[Federal Register Volume 80, Number 138 (Monday, July 20, 2015)]
[Notices]
[Pages 42962-42996]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2015-17719]



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Vol. 80

Monday,

No. 138

July 20, 2015

Part III





Department of Justice





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Drug Enforcement Administration





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Syed Jawed Akhtar-Zaidi, M.D.; Decision and Order; Notice

  Federal Register / Vol. 80 , No. 138 / Monday, July 20, 2015 / 
Notices  

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DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

Drug Enforcement Administration

[Docket No. 14-2]


Syed Jawed Akhtar-Zaidi, M.D.; Decision and Order

    On February 10, 2014, Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) Christopher B. 
McNeil issued the attached Recommended Decision.\1\ Both parties filed 
Exceptions to the ALJ's Recommended Decision.
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    \1\ All citations to the Recommended Decision are to the slip 
opinion as issued by the ALJ.
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    Having reviewed the entire record, including the parties' 
Exceptions, I have decided to adopt the ALJ's findings of fact except 
as discussed below. I further adopt the ALJ's conclusions of law that:
    (1) Respondent issued prescriptions for controlled substances to 
three undercover officers outside the usual course of professional 
practice and which lacked a legitimate medical purpose;
    (2) Respondent violated Federal law when he issued controlled 
substance prescriptions which did not include the patient's address;
    (3) Respondent violated Ohio law requiring that he ``complete and 
maintain accurate medical records reflecting the physician's 
examination, evaluation, and treatment of [his] patients,'' when, with 
respect to the three undercover officers, he ``falsely reported the 
extent and nature of his examination of [them] and falsely reported the 
patients' reports of pain'';

    (4) Respondent ``failed to comply with the requirements of Ohio law 
applicable to the treatment of chronic pain.''

R.D. 81-86. Finally, I adopt the ALJ's ultimate conclusions of law that 
the Government has met its prima facie burden of showing that 
``Respondent's continued . . . registration is inconsistent with the 
public interest'' and that ``Respondent has failed to rebut the 
Government's prima facie case.'' Id. at 87.
    According to the ALJ's Recommended Decision, Respondent's 
registration was due to expire on June 30, 2014, and according to the 
registration records of the Agency, of which I take official notice, 
see 5 U.S.C. 556(e), Respondent has not filed either a renewal or new 
application. While ordinarily, these findings would render a case moot, 
see Ronald J. Riegel, 63 FR 67132, 67133 (1998), this Agency has 
recognized that where a registrant is served with an Immediate 
Suspension Order, there may be collateral consequences which preclude a 
finding of mootness. Here for example, the Immediate Suspension Order 
authorized the Government to seize any controlled substances it found 
at Respondent's registered location, see ALJ Ex. 1, at 4 (citation 
omitted); and pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 824(f), ``[u]pon a revocation order 
becoming final, all such controlled substances . . . shall be forfeited 
to the United States'' and ``[a]ll right, title, and interest in such 
controlled substances . . . shall vest in the United States upon a 
revocation order becoming final.'' See also 21 CFR 1301.36(f)). 
Moreover, the Agency has held that a registrant, who has been issued an 
Immediate Suspension Order, cannot defeat the effect of this provision 
by allowing his registration to expire. Meetinghouse Community 
Pharmacy, Inc., 74 FR 10073, 10074 n.5 (2009).
    Accordingly, on May 8, 2015, the former Administrator issued an 
Order directing the parties to address whether the case was moot. 
Thereafter, both parties filed responses asserting that the case 
remains a live controversy, with the Government specifically noting 
that various controlled substances including Demerol, morphine sulfate, 
hydrocodone, and midazolam were seized from Respondent's office during 
service of the Immediate Suspension Order. Gov't Response to Order, at 
2. The Government further represents that there are no other 
proceedings pending to determine title to the drugs and therefore 
requests that I issue a final order to resolve this issue.
    Accordingly, I conclude that this proceeding presents the 
collateral consequence of who has title to the controlled substances 
seized by the Government. While I do not adopt the ALJ's recommended 
order that I revoke Respondent's registration and deny any pending 
application to renew or modify his registration, I will affirm the 
issuance of the Immediate Suspension Order and declare that all right, 
title, and interest in the seized drugs is forfeited to the United 
States. A discussion of Respondent's Exceptions follows.\2\
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    \2\ The Government takes exception to the ALJ's discussion of 
factor two and whether the Agency has properly applied it in 
revocation proceedings because the factor refers only to ``the 
applicant's'' experience in dispensing controlled substances. See 
R.D. at 54-58. The Government's exception is well taken.
     Pursuant to Congress's direction in 21 U.S.C. 824(a)(4) that 
the Agency may revoke a registration ``upon a finding that the 
registrant . . . has committed such acts as would render his 
registration under section 823 of this title inconsistent with the 
public interest as determined under such section,'' every 
Administrator and Deputy Administrator who has exercised the 
authority granted by section 824 has rejected the ALJ's view. 
Moreover, in Clair L. Pettinger, M.D., 78 FR 61592 (2013), the 
Administrator thoroughly addressed and rejected the ALJ's reasoning. 
Indeed, no court has ever questioned the Agency's interpretation 
that it is required to consider (although not necessarily make 
findings with respect to) each of the public interest factors in a 
revocation proceeding. See Dewey C. MacKay, 664 F.3d 808, 816 (10th 
Cir. 2011) (noting, in revocation proceeding, that ``[t]he agency is 
required to consider five factors `[i]n determining the public 
interest' ''); id. at 819 (upholding agency's determination that 
evidence that physician diverted controlled substances was relevant 
under both factors two and four); Morall v DEA, 412 F.3d 165, 173 
(D.C. Cir. 2005) (noting, in revocation proceeding, that ``[s]ection 
823(f) provides the factors to be considered `[i]n determining the 
public interest' '' and listing all five factors).
     Thus, the issue has been conclusively decided. Because the 
ALJ's decision is only a recommendation, the Agency has no 
obligation to publish any portion of it, let alone that which 
persists in re-arguing that which has been long decided. See Iran 
Air v. Kugelman, 996 F.2d 1253, 1260 (D.C. Cir. 1993) (quoting 
Joseph Zwerdling, Reflections on the Role of an Administrative Law 
Judge, 25 Admin. L. Rev. 9, 12-13 (1973) (an ALJ `` `is governed, as 
is the case of any trial court, by the applicable and controlling 
precedents. These precedents include . . . the agency's policies as 
laid down in its published decisions. . . . Once the agency has 
ruled on a given matter . . . it is not open to reargument by the 
administrative law judge' '')). Accordingly, I decline to publish 
the ALJ's discussion regarding the applicability of factor two in 
revocation proceedings.
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Exception One--The ALJ Arbitrarily and Capriciously Barred Respondent 
From Presenting the Testimony of His Expert Witness, His Employees, and 
His Patients

    Respondent argues that the ALJ's refusal to allow him to present 
testimony from his expert, Dr. Richard Stieg, three of his employees, 
and his patients, ``was arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, 
and otherwise not in accordance with law.'' Resp. Exceptions, at 1-2. 
While I find the ALJ's ruling denying Respondent the right to call Dr. 
Stieg to be problematic, for reasons explained below, I hold that 
Respondent has not demonstrated that the ALJ committed prejudicial 
error. I further find that Respondent has failed to demonstrate that 
the ALJ erred when he barred the employees and the patients from 
testifying, let alone that the error was prejudicial.

The ALJ's Ruling Barring Dr. Stieg's Testimony

    Respondent argues that even before the proceeding was initiated, 
``the Government had several months in which to . . . obtain an expert 
witness'' and have the expert review the evidence against him. Resp. 
Exceptions, at 2. By contrast, Respondent argues he ``had a very 
limited period of time in which to . . . retain an expert and have the 
expert review the documents and files'' and form his opinion. Id. 
Noting that the ALJ ``placed near complete reliance on the testimony of 
the Government's expert,'' id. at 3, Respondent contends

[[Page 42963]]

that ``expert testimony [was] critical to establishing [his] defense,'' 
id. at 2, and that Dr. Stieg (his expert), ``was prepared to testify 
that contrary to the Government's position, he did not fail to meet the 
standard of care in pain medicine.'' Id. at 3.
    Respondent further contends that he ``was placed in a perilous 
position by the'' ALJ, apparently because after Respondent identified 
Dr. Stieg and disclosed ``his expected testimony,'' he ``also 
discovered that Dr. Stieg'' had a serious medical condition and was to 
undergo treatment on the dates set for the hearing (December 16-17, 
2013) and ``would be unable to testify.'' Id. Respondent then notes 
that ``[u]pon discovering this information,'' he immediately moved for 
a continuance of the proceeding, but that the ALJ denied his motion.
    Respondent further argues that the ALJ's basis for denying his 
motion was inconsistent with agency precedent. In his Recommended 
Decision, the ALJ explained that he found Dr. Stieg's testimony ``would 
likely have little probative value, as the witness did not appear to be 
familiar with Ohio medical practice standards.'' R.D. at 4. Respondent 
argues that the ALJ's reason is ``arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of 
discretion, and not in accord with DEA precedent,'' noting that in 
Mireille Lalanne, 78 FR 47750, 47759 (2013), the Agency held that 
evidence as to ``generally recognized and accepted medical practices'' 
may be admitted to show ``the usual course of professional practice'' 
under the CSA and the Agency's regulations. R.D. at 4 (other citation 
omitted). He then notes that several of the factors which the Agency is 
required to consider under the public interest standard are ``not set 
by state law.'' Resp. Exceptions, at 5. Moreover, Respondent suggests 
that the ALJ made inconsistent findings when he held that Respondent 
had not demonstrated that the exclusion of Dr. Stieg's testimony would 
cause him ``substantial prejudice,'' while at the same time he held 
that the Government would be prejudiced by the testimony. Id. at 4.
    Finally, Respondent notes that while the ALJ had initially 
considered allowing Dr. Stieg to testify through video teleconference 
(and be taken out of order), he reversed his position after Respondent 
invoked his Fifth Amendment privilege and refused to testify when 
called as a witness by the Government. Id. at 5 (citing Tr. 248). 
According to Respondent, the ALJ's ruling was an ``attempt to punish 
Respondent for exercising his constitutional right.'' Id.
    While some of Respondent's arguments are well taken, I hold that 
Respondent has failed to demonstrate prejudicial error. See 5 U.S.C. 
706. As several federal courts have explained, an ALJ's discretion 
``includes the power to make reasonable, nonarbitrary decisions 
regarding the admission or exclusion of evidence.'' Gunderson v. 
Department of Labor, 601 F.3d 1013, 1021 (10th Cir. 2010). However, 
even where it is shown that an ALJ erred in excluding evidence, that 
error must `` `prejudicially affect a substantial right of a party.' '' 
Id. (quoting Sanjuan v. IBP, Inc., 160 F.3d 1291, 1296 (10th Cir. 
1998)). See also Air Canada v. Department of Trans., 148 F.3d 1142, 
1156 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (``As incorporated into the APA, the harmless 
error rule requires the party asserting error to demonstrate prejudice 
from the error.'') (citing 5 U.S.C. 706).
    Moreover, ``[a]n error is prejudicial only `if it can be reasonably 
concluded that with . . . such evidence, there would have been a 
contrary result.' '' Gunderson, 601 F.3d at 1021 (quoting Sanjuan, 160 
F.3d at 1296). Applying this standard, Respondent cannot prevail.
    According to Respondent's proffer, ``Dr. Stieg would have testified 
that there is no `gold standard' or one defined standard which defines 
with certainty the accepted and prevailing standards of care for pain 
medicine medical services'' and that ``whether a physician has met the 
accepted and prevailing standards of care for pain medicine service is 
a case by case analysis, taking into account the individual 
circumstances of each patient and the relevant medical decisions in 
connection with the treatment of that patient.'' Resp. Offer of Proof, 
at 3.
    Moreover, Dr. Stieg ``would have testified that a physician in 
[Respondent's] position has an ethical duty to believe what his patient 
tells him regarding his or her medical condition, and has a duty to 
attempt to provide appropriate treatment which he believes helps his 
patient with the condition the patient represents to him,'' and that it 
is ``reasonable and ethically imperative to believe'' the patient until 
a ``physician is presented with objective evidence that the patient is 
lying . . . or is otherwise non-compliant.'' Id. at 3-4. Dr. Stieg 
would have further testified that various actions Respondent took in 
prescribing to the undercover officers were ``appropriate and . . . 
within the accepted and prevailing standard of care,'' as well as being 
``appropriate to protect against addiction, diversion, and misuse.'' 
Id. at 4.
    Respondent further proffered that Dr. Stieg would testify ``that 
the physician/patient relationship for pain medicine must evolve over 
time,'' id., and that the ``approximately three to four month[ ]'' 
periods in which Respondent treated the undercover officers ``is an 
extremely short period which provided additional difficulties [in] 
discover[ing] the lies told to him by the undercover agents.'' Id. at 
4-5.
    On the issue of the adequacy of the physical exams, Respondent 
proffered that ``Dr. Stieg would testify that there is no single 
standard to determine exactly what an adequate physical examination 
requires in every circumstance'' and that ``there is a consensus 
standard that a physical examination should focus on the cause of the 
pain.'' Id. at 5. Moreover, Dr. Stieg would have testified ``that a 
full physical examination is usually not required for every pain 
medicine encounter.'' Id.
    Respondent also proffered that ``Dr. Stieg would have testified 
that the diagnosis made by Dr. Zaidi for each undercover agent were 
[sic] within the accepted and prevailing standards of care,'' that the 
initial ``diagnosis often becomes clearer as the physician/patient 
relationship yields more information over time,'' and while an ``MRI 
and further testing may have revealed [a] more specific pathological 
diagnosis . . . the diagnosis of lumbago and lumbar radiculosis can be 
justified, pending further analysis.'' Id. at 6. Finally, Respondent 
proffered that Dr. Stieg would have testified that given ``the short 
treatment period, the standard of care'' did not require that 
Respondent demand that the undercover officers undergo ``additional 
expensive treatment at that time, such as physical therapy,'' and that 
Respondent acted within the standard of care by considering the 
undercover officers' representations that they were unable ``to pay for 
the'' MRIs and alternative treatments. Id. Thus, Dr. Stieg would have 
testified that Respondent's ``treatment of the undercover agents was 
for legitimate medical purposes.'' Id. at 3.
    I agree with Respondent that it was not reasonable to require him 
to identify his expert witness, have the expert review the Government's 
evidence against him, and prepare an adequate summary of the expert's 
testimony within the time period provided for in the ALJ's pre-hearing 
ruling. Indeed, it is not clear on this record how Respondent could 
have provided an adequate summary of his expert's

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testimony in his prehearing statement when, under the ALJ's Order for 
Prehearing Statements, he was required to file the statement one week 
before the parties were even required to exchange their proposed 
exhibits. See ALJ Exs. 3 & 4. I also agree with Respondent that it was 
not reasonable for the ALJ to deny his request for a continuance after 
he determined that his expert was unable to attend the hearing because 
he needed to undergo treatment for a serious medical condition. 
Finally, I agree with Respondent that under agency precedent, evidence 
as to ``generally recognized and accepted medical practices'' remains 
admissible to show whether a physician acted within ``the usual course 
of professional practice'' under federal law. See Mireille Lalanne, 78 
FR 47750, 47759 (2013). While Dr. Stieg's apparent lack of familiarity 
with the State of Ohio's medical practice standards might properly lead 
to giving his testimony less weight, especially when it was weighed 
against that of an expert who is knowledgeable in the Ohio standards 
and who has served as an expert reviewer for the State's medical board, 
it was not a per se bar to its admission.
    This aside, much of the proffered testimony is consistent with that 
given by the Government's expert. But most significantly, this is not a 
case in which the evidence is limited to the testimony of dueling 
experts. Rather, the Government presented substantial evidence beyond 
the testimony of its expert to support the conclusion that Respondent 
acted outside the usual course of professional practice and lacked a 
legitimate medical purpose in issuing the prescriptions to the 
undercover officers. Thus, even if Dr. Stieg had testified that 
Respondent acted within the accepted standard of care in making the 
diagnoses and prescribing controlled substances to the undercover 
patients, as ultimate factfinder, I would not find this sufficient to 
reject the ALJ's findings. Gunderson, 601 F.3d at 1021 (quoting 
Sanjuan, 160 F.3d at 1296).
    Here, with respect to each of the undercover officers, the record 
is replete with evidence that Respondent falsified each officer's 
medical record at every visit to document both: (1) The performance of 
physical exam tests which he never conducted, and (2) pain levels which 
were higher than the officers actually reported. Nothing in the 
proffered testimony of Dr. Stieg refutes the fair inference which 
arises from the falsifications--that Respondent falsified the records 
in order to justify the prescribing of controlled substances, and that 
in prescribing the controlled substances, Respondent acted outside the 
usual course of professional practice and lacked a legitimate medical 
purpose. See 21 CFR 1306.04(a) (``A prescription for a controlled 
substance . . . must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by an 
individual practitioner acting in the usual course of professional 
practice.'').
    This conclusion is buttressed by Respondent's invocation of his 
Fifth Amendment privilege when called to testify by the Government. As 
the Supreme Court has explained, ``the Fifth Amendment does not forbid 
adverse inference against parties to civil actions when they refuse to 
testify in response to probative evidence offered against them.'' 
Baxter v. Palmigiano, 425 U.S. 308, 318 (1976) (emphasis added); see 
also MacKay v. DEA, 664 F.3d 808, 820 (10th Cir. 2011) (quoting Keating 
v. Office of Thrift Supervision, 45 F.3d 322, 326 (9th Cir. 1995) 
(``Not only is it permissible to conduct a civil [administrative] 
proceeding at the same time as a related criminal proceeding, even if 
that necessitates invocation of the Fifth Amendment privilege, but it 
is even permissible for the trier of fact to draw adverse inferences 
from the invocation of the Fifth Amendment in a civil [administrative] 
proceeding.'')); Hoxie v. DEA, 419 F.3d 477, 483 (6th Cir. 2005).
    In its prehearing statement, the Government provided notice that it 
intended to call Respondent to testify ``that his treatment of the 
undercover officers fell below accepted medical standards and that the 
controlled drugs [were not] prescribed in the usual course of 
professional practice or for a legitimate medical purposes,'' as well 
as ``that his documentation of his examinations of [each undercover 
officer] was inaccurate and not based on objective data that he 
gathered during the exams.'' ALJ Ex. 8. Respondent's invocation of his 
Fifth Amendment privilege, considered in light of the probative 
evidence weighed by the ALJ, thus supports the inference that he acted 
outside of the usual course of professional practice and lacked a 
legitimate medical purpose when he prescribed controlled substances to 
the undercover officers.\3\ See T.J. McNichol, 77 FR 57133, 57150 
(2012) (drawing adverse inference that physician knowingly diverted 
controlled substances when he failed to testify ``notwithstanding the 
substantial probative evidence of irregularities in his prescribing 
practices'').\4\
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    \3\ The ALJ also found credible the testimony of a DEA Diversion 
Investigator that during an interview, Respondent was asked why the 
pain levels documented in the medical record of one the undercover 
officers were different than what the undercover officer had said 
during the visits. R.D. 27 (citing Tr. 620). While Respondent was 
allowed to look at the undercover chart, Tr. 621, he ``did not have 
a response'' to the question. Id. at 620. This testimony, which was 
unrefuted, also supports an inference that Respondent falsified the 
undercover officers' medical records.
    \4\ I further find that Respondent has not demonstrated that the 
ALJ committed prejudicial error when he barred Dr. Stieg's 
testimony. As noted above, Respondent also contended that the ALJ's 
ruling barring Dr. Stieg's testimony was an attempt to punish him 
for exercising his Fifth Amendment privilege. For purposes of 
resolving his contention, I assume, without deciding, that the ALJ 
violated Respondent's rights under the Fifth Amendment when he 
relied on Respondent's failure to testify as a ground for his 
ruling. See Tr. 248.
     However, even in criminal cases, the Supreme Court has held 
that a violation of a defendant's Fifth Amendment privilege is 
subject to harmless-error analysis. Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 
1, 18 (1999) (``The erroneous admission of evidence in violation of 
the Fifth Amendment's guarantee against self-incrimination . . . and 
the erroneous exclusion of evidence in violation of the right to 
confront witnesses guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment . . . are both 
subject to harmless-error analysis under our cases.''). In this 
proceeding, the standard for assessing whether an error is 
prejudicial is whether ```it can be reasonably concluded that with . 
. . such evidence, there would have been a contrary result.' '' 
Gunderson, 601 F.3d at 1021 (quoting Sanjuan, 160 F.3d at 1296). As 
explained above, Respondent has not made such a showing. See United 
States v. Local 560, Int'l Bhd. of Teamsters, 780 F.2d 267, 292 n.32 
(3d Cir. 1985) (holding that ``while the district court erred in 
drawing an [adverse inference from a litigant's invocation of the 
Fifth Amendment], that error was harmless in light of the 
independent evidence supporting the district court's conclusion'') 
(citation omitted). 
     In justifying his refusal to grant a continuance to Respondent, 
the ALJ also explained that he was ``guided by the expectation that 
where doing so is not inconsistent with a litigant's rights under 
the Due Process Clause or the Administrative Procedure Act, I should 
endeavor to submit the certified record of these proceedings to the 
Administrator . . . not later than the 150th day after the issuance 
of an immediate suspension (excepting any days caused by 
Respondent's own actions).'' R.D. at 4-5. However, even where an 
immediate suspension order has been issued, the Administrator has 
clearly instructed the Agency's ALJs that they may grant a 
continuance upon a registrant's request. Here, but for the fact that 
Respondent cannot show prejudicial error, I would have remanded this 
matter.
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The ALJ's Ruling Barring Testimony From Respondent's Employees

