American Petroleum Institute commented that the 
Service had not conducted the analysis required under the ESA to 
designate critical habitat and had not shown that critical habitat is 
determinable. They stated that absent important elements of the 
statutory analysis, the Service's proposed critical habitat 
designations are impermissible or, at a minimum, premature and 
unsupported. They further stated that this analysis cannot be made 
because the Service has yet to evaluate the economic impacts of the 
critical habitat designation.
    Our Response: We have described how we determined critical habitat 
areas in detail in the Critical Habitat section of this final rule. In 
the Critical Habitat section of our proposed rule, published on October 
23, 2013 (78 FR 63574), we discussed determinability. In brief, we 
reviewed the available information pertaining to the biological needs 
of the species and habitat characteristics where these species are 
located. This and other information represent the best scientific data 
available and led us to conclude that the designation of critical 
habitat is determinable for the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek 
skipperling. For critical habitat designations, the Service must 
consider the economic impacts of designating critical habitat and has 
done so for these two species. The draft economic report was made 
available for public review on September 23, 2014.
    (54) Comment: One organization and one private citizen commented 
that the Service's suggestion that the Regulatory Flexibility Act 
(RFA), and case law thereunder, absolves the Service of its obligation 
to consider impacts of critical habitat designations misinterprets and 
misapplies the RFA and stands at odds with nearly every other critical 
habitat designation proposed by listing agencies. Private entities, 
including small businesses, can, and do, incur significant costs, which 
must be analyzed in the RFA. The requirement of an RFA is well-
supported throughout the administrative record, and has been clearly 
established by other agencies, including the Small Business 
Administration's Office of Advocacy. The Service's suggestion that 
``only Federal action agencies will be directly regulated by this 
designation'' is erroneous and unsupported by the record. An economic 
analysis required by section 4 of the ESA and the RFA must be 
completed.
    Our Response: Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA; 5 U.S.C. 
601 et seq.), as amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement 
Fairness Act (SBREFA) of 1996 (5 U.S.C. 801 et seq.), whenever an 
agency must publish a notice of rulemaking for any proposed or final 
rule, it must prepare and make available for public comment a 
regulatory flexibility analysis that describes the effects of the rule 
on small entities (small businesses, small organizations, and small 
government jurisdictions). However, no regulatory flexibility analysis 
is required if the head of an agency certifies the rule will not have a 
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. 
The SBREFA amended the RFA to require Federal agencies to provide a 
certification statement of the factual basis for certifying that the 
rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial 
number of small entities. In this final rule, we are certifying that 
the critical habitat designation for the Dakota skipper and the 
Poweshiek skipperling will not have a significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small entities. See the Consideration of Impacts 
under section 4(b)(2) of the Act section of this final rule for a 
discussion explaining our rationale.
    (55) Comment: The ND Stockmen's Association asked what kind of 
expansion of critical habitat landowners might expect over time. They 
further asked about the process for designating additional habitat and 
how much time would be given to survey the species in question in order 
to determine whether an expansion is necessary before more land would 
be designated.
    Our Response: We acknowledge that the Act authorizes the Service to 
make revisions to designated critical habitat. If, in the future, the 
best available information at that time indicates revision of critical 
habitat is appropriate, and if resources are available, we may revise 
this critical habitat designation. While the Service does not 
anticipate changing critical habitat for these two species at this 
time, if we determine that the critical habitat needs future revision, 
we would complete that revision through the rulemaking process, 
including publication of a proposed rule and comment period before the 
final ruling publication. Additional areas that may harbor thus far 
undocumented populations of one or both species may be important for 
recovery.
    (56) Comment: The Society for Range Management stated that the 
comment period occurred in the winter when the landowners and other 
interested parties could not assess the proposed areas on the ground.
    Our Response: On December 17, 2013, the Service announced plans to 
open an additional public comment period in 2014, once a draft economic 
analysis on the potential impacts of critical habitat became available. 
In that announcement, we stated that we would continue to accept 
comments via mail or hand delivery on the proposal for critical habitat 
and the proposal for listing between Dec. 23, 2013, and the close of 
the second public comment period. The second public comment period 
opened on September 23, 2014, and closed on October 23, 2014.
    (57) Comment: The ND Stockmen's Association commented that the 
Service states that ``habitat is dynamic, and species may move from one 
place to another over time.'' The association asked if that is the 
case, then how can earmarking specific parcels as critical habitat be 
an effective strategy to conserve a species? This group noted that the 
Service also states that ``. . . critical habitat at a particular point 
in time may not include all of the habitat areas that we later 
determine are necessary for the recovery of the species. For these 
reasons, a critical habitat designation does not signal habitat outside 
the designated area is unimportant or may not be needed for the 
recovery of a species.'' These statements do not give landowners 
assurance that these proposals will be effective and do not encourage 
landowner cooperation, especially when critical habitat designations 
will affect

[[Page 59258]]

their ability to manage their property as they see fit.
    Our Response: The purpose of this statement is to recognize that 
there may be other lands, outside of designated critical habitat areas, 
that may be important to conserve and recover the species.
    (58) Comment: The North Dakota Stockmen's Association requested 
clarification on whether the polygons on the maps delineate critical 
habitat or whether the entire county is designated as critical habitat. 
They further commented that Eddy and Stutsman Counties in North Dakota 
are on the list for inclusion as critical habitat, yet neither is 
included in the mapped areas.
    Our Response: Critical habitat areas are specific geographic 
regions identified in the maps in this final critical habitat rule, not 
the entire counties. There are no areas designated as critical habitat 
in Eddy County or Stutsman County, North Dakota. Unit-specific textual 
descriptions are available online at http://www.fws.gov/midwest/Endangered/insects/dask.
    (59) Comment: The North Dakota Farmer's Union stated that 
landowners were notified by mail just prior to publication of the 
proposed rules. The organization further stated that the Service should 
have contacted landowners months prior to publication so they could 
develop a candidate conservation agreement that would allow landowners 
to voluntarily commit to conservation actions that would help stabilize 
or restore these species, thereby eliminating the need for listing.
    Our Response: The Service acknowledges the importance of landowner 
cooperation in conserving the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling. 
As discussed in conservation measures of Factor A of the final listing 
rule (published in the Federal Register on October 24, 2014), the 
Service and other conservation agencies have recognized the need to 
address the status of prairie butterflies for more than 30 years 
beginning with a 1980 workshop held to initiate studies of Dakota 
skippers and other prairie butterflies. The Service funded management 
activities intended to benefit the Dakota skipper, including habitat 
management, landowner education on conservation practices, and prairie 
vegetation restoration. As described in detail in the Previous Federal 
Actions section of the proposed listing rule (78 FR 63574), the Service 
determined that the Dakota skipper met the definition of a candidate 
species in 2002 (67 FR 40657). By making the species a candidate, the 
Service was signaling that we believed the species warrants listing and 
were awaiting funding and resources to proceed with that listing. 
Similarly, the Service identified the Poweshiek skipperling as a 
candidate species, with a listing priority number of 2, in a notice of 
review published in the Federal Register on October 26, 2011 (76 FR 
66370). As part of our annual Candidate Notice of Review process, both 
species were subsequently reevaluated each year to determine if we 
believed they still warranted listing, up until the time we proposed 
them for listing. Those annual reevaluations were published in the 
Federal Register, and thus were publicly available.
    (60) Comment: Delta Waterfowl commented that, when the Service is 
considering the designation of critical habitat, special consideration 
should be given to landowners who are involved in any conservation 
effort via conservation agreement, easement, grazing system, or other 
action with the Service, conservation organizations, U.S. Department of 
Agriculture--NRCS or other recognized conservation or agricultural 
entities.
    Our Response: Landowners deserve credit for their stewardship, and 
we want to encourage their management practices that support the 
butterflies. We have excluded some areas that are covered by 
conservation partnerships that provide a conservation benefit to Dakota 
skipper or Poweshiek skipperling from final critical habitat 
designation in this rule. See the Consideration of Impacts under 
section 4(b)(2) of the Act section of the preamble of this final rule 
for more details on these easements and the benefits of excluding these 
areas.
Economic Concerns
    (61) Comment: The North Dakota Farmers Union stated that due to the 
historical loss of native mixed-grass and tallgrass prairie in Iowa, 
Illinois, and Indiana, a disproportionate share of the survival of 
these butterflies is dependent upon remaining native prairie habitat in 
North Dakota and South Dakota, which places an unfair burden on 
landowners in those States. Native prairie in North Dakota is 
predominantly used for livestock grazing--the sole source of income and 
livelihood for ranchers, as well as those who hold grazing contracts on 
Federal land. The Farmers Union further stated that, to curb livestock 
grazing, haying, and other practices on critical habitat would 
devastate ranching operations.
    Our Response: The Service acknowledges the importance of landowner 
cooperation in conserving the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling. 
For this reason, the Service published a 4(d) rule that exempts 
incidental take by routine grazing activities for Dakota skipper on 
October 24, 2014 (79 FR 63671). Proposed projects in areas where one or 
both species may be present or on designated critical habitat that have 
a Federal nexus (in other words, projects that are funded, authorized, 
or carried out by a Federal agency) will be required to undergo 
consultation with the Service under section 7 of the Act. We suggest 
that action agencies contact the Service's Ecological Services Office 
in their State if they are planning an activity with a Federal nexus 
that may affect the species or its critical habitat. Section 4(b)(2) of 
the Act states that the Secretary shall designate and make revisions to 
critical habitat on the basis of the best available scientific data 
after taking into consideration the economic impact, national security 
impact, and any other relevant impact of specifying any particular area 
as critical habitat. The notice of availability of the draft economic 
analysis was published in the Federal Register on September 23, 2014.
    (62) Comment: The North Dakota Farmers Union commented that 
critical habitat for the Poweshiek skipperling will encompass 283 acres 
of Federal land in North Dakota, and, if it is listed as an endangered 
species, no grazing will be allowed on this land. The Farmers Union 
stated that this is especially disconcerting for livestock producers if 
habitat is expanded to include private land.
    Our Response: We have refined the boundaries of some units in North 
Dakota based on new information. Critical habitat for the Poweshiek 
skipperling is now two units in North Dakota, for a total of 
approximately 166 ac (67 ha). Although the Poweshiek skipperling may 
still be present in these areas, that likelihood is low, and we are 
considering the units to be unoccupied at the time of listing. 
Therefore, Federal activities in unoccupied units that may affect the 
Poweshiek skipperling will need to undergo consultation under section 7 
of the Act, but we do not anticipate that grazing will be prohibited on 
those Federal lands.
    (63) Comment: The North Dakota Farmers Union questioned the need to 
designate critical habitat for the Poweshiek skipperling since it has 
not been found in North Dakota, according to the information presented 
by Service at the public meeting in North Dakota. Designating three 
units of Federal land for recovery of the Poweshiek skipperling could 
seriously impact the economics of ranching and farming operations in 
North Dakota.

[[Page 59259]]

    Our Response: As presented at the public meeting in November 2013, 
the Service is aware of 18 locations in North Dakota where the 
Poweshiek skipperling has been recorded. The Poweshiek skipperling was 
last observed in North Dakota in 2001; however, we are unaware of any 
surveys for the species between 2003 and 2011. The species was not 
detected at 4 North Dakota sites with previous records that were 
surveyed in 2012 or at 5 additional North Dakota sites with previous 
records that were surveyed in 2013. The Service can designate critical 
habitat occupied at the time of listing and in unoccupied areas, and 
has done so for the Poweshiek skipperling, for instance, at two 
locations in North Dakota, where the species may no longer be present. 
The importance of unoccupied areas is discussed in detail in the 
Critical Habitat section of this rule. Critical habitat for the 
Poweshiek skipperling now comprises two unoccupied federally owned 
units in North Dakota. In these units, only Federal activities will 
need to undergo consultation under section 7 of the ESA, if those 
activities may affect the Poweshiek skipperling critical habitat. The 
economics of these consultations is discussed in the draft economic 
analysis, the notice of which was published in the Federal Register on 
September 23, 2014, but we do not expect designation of 166 acres of 
Federal land as Poweshiek skipperling critical habitat in North Dakota 
will seriously impact the economics of ranching and farming operations 
in North Dakota.
    (64) Comment: Several organizations and individuals commented that 
the critical habitat designation would restrict private property rights 
and have economically significant ramifications, particularly for 
livestock producers. They further expressed that the threat of being 
subject to additional government requirements could be enough to 
encourage the conversion of these lands to other uses. They commented 
that designating critical habitat for the two butterflies will result 
in regulatory takings of an individual's livelihood and, ultimately, 
his or her property.
    Our Response: As stated in our proposed rule, the Service has 
followed Executive Order 12630 (``Government Actions and Interference 
with Constitutionally Protected Private Property Rights''). The 
designation of critical habitat is not anticipated to have significant 
takings implications for private property rights. As discussed in the 
Critical Habitat section of this final rule, the designation of 
critical habitat affects only Federal actions. Critical habitat 
designation does not affect landowner actions that do not require 
Federal funding or permits, nor does it preclude development of habitat 
conservation plans or issuance of incidental take permits to authorize 
actions that require permits. Due to current public knowledge of the 
species' protections and the prohibition against take of the two 
species both within and outside of the proposed areas, we do not 
anticipate that property values would be affected by the critical 
habitat designation. Our economic analysis for proposed critical 
habitat designation found only limited incremental impacts of the 
designation and small impacts on activities on private lands. The 
notice of availability of the draft economic analysis was published in 
the Federal Register on September 23, 2014.
    (65) Comment: Several private citizens noted that the designation 
of critical habitat will lead to a decrease in the value of privately 
owned land. They further stated that the designation would place 
restrictions on the landowner's ability to subdivide and sell the land.
    Our Response: We have considered this and have provided a 
supplemental data memorandum available online at (http://www.fws.gov/midwest/Endangered/insects/dask/pdf/TwoButterfliesPerceptionEffectsMemo8Sept2014.pdf) supporting the 
conclusion that the designation of critical habitat for the two 
butterflies is unlikely to reach the threshold of an economically 
significant rulemaking, with regard to costs, under Executive Order 
(E.O.) 12866. The supplemental memorandum specifically concludes that 
public perception regarding land use restrictions does not result in 
land value reductions approaching this threshold when perception 
effects are combined with the other incremental costs that could result 
from designation of critical habitat for the two butterflies. The draft 
economic analysis discusses public attitudes about the limits or 
restrictions that critical habitat may impose, which can cause real 
economic effects to property owners, regardless of whether such limits 
are actually imposed (stigma effects). As the public becomes aware of 
the true regulatory burden imposed by critical habitat, the impact of 
the designation on property markets may decrease. Thus, although stigma 
impacts may occur when critical habitat is first designated, and may be 
a real concern to landowners, research shows those impacts should be 
temporary.
Regulatory Concerns
    (66) Comment: Minnkota Power Cooperative commented that emergency 
response events due to storms or other causes demand that we be able to 
react quickly to restore damaged systems (e.g., transmission lines) 
without delay.
    Our Response: Rain and snow storms may be considered a disaster or 
an act of God under section 7 of the Endangered Species Act (50 CFR 
402.05). Therefore, consultation under section 7 may be required only 
if there may be an effect to a listed species or its critical habitat 
resulting from activities that have occurred during or immediately 
following an emergency situation. We suggest contacting your State's 
Ecological Services office to discuss typical actions taken during 
emergencies that may affect a species or its critical habitat.
Management Concerns
    (67) Comment: The Society for Range Management commented that 
listing and critical habitat designation in North Dakota will have a 
negative effect on the conservation of native grasslands. They further 
stated that conservation and management plans are a viable option to 
maintaining and improving native grasslands in North Dakota and that 
management of native grasslands is essential to maintaining their 
ecological integrity. The Society indicated that threats to native 
grasslands not only include conversion to cropland but also detrimental 
invasive plants such as leafy spurge, Kentucky bluegrass, and smooth 
brome, and that control of these species can only be provided by the 
ranchers who are also the reason that the Dakota skipper population has 
remained stable in North Dakota.
    Our Response: We agree that conservation of Dakota skipper 
populations relies on careful implementation of management practices 
that conserve its habitat while minimizing adverse effects. Landowners 
deserve credit for their stewardship, and we want to encourage their 
management practices that support the butterflies.
    (68) Comment: The Basin Electric Cooperative stated that the large 
amount of the proposed critical habitat for the Dakota skipper and 
Poweshiek skipperling is either private or State-owned land. They 
encouraged the Service to work with States and private landowners to 
preserve habitat and to educate private landowners on best practices, 
particularly regarding grazing, as this would greatly benefit both 
species. Furthermore, they stated that industry-specific agencies and 
groups may have greater access to farmers and ranchers and may be able 
to provide insight into the most effective way to educate private 
landowners.

[[Page 59260]]

    Our Response: We agree that education regarding the practices to 
maintain and enhance those habitats through grazing or other measures 
is a crucial part of endangered species conservation. The Service has 
been working with private landowners to encourage conservation and will 
continue to do so.
Exclusion Comments
    (69) Comment: The South Dakota Chapter of the Wildlife Society 
commented that, due to the importance of private lands to the recovery 
of these species, the Service should consider potential concerns from 
private landowners with lands proposed for critical habitat 
designation. Many of the landowners with lands proposed for critical 
habitat are already engaged as conservation partners through agreements 
with the Service, Natural Resources Conservation Service, or Farm 
Services Agency and we encourage the Service to use those existing 
partnerships as you weigh the benefits of excluding parcels of land in 
the final designation. However, others may be less familiar with 
opportunities to work cooperatively with the Service. The organization 
recommends that the Service exercise maximum flexibility when 
considering requests for critical habitat exclusions.
    Our Response: We have repeatedly contacted private landowners who 
own land within the boundaries of proposed critical habitat and 
specifically requested their input on any conservation plans, programs, 
or partnerships in place on any or all of their land, if a critical 
habitat designation would change how any of those plans, partnerships, 
or agreements were implemented, and if they had any other comments on 
potential impacts of critical habitat designations on their property. 
As discussed in detail in the Consideration of Impacts under section 
4(b)(2) of the Act section of this rule, we are excluding some areas 
that are covered by a variety of conservation plans and partnerships 
that provide a conservation benefit to Dakota skipper or Poweshiek 
skipperling.
Primary Constituent Elements
    (70) Comment: The South Dakota Chapter of the Wildlife Society 
commented that Primary Constituent Element (PCE) 3 for Dakota skipper 
and PCE 4 for Poweshiek skipperling deviate significantly from what is 
described in the listing rule as important habitat for both species. 
PCE 3 for Dakota skipper and PCE 4 for Poweshiek skipperling describe 
dispersal habitat that would be designated as critical habitat even 
though such areas may be entirely composed of nonnative grasslands or 
previously plowed ground. Since native prairie with a quality forb 
component is the key habitat needed for these species, we encourage the 
Service to rethink whether designation of tracts of invasive nonnative 
grass species should be included as critical habitat for these species. 
There is not good documentation provided in the proposed rule that 
invasive nonnative grasslands provide good dispersal habitat for these 
butterfly species and, therefore, if the Service chooses to designate 
such areas as critical habitat, we recommend providing additional 
documentation that nonnative grasslands really provide an essential 
habitat for these species versus just an occasional or theoretical 
dispersal corridor.
    Our Response: During mapping of critical habitat areas, those areas 
suitable for dispersal were kept to a minimum amount of land to connect 
two or more good or better quality native prairies. Several dispersal 
areas have been excluded from our designations including 252 ac (102 
ha) of dispersal habitat at DS North Dakota Unit 3, a total of 425 ac 
(172 ha) at PS South Dakota Unit 3B, and 156 ac (ha) at DS North Dakota 
Unit 5. The largest area of dispersal habitat in the designation is 
approximately 160 ac (65 ha). There are no critical habitat units that 
consist solely of PCE 3 for Dakota skipper and PCE 4 for Poweshiek 
skipperling. These corridors are essential to connect areas of higher 
quality habitat.
    (71) Comment: The South Dakota Chapter of the Wildlife Society 
commented that, if the Service chooses to include dispersal habitat as 
critical habitat between two or more tracts of property, at least one 
of the tracts should actually be occupied by the species. In the 
proposed critical habitat rule there are numerous tracts of private 
land proposed as dispersal critical habitat that connect only 
unoccupied parcels of native prairie. The commenter questioned 
designation of dispersal critical habitat on private lands between 
other unoccupied parcels when there is no plan to attain occupancy on 
those parcels.
    Our Response: Some of the lands we are considering to be 
``unoccupied'' for critical habitat analyses have actually had very 
recent records of the species but have had only 1 or 2 years of 
negative surveys (no detections during the survey season). So, even 
though the Service has analyzed them as if they are unoccupied for the 
purposes of determining if the areas were essential for conservation of 
the species, there is still a reasonable chance that populations exist 
in those ``unknown'' areas. In our designation, there are 12 Poweshiek 
skipperling units and 7 Dakota skipper units with dispersal areas that 
connect higher quality native prairies. For Dakota skipper, most 
dispersal areas connect native prairies where the species was observed 
in 2012, so there is a reasonable chance that the species exists at 
those locations. In addition, two units had dispersal areas connecting 
native prairies with slightly older records (2008 and 2006). The Dakota 
skipper unit with an older record (1997) of the species is largely 
under Federal ownership (111 ac), with some State (6 ac) and private (2 
ac) ownership. The private land is largely in a railroad right-of-way 
and serves as dispersal habitat. Eight of the 12 Poweshiek skipperling 
units with dispersal habitat have records in 2005 or more recently, so 
there is a reasonable chance that the species may exist at some of 
those locations as well. Many of the private areas in these units have 
been excluded (see our Consideration of Impacts under section 4(b)(2) 
of the Act section of this rule for details on exclusions). For the 
four other units, one is entirely owned by The Nature Conservancy, and 
three have some private land (<72 ac). One of these units overlaps 
entirely with the Dakota skipper unit described above with the railroad 
right-of-way. The private land at one of the two remaining Poweshiek 
skipperling units consists of about 28 ac (11 ha) of native prairie and 
43 ac (17 ha) dispersal habitat. The 22 ac (9 ha) of private land in PS 
Minnesota Unit 11 is purely dispersal area. Since dispersal areas 
(e.g., previously tilled areas, areas dominated by nonnative species, 
etc.) are not suitable for larval growth, the dispersal areas are only 
utilized during the adult flight period. Therefore, the likelihood of 
take of the species outside of June or July would be highly unlikely. 
Only those projects or actions that occur in areas where the 
butterflies may be present or on designated critical habitat and that 
have a Federal nexus (in other words, funded, authorized, or carried 
out by a Federal agency) must undergo consultation with the Service 
under section 7 of the Act. In such cases, it is the responsibility of 
the Federal agency involved to complete the consultation.
    (72) Comment: The South Dakota Chapter of the Wildlife Society 
commented that critical habitat designations of unoccupied habitat on 
non-Federal lands are likely to make future reintroductions or 
translocations

[[Page 59261]]

much more difficult because of potential landowner opposition resulting 
from critical habitat designation without consent.
    Our Response: See our response to the previous comment regarding 
unoccupied lands. To maintain conservation partnerships with private 
landowners, we have excluded many parcels of private land due to 
existing conservation efforts (see Consideration of Impacts under 
section 4(b)(2) of the Act section of this final rule). Property owners 
are often willing partners in species recovery, however, some property 
owners may be reluctant to undertake activities that support or attract 
listed species on their properties, due to fear of future restrictions 
related to the Act. There are tools available to address this concern, 
such as a safe harbor agreement (SHA) that provides assurances to 
participating landowners that future property use restrictions will not 
occur. SHAs are intended to provide a net conservation benefit that 
contributes to the recovery of the covered species. We recommend that 
landowners who are interested in conservation partnerships discuss 
opportunities with the Service Ecological Services Field Office in 
their State.
Criteria for Critical Habitat
    (73) Comment: One commenter suggested that the Service's 
methodology for classifying occupancy for purposes of identifying 
critical habitat for recovery is well supported. Given the difficulties 
of detecting these small butterflies most observable in the brief 
period per year when they are in the adult life stage, a conservative 
approach is justified. The timing of the adult flight period and the 
species' abundance varies greatly among years, due to climatic 
variation. At least 3 years of surveys are needed before an area should 
be considered extirpated. Furthermore, those 3 years of surveys need to 
be detailed efforts per survey, with multiple dates of surveys per 
year.
    Our Response: Thank you for your comment. We agree that multiple 
dates of surveys per year are desired to verify non-detection of the 
species in a given year. We have added language to clarify that point 
in the Background section of this final rule as well as the final 
listing rule published on October 24, 2014 (79 FR 63671).
    (74) Comment: The Nature Conservancy in Minnesota, North Dakota, 
and South Dakota stated that while all the sites designated as critical 
habitat were based on current or very recent occupancy, inventory work 
leading to the identification of those sites in the past has been 
sporadic and not comprehensive. Not all potential habitat was surveyed, 
and the inventory work that was done tended to focus on the same easily 
accessible prairie tracts. Restricting critical habitat to only the 
tracts inventoried may miss other potentially suitable habitat. A 
landscape analysis identifying areas of suitable habitat based on the 
description of physical and biological features necessary to support 
both species as described in the proposed critical habitat would 
strengthen the justification and objectivity for critical habitat 
designations.
    Our Response: We agree that there has not been a range-wide 
systematic sampling design implemented to identify new locations of the 
Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling. The search for additional 
potential locations of both species has been conducted using a variety 
of different approaches over the years and potential sites have been 
narrowed down on the landscape by examining topographic and aerial 
maps, State natural heritage habitat mapping data, aerial surveys, 
roadside surveys, and other methods. Other sites have been surveyed due 
to a proposed project and the potential for suitable habitat in the 
area or proximity to other known locations of one or both species. Many 
sites are repeatedly surveyed in order to understand long-term trends 
in the presence of the species or to quantify other population 
parameters. Although only a small fraction of all grassland in North 
Dakota, South Dakota, and Minnesota has been surveyed for Dakota 
skippers, a significant proportion of the unsurveyed area is likely not 
suitable for Dakota skipper. For example, the species was never 
detected at approximately 108 additional locations in North Dakota that 
were surveyed for the species from 1991 through 2013 (USFWS 2014, 
unpubl. geodatabase). Similarly, in South Dakota and Minnesota, 79 and 
148 additional locations, respectively, were surveyed for the species 
from 1991 through 2013 (USFWS 2014, unpubl. geodatabase). Many of these 
sites have been surveyed multiple times over several years. Surveys for 
the Dakota skipper are typically conducted only in areas where 
floristic characteristics are indicative of their presence. New 
potential sites surveyed are generally focused on prairie habitats that 
appear suitable for the species and have a good potential of finding 
the species; in other words, sites are not randomly selected across the 
landscape. Therefore, these sites have a higher likelihood of detecting 
the species than at sites randomly selected across the landscape. Based 
on these surveys, the likelihood that significant numbers of 
undiscovered Dakota skipper populations occur in North Dakota, South 
Dakota, and Minnesota is low. Likewise, the likelihood that significant 
numbers of undiscovered Poweshiek skipperling populations occur in its 
range is low. We acknowledge that there may be some undiscovered 
populations and additional areas of suitable habitats, however, and are 
starting to explore the potential of using spatially explicit modeling 
to develop probability occurrence maps of both species to help direct 
future surveys and conservation efforts.
    (75) Comment: The Nature Conservancy in Minnesota, North Dakota, 
and South Dakota supported the Service's justification for why 
representation, redundancy, and resiliency are important for 
conservation of species. While good evidence is presented as to how the 
sites proposed as critical habitat provide good redundancy across the 
species' historic geographic ranges, evidence that these areas will be 
sufficient to support viable populations of butterflies long term is 
lacking. They further encouraged the Service to make explicit the 
rationale for critical habitat designation and the goals of critical 
habitat designation. A spatially explicit population viability analysis 
would be a valuable addition to the information provided and would help 
provide clarity to the need for designating critical habitat in 
unoccupied areas. Data or evidence to suggest that currently occupied 
habitat is insufficient or that the current portfolio of occupied and 
unoccupied sites is sufficient would strengthen the case for 
designating all the sites as critical habitat.
    Our Response: We are interested in potentially utilizing spatially 
explicit population viability analysis as a tool for determining 
important recovery areas in addition to our designated critical habitat 
units, to help support viable populations of butterflies into the 
future. To conduct this type of analysis, it will be important to 
gather additional population demography and habitat data. For the long 
term, for example, it would be important to have models that predicted 
response of prairie remnant habitats to climate change and other 
landscape-level stressors. The rationale and importance of critical 
habitat designation is discussed in the Critical Habitat section of 
this rule.
    (76) Comment: The South Dakota Chapter of the Wildlife Society 
stated that areas that have never been surveyed

[[Page 59262]]

for the butterflies can be considered occupied if near occupied areas, 
but within a critical habitat unit comprising multiple landowners, 
there can be wide disparity between management practices among owners 
that can heavily influence occupancy. Therefore, they encouraged the 
Service to revise the idea of identifying private lands within a 
critical habitat unit as occupied if those private lands have not been 
surveyed or surveyed within the last 3 to 5 years. Furthermore, they 
encouraged the Service to identify within the Dakota skipper critical 
habitat units which tracts were found to be occupied rather than 
assigning occupancy to the entire unit. For example, in extreme cases, 
surveys dating to 1993 and conducted on a Federal land parcel could be 
used to assign occupancy onto private lands that have never been 
surveyed and then propose those private lands for designation as 
occupied critical habitat. The organization stated that this level of 
overreach, to assert Dakota skipper occupancy onto unsurveyed private 
lands, will likely make the partnerships needed for reintroductions or 
translocations much more difficult.
    Our Response: There are five Dakota skipper critical habitat units 
which we analyzed as unoccupied that do not have recent records (since 
2002). Two of the five Dakota skipper units have portions owned by 
private citizens, totaling 21 acres (8 ha). Since the Dakota skipper 
has an estimated maximum dispersal of about 1 km (0.8 mi) during its 
adult flight period, we assume that the butterfly could move across 
ownerships unless there was a barrier to dispersal. When determining if 
areas were suitable for inclusion in our designations, we closely 
examined the land using aerial photography interpretation coupled with 
recent on-the-ground information that was provided to us. Although we 
did these analyses using only biological and ecological information 
(without looking at landownership), it was usually very clear from the 
aerial photographs, when land was managed in ways that were not 
conducive to the species. Unless those areas provided dispersal areas 
between two high-quality native remnant prairies, those areas were not 
included in our designations.
Unit-Specific Comments
    (77) Comment: Several organizations and private citizens provided 
suggestions for specific revisions to some units.
    Our Response: We have considered the comments and made revisions as 
appropriate, based on our analysis.
    (78) Comment: Several organizations and private citizens suggested 
that certain units be excluded from critical habitat.
    Our Response: We have considered the comments and made revisions as 
appropriate, based on our analysis.
    (79) Comment: The Michigan Nature Association (MNA) commented that 
the prairie fens in Michigan, which contain the remaining Poweshiek 
skipperling populations, are dependent upon functional fen hydrology. 
The high quality of these fen communities relies on consistent 
groundwater input and their related groundwater recharge areas. MNA 
stated that the critical habitat designated areas do not appear to 
address this hydrological component of the prairie fen dynamic or be at 
a scale that can address the hydrology of these fens, which is critical 
to maintaining the species.
    Our Response: We recognize the importance of maintaining functional 
hydrology in prairie wetlands, particularly prairie fens in Michigan. 
This is further discussed in the Habitats Protected from Disturbance or 
Representative of the Historical, Geographic, and Ecological 
Distributions of the Species section of this final rule. Primary 
Constituent Element 2d directly states that the prairie fens require 
functional hydrology necessary to maintain fen habitat, which will be 
considered during section 7 consultations for projects on critical 
habitat with a Federal nexus. We are interested in working with 
hydrologists during recovery planning and implementation for these 
species.

Public Comments

General
    (80) Comment: One commenter requested that the Service post the two 
internal Service documents that are cited in the proposed ruling.
    Our Response: The Service's databases were referenced several times 
within the document (e.g., USFWS 2014, unpublished geodatabase). These 
databases were built using hundreds of sources, including unpublished 
reports, published papers, and State heritage data. We referenced these 
databases in the proposed and final critical habitat document in places 
where we summarized data across many sources. Those sources, listed in 
the literature-cited supporting document, are available upon request 
from the Twin Cities Field Office.
    (81) Comment: One commenter stated that it is more appropriate to 
use public lands, rather than private lands, to protect the Poweshiek 
skipperling. This reviewer supported the protection of the species as 
long as doing so does not restrict the life, liberty, and pursuit of 
happiness of private citizens.
    Our Response: The Service considers physical and biological 
features needed for life processes and successful reproduction of the 
species, regardless of ownership, when proposing critical habitat 
areas. That analysis revealed that some of the most important areas for 
Poweshiek skipperling are on private lands. However, section 4(b)(2) of 
the Act states that the Secretary shall designate and make revisions to 
critical habitat on the basis of the best available scientific data 
after taking into consideration the economic impact, national security 
impact, and any other relevant impact of specifying any particular area 
as critical habitat. The notice of availability of the draft economic 
analysis was published in the Federal Register on September 23, 2014--
the economic analysis examined the economic effects of critical habitat 
designations. In addition, we recognize the importance of maintaining 
conservation partnerships with landowners who have been participating 
in various programs, such as conservation easements that prevent 
cultivation of native grasslands, and have excluded those areas from 
this final designation. Conservation easements that prevent cultivation 
of native grasslands provide essential protections against this most 
basic and severe threat to the habitats of Dakota skipper and Poweshiek 
skipperling. See the Consideration of Impacts Under Section 4(b)(2) of 
the Act section of this final ruling for further details. Proposed 
projects in areas where one or both species may be present or on 
designated critical habitat that have a Federal nexus (in other words, 
funded, authorized or carried out by a Federal agency) will be required 
to undergo consultation with the Service under section 7 of the Act.
    (82) Comment: A few individuals asked why the public, and 
specifically, affected land owners, were not informed of the proposed 
critical habitat earlier in the process.
    Our Response: We notified landowners once we analyzed our 
information and developed the proposed rule. We were only able to 
notify landowners after the analysis was completed.
    (83) Comment: One individual commented that many of the proposed 
critical habitat tracts appear to be those areas where private 
landowners allowed surveyors to search for these butterflies. Its seems 
like the Service is now penalizing those landowners, who in

[[Page 59263]]

the past cooperated with butterfly surveyors, by now proposing, without 
their permission, their private lands as critical habitat. The 
perception that the Service targeted those landowners who granted 
permission for surveys to propose their lands is very real and 
potentially damaging to the Service's brand. The commenter stated that, 
for the sake of good Service programs and the butterflies, the Service 
should address this in the final rule and be deferential to the wishes 
of landowners who protected habitat for these butterflies and allowed 
surveys.
    Our Response: The Service acknowledges the importance of landowner 
cooperation in conserving the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling. 
Landowners deserve credit for their stewardship and permission to allow 
surveys, and we want to encourage their management practices that 
support the butterflies. Some landowners responded to the proposed 
designation of critical habitat on their lands by refusing permission 
to conduct surveys for Dakota skipper. In 2014, for example, about half 
of the private landowners in North Dakota who had allowed access for 
surveys before the Service had proposed their land as critical habitat 
refused permission to the Service's contractor to access the site 
(Royer et al. 2014, p. v). We think that excluding lands covered by 
certain conservation plans from the final critical habitat designation 
will increase the likelihood that we will find the number of 
cooperative landowners that we will need to recover the species. For 
more information on which private lands were excluded, see the 
Consideration of Impacts Under Section 4(b)(2) of the Act section of 
this final rule.
    (84) Comment: The Service's definition of occupied critical habitat 
includes areas that have never been surveyed for these butterflies and 
instead relies upon surveys going back up to 20 years on nearby lands 
where the butterfly was found. That is then used as a reason to declare 
nearby private lands as occupied. This process is inappropriate and 
does not take into account the different management that can occur on 
private land tracts that can impact butterfly presence. This situation 
is not a good way to develop partnerships or promote endangered species 
conservation. The commenter recommended that the Service modify the 
definition of occupied critical habitat to require surveys that 
actually located the species on a tract of land within the last 3 
years. Landowners who have cooperated by allowing surveys and doing 
conscientious management to keep Dakota skippers present should not be 
penalized with critical habitat designations unless they contact the 
Service and indicate their willingness to be included in critical 
habitat.
    Our Response: Most units that are considered occupied by the Dakota 
skipper for purposes of this designation have very recent records (2002 
or more recently), with only a few exceptions. In areas without recent 
records or butterfly surveys, recent habitat evaluations (2010-2013) 
have confirmed the presence of suitable habitat.
    (85) Comment: One commenter wanted to know who was out in Critical 
Habitat Unit 12 to survey for butterflies.
    Our Response: Butterfly surveys in North Dakota and elsewhere were 
conducted by qualified surveyors with sufficient experience to identify 
the species and their habitats. Survey reports are cited in this final 
ruling and the final listing rule, published on October 24, 2014.
    (86) Comment: One commenter wanted to know if they could get the 
aerial photography of the butterflies.
    Our Response: The aerial photography we referred to in our 
proposals and this final designation is taken at a scale (approximately 
1:1,000,00 to 1:6,000) that is unsuitable for detecting individual 
butterflies, instead, aerial photography is used for examining habitat. 
We conducted aerial photograph interpretation using the National 
Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) aerial imagery, which was acquired 
during the 2010-2011 agricultural growing seasons, to draw and refine 
polygons around areas that contain the physical or biological features 
essential for the conservation of the species. County-specific NAIP 
aerial imagery that we used is available upon request from the Twin 
Cities Field Office (See FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT). Regularly 
updated aerial imagery is publically available at http://www.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html?webmap=c1c2090ed8594e0193194b750d0d5f83.
Economic Concerns
    (87) Comment: One individual asked to be provided a copy of the 
critical habitat economic analysis when it becomes available for public 
review. In South Dakota, land that is designated as critical habitat is 
likely to be valued differently (lower) than a tract of similar land 
not so designated because future prospective buyers of that property 
will be wary of the Endangered Species Act. Thus, the commenter stated 
that if a landowner wants to sell land that is designated as critical 
habitat, they are likely to receive less money for that land than other 
non-encumbered similar land. It will be important for the economic 
analysis to consider property devaluation/resale value and incorporate 
it into the economic impact analysis being conducted.
    Our Response: We announced the public availability of the economic 
analysis on September 23, 2014, and sent copies of the news release and 
links to the draft economics memorandums to each private landowner 
within proposed critical habitat areas. We also made publically 
available a separate memorandum that analyzed the land value issue. See 
the Supplemental Information on Land Values--Critical Habitat 
Designation for the Dakota Skipper and Poweshiek Skipperling regarding 
perceptions of monetary value of property designated as critical 
habitat. The draft Screening Analysis of the Likely Economic Impacts of 
Critical Habitat Designation for the Dakota Skipper and Poweshiek 
Skipperling and the Supplemental Information on Land Values--Critical 
Habitat Designation for the Dakota Skipper and Poweshiek Skipperling 
became publically available on September 23, 2014, at http://www.fws.gov/midwest/Endangered/insects/dask/pdf/TwoButterfliesScreeningMemo8Sept2014.pdf and http://www.fws.gov/midwest/Endangered/insects/dask/pdf/TwoButterfliesPerceptionEffectsMemo8Sept2014.pdf.
    (88) Comment: One commenter stated that the critical habitat 
designation is not overly prohibitive to economic development.
    Our Response: The Service agrees with this statement. As summarized 
in the draft economic analysis screening memo released on September 23, 
2014, the Service does not anticipate significant impacts as a result 
of this critical habitat designation.
    (89) Comment: One individual commented that, because the proposed 
critical habitat units would not be protected preserves, per se, 
development and agriculture could still exist on them. Practices would 
be limited in order to ensure the conservation of the species, but by 
and large, previous uses of the land could continue. This provides an 
economically conscious compromise for all parties. Locations with large 
amounts of industrial development are not included in the designations, 
which lessens the economic burden.
    Our Response: The commenter is correct that critical habitat 
designations do not equate to a preserve. Federal agencies are required 
to consult with the Service when a project they are funding, 
permitting, or working on is likely to

[[Page 59264]]

affect the species for which critical habitat is designated.
    (90) Comment: One individual stated that, even though some lands 
proposed for critical habitat may be occupied at the present, it 
appears that many critical habitat tracts that the Service thinks are 
occupied by Dakota skipper now may not be so in the near future based 
on the information in the proposed rule for Minnesota and Iowa. The 
commenter wanted to know how the Service would evaluate the economic 
impacts of critical habitat for lands that shift from occupied to 
unoccupied status.
    Our Response: The occupancy status of the critical habitat units is 
that at the time of listing, which occurred on October 24, 2014. We 
suggest you contact the Service's Ecological Services Field Office in 
your State to determine whether or not the species may or may not be 
present. Projects with a Federal nexus, proposed in unoccupied critical 
habitat areas, will need to undergo consultation under section 7 of the 
Act.
    (91) Comment: An individual commented that they and the 
individual's family has maintained one of the two best examples of a 
natural fen in the world for the past 52 years. There is no assistance 
with taxes, trespassers, land quality maintenance, or treachery, and 
there are no protections afforded a land owner from fraudulent claims 
of eminent domain. The commenter wanted to know what is the benefit of 
supporting this initiative, what would this do to the family's ability 
to sell or otherwise use this land, and what assistance is available to 
mitigate the tax burden.
    Our Response: Landowners deserve credit for their stewardship, and 
we want to encourage their management practices that support the 
butterflies. We are unaware of a tax burden that would affect private 
property designated as critical habitat. The Service and other 
conservation agencies may purchase property from willing sellers, and 
we recommend you contact your State's Ecological Services Field Office 
to discuss further opportunities.
    (92) Comment: One individual wondered why a potential buyer would 
purchase a parcel inside of designated critical habitat when it would 
be easier to purchase land outside of designated critical habitat and 
avoid Federal permitting.
    Our Response: A critical habitat designation generally has no 
effect on situations that do not involve a Federal agency--for example, 
a private landowner undertaking a project that involves no Federal 
funding or permit. Although stigma impacts may occur when critical 
habitat is first designated, and may be a real concern to landowners, 
research shows those impacts should be temporary.
Regulatory Concerns
    (93) Comment: One individual asked what happens to areas designated 
as critical habitat when they are no longer occupied. Specifically, do 
regulatory restrictions still apply? Why or why not?
    Our Response: The occupancy status of the units is that at the time 
of listing, which occurred on October 24, 2014. While the occupancy 
status may change over time based on new survey information, the 
critical habitat designations would remain in effect until the species 
is taken off the endangered species list or revisions to the critical 
habitat designations are published in the Federal Register as part of a 
new rulemaking process.
    (94) Comment: A commenter asked if critical habitat designations 
would affect, slow down, or complicate a landowner's ability to get 
loans from banks or Federal agencies that loan money to landowners to 
operate their ranches or start up new economic endeavors on their 
private lands.
    Our Response: Proposed projects in areas where one or both species 
may be present or on designated critical habitat that have a Federal 
nexus (in other words, funded, authorized, or carried out by a Federal 
agency) will be required to undergo consultation with the Service under 
section 7 of the Act. In those instances, the action agency would 
contact the Service's Ecological Services Field Office in their State 
if they are planning an activity with a Federal nexus that may affect 
the species or its critical habitat. For more information about section 
7 consultations, visit the Service's Web site (http://www.fws.gov/endangered/what-we-do/consultations-overview.html). Section 4(b)(2) of 
the Act states that the Secretary shall designate and make revisions to 
critical habitat on the basis of the best available scientific data 
after taking into consideration the economic impact, national security 
impact, and any other relevant impact of specifying any particular area 
as critical habitat. Notice of availability of the draft economic 
analysis was published in the Federal Register on September 23, 2014.
    (95) Comment: One commenter wondered if critical habitat 
designations would affect or slow down FEMA or other Federal agencies' 
ability to deliver services to landowners.
    Our Response: Emergency services would not be delayed by critical 
habitat designations. Section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires Federal 
agencies to consult with the Service to ensure that actions they fund, 
authorize, permit, or otherwise carry out will not jeopardize the 
continued existence of any listed species or adversely modify 
designated critical habitat.
    (96) Comment: One individual stated that the critical habitat 
designation makes normal use of land subject to violation of Federal 
laws. The commenter stated that he hikes across the land to access 
portions of his property, uses it for deer hunting, and controls beaver 
dam water levels. The commenter questioned whether any of these 
activities is potentially a violation of Federal law if conducted 
within critical habitat.
    Our Response: Only activities that involve a Federal permit, 
license, or funding, and are likely to destroy or adversely modify the 
area of critical habitat will be affected. The activities the commenter 
mentions do not have a Federal nexus and are not likely to adversely 
affect Dakota skipper or Poweshiek skipperling habitat.
Management Concerns
    (97) Comment: One commenter asked if pesticides and herbicides can 
be used on the critical habitat areas if occupied and if they can be 
used on unoccupied areas.
    Our Response: Pesticides and herbicides can be used according to 
their labels in occupied and unoccupied critical habitat areas, 
however, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets forth 
geographically specific pesticide use limitations for the protection of 
endangered or threatened species and their designated critical habitat.
    (98) Comment: One individual wondered if the EPA or pesticide 
labels restrict use of certain pesticides in critical habitat areas.
    Our Response: Endangered Species Protection Bulletins are a part of 
EPA's Endangered Species Protection Program. Bulletins set forth 
geographically specific pesticide use limitations for the protection of 
endangered or threatened species and their designated critical habitat. 
You can obtain Bulletins using EPA's Bulletins Live! System (http://137.227.233.155/espp_front/view.jsp). If your pesticide label directs 
you to this Web site, you are required to follow the pesticide use 
limitations found in the Bulletin for your county, pesticide active 
ingredient, and application month.
Criteria for Critical Habitat
    (99) Comment: One private citizen questioned the Service's apparent

[[Page 59265]]

hurried approach to propose critical habitat, stating that there are 
hundreds or thousands of acres of similar habitat southeast and 
northwest of the Glacial Lakes state park in Pope County, Minnesota, 
that were not included in the proposal.
    Our Response: We have reviewed the best available scientific and 
commercial information in making our final critical habitat 
determination. Specific information provided by the commenter helped us 
refine the critical habitat boundaries for DS Minnesota Unit 1 and PS 
Minnesota Unit 1.
    (100) Comment: One commenter stated that even though Swengel and 
Swengel (1999) do demonstrate a significant area effect for Dakota 
skipper, it is still desirable to include smaller sites in critical 
habitat because the species does occupy small sites. Although small 
size is a risk factor, it can be counteracted by optimizing other 
factors, such as management. Conversely, large size is not sufficient 
to counteract all adverse factors. Patch size is just one among many 
relevant factors affecting positive and negative skipper outcomes.
    Our Response: We did not specify a minimum size for critical 
habitat units; however, almost all of the proposed Dakota skipper 
critical habitat units are larger than 30 ha (74 ac) and are, 
therefore, more resilient to stochastic events. Swengel and Swengel 
(1997; 1999) found no Dakota skippers on the smallest remnants (<20 ha 
(49 ac)), and significantly lower abundance on intermediate size (30-
130 ha (74-321 ac)) than on larger tracts (>140 ha (346 ac)) during 
systematic surveys in Minnesota prairies. We agree that some smaller 
units may still be important to Dakota skipper, however, and have 
included two units that are smaller than 30 ha (74 ac). We further 
agree that even relatively large-sized units may not be immune to all 
adverse stressors and threats. For that reason, we have included 
additional units to satisfy the conservation principle of redundancy in 
our designations.
    (101) Comment: One commenter supported the scale and method of site 
selection for designating critical habitat for both species. They 
recommended that PS Wisconsin Unit 2 consist of all the sedge meadow 
and prairie vegetation contained in the public land of Puchyan Prairie.
    Our Response: We have reviewed the designation in Green Lake 
County, Wisconsin, and believe we have included the entire appropriate 
habitat as described in this final ruling within 1 km of the Poweshiek 
skipperling point locations there. Some modifications were made based 
on new ecological information we received. The unit now consists of 116 
ac (47 ha) of State land.
    (102) Comment: One individual stated that the proposed critical 
habitat rule did not include maps of Dakota skipper South Dakota units 
20, 21, and 22.
    Our Response: The maps for South Dakota units 20, 21, and 22 were 
omitted in error. The Service published the maps on their Web site at 
(http://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/insects/dask/CHmaps/DS_SD_20-22.pdf), posted the maps to the public comment docket, and included the 
maps in the notice of availability for the economic analysis and 
opening of the second comment period which was published in the Federal 
Register on September 23, 2014.
    (103) Comment: Three private landowners in McKenzie County, North 
Dakota did not know if the Dakota skipper exists on the private portion 
of North Dakota Unit 12. If so, it is living in the current conditions, 
including living with cattle and there is no need to change anything, 
including designating the land as critical habitat, since the land is 
well cared for now.
    Our Response: The Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling remain 
only on lands where management has allowed them to survive, while the 
butterflies have died off elsewhere. Landowners deserve great credit 
for their stewardship, and we want to encourage their management 
practices that support the butterflies. Based on new ecological 
information we received, DS North Dakota Unit 12 has been revised to 
better reflect Dakota skipper habitat. The unit is entirely federally 
owned.

Summary of Changes From Proposed Rule

    In developing the final critical habitat designation for the Dakota 
skipper and Poweshiek skipperling, we reviewed public comments received 
on the proposed rule (78 FR 63625), the revision to the proposed rule 
(79 FR 56704), and the draft economic analysis (79 FR 56704).
    Based on information we received regarding a study of Dakota 
skipper habitat, we refined our description of the primary constituent 
elements (PCEs) to more accurately reflect the habitat needs of the 
species. Royer et al. (2008) only examined occupied areas for edaphic 
parameters; therefore, the statistical and biological significance of 
these edaphic variables cannot be determined from his study. Thus, the 
precisely quantified soil parameters as stated in the PCEs for the 
Dakota skipper in the proposed rule were removed in this final critical 
habitat determination.
    In our revised proposed rule (September 23, 2014; 79 FR 56704), we 
modified some critical habitat boundaries and proposed additional 
critical habitat units based on new information received. Other units 
underwent further revisions based on new information we received during 
the second comment period. Based on new or updated biological and 
ecological information, this final critical habitat designation 
includes two additional units for the Poweshiek skipperling in 
Minnesota and removes two units that were included in the proposal (one 
for the Dakota skipper in Minnesota and one for the Poweshiek 
skipperling in North Dakota).
    The units that were added to this final critical habitat 
designation include PS Minnesota Unit 19 and PS Minnesota Unit 20. PS 
Minnesota Unit 19 is the exact same property as DS Minnesota Unit 13, 
which was included in the original critical habitat proposal. This unit 
is approximately 262 acres (106 ha) of State-owned land in Kittson 
County, Minnesota. Originally it was proposed as critical habitat only 
for the Dakota skipper, but is now also included as critical habitat 
for the Poweshiek skipperling. Information received from the Minnesota 
Department of Natural Resources and a peer reviewer indicated that this 
area retains good-quality habitat for the Poweshiek skipperling.
    PS Minnesota Unit 20 comprises 2,761 ac (1,117 ha) of State and 
federally owned land in Polk County, Minnesota. This unit is designated 
as critical habitat for the Poweshiek skipperling because we recently 
received multiyear survey results from an amateur butterfly surveyor 
verifying the species presence in this unit. The validity of the 
surveys and habitat suitability was verified by an MN DNR butterfly 
expert. Since the September 23, 2014, proposal, we removed 10 ac (4 ha) 
of State land that was not suitable habitat.
    The units that were removed from the critical habitat designation 
due to new biological or ecological information include DS Minnesota 
Unit 15, PS North Dakota Unit 3, and DS North Dakota Unit 14. We 
received new or updated information that indicates that these areas do 
not meet our criteria for critical habitat because the habitat is no 
longer suitable for the butterflies. DS Minnesota Unit 15 was 268 ac 
(108 ha) in Polk County owned primarily by The Nature Conservancy (252 
ac (102 ha)) and included the Pankratz Memorial Prairie. The remaining 
15 ac (6 ha) was private land. PS North Dakota Unit 3 was 117 ac (47 
ha) of federally owned

[[Page 59266]]

land and included Krause Wildlife Production Area in Sargent County. DS 
North Dakota Unit 14 was 242 ac (98 ha) of privately owned land in 
Wells County.
    We also revised the boundaries of the critical habitat units listed 
below, because we received better information about the habitat quality 
in these units, allowing us to refine the boundaries to include 
suitable habitat and remove habitat that is of poor quality or 
unsuitable (e.g., lakes) for these butterflies. Other minor revisions 
were made due to mapping errors, and are included in the descriptions 
below.
    (1) DS Minnesota Unit 1 and PS Minnesota Unit 1: Removed 485 ac 
(196 ha) of private land, 856 ac (364 ha) of State land, and 8 ac (3 
ha) of county land. The total net decrease is 1,349 ac (546 ha) of 
land.
    (2) DS Minnesota Unit 2 and PS Minnesota Unit 2: Removed 59 ac (24 
ha) of private land.
    (3) DS Minnesota Unit 4 and PS Minnesota Unit 4: Added 397 ac (161 
ha) of The Nature Conservancy (TNC) land and 79 ac (32 ha) of State 
land. The net increase in area is 476 ac (193 ha).
    (4) DS Minnesota Unit 5: Removed 746 ac (302 ha) of private land, 
37 ac (15 ha) of State land, 22 ac (9 ha) of TNC land, and 49 ac (20 
ha) of county land. The net decrease in area is 855 ac (346 ha).
    (5) PS Minnesota Unit 5 (a portion corresponds to DS Minnesota Unit 
5): Removed 746 ac (302 ha) of private land, 22 ac (9 ha) of TNC land, 
and 49 ac (20 ha) of county land. We also added 355 ac (144 ha) of 
State land. The net decrease in area is 500 ac (202 ha).
    (6) DS Minnesota Unit 7 and PS Minnesota Unit 7: Added 23 ac (9 ha) 
of State land and removed 5 ac (2 ha) of private land. The total net 
increase in area is 18 ac (7 ha).
    (7) DS Minnesota Unit 8 and PS Minnesota Unit 8: Removed 31 ac (13 
ha) of privately owned land.
    (8) DS Minnesota Unit 10 and PS Minnesota Unit 10: Added 54 ac (ha) 
of State land and 835 ac (338 ha) of TNC land. The net increase in area 
is 889 ac (360 ha).
    (9) PS Minnesota Unit 11: Added 40 acres (16 ha) of TNC land.
    (10) PS Minnesota Unit 13: Added 170 acres (69 ha) of TNC land and 
84 ac (34 ha) of privately owned land; removed 14 ac (6 ha) of private 
land due to mapping errors. The net increase in area is 240 ac (97 ha).
    (11) PS Iowa Unit 3: Removed 26 ac (11 ha) of private land.
    (12) PS Iowa Unit 5: Added 0.6 ac (0.2 ha) of private land and 
removed 0.01 ac (0.0 ha, due to previous mapping error). The total net 
increase is less than 1 ac (0.4 ha).
    (13) PS Michigan Unit 3: Added 0.23 ac (0.1 ha) of private land, 
removed 26 ac (11 ha) of county land, removed 9 ac (4 ha) of private 
conservation land, and removed 27 ac (11 ha) of private land. The total 
net decrease is 62 ac (25 ha).
    (14) PS Michigan Unit 4: Added 0.28 ac (ha) of private land, 
removed 98 ac (ha) of private land, and removed 15 ac (ha) of private 
conservation land. The total net decrease is approximately 112 ac (45 
ha).
    (15) PS Michigan Unit 6: Removed 2 ac (1 ha) of State land and 9 ac 
(4 ha) of private land. The total net decrease is 11 ac (4 ha).
    (16) PS Michigan Unit 7: Removed 3 ac (1 ha) of private 
conservation land and 0.3 ac (0.1 ha) of private land. The total net 
decrease is approximately 3 ac (1 ha).
    (17) DS North Dakota Unit 3: Removed 313 ac (127 ha) of private 
land.
    (18) DS North Dakota Unit 4: Removed 98 ac (40 ha) of private land.
    (19) DS North Dakota Unit 8: Removed 0.04 ac (0.00 ha) of private 
land due to a mapping error.
    (20) DS North Dakota Unit 9: Removed 147 ac (59 ha) of private land 
and 81 ac (33 ha) of Tribal lands. The total net decrease is 227 ac (92 
ha).
    (21) DS North Dakota Unit 11: Added a total of 263 ac (ha) of 
Federal land and removed 47 ac (19 ha) of private land. The total net 
increase is 215 ac (87 ha).
    (22) DS North Dakota Unit 12: Removed a total of 62 ac (25 ha) of 
Federal land and removed 13 ac (5 ha) of private land. The total net 
decrease is approximately 74 ac (30 ha).
    (23) DS North Dakota Unit 14: Removed 242 ac (98 ha) of private 
land.
    (24) DS South Dakota Unit 1 and PS South Dakota Unit 1: Removed 103 
ac (42 ha) of Federal land.
    (25) DS South Dakota Unit 13 and PS South Dakota Unit 13: Removed 
38 ac (15 ha) of Tribal land and 18 ac (7 ha) of private land.
    (26) DS South Dakota Unit 17: Removed 102 ac (41 ha) of Federal 
land.
    (27) PS Wisconsin Unit 2: Removed 164 ac (66 ha) of State land. 
Approximately 0.33 ac (0.13 ha) of private land that was originally 
proposed changed ownership to State land and then was removed (acreage 
included in the State land total removed).
    In addition to the modifications made based on new ecological 
information, we are excluding areas from the final designation pursuant 
to section 4(b)(2) of the Act. In this final critical habitat 
designation, we are excluding lands covered by Service permanent 
conservation easements, certain lands covered by current management 
agreements with the Service's Partners for Fish and Wildlife Program 
(PFFW), Tribal lands, and other lands owned by Service easement 
landowners.
    We evaluated whether certain lands in the proposed critical habitat 
were appropriate for exclusion from this final designation, pursuant to 
section 4(b)(2) of the Act. We are excluding land from the final 
designation of critical habitat for Dakota skipper as follows:
    414 ac (166 ha) in DS Minnesota Unit 1,
    894 ac (358 ha) in DS North Dakota Unit 3,
    100 ac (40 ha) in DS North Dakota Unit 4,
    1,393 ac (557 ha) in DS North Dakota Unit 5,
    48 ac (19 ha) in DS North Dakota Unit 8,
    639 ac (256 ha) in DS North Dakota Unit 10,
    319 ac (128 ha) in DS South Dakota Unit 7,
    159 ac (64 ha) in DS South Dakota Unit 9,
    117 ac (47 ha) in DS South Dakota Unit 10,
    75 ac (30 ha) in DS South Dakota Unit 11,
    676 ac (270 ha) in DS South Dakota Unit 12A,
    189 ac (76 ha) in DS South Dakota Unit 14,
    13 ac (5 ha) in DS South Dakota Unit 15,
    363 ac (147 ha) in DS South Dakota Unit 19,
    255 ac (103 ha) in DS South Dakota Unit 20, and
    198 ac (80 ha) in DS South Dakota Unit 21.
    We are excluding land from the final designation of critical 
habitat for Poweshiek skipperling as follows:
    414 ac (166 ha) in PS Minnesota Unit 1,
    425 ac (170 ha) in PS South Dakota Unit 3B,
    319 ac (128 ha) in PS South Dakota Unit 7,
    159 ac (64 ha) in PS South Dakota Unit 9,
    117 ac (47 ha) in PS South Dakota Unit 10,
    75 ac (30 ha) in PS South Dakota Unit 11,
    676 ac (270 ha) in PS South Dakota Unit 12A,
    189 ac (76 ha) in PS South Dakota Unit 14, and
    13 ac (5 ha) in PS South Dakota Unit 15.
    The rationale for these exclusions is discussed in detail under the 
Exclusions

[[Page 59267]]

section of this final rule. As indicated above, we excluded 75 ac of 
land from DS South Dakota Unit 11 and PS South Dakota Unit 11. This 
amount was out of a total of 89 acres that had been proposed for 
designation. The remaining 14 ac is not enough land to support a 
designation of critical habitat because that amount no longer meets our 
criteria in regard to resiliency. Therefore, DS South Dakota Unit 11 
and PS South Dakota Unit 11 are not included in this final critical 
habitat designation.
    The occupancy of several units has changed since the proposal, 
based on new survey information. DS North Dakota Unit 9 is now 
considered occupied because the Dakota skipper was observed during the 
most recent survey year. The following units, which were considered to 
be occupied in the proposed critical habitat rule, are now considered 
unoccupied due to negative detections of the species in the most recent 
survey year: DS Minnesota Unit 1, DS Minnesota Unit 2, DS Minnesota 
Unit 9, DS South Dakota Unit 2, DS South Dakota Unit 4, DS South Dakota 
Unit 7, PS Michigan Unit 8, and PS Wisconsin Unit 1. At the time of the 
proposed critical habitat rule, the occupancy of the following seven 
units was uncertain: DS South Dakota Unit 18, PS Minnesota Unit 3, PS 
Minnesota Unit 5, PS Minnesota Unit 9, PS Minnesota Unit 12, PS South 
Dakota Unit 4, PS South Dakota Unit 7. However, we now believe the 
species to be extirpated at all seven of these units due to 3 
sequential years of negative surveys on those units. PS Minnesota Unit 
19 was erroneously proposed as occupied; the unit is unoccupied.

Critical Habitat

Background

    Critical habitat is defined in section 3 of the Act as:
    (1) The specific areas within the geographical area occupied by the 
species, at the time it is listed in accordance with the Act, on which 
are found those physical or biological features
    (a) Essential to the conservation of the species, and
    (b) Which may require special management considerations or 
protection; and
    (2) Specific areas outside the geographical area occupied by the 
species at the time it is listed, upon a determination that such areas 
are essential for the conservation of the species.
    Conservation, as defined under section 3 of the Act, means to use 
and the use of all methods and procedures that are necessary to bring 
an endangered or threatened species to the point at which the measures 
provided pursuant to the Act are no longer necessary. Such methods and 
procedures include, but are not limited to, all activities associated 
with scientific resources management such as research, census, law 
enforcement, habitat acquisition and maintenance, propagation, live 
trapping, and transplantation, and, in the extraordinary case where 
population pressures within a given ecosystem cannot be otherwise 
relieved, may include regulated taking.
    Critical habitat receives protection under section 7 of the Act 
through the requirement that Federal agencies ensure, in consultation 
with the Service, that any action they authorize, fund, or carry out is 
not likely to result in the destruction or adverse modification of 
critical habitat. The designation of critical habitat does not affect 
land ownership or establish a refuge, wilderness, reserve, preserve, or 
other conservation area. Such designation does not allow the government 
or public to access private lands. Such designation does not require 
implementation of restoration, recovery, or enhancement measures by 
non-Federal landowners. Where a landowner requests Federal agency 
funding or authorization for an action that may affect a listed species 
or critical habitat, the consultation requirements of section 7(a)(2) 
of the Act would apply, but even in the event of a destruction or 
adverse modification finding, the obligation of the Federal action 
agency and the landowner is not to restore or recover the species, but 
to implement reasonable and prudent alternatives to avoid destruction 
or adverse modification of critical habitat.
    Under the first prong of the Act's definition of critical habitat, 
areas within the geographical area occupied by the species at the time 
it was listed are included in a critical habitat designation if they 
contain physical or biological features (1) which are essential to the 
conservation of the species and (2) which may require special 
management considerations or protection. For these areas, critical 
habitat designations identify, to the extent known using the best 
scientific and commercial data available, those physical or biological 
features that are essential to the conservation of the species (such as 
space, food, cover, and protected habitat). In identifying those 
physical or biological features within an area, we focus on the 
principal biological or physical constituent elements (primary 
constituent elements such as roost sites, nesting grounds, seasonal 
wetlands, water quality, tide, soil type) that are essential to the 
conservation of the species. Primary constituent elements are those 
specific elements of the physical or biological features that provide 
for a species' life-history processes and are essential to the 
conservation of the species.
    Under the second prong of the Act's definition of critical habitat, 
we can designate critical habitat in areas outside the geographical 
area occupied by the species at the time it is listed, upon a 
determination that such areas are essential for the conservation of the 
species. For example, an area currently occupied by the species but 
that was not occupied at the time of listing may be essential to the 
conservation of the species and may be included in the critical habitat 
designation. We designate critical habitat in areas outside the 
geographical area occupied by a species only when a designation limited 
to its range would be inadequate to ensure the conservation of the 
species.
    Section 4 of the Act requires that we designate critical habitat on 
the basis of the best scientific and commercial data available. 
Further, our Policy on Information Standards Under the Endangered 
Species Act (published in the Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 
34271)), the Information Quality Act (section 515 of the Treasury and 
General Government Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2001 (Pub. L. 
106-554; H.R. 5658)), and our associated Information Quality Guidelines 
provide criteria, establish procedures, and provide guidance to ensure 
that our decisions are based on the best scientific data available. 
They require our biologists, to the extent consistent with the Act and 
with the use of the best scientific data available, to use primary and 
original sources of information as the basis for recommendations to 
designate critical habitat.
    When we are determining which areas should be designated as 
critical habitat, our primary source of information is generally the 
information developed during the listing process for the species. 
Additional information sources may include the recovery plan for the 
species, articles in peer-reviewed journals, conservation plans 
developed by States and counties, scientific status surveys and 
studies, biological assessments, other unpublished materials, or 
experts' opinions or personal knowledge.
    Habitat is dynamic, and species may move from one area to another 
over time. We recognize that critical habitat

[[Page 59268]]

designated at a particular point in time may not include all of the 
habitat areas that we may later determine are necessary for the 
recovery of the species. For these reasons, a critical habitat 
designation does not signal that habitat outside the designated area is 
unimportant or may not be needed for recovery of the species. Areas 
that are important to the conservation of the species, both inside and 
outside the critical habitat designation, will continue to be subject 
to: (1) Conservation actions implemented under section 7(a)(1) of the 
Act, (2) regulatory protections afforded by the requirement in section 
7(a)(2) of the Act for Federal agencies to ensure their actions are not 
likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any endangered or 
threatened species, and (3) section 9 of the Act's prohibitions on 
taking any individual of the species, including taking caused by 
actions that affect habitat. Federally funded or permitted projects 
affecting listed species outside their designated critical habitat 
areas may still result in jeopardy findings in some cases. These 
protections and conservation tools will continue to contribute to 
recovery of this species. Similarly, critical habitat designations made 
on the basis of the best available information at the time of 
designation will not control the direction and substance of future 
recovery plans, habitat conservation plans (HCPs), or other species 
conservation planning efforts if new information available at the time 
of these planning efforts calls for a different outcome.

Physical or Biological Features

    In accordance with section 3(5)(A)(i) and 4(b)(1)(A) of the Act and 
regulations at 50 CFR 424.12, in determining which areas within the 
geographical area occupied by the species at the time of listing to 
designate as critical habitat, we consider the physical or biological 
features essential to the conservation of the species and which may 
require special management considerations or protection. These include, 
but are not limited to:
    (1) Space for individual and population growth and for normal 
behavior;
    (2) Food, water, air, light, minerals, or other nutritional or 
physiological requirements;
    (3) Cover or shelter;
    (4) Sites for breeding, reproduction, or rearing (or development) 
of offspring; and
    (5) Habitats that are protected from disturbance or are 
representative of the historical, geographical, and ecological 
distributions of a species.
    We derive the specific physical or biological features essential 
for the Dakota skipper from studies of this species' habitat, ecology, 
and life history as described in the Critical Habitat section of the 
proposed rule to designate critical habitat published in the Federal 
Register on October 24, 2013 (78 FR 63625), and in the information 
presented below. Additional information can be found in the final 
listing rule published in the Federal Register on October 24, 2014 (79 
FR 63672). We have determined that the Dakota skipper requires the 
following physical or biological features:
Space for Individual and Population Growth and for Normal Behavior
    Dakota skippers are obligate residents of remnant (untilled) high-
quality prairie--habitats that are dominated by native grasses and that 
contain a high diversity of native forbs (flowering herbaceous plants). 
Dakota skipper habitat has been categorized into two main types: Type A 
habitat is described as high-quality, low (wet-mesic) prairie with 
little topographic relief that occurs on near-shore glacial lake 
deposits, dominated by little bluestem grass (Schizachyrium scoparium), 
with the likely presence of wood lily (Lilium philadelphicum), bluebell 
bellflower (Campanula rotundifolia), and mountain deathcamas (smooth 
camas; Zigadenus elegans) (McCabe 1981, p. 190; Royer and Marrone 
1992a, pp. 8, 14-16, 21). Type B habitat is described as rolling 
native-prairie terrain over gravelly glacial moraine deposits and is 
dominated by bluestems and needle-grasses (Hesperostipa spp.) with the 
likely presence of bluebell bellflower, wood lily, purple coneflower 
(Echinacea angustifolia), upright prairie coneflower (Ratibida 
columnifera), and blanketflower (Gaillardia aristata) (Royer and 
Marrone 1992a, pp. 21-22).
    Dry prairies are described to have a sparse shrub layer (less than 
5 percent cover) composed mainly of leadplant (Amorpha canescens), with 
prairie rose (Rosa arkansana) and wormwood sage (Artemisia frigida) 
often present (Minnesota Department of Natural Resources 2012a, p. 1). 
Taller shrubs, such as smooth sumac (Rhus glabra), may also be present. 
Occasional trees, such as bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa) or black oak 
(Quercus velutina), may also be present but must remain less than 
approximately 5 percent cover (Minnesota Department of Natural 
Resources 2012a, p. 1). Similarly, wet-mesic prairies are described to 
have a sparse shrub layer (less than 5 to 25 percent cover) of 
leadplant, prairie rose, wolfberry (Symphoricarpos occidentalis), and 
other native shrubs such as gray dogwood (Cornus racemosa), American 
hazelnut (Corylus americana), and wild plum (Prunus americana) 
(Minnesota Department of Natural Resources 2012b, p. 1). Therefore, 
based on the information above, we identify high-quality Type A or Type 
B native remnant (untilled) prairie, as described above, containing a 
mosaic of native grasses and flowering forbs and sparse shrub and tree 
cover to be a physical or biological feature essential to the 
conservation of the Dakota skipper.
    Nonnative invasive plant species, such as Kentucky bluegrass (Poa 
pratensis) and smooth brome (Bromus inermus), may outcompete native 
plants and lead to the deterioration or elimination of native 
vegetation that is necessary for the survival of Dakota skipper. Dakota 
skippers depend on a diversity of native plants endemic to tallgrass 
and mixed-grass prairies; therefore, when nonnative or woody plant 
species become dominant, Dakota skipper populations decline due to 
insufficient sources of larval food and nectar for adults (e.g., 
Skadsen 2009, p. 9; Dana 1991, pp. 46-47). Therefore, native prairies, 
as described above, with an absence or only sparse presence of 
nonnative invasive plant species is a physical or biological feature 
essential to the conservation of the Dakota skipper.
    Royer and Marrone (1992a, p. 25) concluded that Dakota skippers are 
``not inclined to dispersal,'' although they did not describe 
individual ranges or dispersal distances. Concentrated activity areas 
for Dakota skippers shift annually in response to local nectar sources 
and disturbance (McCabe 1979, p. 9; 1981, p. 186). Marked adults moved 
across less than 200 meters (m) (656 feet (ft)) of unsuitable habitat 
between two prairie patches and moved along ridges more frequently than 
across valleys (Dana 1991, pp. 37-38). Average movements of recaptured 
adults were less than 300 m (984 ft) over 3-7 days. Dana (1997, p. 6) 
later observed lower movement rates across a small valley with roads 
and crop fields compared to movement rates in adjacent widespread 
prairie habitat.
    Dakota skippers are not known to disperse widely and have low 
mobility; experts estimate the Dakota skipper has a mean mobility of 
3.5 (standard deviation = 0.71) on a scale of 0 (sedentary) to 10 
(highly mobile) (Burke et al. 2011, supplementary material; Fitzsimmons 
2012, pers. comm.). Skadsen (1999, p. 2) reported possible movement of 
unmarked Dakota skippers from a known population at least 800 m

[[Page 59269]]