    Respondent further argues that the ALJ acted arbitrarily and 
capriciously when he barred the testimony of three employees (C.B., 
J.B., and R.Z.). Exceptions, at 5-6. Respondent maintains that the 
employees ``were directly involved in the patient care of the 
undercover [officers] and were also interviewed by the . . . Agents 
when they raided [his] office.'' Id. at 5.
    In his proffer, Respondent stated that C.B. is a certified medical 
assistant who took each undercover officer's history and that she ``did 
extensive histories on

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them'' as well as other patients. Resp. Offer of Proof, at 9-10. C.B. 
would also have testified to the procedures used by Respondent in 
obtaining urine drug screens and reports from the Ohio prescription 
monitoring program (OARRS). Id. at 10. Moreover, C.B. would have 
testified regarding Respondent's procedures for using ``random urine 
drug screening and access to the OARRS database with regard to the 
patients whose charts were offered as Respondent's exhibits, as well as 
her explanation to patients regarding the [pain] contract.'' Id. C.B. 
would have also testified as to various patients Respondent discharged 
because they ``engaged in the use of illegal drugs and/or the misuse of 
controlled substances prescribed by'' Respondent, and finally, C.B. 
would have testified to Respondent's treatment of various patients and 
``how [he] has helped these patients regain functionality and control 
over their debilitating pain.'' Id.
    According to his proffer, R.O. would have largely duplicated C.B.'s 
testimony regarding Respondent's treatment of the patients, whom he 
helped to regain functionality and control of their pain, as well as 
those patients who were discharged for using either illegal drugs or 
for misusing drugs he had prescribed. Id. at 11. R.O. would also have 
``testified regarding the contract signed by the undercover agents and 
her explanation to those agents of the contents of the contract.'' Id.
    Finally, J.B. ``would have testified regarding her observations 
concerning [Respondent's] interaction with and treatment of patients 
including the undercover agents and those patients'' identified in 
Respondent's Exhibits A through R, as well as regarding the patients 
that Respondent discharged. Id. at 12. J.B. would also have testified 
that she is the record custodian for Respondent's practice and that 
these records were authentic. Id.
    The ALJ barred Respondent from presenting the testimony of these 
three witnesses because the substance of their testimony was not timely 
disclosed and did not sufficiently establish relevance. Here, in 
contrast to the ALJ's rulings on Respondent's proposed expert, I 
conclude that the ALJ did not err in barring the testimony on the 
ground that it was not timely disclosed. Respondent had more than one 
month from the date of the ALJ's prehearing order to determine whether 
his employees could offer relevant evidence in the matter and a week 
from the time the Government provided a detailed summary of the 
testimony of each of its witnesses to disclose their anticipated 
testimony. Moreover, Respondent's proffer (which was filed even after 
the testimonial phase of the hearing was concluded) does not identify 
any material fact which any of the employees would have refuted. 
Accordingly, I conclude that Respondent has also failed to establish 
prejudice.\5\
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    \5\ While the proffered testimony was arguably relevant to an 
assessment of Respondent's experience in dispensing controlled 
substances (factor two) and his compliance with applicable laws 
related to controlled substances (factor four), the fact that a 
physician engaged in the legitimate practice of medicine with 
respect to other patients does not refute a prima facie showing that 
a physician knowingly diverted controlled substances. See MacKay v. 
DEA, 664 F.3d at 808, 819 (10th Cir. 2011) (``Although Dr. MacKay 
may have engaged in the legitimate practice of pain medicine for 
many of his patients, the conduct found by the Deputy Administrator 
with respect to [the two patients] is sufficient to support her 
determination that his continued registration is inconsistent with 
the public interest.''); see also Jayam Krishna-Iyer, 74 FR 459, 463 
(2009) (holding that, even assuming that physician has treated 
thousands of other patients in compliance with the CSA, these 
prescribings did not ``render her prescribings to the undercover 
officers any less unlawful . . . [b]ecause under law, registration 
is limited to those who have authority to dispense controlled 
substances in the course of professional practice, and patients with 
legitimate medical conditions routinely seek treatment from licensed 
medical professionals[;] [ thus] every registrant can undoubtedly 
point to an extensive body of legitimate prescribing over the course 
of her professional career'').
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The ALJ's Rulings Barring Evidence Regarding Respondent's Treatment of 
Other Patients

    Respondent also sought to elicit testimony from ten patients 
regarding the care they received from Respondent and how his treatment 
of them ``dramatically improved their lives, functionality, and ability 
to tolerate their ongoing pain.'' Resp. Proffer, at 13; see also Resp. 
Exceptions, at 1 & 6.\6\ Because DEA is not a state medical board, 
whether Respondent improved the lives and functionality of these 
patients is not relevant under any of the public interest factors. 
While evidence of Respondent's lawful prescribing and compliance with 
federal and state controlled substances rules with respect to these 
patients would be relevant under the public interest standard, no such 
proffer was made. Accordingly, the ALJ did not err in barring this 
testimony.\7\
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    \6\ Respondent also proffered that Dr. Stieg would have 
testified regarding the patients whose records were offered in 
Respondent's Exhibits A through R, as well as those patients 
Respondent discharged for noncompliance, and that Respondent met the 
standard of care in treating both categories of patients. Resp. 
Offer of Proof, at 7-9. While the ALJ also barred this testimony, 
Respondent does not raise the issue in his Exceptions. Therefore, I 
deem it waived.
    \7\ Respondent's proffered exhibits also includes his curriculum 
vitae showing his professional experience, as well as certificates 
showing that he is a diplomate of the American Board of Physical 
Medicine and Rehabilitation, with a subspecialty of pain medicine; a 
diplomate of the American Board of Pain Medicine; a Diplomate of the 
American Board of Electrodiagnostic Medicine; and a Fellow of 
Interventional Pain Practice. To be sure, this evidence may have had 
some probative value in assessing his experience as a dispenser of 
controlled substances. However, in his Exceptions, Respondent makes 
no argument that the ALJ improperly excluded these exhibits.
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Exception Two--The ALJ Erred in Applying Ohio Revised Code Sec.  
4731.052 and Ohio Admin. Code Sec.  4731-21-02 as the Standard for 
Determining Whether Respondent Violated 21 CFR 1306.04(a)

    Respondent argues that ``the Government's expert failed to 
establish with any degree of medical certainty the standard of care 
which Respondent . . . failed to meet'' and that the ALJ erred in 
applying Ohio Revised Code Sec.  4731.052 and Ohio Admin. Code Sec.  
4731-21-02 ``as the sole standard'' when he held that Respondent 
violated 21 CFR 1306.04(a) when he prescribed to the undercover 
officers. Resp. Exceptions, at 6. Respondent argues that the ALJ's 
reliance on these provisions was misplaced because they apply only to 
the treatment of chronic or intractable pain and not acute pain, which 
was the condition presented by the undercover officers. Id. at 7.
    I reject Respondent's exception. Contrary to his contention, the 
ALJ specifically acknowledged (as did the Government's expert) that the 
Ohio provisions did ``not apply during that phase of treatment where 
the diagnosis is of acute pain, but appl[ied] only after the treatment 
extend[ed] past twelve weeks.'' R.D. at 69. However, as the ALJ 
explained, Ohio law defines ``chronic pain'' as ``pain that has 
persisted after reasonable medical efforts have been made to relieve 
the pain or cure its cause and that has continued, either continuously 
or episodically, for longer than three continuous months.'' Id. at 70. 
Here, each of three undercover officers received controlled substances 
from Respondent for more than three months after they initially saw 
Respondent and received a controlled-substance prescription.\8\ Yet, as 
the

[[Page 42966]]

Government's expert testified, Respondent did not comply with the 
heightened standards imposed on prescribing controlled substances to 
treat chronic pain.
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    \8\ I agree with Respondent that the undercover agents did not 
present as suffering from ``intractable pain,'' as that term is 
defined by Ohio's regulation. Resp. Exceptions, at 7. The regulation 
defines ``intractable pain'' as ``a state of pain that is 
determined, after reasonable medical efforts have been made to 
relieve the pain or cure its cause, to have a cause for which no 
treatment or cure is possible or for which none has been found.'' 
Ohio Admin. Code Sec.  4731-21-01(G). Here, Respondent did not make 
a diagnosis of intractable pain with respect to any of the 
undercover officers. Nor is it clear how any such diagnosis could 
have been made given that Respondent did not perform anything more 
than a cursory physical exam at the initial visit and generally no 
exam at subsequent visits, and never recommended that his patients 
even modify their daily activities, let alone undergo physical 
therapy. Tr. 118, 125. I therefore reject the ALJ's conclusion of 
law Number 11. R.D. at 84-85 (concluding ``that Respondent failed to 
comply with the requirements of Ohio law for the treatment of 
intractable pain'').
     However, based on the length of the prescribings, I agree with 
the ALJ's conclusion that Respondent failed to comply with Ohio's 
chronic pain statute. See Ohio Rev. Code Sec.  4731.052. This 
provision defines ``chronic pain'' as ``pain that has persisted 
after reasonable medical efforts have been made to relieve the pain 
or cure its cause and that has continued, either continuously or 
episodically, for longer than three continuous months.'' Id. at 
Sec.  (A)(1). Thus, this provision does not appear to require that 
the pain be incapable of being cured.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Moreover, notwithstanding that neither of the Ohio provisions 
applied in the initial three-month period of the undercover officers' 
treatment, the record contains substantial evidence to support the 
conclusion that Respondent acted outside of the usual course of 
professional practice and lacked a legitimate medical purpose when he 
prescribed to each of the undercover officers during this period. For 
example, with respect to Patient Tyler Williams, Respondent diagnosed 
him as having ``thoracic and lumbar radiculitis, lumbago.'' GX 12, at 
8. However, the Government's expert testified that he had reviewed the 
video recording of the UC's first visit and found that while Respondent 
documented that he had performed numerous tests during the physical 
examination, many of the tests were actually not performed. Tr. 71-76. 
The expert thus explained that his ``impression of the physical 
examination is that it is falsified, it is embellished, and it is 
inaccurate, to the point that much of it, though documented here, was 
not performed.'' Id. at 76.
    The Government's expert then explained that Respondent's diagnosis 
was not justified by the patient's history and the physical examination 
and that the diagnosis of radiculitis was ``blatantly inaccurate.'' Id. 
at 78. The expert further opined that Respondent's issuance of a 
prescription for Percocet was ``not justified by the presentation of 
the patient.'' Id. at 79.
    The progress note for the UC's second visit states that he had 
``moderate tenderness and spasm in paralumbar muscles with guarding in 
forward flexion'' and that the ``lower extremity examination is normal 
to sensory and motor testing.'' GX 12, at 12. Here again, the 
Government's expert reviewed the recording and transcript of the visit 
and found that Respondent did not perform a physical examination (while 
documenting that he did) and that the findings were falsified. Tr. 80-
81. He further noted that while the progress note stated that the 
treatment plan included a home exercise program (in addition to 
controlled substances), there was no evidence of ``any educational 
endeavor that would allow someone to conduct a home exercise program.'' 
Id. at 81; see also id. at 83-85. As for Respondent's prescription for 
Percocet, the expert opined that it was ``not justified'' and was 
``prescribed outside the usual course of professional practice.'' Id. 
at 86.
    With respect to the third visit, the Government's expert similarly 
observed that there was no evidence that Respondent had examined the 
UC's lumbar spine or performed sensory or motor testing of his lower 
extremities, id. at 88, although Respondent documented having done so. 
GX 12, at 11. The expert also noted that the progress note documented a 
pain level of ``5,'' which was higher than what the UC reported. Tr. 
88. Indeed, the UC reported that his present pain level was a ``2,'' 
and that the worst it had been in the past week was a ``3.'' GX 12, at 
18. Once again, the expert testified that Respondent's diagnosis of 
lumbar radiculitis could not be justified based on the ``the entirety 
of the history and the physical examination.'' Tr. 89.
    With respect to the UC's fourth and fifth visits, the expert again 
found that there was no justification for the lumbar radiculitis 
diagnosis and that Respondent did not physically examine the UC's 
lumbar region and lower extremities while documenting that he did. Tr. 
97-99. Moreover, at the fourth visit, Respondent again documented that 
the UC had a pain level of 5, although the transcript contains no 
indication that the UC was asked about his pain level by Respondent.\9\ 
GX 9, at 20-22.\10\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\ Nor does the medical record contain an entry for this visit 
in the Nursing Progress Record (as it does for the other visits). GX 
12, at 18. Respondent's signed progress note for the UC's fifth and 
final visit does not contain a numerical entry for his pain level; 
however, the Nursing Progress Record documents both the present 
level of his pain, and its worst level during the week as a ``2.'' 
Id.
    \10\ The record also contains substantial evidence to support 
findings that Respondent failed to perform physical examinations of 
the two other undercover officers while documenting that he had done 
so, as well as that he documented that the undercover officers 
reported higher pain levels than they actually had. See R.D. at 79 
(FoF #7).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Respondent further contends that the ALJ erred in concluding that 
he ``failed to fully document his periodic assessment and documentation 
of the patient's functional status, including the ability to engage in 
work or other purposeful activities, the interference with activities 
of daily living, quality of family life and social activities.'' 
Exceptions, at 7 (quoting R.D. 79, Conclusion of Law #8). Respondent 
asserts that Ohio law does not require ``a prescribing physician to 
perform these measures for acute pain patients.'' Id. Apparently, 
Respondent's view is that notwithstanding that he treated each of the 
UCs for pain with controlled substances for ``longer than three 
continuous months,'' Ohio Rev. Code Sec.  4731.052(A)(1), he cannot be 
held to have violated the Ohio statute because he never actually 
diagnosed the patients as having chronic pain. See Resp. Post-Hrng. 
Br., at 7-9. (``The express language of . . . Sec.  4731.052 requires a 
physician diagnosis of `chronic pain.' The statute does not mandate a 
diagnosis of chronic pain, but rather is instructive as to what is 
required after such a diagnosis. In the present case, none of the 
undercover . . . Agents was diagnosed by Dr. Zaidi as having chronic 
pain.'').
    Notably, the Government's expert (who has been an expert reviewer 
for the state medical board) explained that at twelve weeks, Ohio law 
considers this to be ``protracted prescribing,'' which requires ``a 
much higher level of intensity of service.'' Tr. 100; see also id. at 
285-87.\11\ But even if it is the case that a physician can avoid 
having to comply with the requirements section 4731.052 imposes after 
three months by simply failing to make a diagnosis of chronic pain, I 
would still conclude that Respondent acted outside of the usual course 
of professional practice and lacked a legitimate medical purpose in 
prescribing to the undercover officers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \11\ As the expert testified:
     That 90 days is a pause, and it is a method of communicating 
very forcefully to the physician, that if this is going on for that 
time, there better be quite a bit of substantiation behind it, and 
intensity of service needs to justify the continued uses of that 
medication. . . . It's not reasonable, especially when a patient is 
being seen acutely, that even we see from the emergency department 
with several weeks of pain, it's really not reasonable to know how 
long that prediction is. But what the law is saying is that if 
somebody needs controlled substances that long, this is the level of 
intensity of service that somewhere along the line, needs to have 
been accomplished.
    Id. at 286-87.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As the Government's expert explained, the prescriptions ``were not 
for a legitimate medical purpose,'' Tr. 103, because the diagnosis of 
lumbar radiculitis ``is not justified or substantiated by either the 
history or the physical examination.'' Id. at 107; see also id. at 268 
(expert finding ``no

[[Page 42967]]

supporting evidence'' for a diagnosis of lumbar radiculitis). The 
expert also observed that if he had ``reviewed only the medical record 
. . . [he] would have arrived at a different opinion'' than what he did 
having been able ``to see a transcript and watch an audio/visual 
recording of what actually occurred during that encounter,'' and that 
the medical record ``makes it appear that the severity of the 
patient['s] condition is much more severe than what I'm seeing when I 
actually am watching and listening to the recording of the events.'' 
Id. at 108. Given what the video recordings of the UC's visits with 
Respondent show, I agree.\12\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ For example, at the UC's first visit, Respondent's physical 
examination was limited to asking the UC to stand up, turn around 
and show him where the pain was; having the UC bend forward and come 
back up; and then having the UC walk on his heels, turn, and walk on 
his toes. GX 3a. The entire encounter between Respondent and the UC 
lasted four minutes and resulted in Respondent writing a 
prescription for Percocet. Id.
    During the UC's subsequent four visits, Respondent never 
performed a physical exam, while documenting having done so. See 
GX3b, c, d, and e. Moreover, the UC's encounters with Respondent 
lasted between three minutes and thirty seconds (3'30'') at the 
second visit and one minute and twenty seconds (1'20'') at the fifth 
visit. See id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Also, the expert explained that the treatment plan ``focuse[d] only 
on controlled substances and not on other alternative approaches to 
care,'' id. at 103, such as ``physical therapy'' and ``non-controlled'' 
medications such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, neuro-
modulators, and tricyclic medications. Id. at 107. And while the 
progress notes after the undercover officer's first visit list a ``home 
exercise program'' as part of the treatment plan, as the expert 
explained, there was no evidence that Respondent provided such a 
program to the undercover officer. Id. at 108; see also Tr. 82.
    Respondent also asserts that the Government's expert applied ``his 
own subjective interpretation of how he believed a physical examination 
should be conducted and diagnosis determined'' and that ``[t]here is no 
evidence in the record to establish what a physical exam or diagnosis 
requires.'' Resp. Post-Hrng. Br., at 11. It is noted, however, that the 
Government's expert is board certified in anesthesiology, internal 
medicine, and pain medicine; that he is the Director of Pain Medicine 
Services and the Pain Medicine Fellowship at the Ohio State University 
Medical Center; that he has taught courses in Acute Pain, Chronic Pain, 
and Chronic Back Pain; and that he has served as an expert reviewer in 
pain medicine for the State Medical Board of Ohio. GX 2.
    Moreover, in his testimony, the Government's expert acknowledged 
the ``concept described as [the] minimal standard of care,'' which he 
explained as ``those actions and decisions that would be made by a 
reasonable physician under similar circumstances.'' Tr. 204. The expert 
then testified that in the ``environment under which we discuss this 
case, that standard of care and the minimal standard of care can be 
considered one [and] the same,'' and that if a physician meets the 
minimal standard of care, he meets the standard of care. Id. at 204-05. 
Thus, I reject Respondent's contention that the expert applied his own 
subjective standard rather than the standard of a reasonable physician 
in concluding that Respondent acted outside the usual course of 
professional practice in prescribing to the undercover officers.
    So too, while the expert was not asked what tests are necessary to 
conduct a physical examination which meets the standard of care with 
respect to the specific diagnoses made by Respondent, on cross-
examination, the expert explained that ``[r]adiculopathy and 
radiculitis are very similar diagnoses and [have] very similar causes, 
but the diagnosis of radiculopathy is a nerve injury that is a 
permanent loss of nerve function and that the distribution of the 
change in permanent function is that which corresponds to those muscles 
or portions of . . . the body that that particular nerve serves.'' Id. 
at 203-04. When then asked whether he saw ``any evidence of that type 
of diagnosis in any of the undercover agents,'' the expert answered 
that he ``did not see any evidence . . . of them displaying the 
physical findings or the complaints of a permanent nerve injury.'' Id. 
at 204. Thus, I am satisfied that substantial evidence supports a 
finding that Respondent's diagnosis of lumbar radiculitis with respect 
to two of the undercover officers was not justified by their histories 
and physicals.\13\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \13\ While I have discussed the expert's testimony in addressing 
Respondent's Exceptions, as stated above, the recordings which show 
that Respondent falsified the medical records with respect to both 
the scope of the examinations he performed and the UCs' reported 
pain levels, the briefness of the encounters, and his refusal to 
testify, provide sufficient evidence, apart from the expert's 
testimony, to support a finding that he acted outside of the usual 
course of professional practice and lacked a legitimate medical 
purpose when he prescribed to the UCs. See United States v. Pellman, 
668 F.3d 918, 924 (7th Cir. 2012) (quoting United States v. 
Armstrong, 550 F.3d 382, 389 (5th Cir. 2008) (``While expert 
testimony may be both permissible and useful, a jury can reasonably 
find that a doctor prescribed controlled substances not in the usual 
course of professional practice or for other than a legitimate 
medical purpose from adequate lay witness evidence surrounding the 
facts and circumstances of the prescriptions.'')); Armstrong, 550 
F.3d at 389 (``Jurors have had a wide variety of their own 
experiences in doctors' care over their lives, thus . . . expert 
testimony is not necessarily required for jurors to rationally 
conclude that seeing patients for as little as two or three minutes 
before prescribing powerful narcotics is not in the usual course of 
professional practice.'')). See also T.J. McNichol, 77 FR 57133, 
57147 (2012) (discussing both judicial and administrative cases); 
Jack A. Danton, 76 FR 60900, 60901 (2011).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    I therefore reject Respondent's exception to the ALJ's legal 
conclusion that the prescriptions were not issued for a legitimate 
medical purpose in the usual course of professional practice. See R.D. 
at 82-83 (Conclusion of Law #8); Resp. Exceptions, at 6-9.

Exception Three--The ALJ Erred In Evaluating the Public Interest 
Factors

    Respondent further argues that the ALJ ``incorrectly determined 
that Factors 2, 4, and 5 support revocation'' of his registration. 
Resp. Exceptions, at 10. While I find that some of Respondent's 
contentions are well taken, I conclude that the record as a whole 
supports the ALJ's ultimate conclusions that Respondent has committed 
such acts as to render his registration inconsistent with the public 
interest (had he submitted an application), and that Respondent failed 
to rebut this conclusion. R.D. at 87.
    As this Agency has long held, I am not required to make findings 
under each of the factors and findings under a single factor are 
sufficient to support the revocation or suspension of a registration. 
See Hoxie v. DEA, 419 F.3d, 477 482 (6th Cir. 2005); Morall v. DEA, 412 
F.3d 165, 173-74 (D.C. Cir. 2005). In short, this is not a contest in 
which score is kept; the Agency is not required to mechanically count 
up the factors and determine how many favor the Government and how many 
favor the registrant. Rather, it is an inquiry which focuses on 
protecting the public interest.
    With respect to factor two--Respondent's experience in dispensing 
controlled substances--Respondent argues that the Government seized 
more than 400 patient files from his office ``and failed to present any 
evidence . . . that the treatment of those patients failed to meet the 
standard of care.'' Resp. Exceptions, at 10. He also argues that 
``there were over 400 additional patients' charts which were not seized 
and [that] no evidence was presented to question their treatment.'' Id. 
Respondent thus contends that in this matter, ``there was no attempt at 
`fair adjudication.' '' Id.
    The Agency has repeatedly rejected Respondent's contention. See, 
e.g., Jayam Krishna-Iyer, 74 FR 459, 463

[[Page 42968]]

(2009). In Krishna-Iyer, a case in which the Government relied solely 
on evidence of the physician's unlawful prescribing to several 
confidential sources, the Agency assumed that the physician's 
prescribing to 12 patients whose files were seized but were not relied 
on by the Government in presenting its case, as well as thousands of 
other patients (other than the undercover operatives), constituted 
evidence of dispensing controlled substances in circumstances which did 
not constitute diversion. Id.
    However, as the Agency explained, the physician's ``prescribings to 
thousands of other patients do not . . . render her prescribings to the 
undercover officers any less unlawful, or any less acts which are 
`inconsistent with the public interest.' '' Id. The Agency further 
explained that:

under the CSA, a practitioner is not entitled to a registration 
unless she ``is authorized to dispense . . . controlled substances 
under the laws of the State in which [she] practices.'' 21 U.S.C. 
823(f). Because under law, registration is limited to those who have 
authority to dispense controlled substances in the course of 
professional practice, and patients with legitimate medical 
conditions routinely seek treatment from licensed medical 
professionals, every registrant can undoubtedly point to an 
extensive body of legitimate prescribing over the course of her 
professional career. Thus, in past cases, this Agency has given no 
more than nominal weight to a practitioner's evidence that he has 
dispensed controlled substances to thousands of patients in 
circumstances which did not involve diversion.

Id. (citations omitted); see also Medicine Shoppe-Jonesborough, 73 FR 
364, 386 & n.56 (2008) (even though pharmacy ``had 17,000 patients,'' 
``[n]o amount of legitimate dispensings'' could render the pharmacy's 
``flagrant violations [acts which are] `consistent with the public 
interest' ''), aff'd, Medicine Shoppe-Jonesborough v. DEA, 300 Fed. 
Appx. 409 (6th Cir. 2008).
    Accordingly, in Krishna-Iyer, the Agency held that ``evidence that 
a practitioner has treated thousands of patients [without violating the 
CSA] does not negate a prima facie showing that a practitioner has 
committed acts inconsistent with the public interest.'' 74 FR at 463. 
The Agency thus explained that ``[w]hile such evidence may be of some 
weight in assessing whether a practitioner has credibly shown that she 
has reformed her practices, where a practitioner commits intentional 
acts of diversion and insists she did nothing wrong, such evidence is 
entitled to no weight.'' Id.
    Subsequent to Krishna-Iyer, the Agency adhered to this rule in 
Dewey C. MacKay, 75 FR 49956 (2010), pet. for rev. denied, MacKay v. 
DEA, 664 F.3d 808 (10th Cir. 2011). Based on the substantial evidence 
that the physician had knowingly diverted controlled substances to two 
patients who acted in an undercover capacity, the Agency held that the 
Government had satisfied its prima facie burden of showing that 
Respondent had committed acts which rendered his registration 
inconsistent with the public interest. 75 FR 49977.
    The Agency also addressed and rejected the physician's contention 
that ``[a] better assessment of [his] medical practice and habits can 
be ascertained from [his] numerous positive experiences in prescribing 
controlled substances, some of which were recounted by the patients 
themselves . . . at the hearing.'' Id. (quoting Resp. Br. at 3). As the 
Agency explained: ``even assuming, without deciding, that Respondent's 
prescribing practices to all of his other patients (including those 
whose medical records were reviewed by the Government's expert but who 
did not perform undercover visits \14\) fully complied with the CSA and 
Utah law, these prescribings do not refute the evidence showing that he 
intentionally diverted to [the two undercovers] in violation of both 
the CSA and Utah law.'' 75 FR at 49977. Noting that the physician had 
failed to testify and offer evidence that he recognized the extent of 
his misconduct and was prepared to remedy his unlawful practices, the 
Agency revoked his registration.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \14\ In light of the evidence provided by the undercover visits 
of the two patients, the Agency found it unnecessary to make any 
findings based on the expert's chart review. 75 FR 49972.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Tenth Circuit denied the physician's petition for review. 
MacKay v. DEA, 664 F.3d 808 (10th Cir. 2011). Of relevance here, the 
Tenth Circuit specifically addressed and rejected the physician's 
argument that the Agency had failed to consider his ``positive 
experience'' in dispensing controlled substances to other patients. As 
the Court of Appeals explained:

    Despite Dr. MacKay's claim to the contrary, the Deputy 
Administrator considered the entire record, including the evidence 
in Dr. MacKay's favor. She determined, however, that none of Dr. 
MacKay's evidence negated the DEA's prima facie showing that Dr. 
MacKay had intentionally diverted drugs to K.D. and M.R. Indeed, she 
found that even if Dr. MacKay had provided proper medical care to 
all of his other patients, that fact would not overcome the 
government's evidence with regard to M.R. and K.D.
    None of the evidence presented by Dr. MacKay undermines the 
evidence relating to M.R. and K.D. Although numerous patients and 
colleagues of Dr. MacKay related their positive experiences with 
him, none had any personal knowledge regarding his treatment of M.R. 
and K.R. Notably, Dr. MacKay's medical expert, Dr. Fine, failed to 
specifically discuss and justify Dr. MacKay's treatment of M.R. and 
K.D. As a result, none of Dr. MacKay's evidence contradicts the 
testimony and evidence presented by the DEA relating to the knowing 
diversion of drugs to these two patients.

664 F.3d at 819.
    The Court of Appeals thus concluded that ``[a]lthough Dr. MacKay 
may have engaged in the legitimate practice of pain medicine for many 
of his patients, the conduct found by the Deputy Administrator with 
respect to K.D. and M.R. is sufficient to support her determination 
that his continued registration is inconsistent with the public 
interest.'' Id.
    In this matter, I have assumed that Respondent lawfully complied 
with the CSA whenever he prescribed controlled substances to all of his 
patients (including the 800 patients with respect to whom no evidence 
was offered) other than the undercover officers.\15\ But even assuming 
that Respondent lawfully prescribed controlled substances to all of 
these other patients, the evidence still supports a finding that he 
knowingly and intentionally diverted controlled substances to the 
undercover officers.\16\ This finding is relevant in assessing both his 
experience in dispensing controlled substances (factor two) and his 
compliance with applicable laws related to controlled substances 
(factor

[[Page 42969]]

four), and by itself, it is sufficient to satisfy the Government's 
prima facie burden of showing that Respondent ``has committed such acts 
as would render his registration . . . inconsistent with the public 
interest.'' \17\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \15\ This is not a case in which there is any ambiguity as to 
Respondent's intent when he prescribed controlled substances to the 
undercover officers. Thus, evidence of his lawful prescribings to 
others would not lead any reasonable factfinder to conclude that he 
acted within the usual course of professional practice when he 
prescribed to the undercover officers.
    \16\ In his decision, the ALJ also observed that Respondent's 
``decision to manage a pain clinic using a protocol that permitted 
the issuance of prescriptions for controlled substances without 
conducting physical examinations threatens the public safety. Either 
through ignorance or deliberate indifference, [his] decision to 
establish such operations indicates he lacks sufficient insight and 
experience to be trusted to participate in the controlled substances 
distribution process.'' R.D. at 50-51.
     Given that Respondent was the only doctor at the clinic, there 
is no need to decide whether the evidence establishes the existence 
of such a protocol (whether written or not) or whether such 
``operations'' were established. As the evidence shows, Respondent 
repeatedly failed to perform physical examinations (or performed 
inadequate exams) and then falsified the undercover officers' 
medical records to reflect his having performed such exams; he also 
falsified the medical records by documenting higher pain levels than 
those reported by the undercover officers. As explained above, this 
evidence establishes that Respondent knowingly diverted controlled 
substances. Indeed, the ALJ specifically found that Respondent 
violated 21 CFR 1306.04(a) when he issued prescriptions that lacked 
``a legitimate medical . . . purpose and were not written in the 
ordinary course of [his] professional practice.'' R.D. 83. I 
therefore reject it.
    \17\ Respondent also takes exception to the ALJ's finding that 
he did not adequately address various red flags presented by the 
undercover officers. Resp. Exceptions, at 11-12. Among the red flags 
cited by the ALJ were the UCs requesting specific drugs such as 
OxyContin, Percocet, and Opana, which are highly diverted; the UCs 
seeking increases in the quantities of the prescriptions; a UC being 
unable to produce his driver's license; a UC's report of having 
obtained medication from his wife; and the UCs' non-compliance with 
Respondent's recommendations that they obtain MRIs or receive 
cortisone injections. R.D. at 79-80.
     Respondent notes that when the undercover officer posing as 
Patrick Tock requested that he be prescribed Opana (because a friend 
had said it worked for him), Respondent warned him about the dangers 
of the drug and did not prescribe the drug. Resp. Exceptions, at 11. 
Respondent further notes the testimony of the Government's expert 
that Respondent's decision not to prescribe the medication was 
appropriate. Id. (citing Tr. 200). Moreover, in other instances, the 
Government's expert conceded that Respondent could properly take 
into consideration a patient's ability to pay for a test or 
procedure. Respondent thus contends that the ALJ's finding ``ignores 
the undisputed evidence'' and was arbitrary and capricious. Id.
     While I agree with the ALJ's reasoning that ``[a] 
practitioner's failure to resolve red flags strongly suggests that 
the practitioner's subsequent dispensation of controlled substances 
to that patient is not for a legitimate medical purpose,'' R.D. at 
60, this is so because such evidence is probative of the physician's 
knowledge or intent. However, in this matter, there is no need to 
resolve the issue of whether Respondent adequately addressed various 
red flags. This is so because the evidence that: 1) Respondent 
failed to performed physical exams (as well as various tests as part 
of the physical exams) yet falsified the medical records by 
documenting that he did, 2) falsified the medical records to reflect 
higher pain levels than those actually reported by the undercover 
officers, as well as 3) the adverse inference to be drawn from his 
refusal to testify, conclusively prove that Respondent acted outside 
the usual course of professional practice and lacked a legitimate 
medical purpose when he prescribed controlled substances to the 
undercover officers and thus knowingly diverted controlled 
substances.
     Thus, to the extent Respondent failed to address any red flags, 
this is simply additional evidence probative of the illegality of 
the prescriptions. See United States v. Moore, 423 U.S. 122, 142-43 
(1975). Proof that a physician knowingly diverted controlled 
substances is the best evidence for assessing his experience in 
dispensing controlled substances, although it is also relevant in 
assessing his compliance with applicable laws related to controlled 
substances. However, while such evidence is relevant under both 
factors two and four, in making the public interest determination, 
the Agency does not adjudicate the case by mechanically counting up 
the number of factors that favor each party and declare a winner. 
Rather, consistent with the statute, the Agency's inquiry focuses on 
whether the registrant ``has committed such acts as would render his 
registration . . . inconsistent with the public interest.'' 21 
U.S.C. 824(a)(4). Thus, what matters is the egregiousness of the 
proven misconduct, the need to deter future noncompliance by both 
the specific registrant and the community of registrants, and the 
registrant's evidence of remediation and acceptance of 
responsibility.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    With respect to factor four, Respondent contends that the ALJ took 
a ``quantum leap'' when he found ``that Respondent intentionally kept 
inconsistent medical records on [the UC's] pain levels in order to 
protect himself from an audit.'' Resp. Exceptions, at 13 (citing R.D. 
66). According to Respondent, ``[i]t defies logic to believe that [he] 
would attempt to intentionally create a false medical record by 
increasing a pain level from 3 to 4 or 5 on a 1-10 scale, especially 
knowing the chart accurately contains references to [the] pain levels 
communicated by the DEA agent,'' which are still ``in the same moderate 
range.'' Id.
    It is true that the undercover officers' charts contain a nursing 
progress record which accurately reflects what they reported to 
Respondent's medical assistant. That being said, Respondent does not 
challenge the ALJ's findings that he falsified the medical records by 
documenting having performed various tests as part of a physical 
examination which he failed to do. Based on this evidence, as well as 
Respondent's refusal to testify and explain the disparity in the pain 
levels, I draw the same inference that the ALJ did--that the pain 
levels were falsified (along with the results of physical examinations 
he did not perform) to provide documentation to support the 
prescriptions.\18\ I therefore reject Respondent's exception.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \18\ Contrary to Respondent, it does not necessarily defy logic 
to conclude that he intentionally falsified the record by listing a 
higher pain level than that documented by his medical assistant in 
the nursing progress record. Respondent may not have even bothered 
to read the nursing progress record.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Respondent's diversion of controlled substances is properly 
considered as evidence of his lack of compliance with applicable laws 
related to controlled substances. So too, his failure to comply with 
Ohio's regulation which requires that ``[a] physician shall complete 
and maintain accurate medical records reflecting the physician's 
examination, evaluation, and treatment of all the physician's 
patients,'' Ohio Admin. Code Sec.  4731-11-02(D), is also relevant in 
assessing his compliance with applicable laws related to controlled 
substances.\19\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \19\ With respect to factor five, the Government argued that 
Respondent ``maintained policies [that] were contrary to Federal 
law,'' in that his ``employees were forbidden from contacting law 
enforcement in the event they suspected patients were obtaining 
multiple prescriptions for controlled substances from multiple 
doctors.'' Gov. Post-Hrng. Br., at 26. While the ALJ found that the 
evidence did not support the existence of such a policy, he then 
noted that one of Respondent's employees testified that she ``felt 
that laws regarding patient privacy prohibited her from reporting 
patient activities to law enforcement authorities'' and that she and 
Respondent ``never talked about it.'' R.D. at 74. The ALJ then 
opined that:
    a strong argument can be made for the proposition that 
[Respondent's] failure to correctly understand the law enforcement 
exceptions to HIPAA and to discuss with his staff the role law 
enforcement plays in preventing abuse and diversion is important. If 
pain management staff members observe evidence of doctor shopping or 
diversion of prescribed narcotics, those staff members should be 
familiar with steps they can and must take to alert the relevant 
authorities of possible illicit action. [Respondent] is responsible 
for ensuring that his staff understands the practitioner's role in 
preventing abuse and diversion of controlled substances.
    Id. at 75-76. The ALJ then found that Respondent's ``office 
practice generally created a risk to the public safety in failing to 
properly train his staff regarding the role of law enforcement 
officers in detecting abuse and diversion of controlled 
substances.'' Id.
     Respondent takes exception to the ALJ's findings and legal 
conclusions, noting that while the ``HIPAA provides certain law 
enforcement exceptions to the confidentiality of protected health 
information, there is no provision in HIPAA that requires an office 
practice to report `doctor shopping' to law enforcement.'' Resp. 
Exceptions, at 15. Respondent further notes that ``[i]n this case, 
there is not even any evidence of `doctor shopping.' '' Id.
     I agree with Respondent that the HIPAA does not require such 
reporting (as well as that there is no evidence of doctor shopping 
in this case). Moreover, in this case, there is no evidence that 
either Ohio law or the standards of professional practice require a 
doctor to report a doctor shopper to law enforcement, and there may 
be valid reasons why a physician, who acts entirely within the 
bounds of both the law and the standards of professional practice, 
would take issue with the notion that his/her employees should 
report instances of doctor shopping to the authorities rather than 
to him or herself.
    Accordingly, I reject the ALJ's reasoning. I also reject his 
finding of fact number twelve, to the extent it states that 
Respondent ``did not provide training to his staff regarding 
exceptions to patient privacy laws that apply when the staff members 
observe behavior relating to controlled substance abuse, misuse, or 
diversion,'' R.D. at 80, as well as his conclusion of law number 
thirteen. Id. at 86 (concluding that Respondent's ``actions or 
omissions'' constitute ``other conduct which may threaten public 
health and safety'' because he ``failed to provide training to his 
staff regarding exceptions to patient privacy laws that apply when 
staff members observe behavior relating to controlled substance 
abuse, misuse, or diversion'').
    While I reject the ALJ's finding and conclusion of law on this 
issue, I agree with the ALJ's finding that the pre-signing of 
prescriptions, even if there is no proof that the prescriptions were 
issued on a subsequent day, constitutes conduct which may threaten 
public health and safety.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Exception Four--The ALJ's Recommended Order of Revocation is not 
Warranted