(2,625 ft) away to a site with an unusually heavy growth of purple 
coneflower where he had not found Dakota skippers in three previous 
years when coneflower production was sparse. However, the two sites 
were connected by ``native vegetation of varying quality'' with a few 
asphalt and gravel roads interspersed (Skadsen in litt. 2001). Five 
Dakota skipper experts interviewed in 2001 indicated that it was 
unlikely that Dakota skippers were capable of moving distances greater 
than 1 kilometer (km) (0.6 miles (mi)) between patches of prairie 
habitat, even when separated by structurally similar habitats (e.g., 
perennial grassland, but not necessarily native prairie) (Cochrane and 
Delphey 2002, p. 6). The species will not likely disperse across 
unsuitable habitat, such as certain types of row crops (e.g., corn, 
beets), or anywhere not dominated by grasses (Cochrane and Delphey 
2002, p. 6.).
    Dakota skippers may move in response to a lack of local nectar 
sources, disturbance, or in search of a mate. The tallgrass prairie 
that once made up a vast ecosystem prior to European settlement has now 
been reduced to fragmented remnants that make up 1 to 15 percent of the 
original land area across the species' range (Samson and Knopf 1994, p. 
419). Similarly, mixed-grass prairie has been reduced to fragmented 
remnants that make up less than 1, 19, and 28 percent of the original 
land area in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and North Dakota, respectively 
(Samson and Knopf 1994, p. 419). Before the range-wide fragmentation of 
prairie habitat, the species could move freely (through suitable 
dispersal habitat) between high-quality tallgrass and mixed-grass 
prairie. Now, remaining fragmented populations of Dakota skipper need 
immigration corridors for dispersal from nearby populations to prevent 
genetic drift, to reestablish a population after local extirpation, and 
expand current populations. Therefore, based on the information above, 
we identify undeveloped dispersal habitat, structurally similar to 
suitable high-quality prairie habitat, as described above, to be a 
physical or biological feature essential to the conservation of the 
Dakota skipper. These dispersal habitats should be adjacent to or 
between high-quality prairie patches, within the known dispersal 
distance of Dakota skipper, and within 1 km (0.6 mi) of suitable high-
quality Type A or Type B prairie; have limited shrub and tree cover; 
and have no or limited amounts of certain row crops, which may act as 
barriers to dispersal.
    In summary, we identify high-quality wet-mesic or dry (Type A and 
Type B) remnant (untilled) prairie containing a mosaic of native 
grasses and flowering forbs to be a physical or biological feature 
necessary to allow for normal behavior and population growth of Dakota 
skipper. Both wet-mesic and dry prairies have limited tree and low 
shrub coverage that may act as barriers to dispersal and limited or no 
invasive plant species that may lead to a change in the plant 
community. Dispersal habitat, structurally similar to suitable high-
quality prairie habitat and adjacent to or between high-quality prairie 
patches, should be located within the known dispersal distance of 
Dakota skipper [within 1 km (0.6 miles) from suitable high-quality Type 
A or Type B prairie] to help maintain genetic diversity and to provide 
refuges from disturbance.
Food, Water, Air, Light, Minerals, or Other Nutritional or 
Physiological Requirements
    Dakota skipper larvae feed only on a few native grass species; 
little bluestem is a frequent food source (Dana 1991, p. 17; Royer and 
Marrone 1992a, p. 25), although they have also been found on 
Dichanthelium spp. and other native grasses (Royer and Marrone 1992a, 
p. 25). When presented with no other choice, Dakota skipper larvae may 
feed on a variety of native and nonnative grasses (e.g., Kentucky 
bluegrass), at least until diapause (period of suspended development) 
(Dana 1991, p. 17). The timing of growth and development of grasses, 
relative to the Dakota skipper larval period, are likely important in 
determining the suitability of grass species as larval host plants. 
Large leaf blades, leaf hairs, and the distance from larval ground 
shelters to palatable leaf parts preclude the value of big bluestem and 
Indian grass as larval food plants, particularly at younger larval 
stages (Dana 1991, p. 46). The strong empirical correlation between 
occurrence of Dakota skippers and the dominance of native grasses in 
the habitat indicates that population persistence requires native 
grasses for survival (Dana 2013, pers. comm.). Consequently, based on 
the information above, we identify native grass species, such as little 
bluestem, to be a physical or biological feature essential to the 
conservation of the Dakota skipper. These native grasses should be 
available during the larval stage of Dakota skipper.
    Adult Dakota skippers may use several species of native forbs as 
nectar sources, which can vary regionally. Examples of adult nectar 
sources include: Purple coneflower, bluebell bellflower, white prairie 
clover (Dalea candida), upright prairie coneflower, fleabanes (Erigeron 
spp.), blanketflower, black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta), yellow 
sundrops (Calylophus serrulatus), prairie milkvetch (Astragalus 
adsurgens) (syn. A. laxmannii), deathcamas (smooth camas), common 
primrose, white sweetclover (Melilotus alba), purple prairie clover 
(Petalostemon purpureus), yellow evening-primrose (Oenothera biennis), 
palespike lobelia (Lobelia spicata), fiddleleaf hawksbeard (Crepis 
runcinata), and upland white aster (Solidago ptarmicoides) (McCabe and 
Post 1977b, p. 36; McCabe 1979, p. 42; 1981, p. 187; Royer and Marrone 
1992a, p. 21; Swengel and Swengel 1999, pp. 280-281; Rigney 2013a, pp. 
4, 57). Swengel and Swengel (1999, pp. 280-281) observed nectaring at 
25 plant species, but 85 percent of the observations were at the 
following three taxa, in declining order of frequency: Purple 
coneflower, blanketflower, and prairie milkvetch. Dana (1991, p. 21) 
reported the use of 25 nectar species in Minnesota, with purple 
coneflower most frequented. Plant species likely vary in their value as 
nectar sources for Dakota skippers due to the amount of nectar 
available to the species during the adult flight period (Dana 1991, p. 
48). The Dakota skipper flight period occurs during the hottest part of 
the summer and typically lasts about 3 weeks. Flowering forbs also 
provide water necessary to avoid desiccation (drying out) during the 
flight period (Dana 2013, pers. comm.). Therefore, based on the 
information above, we identify the availability of native nectar plant 
species, including but not limited to, those listed above to be a 
physical or biological feature for this species. These nectar plant 
species should be flowering during the Dakota skipper's adult flight 
period. Having suitable native plant species as nectar sources is 
critical at this time as the adult flight period is the only time that 
the Dakota skipper can reproduce.
    Dakota skipper larvae are vulnerable to desiccation during hot, dry 
weather, and this vulnerability may increase in the western parts of 
the species' range (Royer et al. 2008, p. 15). Compaction of soils in 
the mesic and relatively flat Type A habitats may alter vertical water 
distribution and lead to decreased relative humidity levels near the 
soil surface (Miller and Gardiner 2007, pp. 36-40, 510-511; Frede 1985 
in Royer et al. 2008, p. 2), which would further increase the risk of 
desiccation (Royer 2008 et al., p. 2). Soils associated with

[[Page 59270]]

dry and wet-mesic prairies are described as having a seasonally high 
water table and moderate to high permeability. Soil textures in Dakota 
skipper habitats are classified as loam, sandy loam, or loamy sand 
(Royer and Marrone 1992b, p. 15; Lenz 1999, pp. 4-5, 8; Swengel and 
Swengel 1999, p. 282); soils in moraine deposits (Type B) are described 
as gravelly, but the deposits associated with glacial lakes are not 
described as gravelly. The native-prairie grasses and flowering forbs 
detailed in the above sections are typically found on these soil types 
(Lenz 1999, pp. 4-5, 8), and plant species diversity is generally 
higher in remnant prairies where the soils have never been tilled 
(Higgins et al. 2000, pp. 23-24). Cultivation changes the physical 
state of the soil, including changes to bulk density (an indicator of 
soil compaction), which may hinder seed germination and root growth 
(Tomko and Hall 1986, pp. 173-175; Miller and Gardiner 2007, pp. 510-
511). Furthermore, certain native prairie plants are found only in 
prairies that lack a tillage history (Higgins et al. 2000, p. 23). Bulk 
density also affects plant growth (Miller and Gardiner 2007, p. 36) 
and, therefore, can alter the plant community. Dakota skippers appear 
to be generally absent from Type A habitat in North Dakota, when it is 
grazed, due to a shift away from a plant community that is suitable for 
the species (McCabe 1979, p. 17; McCabe 1981, p. 179). However, it is 
not certain if the change in plant community is due to compaction. 
Therefore, we identify loam, sandy loam, loamy sand, or gravelly soils 
that have never been plowed or tilled to be a physical feature 
essential to the conservation of the Dakota skipper.
    In summary, the biological features that provide food sources 
include native grass species for larval food, such as little bluestem 
and prairie dropseed, and native forb plant species for adult nectar 
sources, such as purple coneflower, bluebell bellflower, white prairie 
clover, upright prairie coneflower, fleabanes, blanketflowers, black-
eyed Susan, and prairie milkvetch. Such prairies have undisturbed 
(untilled) edaphic (related to soil) features that are conducive to the 
development and survival of larval Dakota skipper and soil textures 
that are loam, sandy loam, loamy sand, or gravelly.
Cover or Shelter
    Dakota skippers oviposit (lay eggs) on broadleaf plants such as 
Astragalus spp. (McCabe 1981, p. 180) and grasses such as: little 
bluestem, big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), sideoats gramma, prairie 
dropseed, porcupine grass (Hesperostipa spartea), and Wilcox's Panic 
Grass (Dichanthelium wilcoxianum) (Dana 1991, p. 17). After hatching, 
Dakota skipper larvae crawl to the bases of grasses where they form 
shelters at or below the ground surface with plant tissue fastened 
together with silk (Dana 1991, p. 16). Dakota skippers overwinter in 
their ground-level or subsurface shelters during either the fourth or 
fifth instar (Dana 1991, p. 15; McCabe 1979, p. 6; 1981; Royer and 
Marrone 1992a, pp. 25-26). In the spring, larvae resume feeding and 
undergo two additional molts before they pupate. During the last two 
instars (developmental stages), larvae shift from buried shelters to 
horizontal shelters at the soil surface (Dana 1991, p. 16). Therefore, 
sufficient availability of grasses used to form shelters at or below 
the ground surface is a physical or biological feature essential for 
cover and shelter for Dakota skipper larvae.
    As discussed above, Dakota skipper larvae are vulnerable to 
desiccation (drying out) during hot, dry weather; this vulnerability 
has been hypothesized to increase in the western parts of the species' 
range (Royer et al. 2008, p. 15). During a drought, the species may 
also succumb to starvation or dehydration if no hydrated plant tissue 
remains (Dana 2013, pers. comm.). Compaction of soils in the mesic and 
relatively flat Type A habitats may alter vertical water distribution 
and lead to decreased relative humidity levels near the soil surface 
(Miller and Gardiner 2007, pp. 36-40, 510-511; Frede 1985 in Royer 2008 
et al., p. 2), which would further increase the risk of desiccation 
(Royer 2008 et al., p. 2). Soils associated with wet-mesic prairies are 
described as having a seasonally high water table and moderate to high 
permeability (Lenz 1999, pp. 4-5). Cultivation changes the physical 
state of soil (Tomko and Hall 1986, pp. 173-175; Miller and Gardiner 
2007, pp. 510-511), by, for example, changes to bulk density 
(compaction) that result in slower water movement through the soil 
(e.g., Tomko and Hall 1986, pp. 173-175). Furthermore, because Dakota 
skippers spend a portion of their larval stage underground, the soil 
must remain undisturbed (untilled) during that time. Therefore, we 
identify untilled glacial soils including, but not limited to, loam, 
sandy loam, loamy sand, or gravelly soils to be a physical feature 
essential to the conservation of the Dakota skipper.
Sites for Breeding, Reproduction, or Rearing (or Development) of 
Offspring
    The annual, single generation of adult Dakota skippers emerges from 
mid-June to early July, depending on the weather, with flights starting 
earlier farther west in the range (McCabe 1979, p. 6; 1981, p. 180; 
Dana 1991, p. 1; Royer and Marrone 1992a, p. 26, Skadsen 1997, p. 3; 
Swengel and Swengel 1999, p. 282). During this time, adult male Dakota 
skippers typically perch on tall grasses and forbs, and occasionally 
appear to patrol in search of mating opportunities (Royer and Marrone 
1992a, p. 25). Therefore, the physical or biological features essential 
to the conservation of the Dakota skipper include above-ground parts of 
grasses and forbs for perching that are available during the adult 
flight period.
    The flight period lasts 2 to 4 weeks, and mating occurs throughout 
this period (McCabe 1979, p. 6; 1981, p. 180; Dana 1991, p. 15). Adults 
are thought to disperse a maximum of 0.6 mi (1.0 km) in search of a 
mate or nectar sources (Cochrane and Delphey 2002, p. 6). During this 
time, adult Dakota skippers depend on nectar plants for food and water. 
Therefore, it is important that nectar plants are available in close 
proximity to areas suitable for oviposition and larval feeding.
    Dakota skippers lay eggs on broadleaf plants such as Astragalus 
spp. (McCabe 1981, p. 180) and grasses such as little bluestem, big 
bluestem, sideoats gramma, prairie dropseed, porcupine grass, and 
Wilcox's panic grass (Dana 1991, p. 17), although larvae feed mostly on 
native grasses, such as little bluestem (Dana 1991, p. 17; Royer and 
Marrone 1992a, p. 25) and prairie dropseed (Sporobolus heterolepis) 
(Royer and Marrone 1992a, p. 25). After hatching, Dakota skipper larvae 
crawl to the bases of grasses where they form shelters at or below the 
ground surface (Dana 1991, p. 16) and emerge at night from their 
shelters to forage (McCabe 1979, p. 6; 1981, p. 181; Royer and Marrone 
1992a, p. 25). Dakota skippers overwinter in their ground-level or 
subsurface shelters during either the fourth or fifth instar (McCabe 
1979, p. 6; 1981, p. 181; Dana 1991, p. 15; Royer and Marrone 1992a, 
pp. 25-26). In the spring, larvae resume feeding and undergo two 
additional molts before they pupate. During the last two instars, 
larvae shift from buried shelters to horizontal shelters at the soil 
surface (Dana 1991, p. 16). Therefore, the physical or biological 
features essential to the conservation of the Dakota skipper include 
above- and below-ground parts of grasses for oviposition and larval 
shelters and foraging; these grasses should be in close proximity to 
nectar plants where the adults are feeding during the short flight 
period.

[[Page 59271]]

    Dakota skipper larvae spend most of the summer at or near the soil 
surface (McCabe 1981, p. 181; Dana 1991, p. 15). Therefore, biological 
factors such as availability of nectar and larval food sources, edaphic 
features such as bulk density and soil moisture, as well as related 
non-biotic factors such as temperature and relative humidity at and 
near (to a 2.0 centimeters (cm) depth (0.79 inches (in)) the soil 
surface may limit the survival of the sensitive larval and pupal stages 
(Royer et al. 2008, p. 2). Relatively high humidity may also be 
necessary for larval survival during winter months, since the larvae 
cannot consume water during that time and depend on humid air to 
minimize water loss through respiration (Dana 2013, pers. comm.). Soil 
evaporation rates in the north-central United States are affected 
substantially by microtopography (variations of the soil surface on a 
small scale) (Cooper 1960 in Royer et al. 2008, p. 2). For example, 
removal of vegetation due to heavy livestock grazing, plowing, fire, 
and soil compaction alters evaporation and water movement through the 
soil, thereby altering the humidity of soil near the surface (e.g., 
Tomko and Hall 1986, pp. 173-175; Zhao et al. 2011, pp. 93-96), 
although the timing and intensity of these operations may affect the 
results. Livestock grazing can increase soil bulk density (Greenwood et 
al. 1997, pp. 413, 416-418; Miller and Gardiner 2007, pp. 510-511; Zhao 
et al. 2007, p. 248), particularly when the soil is wet (Miller and 
Gardiner 2007, p. 510), and these increases have been correlated with 
decreased soil water content and movement of water through the soil 
(Zhao et al. 2007, p. 248). The loss of porosity results in higher bulk 
densities, thereby decreasing water movement through the soil (Warren 
et al. 1986, pp. 493-494).
    Similarly, vehicle traffic (including tilling and harvesting) 
increases compaction (Miller and Gardiner 2007, pp. 36, 510), and 
tilled land has higher bulk densities (e.g., Tomko and Hall 1986, pp. 
173-175) and alters the habitat in many other ways (Dana 2013, pers. 
comm.). These changes in the soil restrict the movement of shallow 
groundwater to the soil surface, thus resulting in a dry soil layer 
during the hot and dry summer months, when Dakota skipper larvae are 
vulnerable to desiccation (Royer et al. 2008, p. 2). Furthermore, bulk 
density affects plant growth (Miller and Gardiner 2007, p. 36) and, 
therefore, higher densities (or compacted soil) can alter the plant 
community. Dakota skippers appear to be generally absent from Type A 
habitat in North Dakota, when it is grazed, due to a rapid shift away 
from a plant community that is suitable for the species (McCabe 1979, 
p. 17; McCabe 1981, p. 179; Royer and Royer 1998, p. 23).
    Royer et al. (2008, pp. 14-15) measured microclimalogical levels 
(climate in a small space, such as at or near the soil surface) within 
``primary larval nesting zones'' (0 to 2 cm (0.8 in) above the soil 
surface) at occupied sites throughout the range of Dakota skippers, and 
found an acceptable range-wide seasonal (summer) mean temperature range 
of 18 to 21 degrees Celsius ([deg]C) (64 to 70 degrees Fahrenheit 
([deg]F)), a range-wide seasonal mean dew point ranging from 14 to 17 
[deg]C (57 to 63[emsp14][deg]F), and a range-wide seasonal mean 
relative humidity between 73 and 85 percent. Royer et al. (2008, 
entire) only measured these parameters in occupied areas; therefore, 
the statistical and biological significance of these edaphic variables 
cannot be determined from his study.
    Soil textures in Dakota skipper Type A habitats are classified as 
loam, sandy loam, or loamy sand (Royer et al. 2008, pp. 3-5, 14-15). 
Type B habitats are associated with gravelly glacial landscapes of 
predominantly sandy loams and loamy sand soils with relatively higher 
relief, more variable soil moisture, and slightly higher soil 
temperatures than Type A habitats (Royer et al. 2008, p. 15). 
Furthermore, intensive livestock grazing can increase soil bulk 
density--the effects of grazing are dependent on the intensity and 
timing of grazing and soil type. The increases in soil bulk density 
have been correlated with decreased soil water content and movement of 
water through the soil. Therefore, untilled glacial soils that are not 
subject to intensive grazing pressure are physical or biological 
features essential to the conservation of the Dakota skipper.
Habitats Protected From Disturbance or Representative of the 
Historical, Geographic, and Ecological Distributions of the Species
    The Dakota skipper has a geographic distribution that is restricted 
to small colonies that are highly isolated from one another. Species 
whose populations exhibit a high degree of isolation are extremely 
susceptible to extinction from both random and nonrandom catastrophic 
natural or human-caused events. Therefore, it is essential to maintain 
the native tallgrass prairies and native mixed-grass prairies upon 
which the Dakota skipper depends. This means protection from 
destruction or conversion, disturbance caused by exposure to land 
management actions (e.g., intense grazing, fire management, early 
haying, and broad use of herbicides or pesticides), flooding, lack of 
management, and nonnative species that may degrade the availability of 
native grasses and flowering forbs. The Dakota skipper must, at a 
minimum, sustain its current distribution for the species to continue 
to persist. Invasive nonnative species are a serious threat to native 
tallgrass prairies and native mixed-grass prairies on which the Dakota 
skipper depends (Orwig 1997, pp. 4 and 8; Skadsen 2002, p. 52; Royer 
and Royer 2012, pp. 15-16, 22-23); see both Factor C: Disease and 
Predation, and Factor E: Other Natural or Manmade Factors Affecting Its 
Continued Existence sections of our final listing rule published in the 
Federal Register on October 24, 2014 (79 FR 63672). Because the current 
distribution of the Dakota skipper consists of colonies highly isolated 
from one another and its habitat is so restricted, introduction of 
certain nonnative species into its habitat could have significant 
negative consequences.
    Dakota skippers typically occur at sites embedded in agricultural 
or developed landscapes, which makes them more susceptible to nonnative 
or woody plant invasion. Potentially harmful nonnative species include: 
leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula), Kentucky bluegrass, alfalfa (Medicago 
sativa), glossy buckthorn (Frangula alnus), smooth brome, purple 
loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense), reed 
canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea), and others (Orwig 1997, pp. 4 and 
8; Skadsen 2002, p. 52; Royer and Royer 2012, pp. 15-16, 22-23). Once 
these plants invade a site, they often replace or reduce the coverage 
of native forbs and grasses used by adults and larvae. Leafy spurge 
displaces native plant species and its invasion is facilitated by 
actions that remove native plant cover and expose mineral soil (Belcher 
and Wilson 1989, p. 172). The threat from nonnative invasive species is 
compounded by the encroachment of native woody species into native-
prairie habitat. Invasion of tallgrass and mixed-grass prairie by woody 
vegetation such as glossy buckthorn reduces light availability, total 
plant cover, and the coverage of grasses and sedges (Fiedler and Landis 
2012, pp. 44, 50-51). This in turn reduces the availability of both 
nectar and larval host plants for the Dakota skipper.
    In summary, Dakota skippers are obligate residents of undisturbed 
high-quality prairie, ranging from wet-mesic tallgrass prairie to dry-
mesic mixed-grass prairie (Royer and Marrone 1992a,

[[Page 59272]]

pp. 8, 21). High-quality prairie contains a high diversity of native 
species, including flowering herbaceous species (forbs). Degraded 
habitat consists of a high abundance of nonnative plants, woody 
vegetation, and a low abundance of native grasses and flowering forbs 
available during the larval growth period and a low abundance of native 
flowering forbs available during adult nectaring periods. Intensive 
grazing or imprudent fire management practices, early haying, flooding, 
as well as lack of management create such degraded habitats. Conversion 
to agriculture or other development also degrades or destroys native-
prairie habitat. Therefore, based on the information above, we identify 
the necessary physical or biological features for the Dakota skipper as 
nondegraded native tallgrass prairie and native mixed-grass prairie 
habitat devoid of nonnative plant species, or habitat in which 
nonnative plant species and nonnative woody vegetation are maintained 
at levels that allow persistence of native tall grass species and forbs 
and, therefore, the persistence of the Dakota skipper.
Poweshiek Skipperling
    We derive the specific physical or biological features essential 
for the Poweshiek skipperling from studies of this species' habitat, 
ecology, and life history as described in the Critical Habitat section 
of the proposed rule to designate critical habitat published in the 
Federal Register on October 24, 2013 (78 FR 63625), and in the 
information presented below. Additional information can be found in the 
final listing rule published in the Federal Register on October 24, 
2014 (79 FR 63672). We have determined that the Poweshiek skipperling 
requires the following physical or biological features:
Space for Individual and Population Growth and for Normal Behavior
    The full range of habitat preferences for Poweshiek skipperling 
includes high-quality prairie fens, grassy lake and stream margins, 
remnant moist meadows, and wet-mesic to dry tallgrass remnant 
(untilled) prairies. These areas are dominated by native-prairie 
grasses, such as little bluestem and prairie dropseed, but also contain 
a high diversity of native forbs, including black-eyed Susan and 
palespike lobelia. The disjunct populations of Poweshiek skipperling in 
Michigan occur in prairie fens, specifically in peat domes within 
larger prairie fen complexes in areas co-dominated by mat muhly 
(Muhlenbergia richardsonis) and prairie dropseed (Cuthrell 2011, pers. 
comm.).
    Dry prairies are described to have a sparse shrub layer (less than 
5 percent of cover) composed mainly of leadplant, with prairie rose and 
wormwood sage often present (Minnesota Department of Natural Resources 
2012a, p. 1). Taller shrubs, such as smooth sumac, may also be present. 
Occasional trees, such as bur oak or black oak, may also be present but 
remain less than 5 percent cover (Minnesota Department of Natural 
Resources 2012a, p. 1). Similarly, wet-mesic prairies are described to 
have a sparse shrub layer (less than 5-25 percent cover) of leadplant, 
prairie rose, wolfberry, and other native shrubs such as gray dogwood, 
American hazelnut, and wild plum (Minnesota Department of Natural 
Resources 2012b, p. 1).
    Nonnative invasive plant species, such as Kentucky bluegrass and 
smooth brome, may outcompete native plants that are necessary for the 
survival of Poweshiek skipperling and lead to the deterioration or 
elimination of native vegetation. Poweshiek skipperlings depend on a 
diversity of native plants endemic to tallgrass prairies and prairie 
fens; therefore, when nonnative or woody plant species become dominant, 
Poweshiek skipperling populations decline due to insufficient sources 
of larval food and nectar for adults (e.g., Michigan Natural Features 
Inventory 2011, unpubl. data). Therefore, native prairies as defined 
above, with an absence or only sparse presence of nonnative invasive 
plant species is a physical or biological feature essential to the 
conservation of the Poweshiek skipperling.
    The vegetative structure of prairie fens is a result of their 
unique hydrology and consists of plants that thrive in wetlands and 
calcium-rich soils mixed with tallgrass prairie and sedge meadow 
species (Michigan Natural Features Inventory 2012, p. 1). Three or four 
vegetation zones are often present in prairie fens, including diverse 
sedge meadows, wooded fen often dominated by tamarack (Larix laricina), 
and an area of calcareous groundwater seepage with sparsely vegetated 
marl precipitate (clay- or lime-rich soils that formed from solids that 
separated from water) at the surface (Michigan Natural Features 
Inventory 2012, p. 3). Shrubs and trees that may be present include 
shrubby cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa), bog birch (Betula pumila), 
and others (Michigan Natural Features Inventory 2012, p. 3).
    Based on the information above, we identify high-quality remnant 
(untilled) wet-mesic to dry tallgrass prairies, moist meadows, or 
prairie fen habitat, as described above, containing a high diversity of 
native plant species and sparse tree and shrub cover to be a physical 
or biological feature essential to the conservation of the Poweshiek 
skipperling. These native prairies should have no or low coverage of 
nonnative invasive plant species.
    Poweshiek skipperling are not known to disperse widely. The maximum 
dispersal distance for male Poweshiek skipperling travelling across 
contiguous suitable habitat is estimated to be approximately 1.6 km 
(1.0 mi) (Dana 2012a, pers. comm.). The species was evaluated among 291 
butterfly species in Canada and is thought to have relatively low 
mobility, lower mobility than that of the Dakota skipper (Burke et al. 
2011; Fitzsimmons 2012, pers. comm.). Therefore, it may be wise to 
consider a more conservative estimated dispersal distance such as that 
of the Dakota skipper, approximately 1 km (0.6 mi) (Cochrane and 
Delphey 2002, p. 6). Poweshiek skipperling may perch on vegetation, but 
males also patrol in search of mating opportunities (Royer and Marrone 
1992b, p. 15). In Minnesota, the Poweshiek skipperling was observed 
almost exclusively as a patroller (Dana 2013, pers. comm.). Poweshiek 
skipperling may move between patches of prairie habitat separated by 
structurally similar habitats (e.g., perennial grasslands but not 
necessarily native prairie); small populations need immigration 
corridors for dispersal from nearby populations to prevent genetic 
drift and to reestablish a population after local extirpation. The 
species will not likely disperse across unsuitable habitat, such as 
certain types of row crops (e.g., corn, beets), or anywhere not 
dominated by grasses (Westwood 2012, pers. comm.; Dana 2012a and b, 
pers. comm.).
    Poweshiek skipperling may move in response to availability of 
nectar sources, disturbance, or in search of a mate. The tallgrass 
prairie that once made up a vast ecosystem prior to European settlement 
has now been reduced to fragmented remnants that make up 1 to 15 
percent of the original land area across the species' range (Samson and 
Knopf 1994, p. 419). Before the range-wide fragmentation of prairie 
habitat, the species could move freely (through suitable dispersal 
habitat) between high-quality tallgrass prairies and mixed-grass 
prairies. Now, remaining fragmented populations of Poweshiek 
skipperling need immigration corridors for dispersal from nearby 
populations to prevent genetic drift, perhaps to reestablish a 
population after local extirpation, and to expand current populations. 
Therefore, based on the information above, we identify undeveloped 
dispersal habitat,

[[Page 59273]]

structurally similar to suitable high-quality prairie habitat, as 
described above, to be a physical or biological feature essential to 
the conservation of the Poweshiek skipperling. These dispersal habitats 
should be adjacent to or between high-quality prairie patches, within 
the conservative estimates of dispersal distance of Poweshiek 
skipperling, within 1 km (0.6 mi) of suitable high-quality tallgrass 
prairie or prairie fen; should have limited shrub and tree cover; and 
should not consist of certain row crops, which may act as barriers to 
dispersal.
Food, Water, Air, Light, Minerals, or Other Nutritional or 
Physiological Requirements
    Preferred nectar plants vary across the geographic range of the 
Poweshiek skipperling. Smooth ox-eye (Heliopsis helianthoides) and 
purple coneflower were noted as the most frequently visited nectar 
plants in North Dakota, Iowa, and Minnesota (Swengel and Swengel 1999, 
p. 280; Selby 2005, p. 5). In Wisconsin, other documented nectar 
species include: stiff tickseed (Coreopsis palmata), black-eyed Susan, 
and palespike lobelia (Borkin 1995b, p. 6). On the relatively wet-
prairie habitats of Canada and prairie fens in Michigan, preferred 
nectar plants are black-eyed Susan, palespike lobelia, sticky tofieldia 
(Triantha glutinosa), and shrubby cinquefoil (Bess 1988, p. 13; Catling 
and Lafontaine 1986, p. 65; Holzman 1972, p. 111; Nielsen 1970, p. 46; 
Summerville and Clampitt 1999, p. 231). Recent studies in Manitoba 
indicate that the most frequently used nectar plants are black-eyed 
Susan, upland white aster (Solidago ptarmicoides), and self-heal 
(Prunella vulgaris) (Dupont Morozoff 2013, pp. 70-71). Nectar from 
flowering forbs also provides water necessary to avoid desiccation 
during the flight period (lasting 2 to 4 weeks between June and August) 
(Dana 2013, pers. comm.). Prevention of desiccation is particularly 
important during the flight period, because it is the only time that 
Poweshiek skipperlings can reproduce. Therefore, based on the 
information above, we identify the presence of native nectar plants, as 
listed above, that are flowering during the adult flight period of 
Poweshiek skipperlings to be a physical or biological feature essential 
to the conservation of the Poweshiek skipperling.
    Poweshiek skipperling larvae may not rely on a single species of 
grass for food, but instead may be able to use a narrow range of 
acceptable plant species at a site (Dana 2005, pers. comm.). Dana 
(2005, pers. comm.) noted that larvae and ovipositing (laying of eggs) 
females prefer grasses with ``very fine, threadlike blades or leaf 
tips.'' Observations indicate that prairie dropseed is the preferred 
larval food plant for some Poweshiek skipperling populations (Borkin 
1995b, pp. 5-6); larval feeding has also been observed on little 
bluestem (Borkin 1995b, pp. 5-6) and sideoats grama (Bouteloua 
curtipendula) (Dana 2005, pers. comm.). Oviposition has been observed 
on mat muhly (Cuthrell 2012, pers. comm.). In general, to sustain all 
larval instars (developmental stages) and metamorphosis, Poweshiek 
skipperling require the availability of native, fine-leaved grasses. 
Therefore, based on the information above, we identify native, fine-
leaved grasses, including but not limited to prairie dropseed, little 
bluestem, sideoats grama, and mat muhly to be a physical or biological 
feature essential to the conservation of the Poweshiek skipperling. 
These native grasses should be available during the larval stage and 
oviposition of Poweshiek skipperling.
    Soil textures in areas that overlap with Poweshiek skipperling 
sites are classified as loam, sandy loam, or loamy sand (Royer et al. 
2008, pp. 3, 10); soils in moraine deposits are described as gravelly, 
but the deposits associated with glacial lakes are not described as 
gravelly. Michigan prairie fen habitat soils are described as saturated 
organic soils (sedge peat and wood peat) and marl, a calcium carbonate 
(CaCO3) precipitate (Michigan Natural Features Inventory Web 
site accessed August 3, 2012). The native-prairie grasses and flowering 
forbs detailed earlier in this document are typically found on the 
types of soils described above (Royer et al. 2008, p. 4, Michigan 
Natural Features Inventory 2012, pp. 1-3). Plant species community 
composition is generally higher in remnant prairies where the soils 
have never been tilled (Higgins et al. 2000, pp. 23-24), and certain 
native prairie plants are found only in prairies that lack a tillage 
history (Higgins et al. 2000, p. 23). The physical state of cultivated 
soil can result in slower water movement, which can hamper root growth 
and seed germination (e.g., Tomko and Hall 1986, pp. 173-175). 
Therefore, we identify loam, sandy loam, loamy sand, gravel, organic 
peat or marl soils that have never been tilled to be a physical feature 
essential to the conservation of the Poweshiek skipperling.
Cover or Shelter
    Poweshiek skipperlings oviposit near native-grass leaf-blade tips 
(McAlpine 1972, pp. 85-93); McAlpine did not identify the grasses, but 
Dana (2005, pers. comm.) noted that larvae and ovipositing females 
prefer grasses with very fine, threadlike blades or leaf tips such as: 
prairie dropseed (Borkin 1995b, pp. 5-6); little bluestem (Borkin 
1995b, pp. 5-6), sideoats grama (Dana 2005, pers. comm.), and mat muhly 
(Cuthrell 2012, pers. comm.). After hatching, Poweshiek skipperling 
larvae crawl out near the tip of grasses and may remain stationary 
(McAlpine 1972, pp. 88-92). Poweshiek skipperlings have also been 
documented laying eggs on the entire length of grass leaf blades and on 
low-growing deciduous foliage (Dupont Morozoff 2013, p. 133). Unlike 
Dakota skippers, Poweshiek skipperlings are not known to form shelters 
(McAlpine 1972, pp. 88-92; Borkin 1995a, p. 9; Borkin 2008, pers. 
comm.). The larvae overwinter up on the blades of grasses and on the 
stem near the base of a plant (Borkin 2008, pers. comm.; Dana 2008, 
pers. comm.). Borkin (2008, pers. comm.) observed larvae moving to the 
tip of grass blades to feed on the outer and thinner edges of the 
blades, later moving down the grass blades. Therefore, sufficient 
availability of above ground grasses is a physical or biological 
feature essential for cover and shelter for Poweshiek skipperling 
larvae.
    Similar to the Dakota skipper, and as discussed above, Poweshiek 
skipperling larvae are vulnerable to desiccation during hot, dry 
weather and may require wet low areas to provide relief from high 
summer temperatures (Borkin 1994, p. 8; 1995a, p. 10). Poweshiek 
skipperling adults may also require low wet areas to provide refugia 
from fire (Borkin 1994, p. 8; 1995a, p. 10). Therefore, based on the 
information above, we identify the presence of low wet areas that 
provide shelter and relief from high summer temperatures and fire, for 
both larvae and adults, to be a physical or biological feature for the 
Poweshiek skipperling.
Sites for Breeding, Reproduction, or Rearing (or Development) of 
Offspring
    The annual, single generation of adult Poweshiek skipperling 
emerges from mid-June to early July, although the actual flight period 
varies somewhat across the species' range and can also vary 
significantly from year to year depending on weather patterns (Royer 
and Marrone 1992b, p. 15; Swengel and Swengel 1999, p. 282). The flight 
period in a given locality lasts 2 to 4 weeks, and mating occurs 
throughout this period (McCabe and Post 1977a, p. 38; Swengel and 
Swengel 1999, p. 282). During this time, adult Poweshiek skipperling 
depend on the nectar of

[[Page 59274]]

flowering forbs for food and water. Therefore, it is important that 
nectar plants are available in close proximity to areas suitable for 
oviposition and larval feeding. Adult male Poweshiek skipperling may 
perch on tall grasses and forbs, and appear to patrol in search of 
mating opportunities (Royer and Marrone 1992b, p. 15); in Minnesota, 
the Poweshiek skipperling was observed almost exclusively as a 
patroller (Dana 2013, pers. comm.). Therefore, the physical or 
biological features essential to the conservation of Poweshiek 
skipperling include above-ground parts of grasses and forbs for 
perching.
    As described above, Poweshiek skipperling lay their eggs near the 
tips of leaf blades (McAlpine 1972, pp. 85-93). Poweshiek skipperling 
larvae crawl out near the tips of grasses and may remain stationary 
(McAlpine 1972, pp. 88-92). Poweshiek skipperlings do not form shelters 
underground (McAlpine 1972, pp. 88-92; Borkin 1995a, p. 9; Borkin 2008, 
pers. comm.). Rather than forming shelters, the larvae overwinter on 
the tip of the blade of grasses and on the stem near the base of the 
plants (Borkin 2008, pers. comm.; Dana 2008, pers. comm.). Borkin 
(2008, pers. comm.) observed larvae moving to the tips of grass blades 
to feed on the outer and thinner edges of the blades, later moving down 
to the base of the blades. Therefore, the physical or biological 
features essential to the conservation of Poweshiek skipperling include 
above-ground parts of grasses for oviposition and larval foraging and 
shelter; these grasses should be in close proximity to nectar plants, 
where the adults can feed during the short flight period.
    Poweshiek skipperling larvae are vulnerable to desiccation during 
hot, dry weather (Borkin 1994, p. 8; 1995a, p. 10). After hatching, 
Poweshiek larvae crawl to the blades and leaf tips of grasses, but do 
not form shelters underground. Therefore, nonbiotic factors such as 
temperature and relative humidity at and near blade tips may limit the 
survival of the sensitive larval and pupal stages of Poweshiek 
skipperling. The plant community may be influenced by tilling and 
grazing. For example, removal of vegetation due to livestock grazing, 
tilling, fire, and soil compaction alters evaporation and water 
movement through the soil (e.g., Tomko and Hall 1986, pp. 173-175; Zhao 
et al. 2011, pp. 93-96). Livestock grazing increases soil bulk density 
(an indicator of soil compaction) (Greenwood et al. 1997, pp. 416-418; 
Zhao et al. 2007, p. 248), and these increases have been correlated 
with decreased soil water content and movement of water through the 
soil (Zhao et al. 2007, p. 248). The loss of porosity results in higher 
bulk densities, thereby decreasing water movement through the soil 
(Warren et al. 1986, pp. 493-494). Bulk density affects plant growth 
(Miller and Gardiner 2007, p. 36) and, therefore, can alter the plant 
community. For example, a rapid shift in plant community was documented 
in wet-mesic habitats in North Dakota that were grazed, due to 
decreased soil water content (McCabe 1979, p. 17; 1981, p. 179). The 
shift in plant community due to intensive grazing composition may occur 
rapidly (McCabe 1981, p. 179; Royer and Royer 1998, p. 23). Similarly, 
tilled land increases bulk densities (e.g., Tomko and Hall 1986, pp. 
173-175) and alters the habitat in many other ways. Soil conditions 
conducive to Poweshiek skipperling larvae survival are characteristic 
of untilled glacial soils without intense grazing pressure. Therefore, 
untilled glacial soils that are not subject to intense grazing pressure 
are physical or biological features essential to the conservation of 
the Poweshiek skipperling.
Habitats Protected From Disturbance or Representative of the 
Historical, Geographic, and Ecological Distributions of the Species
    The Poweshiek skipperling has a restricted geographic distribution. 
Species whose populations exhibit a high degree of isolation are 
extremely susceptible to extinction from both random and nonrandom 
catastrophic natural or human-caused events. Therefore, it is essential 
to maintain the native tallgrass prairies and prairie fens upon which 
the Poweshiek skipperling depends. This means protection from 
disturbance caused by exposure to land management actions (cattle 
grazing, fire management, destruction or conversion, early haying, and 
broad herbicide or pesticide use), flooding, water withdrawal or 
depletion, water contamination, lack of management, and nonnative 
species that may degrade the availability of native grasses and 
flowering forbs. Introduced nonnative species are a serious threat to 
native tallgrass prairies and prairie fens on which Poweshiek 
skipperling depends (Orwig 1997, pp. 4 and 8; MNFI unpubl. data 2011; 
Skadsen 2002, p. 52; Royer and Royer 2012, pp. 15-16, 22-23); see both 
Factor C: Disease and Predation, and Factor E: Other Natural or Manmade 
Factors Affecting Its Continued Existence sections of our final listing 
rule published in the Federal Register on October 24, 2014). The 
Poweshiek skipperling must, at a minimum, sustain its current 
distribution for the species to continue to persist.
    The geographic distribution of the Poweshiek skipperling is 
restricted to small colonies that are highly isolated from each other. 
Due to its strongly restricted habitat, an introduction of certain 
nonnative plant species into its habitat could be devastating. 
Poweshiek skipperling typically occur at sites embedded in agricultural 
or developed landscapes, which makes them more susceptible to nonnative 
or woody plant invasion. Potentially harmful nonnative species include 
leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula), Kentucky bluegrass, alfalfa (Medicago 
sativa), glossy buckthorn (Frangula alnus), smooth brome, purple 
loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense), reed 
canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea), and others (Orwig 1997, pp. 4 and 
8; MNFI unpubl. data 2011; Skadsen 2002, p. 52; Royer and Royer 2012, 
pp. 15-16, 22-23). Once these plants invade a site, they replace or 
reduce the coverage of native forbs and grasses used by adults and 
larvae. Leafy spurge displaces native plant species, and its invasion 
is facilitated by actions that remove native plant cover and expose 
mineral soil (Belcher and Wilson 1989, p. 172). The threat from 
nonnative invasive species is compounded by the encroachment of native 
woody species into native prairie habitat. Invasion of tallgrass 
prairie by woody vegetation such as glossy buckthorn reduces light 
availability, total plant cover, and the coverage of grasses and sedges 
(Fiedler and Landis 2012, pp. 44, 50-51). This in turn reduces the 
availability of both nectar and larval host plants for Poweshiek 
skipperling.
    In Michigan, Poweshiek skipperlings live on prairie fens, which 
occur on poorly drained outwash channels and outwash plains in the 
interlobate regions of southern Michigan (Kost et al. 2007, pp. 69-73, 
Cohen et al. 2014, pp. 70-73). Prairie fens are typically found where 
these glacial outwash features abut coarse-textured end moraine or ice-
contact features and where coarse glacial deposits provide high 
hydraulic connectivity that forces groundwater to the surface (Moran 
1981 in Michigan Natural Features Inventory 2012, p. 1). Small lakes, 
headwater streams, or rivers are often associated with prairie fens. 
The sapric peat (partially decomposed vegetation with less than one-
third recognizable plant fibers) substrate typical of prairie fens is 
saturated with calcareous (rich in calcium and magnesium bicarbonate) 
groundwater as a result of its filtration through glacial deposits. 
These bicarbonates often precipitate as marl at

[[Page 59275]]

the soil surface. The typical pH ranges from 6.8 to 8.2 (Michigan 
Natural Features Inventory 2012, p. 1). As described above, prairie 
fens may include some low shrubs and trees, but the amount of tree and 
shrub cover should not cause a barrier to dispersal (i.e., greater than 
15 percent trees or shrubs). Prior to European settlement, fires on 
upland habitats likely spread to adjacent prairie fens, which inhibited 
shrub invasion and maintained the open prairie fen plant community 
(Michigan Natural Features Inventory 2012, pp. 1-3). Now, the 
vegetation is largely a result of the unique hydrology; the plant 
community consists of obligate wetland and calcicolous species (species 
that thrive in lime-rich soils) mixed with tallgrass prairie and sedge 
meadow species (Michigan Natural Features Inventory 2012, pp. 1-3). The 
hydraulic processes connecting groundwater to the surface are essential 
to maintain the vegetative structure of prairie fens and are, 
therefore, a physical or biological feature essential to the 
conservation of the Poweshiek skipperling.
    Poweshiek skipperling are obligate residents of untilled high-
quality prairie, ranging from wet-mesic tallgrass prairies to dry-mesic 
mixed-grass prairies to prairie fens (Royer and Marrone 1992a, pp. 8, 
21). High-quality remnant tallgrass prairies and prairie fens contain a 
high diversity of native species, including flowering herbaceous 
species (forbs) (Dana 2001, pers. comm.). Degraded habitat consists of 
a high abundance of nonnative plants, woody vegetation, and a low 
abundance of native grasses and flowering forbs available during the 
larval growth period and a low abundance of native flowering forbs 
available during the adult nectaring periods. Intense grazing, 
imprudent fire management practices, early haying, flooding, as well as 
lack of management create such degraded habitats. Conversion to 
agriculture or other development also degrades or destroys native 
prairie habitat. Therefore, based on the information above, we identify 
the necessary physical or biological features for the Poweshiek 
skipperling as nondegraded habitat devoid of nonnative plant species, 
or habitat in which nonnative plant species and nonnative woody 
vegetation are maintained at levels that allow persistence of Poweshiek 
skipperling.