    While merged with his exception to the ALJ's factor five analysis, 
Respondent also takes exception to the ALJ's recommended order of 
revocation, arguing that this sanction ``is unwarranted in law and 
without justification in fact.'' Resp. Exceptions, at 16. He further 
asserts--notwithstanding his refusal to testify--that he ``has accepted 
responsibility for

[[Page 42970]]

his recordkeeping issues'' and that ``[t]hrough his counsel, [he] 
states that he is willing, if given the opportunity, to remediate these 
issues in order to avoid future misconduct.'' Id. This issue, however, 
is rendered moot by Respondent's failure to file a renewal application. 
See Darryl J. Mohr, 77 FR 34998, 34999 (2012) (``While this Agency has 
recognized that because an immediate suspension order involves the 
exercise of summary process, it is reviewable in a proceeding under 21 
U.S.C. 824, even where collateral consequences exist, review of the 
order is limited to challenging its factual and legal basis. Whether a 
former registrant has accepted responsibility for his misconduct has no 
bearing on the validity of the suspension order.'').

Order

    Pursuant to the authority vested in me by 21 U.S.C. 823(f) and 
824(a)(4), as well as 28 CFR 0.100(b), I affirm the Order of Immediate 
Suspension of DEA Certificate of Registration BA3842259, issued to Syed 
Jawed Akhtar-Zaidi, M.D. Also, pursuant to the authority vested in me 
by 21 U.S.C. 824(f), I further order that all right, title, and 
interest in the controlled substances seized by the Government during 
the execution of the Order of Immediate Suspension be, and hereby is, 
vested in the United States.\20\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \20\ For the same reasons that led me to immediately suspend 
Respondent's registration, I conclude that this Order should be 
effective immediately. 21 CFR 1316.67.

    Dated: July 13, 2015.
Chuck Rosenberg,
Acting Administrator.

Frank W. Mann, Esq., for the Government
Walter F. Ehrnfelt, Esq., for the Respondent

RECOMMENDED RULINGS, FINDINGS OF FACT, CONCLUSIONS OF LAW, AND DECISION 
OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGE

Nature of the Case

    Administrative Law Judge Christopher B. McNeil. These are 
proceedings before the Drug Enforcement Administration and the United 
States Department of Justice, under docket number 14-2, captioned In 
the Matter of Syed Akhtar-Zaidi, M.D. The proceedings are being held 
pursuant to sections 303 and 304 of the Controlled Substances Act, 
Title 21 United States Code sections 823 and 824.
    On October 8, 2013, the Drug Enforcement Administrator through her 
Deputy Administrator issued an order to show cause why the 
Administrator should not revoke DEA Certificate of Registration number 
BA3842259, issued to Syed Jawed Akhtar-Zaidi, M.D., and should not deny 
any application for renewal or modification of the same.\1\ That 
certificate authorizes distribution of controlled substances out of an 
office located at 34055 Solon Road, Suite 201, Solon, Ohio 44139.\2\ 
The order also immediately suspended this DEA registration, under the 
authority found in 21 CFR 1301.36(e) and 1301.37(c).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ ALJ Ex. One at 1.
    \2\ Gov't Ex. One.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In the order, the Deputy Administrator alleged that Dr. Zaidi's 
continued registration is inconsistent with the public interest, in 
that between September 2012 and May 2013, Dr. Zaidi distributed 
controlled substances by issuing prescriptions under conditions that 
fell outside the usual course of professional practice or were for 
other than legitimate medical purposes.\3\ Further, the Administrator 
determined that based on reports presented to her, Dr. Zaidi's 
continued DEA registration constitutes an imminent danger to the public 
health and safety, warranting the immediate suspension of Dr. Zaidi's 
registration, which is to remain in effect until a final determination 
is reached in these proceedings.\4\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \3\ ALJ Ex. One at 1-3.
    \4\ Id. at 4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    On October 23, 2013, the Office of Administrative Law Judges for 
the DEA received Respondent's Request for a Hearing to determine 
whether Dr. Zaidi's continued registration would be consistent with the 
public interest.\5\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ ALJ Ex. Two at 1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    I granted Respondent's request for a hearing, and in advance of the 
hearing I asked the parties to offer prehearing statements that 
included summaries of proposed testimony along with proposed 
stipulations of fact, with the Government being directed to file their 
proposal by November 19, 2013, and Respondent by November 26, 2013. I 
also set the matter for hearing to commence on December 10, 2013, with 
non-testimonial presentations to be held at the DEA's hearing facility 
in Arlington, Virginia, and with testimony to be taken during the week 
beginning January 6, 2014, in Cleveland, Ohio.\6\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\ ALJ Ex. Three.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    On November 6, 2013 I received the parties' consent motion to 
accelerate the hearing.\7\ Upon this motion on November 6, 2013, I 
ordered the testimonial hearing to begin on December 16, 2013, in 
Cleveland, and retained all other procedural deadlines.\8\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\ ALJ Ex. Five
    \8\ ALJ Ex. Six.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    On December 10, 2013, the initial day of the hearing, federal 
offices were closed due to winter weather, and I ordered the 
cancelation of the initial day of hearing.\9\ Upon Respondent's 
request, a prehearing telephone conference was held on December 12, 
2013, in order to address pending procedural issues.\10\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\ ALJ Ex. 21.
    \10\ ALJ Ex. 24.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    At that time I had before me the Government's motion for an order 
in limine and Respondent's motion to delay the evidentiary hearing 
scheduled to begin four days later.\11\ The core premise relied upon by 
the Government in support of its motion was Respondent's failure to 
timely comply with the procedural orders set forth in my prehearing 
order of October 24, 2013, particularly with respect to the failure to 
timely identify Respondent's expert witness and the substance of his 
testimony, and Respondent's failure to provide sufficient descriptions 
of expected testimony.\12\ Further, the Government argued that witness 
descriptions provided by Respondent's prehearing statement indicate the 
proposed testimony would be irrelevant or otherwise inadmissible.\13\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \11\ See ALJ Exs. 22 & 20.
    \12\ ALJ Ex. 20.
    \13\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Respondent, on the other hand, sought to delay the hearing in order 
to accommodate his expert witness, whom he described as having medical 
problems that prevented his appearance on December 16 or 17, 2013.\14\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \14\ ALJ Ex. 22.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    During the prehearing teleconference on December 12, 2013, I denied 
Respondent's renewed motion to delay the hearing, finding cause had not 
been shown to require a delay in the testimonial segment of this 
proceeding. Respondent first sought to delay the hearing on November 
25, 2013, the day before prehearing statements were due, in order to 
have ``adequate time to prepare,'' citing the difficulties in doing so 
occasioned by the Government's ``prehearing seizure of effectively all 
of Respondent's liquid assets.'' \15\ I considered the balancing of 
convenience to the litigants, witnesses, counsel, and the Office of 
Administrative Law Judges, the complexity of the case, and whether 
denial of the request would result in

[[Page 42971]]

identifiable prejudice to Respondent.\16\ Upon considering these 
factors I found cause had not been shown to delay either the scheduled 
hearing or the pre-hearing deadlines.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \15\ ALJ Ex. Nine.
    \16\ See Fitzhugh v. Drug Enforcement Administration, 813 F.2d 
1248, 1252 (D.C. Cir. 1987).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    I received Respondent's second request to delay the hearing on 
December 6, 2013.\17\ This was based on the representation that an 
expert witness, Richard Stieg, M.D., would be unavailable on the dates 
set for hearing.\18\ I considered the factors set forth above, and 
found cause had not been shown to delay the hearing in an order dated 
December 6, 2013.\19\ On December 12, 2013, I received Respondent's 
motion for reconsideration of the order denying Respondent's second 
requested continuance.\20\ In denying the motion during the prehearing 
teleconference, I considered the premises presented in support of the 
motion, including the premise that the continuance was needed to permit 
Respondent's medical expert to testify.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \17\ ALJ Ex. Seventeen.
    \18\ Id.
    \19\ ALJ Ex. Eighteen.
    \20\ ALJ Ex. 22.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In reviewing Respondent's prehearing statement and each supplement 
thereto, I found that the proposed expert witness's testimony as 
summarized by Respondent did not need to be presented at the same time 
as the rest of the testimony being offered, and could be taken out of 
order without prejudice to Respondent. I further found that the 
evidence would likely have little probative value, as the witness did 
not appear to be familiar with Ohio medical practice standards. I also 
considered the uncertain nature of the length of the delay that would 
be needed to accommodate Dr. Stieg.
    Additionally, I considered the potential adverse effects of such an 
uncertain delay in resolving this matter. In this regard I am guided by 
the expectation that where doing so is not inconsistent with a 
litigant's rights under the Due Process Clause or the Administrative 
Procedure Act, I should endeavor to submit the certified record of 
these proceedings to the Administrator in accordance with 21 CFR 
1316.65 not later than the 150th day after the issuance of an immediate 
suspension (excepting any days caused by Respondent's own actions).\21\ 
I also considered the possible prejudice to either party were the 
hearing to proceed as scheduled, and found no substantial prejudice had 
been demonstrated. I also considered the potential importance of the 
testimony being sought, should a delay be granted. Upon weighing these 
factors and exercising the discretion delegated to me,\22\ I found 
cause had not been shown to delay the testimonial portion of this 
proceeding. I also permitted Respondent to proffer the medical expert's 
report for the Administrator's review, so that the hearing could 
proceed expeditiously while allowing Respondent to present the 
substance of that report to the Administrator, for her consideration.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \21\ See Memorandum re: Immediate Suspension of DEA 
Registration; Hearing Process DFN: 301-01, October 4, 2006 at 1 
(copy attached as Appendix).
    \22\ See Richard A. Herbert, M.D., 76 FR 53942-02, 53942 (DEA 
Aug. 30, 2011).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Further, I granted the Government's motion for an order in limine, 
finding the proffer of testimony presented with respect to witnesses 
Elizabeth and Larry Bloch, Patricia Gray, Carolyn Hamilton, Beverly and 
Virgil Humphreys, James Justice, Greg Ratesic, Lorinda Rose, and Carl 
Shortridge was insufficient to establish that their testimony would be 
relevant to the issues before me. I found Respondent's proffer of 
testimony from his employees Christi Barrett, Julie Brzozwski, and 
Ricki Zotto was untimely and was insufficient to establish that their 
testimony would be relevant, and for those reasons I sustained the 
motion with respect to those three witnesses. I noted that Respondent's 
employee, Kim Maniglia, was identified as a Government witness and 
determined that there was no reason to bar her from testifying on 
behalf of Respondent.
    With respect to testimony from Respondent's expert, I found 
sufficient prejudice had been shown by the Government to sustain its 
motion and bar the testimony of Dr. Stieg, due to the untimely 
disclosure of the identity of the expert and the nature of his 
testimony, and due to the lack of detail in the description of the 
proposed testimony, including the description presented in Respondent's 
December 12, 2013 supplemental prehearing statement.
    Regarding the lack of specificity and detail provided regarding 
Respondent's own testimony, I found Respondent's prehearing statement 
did not comply with my prehearing order in that it did not indicate 
clearly each and every matter as to which he intended to testify. While 
cause had been shown to bar Respondent's testimony, the Government did 
not seek to bar Respondent from testifying but instead sought to have 
Respondent supply the required summary prior to the conclusion of the 
first day of hearing, which had been scheduled for December 10, 
2013.\23\ Although I found sufficient cause including clear prejudice 
to the Government due to Respondent's failure to comply with my 
prehearing order, Respondent was not barred from testifying but his 
testimony was limited to responding to the areas of inquiry presented 
in the Government's prehearing statement along with any areas set forth 
in a more complete summary which I allowed to be filed by not later 
than 2 p.m. on Friday, December 13, 2013. Although Respondent filed a 
``Brief in Opposition to the Government's Motion in Limine'' describing 
testimony he would elicit from other witnesses,\24\ he provided no 
supplemental statement describing the scope of his own testimony.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \23\ ALJ Ex. 20 at 7.
    \24\ ALJ Ex. 25.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    When the parties convened in Cleveland for the testimonial portion 
of the hearing, acting on the advice of his attorney, Dr. Zaidi 
exercised his constitutional right against compulsory self-
incrimination and, after being sworn and identifying himself, declined 
to answer questions presented to him on direct examination by the 
Government.\25\ The Government presented the testimony of its medical 
expert, four investigative witnesses, and Dr. Zaidi's billing clerk. 
Dr. Zaidi presented no testimony, but offered documents which have been 
identified as proffers and have been included in the record for the 
Administrator's review. I did not, however, consider Respondent's 
proffered exhibits in reaching my Recommended Decision.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \25\ Tr. at 50.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Summary of the Evidence

    The Government's case was presented through testimony of three 
undercover agents who posed as patients; Dr. Zaidi's billing clerk, Kim 
Maniglia; Diversion Investigator Scott A. Brinks; and Steven Severyn, 
M.D., who testified as the Government's medical expert.\26\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \26\ Id. at 51.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Testimony of the Government's Medical Expert

    Dr. Severyn practices medicine at the Comprehensive Spine Center 
located at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, in 
Columbus, Ohio.\27\ He is licensed to practice medicine in Ohio, and 
serves as the Director of the Pain Medicine Services office of the 
Medical Center's Department of Anesthesiology, the Director of the 
Medical Center's Pain Medicine Fellowship, and the Director of the Pain

[[Page 42972]]

Services section of the Spine Center.\28\ He is an assistant professor 
of clinical anesthesiology, teaching on almost a daily basis in 
clinical and educational capacities, and practices in the Spine Center 
and throughout the hospitals of The Ohio State University.\29\ He 
estimated that 50 percent to two-thirds of the patients he treats for 
pain are prescribed controlled substances for that pain.\30\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \27\ Id. at 52.
    \28\ Id. at 52-53.
    \29\ Id. at 53-54, 58-59.
    \30\ Id. at 166.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Severyn holds a baccalaureate degree from Johns Hopkins 
University, a medical degree from The Ohio State University, a master's 
degree in business administration from Ohio University, and a master's 
degree in strategic studies at the United States Army War College.\31\ 
He completed an internal medicine residency at Riverside Methodist 
Hospital, as well as a residency in anesthesiology at The Ohio State 
University.\32\ He holds board certifications with the American Board 
of Internal Medicine, the American Board of Anesthesiology, and that 
Board's pain medicine subspecialty.\33\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \31\ Id. at 54.
    \32\ Id.
    \33\ Id. at 56.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In his current medical practice, Dr. Severyn works full time in the 
sub-specialty of pain medicine.\34\ He stated that on a typical 
clinical day he will encounter approximately 30 patients, and on a 
typical surgical day he will perform between three and six operative 
procedures.\35\ He explained that his patients predominantly are 
persons without cancer-related diagnoses who are seen on an out-patient 
basis and are experiencing acute and chronic intractable pain, although 
some are treated on an in-patient basis for post-operative pain.\36\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \34\ Id. at 55.
    \35\ Id. at 58.
    \36\ Id. at 55.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Severyn stated that he has been qualified in the past as an 
expert witness in matters concerning the evaluation and treatment of 
patients using controlled substances, for both the DEA and the United 
States Department of Justice.\37\ Without objection, Dr. Severyn was 
recognized as an expert in the field of pain management in these 
proceedings.\38\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \37\ Id. at 60.
    \38\ Id. at 61.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In preparing to testify in this matter, Dr. Severyn reviewed video 
recordings of interactions between undercover agents Parkison, Leonard, 
and Moses, and Dr. Zaidi.\39\ He also read the transcripts from those 
interactions, and the medical records maintained by Dr. Zaidi regarding 
the treatment of these three patients.\40\ In his review, Dr. Severyn 
applied his understanding of provisions in Ohio law, including section 
4731-21-02 of the Ohio Administrative Code, regarding the treatment of 
intractable chronic pain.\41\ Based on this review and applying his 
understanding of the requirements for the treatment of pain using 
controlled substances applicable in Ohio, Dr. Severyn concluded that 
Dr. Zaidi prescribed controlled substances to each of these patients 
outside the usual course of professional practice \42\ and for other 
than a legitimate medical purpose.\43\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \39\ Id.
    \40\ Id. at 61-62.
    \41\ Id. at 167.
    \42\ Id. at 104, 130, 153.
    \43\ Id. at 103, 130, 153.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In reaching these conclusions, Dr. Severyn noted the requirements 
found in the Ohio Administrative Code regarding the use of controlled 
substances for the treatment of pain.\44\ According to Dr. Severyn,
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \44\ Id. at 62.

    When selecting a treatment for a patient, the first principle is 
evaluation, establishing of a diagnosis, the considering of 
alternative treatments in making a recommendation to a patient [in] 
regard to treatment, a provision of the risk of each of those 
alternatives, and then the treating of the patients in a way that 
conforms with current professional standards of care.\45\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \45\ Id.

    Further, he stated that one part of the professional standard of 
care for such providers is that when prescribing controlled substances 
for the treatment of pain, a provider must take into account the 
medication's potential for diversion and abuse.\46\ In addition, in 
those cases where controlled substances are being considered as part of 
the treatment plan, ``the standard of care, and the prevailing practice 
of physicians, is to perform a diligent and a very sophisticated and 
intense evaluation.'' \47\ In this context, Dr. Severyn stated that the 
minimal standard of care would be ``those actions and decisions that 
would be made by a reasonable physician under similar circumstances.'' 
\48\ ``It establishes,'' according to Dr. Severyn, ``what would be the 
least degree of response or establishes the least degree of care in the 
provision of treatment, when a physician is faced with a clinical 
decision, resulting in action or inaction'' and equals the minimal 
standard of care.\49\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \46\ Id. at 63.
    \47\ Id. at 65.
    \48\ Id. at 204.
    \49\ Id. at 204-05.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Severyn noted that when referring to the minimal standard of 
care throughout his testimony, he regards this as describing the 
standard of care for pain medicine physicians.\50\ He noted further 
that his own practice differs from many pain medicine practices because 
his patients all have been referred to his clinic by other medical 
providers in the OSU health care system.\51\ In this respect, Dr. 
Severyn distinguished what a reasonable physician would do at the 
initial appointment from what he does in his own practice, because in 
the initial appointment stage of his own practice all of his patients 
are either referred by other OSU medical offices or have recently 
undergone emergency treatment.\52\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \50\ Id. at 205.
    \51\ Id. at 263.
    \52\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Beyond this, however, Dr. Severyn stated that in a pain medicine 
practice, there are ``additional requirements for the specificity and 
the degree of detail in keeping medical records when prescribing 
controlled substances on a protracted basis, greater than twelve 
weeks,'' calculated from the initial prescribing encounter.\53\ He 
said, however, that there is no federal or state law that defines the 
types or amounts of drugs that should be prescribed in any particular 
situation--that this is a decision to be made by the doctor.\54\ That 
decision, according to Dr. Severyn, is to be based on ``[e]xpertise, 
experience, intensity of service, diligence of work, assessment of the 
situation, integration of all available information, previous red flags 
[and] current events.'' \55\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \53\ Id. at 64, 256.
    \54\ Id. at 206.
    \55\ Id. at 207.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Severyn explained that before a physician may prescribe 
controlled substances for pain, he or she must reach a medical 
diagnosis and determine the appropriate treatment plan.\56\ In the 
treatment plan, the physician and patient interact, ``availing 
themselves of alternative approaches for care, and will go about 
certain actions'' regarding both procedures and medication, which may 
then ``be re-evaluated at a later time, so as to determine the efficacy 
of the original plan.'' \57\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \56\ Id. at 65.
    \57\ Id. at 65-66.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Such a treatment plan would need to include ``regular follow up and 
monitoring, not only of the patient

[[Page 42973]]

condition, but also of the response to treatment.'' \58\ Monitoring in 
this context is performed through ``medical encounters, history, 
physical, imaging studies, social history, family history, response to 
medications, and it takes time to develop that, and also, attention to 
other details, accuracies, and any unusual events that are occurring,'' 
along with reviewing the OARRS report.\59\ The resulting plan ``needs 
to include the thought processes of the physician'' in order to fulfill 
``the physician's fiduciary responsibility to the patient.'' \60\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \58\ Id. at 66.
    \59\ Id. at 223. OARRS is the Ohio Automated Rx Reporting 
System. Tr. at 471, 602.
    \60\ Tr. at 233.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In those cases where a physician in Ohio prescribes controlled 
substances for pain on a protracted basis, which in this case means for 
greater than twelve weeks, Dr. Severyn said that the physician must 
obtain the patient's consent and inform the patient of the risks and 
benefits associated with such a treatment plan.\61\ Dr. Severyn said 
the consent needs to be in writing and needs to reflect that the 
physician has educated the patient ``as to the nature of the condition, 
makes a recommendation about the approach for care, describes the risks 
of each of those alternatives, describes the benefits of each[,] and . 
. . explores alternative approaches.'' \62\ Also in cases where 
treatment is on a protracted basis, the physician needs to assess the 
patient's functional status, which includes determining how the pain is 
interfering with the patient's ability to work, with activities of 
daily living, with social activities, and with the quality of family 
life.\63\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \61\ Id. at 67.
    \62\ Id.
    \63\ Id. at 68.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Severyn agreed with the proposition, presented during cross 
examination, that it will sometimes take a period of time and a number 
of visits for a physician to observe and evaluate a patient with 
respect to red flags associated with controlled substance diversion, 
misuse, or addiction.\64\ When asked about the length of time Dr. Zaidi 
spent monitoring the progress of the cases of the three undercover 
agents, Dr. Severyn opined that the five or six months spent was a 
``moderate'' amount of time.\65\ He also explained that while the DEA 
maintains on its Web site a list of relevant red flags, he personally 
was ``not familiar enough with that Web site and each and every flag, 
for me to say that I'm going to use that as my only standard.'' \66\ He 
added, however, that the ``Web site does contain a number of causes for 
a physician to be suspic[ious] that the seeking of the medication may 
not be strictly for the treatment of the condition for which the 
physician intends to prescribe.'' \67\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \64\ Id. at 173.
    \65\ Id. at 224-25.
    \66\ Id. at 172.
    \67\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    When asked whether he believes community-based pain management 
clinics (i.e., clinics not in an academic setting) have a place in 
medicine and serve a legitimate purpose, Dr. Severyn said they 
certainly do have a role.\68\ He also agreed with the proposition, 
asked during cross examination, that the patient's ability to pay 
``does have more relevance now than it did in the past few years, in 
the informing of a physician's recommendation or offer of care to the 
patient.'' \69\ When asked, however, whether he would dismiss a patient 
who elected (on the basis of cost) to forgo a recommended MRI, Dr. 
Severyn said he would dismiss the patient ``[i]f I felt strongly enough 
about it.'' \70\ Elaborating, he said that if a patient was presenting 
signs and symptoms ``of a worsening nerve injury'' and if he felt the 
patient's health ``would be permanently impaired because of a nerve 
injury and if the patient continued to insist that they were not going 
to or be able to obtain an MRI, I would seriously consider withdrawing 
care from that [patient].'' \71\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \68\ Id. at 182.
    \69\ Id. at 184-85.
    \70\ Id. at 185.
    \71\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Another resource available to physicians in Ohio, according to Dr. 
Severyn, is the Ohio Automated Rx Reporting System, or OARRS.\72\ Asked 
during cross examination whether consulting this reporting system 
constitutes an attempt by a physician to address a red flag, Dr. 
Severyn said yes, ``OARRS reports are tremendously helpful and the 
requirement to check them, as a standard of care, is valid.'' \73\ Dr. 
Severyn was asked if he knew Dr. Zaidi conducted such a check on each 
patient.\74\ Dr. Severyn indicated that he was not aware that this was 
a part of Dr. Zaidi's prescription practice.\75\ There is, however, 
some evidence from Ms. Maniglia that she would print out an OARRS 
report for every new patient.\76\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \72\ Id. at 178.
    \73\ Id.
    \74\ Id.
    \75\ Id.
    \76\ Id. at 414.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Severyn also was asked whether transitioning from an immediate-
release form of Oxycodone to a time-released form is another means of 
responding to red flags.\77\ After noting that time-released OxyContin 
``can be converted to immediate release Oxycodone by crushing or 
chewing or otherwise altering it,'' Dr. Severyn stated that while there 
is some protection against abuse, ``the choice of a time release 
medication is less driven by red flags and the issue of abuse than it 
is driven by the intent to follow a medical treatment plan that 
provides a more steady state of medication.'' \78\ He said time-release 
OxyContin is ``less likely, to a degree, to lead to diversion or to 
lead to addiction, but . . . [i]t's only to a degree that makes it a 
little more difficult for the patient who seeks to be abusing the 
medication or seeks to divert the medication, to do so successfully.'' 
\79\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \77\ Id. at 180.
    \78\ Id.
    \79\ Id. at 213-14.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Two of the undercover agents represented to Dr. Zaidi they suffered 
from pain or stiffness in the lower back.\80\ When asked what he does 
when a patient presents with a complaint of back pain, Dr. Severyn gave 
this response:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \80\ Gov't Ex. Nine at 3; Gov't Ex. Ten at 6.

    I want to find out some basic information about the patient. 
Where is your pain? Does it radiate into the legs? For how long have 
you had it? What makes it better? What makes it worse? Have any 
procedures or surgeries been done to make a difference in this, in 
the past, and zero to ten, what is your severity of pain? Have you 
had physical therapy? Has that been helpful for you in the past? 
Might it be something to consider again? Then I look at the OARRS 
report, because I want to know how accurate is my patient's reported 
history in comparison to what has already been documented as being 
dispensed. Next, I look through the medical record to see if at Ohio 
State, during any of the time that the patient has been seen, there 
is a urine drug screen present. If so, I copy it into the medical 
record and make a decision, then and there, if I'm going to be 
obtaining another one.\81\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \81\ Tr. at 216-17.

    Dr. Severyn explained that because his practice at The Ohio State 
University is a referral practice, the patients he sees usually are 
being cared for by other members of OSU's medical staff.\82\ He said if 
he is prescribing controlled substances he will order a urine drug 
screen, and ``go through all of the areas of the portion of the 
administrative rule that pertains to the initial prescribing'' of 
controlled substances.\83\ After that, he will review ``the past 
medical history, which, of course, is medical history, surgical 
history, medication history, [and] social

[[Page 42974]]

history. After that, it's going to be a review of symptoms, which is 
about 50 specific symptoms to do, and then I'm going to go through my 
physical examination.'' \84\ He would then check for imaging, if any is 
available, and following that he would make his assessment and 
diagnosis, which he will discuss with the patient.\85\ From there, the 
patient must decide the course of action based on Dr. Severyn's 
recommended course of action, after which prescriptions can be written 
along with any other orders, and arrangements are made for follow up 
visits.\86\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \82\ Tr. at 220.
    \83\ Id.
    \84\ Id.
    \85\ Id. at 221.
    \86\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dr. Zaidi's Treatment of Officer Tyler Parkison (Under the Name Tyler 
Williams)

    Tyler Parkison is a DEA Special Agent, a position he has held since 
2008.\87\ Between 2005 and 2008 he was a DEA Diversion Investigator, 
having graduated from the DEA's twelve-week training academy at 
Quantico, Virginia.\88\ As a diversion investigator, Agent Parkison was 
trained in the investigation of criminal and regulatory cases, 
including those involving drug audits and identification and the 
execution of warrants.\89\ Agent Parkison has been trained in the use 
of firearms, undercover operations, surveillance, physical fitness, 
financial investigations, and drug identification.\90\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \87\ Id. at 296.
    \88\ Id.
    \89\ Id. at 297.
    \90\ Id. at 299.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Agent Parkison stated that the investigation into Dr. Zaidi's 
prescription practice began after an agent in his office received a 
complaint indicating ``suspicious prescribing involving controlled 
substances'' along with a complaint alleging a family member of the 
complainant ``was addicted to Dilaudid'' and an allegation that ``there 
were drug transactions taking place in the parking lot'' of Dr. Zaidi's 
practice.\91\ Included in the report by the complainant was the 
assertion that ``patients were going in and out very quickly, that they 
were seeing up to ten to fifteen people in an hour.'' \92\ Acting on 
this information, Agent Parkison obtained a report from OARRS setting 
forth the prescription history for Dr. Zaidi, revealing that ``the 
amounts of Schedule II drugs that he was prescribing was very high.'' 
\93\ When asked to elaborate on this during cross examination, Agent 
Parkison said that based on his experience, Dr. Zaidi's prescriptions 
for Schedule II drugs seemed high when compared with ``a couple'' of 
other physicians he had been investigating.\94\ Given this information, 
Agent Parkison ``decided to schedule an office visit at Pain Management 
of Northern Ohio.'' \95\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \91\ Id. at 320.
    \92\ Id.
    \93\ Id. at 320-21.
    \94\ Id. at 436.
    \95\ Id. at 321.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In his investigation of Dr. Zaidi, Agent Parkison acted in an 
undercover capacity under the name Tyler Williams,\96\ and also was 
part of the team that executed a search warrant and retrieved records 
from Dr. Zaidi's office.\97\ He acknowledged, during cross examination, 
that he approached Dr. Zaidi as an undercover agent intending to 
falsely report that he had pain, but he denied attempting to fool Dr. 
Zaidi.\98\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \96\ Id. at 309.
    \97\ Id. at 299.
    \98\ Id. at 445.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Agent Parkison's first of five visits to Dr. Zaidi's office was 
recorded in audio and audio/video recordings, the transcripts of which 
are in our record.\99\ Agent Parkison explained that the first visit 
took place on September 11, 2012, and confirmed that Government Exhibit 
3a contains a video recording of that visit.\100\ I viewed this video, 
and found that Dr. Zaidi's medical office appears to be furnished and 
staffed in a manner similar to many office practices: The office is 
located in an office complex, and upon passing through a hallway, Agent 
Parkison opened the door to find a reception area in which a 
receptionist took his name and driver's license, while a billing clerk 
(later identified as Kim Maniglia) spoke on the telephone regarding 
authorization for an imaging procedure and another staff member in 
clinical garb entered and left the receptionist's office.\101\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \99\ Gov't Exs. 3a through 3e; Gov't Ex. Nine.
    \100\ Tr. at 300-01.
    \101\ Gov't Ex. 3a, folder AudioVideo Recordings--09-11-12, file 
105605 at 10:57:05-10:59:43.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Ms. Maniglia explained that she has been employed at Pain 
Management of Northern Ohio for twelve and a half years.\102\ She said 
Dr. Zaidi owns the business, and that she does all of the billing for 
the business, and also works at the front desk.\103\ She explained that 
while she has no medical training and does not participate in patient 
treatment, she does have a role in filling out prescriptions for the 
office.\104\ She stated that for every new patient, Dr. Zaidi runs an 
OARRS report--she prints out the report and puts them in the new 
patient's file for Dr. Zaidi to review.\105\ The reports indicate what 
prescriptions the patient is getting and what doctors the patient has 
seen.\106\ According to Ms. Maniglia, after Dr. Zaidi sees a patient, 
the patient's medical chart comes to her, at which point she reads what 
Dr. Zaidi has written and logs prescription information into the back 
of the chart.\107\ After the patient is seen, she shreds the OARRS 
report.\108\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \102\ Tr. at 406.
    \103\ Id.
    \104\ Id. at 407.
    \105\ Id. at 414.
    \106\ Id. at 415.
    \107\ Id. at 407.
    \108\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    According to Ms. Maniglia, Dr. Zaidi requires urine drug screening 
for all new patients, and uses such screens periodically throughout the 
patient's treatment.\109\ She added that if a patient does not ``have 
good urine Dr. Zaidi usually writes on the bottom not to fill any 
scripts for them'' or may indicate ``NPUS'' on the chart, to direct 
``no prescriptions until seen.'' \110\ Based on what Dr. Zaidi has 
written, Ms. Maniglia will write the prescription information on a 
blank prescription form.\111\ She said that Dr. Zaidi would sign blank 
prescriptions in the morning, and after they were signed she would fill 
out the prescriptions throughout the day, using the signed forms.\112\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \109\ Id.
    \110\ Id.
    \111\ Id.
    \112\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Ms. Maniglia explained that there may be days when prescriptions 
that Dr. Zaidi has signed are not actually needed that day, so 
``[t]here might have been a few left over,'' but when that happens the 
signed prescriptions are stored ``triple-locked up in the drug cart'' 
and are used the next day.\113\ Ms. Maniglia acknowledged that some of 
these prescriptions have been for controlled substances.\114\ She said 
Dr. Zaidi trained her in this aspect of her job, and she has performed 
these tasks for more than twelve years.\115\ When asked whether Dr. 
Zaidi ever mentioned the need to have a patient's address on the 
prescription, Ms. Maniglia said no, even with prescriptions for 
controlled substances, ``we just need two identities, just the birth 
date and the name.'' \116\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \113\ Id. at 408-09.
    \114\ Id. at 410.
    \115\ Id. at 428-29.
    \116\ Id. at 429.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Affixed to the window separating the waiting area from the 
receptionists office are stickers indicating payment could be made 
using Visa, Diners Club, MasterCard and Discover, along with a sign 
that states the staff is not permitted