Summary

    We identify high-quality remnant untilled tallgrass prairies, moist 
meadows, or prairie fen habitats containing a high diversity of native 
plant species including a mosaic of native grasses and flowering forbs 
to be a physical or biological feature necessary for population growth 
and normal behavior of Poweshiek skipperling. These prairies have 
features that support the development and survival of larval Poweshiek 
skipperling and soil textures that are loam, sandy loam, loamy sand, 
gravel, or peat. Biological features that provide food sources for 
larvae are native fine-leaved grass species, such as prairie dropseed, 
little bluestem, sideoats grama or mat muhly, and native forb plant 
species for adult nectar and water sources such as: purple coneflower, 
black-eyed Susan, stiff tickseed, palespike lobelia, sticky tofieldia, 
and shrubby cinquefoil. Physical or biological features for breeding, 
reproduction and offspring include grasses and forbs used for perching 
by adults and grasses used for oviposition as well as for larval 
shelter. Physical or biological features that provide cover or shelter 
dispersed within or adjacent to native prairies include areas for 
relief from high summer temperatures and fire, such as depressional 
wetlands, low wet areas, within or adjacent to prairies and edaphic 
features that are conducive to the development and survival of larval 
Poweshiek skipperling.
    These high-quality native tallgrass prairies and prairie fens have 
limited tree and low shrub coverage that may act as barriers to 
dispersal. These habitats also have limited or no invasive plant 
species that may lead to a change in the plant community. Contiguous 
prairie habitat that once characterized the historical distribution of 
the species has been severely fragmented; therefore, dispersal habitat, 
structurally similar to suitable high-quality prairie habitat and 
adjacent to or between high-quality prairie patches within the known 
dispersal distance of Poweshiek skipperling (within 1 km from suitable 
high-quality prairie or prairie fens) is another physical and 
biological feature identified for the Poweshiek skipperling to help 
maintain genetic diversity and to provide refuges from disturbance. The 
unique hydrology that supports prairie fen vegetation is an essential 
physical and biological feature for Poweshiek skipperlings in Michigan 
prairie fens.

Primary Constituent Elements for the Dakota Skipper

    Under the Act and its implementing regulations, we are required to 
identify the physical or biological features essential to the 
conservation of the Dakota skipper in areas occupied at the time of 
listing, focusing on the features' primary constituent elements. 
Primary constituent elements are those specific elements of the 
physical or biological features that provide for a species' life-
history processes and are essential to the conservation of the species.
    Based on our current knowledge of the physical or biological 
features and habitat characteristics required to sustain the species' 
life-history processes, we determine that the primary constituent 
elements specific to the Dakota skipper are:
    (1) Primary Constituent Element 1--Wet-mesic tallgrass or mixed-
grass remnant untilled prairie that occurs on near-shore glacial lake 
soil deposits or high-quality dry-mesic remnant untilled prairie on 
rolling terrain consisting of gravelly glacial moraine soil deposits, 
containing:
    a. A predominance of native grasses and native flowering forbs,
    b. Glacial soils that provide the soil surface or near surface 
(between soil surface and 2 cm depth) micro-climate conditions 
conducive to Dakota skipper larval survival and native prairie 
vegetation,
    c. If present, trees or large shrub cover of less than 5 percent of 
area in dry prairies and less than 25 percent in wet-mesic prairies; 
and
    d. If present, nonnative invasive plant species occurring in less 
than 5 percent of area.
    (2) Primary Constituent Element 2--Native grasses and native 
flowering forbs for larval and adult food and shelter, specifically:
    a. At least one of the following native grasses to provide larval 
food and shelter sources during Dakota skipper larval stages: Prairie 
dropseed (Sporobolus heterolepis) or little bluestem (Schizachyrium 
scoparium); and
    b. One or more of the following forbs in bloom to provide nectar 
and water sources during the Dakota skipper flight period: Purple 
coneflower (Echinacea angustifolia), bluebell bellflower (Campanula 
rotundifolia), white prairie clover (Dalea candida), upright prairie 
coneflower (Ratibida columnifera), fleabane (Erigeron spp.), 
blanketflower (Gaillardia spp.), black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta), 
yellow sundrops (Calylophus serrulatus), prairie milkvetch (Astragalus 
adsurgens), or common gaillardia (Gaillardia aristata).
    (3) Primary Constituent Element 3--Dispersal grassland habitat that 
is within 1 km (0.6 mi) of native high-quality remnant prairie (as 
defined in Primary Constituent Element 1) that connects high-quality 
wet-mesic to dry tallgrass prairies or moist meadow habitats. Dispersal 
grassland habitat consists of undeveloped open areas dominated by 
perennial grassland with

[[Page 59276]]

limited or no barriers to dispersal including tree or shrub cover less 
than 25 percent of the area and no row crops such as corn, beans, 
potatoes, or sunflowers.
    With this final designation of critical habitat, we intend to 
identify the physical or biological features essential to the 
conservation of the species, through the identification of the 
features' primary constituent elements sufficient to support the life-
history processes of the species. All units and subunits designated as 
critical habitat that are currently occupied by the Dakota skipper 
contain the primary constituent elements sufficient to support the 
life-history needs of the species. Additional unoccupied units that we 
determine are essential for the conservation of the species also 
contain the primary constituent elements sufficient to support the 
life-history needs of the species.

Primary Constituent Elements for the Poweshiek Skipperling

    Under the Act and its implementing regulations, we are required to 
identify the physical or biological features essential to the 
conservation of Poweshiek skipperling in areas occupied at the time of 
listing, focusing on the features' primary constituent elements. We 
consider primary constituent elements to be the elements of physical or 
biological features that provide for a species' life-history processes 
and are essential to the conservation of the species.
    Based on our current knowledge of the physical or biological 
features and habitat characteristics required to sustain the species' 
life-history processes, we determine that the primary constituent 
elements specific to the Poweshiek skipperling are:
    (1) Primary Constituent Element 1--Wet-mesic to dry tallgrass 
remnant untilled prairies or remnant moist meadows containing:
    a. A predominance of native grasses and native flowering forbs;
    b. Undisturbed (untilled) glacial soil types including, but not 
limited to, loam, sandy loam, loamy sand, gravel, organic soils (peat), 
or marl that provide the edaphic features conducive to Poweshiek 
skipperling larval survival and native prairie vegetation;
    c. If present, depressional wetlands or low wet areas, within or 
adjacent to prairies that provide shelter from high summer temperatures 
and fire;
    d. If present, trees or large shrub cover less than 5 percent of 
area in dry prairies and less than 25 percent in wet-mesic prairies and 
prairie fens; and
    e. If present, nonnative invasive plant species occurring in less 
than 5 percent of the area.
    (2) Primary Constituent Element 2--Prairie fen habitats containing:
    a. A predominance of native grasses and native flowering forbs;
    b. Undisturbed (untilled) glacial soil types including, but not 
limited to, organic soils (peat), or marl that provide the edaphic 
features conducive to Poweshiek skipperling larval survival and native 
prairie vegetation;
    c. Depressional wetlands or low wet areas, within or adjacent to 
prairies that provide shelter from high summer temperatures and fire;
    d. Hydraulic features necessary to maintain prairie fen groundwater 
flow and prairie fen plant communities;
    e. If present, trees or large shrub cover less than 25 percent of 
the unit; and
    f. If present, nonnative invasive plant species occurring in less 
than 5 percent of area.
    (3) Primary Constituent Element 3--Native grasses and native 
flowering forbs for larval and adult food and shelter, specifically;
    a. At least one of the following native grasses available to 
provide larval food and shelter sources during Poweshiek skipperling 
larval stages: Prairie dropseed (Sporobolus heterolepis), little 
bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), sideoats grama (Bouteloua 
curtipendula), or mat muhly (Muhlenbergia richardsonis); and
    b. At least one of the following forbs in bloom to provide nectar 
and water sources during the Poweshiek skipperling flight period: 
Purple coneflower (Echinacea angustifolia), black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia 
hirta), smooth ox-eye (Heliopsis helianthoides), stiff tickseed 
(Coreopsis palmata), palespike lobelia (Lobelia spicata), sticky 
tofieldia (Triantha glutinosa), or shrubby cinquefoil (Dasiphora 
fruticosa ssp. floribunda).
    (4) Primary Constituent Element 4--Dispersal grassland habitat that 
is within 1 km (0.6 mi) of native high-quality remnant prairie (as 
defined in Primary Constituent Element 1) that connects high quality 
wet-mesic to dry tallgrass prairies, moist meadows, or prairie fen 
habitats. Dispersal grassland habitat consists of the following 
physical characteristics appropriate for supporting Poweshiek 
skipperling dispersal: Undeveloped open areas dominated by perennial 
grassland with limited or no barriers to dispersal including tree or 
shrub cover less than 25 percent of the area and no row crops such as 
corn, beans, potatoes, or sunflowers.
    With this final designation of critical habitat we intend to 
identify the physical or biological features essential to the 
conservation of the species through the identification of the features' 
primary constituent elements sufficient to support the life-history 
processes of the species. Many of the units designated as critical 
habitat are currently occupied by the Poweshiek skipperling and contain 
the primary constituent elements sufficient to support the life-history 
needs of the species. Additional unoccupied units also contain the 
primary constituent elements sufficient to support the life-history 
needs of the species.

Special Management Considerations or Protections

    When designating critical habitat, we assess whether the specific 
areas within the geographical area occupied by the species at the time 
of listing contain features that are essential to the conservation of 
the species and which may require special management considerations or 
protection. All areas proposed for designation as critical habitat as 
described below may require some level of management to address the 
current and future threats to the physical or biological features 
essential to the conservation of Dakota skipper and Poweshiek 
skipperling. In all of the described units, special management may be 
required to ensure that the habitat is able to provide for the 
biological needs of both species.
    A detailed discussion of the current and future threats to Dakota 
skipper and Poweshiek skipperling can be found in the final listing 
rule to list each species as an endangered species, which was published 
in the Federal Register on October 24, 2014. In general, the features 
essential to the conservation of Dakota skipper and Poweshiek 
skipperling may require special management considerations or protection 
to reduce the following individual threats and their interactions:
    (A) The direct and indirect impacts of land use conversions, 
primarily from urban and energy development, gravel mining, and 
conversion to agriculture;
    (B) invasive species encroachment and secondary succession of woody 
plants;
    (C) grazing that reduces or continues to suppress the availability 
or predominance of native plants that provide larval food and adult 
nectar;
    (D) wetland destruction and degradation such that the affected area 
is flooded or drained of water permanently or over a long term such 
that it increases the risk of invasive species invasion, changes the 
prairie

[[Page 59277]]

plant community, or eliminates wet areas used as relief from high 
temperatures and fire;
    (E) herbicide application;
    (F) the stochastic effects of drought or floods;
    (G) fire that that reduces or continues to suppress the 
availability or predominance of native plants that provide larval food 
and adult nectar;
    (H) development, mining, or other such activies that disrupt or 
degrade the hydraulic function of fens and their groundwater recharge 
areas necessary to maintain the prairie fen habitat and availability or 
predominance of native plants that provide larval food and adult 
nectar; and
    (I) pesticide application.
    The greatest, overarching threats to the Dakota skipper and 
Poweshiek skipperling are habitat curtailment, destruction, and 
fragmentation. The aforementioned activities will require special 
management consideration not only for the direct effects of the 
activities on the species and their habitat, but also for their 
indirect effects and how they are cumulatively and individually 
increasing habitat curtailment, destruction, and fragmentation. Based 
on our analysis of threats to Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling, 
special management activities that could ameliorate these threats 
include, but are not limited to, habitat maintenance or restoration 
activities that occur at an intensity, duration, spatial arrangement, 
or timing that is not detrimental to the species. These activities 
include, but are not limited to, the following: Late-season haying 
(after the adult flight period), brush or tree removal, prescribed low-
intensity rotational grazing, invasive species control, habitat 
preservation, and prescribed fire.
    Management activities should be of the appropriate timing, 
intensity, and extent to be protective of Dakota skipper and Poweshiek 
skipperling during all life stages (e.g., eggs, larvae, pupae, and 
adults) and to maximize habitat quality and quantity. Some management 
activities, depending on how they are implemented, can have intensive 
impacts to the species, its habitat, or both. Depending on site-
specific conditions, management that includes prescribed fire and some 
low-intensity grazing must affect no more than one-quarter to one-third 
of the occupied habitat at a site in any single year to ensure that the 
resulting mortality or effects to reproduction do not have undue 
impacts on population viability. Management activities should protect 
the primary constituent elements for the species by conserving the 
extent of the habitat patches, the quality of habitat within the 
patches, and connectivity among occupied patches (e.g., see Schmitt, 
2003). Appropriate management helps increase the number of individuals 
reproducing each year by minimizing the activities that may harm Dakota 
skippers or Poweshiek skipperling during adult, larval, or pupal 
stages.
    Such special management activities may be required to protect the 
physical or biological features and support the conservation of Dakota 
skipper and Poweshiek skipperling by preventing or reducing the loss, 
degradation, and fragmentation of native prairie landscapes. 
Additionally, management of critical habitat lands can increase the 
amount of suitable habitat and enhance connectivity among Dakota 
skipper and Poweshiek skipperling populations through the restoration 
of areas that were previously composed of native tallgrass and mixed-
grass prairie communities. The limited extent of native tallgrass and 
mixed-grass prairie habitats, particularly the eastern portion of the 
Poweshiek skipperling range, emphasizes the need for additional habitat 
into which the Poweshiek skipperling could expand to survive and 
recover as well as to allow for adjustment to changes in habitat 
availability that may result from climate change.

Criteria Used To Identify Critical Habitat

    As required by section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we use the best 
scientific data available to designate critical habitat. In accordance 
with the Act and our implementing regulations at 50 CFR 424.12(b), we 
review available information pertaining to the habitat requirements of 
the species and identify occupied areas at the time of listing that 
contain the features essential to the conservation of the species. If, 
after identifying currently occupied areas, we determine that those 
areas are inadequate to ensure conservation of the species, in 
accordance with the Act and our implementing regulations at 50 CFR 
424.12(e), we then consider whether designating additional areas--
outside those currently occupied--are essential for the conservation of 
the species. We are designating critical habitat in areas within the 
geographical area occupied by the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek 
skipperling at the time of listing on October 24, 2014. We also are 
designating specific areas outside the geographical area occupied by 
the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling at the time of listing 
that were historically occupied, but where we are uncertain of the 
current occupancy, and areas that are presently unoccupied, because 
such areas are essential for the conservation of the species.

Species Occupancy

    We generally considered a species to be ``present'' at sites where 
it was detected during the most recent survey, if the survey was 
conducted in 2002 or more recently and no evidence suggests that the 
species is now extirpated from the site, (e.g., no destruction or 
obvious and significant degradation of the species' habitat), with the 
exception of one Poweshiek skipperling site and three Dakota skipper 
sites, which are discussed in detail in the listing rule published on 
October 24, 2014, in the Federal Register. At these four sites, there 
is no evidence to suggest the species is not still present because the 
habitat and management is still considered to be conducive to the 
species, the occupancy status was supported by the species expert 
review of the site, and all but one of these sites had recent 2010-2013 
habitat assessment that concluded that the habitat was suitable for the 
species.
    We assigned a status of ``unknown'' if the species was found in 
1993 or more recently, but not in the most recent one to two sequential 
survey year(s) since 1993, and we found no evidence to suggest the 
species is now extirpated from the site (e.g., no destruction or 
obvious and significant degradation of the species' habitat). We 
considered a species to be ``possibly extirpated'' at sites where it 
was detected at least once prior to 1993, but not in the most recent 1 
to 2 sequential survey years(s). A species is also considered 
``possibly extirpated'' at sites where it was found prior to 1993 and 
no surveys have been conducted in 1993 or more recently. We considered 
the species ``extirpated'' from a site when at least 3 sequential years 
of negative surveys existed, no matter what years they were conducted. 
We required at least 3 years of sequential surveys because of the 
difficulty of detecting the species, as explained further in this 
section. A species was also considered ``extirpated'' at sites where 
habitat for the species is no longer present.
    When determining whether the species occupancy is unknown, possibly 
extirpated, or extirpated at a particular site, we used the survey year 
1993 as a cut-off date. Most known sites (more than 81 percent of known 
Poweshiek skipperling sites and more than 86 percent of known Dakota 
skipper sites) have been surveyed at least once since 1993, and survey 
data more than 20

[[Page 59278]]

years old may not reflect the current status of a species or its 
habitat at a site. For example, suitable habitat may no longer exist at 
a site due to habitat loss from secondary succession of woody 
vegetation or a change in plant communities due to invasive species. 
Although it cannot be presumed that the species is absent at sites not 
surveyed since 1993, the likelihood of occupancy of these sites should 
be considered separately from sites with more recent survey data. When 
analyzing survey results, we disregarded negative surveys conducted 
outside of the species' flight period (outside of June or July) or 
under unsuitable conditions (e.g., high wind speeds over approximately 
16 mph). We only accepted survey data from individual surveyors whom we 
were confident could identify the species in the field.
    After we applied these standards to initially ascertain the status 
of the species, we asked species experts and Service personnel to help 
verify, modify, or correct species' occupancy at each site, 
particularly for sites with questionable habitat quality or those that 
have not been surveyed recently. In most cases, we used the status as 
confirmed through these experts' review, unless we received additional 
information (e.g., additional survey or habitat data provided after the 
expert reviews) that suggested a different status at a particular site.
    Timing of surveys was based on initial field checks of nectar plant 
blooms and sightings of butterfly species with synchronous emergence 
(butterfly species that emerge at the same time as Dakota skipper and 
Poweshiek skipperling). More recently, emergence was also estimated by 
a degree-day emergence model using high and low daily temperature data 
from weather stations near the survey sites (Selby, undated, 
unpublished dissertation). Surveys were conducted during flight periods 
when the species' abundance is expected to be at levels at which the 
species can be detected; however, detection probabilities are imperfect 
and some uncertainty remains between non-detection and true absence 
(Gross et al. 2007, pp. 192, 197-198; Pellet 2008, pp. 155-156). Three 
sequential years of negative surveys is sufficient to capture variable 
detection probabilities, since each survey year typically encompasses 
more than one visit (e.g., the average number of visits per Dakota 
skipper site per year ranges from 1 to 11) and the probability of false 
absence after 5-6 visits drops below 5 percent for studied butterfly 
species with varying average detection probabilities (Pellet 2008, p. 
159). Therefore, the site is considered ``extirpated'' if there are 3 
sequential years of negative surveys; preferably, each year has more 
than one survey date.
    It cannot be presumed that the species is extirpated at a site only 
because there have not been recent surveys. The year 1993 was chosen 
based on habitat-related inferences, specifically, the estimated time 
for prairie habitat to degrade to unsuitable habitat due to 
encroachment of woody vegetation and nonnative species. For example, 
native prairies with previous light-grazing management that were 
subsequently left idle transitioned from mixed grass to a mix of woody 
vegetation and mixed grass in 13 years, and it was predicted that these 
idle prairies would be completely lost due to woody succession in 30 
years (Penfound 1964, pp. 260-261). The time for succession of idle 
prairie depends on numerous factors, such as the size of the site, edge 
effects (the changes that occur on the boundary of two habitat types), 
and the plant composition of adjacent areas. In general, long-term 
studies show that the succession rates and abundance of woody plants in 
tallgrass prairie depends on management, but generally both increase 
over time (Fitch 2006, p. 1; Briggs et al. 2005, p. 248; Briggs et al. 
2002, pp. 290-294; Heisler et al. 2005, pp. 2253-2256; Penfound 1964, 
pp. 260-261).
    The approach described above is the most objective way to evaluate 
range-wide data. Most sites have been surveyed over multiple years, 
although the frequency and type of surveys varied among sites and 
years. Surveys are conducted using various protocols (e.g., Pollard 
walks (Pollard et al. 1975, entire), modified Pollard walks, wandering 
transects, timed transects) depending on the objective of the survey, 
funding, or available resources and staff. In several cases, species 
experts provided input on occupancy based on their familiarity with the 
habitat quality and stressors to populations at particular sites.
    We determined current occupancy using occurrence data from the 
Service's Dakota skipper geodatabase (USFWS 2014, unpubl, geodatabase) 
and Poweshiek skipperling database (USFWS 2014, unpubl. data), which 
were built based on survey reports from throughout the range of the 
species and expert input. Areas with recent occurrence records or sites 
classified as ``present'' (see Background of the final listing rule and 
above for definitions) are considered occupied, while areas where the 
species is presumed extirpated or possibly extirpated are considered 
currently unoccupied, but occupied historically. For the purposes of 
this critical habitat designation, we also considered areas classified 
as ``unknown'' (see Background of the final listing rule and above for 
definitions) as unoccupied.
    Several proposed critical habitat units contain several nearby 
survey sites (or point occurrences) that occur within the maximum 
estimated dispersal distance of the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek 
skipperling. Because the species could move between these sites (or 
occurrences) if several sites were contained within one critical 
habitat unit, we used the ``best'' status for the species to determine 
occupancy in areas where the habitat was contiguous. For example, if 
there are two sites (or occurrences) within a proposed critical habitat 
unit and one site had a status of present and the other status is 
unknown, we used the status of present and considered the unit to be 
occupied. We did this because we found it reasonable to assume that the 
species could travel between sites (or point occurrence locations) if 
they were within the maximum dispersal distance of each other and if we 
determined that the habitat between point locations was suitable for 
dispersal. Furthermore, the delineation of what constituted a ``site'' 
by surveyors was often not ecologically based, but was instead based on 
ownership or political boundaries and may only roughly approximate the 
extent of a suitable habitat patch.
    The status of the species is unknown at a number of sites--in other 
words, we are not certain whether the species may be extant at 
densities that are so low that it has not been recently detected, or if 
it is truly absent at these sites. Therefore, we are uncertain of the 
occupancy in units where the best species status is ``unknown.'' Areas 
with an uncertain occupancy were examined to determine if they were 
essential for the conservation of the species. For the purposes of 
these critical habitat designations, we are considering these areas to 
be unoccupied at the time of listing, and we examined these areas with 
uncertain occupancy using the same criteria as we used for unoccupied 
areas. We also examined lands where the status of the species is 
considered to be possibly extirpated or extirpated to determine if such 
areas are essential for the conservation of the species.

Areas Occupied at Time of Listing

    We reviewed available information that pertains to the ecology, 
natural history, and habitat requirements of each species and evaluated 
all known species locations using data from the

[[Page 59279]]

following sources: Spatial data for known species locations from the 
Minnesota Natural Heritage Program (MN DNR 2012, entire data set), 
Michigan Natural Heritage Program (MI DNR 2011, entire data set), 
Michigan Natural Features Inventory (MNFI, unpubl.), regional 
Geographic Information System (GIS) coverages, recent biological 
surveys and reports; site visits and site-specific habitat evaluations; 
research published in peer-reviewed articles and presented in academic 
theses or reports; and discussions with species experts.
    Criteria for selecting critical habitat units were based on 
species' survey data and the extent and distribution of essential 
habitat features. Our selection criteria were based on the best 
available scientific information on habitat and distribution of the 
species (see ``Background'' section of the proposed listing rule). The 
criteria for selecting the occupied sites were: (1) Type, amount, and 
quality of habitat associated with occupied areas; (2) presence of the 
physical or biological features essential for the species; and (3) 
estimated population viability of the species in a particular area, if 
known.
    We considered occupied areas containing plant communities 
classified as (or based on the best available information and recent 
aerial photography) dry prairie, dry-mesic prairie, mesic prairie, or 
wet-mesic remnant (untilled) prairie as potential suitable habitat for 
Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling. Prairie fens, as defined by 
the MNFI (Michigan Natural Features Inventory 2012, pp. 1-5), were also 
considered as potential suitable habitat for Poweshiek skipperling in 
Michigan. Using State natural heritage rankings, habitat information 
from recent reports, and expert knowledge, we selected areas with 
habitat quality ratings of fair to excellent because these areas are 
most likely to contain the physical or biological features essential 
for the conservation of the species. In some cases the habitat was not 
given a quality rating, but instead the site was given an estimated 
population viability rating, which directly reflects the quality of the 
habitat (e.g., excellent population viability rating indicates the 
presence of high-quality native prairie habitat). Therefore, we 
selected sites with viability ranks of fair to excellent from the most 
recent reports available because these areas are most likely to contain 
the physical or biological features essential for the conservation of 
the species. Grassland-dominated areas necessary for dispersal between 
higher quality prairies is another physical or biological feature 
essential for the conservation of the species. Therefore, we also 
considered including areas that contain potential dispersal habitat to 
connect patches of higher quality native prairies that (1) are lesser 
quality (or unrated) native dry-mesic prairie, mesic prairie, or wet-
mesic remnant prairies or other habitat types such as wet meadow, oak 
savannas, and other types of grassland-dominated areas suitable for 
dispersal and (2) span a distance not greater than 1 km (0.6 mi) 
between another higher (fair to excellent) quality native prairie. In 
other words, more than one site may be contained in a single unit if 
the habitats are connected by areas that contain the physical or 
biological features essential for the conservation of the species.

Why Occupied Areas Are Not Sufficient for the Conservation of Dakota 
Skippers and Why Unoccupied Areas Are Essential for the Conservation of 
the Species

    The Dakota skipper has experienced recent declines in large parts 
of its historical range. The species is now considered to be present at 
41 sites in the United States, including 11 sites in Minnesota, 16 
sites in North Dakota, and 14 sites in South Dakota. More than one site 
can be contained in a single critical habitat unit; consequently, we 
are designating a total of 18 occupied units (i.e., 3 occupied units in 
Minnesota, 9 occupied units in North Dakota, and 6 occupied units in 
South Dakota). The remaining sites where the species is considered to 
be present are located in Canada (42 of total 83), mostly within three 
isolated complexes, and were observed in either 2002 or 2007 with no 
subsequent surveys. Four additional locations where we consider the 
species to be present in Manitoba had positive detections of the 
species as recently as 2012 (Rigney 2013a, p. 117).
    The areas of unoccupied habitat that we are designating as critical 
habitat were recently occupied (had positive records in 1993 or more 
recently) and are within the historical range of the species. The areas 
of habitat where we are uncertain of the occupancy that we are 
designating as critical habitat were recently occupied (generally, a 
site with an unknown occupancy had positive records in 2002 or more 
recently but may have had 1 or 2 years of negative surveys or were 
determined by a species expert in the State to have an unknown 
occupancy), and are within the historical range of the species. We 
determine that these unoccupied areas or areas of uncertain occupancy 
are essential for the Dakota skipper's conservation because the range 
of the species has been severely curtailed, occupied habitats are 
limited and isolated, population sizes are small, and additional 
habitat will be necessary to recover the species.
    Furthermore, the unoccupied units and units where we are uncertain 
of occupancy are needed to satisfy the conservation principles of 
redundancy, resiliency, and representation for the Dakota skipper, as 
there may be too few occupied areas remaining to ensure conservation of 
the species--the species having been extirpated from substantial 
portions of its range. The inclusion of unoccupied habitat and habitat 
where we are uncertain of the occupancy as critical habitat is 
essential for the species' conservation in three ways: (1) It would 
substantially increase the diversity of historically occupied habitats 
and geographic areas and increase the chances of the species persisting 
despite demographic and environmental stressors that are not uniformly 
distributed; (2) it would help to ensure that at least some populations 
may be sufficiently large to withstand stochastic events; and (3) it 
would help to ensure that geographic areas of recent importance to the 
species contain sufficient numbers of populations to maintain the 
species.
    Specifically, we are designating unoccupied critical habitat units 
and units with uncertain occupancy to conserve habitat that may hold 
genetic representation of the species that is necessary for the species 
to conserve its adaptive capabilities across portions of its highly 
fragmented historical range. The species may be present at such low 
densities that it was undetectable in units with uncertain occupancy. A 
2002 study of Dakota skipper genetics showed that each Dakota skipper 
population studied had evidence of inbreeding and was subject to 
genetic drift that may erode its genetic variability over time (Britten 
and Glasford 2002, pp. 371-372). Therefore, it is essential to conserve 
the range-wide genetic diversity we have for the species (and the 
habitats that may contain that diversity) to help safeguard the genetic 
representation necessary for the species to maintain its adaptive 
capabilities. The fragmentation of Dakota skipper's populations and 
reduction in genetic diversity, as well as limited detectability during 
low population densities, further argue for the conservation value of 
locations that may have populations, though at undetectable levels. We 
are certain of the species' presence at relatively few sites, and there 
remains some likelihood of Dakota skipper presence at sites where they 
have not been detected during recent surveys. In light of the species' 
fragmentation and

[[Page 59280]]

the need to preserve any remaining genetic diversity, we believe it is 
also essential to conserve Dakota skipper at units where the occupancy 
of the species is unknown, since the species may be present, but at 
undetectable levels.
    Since a species' genetics is shaped by its environment, successful 
conservation should aim to preserve a species across the array of 
environments in which it occurs (Shaffer and Stein 2000, p. 308), 
especially if much remains unknown about the nature and extent of its 
genetic diversity. Conservation of habitat and genetic material is 
vital in the core of the species' range, but it is also critical to 
preserve the species in less typical habitats on the periphery of its 
range, for example, wet-mesic prairies in North Dakota, to preserve the 
adaptive capabilities of the species over the long term.
    Genetic variation allows populations to tolerate a range of 
environmental stressors such as new infectious diseases, parasites, 
pollution, variable food sources, predators, and changes in climate. 
Fragmentation of a species' habitat across its range can ``exacerbate 
genetic drift and random fluctuations in allele frequencies, causing 
the genetic variation originally present within a large population to 
become redistributed among the remaining subpopulations'' (Redford et 
al. 2011, p. 41). Furthermore, a ``fully representative sample of 
founders is required, if the population is to encompass the genetic 
diversity in the wild and minimize subsequent inbreeding'' (Frankham et 
al. 2009, p. 434). Because there is evidence of range-wide genetic 
isolation and inbreeding, the Dakota skipper's historical genetic 
variation may be fragmented unevenly among the remaining 
subpopulations. As a basis of future reintroductions, a sample of 
founders representative of appropriate types and levels of genetic 
diversity (e.g., to minimize inbreeding) is essential to conserve the 
genetic material at units where we are uncertain of the occupancy 
(where the species may be present but at undetectable levels).
    We are also designating critical habitat units with uncertain 
occupancy and unoccupied units to help capture the habitats necessary 
for population persistence despite stochastic events--in other words, 
we would increase the likelihood that units would contain large enough 
populations to be resilient to those stressors. We do not know the 
minimum population size needed to attain an acceptable likelihood of 
population persistence of Dakota skipper, but we make inferences using 
data from populations for which we have some evidence of persistence--
in general, the chances of maintaining a species is thought to increase 
with the size of the sites. Insects may need a population size of more 
than 10,000 individuals to maintain population viability for 40 
generations (Trail et al. 2007 in Frankham et al. 2009, pp. 518-519). 
By increasing the resiliency of each unit (e.g., by ensuring an 
appropriate size), we are hoping to increase the chance of species 
persistence in individual units. In systematic surveys on Minnesota 
prairies, Swengel and Swengel (1997; 1999) found no Dakota skippers on 
the smallest remnants (< 20 ha (49 ac)), and significantly lower 
abundance on intermediate size tracts (30-130 ha (74-321 ac)) than on 
larger tracts (>140 ha (346 ac)). We did not specify a minimum size for 
critical habitat units; however, almost all of the proposed Dakota 
skipper critical habitat units are larger than 30 ha (74 ac) and are, 
therefore, more resilient to stochastic events. In general, researchers 
have made consistent observations of relatively small critical habitat 
units that demonstrate persistence of the species or are one of a few 
units representative of a specific eco-region or eco-region subsection 
(see the redundancy discussion below in this section), or a combination 
of these factors.
    Furthermore, it is important to conserve habitats at locations that 
were, until recently, considered to support some of the best 
populations rangewide, even though the sites are presently unoccupied 
or their occupancy is uncertain. These sites are important because the 
past population vigor indicates that they contained particularly good 
habitat for the species. For example, some of the areas where we are 
uncertain of the species occupancy have had positive detections as 
recently as 2012. Other unoccupied units also had relatively recent 
detections; for example, one unoccupied unit in South Dakota had 
positive detections of the species in 2008, but the species is now 
thought to be extirpated at the site. In addition, some of these areas 
were considered to have, until recently, some of the best populations 
of Dakota skippers, but the populations have apparently suddenly 
disappeared or have been reduced to undetectable numbers, not due to 
habitat degradation or destruction, but instead due to unknown 
stressors (see further discussion in Factor E of the final listing rule 
published on October 24, 2014, in the Federal Register). These 
unoccupied units and units with uncertain occupancy are essential for 
the conservation of the Dakota skipper, particularly for future 
reintroduction efforts to aid species' recovery, because they contain 
the habitat that is conducive to the species.
    Finally, by designating unoccupied units and units where we are 
uncertain of the occupancy, we include areas that help to provide 
adequate redundancy within the Dakota skipper's recent geographic 
distributions and full variety of habitat types. By including 
unoccupied units and units with uncertain occupancy, we will help to 
ensure that geographic areas of recent importance to the species 
contain sufficient numbers of populations to maintain the species, if 
these locations still harbor undetected populations or if 
reintroduction efforts are successful. In order to conserve the Dakota 
skipper across the array of environments in which it occurs, we capture 
habitat redundancy by including a number of sites within each eco-
region (based on Bailey 1983, entire) section and subsection of 
critical habitat units that is roughly proportional to the number of 
sites with recent records within those areas. The Dakota skipper 
historically ranged across at least 10 eco-region sections and 18 eco-
region subsections, with the majority of historically documented sites 
from the Red River Valley, North Central Glaciated Plains, and North 
East Glaciated Plains eco-region sections (USFWS 2014, unpubl. 
geodatabase).
    Occupied units occur on 9 eco-region subsections within 4 eco-
regions, the Red River Valley, North Central Glaciated Plains, North 
West Great Plains sections, and North East Glaciated Plains. By 
including unoccupied units and units with uncertain occupancy, we are 
capturing areas in one additional eco-region subsection within one 
section (i.e., Lake Agassiz-Aspen Parklands eco-region sections). 
Furthermore, by including unoccupied units and units with uncertain 
occupancy, we are including more areas within the eco-regions where a 
larger number of sites are located (e.g., Red River Valley, North 
Central Glaciated Plains, and North East Glaciated Plains eco-region 
sections); therefore, the number of units within each section and 
subsection is roughly proportional to the number of sites with recent 
records within those areas. These unoccupied units and units with 
uncertain occupancy are essential for the conservation of the Dakota 
skipper, particularly for future reintroduction efforts to aid species 
recovery, because

[[Page 59281]]

they contain the habitat that is conducive to the species and help 
capture the environmental variability across the range of the species.
    In summary, representation, resiliency, and redundancy are the 
three conservation principles important to threatened and endangered 
species recovery (Shaffer and Stein 2000, p. 307; USFWS 2004, p. 89). 
Representation involves conserving the breadth of the genetic makeup of 
the species to conserve its adaptive capabilities; resiliency involves 
ensuring that each population is sufficiently large to withstand 
stochastic events; and redundancy involves ensuring a sufficient number 
of populations to provide a margin of safety for the species to 
withstand catastrophic events (USFWS 2004, p. 89). Both the occupied 
and unoccupied units are needed to satisfy the conservation principles 
of redundancy, resiliency, and representation for the Dakota skipper 
because there may be too few occupied areas remaining to ensure the 
species' conservation. The concepts of representation, resiliency, and 
redundancy are not mutually exclusive; populations that contribute to 
the resiliency of a species may also contribute to its redundancy or 
representation. Furthermore, it may not be necessary for a single 
population to contribute to all three conservation principles to be 
important for maintaining the species across its range in the long 
term--because the Dakota skipper is being evaluated across its range, a 
particular population may not meet the strictest test of one of the 
three conservation principles yet contribute to the others.

Why Occupied Areas are not Sufficient for the Conservation of the 
Poweshiek Skipperling and why Unoccupied Areas are Essential for the 
Conservation of the Species

    The Poweshiek skipperling has experienced recent declines in large 
parts of its historical range. The species is now considered to be 
present at 9 sites in Michigan, 1 site in Minnesota, 1 site in 
Wisconsin, and 1 site in Manitoba. More than 1 site can be contained in 
a single proposed critical habitat unit; consequently, we are 
designating a total of 9 occupied units (i.e., 7 occupied units in 
Michigan, 1 occupied unit in Minnesota, and 1 occupied unit in 
Wisconsin). Until relatively recently, Poweshiek skipperling was also 
present in native prairies in Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, and South 
Dakota--none of these areas are included in occupied areas.
    The areas of unoccupied habitat that we are designating as critical 
habitat were recently occupied (had positive records in 1993 or more 
recently) and were within the historical range of the species. The 
areas of habitat where we were uncertain of the occupancy that we are 
designating as critical habitat were recently occupied (generally, a 
site with an unknown occupancy had positive records in 2002 or more 
recently but may have had 1 or 2 years of negative surveys or were 
determined by a species expert in the State to have an unknown 
occupancy), and are within the historical range of the species. We 
determined that these unoccupied areas are essential for the Poweshiek 
skipperling's conservation because the range of the species has been 
severely curtailed, occupied habitats are limited and isolated, 
population sizes are small, and additional lands will be necessary to 
recover the species.
    Furthermore, the unoccupied units and units where we were uncertain 
of the occupancy are needed to satisfy the conservation principles of 
redundancy, resiliency, and representation for the Poweshiek 
skipperling, as there may be too few occupied areas remaining to ensure 
conservation of the species--the species having been extirpated from 
substantial portions of its range. The inclusion of unoccupied habitat 
and habitat where we were uncertain of the occupancy, as critical 
habitat, is essential for the species' conservation in three ways: (1) 
It would substantially increase the diversity of historically occupied 
habitats and geographic areas and increase the chances of the species 
persisting despite demographic and environmental stressors that are not 
uniformly distributed; (2) it would ensure that at least some 
populations may be sufficiently large to withstand stochastic events; 
and (3) it would help to ensure that geographic areas of recent 
importance to the species contain sufficient numbers of populations to 
maintain the species.
    Specifically, we are designating unoccupied critical habitat units 
and units with uncertain occupancy to conserve habitat that may hold 
potential genetic representation of the species that is necessary for 
the species to conserve its adaptive capabilities across portions of 
its highly fragmented historical ranges. Poweshiek skipperling 
populations are small and fragmented, and thus are subject to genetic 
drift and inbreeding (Frankham et al. 2009, p. 309). Therefore, it is 
essential to conserve the range-wide genetic diversity we have for the 
species (and the habitats that may contain that diversity) to help 
safeguard the genetic representation necessary for the species to 
maintain its adaptive capabilities. The reduction of the Poweshiek 
skipperling's genetic diversity and limited detectability during low 
population densities further argue for the conservation value of 
populations currently defined as unknown. We are certain of the 
species' presence at relatively few sites, and there remains some 
likelihood of Poweshiek skipperling presence at sites where they have 
not been detected during recent surveys. In light of the species' 
fragmentation and the need to preserve any remaining genetic diversity, 
we believe it is also essential to conserve Poweshiek skipperling at 
units where the occupancy of the species is unknown.
    Since a species' genetics is shaped by its environment, successful 
conservation should aim to preserve a species across the array of 
environments in which it occurs (Shaffer and Stein 2000, p. 308), 
especially if much remains unknown about the nature and extent of its 
genetic diversity. Conservation of habitat and genetic material is 
vital in the core of the species' range, but it is also critical to 
preserve the species in less typical habitats on the periphery of its 
range, for example, prairie fens in Michigan, to preserve the adaptive 
capabilities of the species over the long term.
    Genetic variation allows populations to tolerate a range of 
environmental stressors such as new infectious diseases, parasites, 
pollution, variable food sources, predators, and changes in climate. 
Fragmentation of a species' habitat across its range can ``exacerbate 
genetic drift and random fluctuations in allele frequencies, causing 
the genetic variation originally present within a large population to 
become redistributed among the remaining subpopulations'' (Redford et 
al. 2011, p. 41). Furthermore, a ``fully representative sample of 
founders is required, if the population is to encompass the genetic 
diversity in the wild and minimize subsequent inbreeding'' (Frankham et 
al. 2009, p. 434). Because there is evidence of range-wide genetic 
isolation and inbreeding, the species' historical genetic variation may 
be fragmented unevenly among the remaining subpopulations. As a basis 
of future reintroductions, a sample of founders representative of 
appropriate types and levels of genetic diversity (e.g., to minimize 
inbreeding) is essential to conserve the genetic material at units 
where we are uncertain of the occupancy.
    We are also designating critical habitat units with uncertain 
occupancy

[[Page 59282]]

and unoccupied units to help capture the habitats necessary for 
population persistence despite stochastic events--in other words, we 
would increase the likelihood that units would contain large enough 
populations to be resilient to those stressors. We do not know the 
minimum population size needed to attain an acceptable likelihood of 
population persistence for either species, but we make inferences using 
data from populations for which we have some evidence of persistence--
in general, the chances of maintaining a species is thought to increase 
with the size of the sites. Insects may need a population size of more 
than 10,000 individuals to maintain population viability for 40 
generations (Trail et al. 2007 in Frankham et al. 2009, pp. 518-519). 
By increasing the resiliency of each unit (e.g., by ensuring an 
appropriate size), we are hoping to increase the chance of species 
persistence in individual units. Based on 10 years of surveys in Iowa, 
Minnesota, and North Dakota, Poweshiek skipperling was found to peak in 
numbers in ``undegraded (never tilled)'' upland prairie sites that were 
greater than 30 ha (74 ac) with some topographic diversity (referenced 
within Swengel and Swengel 2012, p. 3). Systematic surveys on Minnesota 
prairies show that Dakota skipper abundances increased with increasing 
size of sites (Swengel and Swengel 1999, pp. 278, 284). We did not 
specify a minimum size for critical habitat units; however, almost all 
of the Poweshiek skipperling critical habitat units in Minnesota, Iowa, 
South Dakota, North Dakota, and Wisconsin are much larger than 30 ha 
(74 ac) and are, therefore, more resilient to stochastic events. In 
general, relatively small proposed critical habitat units have had 
consistent observations that demonstrate persistence of the species or 
are one of a few units representative of a specific eco-region or eco-
region subsection (see the redundancy discussion below in this 
section), or a combination of these factors.
    Furthermore, the importance of conserving habitats with uncertain 
occupancy and unoccupied units is vital in units that contain sites 
that were, until recently, considered some of the best populations of 
the species range-wide. For example, some of the areas where we are 
uncertain of the species occupancy have had positive detections as 
recently as 2012. Other unoccupied units also had relatively recent 
detections: For example, one unoccupied unit in Iowa and two unoccupied 
units in South Dakota contain sites that had positive detections of the 
species in 2008, but where the species is now likely extirpated. In 
addition, some of these areas were considered to have, until recently, 
some of the best populations of Poweshiek skipperlings, but the 
populations have apparently suddenly disappeared or have been reduced 
to undetectable numbers, not due to habitat degradation or destruction, 
but instead due to unknown stressors (see further discussion in Factor 
E of the proposed listing rule published in this Federal Register). 
These unoccupied units and units with uncertain occupancy are essential 
for the conservation of the Poweshiek skipperling, particularly for 
future reintroduction efforts to aid species recovery, because they 
contain the habitat that is conducive to the species.
    Finally, by designating unoccupied units and units where we are 
uncertain of the occupancy, we include areas that help to provide 
adequate redundancy within the Poweshiek skipperling's recent 
geographic distributions and full variety of habitat types. By 
including unoccupied units and units with uncertain occupancy, we will 
help to ensure that geographic areas of recent importance to the 
species contain sufficient numbers of populations to maintain the 
species. In order to conserve the Poweshiek skipperling across the 
array of environments in which it occurs, we capture habitat redundancy 
by including a number of sites within each Bailey's eco-region (Bailey 
1983) section and subsection critical habitat units that is roughly 
proportional to the number of sites with recent records within those 
areas. The Poweshiek skipperling historically ranged across at least 12 
eco-regions sections and 21 eco-region subsections, with the majority 
of historically documented sites from the Red River Valley and North 
Central Glaciated Plains eco-region sections (USFWS 2014, unpubl. 
geodatabase; USFWS 2014, unpubl.). Occupied units occur on 3 eco-region 
subsections within 3 eco-regions, the Lake Agasiz-Aspen Parklands, 
South Central Great Lakes, and the Southwest Great Lakes Morainal 
sections. By including unoccupied units and units with uncertain 
occupancy, we are capturing 6 additional eco-region subsections within 
3 sections (Red River Valley, North Central Glaciated Plains, and the 
Minnesota and Northwest Iowa Morainal-Oak Savannah eco-region 
sections), roughly proportional to the number of sites with recent 
records within those areas. These additional eco-region subsections 
include core areas of the species range. These unoccupied units and 
units with uncertain occupancy are essential for the conservation of 
the Poweshiek skipperling, particularly for future reintroduction 
efforts to aid species recovery, because they contain the habitat that 
is conducive to the species and help capture the environmental 
variability across the range of the species.
    In summary, representation, resiliency, and redundancy are the 
three conservation principles important to threatened and endangered 
species recovery (Shaffer and Stein 2000, p. 307; USFWS 2004, p. 89). 
Representation involves conserving the breadth of the genetic makeup of 
the species to conserve its adaptive capabilities; resiliency involves 
ensuring that each population is sufficiently large to withstand 
stochastic events; and redundancy involves ensuring a sufficient number 
of populations to provide a margin of safety for the species to 
withstand catastrophic events (USFWS 2004, p. 89). Both the occupied 
and unoccupied units are needed to satisfy the conservation principles 
of redundancy, resiliency, and representation for the Poweshiek 
skipperling because there may be too few occupied areas remaining to 
ensure the species' conservation. The concepts of representation, 
resiliency, and redundancy are not mutually exclusive; populations that 
contribute to the resiliency of a species may also contribute to its 
redundancy or representation. Furthermore, it may not be necessary for 
a single population to contribute to all three conservation principles 
to be important for maintaining the species across its range in the 
long term--because the Poweshiek skipperling is being evaluated across 
its range, a particular population may not meet the strictest test of 
one of the three conservation principles yet contribute to the others.

Areas Unoccupied at Time of Listing

    We also examined lands that were historically occupied by both 
species, but where we are uncertain of the current occupancy, or that 
are currently unoccupied. These units were all occupied within the past 
20 years (had records in 1993 or more recently) and are essential for 
the conservation of the species. Some units may have multiple landowner 
types.
    The criteria for selecting unoccupied sites and areas where we are 
uncertain of the occupancy as critical habitat were: (1) Type, amount, 
and quality of habitat associated with those occurrences (e.g., high-
quality native

[[Page 59283]]

remnant prairies); (2) presence of the physical or biological features 
essential for the species; (3) no known appreciable degradation in 
habitat quality since the species was last detected; (4) prairies where 
known threats to the species are few and could feasibly be alleviated 
(e.g., by modifying grazing practices or controlling invasive species) 
through conservation measures; (5) prairies where there is reasonable 
potential for survival of the species if reoccupation were to occur, 
either by natural means through dispersal from currently occupied sites 
or by future reintroduction efforts; and (6) prairies currently 
occupied by other remnant prairie-dependent butterfly species, (e.g., 
Dakota skipper, Poweshiek skipperling, Ottoe skipper, Argos skipper, 
Leonard's skipper, or regal fritillary) that share essential habitat 
features with the species. These areas outside the geographical area 
currently occupied by the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling that 
were historically occupied are essential for the conservation of the 
species.
    For unoccupied areas, and areas where we are uncertain of the 
occupancy of the species, we considered areas containing plant 
communities classified as (or based on the best available information 
and recent aerial photography) dry prairie, dry-mesic prairie, mesic 
prairie, or wet-mesic remnant (untilled) prairie as potential suitable 
habitat for Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling. Prairie fens, as 
defined by the MNFI (Michigan Natural Features Inventory 2012, pp. 1-
5), were also considered as potential suitable habitat for Poweshiek 
skipperling in Michigan. Using State natural heritage rankings, habitat 
information from recent reports, and expert knowledge, we selected 
areas with habitat quality ratings of fair to excellent because these 
areas are most likely to contain the physical or biological features 
essential for the conservation of the species. In some cases the 
habitat was not given a quality rating, but instead the site was given 
an estimated population viability rating, in recent reports or heritage 
databases, which either directly reflects the quality of the habitat 
(e.g., excellent population viability rating indicates the presence of 
high-quality native prairie habitat) or the number of individuals 
observed (e.g., a poor viability rating indicates few or no individuals 
observed during the flight period and could indicate poor habitat). 
Therefore, we selected sites with viability ranks of fair to excellent 
from the most recent reports available because these areas are 
recognized to contain the physical or biological features essential for 
the conservation of the species.
    As discussed above in the Physical or Biological Features section 
of this proposal, one physical or biological feature essential for the 
conservation of the species is grassland-dominated areas that are 
necessary for dispersal between higher quality prairies. Therefore, we 
also considered including areas that contain potential dispersal 
habitat to connect patches of higher quality native prairies that (1) 
are lesser quality (or unrated) native dry-mesic prairie, mesic 
prairie, or wet-mesic remnant prairies or other habitat types such as 
wet meadow, oak savannas, and other types of grassland-dominated areas 
(e.g., not row crops or dense forests) suitable for dispersal and (2) 
span a distance not greater than 1 km (0.6 mi) between another higher 
(fair to excellent) quality native prairie.

Mapping of Critical Habitat Units

    The following steps to map potential critical habitat areas were 
taken separately for each species. We mapped all known locations 
(points and polygons) of each species in ArcGIS and divided them into 
occupied and other (either unoccupied (areas with extirpated or 
possibly extirpated occupancy) or areas where we were uncertain of the 
occupancy (areas with unknown occupancy)) using the definitions above 
and the population status provided in the ``Background'' section of the 
proposed listing rule.

Mapping of Occupied Critical Habitat Units

    Mapping occupied units was conducted separately for the two 
species; however, the general procedure was the same for both species. 
The following describes our mapping procedure for occupied areas. 
Occupied areas contain the physical and biological features essential 
for the conservation of the Dakota skipper or Poweshiek skipperling.
    Using State natural heritage rankings, habitat information from 
recent reports and expert knowledge, as described in more detail above, 
we chose occupied sites with quality prairie habitat ratings of fair to 
excellent or population viability ratings of fair to excellent, which 
directly reflects the habitat quality. If habitat at a site was not 
previously defined (e.g., we had a point or transect location for the 
butterfly survey, but the boundaries of the suitable habitat were not 
mapped in such a way to define the entire area of suitable habitat such 
as a mapped polygon in a survey report), a circle with a radius of 1 km 
(0.6 mi) (776 ac (314 ha)) (estimated dispersal distance) was 
circumscribed around each occurrence point location; the area within 
the circle was then examined for possible suitable habitat. Polygons 
were drawn around areas that contain the features essential to the 
conservation of the species. We conducted aerial photograph 
interpretation using the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) 
aerial imagery, which was acquired during the 2010-2011 agricultural 
growing seasons, to draw and refine polygons around areas that contain 
the physical or biological features essential for the conservation of 
the species. If available, we also used State natural heritage plant 
community, natural feature polygons, and other habitat mapping 
information to help refine habitat polygons. Certain State natural 
resource and natural heritage agencies have specific habitat layers 
that facilitated critical habitat determination, but not all areas had 
natural heritage mapping available.
    Areas containing plant communities classified as dry prairie, dry-
mesic prairie, mesic prairie, or wet-mesic prairie as defined by the 
MNFI (Michigan Natural Features Inventory 2012, pp. 1-5), MN DNR (MN 
DNR 2012a, b), recent reports, and expert knowledge were mapped as 
potentially suitable habitat for Dakota skipper and Poweshiek 
skipperling, and these areas with fair to excellent quality habitat in 
particular contain the features essential to the conservation of the 
species and were included in polygons. Prairie fens, as defined by the 
MNFI (Michigan Natural Features Inventory 2012, pp. 1-5), also contain 
the features essential for the conservation of Poweshiek skipperling in 
Michigan; these areas with fair to excellent quality habitat in 
particular contain the features essential to the conservation of the 
species. Patches of wet meadow, oak savannas, and other grassland-
dominated prairies contain features essential to the conservation of 
the species because they provide dispersal habitat between patches of 
higher quality habitat and, therefore, were also included in the 
polygons. Patches of grassland-dominated habitats that are lower 
quality or have not been given a habitat quality rating also contain 
features essential to the conservation of the species--these areas also 
provide for dispersal between higher quality prairies. To the maximum 
extent possible, converted areas (e.g., row crops and housing 
developments) were excluded from the suitable habitat mapped polygons, 
as described below in this section.

[[Page 59284]]

    Dakota skippers and Poweshiek skipperlings may move between patches 
of prairie habitat separated by structurally similar habitats (e.g., 
perennial grasslands, but not necessarily native prairie); small 
populations need immigration corridors for dispersal from nearby 
populations to prevent genetic drift and to reestablish a population 
after local extirpation. Thus, a Poweshiek skipperling or Dakota 
skipper population may require a sufficient amount of undeveloped 
dispersal habitat to ensure immigration of adults to the population 
from nearby native prairies. For this reason, if polygons were in close 
proximity to each other, buffer zones between polygons were examined 
for suitable dispersal habitat and were combined to create areas 
containing multiple prairies connected to each other by dispersal 
habitat corridors.
    After initial suitable habitat polygons were refined, we applied a 
0.5-km (0.3-mi) radius buffer (half the estimated dispersal distance) 
to each polygon. If the polygons of two or more buffers overlapped, we 
examined the areas within the buffers for potential areas of 
overlapping, contiguous dispersal habitat (e.g., prairies dominated by 
grasses, not row-crop), which was defined above as one of the essential 
physical or biological features essential to the conservation of the 
species, through aerial photograph (NAIP) interpretation and overlaying 
State natural heritage plant community and natural feature polygons, 
where available. We then combined overlapping areas of suitable 
dispersal habitat to form the proposed critical habitat polygons. 
Generally, polygons separated by less than 1 km (0.6 mi) were defined 
as subunits of a larger unit encompassing those subunits, if there was 
a barrier to dispersal between the polygons. Polygons and thus critical 
habitat subunits of units may have multiple landowners. Units or 
subunits were named and numbered separately for each State.
    When determining critical habitat boundaries, we made every effort 
to avoid including developed areas such as buildings, paved areas, and 
other structures that lack primary constituent elements (PCEs) for the 
Dakota skipper or Poweshiek skipperling. The scale of the maps prepared 
under the parameters for publication within the Code of Federal 
Regulations may not reflect the exclusion of such developed lands. Any 
such lands inadvertently left inside critical habitat boundaries shown 
on the maps of this final rule have been excluded by text in the rule 
and are not designated as critical habitat. Therefore, a Federal action 
involving these lands will not trigger section 7 consultation with 
respect to critical habitat and the requirement of no adverse 
modification unless the specific action would affect the physical or 
biological features in the adjacent critical habitat.

Mapping of Unoccupied Critical Habitat Units

    Mapping unoccupied units (and units with uncertain occupancy) was 
conducted separately for the two species; however, the general 
procedure was the same for both species. The following describes our 
mapping procedure for unoccupied units (and units with uncertain 
occupancy). As described above, we analyzed areas with uncertain 
occupancy as if they were unoccupied, in other words, using the 
standard of ``necessary for the conservation of the species'' as 
defined in the Act. Both unoccupied areas and areas where we are 
uncertain of the occupancy are necessary for the conservation of the 
Dakota skipper or Poweshiek skipperling.
    Using State natural heritage rankings, habitat information from 
recent reports and expert knowledge, as described in more detail above, 
we chose unoccupied sites (and sites with uncertain occupancy) with 
higher quality prairie habitat ratings of fair to excellent or 
population viability ratings of fair to excellent, which directly 
reflects the habitat quality, and that met our criteria as discussed 
above. If habitat at a site was not previously defined (e.g., we had a 
point or transect location for the butterfly survey, but the boundaries 
of the suitable habitat were not mapped in such a way to define the 
entire area of suitable habitat such as a mapped polygon in a survey 
report), a circle with a radius of 1 km (0.6 mi) (776 ac (314 ha)) 
(estimated dispersal distance) was circumscribed around each occurrence 
point location; the area within the circle was then examined for 
possible suitable habitat. Polygons were drawn around areas that were 
considered to be essential to the conservation of the species. We 
conducted aerial photograph interpretation using the NAIP aerial 
imagery, which was acquired during the 2010-2011 agricultural growing 
seasons, to draw and refine polygons around areas considered to be 
essential to the conservation of the species. If available, we also 
used State natural heritage plant community, natural feature polygons, 
and other habitat mapping information to help refine habitat polygons.
    Areas containing plant communities classified as dry prairie, dry-
mesic prairie, mesic prairie, or wet-mesic prairie as defined by the 
MNFI, MN DNR (Michigan Natural Features Inventory 2012,1-5; Minnesota 
Department of Natural Resources 2012a, b), recent reports, and expert 
knowledge were mapped as potentially suitable habitat for Dakota 
skipper and Poweshiek skipperling, and these areas with fair to 
excellent quality habitat in particular were considered to be essential 
to the conservation of the species. Prairie fens, as defined by the 
MNFI (Michigan Natural Features Inventory 2012, pp. 1-5), are essential 
for the conservation of the Poweshiek skipperling in Michigan, 
particularly these areas with fair to excellent quality habitat.
    Patches of wet meadow, oak savannas, and other grassland-dominated 
prairies were also considered to be essential to the conservation of 
the species, primarily because these areas provide the species with 
dispersal habitat between patches (at a distance of 1 km (0.6 mi)) of 
higher quality prairie; therefore, these areas were also included in 
the mapped polygons. Patches of grassland-dominated habitats that are 
lower quality or have not been given a habitat quality rating were also 
considered to be essential to the conservation of the species, 
primarily because these areas provide the species with patches of 
dispersal habitat between patches of higher quality habitat. To the 
maximum extent possible, converted areas (e.g., row crops and housing 
developments) were excluded from the mapped polygons, as described 
below in this section.
    Dakota skippers and Poweshiek skipperlings may move between patches 
of prairie habitat separated by structurally similar habitats (e.g., 
perennial grasslands but not necessarily native prairie); small 
populations need immigration corridors for dispersal from nearby 
populations to prevent genetic drift and to reestablish a population 
after local extirpation. Thus, a Poweshiek skipperling or Dakota 
skipper population may require undeveloped dispersal habitat to ensure 
immigration of adults to the population from nearby native prairies. 
For this reason, if polygons were in close proximity to each other, 
buffer zones between polygons were examined for suitable dispersal 
habitat and combined to create maps of areas containing multiple 
prairies connected to each other by dispersal habitat corridors. 
Dispersal areas, which connect native-prairie habitats, are essential 
to the conservation of the species.
    After initial suitable habitat polygons were refined, we applied a 
0.5-km (0.3-mile) radius buffer (half the estimated

[[Page 59285]]

dispersal distance) to each polygon. If two or more buffer polygons 
overlapped, we examined the areas within the buffers for potential 
areas of overlapping, contiguous dispersal habitat (e.g., prairies 
dominated by grasses, not row-crop) through aerial photograph (NAIP) 
interpretation and overlaying State natural heritage plant community 
and natural feature polygons, where available. We then combined 
overlapping areas of suitable dispersal habitat to form the proposed 
critical habitat polygons.
    Generally, polygons separated by less than 1 km (0.6 mi) were 
defined as subunits of a larger unit encompassing those subunits, if 
there was a barrier to dispersal between the polygons. Polygons and 
thus critical habitat subunits of units may have multiple landowners. 
Units or subunits were named and numbered separately for each State. 
When determining critical habitat boundaries, we made every effort to 
avoid including developed areas such as buildings, paved areas, and 
other structures that lack PCEs for the Dakota skipper or Poweshiek 
skipperling. The scale of the maps prepared under the parameters for 
publication within the Code of Federal Regulations may not reflect the 
exclusion of such developed lands. Any such lands inadvertently left 
inside critical habitat boundaries shown on the maps of this final rule 
have been excluded by text in the rule and are not designated as 
critical habitat. Therefore, a Federal action involving these lands 
will not trigger section 7 consultation with respect to critical 
habitat and the requirement of no adverse modification unless the 
specific action would affect the physical or biological features in the 
adjacent critical habitat.
    We designated as critical habitat lands that we have determined 
were occupied at the time of listing and contain sufficient elements of 
physical or biological features to support life-history processes 
essential for the conservation of the species, and lands outside of the 
geographical area occupied at the time of listing that we have 
determined are essential for the conservation of the Dakota skipper and 
Poweshiek skipperling.
    Units were designated based on sufficient elements of physical or 
biological features being present to support Dakota skipper and 
Poweshiek skipperling life-history processes. Some units contained all 
of the identified elements of physical or biological features and 
supported multiple life-history processes. Some units contained only 
some elements of the physical or biological features necessary to 
support the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling. The critical 
habitat designation is defined by the map or maps, as modified by any 
accompanying regulatory text, presented at the end of this document in 
the rule portion. We include more detailed information on the 
boundaries of the critical habitat designation in the preamble of this 
document. The coordinates or plot points or both on which each map is 
based and detailed textual descriptions of each unit or subunit are 
available to the public on http://www.regulations.gov at Docket No. 
FWS-R3-ES-2013-0017, on our Internet site http://www.fws.gov/midwest/Endangered, and at the Twin Cities Field Office (see FOR FURTHER 
INFORMATION CONTACT above).

Final Critical Habitat Designation

    For the Dakota skipper, we are designating as critical habitat 
lands that we have determined are occupied at the time of listing and 
contain sufficient physical or biological features to support life-
history processes essential for the conservation of the species and 
lands outside of the geographical area occupied at the time of listing 
that we have determined are essential for the conservation of the 
Dakota skipper. Due to their small numbers of individuals or low 
population sizes, suitable habitat and space for expansion or 
reintroduction are essential to achieve population levels necessary for 
recovery.
    We are designating 38 units as critical habitat for Dakota skipper. 
The critical habitat areas described below constitute our best 
assessment at this time of areas that meet the definition of critical 
habitat. Those 38 units are (1) DS Minnesota Units 1-14; (2) DS North 
Dakota Units 1-3, 5-9, and 11-13; and (3) DS South Dakota Units 1-8, 
15-18, and 22. (The unit numbers are discontinuous becase we retained 
the same unit names that were used in the proposed designation, 
although some units have been excluded in this final determination.) 
The occupancy status of all units is listed in Table 1. Table 1 shows 
the primary type of ownership and approximate area of each critical 
habitat unit. Each unit contains all of the primary constituent 
elements of the physical or biological features essential to the 
conservation of the Dakota skipper, unless otherwise noted.

                                              Table 1--Designated Critical Habitat Units for Dakota Skipper
 [Occupancy of Dakota skipper by designated critical habitat units. Area estimates reflect all land within critical habitat unit boundaries. Note: Area
  sizes may not sum due to rounding. Detailed unit descriptions are posted at http://www.regulations.gov and can be found at Docket No. FWS-R3-ES-2013-
0017. Some units may have multiple landowner types; the Primary Landowner column gives the type of owner with the most land area in each unit. Occupancy
 of each unit is noted as either occupied (Yes) or unoccupied (No). Units with uncertain occupancy are noted as unoccupied (No), as they are treated as
    such for the purposes of this critical habitat designation. The primary constituent elements (PCEs) present in each unit are also given. PCEs are
                       described in detail in the Primary Constituent Elements for the Dakota Skipper section of this final rule.]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                    Critical habitat unit    Area in acres     Primary landowner
          State                    County                    name                (ha)               (type)                  Occupied             PCE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MN......................  Pope...................  DS MN Unit 1...........     1,131 (458)  State.................  No.....................         1, 2
MN......................  Murray.................  DS MN Unit 2...........       846 (342)  Private...............  No.....................      1, 2, 3
MN......................  Murray.................  DS MN Unit 3...........        126 (51)  Private...............  No.....................         1, 2
MN......................  Clay...................  DS MN Unit 4...........       2351 (952  Consv. Org............  Yes....................         1, 2
MN......................  Clay...................  DS MN Unit 5...........       620 (251)  County................  Yes....................         1, 2
MN......................  Norman.................  DS MN Unit 6...........       275 (111)  Consv. Org............  No.....................         1, 2
MN......................  Lincoln................  DS MN Unit 7A..........     1,330 (538)  State.................  No.....................      1, 2, 3
MN......................  Lincoln................  DS MN Unit 7B..........         92 (37)  Consv. Org............  No.....................         1, 2
MN......................  Lincoln................  DS MN Unit 7C..........        149 (60)  Consv. Org............  No.....................         1, 2
MN......................  Pipestone..............  DS MN Unit 8...........       321 (130)  State.................  No.....................         1, 2
MN......................  Pipestone..............  DS MN Unit 9...........       416 (168)  State.................  No.....................         1, 2
MN......................  Swift/.................  DS MN Unit 10..........     1,865 (755)  Consv. Org............  No.....................         1, 2
                          Chippewa...............
MN......................  Pipestone..............  DS MN Unit 11..........        197 (80)  State.................  No.....................         1, 2

[[Page 59286]]

 
MN......................  Lincoln................  DS MN Unit 12..........       549 (222)  Private...............  Yes....................         1, 2
MN......................  Kittson................  DS MN Unit 13A.........         38 (16)  State.................  No.....................         1, 2
MN......................  Kittson................  DS MN Unit 13B.........        224 (91)  State.................  No.....................         1, 2
MN......................  Polk...................  DS MN Unit 14..........       842 (341)  State.................  No.....................         1, 2
ND......................  Richland...............  DS ND Unit 1...........        119 (48)  Federal...............  No.....................      1, 2, 3
ND......................  Ransom.................  DS ND Unit 2...........       949 (348)  Federal...............  No.....................         1, 2
ND......................  McHenry................  DS ND Unit 3...........       319 (129)  Private...............  Yes....................      1, 2, 3
ND......................  McHenry................  DS ND Unit 5...........     1,053 (426)  Private...............  Yes....................      1, 2, 3
ND......................  McHenry................  DS ND Unit 6...........         80 (33)  State.................  Yes....................         1, 2
ND......................  McHenry................  DS ND Unit 7...........       280 (113)  Private...............  Yes....................         1, 2
ND......................  McHenry................  DS ND Unit 8...........       400 (162)  State.................  Yes....................      1, 2, 3
ND......................  Rolette................  DS ND Unit 9...........       288 (116)  Private...............  Yes....................      1, 2, 3
ND......................  McKenzie...............  DS ND Unit 11..........       633 (256)  Federal...............  Yes....................         1, 2
ND......................  McKenzie...............  DS ND Unit 12..........        234 (95)  Federal...............  Yes....................         1, 2
ND......................  Ransom.................  DS ND Unit 13..........       727 (294)  Federal...............  Yes....................         1, 2
SD......................  Marshall...............  DS SD Unit 1...........       348 (141)  Federal...............  No.....................         1, 2
SD......................  Brookings..............  DS SD Unit 2...........        169 (69)  State.................  No.....................         1, 2
SD......................  Deuel..................  DS SD Unit 3...........       516 (209)  State.................  No.....................         1, 2
SD......................  Grant..................  DS SD Unit 4...........       292 (118)  Federal...............  No.....................         1, 2
SD......................  Deuel..................  DS SD Unit 5...........        119 (48)  Federal...............  No.....................         1, 2
SD......................  Roberts................  DS SD Unit 6...........         31 (13)  State.................  Yes....................         1, 2
SD......................  Roberts................  DS SD Unit 7...........        151 (61)  Federal...............  No.....................         1, 2
SD......................  Roberts................  DS SD Unit 8...........       501 (203)  Federal...............  Yes....................         1, 2
SD......................  Day....................  DS SD Unit 15..........        175 (71)  State.................  No.....................         1, 2
SD......................  Day....................  DS SD Unit 16..........       348 (141)  Federal...............  No.....................         1, 2
SD......................  Roberts................  DS SD Unit 17..........       450 (182)  Federal...............  Yes....................         1, 2
SD......................  Roberts................  DS SD Unit 18..........        217 (88)  Federal...............  No.....................         1, 2
SD......................  Brookings..............  DS SD Unit 22..........        133 (54)  Private...............  Yes....................         1, 2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Area sizes may not sum due to rounding.

    For the Poweshiek skipperling, we are designating as critical 
habitat lands that we have determined are occupied at the time of 
listing and contain sufficient physical or biological features to 
support life-history processes essential for the conservation of the 
species and lands outside of the geographical area occupied at the time 
of listing that we have determined are essential for the conservation 
of the Poweshiek skipperling. Due to their small numbers of individuals 
or low population sizes, suitable habitat and space for expansion or 
reintroduction are essential to achieve population levels necessary for 
recovery.
    We are designating 56 units as critical habitat for Poweshiek 
skipperling. The critical habitat areas described below constitute our 
best assessment at this time of areas that meet the definition of 
critical habitat. Those 56 units are: (1) PS Iowa Units 1-11; (2) PS 
Michigan Units 1-9; (3) PS Minnesota Units 1-20; (4) PS North Dakota 
Units 1 and 2; (5) PS South Dakota Units 1-8, 15-18; and (6) PS 
Wisconsin Units 1 and 2. (The unit numbers are discontinuous becase we 
retained the same unit names that were used in the proposed 
designation, although some units have been excluded in this final 
determination.) The occupancy status of all units is listed in Table 2. 
Table 2 shows the primary type of ownership and approximate area of 
each critical habitat unit. Each unit contains all of the primary 
constituent elements of the physical or biological features essential 
to the conservation of the Poweshiek skipperling, unless otherwise 
noted. The approximate area of each critical habitat unit is shown in 
Table 2.