[[Page 42975]]

to accept any homemade food, and another that states co-payments are to 
be paid at the time of the office visit.\117\ The waiting area is 
appropriate in size, judging from the eight to ten office chairs that 
were visible in the video, and was sufficient for the three or four 
patients waiting in the room.\118\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \117\ Gov't Ex. 3a, folder AudioVideo Recordings--09-11-12, file 
105605 at 10:59:08-09.
    \118\ Id. at 11:00:37-11:01:27.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The receptionist area appeared to be equipped with telephones, 
computers, fax, copy, or multifunction machines, and file cabinets that 
typically are found in offices of this size.\119\ The overall 
impression was that this was a fully functional small medical practice. 
According to Agent Parkison, Dr. Zaidi was the only doctor at the 
office of Pain Management of Northern Ohio.\120\ There was no evidence 
that the office accepted only cash, or that it refused to treat persons 
covered by insurance. In fact, Ms. Maniglia can be heard on the phone 
confirming approval for a ``three-level lumbar discogram,'' which 
suggests she was confirming this service would be paid for by the 
patient's health insurance.\121\ During the hearing, Ms. Maniglia 
explained that on average, the office will deposit about $3,000 per 
week in cash, but that most of the office gross receipts, roughly 80 
percent, come from insurance providers.\122\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \119\ Id. at 10:57:44-10:57:46.
    \120\ Tr. at 339.
    \121\ Gov't Ex. 3a, folder AudioVideo Recordings--09-11-12, file 
105605 at 10:57:51-10:58:13.
    \122\ Tr. at 426.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Ms. Maniglia was asked to recall what she was asked when DEA agents 
came to Dr. Zaidi's office to search the premises.\123\ She said the 
agent, whom she referred to only as Damien, asked about Dr. Zaidi's 
children, the car he drives, and his religion.\124\ She said they also 
asked if Dr. Zaidi kept controlled substances in the office, and she 
responded that he does not, not even samples.\125\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \123\ Id. at 420-21.
    \124\ Id. at 421.
    \125\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Ms. Maniglia also testified about what she told DEA investigators 
with respect to doctor shopping. She said she understood doctor 
shopping involved patients going to different doctors in order to get 
multiple prescriptions for controlled substances.\126\ She was asked 
whether she was aware of any instances where Dr. Zaidi's patients may 
have been accused of doctor shopping, and responded that she has 
``nothing to do with the patients'' when they are in the back being 
examined by Dr. Zaidi.\127\ She did, however, recall being asked by law 
enforcement officers during the search of Dr. Zaidi's office, about 
patients who might be involved in doctor shopping.\128\ She said the 
officer who claims she told him she was not allowed to report such 
patients to law enforcement misunderstood her--that under HIPAA ``we 
weren't allowed to discuss anything'' regarding such patients.\129\ 
Apparently Ms. Maniglia understood that under HIPAA, staff members were 
not permitted to contact law enforcement due to ``patient 
confidentiality,'' but she added that her understanding was not the 
result of instructions from Dr. Zaidi.\130\ Rather, her understanding 
of this restriction was based on her work ``in the field for 20 years 
and we're not allowed to talk about any patient confidentiality 
stuff.'' \131\ She denied, however, being instructed not to call 
authorities if there were dirty urine screens or if an OARRS report 
showed multiple doctor encounters, adding, ``We've never talked about 
it.'' \132\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \126\ Id. at 410.
    \127\ Id.
    \128\ Id. at 411.
    \129\ Id.
    \130\ Id. at 412.
    \131\ Id.
    \132\ Id. at 416.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    At the time search warrants were being executed, DEA Diversion 
Investigator Scott Brinks questioned Dr. Zaidi regarding his office 
practice.\133\ Investigator Brinks said Dr. Zaidi consented to the 
interview, and when asked about pre-signed prescriptions found in the 
office, responded by telling Investigator Brinks that he did pre-sign 
them, and agreed that they were presently blank but for the 
signature.\134\ Investigator Brinks also stated Dr. Zaidi confirmed 
writing a prescription for Vicodin to his daughter.\135\ He added, 
however, that he did not know whether the prescription was for 
emergency treatment, nor whether the prescription was ever filled.\136\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \133\ Id. at 618.
    \134\ Id. at 618-19.
    \135\ Id. at 619.
    \136\ Id. at 620.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition to providing insight into the operations of Dr. Zaidi's 
medical office at the time of the execution of the DEA's search 
warrant, the Government also included in the record transcripts and 
recording showing how Dr. Zaidi's office staff handled patient visits. 
Generally, a staff assistant would conduct an initial intake interview 
with the patient, and then Dr. Zaidi would review the intake forms and 
meet with the patient.\137\ At subsequent office visits, the staff 
member would continue to conduct an initial review of current symptoms 
with the patient, and thereafter Dr. Zaidi would briefly meet with the 
patient and determine whether to continue to prescribe controlled 
substances.\138\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \137\ See, e.g., Gov't Ex. 3a folder AudioVideo Recordings 09-
11-12, file 114021.
    \138\ See, e.g., Gov't Ex. 3a, folder AudioVideo Recordings 09-
11-12, file 115238.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Christy Barrett, a member of Dr. Zaidi's office staff, conducted an 
intake interview with Agent Parkison, lasting approximately nine 
minutes.\139\ During this interview, Ms. Barrett took Agent Parkison's 
blood pressure; pulse; and pulse oxygen levels; asked his height and 
weight; inquired about his level of pain and location of pain; use of 
tobacco, alcohol, and caffeine; past surgeries and physical therapy; 
past MRIs; use of blood thinners; and could be seen filling out the 
medical intake form.\140\ She then went through the contents of a pain 
management contract, which Agent Parkison had signed prior to this 
interview.\141\ At the end of the intake interview, she directed Agent 
Parkison to provide a urine sample for a drug screen.\142\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \139\ Gov't Ex. 3a, folder AudioVideo Recordings 09-11-12, file 
114021.
    \140\ Id. at 11:40 to 11:47; Gov't Ex. Twelve at 19.
    \141\ Gov't Ex. 3a, folder AudioVideo Recordings 09-11-12, file 
114021 at 11:47 to 11:49; Gov't Ex. Twelve at 25.
    \142\ Gov't Ex. 3a, folder AudioVideo Recordings 09-11-12, file 
114021 at 11:49 to 11:51.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The doctor's examination took place in a room that appeared to be 
well-equipped with modern, functional furnishings, including a full-
size examination table.\143\ Dr. Zaidi greeted Agent Parkison as ``Mr. 
Tyler,'' reviewed papers contained in a folder, and asked questions 
regarding his medical history for approximately one minute.\144\ 
Although Agent Parkison told Dr. Zaidi he did concrete work, there was 
never any discussion about whether the work involved heavy lifting or 
any other physical activity.\145\ Also, although Agent Parkison wrote 
in his history that he had a work-related injury, during the interview 
with Dr. Zaidi he denied being injured; yet, according to Agent 
Parkison, this inconsistency was never addressed by Dr. Zaidi.\146\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \143\ Gov't Ex. 3a, folder AudioVideo Recordings 09-11-12, file 
115238.
    \144\ Id. at 11:54 to 11:55.
    \145\ Tr. at 331.
    \146\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Zaidi discussed Agent Parkison's hypertension, and then had 
Agent Parkison stand, bend from the waist forward then back, walk on 
his toes and heels, and thereafter told Agent Parkison he had slight 
scoliosis, ending the examination after approximately 60

[[Page 42976]]

seconds.\147\ After confirming he had no medical insurance, Dr. Zaidi 
told Agent Parkison that he would order an MRI, but it would be 
acceptable if Agent Parkison elected to wait for two weeks before 
getting the imaging, and added that there was a source for MRIs that 
would provide the service for $350 to uninsured patients of the office, 
if that was what Agent Parkison decided to do.\148\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \147\ Gov't Ex. 3a, folder AudioVideo Recordings 09-11-12, file 
115238 at 11:55:17 to 11:56:15.
    \148\ Id. at 11:56:16 to 11:57:300.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Without discussing the possibility of physical therapy or home 
exercises,\149\ Dr. Zaidi wrote a prescription for 20 tablets of 
Percocet five mg,\150\ charged a $300 fee for the office visit,\151\ 
and directed that Agent Parkison return in two weeks.\152\ Dr. Zaidi 
added that they could discuss whether epidural injections might help, 
asked additional questions regarding Agent Parkison's medical history 
and ended the visit (although at this time Dr. Zaidi took no further 
notes while on camera).153 154
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \149\ Tr. at 333.
    \150\ Percocet is the brand name of a combination of Oxycodone 
and Acetaminophen. Tr. at 254.
    \151\ Tr. at 309.
    \152\ Gov't Ex. Nine at 8.
    \153\ Gov't Ex. 3a, folder AudioVideo Recordings 09-11-12, file 
115238 at 11:56:38 to 11:58:16.
    \154\ Gov't Ex. 3a also included files 111619, 112129, and 
112930. After I watched and listened to each of these, I found no 
information relevant to this proceeding in these files. The exhibit 
also includes an audio-only file identified as CCR_0001, which 
neither party referred to during the hearing and which did not 
appear to have any information relevant to this proceeding.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After confirming that he reviewed the undercover recordings and the 
entire medical record maintained by Dr. Zaidi regarding treatment of 
Agent Parkison (under the name Tyler Williams), Dr. Severyn expressed 
opinions regarding both Dr. Zaidi's physical examination of Agent 
Parkison and the medical history that supported Dr. Zaidi's decision to 
prescribe controlled substances to this patient.\155\ As noted above, 
prior to meeting with Dr. Zaidi, Agent Parkison met with and was 
interviewed by Christy Barrett.\156\ Dr. Severyn opined that when Ms. 
Barrett took Agent Parkison's blood pressure and pulse oximetry 
readings, inquired of his medical history, and inquired of his pain 
level and functional capacities,\157\ ``that encounter and the 
collection of information satisfies the requirement of a minimum 
standard of care'' for taking the history of a patient, but not ``for 
initially prescribing a controlled substance to a patient who will 
ultimately be receiving it for longer than twelve weeks.'' \158\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \155\ Tr. at 69-70.
    \156\ Gov't Ex. Nine at 1-6.
    \157\ Id.
    \158\ Tr. at 237-39.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Severyn noted that the patient ``is acknowledging no past 
medical history, no past surgical history, and having been completely 
healthy all of his life'' until two weeks prior to the visit, when he 
experienced lower back pain.\159\ Rating his pain at a four (on a ten-
point scale), the patient did not acknowledge having any pain radiating 
to his legs, nor any weakness or numbness; and indicated he was 
employed as a concrete worker at a construction company at the time of 
the office visit.\160\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \159\ Id. at 70-71.
    \160\ Id. at 71; Gov't Ex. Twelve at 19.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    When Dr. Severyn compared what was in the written medical chart 
\161\ with what he observed while watching the audio/video recording of 
the initial office visit, he noted the following. First, he noted that 
the written medical chart indicates that the patient's pupils were 
equal when reacting to light, and explained that to make this 
determination, ``[the] physician needs to shine a light into one pupil 
and then into the other pupil. And I didn't find any evidence in the 
video recording or in the transcript that that was occurring'' during 
this office visit.\162\ Similarly, he found the written entry 
indicating that the oral mucosa (i.e., the inside of the mouth) was 
moist and pink, but saw no evidence that the patient was ever asked to 
open his mouth while Dr. Zaidi examined its interior.\163\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \161\ Gov't Ex. Twelve at 7.
    \162\ Gov't Ex. Twelve at 7; Tr. at 72.
    \163\ Gov't Ex. Twelve at 7; Tr. at 72-73.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Next, Dr. Severyn noted that a cranial nerve examination was 
indicated in the written notes.\164\ He explained that an examination 
of the cranial nerve is conducted by touching the neck to determine the 
size of the thyroid gland, and by touching the armpits to determine 
whether the axillary lymph nodes were enlarged--neither of which were 
performed during this examination.\165\ Also included in such an 
examination is a range of motion test for the neck, which Dr. Severyn 
said he did not find in the recording or the transcript.\166\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \164\ Gov't Ex. Twelve at 7; Tr. at 73.
    \165\ Gov't Ex. Twelve at 7; Tr. at 73.
    \166\ Tr. at 73.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Similarly, although the medical record indicates normal sensory and 
motor testing, ``[t]here was no testing that went on with sensation of 
the arms, the hands, or the range of motion or strength of the fingers, 
the wrists, the biceps, and triceps.'' \167\ Further, there is an entry 
indicating normal range of motion in all the joints of the upper 
extremities, but such an examination did not occur, according to Dr. 
Severyn.\168\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \167\ Gov't Ex. Twelve at 7; Tr. at 73-74.
    \168\ Gov't Ex. Twelve at 7; Tr. at 74.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Severyn noted that Dr. Zaidi reported mild scoliosis without 
deformity, but also that the lower extremities were normal with respect 
to sensation and strength, and that the ``[a]bdomen is soft and 
nontender.'' \169\ Dr. Severyn said that Dr. Zaidi certainly would have 
seen the patient walk as part of the office visit, and would thereby be 
able to report that the patient's balance and coordination were normal, 
and confirmed that Dr. Zaidi had the patient perform heel and toe 
walking (which were described as normal).\170\ He did not, however, see 
Dr. Zaidi touch the patient's abdomen to test it for softness and for 
the presence of tenderness.\171\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \169\ Gov't Ex. Twelve at 7; Tr. at 74.
    \170\ Gov't Ex. Twelve at 7; Tr. at 75.
    \171\ Gov't Ex. Twelve at 7; Tr. at 75.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Next, Dr. Severyn said that while the medical records indicate a 
chest examination was performed, ``to do that requires the use of a 
stethoscope, and a stethoscope was nothing that I could observe during 
any of the recording of this encounter.'' \172\ He said the same was 
true regarding the notation of normal heart sounds--heart sound 
examinations require a stethoscope, but none was observed during the 
video recording of this examination.\173\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \172\ Gov't Ex. Twelve at 7; Tr. at 75.
    \173\ Gov't Ex. Twelve at 7; Tr. at 75.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Severyn opined that the report of this patient's examination 
was falsified in that ``it is embellished, and it is inaccurate, to the 
point that much of it, though documented here, was not performed.'' 
\174\ Moreover, in his opinion, the medical history described a patient 
with ``an acute condition of mild severity and of a generally benign 
nature'' that would not ``justify prescribing a controlled substance or 
relying upon a controlled substance as the predominant approach to 
treatment.'' \175\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \174\ Id. at 76.
    \175\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Also of concern, according to Dr. Severyn, was Dr. Zaidi's 
diagnosis indicating thoracic and lumbar radiculitis. Dr. Severyn 
stated:

    Radiculitis is a diagnosis of nerve root dysfunction at the 
level of the spine, at the level where the nerve roots exit the 
spine. If it is lumbar radiculitis, then it is a nerve root that's 
exiting in the lumbar area, and so for the thoracic area, 
radiculitis is a condition

[[Page 42977]]

that will then affect the entire nerve root to some degree or 
another, but it is not pain that is limited to just the portion of 
the back. We call that instead axial pain. It has other causes. That 
is the use of the word lumbago, which is lumbar pain.
    But, putting a diagnosis of radiculitis as opposed to other 
causes, that, based on this history and the lumbar portion of the 
examination are much more reasonable, brings to my mind the question 
as to the accuracy of that diagnosis, because I think that an 
experienced physician, especially one in the field of pain medicine, 
would recognize that this is not the presentation and the 
examination that's compatible with a diagnosis of radiculitis. This 
diagnosis is blatantly inaccurate.\176\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \176\ Id. at 77-78.

Accordingly, Dr. Severyn opined that both the treatment plan and the 
recommendation for this patient were ``not justified by the 
presentation of this patient.'' \177\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \177\ Id. at 79.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Severyn expressed the same opinion regarding Dr. Zaidi's 
diagnosis of lumbar radiculitis during the follow-up visit on October 
4, 2012, based on what he observed from the recordings of the follow-up 
visit and what appears in Dr. Zaidi's written notes of that 
encounter.\178\ He said Dr. Zaidi's notation that he conducted a 
physical examination during that visit allowing him to find moderate 
tenderness and spasm in the paralumbar muscles (with guarding and 
forward flexing) was falsified, as was his description of a lower 
extremity examination establishing normal sensory and motor 
testing.\179\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \178\ Id. at 80.
    \179\ Gov't Ex. Twelve at 12; Tr. at 81.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The October 4, 2012 visit began with Ms. Barrett \180\ taking Agent 
Parkison's blood pressure and pulse oximetry,\181\ and recording her 
findings while seated and using the examination table as her desk.\182\ 
Ms. Barrett inquired of Agent Parkison's current pain level, which he 
stated was three or four, with the best level around two and worst pain 
at four.\183\ Those pain levels are recorded in notes apparently 
written by Ms. Barrett, indicating current pain as a four, with worst 
pain at four and best pain at two.\184\ At no time did Agent Parkison 
indicate a pain level as high as five.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \180\ Gov't Ex. Nine at 11.
    \181\ Tr. at 232.
    \182\ Gov't Ex. 3b, folder Tyler UC visit, subfolder AudioVideo 
Recordings--10-04-12, file 102359 at 10:24:38 to 10:26:40.
    \183\ Id.; Gov't Ex. Nine at 11.
    \184\ Gov't Ex. Twelve at 18.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As Ms. Barrett finished her notes in the file, Dr. Zaidi entered 
and Ms. Barrett stood up from behind the examination table, at which 
point Dr. Zaidi took the seat and briefly turned his back to Agent 
Parkison and consulted his computer monitor.\185\ Dr. Zaidi then turned 
to face Agent Parkison, and began his interview, asking about whether 
the Percocet had been effective and discussing his concerns about Agent 
Parkison's blood pressure, which he said was high and created the risk 
of stroke.\186\ When Dr. Zaidi asked how the Percocet was working, 
Agent Parkison stated ``it worked pretty good, it worked alright; I 
just felt like I didn't quite have enough of it.'' \187\ They did not, 
however, discuss whether Agent Parkison had taken all of the prescribed 
Percocet.\188\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \185\ Gov't Ex. 3b, folder Tyler UC visit, subfolder AudioVideo 
Recordings--10-04-12, file 102359 at 10:26:31-10:27:05.
    \186\ Gov't Ex. 3b, folder Tyler UC visit, subfolder AudioVideo 
Recordings--10-04 12, file 102359 at 10:27:05 to 10:28:11.
    \187\ Id.; Gov't. Ex. Nine at 13.
    \188\ Tr. at 336.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Agent Parkison then asked Dr. Zaidi ``if I could get a little bit 
more'' and hoped ``to try two in the morning and two in the evening.'' 
\189\ Without more, Dr. Zaidi stated ``Okay. So I'll give you four a 
day.'' \190\ Based on this examination, Dr. Zaidi gave Agent Parkison a 
prescription for 56 Percocet five mg tablets.\191\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \189\ Gov't Ex. Nine at 13.
    \190\ Id.
    \191\ Tr. at 310; Gov't Ex. Fifteen at 2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In his transcribed notes for the subjective examination, Dr. Zaidi 
wrote:

    [Agent Parkison] is stable with his lower back pain at 5 on a 
scale of 0-10. No change in his personal, family, or social history. 
No focal weakness or numbness. No abdominal or chest pain. His blood 
pressure is again very elevated. We again discuss the potential 
complications from such high blood pressure and he is to go and see 
his PCP today or ER to have that addressed. Otherwise, no abdominal 
or chest pain at present. No headaches. No visual disturbances.\192\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \192\ Gov't Ex. Twelve at 12.