                                          Table 2--Designated Critical Habitat Units for Poweshiek Skipperling
[Occupancy of Poweshiek skipperling by designated critical habitat units. Area estimates reflect all land within critical habitat unit boundaries. Note:
  Area sizes may not sum due to rounding. Detailed unit descriptions are posted at http://www.regulations.gov and can be found at Docket No. FWS-R3-ES-
   2013-0017. Some units may have multiple landowner types; the Primary Landowner column gives the type of owner with the most land area in each unit.
  Occupancy of each proposed unit is noted as either occupied (Yes) or unoccupied (No). Units with uncertain occupancy are noted as unoccupied (No) as
  they are treated as such for the purposes of this critical habitat designation. The primary constituent elements (PCEs) present in each unit are also
           given. PCEs are described in detail in the Primary Constituent Elements for the Poweshiek Skipperling section of this final rule.]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                    Critical habitat unit    Area in acres     Primary landowner
          State                    County                    name                (ha)               (type)                  Occupied             PCE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IA......................  Howard.................  PS IA Unit 1...........        237 (96)  State.................  No.....................         1, 3
IA......................  Cerro Gordo............  PS IA Unit 2...........         35 (14)  Consv. Org............  No.....................         1, 3
IA......................  Dickinson..............  PS IA Unit 3...........        109 (44)  Consv. Org............  No.....................      1, 3, 4

[[Page 59287]]

 
IA......................  Dickinson..............  PS IA Unit 4...........       755 (306)  State.................  No.....................         1, 3
IA......................  Osceola................  PS IA Unit 5...........         76 (31)  Private...............  No.....................      1, 3, 4
IA......................  Dickinson..............  PS IA Unit 6...........         79 (32)  State.................  No.....................         1, 3
IA......................  Dickinson..............  PS IA Unit 7...........        146 (59)  State.................  No.....................         1, 3
IA......................  Osceola................  PS IA Unit 8...........        205 (83)  County................  No.....................         1, 3
IA......................  Dickinson..............  PS IA Unit 9...........       312 (126)  State.................  No.....................         1, 3
IA......................  Kossuth................  PS IA Unit 10..........        139 (56)  Private...............  No.....................         1, 3
IA......................  Emmet..................  PS IA Unit 11..........       272 (110)  State.................  No.....................         1, 3
MI......................  Oakland................  PS MI Unit 1...........         25 (10)  State.................  Yes....................         2, 3
MI......................  Oakland................  PS MI Unit 2...........         66 (27)  State.................  Yes....................         2, 3
MI......................  Oakland................  PS MI Unit 3...........       394 (159)  Private...............  Yes....................         2, 3
MI......................  Oakland................  PS MI Unit 4...........       257 (104)  Private...............  Yes....................      2, 3, 4
MI......................  Livingston.............  PS MI Unit 5...........         23 (10)  Private...............  No.....................         2, 3
MI......................  Washtenaw..............  PS MI Unit 6...........       257 (104)  County................  Yes....................      2, 3, 4
MI......................  Lenawee................  PS MI Unit 7...........        120 (48)  Consv. Org............  Yes....................         2, 3
MI......................  Jackson/Hilsdale.......  PS MI Unit 8...........       363 (147)  Private...............  No.....................      2, 3, 4
MI......................  Jackson................  PS MI Unit 9...........         34 (14)  Private...............  Yes....................         2, 3
MN......................  Pope...................  PS MN Unit 1...........     1,131 (458)  State.................  No.....................         1, 3
MN......................  Murray.................  PS MN Unit 2...........       846 (342)  Private...............  No.....................      1, 3, 4
MN......................  Murray.................  PS MN Unit 3...........        126 (51)  Private...............  No.....................         1, 3
MN......................  Clay...................  PS MN Unit 4...........     2,351 (952)  Consv. Org............  No.....................         1, 3
MN......................  Clay...................  PS MN Unit 5...........       975 (395)  State.................  No.....................         1, 3
MN......................  Norman.................  PS MN Unit 6...........       275 (111)  Consv. Org............  No.....................         1, 3
MN......................  Lincoln................  PS MN Unit 7...........     1,330 (538)  State.................  No.....................      1, 3, 4
MN......................  Pipestone..............  PS MN Unit 8...........       321 (130)  State.................  No.....................         1, 3
MN......................  Pipestone..............  PS MN Unit 9...........       416 (168)  State.................  No.....................         1, 3
MN......................  Swift/Chippewa.........  PS MN Unit 10..........     1,865 (755)  Consv. Org............  No.....................         1, 3
MN......................  Wilkin.................  PS MN Unit 11..........       477 (193)  Consv. Org............  No.....................      1, 3, 4
MN......................  Lyon...................  PS MN Unit 12..........       274 (111)  State.................  No.....................         1, 3
MN......................  Lac Qui Parle..........  PS MN Unit 13..........       765 (310)  Consv. Org............  No.....................      1, 3, 4
MN......................  Douglas................  PS MN Unit 14..........         90 (36)  Consv. Org............  No.....................         1, 3
MN......................  Mahnomen...............  PS MN Unit 15..........     1,369 (554)  State.................  No.....................         1, 3
MN......................  Cottonwood.............  PS MN Unit 16..........        239 (97)  State.................  No.....................         1, 3
MN......................  Pope...................  PS MN Unit 17..........       431 (174)  Consv. Org............  No.....................         1, 3
MN......................  Clay...................  PS MN Unit 18..........       466 (189)  Consv. Org............  No.....................         1, 3
MN......................  Kittson................  PS MN Unit 19A.........         38 (16)  State.................  No.....................         1, 3
MN......................  Kittson................  PS MN Unit 19B.........        224 (91)  State.................  No.....................         1, 3
MN......................  Polk...................  PS MN Unit 20..........   2,751 (1,113)  State.................  Yes....................         1, 3
ND......................  Richland...............  PS ND Unit 1...........        119 (48)  Federal...............  No.....................      1, 3, 4
ND......................  Richland...............  PS ND Unit 2...........         47 (19)  Federal...............  No.....................         1, 3
SD......................  Marshall...............  PS SD Unit 1...........       348 (141)  Federal...............  No.....................         1, 3
SD......................  Brookings..............  PS SD Unit 2...........        169 (69)  State.................  No.....................         1, 3
SD......................  Deuel..................  PS SD Unit 3A..........       516 (209)  State.................  No.....................         1, 3
SD......................  Deuel..................  PS SD Unit 3B..........        157 (63)  Consv. Org............  No.....................      1, 3, 4
SD......................  Grant..................  PS SD Unit 4...........       292 (118)  Federal...............  No.....................         1, 3
SD......................  Deuel..................  PS SD Unit 5...........        119 (48)  Federal...............  No.....................         1, 3
SD......................  Roberts................  PS SD Unit 6...........         31 (13)  State.................  No.....................         1, 3
SD......................  Roberts................  PS SD Unit 7...........        151 (61)  Federal...............  No.....................         1, 3
SD......................  Roberts................  PS SD Unit 8...........       501 (203)  Federal...............  No.....................         1, 3
SD......................  Day....................  PS SD Unit 15..........        175 (71)  State.................  No.....................         1, 3
SD......................  Day....................  PS SD Unit 16..........       348 (141)  Federal...............  No.....................         1, 3
SD......................  Moody..................  PS SD Unit 17..........        198 (80)  Consv. Org............  No.....................         1, 3
SD......................  Marshall...............  PS SD Unit 18..........       401 (162)  Federal...............  No.....................         1, 3
WI......................  Waukesha...............  PS WI Unit 1...........     1,535 (621)  State.................  No.....................      1, 3, 4
WI......................  Green Lake.............  PS WI Unit 2...........        116 (47)  State.................  Yes....................         1, 3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We present brief descriptions of all units, and the reasons they 
meet the definition of critical habitat for the Dakota skipper and the 
Poweshik skipperling in a supporting document that is available on 
www.regulations.gov.

Effects of Critical Habitat Designation

Section 7 Consultation

    Section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires Federal agencies, including the 
Service, to ensure that any action they fund,

[[Page 59288]]

authorize, or carry out is not likely to jeopardize the continued 
existence of any endangered species or threatened species or result in 
the destruction or adverse modification of designated critical habitat 
of such species. In addition, section 7(a)(4) of the Act requires 
Federal agencies to confer with the Service on any agency action that 
is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any species proposed 
to be listed under the Act or result in the destruction or adverse 
modification of proposed critical habitat.
    Decisions by the 5th and 9th Circuit Courts of Appeals have 
invalidated our regulatory definition of ``destruction or adverse 
modification'' (50 CFR 402.02) [see Gifford Pinchot Task Force v. U.S. 
Fish and Wildlife Service, 378 F. 3d 1059 (9th Cir. 2004) and Sierra 
Club v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service et al., 245 F.3d 434, 434 (5th 
Cir. 2001)], and we do not rely on this regulatory definition when 
analyzing whether an action is likely to destroy or adversely modify 
critical habitat. Under the provisions of the Act, we determine 
destruction or adverse modification on the basis of whether, with 
implementation of the proposed Federal action, the affected critical 
habitat would continue to serve its intended conservation role for the 
species.
    If a Federal action may affect a listed species or its critical 
habitat, the responsible Federal agency (action agency) must enter into 
consultation with us. Examples of actions that are subject to the 
section 7 consultation process are actions on State, tribal, local, or 
private lands that require a Federal permit (such as a permit from the 
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers under section 404 of the Clean Water Act 
(33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.) or a permit from the Service under section 10 
of the Act) or that involve some other Federal action (such as funding 
from the Federal Highway Administration, Federal Aviation 
Administration, or the Federal Emergency Management Agency). Federal 
actions not affecting listed species or critical habitat, and actions 
on State, tribal, local, or private lands that are not federally funded 
or authorized, do not require section 7 consultation.
    As a result of section 7 consultation, we document compliance with 
the requirements of section 7(a)(2) through our issuance of:
    (1) A concurrence letter for Federal actions that may affect, but 
are not likely to adversely affect, listed species or critical habitat; 
or
    (2) A biological opinion for Federal actions that may affect and 
are likely to adversely affect, listed species or critical habitat.
    When we issue a biological opinion concluding that a project is 
likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a listed species and/or 
destroy or adversely modify critical habitat, we provide reasonable and 
prudent alternatives to the project, if any are identifiable, that 
would avoid the likelihood of jeopardy and/or destruction or adverse 
modification of critical habitat. We define ``reasonable and prudent 
alternatives'' (at 50 CFR 402.02) as alternative actions identified 
during consultation that:
    (1) Can be implemented in a manner consistent with the intended 
purpose of the action,
    (2) Can be implemented consistent with the scope of the Federal 
agency's legal authority and jurisdiction,
    (3) Are economically and technologically feasible, and
    (4) Would, in the Director's opinion, avoid the likelihood of 
jeopardizing the continued existence of the listed species and/or avoid 
the likelihood of destroying or adversely modifying critical habitat.
    Reasonable and prudent alternatives can vary from slight project 
modifications to extensive redesign or relocation of the project. Costs 
associated with implementing a reasonable and prudent alternative are 
similarly variable.
    Regulations at 50 CFR 402.16 require Federal agencies to reinitiate 
consultation on previously reviewed actions in instances where we have 
listed a new species or subsequently designated critical habitat that 
may be affected and the Federal agency has retained discretionary 
involvement or control over the action (or the agency's discretionary 
involvement or control is authorized by law). Consequently, Federal 
agencies sometimes may need to request reinitiation of consultation 
with us on actions for which formal consultation has been completed, if 
those actions with discretionary involvement or control may affect 
subsequently listed species or designated critical habitat.

Application of the ``Adverse Modification'' Standard

    The key factor related to the adverse modification determination is 
whether, with implementation of the proposed Federal action, the 
affected critical habitat would continue to serve its intended 
conservation role for the species. Activities that may destroy or 
adversely modify critical habitat are those that alter the physical or 
biological features to an extent that appreciably reduces the 
conservation value of critical habitat for the Dakota skipper and the 
Poweshiek skipperling. As discussed above, the role of critical habitat 
is to support life-history needs of the species and provide for the 
conservation of the species.
    Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires us to briefly evaluate and 
describe, in any proposed or final regulation that designates critical 
habitat, activities involving a Federal action that may destroy or 
adversely modify such habitat, or that may be affected by such 
designation.
    Activities that may affect critical habitat, when carried out, 
funded, or authorized by a Federal agency, should result in 
consultation for the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling. These 
activities include, but are not limited to:
    Actions that would significantly alter the native plant community 
such that native grasses or flowering forbs are not readily available 
during the adult flight period or larval stages in the life cycle of 
the species. Such activities could include, but are not limited to, 
conversion to agriculture or other nonagricultural development, heavy 
grazing, haying prior to July 15, spraying of herbicides or pesticides, 
and fire. These activities could eliminate or reduce the habitat 
necessary for the growth and reproduction of these species by reducing 
larval and adult food sources that could result in direct or indirect 
adverse effects to individuals and their life cycles.
    Actions that would significantly disturb the unplowed (untilled) 
soils and thereby reduce the native plant community and increase the 
nonnative plant and woody vegetation within the prairie habitat. Such 
activities could include, but are not limited to, plowing (tilling), 
heavy grazing, mining, development, and other disturbances to the soil 
such that the native plant community is reduced and the encroachment of 
nonnative plants and woody vegetation can outcompete native plants. 
These activities can result in the loss of the native plant community 
necessary for adult and larval food sources to levels below the 
tolerances of the species.
    Actions that would significantly alter the hydrology of the prairie 
or prairie fen habitat. Such activities could include but are not 
limited to water withdrawal or diversion, agricultural tilling, urban 
development, mining, and dredging. These activities may lead to changes 
in water levels that would degrade or eliminate the native-prairie 
plants and their habitats to levels that are beyond the tolerances of 
the species.

[[Page 59289]]

Exemptions

Application of Section 4(a)(3) of the Act

    Section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1533(a)(3)(B)(i)) 
provides that: ``The Secretary shall not designate as critical habitat 
any lands or other geographic areas owned or controlled by the 
Department of Defense, or designated for its use, that are subject to 
an integrated natural resources management plan (INRMP) prepared under 
section 101 of the Sikes Act (16 U.S.C. 670a), if the Secretary 
determines in writing that such plan provides a benefit to the species 
for which critical habitat is proposed for designation.'' There are no 
Department of Defense lands with a completed INRMP within the proposed 
or final critical habitat designation.

Consideration of Impacts Under Section 4(b)(2) of the Act

    Section 4(b)(2) of the Act states that the Secretary shall 
designate and make revisions to critical habitat on the basis of the 
best available scientific data after taking into consideration the 
economic impact, national security impact, and any other relevant 
impact of specifying any particular area as critical habitat. The 
Secretary may exclude an area from critical habitat if she determines 
that the benefits of such exclusion outweigh the benefits of specifying 
such area as part of the critical habitat, unless she determines, based 
on the best scientific data available, that the failure to designate 
such area as critical habitat will result in the extinction of the 
species. In making that determination, the statute on its face, as well 
as the legislative history are clear that the Secretary has broad 
discretion regarding which factor(s) to use and how much weight to give 
to any factor.
    When identifying the benefits of inclusion for an area, we consider 
the additional regulatory benefits that area would receive from the 
protection from adverse modification or destruction as a result of 
actions with a Federal nexus; the educational benefits of mapping 
essential habitat for recovery of the listed species; and any benefits 
that may result from a designation due to State or Federal laws that 
may apply to critical habitat.
    When identifying the benefits of exclusion, we consider, among 
other things, whether exclusion of a specific area is likely to result 
in conservation; the continuation, strengthening, or encouragement of 
partnerships; or implementation of a management plan that provides 
equal to or more conservation than a critical habitat designation would 
provide.
    In the case of the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling, the 
benefits of critical habitat include public awareness of the species' 
presence and the importance of habitat protection, and in cases where a 
Federal nexus exists, increased habitat protection for the species due 
to the protection from adverse modification or destruction of critical 
habitat. In practice, a Federal nexus exists primarily on Federal lands 
or for projects carried out, authorized, or funded by Federal agencies. 
On private and other non-Federal lands where the Dakota skipper or 
Poweshiek skipperling occur, Federal nexuses are not frequent. They are 
typically related to conservation projects funded or carried out by the 
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service 
(NRCS) or U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife 
Service's Partners for Fish and Wildlife program (PFW).
    When we evaluate the existence of a conservation plan when 
considering the benefits of exclusion, we consider a variety of 
factors, including but not limited to, whether the plan is finalized; 
how it provides for the conservation of the essential physical or 
biological features; whether there is a reasonable expectation that the 
conservation management strategies and actions contained in a plan will 
be implemented into the future; whether the conservation strategies in 
the plan are likely to be effective; whether the plan contains a 
monitoring program or adaptive management to ensure that the 
conservation measures are effective and can be adapted in the future in 
response to new information; and, specific to this analysis, whether a 
private landowner has demonstrated a willingness to engage in 
conservation plans that are likely to benefit the Dakota skipper or 
Poweshiek skipperling on other lands that they own or on which they 
implement livestock ranching activities.
    After identifying the benefits of inclusion and the benefits of 
exclusion, we carefully weigh the two sides to evaluate whether the 
benefits of exclusion outweigh those of inclusion. If our analysis 
indicates that the benefits of exclusion outweigh the benefits of 
inclusion, we then determine whether exclusion would result in 
extinction. If exclusion of an area from critical habitat will result 
in extinction, we will not exclude it from the designation.
    Based on the information provided by entities seeking exclusion, as 
well as any additional public comments received, we evaluated whether 
certain lands in the proposed critical habitat were appropriate for 
exclusion from this final designation under section 4(b)(2) of the Act. 
For the Dakota skipper, we are excluding the following areas from the 
final designation of critical habitat:
    414 ac (166 ha) in DS Minnesota Unit 1,
    894 ac (358 ha) in DS North Dakota Unit 3,
    100 ac (40 ha) in DS North Dakota Unit 4,
    1,393 ac (557 ha) in DS North Dakota Unit 5,
    48 ac (20 ha) in DS North Dakota Unit 8,
    639 ac (256 ha) in DS North Dakota Unit 10,
    319 ac (128 ha) in DS South Dakota Unit 7,
    159 ac (64 ha) in DS South Dakota Unit 9,
    117 ac (47 ha) in DS South Dakota Unit 10,
    75 ac (30 ha) in DS South Dakota Unit 11,
    676 ac (270 ha) in DS South Dakota Unit 12A,
    189 ac (76 ha) in DS South Dakota Unit 14,
    13 ac (5 ha) in DS South Dakota Unit 15,
    363 ac (143 ha) in DS South Dakota Unit 19,
    255 ac (103 ha) in DS South Dakota Unit 20, and
    198 ac (80 ha) in DS South Dakota Unit 21.
    For the Poweshiek skipperling, we are excluding the following areas 
from the final designation of critical habitat:
    414 ac (166 ha) in PS Minnesota Unit 1,
    425 ac (170 ha) in PS South Dakota Unit 3B,
    319 ac (128 ha) in PS South Dakota Unit 7,
    159 ac (64 ha) in PS South Dakota Unit 9,
    117 ac (47 ha) in PS South Dakota Unit 10,
    75 ac (30 ha) in PS South Dakota Unit 11,
    676 ac (270 ha) in PS South Dakota Unit 12A,
    189 ac (76 ha) in PS South Dakota Unit 14, and
    13 ac (5 ha) in PS South Dakota Unit 15.
    In total, we are excluding approximately 5,852 ac (2,368 ha) of 
land from the final designation of critical habitat for the Dakota 
skipper and 2,387 ac (966 ha) for the Poweshiek skipperling.

[[Page 59290]]



               Table 3--Areas Excluded From Critical Habitat Designation by Critical Habitat Unit
  [Exclusion types are given in the Exclusion Category column as: Service conservation easements (CE), Service
    Partners for Fish and Widllife Program (P), Tribal (T), other easements in critical habitat (OEI), other
                                  easements outside of critical habitat (OEO).]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Areas meeting
                                                 the definition                                   Areas excluded
                                                   of critical                                     from critical
                      Unit                         habitat, in          Exclusion category          habitat, in
                                                      acres                                            acres
                                                   (Hectares)                                       (Hectares)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DS Minnesota Unit 1............................     1,545 (625)  CE                                    389 (157)
                                                 ..............  OEO                                     25 (10)
PS Minnesota Unit 1............................     1,545 (625)  CE                                    389 (157)
                                                 ..............  OEO                                     25 (10)
DS North Dakota Unit 3.........................     1,213 (491)  CE                                    577 (233)
                                                 ..............  OEI                                      12 (5)
                                                 ..............  OEO                                   305 (123)
DS North Dakota Unit 4.........................        100 (40)  CE                                      70 (28)
                                                 ..............  OEI                                     30 (12)
DS North Dakota Unit 5.........................     2,446 (990)  CE                                    751 (304)
                                                 ..............  P                                       78 (32)
                                                 ..............  OEI                                   564 (228)
DS North Dakota Unit 8.........................       448 (181)  CE                                      48 (20)
DS North Dakota Unit 10........................       639 (259)  T                                     639 (259)
PS South Dakota Unit 3B........................        582(236)  CE                                    425 (172)
DS South Dakota Unit 7.........................       470 (190)  CE                                      41 (17)
                                                 ..............  T                                     278 (113)
PS South Dakota Unit 7.........................       470 (190)  CE                                      41 (17)
                                                 ..............  T                                     278 (113)
DS South Dakota Unit 9.........................        160 (65)  CE                                      24 (10)
                                                 ..............  T                                      133 (54)
                                                 ..............  OEI                                       2 (1)
PS South Dakota Unit 9.........................        160 (65)  CE                                      24 (10)
                                                 ..............  T                                      133 (54)
                                                 ..............  OEI                                       2 (1)
DS South Dakota Unit 10........................        117 (47)  T                                      117 (47)
PS South Dakota Unit 10........................        117 (47)  T                                      117 (47)
DS South Dakota Unit 11........................         89 (36)  T                                        75(30)
PS South Dakota Unit 11........................         89 (36)  T                                       75 (30)
DS South Dakota Unit 12A.......................       676 (274)  CE                                     238 (96)
                                                 ..............  T                                     438 (177)
PS South Dakota Unit 12A.......................       676 (274)  CE                                     238 (96)
                                                 ..............  T                                     438 (177)
DS South Dakota Unit 14........................        189 (76)  T                                      189 (76)
PS South Dakota Unit 14........................        189 (76)  T                                      189 (76)
DS South Dakota Unit 15........................        188 (76)  T                                        13 (5)
PS South Dakota Unit 15........................        188 (76)  T                                        13 (5)
DS South Dakota Unit 19........................       363 (147)  CE                                    326 (132)
                                                 ..............  T                                       37 (15)
DS South Dakota Unit 20........................       255 (103)  CE                                    255 (103)
DS South Dakota Unit 21........................        198 (80)  OEO                                    198 (80)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Consideration of Economic Impacts

    Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we consider the economic impacts 
of specifying any particular area as critical habitat. In order to 
consider economic impacts, we prepared an incremental effects 
memorandum (IEM) and screening analysis, which together with our 
narrative and interpretation of effects, we consider our draft economic 
analysis (DEA) of the proposed critical habitat designation and related 
factors (IEC 2014). The analysis, dated September 8, 2014, was made 
available for public review from September 23, 2014, through October 
23, 2014 (79 FR 56704). The DEA addressed probable economic impacts of 
critical habitat designation for the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek 
skipperling. Following the close of the comment period, we reviewed and 
evaluated all information submitted during the comment period that may 
pertain to our consideration of the probable incremental economic 
impacts of this critical habitat designation. Additional information 
relevant to the probable incremental economic impacts of critical 
habitat designation for the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling is 
summarized below and available in the screening analysis for the Dakota 
skipper and Poweshiek skipperling (IEC 2014), available at http://www.regulations.gov.
    Critical habitat designation for the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek 
skipperling is unlikely to generate costs exceeding $100 million in a 
single year. Therefore, the rule is unlikely to meet the threshold for 
an economically significant rule, with regard to costs, under E.O. 
12866.
    The majority of acres proposed for designation (92 percent) are 
considered to be occupied, or occupancy is uncertain but the 
butterflies have been identified at the site in the past. In these 
areas, the economic impacts of implementing the rule through section 7 
of the Act are likely limited to minor additional administrative 
effort. In areas the Service is certain are unoccupied (eight percent 
of the proposed designation), incremental section 7 costs may include 
both the administrative costs of consultation and the costs of 
developing and implementing conservation measures. Likely

[[Page 59291]]

incremental effects are primarily related to voluntary conservation 
agreements between private landowners and the U.S. Department of 
Agriculture's Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) or the 
Service, and land management changes on unoccupied Service-managed 
lands. These effects are expected to be limited, as follows: (1) Total 
incremental section 7 costs associated with NRCS agreements were 
predicted to reach $440,000 in 2014 (Costs are likely to be highest in 
South Dakota due to the relatively larger number of potentially 
affected projects.); (2) while total incremental costs associated with 
the Service's land management activities were not quantified, data from 
the Waubay National Wildlife Refuge suggest these costs are minimal.

Exclusions Based on Economic Impacts

    Our economic analysis did not identify any disproportionate costs 
that are likely to result from the designation. Consequently, the 
Secretary is not exercising her discretion to exclude any areas from 
this designation of critical habitat for the Dakota skipper and 
Poweshiek skipperling based on economic impacts.
    A copy of the IEM and screening analysis with supporting documents 
may be obtained by contacting the Twin Cities, Minnesota Field Office 
(see ADDRESSES) or by downloading from the Internet at http://www.regulations.gov.

Exclusions Based on National Security Impacts or Homeland Security 
Impacts

    Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we consider whether there are 
lands owned or managed by the Department of Defense where a national 
security impact might exist. In preparing this final rule, we have 
determined that no lands within the designation of critical habitat for 
the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling are owned or managed by 
the Department of Defense or Department of Homeland Security, and, 
therefore, we anticipate no impact on national security or homeland 
security. Consequently, the Secretary is not exercising her discretion 
to exclude any areas from this final designation based on impacts on 
national security or homeland security.

Exclusions Based on Other Relevant Impacts

    Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we also consider any other 
relevant impacts resulting from the designation of critical habitat. We 
consider a number of factors, including whether the landowners have 
developed any HCPs or other management plans for the area, or whether 
there are conservation partnerships that would be encouraged by 
designation of, or exclusion from, critical habitat. In addition, we 
look at any tribal issues and consider the government-to-government 
relationship of the United States with tribal entities. We also 
consider any social impacts that might occur because of the 
designation.
Land and Resource Management Plans, Conservation Plans, or Agreements 
Based on Conservation Partnerships
    As discussed below, we are excluding from the final critical 
habitat designation some areas that are covered by conservation plans 
and partnerships that provide a conservation benefit to the Dakota 
skipper or Poweshiek skipperling. We are excluding private lands on 
which the Service has secured grassland conservation easements and one 
private property that is covered by an existing conservation agreement 
under the Service's Partners for Fish and Wildlife Program. In 
addition, we also considered excluding from critical habitat lands that 
are owned by persons who have Service conservation easements, but those 
easements are on other portions of their property not within the areas 
proposed as critical habitat. The reason we considered this type of 
exclusion is that landowners with easements on their lands have shown 
interest in promoting conservation of species with needs and have a 
proven track record of partnering with the Service. We believe that 
even if portions of lands are not covered by easements, these 
landowners will still be proactive in working with the Service in 
managing their lands overall to benefit the butterflies. We are also 
excluding Tribal lands from the final designation, based on 
conservation partnerships.
    We did not consider for exclusion from critical habitat any units 
where the Poweshiek skipperling is likely still present, because of the 
species' highly imperiled status. We are also not excluding lands from 
critical habitat that are held by The Nature Conservancy (TNC). Unlike 
individual private landowners (e.g., ranchers), there are only minimal 
benefits to be gained from excluding lands owned by TNC from the final 
critical habitat designation. Our partnership with TNC will be 
maintained regardless of whether their lands are designated as critical 
habitat. In fact, TNC has already initiated discussions with the 
Service to determine how it might manage its lands to continue to 
conserve extant populations of Dakota skipper and to maintain the 
essential features of both species' habitats. This sets them apart from 
many small or individual private landowners for whom the exclusion of 
certain lands from the critical habitat designation is likely to have a 
significant positive impact with regard to maintaining partnerships 
that will facilitate the protection of these species and their 
habitats.
Benefits of Inclusion
    Potential benefits to the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling 
of including areas in the final critical habitat designation include 
(1) the potential for preventing destruction or adverse modification of 
critical habitat as a result of consultation on Federal actions under 
section 7(a)(2) of the Act; and, (2) increased awareness of the land's 
role in the species' conservation. The potential for a critical habitat 
designation to benefit the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling in 
each of these ways is summarized below.
    On private lands, Federal actions that will affect Dakota skipper 
and Poweshiek skipperling critical habitat may primarily consist of 
voluntary conservation agreements between private landowners and the 
NRCS or the Service's PFW program. These actions would include 
prescribed grazing and associated fencing and water facility 
development, forage harvest management, and upland wildlife habitat 
management. In general, these actions are likely to benefit Dakota 
skipper and Poweshiek skipperling habitat, although the Service may 
cooperate with NRCS to further enhance these benefits. In areas that 
are not occupied by either species, a critical habitat designation may 
increase the likelihood that this inter-agency cooperation will occur. 
Cooperation between NRCS and the Service, however, is not dependent on 
a critical habitat designation, and there are many existing examples of 
those agencies working cooperatively to achieve conservation benefits 
on individual landowner's properties. As part of planning and 
implementing recovery for the two species, for example, the Service 
could ensure that NRCS is aware of each area that is important to the 
conservation of the species, and understands measures that may be 
incorporated into NRCS actions that would contribute to their 
conservation. Coordination within the Service between its Endangered 
Species program and its PFW program may be carried out to an even 
greater extent. In fact, PFW is likely to implement actions that will 
play a significant role in recovery of the species, and already

[[Page 59292]]

places a high priority on actions that contribute to their 
conservation.
    As part of our analysis of potential economic impacts of the 
proposed critical habitat designation, we identified ongoing or new 
projects that may affect areas of critical habitat that may be subject 
to consultation under section 7(a)(2) of the Act. In addition to the 
voluntary conservation agreements described above, other activities 
that may have a Federal nexus and that could result in effects to 
habitats of either species on private lands include transportation 
projects, wind energy development, and other development. 
Transportation projects could affect some areas, but there was only one 
instance where we could identify a specific transportation project that 
would affect an area proposed as critical habitat for either species 
(IEC 2014, p. 16; USFWS 2014b, p. 19). Thus, although there could be 
some benefits to the species from consultations on transportation 
projects, as those projects and their effects are likely to be limited, 
those benefits are also likely to be limited.
    We are aware of two ongoing wind energy projects on proposed 
critical habitat locations occupied by Dakota skipper (IEC 2014, p. 18; 
USFWS 2014b, p. 19). We are unaware of any wind projects that 
overlapped with unoccupied proposed critical habitat, but several 
proposed wind energy projects were in close proximity to unoccupied 
units in Iowa (IEC 2014, p. 18). Although the timing and magnitude of 
impacts from wind development are highly uncertain, there is potential 
for effects on unoccupied critical habitat. Where wind energy projects 
affect occupied critical habitat, the presence of the species would 
likely trigger the requirement for the Federal agency to consult with 
the Service under section 7(a)(2) of the Act, regardless of whether the 
projects occur on lands designated as critical habitat.
    Designating areas as critical habitat would result in some benefit 
to the species as a result of increased awareness of the importance of 
these habitats, but the Service may communicate the importance of these 
areas through other means. For example, the Service will identify for 
the public all areas important for the recovery of one or both species 
in recovery outlines or recovery plans and can reach out directly to 
key individuals, agencies, and organizations to ensure that they are 
aware of habitats that are important for each species' recovery. The 
designation of critical habitat for Dakota skipper and Poweshiek 
skipperling may be unlikely to trigger additional requirements under 
State or local regulations (IEC, 2014, p. 2).
Benefits of Exclusion
    The areas considered for exclusion from critical habitat are 
important for the recovery of the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek 
skipperling, but their exclusion may actually provide greater 
conservation benefit to the species than designation as critical 
habitat. During the public comment period and in individual meetings 
with landowners, many landowners indicated that they would be reluctant 
to partner with the Service to assist recovery efforts if we designated 
their properties as critical habitat. The recovery of each species will 
rely heavily on their conservation on private lands and this will, in 
turn, depend on our ability to maintain existing partnerships with 
private landowners, and to form new ones. Private land comprises about 
46 percent of the sites on which the Dakota skipper may still occur in 
the United States. As one example of why partnerships are important, 
surveys to determine the status and distribution of the species and 
their habitats are an essential component of each species' 
conservation, and may not be carried out without detailed field work 
and thorough inspections of habitat conditions. In order to conduct 
these surveys, we must maintain good working relationships with the 
landowners who provide access to their property (Royer et al. 2014, p. 
v). Exclusion of private lands from critical habitat, when appropriate, 
will increase our chances of maintaining or developing enough 
beneficial partnerships to conserve the species, and to facilitate 
continued interest among landowners in conservation easements that will 
be necessary to reduce habitat fragmentation, which poses a significant 
threat to the species.
    Conservation of the species' high-quality native prairie habitats 
on private lands is best achieved with a cooperative approach. After 
over 50 years of work to conserve native ecosystems in the northern 
plains of the United States, the Service has determined that voluntary 
conservation easements are the only viable means to protect wildlife 
values on a landscape scale in the region (USFWS 2011, p. 10). To 
maintain or restore viable populations of Dakota skipper or Poweshiek 
skipperling at any site, the Service and its partners will have to 
develop plans that rely on a dynamic accounting of site-specific 
conditions and land use history. This will require a willingness on the 
part of the landowner to engage closely with the Service. The Dakota 
skipper and Poweshiek skipperling may be excluded from lands simply by 
landowners not knowing about or being proactive in performing simple 
management activities. The Service can provide assistance and technical 
direction in how to best manage lands for a balance of use and 
conservation purposes, and can best do this through effective 
partnerships and good working relationships with the landowners.
    To conserve a landscape that is capable of supporting the recovery 
of the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling, we believe it is 
important to facilitate the continuation of grassland-based agriculture 
in light of pressures to convert these lands to uses incompatible with 
the conservation of native prairie species. The Service has found that 
a strong and vibrant rural lifestyle--with ranching as the dominant 
land use--is one of the key components for ensuring habitat integrity 
and wildlife resource protection in the northern grassland region 
(USFWS 2011, p. 10). A significant potential benefit of acknowledging 
established conservation partnerships by excluding lands from critical 
habitat is that it would facilitate our efforts to continue to protect 
lands through our easement programs or with other incentives where the 
species' habitats are not yet protected. Our agency's relationships 
with private landowners on whose land we have proposed critical habitat 
and who have voluntarily entered into conservation partnerships are 
extremely valuable to the conservation and recovery of these species. 
The Service is attempting to accelerate its purchase of wetland and 
grassland easements, and anticipates that endangered, threatened, and 
candidate species on private lands will benefit from the extensive 
habitat protection (USFWS 2011, p. 29).
Service Grassland Conservation Easements
    Many of the areas that we considered for exclusion from the final 
critical habitat designation are covered by conservation easements (as 
of December 31, 2014). A conservation easement is a legal agreement 
voluntarily entered into by a property owner and a qualified 
conservation organization, such as a land trust or government agency. 
These easements contain permanent restrictions on the use or 
development of land in order to protect its conservation values. 
Service easement contracts specify perpetual protection of habitat for 
trust species by restricting the conversion of wetland and grassland to 
other uses.

[[Page 59293]]

    The conservation easements that we considered as a basis for 
exclusions from critical habitat prevent cultivation of native 
grasslands and provide an essential means of protecting against this 
most acute of threats to the habitats of Dakota skippers and Poweshiek 
skipperlings. Untilled prairies or remnant moist meadows are physical 
and biological features that are essential to the conservation of both 
species. Conversion of grasslands for the production of agricultural 
crops or other uses destroys the species' habitat, increases isolation 
of the species' populations by impeding dispersal, and increases the 
risk posed by drift of herbicides and pesticides from cultivated lands. 
Unlike degraded habitats, once native prairie is cultivated, it is 
unlikely to again support the essential physical or biological features 
that comprise the species' critical habitat.
    As explained in the final rule to list the species (USFWS 2014a), 
cultivation of native grassland habitats in the range of the Dakota 
skipper and Poweshiek skipperling is an ongoing threat. A wide variety 
of peer-reviewed publications and government reports document recent 
conversion of native grassland and make it clear that this activity is 
an ongoing threat to the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling. 
Grassland loss in the western corn belt may be occurring at the fastest 
rate observed since the 1920s and 1930s and at a rate comparable to 
that of deforestation in Brazil, Malaysia, and Indonesia (Wright and 
Wimberly 2013, p. 5). In addition, economic and policy incentives are 
likely to continue to place pressure on landowners to convert native 
grassland from ranching to agricultural cropland (Congressional 
Research Service (CRS) 2007, p. 5; United States Government 
Accountability Office (USGAO) 2007, p. 15; Stephens et al. 2008, p. 6; 
Rashford et al. 2011, p. 282; Doherty et al. 2013, p. 14; Sylvester et 
al. 2013, p. 13). Between 2006 and 2011, destruction of native 
grassland was mostly concentrated in North Dakota and South Dakota, 
east of the Missouri River, an area corresponding closely to the range 
of the Dakota skipper (Wright and Wimberly 2013, p. 2). In northeastern 
South Dakota, one of the few remaining strongholds for Dakota skippers, 
about 270,000 acres (109,265 ha) of grassland was lost--primarily to 
cropland--between 2006 and 2012 (Reitsman et al. 2014, p. 2).
    In the areas that we considered for exclusion from critical 
habitat, conservation easements are the most cost-effective and 
socially acceptable means to ensure protection of important habitats 
(U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2011, p. 10). Service easements are 
often used in combination with wetland easements to protect entire 
prairie wetland ecosystems and are part of the National Wildlife Refuge 
System. The basic considerations in acquiring an easement interest in 
private lands are the biological significance of the area, biological 
requirements of the wildlife species of management concern, existing 
and anticipated threats to wildlife resources, and landowner interest 
in the program.
    The Service typically acquires conservation easements in the 
Prairie Pothole Region with Federal Duck Stamp dollars (USFWS 2011, p. 
3), and gives highest priority to lands that contain large tracts of 
grassland with high wetland densities and native prairie or soils most 
likely to be converted to cropland. Since 1991, easements have been 
used successfully to retroactively protect grassland habitats around 
wetlands previously protected by wetland easements and are now used 
concurrently with wetland easements. In areas where native prairie 
conservation is a high priority but wetland densities are low, the 
Service acquires grassland easements in the Dakotas through its Dakota 
Grassland Conservation Area Land Protection Plan (USFWS 2011, p. 1); in 
Iowa and Minnesota, it does so as part of the Northern Tallgrass 
Prairie National Wildlife Refuge (NTPNWR). Unlike a typical national 
wildlife refuge, the NTPNWR consists of separate and distinct units of 
native prairie.
    The greatest contribution to the conservation of Dakota skipper and 
Poweshiek skipperling habitat from these easements is that they prevent 
cultivation, but they provide additional and important benefits. 
Service easements restrict haying, mowing, and grass seed harvest until 
after July 15 of each year and are administered according to policy and 
procedures contained in regional easement manuals. Delayed haying or 
mowing minimizes the likelihood that late-stage larvae or adults will 
be killed, that nectar species will be removed before or during the 
flight period, and that reproduction will be disrupted. Landowners may 
not cultivate or otherwise alter grasslands, wildlife habitat, and 
other natural features in the area covered by the easements. They must 
maintain permanent vegetative cover such as forbs, grasses, and low 
shrubs. This prevents grassland habitats from becoming dominated by 
large shrubs or trees, which would preclude the existence or 
development of the grasses and flowering herbaceous plants that are 
physical and biological features essential to the conservation of both 
species. The Service often works with easement landowners through its 
PFW program to further enhance the quality of native prairie habitats 
through grazing swaps, inter-seeding native plant species, and 
implementing prescribed fire.
    The Service's monitoring of its easements typically consists of a 
periodic review of land status through correspondence or meetings with 
the landowners or land managers to make sure provisions of wetland and 
grassland easements are being met. The Service uses photo documentation 
at the time of easement establishment to document baseline conditions. 
Following procedures contained in its easement manuals, the Service 
evaluates and administers all requests for uses or activities 
restricted by an easement (USFWS 2011, p. 36).

Benefits of Inclusion--Service Conservation Easements

    Benefits of including areas covered by Service conservation 
easements in critical habitat include additional protections that could 
be realized as a result of consultation under section 7(a)(2) of the 
Act, as well as an increased awareness of the land's role in the 
species' conservation. On private lands covered by Service easements, 
Federal actions that affect Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling 
habitat primarily consist of voluntary conservation agreements between 
private landowners and the NRCS or the Service's PFW program. These 
actions would include prescribed grazing and associated fencing and 
water facility development, forage harvest management, and upland 
wildlife habitat management. In general, these actions are likely to 
benefit Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling habitat, although the 
Service may cooperate with NRCS to further enhance these benefits. 
These benefits are likely to be reduced, however, because regardless of 
whether these areas are included in the final critical habitat 
designation, NRCS and the Service will cooperate to ensure that NRCS is 
aware of the locations of any lands that are important to the 
conservation of the two butterflies. As part of planning and 
implementing recovery for the two species, for example, the Service 
will ensure that NRCS is aware of each area that is important to the 
conservation of the species and that its employees understand measures 
that may be incorporated into NRCS actions to conserve the species' 
habitats.

[[Page 59294]]

    In addition to the voluntary conservation agreements described 
above, other Federal actions that may affect habitats of either species 
on private lands include transportation projects, wind energy 
development, and other development. Transportation projects could 
affect some areas proposed as critical habitat, but are not likely to 
have broad and major effects on habitat for the two butterfly species. 
There was only one instance where we could identify a specific 
transportation project that would affect an area proposed as critical 
habitat for either species (IEC 2014, p. 16; USFWS 2014b, p. 19). Only 
unoccupied units were screened for transportation projects, but this is 
indicative that transportation projects may not have broad and major 
effects on habitat for the two butterfly species. In addition, we did 
not find evidence that many areas proposed as critical habitat are 
likely to be subject to wind energy or other development. Inclusion of 
areas covered by Service conservation easements could result in some 
increased protections of the primary physical and biological features 
of each species' habitats as a result of consultation under section 
7(a)(2) of the Act. Under section 7(a)(2), a Federal action may still 
cause adverse effects to the essential physical and biological features 
of an individual unit of critical habitat if those effects allow the 
critical habitat as a whole to serve the intended conservation role for 
the species. Nevertheless, Federal agencies may still choose to avoid 
implementing actions that are likely to cause any adverse effects.
    The potential benefits of inclusion of lands covered by Service 
conservation easements are reduced by the scrutiny that the Service 
already gives to requested uses of these lands. Requested uses, such as 
pipelines or road construction, that could affect easement grasslands 
must be reviewed by the Service before they are authorized. This review 
occurs regardless of whether the area is within critical habitat. When 
a new right-of-way is requested across an area protected by an 
easement, the Service works with the utility and the landowner to 
explore options to avoid and then minimize impacts to protected 
habitats. Rerouting infrastructure around sensitive areas is a 
legitimate option and one that the Service pursues when it is 
reasonable to do so. Once avoidance and minimization options have been 
considered, the Service accommodates reasonable needs to develop 
protected lands either by issuing a rights-of-way, by issuing a permit, 
or by executing an exchange of interests whereby the impacted habitats 
are replaced elsewhere (USFWS 2011, p. 114).
    In South Dakota and North Dakota, installation of wind turbines on 
areas covered by an easement is similar to other requested uses and is 
subject to mitigation requirements under the terms of the easement. 
Landowners must work with the Service to minimize impacts and replace 
the acres lost with a new easement. This decreases the benefits of 
critical habitat because section 7(a)(2) consultation is unnecessary to 
prevent destruction or modification of the species' habitats that might 
result from the construction and operation of wind energy facilities on 
areas with easements. In fact, the requirement to replace impacted 
habitats within an easement would likely exceed what would be required 
as a result of a site-specific section 7(a)(2) consultation on effects 
to critical habitat, which would not require replacement or mitigation. 
In Minnesota, wind energy development is typically precluded by 
ensuring any leases for wind energy development are relinquished prior 
to easement acquisition.
    Designating areas covered by Service conservation easements as 
critical habitat would result in some benefit to the species as a 
result of increased awareness of the importance of these habitats, but 
the Service may document the importance of these areas through other 
means. For example, the Service will identify for the public all areas 
important for the recovery of one or both species in recovery outlines 
or recovery plans and can reach out directly to individuals, agencies, 
and organizations to ensure that they are aware of habitats important 
for each species' recovery. Moreover, the Service has already 
documented the importance of these areas for conservation by acquiring 
the conservation easement.

Benefits of Exclusion--Service Conservation Easements

    Excluding lands covered by Service conservation easements is likely 
to provide significant benefits to conserving the species' habitats on 
private lands. About half of areas identified as the species' habitats 
are on private lands, and we are unlikely to recover the species unless 
we form and maintain partnerships with private landowners. On any 
privately owned site, effective conservation of the species' essential 
habitat features is likely to be a complex and challenging endeavor 
that would not be achieved without a productive and cooperative 
partnership with the landowner. The Dakota skipper and Poweshiek 
skipperling may be excluded from lands simply by landowners not knowing 
about or being proactive in performing simple management activities. 
The Service can provide assistance and technical direction in how to 
best manage lands for a balance of use and conservation purposes, and 
can best do this through effective partnerships and good working 
relationships with the landowners.
    Excluding lands covered by Service conservation easements will 
benefit the species by maintaining existing partnerships with easement 
landowners and by facilitating additional important land protection 
actions. Many landowners on whose lands we proposed critical habitat 
expressed strong opposition to the designation during comment periods, 
including persons who have sold conservation easements to the Service 
and that have engaged in other voluntary conservation actions with our 
agency. For example, surveys to determine the status and distribution 
of the species and their habitats are an essential component of each 
species' conservation and may not be carried out without on-the-ground 
surveys and close inspection of habitat conditions. In order to conduct 
these surveys, we must maintain good working relationships with the 
landowners who provide access to their property (Royer et al. 2014, p. 
v).
    In some areas that were proposed as critical habitat, conservation 
plans that are in place offset the benefit that a critical habitat 
designation would have with regard to effects that might result from 
the construction and operation of wind energy facilities. On several 
areas proposed as critical habitat, existing conservation plans prevent 
development for wind energy production. This is true of Service 
conservation easements in the Service's Midwest Region, Minnesota 
Native Prairie Bank easements, and Iowa Natural Heritage Foundation 
easements. In addition, on areas covered by Service easements in the 
Service's Mountain-Prairie Region, which includes North Dakota and 
South Dakota, installation of wind turbines is subject to mitigation 
requirements under the terms of the easement: Landowners must work with 
the Service to minimize impacts and replace the acres affected with a 
new easement.
    Exclusion of private lands covered by Service conservation 
easements from critical habitat is likely to increase our chances of 
maintaining or developing beneficial partnerships that are sufficient 
in quantity and quality to conserve the species. In addition, exclusion 
is likely to facilitate

[[Page 59295]]

continued interest among landowners in additional conservation 
easements that will be necessary to reduce habitat fragmentation, which 
poses a significant threat to the species. Conservation easements may 
be the only viable means to protect wildlife values on a landscape 
scale in these areas (USFWS 2011, p. 10). In addition, exclusion of 
private lands that are under easement is likely to result in a positive 
perception of the Service's easement program, which could result in 
opportunities to cooperate with other key landowners whose lands are 
currently not protected by easement.

Benefits of Exclusion Outweigh the Benefits of Inclusion--Service 
Conservation Easements

    The benefits of excluding lands covered by Service conservation 
easements outweigh the benefits of including these areas as critical 
habitat. With few exceptions, Federal actions that affect the species' 
habitats on private lands with Service conservation easements are 
conservation actions entered into voluntarily by the landowners. 
Inclusion of the areas in critical habitat would have minimal benefits 
with regard to those actions. In general, they are not likely to have 
significant adverse effects and the sponsoring agencies--NRCS and the 
Service (PFW)--are already likely to be cognizant of the need to 
conserve areas that are important to the conservation of the two 
species. Other types of Federal actions, such as transportation 
projects, are not likely to have extensive impacts to lands with 
Service conservation easements, and their effects will already be 
minimized or mitigated as a result of standard easement restrictions 
and review.
    Exclusion of lands covered by Service conservation easements will 
benefit the species' habitats by ensuring that existing conservation 
partnerships are maintained and strengthened and that landowners 
continue to sell easements to the Service or otherwise engage in 
voluntary efforts to conserve the species. By excluding these areas 
from critical habitat, we can continue to foster the close working 
partnerships that are necessary to conserve the primary physical and 
biological features of the species' native prairie habitats. In order 
to recover the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling, the Service 
must continue to build positive working relationships with private 
landowners who have demonstrated a commitment to conservation by 
acquiring conservation easements on their lands. These conservation 
actions provide a greater benefit to the species than do the minimal 
regulatory and educational benefits of designating critical habitat on 
these lands.

Exclusion Will Not Result in Extinction of the Species--Service 
Conservation Easements

    Excluding lands covered by Service conservation easements will not 
result in extinction of either species. We are not excluding any lands 
that are currently occupied by the Poweshiek skipperling. 
Reintroduction of the species would be required for it to again inhabit 
any of the excluded lands, and exclusion is not likely to reduce the 
likelihood that reintroduction would occur or be successful. In fact, 
exclusion of lands covered by Service easements is likely to facilitate 
robust partnerships with private landowners that would be required to 
support a reintroduction program that would be effective in conserving 
Poweshiek skipperling. For the Dakota skipper, excluding lands covered 
by Service conservation easements is likely to restore, maintain, and 
increase the strength and number of partnerships with private 
landowners that are needed to recover the species.
Other Lands Owned by Persons Holding Service Conservation Easements
    We also considered excluding from critical habitat lands proposed 
as critical habitat that are owned by persons who have Service 
easements, but those easements are on other portions of their property 
not within the areas proposed as critical habitat. The reason we 
considered this type of exclusion is that landowners with easements on 
their lands have shown interest in promoting conservation and have a 
proven track record of partnering with the Service. We believe that 
even if portions of lands are not covered by easements, these 
landowners will still be proactive in working with the Service in 
managing their lands overall to benefit the butterflies. This 
consideration would affect a total of 939 acres, primarily areas that 
were proposed as critical habitat for the Dakota skipper in McHenry 
County, North Dakota (911 acres), as well as two areas proposed as 
critical habitat for both species, one in Minnesota (25 acres) and one 
in South Dakota (2 acres).

Benefits of Inclusion--Other Lands Owned by Persons With Service 
Easements

    Benefits of including areas owned by persons with Service easements 
on other tracts from critical habitat include additional protections 
that could be realized as a result of consultation under section 
7(a)(2) of the Act, as well as an increased awareness of the land's 
role in the species' conservation. On these lands, Federal actions that 
affect Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling habitat primarily 
consist of voluntary conservation agreements between private landowners 
and the NRCS or the Service's PFW program. In general, these actions 
benefit Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling habitat, although the 
Service may cooperate with NRCS to further enhance these benefits. 
Regardless of whether these areas are included in the final critical 
habitat designation, the Service will cooperate internally with its PFW 
program and with NRCS to ensure that personnel are aware of the 
locations of any lands that are important to the conservation of the 
two butterflies. This interaction reduces the benefits to conservation 
that would occur as a result of inclusion in critical habitat.
    In addition to the voluntary conservation agreements described 
above, other Federal actions that may affect habitats of either species 
on private lands include transportation projects, wind energy 
development, and other development. Transportation projects could 
affect some areas proposed as critical habitat, but are not likely to 
have broad and major effects on habitat for the two butterfly species. 
In addition, few areas proposed as critical habitat are likely to be 
subject to wind energy or other development. Inclusion of other lands 
owned by persons with Service easements could result in some increased 
protections of the primary physical and biological features of each 
species' habitats as a result of consultation under section 7(a)(2) of 
the Act. Under section 7(a)(2), a Federal action may still cause 
adverse effects to the essential physical and biological features of an 
individual unit of critical habitat if those effects allow the critical 
habitat as a whole to serve the intended conservation role for the 
species. Nevertheless, Federal agencies may still choose to avoid 
implementing actions that are likely to cause any adverse effects.
    Designating areas as critical habitat that are owned by persons who 
have Service conservation easements on other portions of their property 
would result in some benefit to the species as a result of increased 
awareness of the importance of these habitats, but the Service may 
document the importance of these areas through other means. For 
example, the Service will identify for the public all areas important 
for the recovery of one or both species in recovery outlines or 
recovery plans and can reach out directly to individuals, agencies, and 
organizations to ensure

[[Page 59296]]

that they are aware of habitats important for each species' recovery. 
As part of planning and implementing recovery of the two species, for 
example, the Service will ensure that NRCS is aware of each area that 
is important to the conservation of the species and that its employees 
understand measures that may be incorporated into NRCS actions to 
conserve the species' habitats.

Benefits of Exclusion--Other Lands Owned by Persons With Service 
Easements

    Excluding lands owned by persons with Service conservation 
easements on other tracts is likely to provide significant benefits to 
conserving the species' habitats on private lands. Our ability to 
conserve the two species' habitats will be enhanced if we are able to 
maintain and develop strong partnerships with private landowners. This 
is especially true in certain geographic areas that are especially 
important for the recovery of either species. Native prairie in McHenry 
County, North Dakota, comprises one of the few strongholds for Dakota 
skipper and contains 97 percent of the lands excluded in this category. 
Protection and restoration of Dakota skipper habitat in this area will 
be difficult to achieve unless the Service protects its ability to form 
and maintain strong partnerships with private landowners and ranchers.
    The landowners who have sold conservation easements to the Service 
have established conservation partnerships with the Service. They often 
work closely with the Service, in some cases on innovative and 
voluntary efforts to conserve habitats on their land. In one case, for 
example, a landowner has worked with a Service Wetland Management 
District in Minnesota on grazing swaps. Under grazing swaps, landowners 
are allowed to use their livestock to implement conservation grazing of 
Service-owned lands in exchange for resting their own private pasture. 
This allows grazing pressure to be distributed across the landscape, 
reducing the likelihood that private lands are grazed too heavily and 
that native prairie on public land is also managed to maximize 
ecological values.
    Exclusion of lands owned by persons with Service easements on other 
tracts will increase opportunities for the Service to cooperate with 
key private landowners. On any privately owned site, effective 
conservation of each species' essential habitat features is likely to 
be complex and challenging. It will require ongoing monitoring to 
determine how the species and their essential habitat features respond 
to management schemes. This level of cooperation is best achieved 
through a productive and cooperative partnership with the landowner. By 
excluding lands owned by persons with Service easements on other 
tracts, we enhance the opportunities to conserve the physical and 
biological features of each species' habitat on private lands.
    Exclusion of private landowners with Service easements from 
critical habitat will facilitate continued interest among landowners in 
conservation easements and is expected to assist getting conservation 
easements purchased on lands that are valuable for butterfly 
conservation. Habitat fragmentation poses a significant threat to the 
species because it reduces the likelihood that the species may disperse 
among habitat areas and increases the likelihood that local populations 
will be extirpated. Over 50 years of experience in the Prairie Pothole 
Region strongly suggests that conservation easements may be the only 
viable means to protect wildlife values on a landscape scale (USFWS 
2011, p. 10).

Benefits of Exclusion Outweigh the Benefits of Inclusion--Other Lands 
Owned by Persons With Service Easements

    The benefits of excluding lands owned by persons with Service 
easements on other tracts outweigh the benefits of including these 
areas as critical habitat. With some exceptions, Federal actions that 
affect Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling habitat on private 
lands are voluntary conservation actions by the landowners. Inclusion 
of the areas in critical habitat would have minimal benefits with 
regard to those actions because they are not likely to have significant 
adverse effects, if any, to the species or their habitats. Moreover, 
the agencies that sponsor these activities--NRCS and the Service 
(PFW)--are likely to be aware of the need to conserve areas that are 
important to the Dakota skipper, regardless of the critical habitat 
designation. Other types of Federal actions, such as transportation 
projects, are not likely to have extensive impacts to lands owned by 
persons with Service conservation easements on other tracts.
    Exclusion of lands owned by persons with Service conservation 
easements on other tracts will benefit the species' habitats by 
ensuring that existing, important conservation partnerships are 
maintained and strengthened and that landowners are encouraged to 
continue to sell easements to the Service or to otherwise engage in 
voluntary efforts to conserve the species' habitats. By excluding these 
areas from critical habitat, we can continue to foster the close 
working partnerships that are necessary to conserve the primary 
physical and biological features of the species' native prairie 
habitats. In order to recover the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek 
skipperling, the Service must continue to build positive working 
relationships with private landowners who have demonstrated a 
commitment to conservation by acquiring conservation easements on their 
lands. These conservation actions provide a greater benefit to the 
species than do the minimal regulatory and educational benefits of 
designating critical habitat on these lands.

Exclusion Will Not Result in Extinction of the Species--Other Lands 
Owned by Persons With Service Conservation Easements

    Excluding lands owned by persons with Service conservation 
easements on other tracts will not result in extinction of either 
species. We are not excluding any lands that are currently occupied by 
the Poweshiek skipperling. Reintroduction of this species will be 
required for it to again inhabit any of the excluded lands, and 
exclusion is not likely to reduce the likelihood that reintroduction 
will occur or be successful. In fact, exclusion of lands owned by 
persons with Service conservation easements on other tracts is likely 
to facilitate robust partnerships with private landowners that would be 
required to support a reintroduction program that would be effective in 
conserving Poweshiek skipperling. For the Dakota skipper, excluding 
lands owned by persons with Service conservation easements on other 
tracts is likely to restore, maintain, and increase the strength and 
number of partnerships with private landowners that are needed to 
recover the species. These benefits of exclusion are likely to be 
substantial, whereas the benefits of including these areas as critical 
habitat are likely to be minimal in light of the limited risk that 
Federal actions are likely to pose to the species' habitats in the 
affected areas.
Service's Partners for Fish and Wildlife Program
    We considered for exclusion from critical habitat lands covered by 
management agreements between private landowners and the Service's 
Partners for Fish and Wildlife Program (PFW) as of December 31, 2014. 
The PFW program provides technical and financial assistance to private 
landowners and Tribes who are willing to work with the Service and 
other partners on a voluntary basis to help

[[Page 59297]]

meet the habitat needs of the Service's Federal Trust Species, 
including threatened and endangered species. Although not always 
permanent, landowners sign agreements with the Service to maintain the 
habitat improvements for a specified period of time (generally anywhere 
from 10 years to perpetuity) and landowners typically assist with 
implementation through in-kind or financial contributions. These PFW 
private landowner agreements are voluntary and evidence of the trust 
and established partnership between the Service and individual 
landowners that could facilitate additional actions to conserve Dakota 
skipper or Poweshiek skipperling. The conservation practices often 
remain in place long after the PFW private landowner agreements have 
expired. In addition, excluding areas that are covered by PFW 
agreements from critical habitat may help to avoid the perception by 
some landowners that increased regulation is a likely outcome of 
engaging voluntarily with the Service to implement conservation 
activities on their lands. There are two areas that fit this category 
that we considered for exclusion, including one site in McHenry County, 
North Dakota, and one in Brookings County, South Dakota. The area that 
we are excluding in this category includes the property in North 
Dakota. It comprises approximately 78 acres (32 hectares) in the 
proposed Dakota Skipper North Dakota Critical Habitat Unit 5.

Benefits of Inclusion--Lands Covered by Partners for Fish and Wildlife 
Agreements

    Benefits of including areas covered by PFW agreements in the final 
critical habitat designation include additional protections that could 
be realized as a result of consultation under section 7(a)(2) of the 
Act, as well as an increased awareness of the land's role in the 
species' conservation. On private lands covered by Service PFW 
agreements, Federal actions that affect Dakota skipper and Poweshiek 
skipperling habitat primarily consist of voluntary conservation 
agreements between private landowners and the NRCS and existing or new 
agreements established by the PFW program. In general, these actions 
benefit Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling habitat, although the 
Service may cooperate with NRCS to further enhance these benefits. 
These benefits are reduced, however, because regardless of whether 
these areas are included in the final critical habitat designation, the 
Service will cooperate internally with its PFW program and with NRCS to 
ensure that personnel are aware of the locations of lands that are 
important to the conservation of the two butterfly species. As part of 
planning and implementing recovery of the two species, for example, the 
Service will ensure that NRCS and the PFW program are aware of areas 
that are important to the conservation of the species and that 
employees understand measures that may be incorporated into actions to 
conserve the species' habitats.
    In addition to the voluntary conservation agreements described 
above, other Federal actions that may affect habitats of either species 
on private lands include transportation projects, wind energy 
development, and other development. Transportation projects could 
affect some areas proposed as critical habitat, but are not likely to 
have broad and major effects on habitat for the two butterfly species. 
Moreover, neither site is within 0.5 km of any road or highway that may 
be likely to be the subject of Federal transportation dollars for 
improvement or maintenance. In addition, we did not find evidence that 
many areas proposed as critical habitat are likely to be subject to 
wind energy or other development. Inclusion of areas covered by PFW 
agreements could result in some increased protections of the primary 
physical and biological features of each species' habitats as a result 
of consultation under section 7(a)(2) of the Act. Under section 
7(a)(2), a Federal action may still cause adverse effects to the 
essential physical and biological features of an individual unit of 
critical habitat if those effects allow the critical habitat as a whole 
to serve the intended conservation role for the species. Nevertheless, 
Federal agencies may still choose to avoid implementing actions that 
are likely to cause any adverse effects.
    Designating areas covered by PFW agreements as critical habitat 
would result in some benefit to the species as a result of increased 
awareness of the importance of these habitats, but the Service may 
document the importance of these areas through other means. For 
example, the Service will identify for the public all areas important 
for the recovery of one or both species in recovery outlines or 
recovery plans and can reach out directly to individuals, agencies, and 
organizations to ensure that they are aware of habitats important for 
each species' recovery. Moreover, the Service has already documented 
the importance of these areas for conservation by establishing the PFW 
agreement.

Benefits of Exclusion--Lands Covered by Partners for Fish and Wildlife 
Agreements

    Excluding lands owned by persons with PFW agreements provides 
benefits to conserving Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling habitat 
on private lands. Excluding these areas from critical habitat 
encourages additional partnerships with the persons directly affected 
and may encourage other landowners to enter into similar agreements. 
Our ability to conserve the two species' habitats will be enhanced by 
maintaining and developing strong partnerships with private landowners.
    The benefits of exclusion from critical habitat are likely of 
different magnitudes for the two areas that we considered under this 
category. Native prairie in McHenry County, North Dakota, comprises one 
of the few strongholds for the Dakota skipper. Lands in this area are 
relatively flat--some are vulnerable to being plowed up and cultivated, 
which would destroy Dakota skipper habitat. Protection of Dakota 
skipper habitat in this area will be difficult to achieve unless the 
Service protects its ability to form and maintain strong partnerships 
with private landowners and ranchers. On a second site covered by a PFW 
agreement and that we considered for exclusion under this category, the 
benefits of excluding the site with a PFW agreement in South Dakota 
would likely be less. The site is in Brookings County, South Dakota, 
where habitat for Dakota skipper is more sparsely distributed and 
involves fewer landowners. Each site is in an area of rolling 
topography where grazing will likely remain the primary land use and 
where cultivation is unlikely. We could find no evidence in this area 
that a critical habitat designation would place at risk any existing 
partnerships with private landowners, nor endanger the development of 
new partnerships.

Benefits of Exclusion Outweigh the Benefits of Inclusion--Lands Covered 
by Partners for Fish and Wildlife Agreements

    The benefits of excluding the McHenry County, North Dakota, site 
that is covered by a PFW agreement outweighs the benefits of including 
it as critical habitat; therefore, we are excluding it from critical 
habitat. As we suggest above, the benefits of excluding the Brookings 
County, South Dakota, site that was covered by a PFW agreement do not 
outweigh the benefits of including it, so we are including it in the 
final critical habitat designation.

[[Page 59298]]

    As with other private lands, with some exceptions, Federal actions 
that affect Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling habitat on private 
lands are voluntary conservation actions by the landowners. Inclusion 
of the areas in critical habitat would have minimal benefits with 
regard to those actions, because they are not likely to have 
significant adverse effects, if any. Moreover, the agencies that 
sponsor these activities--NRCS and the Service (PFW)--are likely to be 
aware of the need to conserve areas that are important to the Dakota 
skipper, regardless of the critical habitat designation. Other types of 
Federal actions, such as transportation projects, are not likely to 
have extensive impacts to lands owned by persons who have signed PFW 
agreements with the Service.
    Exclusion of lands owned by persons with PFW agreements could 
benefit the species' habitats by ensuring that existing important 
conservation partnerships are maintained and strengthened and that 
other landowners are encouraged to enter into similar agreements with 
the Service. By excluding these areas from critical habitat, we can 
continue to foster the close working partnerships that are necessary to 
conserve the primary physical and biological features of the species' 
native prairie habitats. In order to recover the Dakota skipper and 
Poweshiek skipperling, the Service must continue to build positive 
working relationships with private landowners who have demonstrated a 
commitment to conservation by acquiring conservation easements on their 
lands. These conservation actions provide a greater benefit to the 
species than do the minimal regulatory and educational benefits of 
designating critical habitat on these lands. Our ability to form and 
maintain conservation partnerships with private landowners appears to 
be significantly different between the two areas under this category. 
In McHenry County, North Dakota, where we are excluding a 78-acre tract 
of private property, the Dakota skipper and its habitat is distributed 
among numerous private landowners and the area is vulnerable to 
destruction by cultivation. In addition, we found that critical habitat 
designation raised significant concerns among landowners in McHenry 
County, which could affect our ability to maintin those partnerships. 
In Brookings County, South Dakota, where we are including a site 
covered by a PFW agreement in the final critical habitat designation, 
there is little reason to conclude that such a designation will affect 
our ability to form and maintain conservation partnerships.

Exclusion Will Not Result in Extinction of the Species--Lands Covered 
by Partners for Fish and Wildlife Agreements

    Excluding the single private property in North Dakota that is 
covered by a PFW agreement will not result in extinction of either 
species. In fact, it is likely to improve our ability to form and 
maintain conservation partnerships with private landowners in an area 
with significant importance to Dakota skipper. We are not excluding any 
lands that are currently occupied by the Poweshiek skipperling. 
Reintroduction of the species would be required for it to again inhabit 
any of the excluded lands, and exclusion is not likely to reduce the 
likelihood that reintroduction would occur or be successful. In fact, 
exclusion of lands covered by Partners for Fish and Wildlife Agreements 
is likely to facilitate robust partnerships with private landowners 
that would be required to support a reintroduction program that would 
be effective in conserving Poweshiek skipperling. For the Dakota 
skipper, excluding lands covered by Partners for Fish and Wildlife 
Agreements is likely to restore, maintain, and increase the strength 
and number of partnerships with private landowners that are needed to 
recover the species. These benefits of exclusion are likely to be 
substantial, whereas the benefits of including these areas as critical 
habitat are likely to be minimal in light of the limited risk that 
Federal actions are likely to pose to the species' habitats in the 
affected area.
Tribal Lands
    The Dakota skipper may be present on at least nine sites on the 
Lake Traverse Reservation of the Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate and on one 
site on the Ft. Berthold Reservation of the Three Affiliated Tribes. 
The Poweshiek skipperling occurred on the Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate 
sites, but is likely extirpated. Therefore, areas on the Lake Traverse 
Reservation of the Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate are unoccupied by Poweshiek 
skipperling. Sites where the Dakota skipper still occurs on Sisseton 
Wahpeton Oyate Tribal lands are typically managed with late summer 
haying.

Benefits of Inclusion--Tribal Lands

    Benefits of including Tribal lands as critical habitat include 
additional protections as a result of consultation on actions under 
section 7(a)(2) of the Act, as well as an increased awareness of the 
land's role in the species' conservation. On Tribal lands, Federal 
actions that will affect Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling 
habitat may primarily consist of actions implemented by the Tribes with 
funding from one or more Federal agencies. The Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate 
has administered grants, for example, from the Environmental Protection 
Agency and Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) to support a variety of 
environmental protection activities, including solid waste management, 
protection of air quality, and development of environmental codes 
(USFWS 2014, p. 15). These actions may not have a significant 
likelihood of causing adverse effects to critical habitat for either 
species. BIA may also request consultations for road construction; 
housing developments; mineral rights development; developing 
conservation, land and water management plans; rangeland improvements; 
noxious weed control; and projects related to grants administered by 
this agency (USFWS 2014, p. 17). Some of these actions could 
conceivably result in adverse effects to one or both species' habitats. 
Nevertheless, the Service has not found actions supported by BIA or 
other Tribal grants to constitute significant threats to either species 
or their habitats.
    In addition to the grants provided by Federal agencies and 
administered by the Tribes, other Federal actions that may affect 
habitats of either species on Tribal lands include transportation 
projects, wind energy development, oil and gas development, and other 
development. Transportation projects could affect some areas, but are 
not likely to have broad and major effects on habitat for the two 
butterfly species. In addition, few of the Tribal areas that were 
proposed as critical habitat are likely to be subject to wind energy or 
other development, although the Fort Berthold Reservation has some 
ongoing oil and gas development projects. Nevertheless, inclusion of 
Tribal lands as critical habitat could result in some increased 
protections of the essential physical and biological features of each 
species' habitats where any transportation, wind energy, oil and gas 
development, or other development projects may be funded by a Federal 
agency.
    Designating areas as critical habitat would result in some benefit 
to the species as a result of increased awareness of the importance of 
these habitats, but the Service may document the importance of these 
areas through other means. For example, the Service may, in cooperation 
with the Tribes,

[[Page 59299]]

identify all areas important for the recovery of one or both species in 
recovery outlines or recovery plans and can reach out directly to 
granting and other agencies and the Tribes to ensure that they are 
aware of habitats important for each species' recovery. As part of 
planning and implementing recovery of the two species, for example, the 
Service will ensure that the Tribes and the BIA are aware of each area 
that is important to the conservation of the species within the two 
reservations. Moreover, the Service will provide information to the 
agencies and Tribes that will include measures that may be incorporated 
into actions to protect and conserve the species' habitats.

Benefits of Exclusion--Tribal Lands

    The Tribes already possess significant understanding with respect 
to the species and the conservation of their habitats. Sisseton 
Wahpeton Oyate, for example, has for many years sponsored surveys on 
its lands for both species and has managed its lands in such a manner 
that they support one of the few remaining strongholds for the Dakota 
skipper. In addition to conservation of prairie butterflies, the 
Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate has received Tribal Wildlife Grants from the 
Service to improve its understanding of other species of concern on its 
lands. The Three Affiliated Tribes are committed to managing potential 
Dakota skipper habitat on the Fort Betrthold Reservation in accordance 
with the Dakota Skipper Guidelines; for example, fire is not included 
in the Reservation's Noxious Weed Management Plan as an alternative for 
managing habitat on the Reservation. In light of the contributions 
already provided by the Sisseton-Wahpeton Oyate and the Three 
Affiliated Tribes to the conservation of Dakota skipper and Poweshiek 
skipperling habitats, we want to maintain and strengthen ongoing 
cooperative conservation carried out by the Tribes.
    Excluding Tribal lands from critical habitat is likely to provide 
significant benefits to our ability to conserve the species' habitats 
in cooperation with the Tribes. Our ability to conserve the two 
species' habitats will be increased if we are able to maintain and 
develop strong partnerships with the Tribes. The Sisseton Wahpeton 
Oyate, for example, has already made strong contributions to the 
conservation of Dakota skipper. In addition to a long history of 
monitoring the status of the species on their lands, the Tribe allowed 
the Minnesota Zoo to collect Dakota skipper eggs from females captured 
on Tribal lands in 2014. These eggs formed the primary basis for the 
zoo's attempts to develop methods to propagate the species in 
captivity, a program that will be vital to recovery efforts. Although 
the presence of the Dakota skipper is uncertain on the one site on Fort 
Berthold Reservation, potential habitat remains, and the Three 
Affiliated Tribes have developed, in close coordination with the 
Service, a programmatic biological assessment for oil and gas 
development on the Reservation that addresses the Dakota skipper. The 
Three Affiliated Tribes have agreed to avoid siting oil and gas 
development projects within potential Dakota skipper habitat on the Ft. 
Berthold Reservation. They recently realigned a pipeline project to 
avoid Dakota skipper habitat (with a 0.5 mile (0.8 km) buffer zone), 
and intend to continue to restrict oil and gas development to avoid the 
butterfly's habitat. The Tribe and the Service are continuing to engage 
in ongoing conversations regarding conservation efforts for the 
species. Exclusion of Tribal lands is likely to increase opportunities 
for the Service to cooperate with the Tribes to conserve the two 
species. Tribal lands, especially those on the Lake Traverse 
Reservation, will likely play an important role in the recovery of both 
species. They provide a rare stronghold for the Dakota skipper and may 
be among the most promising sites for eventual reintroduction of the 
Poweshiek skipperling, if the means to propagate the species are 
developed. As on any land inhabited by either species, effective 
conservation of the species' essential habitat features is likely to be 
complex and challenging. It will require ongoing monitoring and 
adaptive management to determine how the species and their essential 
habitat features respond to management actions and to make appropriate 
adjustments. This level of cooperation can best be achieved through a 
productive and cooperative partnership between the Service and the 
Tribes. By excluding Tribal lands from the final designation of 
critical habitat, we can better maintain our working partnerships with 
the Tribes and increase our ability to conserve the physical and 
biological features of each species' habitat.

Weighing Benefits of Exclusion Against Benefits of Inclusion--Tribal 
Lands

    The benefits of excluding Tribal lands outweigh the benefits of 
including these areas as critical habitat. Inclusion of Tribal lands in 
critical habitat may have minimal benefits because federally funded and 
tribally administered actions that would be subject to section 7(a)(2) 
consultation are unlikely to have significant adverse effects, if any, 
to either species' habitat. Other types of Federal actions, such as 
transportation projects, are also not likely to have extensive impacts 
to either species' habitats on Tribal lands.
    Exclusion of Tribal lands will benefit the species and their 
habitats by ensuring that existing important conservation partnerships 
with the Tribes, and the ability to expand on these conservation 
partnerships, are maintained and that Tribes remain willing to engage 
in cooperative efforts with the Service to conserve the species' 
habitats. By excluding Tribal lands from critical habitat, we can 
continue to foster the close working partnerships that are necessary to 
conserve the primary physical and biological features of the species' 
native prairie habitats. These conservation actions provide a greater 
benefit to the species than do the minimal regulatory and educational 
benefits of designating critical habitat on these lands.

Exclusion Will Not Result in Extinction of the Species--Tribal Lands

    Excluding Tribal lands from the critical habitat designation will 
not result in extinction of either species. We are not excluding any 
lands that are currently occupied by the Poweshiek skipperling. 
Reintroduction of the Poweshiek skipperling would be required for it to 
again inhabit any of the excluded lands and exclusion from critical 
habitat is not likely to reduce the likelihood that reintroduction 
would occur or be successful. In fact, exclusion of lands owned by 
Tribes may help to facilitate a partnership with the Sisseton Wahpeton 
Oyate that would be required to support a reintroduction program that 
would be effective in conserving Poweshiek skipperling. For Dakota 
skipper, excluding Tribal lands is likely to improve the strength of 
our partnerships with the Tribes that are needed to recover the 
species. These benefits of exclusion are likely to be substantial, 
whereas the benefits of including these areas as critical habitat are 
likely to be minimal in light of the limited impacts from Federal 
actions to the species habitats on Tribal lands.

Summary of Exclusions Based on Other Relevant Impacts

    In summary, the Service excludes from the final critical habitat 
designation for the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling, a variety 
of lands for which there is evidence of an established conservation 
partnership with private landowners. We do not exclude from critical 
habitat any lands where the Poweshiek skipperling is likely to be 
extant, due to the species'

[[Page 59300]]

highly imperiled status. We find that the benefits of the critical 
habitat exclusions outweigh the benefits of including the areas as 
critical habitat. This is largely due to (1) the important role that 
conservation of the species' habitats on private and Tribal lands will 
play in each species' recovery; (2) the need to maintain or develop 
cooperative partnerships with private landowners and Tribes; and (3) 
the likely increase in cooperation from a significant proportion of 
private landowners that will occur as a result of the exclusions from 
critical habitat.