    In his report of objective findings, Dr. Zaidi wrote that Agent 
Parkison's ``vital signs are stable though blood pressure is elevated. 
Moderate tenderness and spasm in paralumbar muscles with guarding in 
forward flexion. Lower extremity examination is normal to sensory and 
motor testing. His gait is normal.'' \193\ Having seen the audio-video 
recording of this encounter, I find no evidence that Dr. Zaidi has 
accurately described the scope of his physical examination, and 
consistent with Dr. Severyn's findings, I find this to be a falsified 
examination report.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \193\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    By this point in the visit, Dr. Zaidi had spent approximately two 
minutes in the room with Agent Parkison, all of it seated, with the 
examination table between himself and Agent Parkison.\194\ As Dr. 
Severyn noted, there is no evidence that Dr. Zaidi performed any 
physical examination either before or after agreeing to increase the 
Percocet prescription.\195\ Indeed, the discussion predominating this 
visit addressed Agent Parkison's high blood pressure, not his pain or 
his treatment for pain. There was no discussion about exercise, 
physical therapy, injections, alternatives to the use of controlled 
substances, or Agent Parkison's functional capacity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \194\ Gov't Ex. 3b, folder Tyler UC visit, subfolder AudioVideo 
Recordings--10-04 12, file 102359 at 10:26:31 to 10:28:40.
    \195\ Tr. at 80.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Severyn remarked that there was a notation regarding home 
exercise as part of the plan of treatment.\196\ He added, however, that 
he found nothing in the material that ``contained any educational 
endeavor that would allow someone to conduct a home exercise program.'' 
\197\ He explained that in order to provide a home exercise program to 
a patient, ``there would need to be either verbal or oral 
communication. It would include instructions as to what are the 
physical maneuvers to be performed, the frequency, the timing, and the 
expected response and instructions as to how to avoid exacerbating the 
condition.'' \198\ While this could be accomplished by handing the 
patient various brochures that might explain a home exercise program 
for this kind of pain, there is nothing in the record to indicate such 
education took place.\199\ Agent Parkison confirmed this, testifying 
that at no time during any of his office visits did Dr. Zaidi provide 
him with examples of exercises he could perform to treat his back pain, 
nor was there any discussion about a home exercise program.\200\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \196\ Id. at 81.
    \197\ Id.
    \198\ Id. at 84-85.
    \199\ Id. at 85.
    \200\ Id. at 350.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Despite the paucity of information gathered during this second 
visit, Dr. Zaidi increased by one hundred percent the number of 
Percocet tablets he prescribed to Agent Parkison.\201\ According to Dr. 
Severyn, there was no justification presented in the medical record for 
doubling the amount of Percocet to Agent Parkison.\202\ Dr. Severyn 
explained that while Agent Parkison's continued complaint of pain 
should be considered, Dr. Zaidi should have considered alternatives to

[[Page 42978]]

controlled substances as treatment.\203\ Dr. Severyn opined that when 
Dr. Zaidi prescribed 56 Percocet tablets for Agent Parkison during this 
visit, he did so outside the usual course of professional 
practice.\204\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \201\ Id. at 85.
    \202\ Id.
    \203\ Id. at 86.
    \204\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    According to Dr. Severyn, Agent Parkison's next visit, on November 
14, 2012, did not include an examination of the lumbar spine, nor any 
testing for guarding in forward flexion, nor was there any sensory or 
motor testing of the lower extremities.\205\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \205\ Id. at 88.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Having reviewed the audio-video recording of the November 14, 2012 
office visit, I concur with Dr. Severyn's assessment and find there was 
no examination of Agent Parkison's lumbar spine during this visit, nor 
was there any testing for guarding in forward flexion, nor was there 
any sensory or motor testing of the lower extremities.\206\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \206\ Gov't Ex. 3c, folder Tyler UC Visit 3, subfolder 
AudioVideo--11-14 12, file 094453. Note that Government Exhibit 3c 
also includes an audio-only recording, which was not discussed by 
the parties and which contains no information relevant to this 
matter that is not also available in the audio-video recording.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Agent Parkison stated that for this visit, he reported a current 
pain level of two and the worst level had been a three.\207\ In taking 
his history for this visit, Ms. Barrett accurately recorded in his 
patient medical chart that Agent Parkison reported a maximum pain level 
of three, a minimum of two, and a present level of two.\208\ After Ms. 
Barrett obtained Agent Parkison's blood pressure and oximetry readings 
and recorded his responses to her questions about current and recent 
pain levels, Ms. Barrett left the room and Dr. Zaidi entered shortly 
thereafter.\209\ Dr. Zaidi remained standing near the office door and 
reviewed the chart provided to him by Ms. Barrett, and for 
approximately two minutes discussed with Agent Parkison his high blood 
pressure and the steps he should be taking to address that 
problem.\210\ At no time did Dr. Zaidi place his hands on Agent 
Parkison or approach him--instead, he stood by the chart until he 
determined that the pain medication was working and completed his 
discussion regarding the seriousness of Agent Parkison's elevated blood 
pressure.\211\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \207\ Tr. at 341.
    \208\ Gov't Ex. 3c, folder Tyler UC Visit 3, subfolder 
AudioVideo--11-14 12, file 094453 at 10:00:26 to 10:02:25; Gov't Ex. 
Twelve at 18.
    \209\ Id. at 10:00:37 to 10:04:56.
    \210\ Id. at 10:04:56 to 10:06:57.
    \211\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Based on this encounter, Dr. Zaidi made written subjective 
findings, stating that Agent Parkison's ``lumbar pain is at 5 on a 
scale of 0-10'' despite the notations to the contrary in the chart 
prepared by Ms. Barrett and despite the absence of any evidence 
indicating Agent Parkison was reporting pain at that level.\212\ 
Despite the lack of questions (by either Ms. Barrett or Dr. Zaidi) 
addressing these subjects, Dr. Zaidi wrote there was ``[n]o change in 
his personal, family, or social history.'' \213\ Despite the absence of 
any physical examination or questions presented to Agent Parkison 
regarding these areas, Dr. Zaidi wrote in his subjective findings that 
there were no abdominal or chest pains, and no focal weakness or 
numbness.\214\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \212\ Gov't Ex. Twelve at 11; cf. Id. at 18.
    \213\ Id. at 11.
    \214\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Consistent with what Agent Parkison told Dr. Zaidi, in the 
Objective findings section Dr. Zaidi noted Agent Parkison's continued 
high blood pressure, adding, ``He has seen his PCP and has been asked 
to monitor it at home, and I asked him to make a follow-up again very 
soon.'' \215\ Dr. Zaidi accurately reported that they again discussed 
the potential complications of hypertension.\216\ He continued, 
however, to report ``[m]oderate tenderness and spasm in paralumbar 
muscles with guarding in forward flexion. Lower extremity examination 
is normal to sensory and motor testing.'' \217\ Also, despite the fact 
that Agent Parkison was seated throughout his encounter with Dr. Zaidi 
during this visit, Dr. Zaidi wrote that Agent Parkison's ``gait is 
normal.'' \218\ Based on these subjective and objective findings, Dr. 
Zaidi wrote that the impression is that of lumbar radiculitis, and 
issued a prescription for 56 tablets of Percocet five mg.\219\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \215\ Id.
    \216\ Id.
    \217\ Id.
    \218\ Id.
    \219\ Id.; Tr. at 341.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Severyn opined that Dr. Zaidi's diagnosis of lumbar radiculitis 
``is a more severe condition than what this patient is voicing 
complaints [] of,'' and ``is not justified on the basis of the entirety 
of the history and the physical examination.'' \220\ He explained that 
the objective findings that appear in Dr. Zaidi's written report of the 
November 14, 2012 visit--including spasms in paralumbar muscles and 
guarding in forward flexion--could not be reached without a physical 
examination, but that there was no evidence that such an examination 
occurred.\221\ I too saw no evidence of an examination during this 
visit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \220\ Tr. at 88-89.
    \221\ Id. at 90-91.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Severyn also noted that while the written record of treatment 
for November 14, 2012, reports Agent Parkison reported pain at level 
five (on a scale of ten), the recording and transcript show that Agent 
Parkison reported pain at level two to three--and there is no 
explanation to account for this difference.\222\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \222\ Id. at 92.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Government also presented testimony from DEA Diversion 
Investigator Brinks, who was present when Agent Parkison interviewed 
Dr. Zaidi at the time the DEA's search warrant was executed.\223\ 
Investigator Brinks testified that Agent Parkison had the medical chart 
reflecting pain levels higher than Agent Parkison reported to either 
Dr. Zaidi or Ms. Barrett, and asked Dr. Zaidi if he could explain this 
difference.\224\ According to Investigator Brinks, Dr. Zaidi had no 
response when presented with Agent Parkison's treatment chart.\225\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \223\ Id. at 618, 620.
    \224\ Id. at 619-20.
    \225\ Id. at 620.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Severyn was asked to interpret the exchange between Dr. Zaidi 
and Agent Parkison, where the latter, during his visit of December 12, 
2012, told Dr. Zaidi that his current medication has ``been helping 
some at the end of the day,'' but that he had ``a little bit of nagging 
stiffness,'' adding that one of his ``buddies said something that 
[OxyContin] kind of helps him.'' \226\ Without more, according to Dr. 
Severyn, this would not be a sufficient justification for changing a 
medication to OxyContin, but that is what Dr. Zaidi did.\227\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \226\ Id. at 95; Gov't Ex. Nine at 20.
    \227\ Tr. at 95.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The audio-video recording of the December 12, 2012 visit confirms 
Dr. Severyn's description of the sequence leading to this change in 
medication. For this visit, Ms. Barrett does not appear to have taken a 
history or recorded Agent Parkison's blood pressure, and Dr. Zaidi met 
with Agent Parkison for slightly less than three minutes.\228\ For the 
first minute or so, Dr. Zaidi did not actually look at Agent Parkison, 
but instead was apparently reviewing his medical chart.\229\ While 
still studying the chart, Dr. Zaidi inquired how Agent Parkison was 
doing, and Agent Parkison responded

[[Page 42979]]

that he had been experiencing some ``nagging stiffness'' and remarked 
that one of his ``buddies'' had suggested ``Oxy kind of helps him.'' 
\230\ Without a pause (other than to observe that such a change would 
be ``a lot more dose'' and would be more expensive), Dr. Zaidi wrote a 
prescription for 42 ten mg tablets of OxyContin.\231\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \228\ Gov't Ex. 3d, folder Tyler UC Visit, subfolder 
AudioVideo--12-12-12, file 132123 at 13:48:56--13:51:17.
    \229\ Id. at 13:48:56--13:50:18.
    \230\ Id. at 13:49:10--13:50:00; Gov't Ex. Nine at 20.
    \231\ Id. at 13:49:00--13:50:00; Gov't Ex. Nine at 20; Tr. at 
313.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Zaidi then engaged Agent Parkison with questions and advice 
about his blood pressure (although it appears no one recorded Agent 
Parkison's blood pressure for this visit).\232\ In his treatment notes 
under the ``Subjective'' section for the visit on December 12, 2012, 
Dr. Zaidi wrote that Agent Parkison's pain level is ``5 on a scale of 
0-10,'' although there is nothing in the medical chart nor the 
recording that supports this finding.\233\ Further, Dr. Zaidi wrote 
that Agent Parkison ``is not tolerating Percocet, which is lasting only 
a couple of hours and we are going to change that to OxyContin 10 mg 
three times a day.'' \234\ There was, however, nothing in either the 
recording or the patient medical records that indicates the Percocet 
was lasting only a couple of hours nor that Agent Parkison was not 
tolerating Percocet--only that he had some ``nagging stiffness'' and a 
``buddy'' said OxyContin helped.\235\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \232\ Gov't Ex. 3d, folder Tyler UC Visit, subfolder 
AudioVideo--12-12-12, file 132123 at 13:50:00-13:50:46; see also 
Gov't Ex. Twelve at 18 (chart notations indicating blood pressure 
readings during office visits on October 4, 2012, November 14, 2012, 
and January 9, 2013, but not for December 12, 2012).
    \233\ Gov't Ex. Twelve at 10.
    \234\ Id.
    \235\ Gov't Ex. Nine at 20.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Severyn said that requesting OxyContin under these 
circumstances ``raises in my mind, as it does in that of my associates 
and colleagues, a question of why is this patient asking for a specific 
medication by name, instead of relying on my expertise to introduce a 
specific medication. . . .'' \236\ He said that ``these are red flags 
that I've heard in . . . national medical conferences for a decade or 
more.'' \237\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \236\ Tr. at 96.
    \237\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Severyn next explained there are more rigorous standards that 
apply in Ohio when using controlled substances to treat pain that no 
longer can be described as acute but is instead chronic or 
intractable.\238\ After reviewing patient treatment records for 
treatment during the first twelve weeks, Dr. Severyn stated that by 
January 2013, ``the medical care is entering into that portion that the 
statutes in Ohio consider as protracted prescribing.'' \239\ According 
to Dr. Severyn,
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \238\ Id. at 100-01.
    \239\ Id. at 100.

    At that point, there is a much higher level of service reflected 
by documentation that needs to take place. Some of those [include 
an] evaluation of what is the current employment history, what is 
the activity of daily living. . . . Is the treatment plan justified? 
[W]hat is the effectiveness of the treatment plan? That is not 
recorded here.\240\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \240\ Id.

    Dr. Severyn explained that by the time the protracted prescribing 
of controlled substances has begun, ``the diagnosis needs to be 
substantiated by the physical findings and my opinion is that they are 
not, and it needs to be substantiated by the history, and my opinion is 
that it is not.'' \241\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \241\ Id. at 100-01.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Because Dr. Zaidi had been treating Agent Parkison for more than 
twelve weeks by January 2013, ``[a]n entirely elevated level of service 
is called for,'' which was not evidenced in either the medical chart or 
the recordings of the office visits from January 2013 forward.\242\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \242\ Id. at 101.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In reviewing the audio-video recording of the January 9, 2013 
visit, I found no examination took place other than the taking of Agent 
Parkison's blood pressure and oxygen levels by Ms. Barrett.\243\ Dr. 
Zaidi's report of Agent Parkison's subjective symptoms indicates ``[h]e 
is doing better with OxyContin, but it is not strong enough and I am 
going to increase OxyContin to 15 mg three times a day.'' \244\ 
Apparently this was based entirely on Agent Parkison stating, ``I was 
wondering if I could get maybe just a little bit stronger'' 
notwithstanding that he reported to Ms. Barrett reductions in his pain 
level--that at its worst the pain was at level two.\245\ Further, 
despite there being no discussion of Agent Parkison's personal, family, 
or social history, Dr. Zaidi reported no changes in those 
histories.\246\ Similarly, notwithstanding the absence of any physical 
examination, Dr. Zaidi wrote that for the subjective examination there 
were no abdominal or chest pains, no shortness of breath or 
dizziness.\247\ Further, without actually conducting an examination to 
support these findings, Dr. Zaidi wrote in his objective findings:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \243\ Gov't Ex. 3e at 14:01:29 to 14:02:21. Note that in 
Government Exhibit 3e at folder labeled Audio 01-09-13 contains a 
file named 01-09-13, appears to contain an audio-only recording of 
Agent Parkison's January 13, 2013 office visit. As neither party 
referred to this recording it has not been reviewed here. Similarly, 
Government Exhibit 3e in folder AudioVideo 01-09-13 contains a file 
named Thumbs, which was not referred to by either party and which I 
was not able to access. Accordingly, it has not been reviewed here.
    \244\ Gov't Ex. Twelve at 9.
    \245\ Gov't Ex. 3e at 14:05:22 to 14:05:57; Gov't Ex. Nine at 
23-24.
    \246\ Gov't Ex. Twelve at 9.
    \247\ Id.

    Pupils are equal and reacting to light. Skin is warm and dry. 
Moderate diffuse tenderness and spasm in paralumbar muscles with 
minimal guarding in forward flexion and extension. Lower extremity 
examination is normal to sensory and motor testing. His gait is 
normal.\248\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \248\ Id.

    During cross examination, Agent Parkison stated that after this 
visit, he determined no additional visits were warranted.\249\ He said 
he had worked cases like these in the past, and in those cases the DEA 
stopped after the third visit.\250\ By the fifth visit with Dr. Zaidi, 
Agent Parkison ``felt it was pretty clear that I had been issued 
prescriptions other than for a legitimate medical purpose and didn't 
feel that I needed to continue to go'' back for additional 
treatment.\251\ He said by this fifth visit, he had seen that Dr. Zaidi 
would not question him when he asked for more medication and would not 
check to see if there was something that was causing him to be in more 
pain.\252\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \249\ Tr. at 465-66.
    \250\ Id. at 466.
    \251\ Id.
    \252\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    According to Dr. Severyn, Dr. Zaidi to this point had failed to 
make an adequate assessment of Agent Parkison' functional status, or of 
his activities of daily living.\253\ Further, and as was the case in 
the three prior office visits, while Dr. Zaidi indicates a plan of 
treatment that includes a ``home exercise program,'' \254\ there was no 
discussion of any home exercises during the office visit, nor is there 
any evidence that written details of such a program were ever provided 
to Agent Parkison at any visit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \253\ Id. at 102-03.
    \254\ Gov't Ex. Twelve at 9-12.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Severyn also noted that when a patient reports ``stiffness'' in 
the mid-back, as Agent Parkison did during the visit on January 9, 
2013,\255\ this is significant ``because if a patient is describing 
stiffness as opposed to pain, then whatever treatment plan has brought 
that patient to that stiffness . . . [is] a medical success. That's 
quite good. That sounds like improvement over time. . . . [I]t's an 
indication that this patient may be getting better, and probably is.'' 
\256\ Stiffness and pain are, in Dr. Severyn's view, dissimilar, in 
that ``a patient who is complaining of