Required Determinations

Regulatory Planning and Review (Executive Orders 12866 and 13563)

    Executive Order 12866 provides that the Office of Information and 
Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) will review all significant rules. The Office 
of Information and Regulatory Affairs has determined that this rule is 
not significant.
    Executive Order 13563 reaffirms the principles of E.O. 12866 while 
calling for improvements in the nation's regulatory system to promote 
predictability, to reduce uncertainty, and to use the best, most 
innovative, and least burdensome tools for achieving regulatory ends. 
The executive order directs agencies to consider regulatory approaches 
that reduce burdens and maintain flexibility and freedom of choice for 
the public where these approaches are relevant, feasible, and 
consistent with regulatory objectives. E.O. 13563 emphasizes further 
that regulations must be based on the best available science and that 
the rulemaking process must allow for public participation and an open 
exchange of ideas. We have developed this rule in a manner consistent 
with these requirements.

Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.)

    Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA; 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.), 
as amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 
1996 (SBREFA; 5 U.S.C. 801 et seq.), whenever an agency is required to 
publish a notice of rulemaking for any proposed or final rule, it must 
prepare and make available for public comment a regulatory flexibility 
analysis that describes the effects of the rule on small entities 
(i.e., small businesses, small organizations, and small government 
jurisdictions). However, no regulatory flexibility analysis is required 
if the head of the agency certifies the rule will not have a 
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. 
The SBREFA amended the RFA to require Federal agencies to provide a 
certification statement of the factual basis for certifying that the 
rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial 
number of small entities.
    According to the Small Business Administration, small entities 
include small organizations such as independent nonprofit 
organizations; small governmental jurisdictions, including school 
boards and city and town governments that serve fewer than 50,000 
residents; and small businesses (13 CFR 121.201). Small businesses 
include manufacturing and mining concerns with fewer than 500 
employees, wholesale trade entities with fewer than 100 employees, 
retail and service businesses with less than $5 million in annual 
sales, general and heavy construction businesses with less than $27.5 
million in annual business, special trade contractors doing less than 
$11.5 million in annual business, and agricultural businesses with 
annual sales less than $750,000. To determine if potential economic 
impacts to these small entities are significant, we considered the 
types of activities that might trigger regulatory impacts under this 
designation as well as types of project modifications that may result. 
In general, the term ``significant economic impact'' is meant to apply 
to a typical small business firm's business operations.
    The Service's current understanding of the requirements under the 
RFA, as amended, and following recent court decisions, is that Federal 
agencies are only required to evaluate the potential incremental 
impacts of rulemaking on those entities directly regulated by the 
rulemaking itself, and therefore, not required to evaluate the 
potential impacts to indirectly regulated entities. The regulatory 
mechanism through which critical habitat protections are realized is 
section 7 of the Act, which requires Federal agencies, in consultation 
with the Service, to ensure that any action authorized, funded, or 
carried by the Agency is not likely to destroy or adversely modify 
critical habitat. Therefore, under section 7 only Federal action 
agencies are directly subject to the specific regulatory requirement 
(avoiding destruction and adverse modification) imposed by critical 
habitat designation. Consequently, it is our position that only Federal 
action agencies will be directly regulated by this designation. There 
is no requirement under RFA to evaluate the potential impacts to 
entities not directly regulated. Moreover, Federal agencies are not 
small entities. Therefore, because no small entities are directly 
regulated by this rulemaking, the Service certifies that the final 
critical habitat designation will not have a significant economic 
impact on a substantial number of small entities.
    During the development of this final rule, we reviewed and 
evaluated all information submitted during the comment period that may 
pertain to our consideration of the probable incremental economic 
impacts of this critical habitat designation. Based on this 
information, we affirm our certification that this final critical 
habitat designation will not have a significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small entities, and a regulatory flexibility 
analysis is not required.

Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use--Executive Order 13211

    Executive Order 13211 (Actions Concerning Regulations That 
Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use) requires 
agencies to prepare Statements of Energy Effects when undertaking 
certain actions. OMB has provided guidance for implementing this 
Executive Order that outlines nine outcomes that may constitute ``a 
significant adverse effect'' when compared to not taking the regulatory 
action under consideration.
    The economic analysis describes potential impacts arising from the 
development of oil fields in North Dakota (IEC 2014a, p. 14); oil and 
gas development is unlikely in the units considered unoccupied by the 
two butterflies.
    The ConocoPhillips company indicates that the most significant 
levels of oil and gas development occur at the westernmost edge of the 
species' range and that the increased level of oil and gas development 
associated with the Bakken formation is concentrated in specific 
counties in North Dakota. The critical habitat areas with the highest 
likelihood for oil development are within McKenzie County. The three 
units in McKenzie County that are within the oil field development area 
are all units considered occupied or uncertain. We expect that if a 
Federal nexus exists, any project modifications recommended by the 
Service would occur regardless of critical habitat designation. 
Incremental costs for oil and gas activity are thus limited to 
administrative costs of considering adverse modification of critical 
habitat during consultation.
    The Service is not aware of any specific plans or proposals to 
develop wind energy in these areas. Thus, there are no anticipated 
incremental costs

[[Page 59301]]

related to these activities (IEC 2014a, p. 19).
    We do not anticipate that the designation of critical habitat will 
result in significant incremental impacts to the energy industry on a 
national scale (Industrial Economics, Inc. 2014, p. A-15). As such, the 
designation of critical habitat is not expected to significantly affect 
energy supplies, distribution, or use. Therefore, this action is not a 
significant energy action, and no Statement of Energy Effects is 
required.

Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.)

    In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 
et seq.), we make the following findings:
    (1) This rule will not produce a Federal mandate. In general, a 
Federal mandate is a provision in legislation, statute, or regulation 
that would impose an enforceable duty upon State, local, or tribal 
governments, or the private sector, and includes both ``Federal 
intergovernmental mandates'' and ``Federal private sector mandates.'' 
These terms are defined in 2 U.S.C. 658(5)-(7). ``Federal 
intergovernmental mandate'' includes a regulation that ``would impose 
an enforceable duty upon State, local, or tribal governments'' with two 
exceptions. It excludes ``a condition of Federal assistance.'' It also 
excludes ``a duty arising from participation in a voluntary Federal 
program,'' unless the regulation ``relates to a then-existing Federal 
program under which $500,000,000 or more is provided annually to State, 
local, and tribal governments under entitlement authority,'' if the 
provision would ``increase the stringency of conditions of assistance'' 
or ``place caps upon, or otherwise decrease, the Federal Government's 
responsibility to provide funding,'' and the State, local, or tribal 
governments ``lack authority'' to adjust accordingly. At the time of 
enactment, these entitlement programs were: Medicaid; Aid to Families 
with Dependent Children work programs; Child Nutrition; Food Stamps; 
Social Services Block Grants; Vocational Rehabilitation State Grants; 
Foster Care, Adoption Assistance, and Independent Living; Family 
Support Welfare Services; and Child Support Enforcement. ``Federal 
private sector mandate'' includes a regulation that ``would impose an 
enforceable duty upon the private sector, except (i) a condition of 
Federal assistance or (ii) a duty arising from participation in a 
voluntary Federal program.''
    The designation of critical habitat does not impose a legally 
binding duty on non-Federal Government entities or private parties. 
Under the Act, the only regulatory effect is that Federal agencies must 
ensure that their actions do not destroy or adversely modify critical 
habitat under section 7. While non-Federal entities that receive 
Federal funding, assistance, or permits, or that otherwise require 
approval or authorization from a Federal agency for an action, may be 
indirectly impacted by the designation of critical habitat, the legally 
binding duty to avoid destruction or adverse modification of critical 
habitat rests squarely on the Federal agency. Furthermore, to the 
extent that non-Federal entities are indirectly impacted because they 
receive Federal assistance or participate in a voluntary Federal aid 
program, the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act would not apply, nor would 
critical habitat shift the costs of the large entitlement programs 
listed above onto State governments.
    (2) We do not believe that this rule will significantly or uniquely 
affect small governments because it would not produce a Federal mandate 
of $100 million or greater in any year; that is, it is not a 
``significant regulatory action'' under the Unfunded Mandates Reform 
Act. The final economic analysis concludes that incremental impacts may 
occur due to administrative costs of conducting section 7 consultation 
and implementation of any conservation efforts requested by the Service 
through section 7 consultation to avoid potential destruction or 
adverse modification of critical habitat; however, these are not 
expected to significantly affect small governments. Incremental impacts 
stemming from various species conservation and development control 
activities are expected to be primarily borne by the Federal Government 
and State agencies, which are not considered small governments. 
Consequently, we do not believe that the critical habitat designation 
would significantly or uniquely affect small government entities. As 
such, a Small Government Agency Plan is not required.

Takings--Executive Order 12630

    In accordance with Executive Order 12630 (Government Actions and 
Interference with Constitutionally Protected Private Property Rights), 
we have analyzed the potential takings implications of designating 
critical habitat for the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling in a 
takings implications assessment. The Act does not authorize the Service 
to regulate private actions on private lands or confiscate private 
property as a result of critical habitat designation. Designation of 
critical habitat does not affect land ownership, or establish any 
closures, or restrictions on use of or access to the designated areas. 
Furthermore, the designation of critical habitat does not affect 
landowner actions that do not require Federal funding or permits, nor 
does it preclude development of habitat conservation programs or 
issuance of incidental take permits to permit actions that do require 
Federal funding or permits to go forward. However, Federal agencies are 
prohibited from carrying out, funding, or authorizing actions that 
would destroy or adversely modify critical habitat. A takings 
implications assessment has been completed and concludes that this 
designation of critical habitat for the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek 
skipperling does not pose significant takings implications for lands 
within or affected by the designation.

Federalism--Executive Order 13132

    In accordance with E.O. 13132 (Federalism), this rule does not have 
significant Federalism effects. A Federalism assessment is not 
required. In keeping with Department of the Interior and Department of 
Commerce policy, we requested information from, and coordinated 
development of this proposed critical habitat designation with, 
appropriate State resource agencies in Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, North 
Dakota, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. We received comments from several 
State agencies and have addressed them in the Summary of Comments and 
Recommendations section of the rule. From a federalism perspective, the 
designation of critical habitat directly affects only the 
responsibilities of Federal agencies. The Act imposes no other duties 
with respect to critical habitat, either for States and local 
governments, or for anyone else. As a result, the rule does not have 
substantial direct effects either on the States, or on the relationship 
between the national government and the States, or on the distribution 
of powers and responsibilities among the various levels of government. 
The designation may have some benefit to these governments because the 
areas that contain the features essential to the conservation of the 
species are more clearly defined, and the physical and biological 
features of the habitat necessary to the conservation of the species 
are specifically identified. This information does not alter where and 
what federally sponsored activities may occur. However, it may assist 
these local governments in long-range planning (because these local 
governments no longer have to wait for case-by-case section 7 
consultations to occur).

[[Page 59302]]

    Where State and local governments require approval or authorization 
from a Federal agency for actions that may affect critical habitat, 
consultation under section 7(a)(2) would be required. While non-Federal 
entities that receive Federal funding, assistance, or permits, or that 
otherwise require approval or authorization from a Federal agency for 
an action, may be indirectly impacted by the designation of critical 
habitat, the legally binding duty to avoid destruction or adverse 
modification of critical habitat rests squarely on the Federal agency.

Civil Justice Reform--Executive Order 12988

    In accordance with Executive Order 12988 (Civil Justice Reform), 
the Office of the Solicitor has determined that the rule does not 
unduly burden the judicial system and that it meets the applicable 
standards set forth in sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of the Order. We are 
designating critical habitat in accordance with the provisions of the 
Act. To assist the public in understanding the habitat needs of the 
species, the rule identifies the elements of physical or biological 
features essential to the conservation of the Dakota skipper and 
Poweshiek skipperling. The designated areas of critical habitat are 
presented on maps, and the rule provides several options for the 
interested public to obtain more detailed location information, if 
desired.

Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995

    This rule does not contain any collections of information that 
require approval by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) under the 
Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.). This rule 
will not impose recordkeeping or reporting requirements on State or 
local governments, individuals, businesses, or organizations. We may 
not conduct or sponsor, and you are not required to respond to, a 
collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB 
control number.

National Environmental Policy Act (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.)

    It is our position that, outside the jurisdiction of the U.S. Court 
of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, we do not need to prepare 
environmental analyses pursuant to the National Environmental Policy 
Act (NEPA; 42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) in connection with designating 
critical habitat under the Act. We published a notice outlining our 
reasons for this determination in the Federal Register on October 25, 
1983 (48 FR 49244). This position was upheld by the U.S. Court of 
Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (Douglas County v. Babbitt, 48 F.3d 1495 
(9th Cir. 1995), cert. denied 516 U.S. 1042 (1996)).

Government-to-Government Relationship With Tribes

    In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994 
(Government-to-Government Relations with Native American Tribal 
Governments; 59 FR 22951), Executive Order 13175 (Consultation and 
Coordination With Indian Tribal Governments), and the Department of the 
Interior's manual at 512 DM 2, we readily acknowledge our 
responsibility to communicate meaningfully with recognized Federal 
Tribes on a government-to-government basis. In accordance with 
Secretarial Order 3206 of June 5, 1997 (American Indian Tribal Rights, 
Federal-Tribal Trust Responsibilities, and the Endangered Species Act), 
we readily acknowledge our responsibilities to work directly with 
tribes in developing programs for healthy ecosystems, to acknowledge 
that tribal lands are not subject to the same controls as Federal 
public lands, to remain sensitive to Indian culture, and to make 
information available to tribes.
    Tribal lands in North Dakota and South Dakota were included in the 
proposed designation of critical habitat. Using the criteria found in 
the Criteria Used to Identify Critical Habitat section, we have 
determined that Tribal lands meet the definition of critical habitat 
for the Dakota skipper and Poweshiek skipperling. We sought government-
to-government consultation with these tribes throughout the proposal 
and development of the final designation of critical habitat. We have 
considered these areas for exclusion from final critical habitat 
designation to the extent consistent with the requirements of 4(b)(2) 
of the Act. We informed tribes of how we evaluate areas under section 
4(b)(2) of the Act and of our interest in consulting with them on a 
government-to-government basis. We have excluded all tribal lands from 
this critical habitat designation.

References Cited

    A complete list of all references cited is available on the 
Internet at http://www.regulations.gov and upon request from the Twin 
Cities Ecological Services Field Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION 
CONTACT).

Authors

    The primary authors of this rulemaking are the staff members of the 
Twin Cities Ecological Services Field Office.

List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17

    Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, Reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements, Transportation.

Regulation Promulgation

    Accordingly, we amend part 17, subchapter B of chapter I, title 50 
of the Code of Federal Regulations, as set forth below:

PART 17--[AMENDED]

0
1. The authority citation for part 17 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  16 U.S.C. 1361-1407; 1531-1544; 4201-4245; unless 
otherwise noted.


0
2. Amend Sec.  17.11(h) by revising the entry for ``Skipper, Dakota 
(Hesperia dacotae)'' and the entry for ``Skipperling, Poweshiek 
(Oarisma poweshiek)'' under ``INSECTS'' in the List of Endangered and 
Threatened Wildlife to read as follows:


Sec.  17.11  Endangered and threatened wildlife.

* * * * *
    (h) * * *

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        Species                                                    Vertebrate
--------------------------------------------------------                        population where                                  Critical     Special
                                                            Historic range       endangered or         Status      When listed    habitat       rules
           Common name                Scientific name                              threatened
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
             INSECTS
 

[[Page 59303]]

 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Skipper, Dakota..................  Hesperia dacotae....  U.S.A. (IA, IL, MN,  NA.................  T                       851     17.95(i)     17.47(b)
                                                          ND, SD); Canada
                                                          (Manitoba,
                                                          Saskatchewan).
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Skipperling, Poweshiek...........  Oarisma poweshiek...  U.S.A. (IA, IL, IN,  NA.................  E                       851     17.95(i)           NA
                                                          MI, MN, ND, SD,
                                                          WI); Canada
                                                          (Manitoba).
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


0
3. In Sec.  17.95, amend paragraph (i) by adding entries for ``Dakota 
Skipper (Hesperia dacotae)'' and ``Poweshiek Skipperling (Oarisma 
Poweshiek)'', in the same order that these species appear in the table 
at Sec.  17.11(h), to read as follows:


Sec.  17.95  Critical habitat--fish and wildlife.

* * * * *
    (i) Insects.
* * * * *
Dakota Skipper (Hesperia dacotae)
    (1) Critical habitat units are designated in Chippewa, Clay, 
Kittson, Lincoln, Murray, Norman, Pipestone, Polk, Pope, and Swift 
Counties in Minnesota; McHenry, McKenzie, Ransom, Richland, and Rolette 
Counties in North Dakota; and Brookings, Day, Deuel, Grant, Marshall, 
and Roberts Counties in South Dakota, on the maps below.
    (2) Within these areas, the primary constituent elements of the 
physical or biological features essential to the conservation of the 
Dakota skipper consist of three components:
    (i) Primary Constituent Element 1--Wet-mesic tallgrass or mixed-
grass remnant untilled prairie that occurs on near-shore glacial lake 
soil deposits or high-quality dry-mesic remnant untilled prairie on 
rolling terrain consisting of gravelly glacial moraine soil deposits, 
containing:
    (A) A predominance of native grasses and native flowering forbs;
    (B) Glacial soils that provide the soil surface or near surface 
(between soil surface and 2 cm depth) micro-climate conditions 
conducive to Dakota skipper larval survival and native-prairie 
vegetation;
    (C) If present, trees or large shrub cover of less than 5 percent 
of area in dry prairies and less than 25 percent in wet-mesic prairies; 
and
    (D) If present, nonnative invasive plant species occurring in less 
than 5 percent of area.
    (ii) Primary Constituent Element 2--Native grasses and native 
flowering forbs for larval and adult food and shelter, specifically:
    (A) At least one of the following native grasses to provide food 
and shelter sources during Dakota skipper larval stages: prairie 
dropseed (Sporobolus heterolepis) or little bluestem (Schizachyrium 
scoparium); and
    (B) One or more of the following forbs in bloom to provide nectar 
and water sources during the Dakota skipper flight period: purple 
coneflower (Echinacea angustifolia), bluebell bellflower (Campanula 
rotundifolia), white prairie clover (Dalea candida), upright prairie 
coneflower (Ratibida columnifera), fleabane (Erigeron spp.), 
blanketflower (Gaillardia spp.), black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta), 
yellow sundrops (Calylophus serrulatus), prairie milkvetch (Astragalus 
adsurgens), or common gaillardia (Gaillardia aristata) .
    (iii) Primary Constituent Element 3--Dispersal grassland habitat 
that is within 1 km (0.6 mi) of native high-quality remnant prairie (as 
defined in Primary Constituent Element 1) that connects high-quality 
wet-mesic to dry tallgrass prairies or moist meadow habitats. Dispersal 
grassland habitat consists of undeveloped open areas dominated by 
perennial grassland with limited or no barriers to dispersal including 
tree or shrub cover less than 25 percent of the area and no row crops 
such as corn, beans, potatoes, or sunflowers.
    (3) Critical habitat does not include manmade structures (such as 
buildings, aqueducts, runways, roads, and other paved areas) and the 
land on which they are located existing within the legal boundaries on 
November 2, 2015.
    (4) Critical habitat map units. Data layers defining map units were 
created and digitized using ESRI's ArcMap (version 10.0) and comparing 
USGS NAIP/FSA high-resolution orthophotography from 2010 or later and 
previously mapped skipper habitat polygons submitted by contracted 
researchers or prairie habitat polygons made available from Minnesota 
Department of Natural Resources' County Biological Survey. Critical 
habitat units then were mapped in Geographic Coordinate System WGS84. 
The maps in this entry, as modified by any accompanying regulatory 
text, establish the boundaries of the critical habitat designation. The 
coordinates or plot points or both on which each map is based are 
available to the public at the Service's internet site (http://www.fws.gov/midwest/Endangered), at http://www.regulations.gov at 
Docket No. FWS-R3-ES-2013-0017, and at the field office responsible for 
this designation. You may obtain field office location information by 
contacting one of the Service regional offices, the addresses of which 
are listed at 50 CFR 2.2.
    (5) Index map follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P

[[Page 59304]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.000

    (6) DS Minnesota Unit 1, Pope County, Minnesota. Map of DS 
Minnesota Unit 1 follows:

[[Page 59305]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.001

    (7) DS Minnesota Units 2 and 3, Murray County, Minnesota. Map of DS 
Minnesota Units 2 and 3 follows:

[[Page 59306]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.002

    (8) DS Minnesota Unit 4, Clay County, Minnesota. Map of DS 
Minnesota Unit 4 follows:

[[Page 59307]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.003

    (9) DS Minnesota Unit 5, Clay County, Minnesota. Map of DS 
Minnesota Unit 5 follows:

[[Page 59308]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.004

    (10) DS Minnesota Unit 6, Norman County, Minnesota. Map of DS 
Minnesota Unit 6 follows:

[[Page 59309]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.005

    (11) DS Minnesota Unit 7, Lincoln and Pipestone Counties, 
Minnesota. Map of DS Minnesota Unit 7 follows:

[[Page 59310]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.006

    (12) DS Minnesota Units 8 and 11, Pipestone County, Minnesota. Map 
of DS Minnesota Units 8 and 11 follows:

[[Page 59311]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.007

    (13) DS Minnesota Unit 9, Pipestone County, Minnesota. Map of DS 
Minnesota Unit 9 follows:

[[Page 59312]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.008

    (14) DS Minnesota Unit 10, Swift and Chippewa Counties, Minnesota. 
Map of DS Minnesota Unit 10 follows:

[[Page 59313]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.009

    (15) DS Minnesota Unit 12, Lincoln County, Minnesota. Map of DS 
Minnesota Unit 12 follows:

[[Page 59314]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.010

    (16) DS Minnesota Unit 13, Kittson County, Minnesota. Map of DS 
Minnesota Unit 13 follows:

[[Page 59315]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.011

    (17) DS Minnesota Unit 14, Polk County, Minnesota. Map of DS 
Minnesota Unit 14 follows:

[[Page 59316]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.012

    (18) DS North Dakota Unit 1, Richland County, North Dakota. Map of 
DS North Dakota Unit 1 follows:

[[Page 59317]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.013

    (19) DS North Dakota Units 2 and 13, Ransom County, North Dakota. 
Map of DS North Dakota Units 2 and 13 follows:

[[Page 59318]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.014

    (20) DS North Dakota Units 3 and 5, McHenry County, North Dakota. 
Map of DS North Dakota Units 3 and 5 follows:

[[Page 59319]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.015

    (21) DS North Dakota Unit 6, McHenry County, North Dakota. Map of 
DS North Dakota Unit 6 follows:

[[Page 59320]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.016

    (22) DS North Dakota Units 7 and 8, McHenry County, North Dakota. 
Map of DS North Dakota Units 7 and 8 follows:

[[Page 59321]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.017

    (23) DS North Dakota Unit 9, Rolette County, North Dakota. Map of 
DS North Dakota Unit 9 follows:

[[Page 59322]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.018

    (24) DS North Dakota Unit 11, McKenzie County, North Dakota. Map of 
DS North Dakota Unit 11 follows:

[[Page 59323]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.019

    (25) DS North Dakota Unit 12, McKenzie County, North Dakota. Map of 
DS North Dakota Unit 12 follows:

[[Page 59324]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.020

    (26) DS South Dakota Unit 1, Marshall County, South Dakota. Map of 
DS South Dakota Unit 1 follows:

[[Page 59325]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.021

    (27) DS South Dakota Unit 2, Brookings County, South Dakota. Map of 
DS South Dakota Unit 2 follows:

[[Page 59326]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.022

    (28) DS South Dakota Unit 3, Deuel County, South Dakota. Map of DS 
South Dakota Unit 3 follows:

[[Page 59327]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.023

    (29) DS South Dakota Unit 4, Grant County, South Dakota. Map of DS 
South Dakota Unit 4 follows:

[[Page 59328]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.024

    (30) DS South Dakota Unit 5, Deuel County, South Dakota. Map of DS 
South Dakota Unit 5 follows:

[[Page 59329]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.025

    (31) DS South Dakota Unit 6, Roberts County, South Dakota. Map of 
DS South Dakota Unit 6 follows:

[[Page 59330]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.026

    (32) DS South Dakota Units 7 and 18, Roberts County, South Dakota. 
Map of DS South Dakota Units 7 and 18 follows:

[[Page 59331]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.027

    (33) DS South Dakota Unit 8, Roberts County, South Dakota. Map of 
DS South Dakota Unit 8 follows:

[[Page 59332]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.028

    (34) DS South Dakota Units 15 and 16, Day County, South Dakota. Map 
of DS South Dakota Units 15 and 16 follows:

[[Page 59333]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.029

    (35) DS South Dakota Unit 17, Roberts County, South Dakota. Map of 
DS South Dakota Unit 17 follows:

[[Page 59334]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.030

    (36) DS South Dakota Unit 22, Brookings County, South Dakota. Map 
of DS South Dakota Unit 22 follows:

[[Page 59335]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.031

* * * * *
Poweshiek Skipperling (Oarisma Poweshiek)
    (1) Critical habitat units are designated for Cerro Gordo, 
Dickinson, Emmet, Howard, Kossuth, and Osceola Counties in Iowa; in 
Hilsdale, Jackson, Lenawee, Livingston, Oakland, and Washtenaw Counties 
in Michigan; Chippewa, Clay, Cottonwood, Douglas, Kittson, Lac Qui 
Parle, Lincoln, Lyon, Mahnomen, Murray, Norman, Pipestone, Polk, Pope, 
Swift, and Wilkin Counties in Minnesota; Richland County in North 
Dakota; Brookings, Day, Deuel, Grant, Marshall, Moody, and Roberts 
Counties in South Dakota; and Green Lake and Waukesha Counties in 
Wisconsin, on the maps below.
    (2) Within these areas, the primary constituent elements of the 
physical or biological features essential to the

[[Page 59336]]

conservation of Poweshiek skipperling consist of four components:
    (i) Primary Constituent Element 1--Wet-mesic to dry tallgrass 
remnant untilled prairies or remnant moist meadows containing:
    (A) A predominance of native grasses and native flowering forbs;
    (B) Undisturbed (untilled) glacial soil types including, but not 
limited to, loam, sandy loam, loamy sand, gravel, organic soils (peat), 
or marl that provide the edaphic features conducive to Poweshiek 
skipperling larval survival and native-prairie vegetation;
    (C) If present, depressional wetlands or low wet areas, within or 
adjacent to prairies that provide shelter from high summer temperatures 
and fire;
    (D) If present, trees or large shrub cover less than 5 percent of 
area in dry prairies and less than 25 percent in wet-mesic prairies and 
prairie fens; and
    (E) If present, nonnative invasive plant species occurring in less 
than 5 percent of area.
    (ii) Primary Constituent Element 2--Prairie fen habitats 
containing:
    (A) A predominance of native grasses and native flowering forbs;
    (B) Undisturbed (untilled) glacial soil types including, but not 
limited to, organic soils (peat), or marl that provide the edaphic 
features conducive to Poweshiek skipperling larval survival and native-
prairie vegetation;
    (C) Depressional wetlands or low wet areas, within or adjacent to 
prairies that provide shelter from high summer temperatures and fire;
    (D) Hydraulic features necessary to maintain prairie fen 
groundwater flow and prairie fen plant communities;
    (E) If present, trees or large shrub cover less than 25 percent of 
the unit; and
    (F) If present, nonnative invasive plant species occurring in less 
than 5 percent of area.
    (iii) Primary Constituent Element 3--Native grasses and native 
flowering forbs for larval and adult food and shelter, specifically:
    (A) At least one of the following native grasses available to 
provide larval food and shelter sources during Poweshiek skipperling 
larval stages: Prairie dropseed (Sporobolus heterolepis), little 
bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), sideoats grama (Bouteloua 
curtipendula), or mat muhly (Muhlenbergia richardsonis); and
    (B) At least one of the following forbs in bloom to provide nectar 
and water sources during the Poweshiek skipperling flight period: 
Purple coneflower (Echinacea angustifolia), black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia 
hirta), smooth ox-eye (Heliopsis helianthoides), stiff tickseed 
(Coreopsis palmata), palespike lobelia (Lobelia spicata), sticky 
tofieldia (Triantha glutinosa), or shrubby cinquefoil (Dasiphora 
fruticosa ssp. floribunda).
    (iv) Primary Constituent Element 4--Dispersal grassland habitat 
that is within 1 km (0.6 mi) of native high-quality remnant prairie (as 
defined in Primary Constituent Element 1) that connects high-quality 
wet-mesic to dry tallgrass prairies, moist meadows, or prairie fen 
habitats. Dispersal grassland habitat consists of the following 
physical characteristics appropriate for supporting Poweshiek 
skipperling dispersal: Undeveloped open areas dominated by perennial 
grassland with limited or no barriers to dispersal including tree or 
shrub cover less than 25 percent of the area and no row crops such as 
corn, beans, potatoes, or sunflowers.
    (3) Critical habitat does not include manmade structures (such as 
buildings, aqueducts, runways, roads, and other paved areas) and the 
land on which they are located existing within the legal boundaries on 
November 2, 2015.
    (4) Critical habitat map units. Data layers defining map units were 
created and digitized using ESRI's ArcMap (version 10.0) and comparing 
USGS NAIP/FSA high-resolution orthophotography from 2010 or later and 
previously mapped skipper habitat polygons submitted by contracted 
researchers or prairie habitat polygons made available from Minnesota 
Department of Natural Resources' County Biological Survey. Critical 
habitat units then were mapped in Geographic Coordinate System WGS84. 
The maps in this entry, as modified by any accompanying regulatory 
text, establish the boundaries of the critical habitat designation. The 
coordinates or plot points or both on which each map is based are 
available to the public at the Service's internet site (http://www.fws.gov/midwest/Endangered/), at http://www.regulations.gov at 
Docket No. FWS-R3-ES-2013-0017, and at the field office responsible for 
this designation. You may obtain field office location information by 
contacting one of the Service regional offices, the addresses of which 
are listed at 50 CFR 2.2.

[[Page 59337]]

    (5) Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota index map 
follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.032

    (6) Michigan and Wisconsin index map follows:

[[Page 59338]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.033

    (7) PS Iowa Unit 1, Howard County, Iowa. Map of PS Iowa Unit 1 
follows:

[[Page 59339]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.034

    (8) PS Iowa Unit 2, Cerro Gordo County, Iowa. Map of PS Iowa Unit 2 
follows:

[[Page 59340]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.035

    (9) PS Iowa Units 3, 4, and 7, Dickinson County, Iowa. Map of PS 
Iowa Units 3, 4, and 7 follows:

[[Page 59341]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.036

    (10) PS Iowa Unit 5, Osceola County, Iowa. Map of PS Iowa Unit 5 
follows:

[[Page 59342]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.037

    (11) PS Iowa Unit 6, Dickinson County, Iowa. Map of PS Iowa Unit 6 
follows:

[[Page 59343]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.038

    (12) PS Iowa Unit 8, Osceola County, Iowa. Map of PS Iowa Unit 8 
follows:

[[Page 59344]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.039

    (13) PS Iowa Unit 9, Dickinson County, Iowa. Map of PS Iowa Unit 9 
follows:

[[Page 59345]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.040

    (14) PS Iowa Unit 10, Kossuth County, Iowa. Map of PS Iowa Unit 10 
follows:

[[Page 59346]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.041

    (15) PS Iowa Unit 11, Emmet County, Iowa. Map of PS Iowa Unit 11 
follows:

[[Page 59347]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.042

    (16) PS Michigan Unit 1, Oakland County, Michigan. Map of PS 
Michigan Unit 1 follows:

[[Page 59348]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.043

    (17) PS Michigan Units 2 and 3, Oakland County, Michigan. Map of PS 
Michigan Units 2 and 3 follows:

[[Page 59349]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.044

    (18) PS Michigan Unit 4, Oakland County, Michigan. Map of PS 
Michigan Unit 4 follows:

[[Page 59350]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.045

    (19) PS Michigan Unit 5, Livingston County, Michigan. Map of PS 
Michigan Unit 5 follows:

[[Page 59351]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.046

    (20) PS Michigan Unit 6, Washtenah County, Michigan. Map of PS 
Michigan Unit 6 follows:

[[Page 59352]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.047

    (21) PS Michigan Unit 7, Lenawee County, Michigan. Map of PS 
Michigan Unit 7 follows:

[[Page 59353]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.048

    (22) PS Michigan Units 8 and 9, Jackson and Hillsdale Counties, 
Michigan. Map of PS Michigan Units 8 and 9 follows:

[[Page 59354]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.049

    (23) PS Minnesota Unit 1, Pope County, Minnesota. Map of PS 
Minnesota Unit 1 follows:

[[Page 59355]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.050

    (24) PS Minnesota Units 2 and 3, Murray County, Minnesota. Map of 
PS Minnesota Units 2 and 3 follows:

[[Page 59356]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.051

    (25) PS Minnesota Units 4 and 18, Clay County, Minnesota. Map of PS 
Minnesota Units 4 and 18 follows:

[[Page 59357]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.052

    (26) PS Minnesota Unit 5, Clay County, Minnesota. Map of PS 
Minnesota Unit 5 follows:

[[Page 59358]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.053

    (27) PS Minnesota Unit 6, Norman County, Minnesota. Map of PS 
Minnesota Unit 6 follows:

[[Page 59359]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.054

    (28) PS Minnesota Unit 7, Lincoln and Pipestone Counties, 
Minnesota. Map of PS Minnesota Unit 7 follows:

[[Page 59360]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.055

    (29) PS Minnesota Units 8 and 9, Pipestone County, Minnesota. Map 
of PS Minnesota Units 8 and 9 follows:

[[Page 59361]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.056

    (30) PS Minnesota Unit 10, Swift and Chippewa Counties, Minnesota. 
Map of PS Minnesota Unit 10 follows:

[[Page 59362]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.057

    (31) PS Minnesota Unit 11, Wilkin County, Minnesota. Map of PS 
Minnesota Unit 11 follows:

[[Page 59363]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.058

    (32) PS Minnesota Unit 12, Lyon County, Minnesota. Map of PS 
Minnesota Unit 12 follows:

[[Page 59364]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.059

    (33) PS Minnesota Unit 13, Lac Qui Parle County, Minnesota. Map of 
PS Minnesota Unit 13 follows:

[[Page 59365]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.060

    (34) PS Minnesota Unit 14, Douglas County, Minnesota. Map of PS 
Minnesota Unit 14 follows:

[[Page 59366]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.061

    (35) PS Minnesota Unit 15, Mahnomen County, Minnesota. Map of PS 
Minnesota Unit 15 follows:

[[Page 59367]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.062

    (36) PS Minnesota Unit 16, Cottonwood County, Minnesota. Map of PS 
Minnesota Unit 16 follows:

[[Page 59368]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.063

    (37) PS Minnesota Unit 17, Pope County, Minnesota. Map of PS 
Minnesota Unit 17 follows:

[[Page 59369]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.064

    (38) PS Minnesota Unit 19, Kittson County, Minnesota. Map of PS 
Minnesota Unit 19 follows:

[[Page 59370]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.065

    (39) PS Minnesota Unit 20, Polk County, Minnesota. Map of PS 
Minnesota Unit 20 follows:

[[Page 59371]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.066

    (40) PS North Dakota Units 1 and 2, Richland County, North Dakota. 
Map of PS North Dakota Units 1 and 2 follows:

[[Page 59372]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.067

    (41) PS South Dakota Unit 1, Marshall County, South Dakota. Map of 
PS South Dakota Unit 1 follows:

[[Page 59373]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.068

    (42) PS South Dakota Unit 2, Brookings County, South Dakota. Map of 
PS South Dakota Unit 2 follows:

[[Page 59374]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.069

    (43) PS South Dakota Units 3 and 5, Deuel County, South Dakota. Map 
of PS South Dakota Units 3 and 5 follows:

[[Page 59375]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.070

    (44) PS South Dakota Unit 4, Grant County, South Dakota. Map of PS 
South Dakota Unit 4 follows:

[[Page 59376]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.071

    (45) PS South Dakota Unit 6, Roberts County, South Dakota. Map of 
PS South Dakota Unit 6 follows:

[[Page 59377]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.072

    (46) PS South Dakota Unit 7, Roberts County, South Dakota. Map of 
PS South Dakota Unit 7 follows:

[[Page 59378]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.073

    (47) PS South Dakota Unit 8, Roberts County, South Dakota. Map of 
PS South Dakota Unit 8 follows:

[[Page 59379]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.074

    (48) PS South Dakota Units 15 and 16, Day County, South Dakota. Map 
of PS South Dakota Units 15 and 16 follows:

[[Page 59380]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.075

    (49) PS South Dakota Unit 17, Moody County, South Dakota. Map of PS 
South Dakota Unit 17 follows:

[[Page 59381]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.076

    (50) PS South Dakota Unit 18, Marshall County, South Dakota. Map of 
PS South Dakota Unit 18 follows:

[[Page 59382]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.077

    (51) PS Wisconsin Unit 1, Waukesha County, Wisconsin. Map of PS 
Wisconsin Unit 1 follows:

[[Page 59383]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.078

    (52) PS Wisconsin Unit 2, Green Lake County, Wisconsin. Map of PS 
Wisconsin Unit 2 follows:

[[Page 59384]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR01OC15.079

* * * * *

    Dated: August 19, 2015.
Karen Hyun,
Deputy Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks.
[FR Doc. 2015-24184 Filed 9-30-15; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C