[[Page 42980]]

stiffness is a patient for whom pain has been well-controlled. The 
etiology and cause appears to be in regression or remission and their 
response to treatment is quite good.'' \257\ When presented with a 
patient who complains of stiffness but also indicates pain at a level 
four on a ten point scale, Dr. Severyn stated that a physician can 
reconcile this by ``just asking the patient to be a little more clear'' 
in response to the physician's questions.\258\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \255\ Id.
    \256\ Tr. at 108-09.
    \257\ Id. at 259.
    \258\ Id. at 261.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Such a complaint would not justify prescribing controlled 
substances in the manner shown in the records for Agent Parkison, 
according to Dr. Severyn, ``because there are so many less risky 
alternatives that can be offered, including muscle relaxants that can 
be very helpful here, and other approaches to care.'' \259\ Dr. Severyn 
found, however, no evidence that these alternatives were 
considered.\260\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \259\ Id. at 109.
    \260\ Id. at 109-10.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In Dr. Severyn's opinion, Dr. Zaidi's controlled substance 
prescriptions for Agent Parkison were based on a diagnosis that is 
``completely inaccurate'' and ``focuses only on controlled substances 
and not on the several other alternative approaches to care [including] 
physical therapy, non-controlled substance medication, [and] the 
medications in several different classes.'' \261\ He also noted that by 
January 2013, there was no proper informed consent obtained by Dr. 
Zaidi for this patient.\262\ Dr. Severyn acknowledged the form Agent 
Parkison signed on September 11, 2012 (at the start of his treatment) 
states, ``I consent at this time for treatment with medications and 
therapeutic procedures.'' \263\ According to Dr. Severyn, however, this 
does not constitute informed consent, as it ``does not sufficiently 
describe the risks that can go along with using a controlled substance 
on a regular basis,'' including ``delayed breathing, slowed breathing, 
risk of overdose, risk of drug withdrawal, risk of diversion of 
medications, risk of becoming addicted, risk of being a victim of theft 
and home break-in, and the risk actually for the worsening of pain over 
time . . . .'' \264\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \261\ Id. at 103.
    \262\ Id. at 104-05.
    \263\ Id. at 104-05; Gov't Ex. Twelve at 25.
    \264\ Tr. at 105-06.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Severyn noted that by his fourth visit, Agent Parkison asked 
for OxyContin by name, something Dr. Severyn regarded as a red 
flag.\265\ He explained that ``OxyContin has been a largely diverted 
and abused medication, and a patient asking for that medicine . . . by 
name . . . should and would arise suspicion in the mind of a 
prescribing physician.'' \266\ Further, during the fifth visit, when 
Agent Parkison asked for an increase in OxyContin, this too would be 
considered a red flag, given that there was no physical examination 
conducted at that visit, and given that it appeared the existing 
treatment plan was ``achieving what it had meant to achieve.'' \267\ 
Dr. Severyn found no evidence, however, that Dr. Zaidi tried to resolve 
any of these red flags.\268\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \265\ Id. at 113.
    \266\ Id.
    \267\ Id.
    \268\ Id. at 114.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    When asked how a physician should respond to a patient who sees an 
advertisement for a particular drug, Dr. Severyn stated that if the 
drug was a controlled substance, he would ``incorporate that into the 
remainder of the medical decision-making process'' although this did 
not mean the incident would necessarily be noted in the patient's 
medical record.\269\ He added, however, that in none of the three 
undercover cases did it appear that the patient told Dr. Zaidi he 
wanted a particular drug because he had seen the drug advertised.\270\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \269\ Id. at 199.
    \270\ Id. at 280.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    When asked on cross examination about things a physician must do to 
resolve red flags associated with potential diversion, misuse, or 
addiction, Dr. Severyn stated that first the physician must observe the 
patient over time, note the ``maturation'' of what is observed, and 
when encountering more than one ``element of discontinuity'' more than 
just observation is called for.\271\ ``The ultimate `to-do' always is 
to say, `You know, this is not a treatment that I am going to continue 
for this patient.' That's one approach. Another alternative is other 
medication, physical therapy, [and] referrals, those are important.'' 
\272\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \271\ Id. at 173-74.
    \272\ Id. at 174-75.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Severyn agreed, on cross examination, that there may have been 
instances where patients have deceived him without his knowledge.\273\ 
He recalled one such instance where he discovered the deception only 
after evaluating the results of a urine screen--a test he requires at 
the initial encounter (as does Dr. Zaidi \274\), and thereafter at 
``every encounter'' for patients receiving controlled substances on a 
protracted basis.\275\ He added, however, that Ohio law does not 
require testing at every encounter, so he would not opine that Dr. 
Zaidi should have conducted a urine screen each time these patients 
visited the office.\276\ Further, Dr. Severyn noted that by seeing his 
patients at least once a month, Dr. Zaidi complied with the standard of 
care in frequency of patient visits, agreeing during cross examination 
that this practice is another way to help protect against misuse, 
diversion, or addiction.\277\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \273\ Id. at 191.
    \274\ Id. at 193.
    \275\ Id. at 191-92.
    \276\ Id. at 194.
    \277\ Id. at 196.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Regarding a patient's decision not to seek treatment (such as a 
recommended epidural injection) or diagnostic measures (such as an 
MRI), Dr. Severyn was asked if he recalled whether the patient 
attributed the decision to cost or an inability to pay.\278\ He said he 
did recall discussions about patients wishing to await the availability 
of insurance.\279\ He noted, however, that ``I also see in the record 
before me, receipts for medical encounters of $300 cash on a frequent 
basis.'' \280\ When he stated he thought these were on a monthly basis, 
he initially indicated that there were at least two such payments made 
by Agent Parkison.\281\ The record, however, does not support this, and 
instead indicates the $300 cash payment was made only at the initial 
visit, and $95 was charged for all subsequent visits.\282\ After this 
discrepancy was brought to his attention, Dr. Severyn was asked whether 
he believed these patients could afford MRIs or injections if these 
were indicated, and he stated he did not agree that the patients could 
have afforded those procedures.\283\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \278\ Id. at 187.
    \279\ Id.
    \280\ Id.
    \281\ Id.
    \282\ Id. at 187-88; Gov't Ex. Sixteen.
    \283\ Tr. at 188.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Severyn stated that an MRI is helpful in the context of pain 
medicine, ``when it answers, in the mind of the physician . . . what is 
the cause of this patient's complaints, the etiology of the physical 
findings and the implication and impact of learning that information 
upon the recommendation to be made to the patient and the treatment 
plan to be put into effect.'' \284\ When asked on cross examination 
whether it was appropriate for Dr. Zaidi to advise Agent Parkison to 
have an MRI ``because of the vague symptom that he has in his lower 
back,'' \285\ Dr. Severyn said no, and agreed that the fact that no MRI 
was

[[Page 42981]]

ever performed did not breach the standard of care.\286\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \284\ Id. at 240.
    \285\ Gov't Ex. 12 at 8.
    \286\ Tr. at 234.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    On cross examination, Dr. Severyn agreed that one appropriate means 
of responding to red flags in the context of prescribing pain 
medication is to use urine drug screens, and he acknowledged that Dr. 
Zaidi used these screens as part of his prescription practice.\287\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \287\ Id. at 175.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Severyn next explained why the inaccuracies found in Dr. 
Zaidi's medical records of Agent Parkison's treatment are important in 
the review of Dr. Zaidi's prescription practice:

    There is inaccuracy and a listing of a more severe level of pain 
than what the patient is actually voicing during the encounter with 
staff or with the physician. The diagnosis, the impression that is 
listed here, the most impressive and important of them, with regards 
to guiding the patient through treatment, would be the lumbar 
radiculitis, and that is not justified or substantiated by either 
the history or the physical examination. Finally, the approach to 
treatment that relies on only a controlled substance and does not 
include many of the other approaches, such as non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory, neuromodulator, tricyclic medications [and] physical 
therapy. Those are absent. The home exercise program, I found no 
evidence that that is being provided.
    I found, to a large degree, that if I were to have reviewed only 
the medical record, as it was presented here, I would have arrived 
at a different opinion than I am able to, having now had the ability 
to see a transcript and watch an audio/visual recording of what 
actually occurred during that encounter.\288\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \288\ Id. at 107-08.

    For these reasons, Dr. Severyn opined that Dr. Zaidi's 
prescriptions of controlled substances for Agent Parkison ``were well 
outside the usual course of professional practice . . . .'' \289\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \289\ Id. at 104.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dr. Zaidi's Treatment of Officer Patrick Leonard (Under the Name 
Patrick Tock)

    Patrick James Leonard has been employed at the Akron (Ohio) Police 
Department for about 20 years, the last sixteen of which he has been a 
detective in the narcotics diversion department.\290\ In addition, for 
the past two years Detective Leonard has been assigned to the DEA as a 
task force officer, serving in an undercover capacity in the 
investigation of physicians and others suspected of illicit drug 
transactions.\291\ He was trained as a military police officer in the 
United States Army, has completed training at the Ohio Police Officer 
Training Academy, and received training in pharmaceutical diversion 
through the Ohio Board of Pharmacy.\292\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \290\ Id. at 553.
    \291\ Id. at 554-55.
    \292\ Id. at 555.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Detective Leonard participated in the surveillance of Dr. Zaidi's 
medical office and was a patient in an undercover capacity, under the 
name Patrick J. Tock.\293\ In his role as a patient, Detective Leonard 
attended six office visits with Dr. Zaidi, and in each visit received 
prescriptions for controlled substances.\294\ Each of these visits were 
surreptitiously recorded, and both the recordings and the 
transcriptions of the relevant portions of those recordings are 
included in our record.\295\ He agreed on cross examination that in his 
undercover capacity, he was engaged in misleading Dr. Zaidi and his 
staff during these visits.\296\ He denied, however, that there was 
``any trickery involved. We presented a certain set of facts and waited 
to see if Dr. Zaidi would write prescriptions.'' \297\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \293\ Id. at 555-56.
    \294\ Id. at 556-64.
    \295\ Id.
    \296\ Id. at 588.
    \297\ Id. at 588-89.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In his role as Patrick Tock, Detective Leonard reported that he had 
stiffness in his lower back.\298\ In his initial interview with Christy 
Barrett, Detective Leonard reported pain levels of between three and 
four on a ten-point scale, denying any pain in his legs.\299\ He also 
denied ever being treated for this condition, and denied ever having an 
MRI or x-ray with respect to the condition.\300\ At the conclusion of 
the initial office visit, he obtained from Dr. Zaidi a prescription for 
42 tablets of Percocet five mg.\301\ According to Detective Leonard, at 
no time did Dr. Zaidi suggest any treatment for his condition other 
than controlled substances, nor did Dr. Zaidi suggest physical therapy, 
exercise, or any other non-medication treatment.\302\ He said Dr. Zaidi 
did recommend that he obtain an MRI, providing to Detective Leonard the 
name of a provider whose charges for this service were reduced for 
persons, like Detective Leonard, who lacked health insurance.\303\ 
Despite this recommendation, Detective Leonard returned to Dr. Zaidi's 
office five more times without obtaining an MRI, and on each occasion 
Dr. Zaidi prescribed him controlled substances.\304\ According to 
Detective Leonard, while Dr. Zaidi did conduct a physical examination 
during the first office visit, he conducted no physical examinations 
during any of the subsequent visits.\305\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \298\ Id. at 567.
    \299\ Id. at 568-69.
    \300\ Id. at 571.
    \301\ Id.
    \302\ Id. at 572.
    \303\ Id. at 572-73.
    \304\ Id. at 573; Gov't Ex. Thirteen.
    \305\ Tr. at 576-83.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As was the case with his review of Agent Parkison's treatment, Dr. 
Severyn reviewed the medical charts, transcripts, and recordings \306\ 
relating to Dr. Zaidi's treatment of Officer Leonard during six visits 
to that office.\307\ And as was the case with the records of treatment 
of Agent Parkison, Dr. Severyn noted material differences between what 
appears in Officer Leonard's written medical chart and what actually 
occurred during Dr. Zaidi's treatment of the patient.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \306\ The recordings in evidence include Government Exhibits 4a 
through 4f. Government Exhibit 4a contains two folders, both having 
to do with Officer Leonard's visit to Dr. Zaidi's office on October 
23, 2012. One folder, labeled Audio 10-23-13, consists of one file, 
identified as CCR_0001. The other folder, identified as AudioVideo 
10-23-12, has seven files. Four files, identified as 125939, 130541, 
130611, and 132851, contain no information material to this 
administrative matter. The files identified as 130617 and 135848 
depict preliminary stages of an office visit on October 23, 2012, 
but do not include Dr. Zaidi's examination of Officer Leonard (which 
apparently was captured only by audio recording). It also contains a 
file identified as Thumbs, which I was unable to access and which 
has not been referred to by either party, and thus is not part of my 
review of this record.
    \307\ Tr. at 115.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In the ``History and Physical Examination'' for the visit on 
October 23, 2012, Dr. Zaidi reported the patient's ``pupils are equal 
and reacting to light.'' \308\ Dr. Severyn stated that an examination 
of pupil reaction to light ``was not part of the physical examination 
that I saw undertaken.'' \309\ He explained that ``[r]eactive to 
light'' means ``that the lighting characteristics in the room changed 
significantly enough that an evaluation of that could be done.'' \310\ 
This could be done either by shining a light directly into each of the 
patient's eyes, or directing the patient's head to a window and back, 
``to see if each pupil independently and to some degree in a 
coordinated fashion would react to light.'' \311\ Dr. Severyn said he 
did not see such an examination take place in any of Officer Leonard's 
office visits where video recordings were part of our record.\312\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \308\ Gov't Ex. Thirteen at 9.
    \309\ Tr. at 115-16.
    \310\ Id. at 126.
    \311\ Id.
    \312\ Id. at 126-27.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    I note that of the recordings included in Government Exhibit Four, 
audiovisual recordings were available only for the examinations of 
Officer

[[Page 42982]]

Leonard conducted on December 13, 2012, and February 21, 2013. Although 
Dr. Zaidi reported the results of light reaction examinations in those 
two reports and in the examinations conducted on October 23, 2012; 
November 15, 2012; January 10, 2013; and March 21, 2013,\313\ there 
were no video recordings of these four examinations.\314\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \313\ Gov't Ex. Thirteen at 9, 12-16.
    \314\ See Gov't Ex. Four.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For the examinations conducted on December 13, 2012 and February 
21, 2013, it is possible to confirm (and I do confirm) that no 
examination took place that would provide Dr. Zaidi with objective 
evidence to support these exam findings,\315\ but I do not resolve 
whether examinations took place on October 23, 2012; November 15, 2012; 
or January 10 or March 21, 2013.\316\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \315\ See Gov't Ex. 4c, folder Leonard UC3, AudioVideo 12-13-12, 
file 083000 at 8:38:52--8:40:31; Gov't Ex. 4e, folder AudioVideo 02-
21-13, file 2013-02-21 at 8:58:27--9:00:19.
    \316\ See Government Exhibits 4a, 4b, and 4d. In Government 
Exhibit 4b, when I attempted to open the file AudioVideo 142205 in 
the AudioVideo folder, the file would not play, and instead a 
message appeared stating ``Windows Media Player cannot play the 
file. The player might not support the file type or might not 
support the codec that was used to compress the file.'' Accordingly, 
the only recording of this visit was contained in the audio-only 
file identified as CCR_0005, found in the folder labeled Audio 11-
15-12. In Gov't Ex. 4d, the only file provided by the Government was 
an audio-only recording labeled 1-10-13 in a folder labeled Audio 
01-10-13.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    I find, however, that Dr. Zaidi's determination to remain silent in 
the face of testimony tending to show no examinations took place gives 
rise to a negative inference, one that supports a finding that his 
examinations on November 15, 2012; January 10, 2013; and March 21, 
2013, were substantially similar to those shown in the videos of 
examinations on December 13, 2012 and February 21, 2013, and do not 
support the findings he reported in these medical records. It is 
unclear, however, what examinations, if any, took place on the first 
visit, on October 23, 2012.\317\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \317\ See Gov't Ex. 4a, folder Audio 10-23-12, file CCR_0001 at 
49:44--56:00.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Severyn noted that Officer Leonard reported a dull ache 
affecting the low back during his initial visit, at level three to four 
on a ten-point scale, without weakness and without numbness going into 
the legs.\318\ In Dr. Severyn's opinion, this history would support a 
diagnosis of lumbago, but does not support Dr. Zaidi's diagnosis of 
radiculitis.\319\ As noted above, Dr. Severyn explained that 
radiculitis calls for ``pain arising in the lumbar spine and clearly 
following the pathway of a nerve going down into the lower extremity.'' 
\320\ As was the case with Dr. Zaidi's diagnosis of Agent Parkison, Dr. 
Severyn said not only is the diagnosis of radiculitis for Officer 
Leonard inaccurate, ``it's blatantly inaccurate.'' \321\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \318\ Tr. at 117.
    \319\ Id.; Gov't Ex. Thirteen at 9.
    \320\ Tr. at 117.
    \321\ Id. at 118.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition to concerns regarding Dr. Zaidi's written impressions, 
Dr. Severyn remarked that the patient presented red flags that went 
unresolved by Dr. Zaidi. One such red flag arose when the patient was 
unable to produce identification after the initial visit.\322\ The 
patient's past drug use also raised a red flag: ``It's concerning here 
that the patient, already describing to the physician that the patient 
has taken some pain medication from his wife, and that it has helped, 
but that the patient is not able to describe the name of the medication 
that his wife is taking and that his wife provided to him.'' \323\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \322\ Id. at 131.
    \323\ Id. at 117.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    According to Dr. Severyn, after Officer Leonard admitted to using 
his wife's pain medication, Dr. Zaidi should have obtained more 
information.\324\ Calling it ``an element of medical necessity,'' Dr. 
Severyn opined that Dr. Zaidi should have attempted to learn when 
Officer Leonard actually used his wife's medication.\325\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \324\ Id. at 176.
    \325\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Severyn explained that while Dr. Zaidi did use urine drug 
screens as part of his prescription practice, the screen would be 
useful here if Dr. Zaidi could determine when Officer Leonard actually 
took his wife's medication. ``I think that what is so missing [about] 
this red flag, about receiving medication from the wife, is we all have 
no idea when that event would have been said to have occurred. But if 
it would have been said to have occurred the past day or so, its 
absence on the urine screen would have been an important red flag. Its 
presence would be just as important.'' \326\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \326\ Tr. at 177.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Also of concern with this patient, according to Dr. Severyn, was 
the patient's request after the initial visit for an increase in 
oxycodone; and on the fourth visit the patient's request for 
Opana.\327\ This latter request was ``a huge flag,'' because, according 
to Dr. Severyn, Opana ``is a drug that is becoming more commonly 
diverted. It is because Opana is twice as strong, milligram per 
milligram, in its effects on the mind, as is the drug Oxycodone, [which 
is] present in Percocet and was present in OxyContin.'' \328\ Detective 
Leonard expressed a similar concern regarding Opana, testifying that 
``[i]t's a highly abused narcotic. We're having a problem with it on 
the street. High resale.'' \329\ According to Dr. Severyn, there is, 
however, no evidence that Dr. Zaidi either recognized or sought to 
resolve these red flags.\330\ After confirming during cross examination 
that Dr. Zaidi ended up not prescribing Opana, Dr. Severyn said he 
believed this to be the appropriate decision.\331\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \327\ Id. at 134.
    \328\ Id.
    \329\ Id. at 578. Detective Leonard testified that Opana 40 mg 
costs between $4 and $5 per tablet and sells for $50 per tablet on 
the street, whereas 5/325 mg Percocet costs $.50 per tablet and 
sells for between $8 and $10 per tablet. Tr. at 615.
    \330\ Id. at 135.
    \331\ Id. at 200-01.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Severyn noted that at the initial visit, when Officer Leonard 
produced only a photocopy of his license (under the pretense that the 
original had been seized recently by the police), there was some 
mention that he would need to produce a license at the next visit,\332\ 
but there is no evidence that anyone from Dr. Zaidi's office followed 
through on this at any subsequent office visit.\333\ Considering the 
red flags present here, Dr. Severyn stated that it ``did not appear 
that there was significant or sufficient attention to the known 
indications of abuse or diversion that we've been referring to here as 
red flags.'' \334\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \332\ See Gov't Ex. 4a at folder AudioVideo 10-23-12, file 
130617 at 13:17:13 to 13:17:27; Gov't Ex. Ten at 3.
    \333\ Tr. at 135.
    \334\ Id. at 135-36.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Beyond these red flags, Dr. Severyn opined that even under a 
diagnosis of lumbar radiculitis, ``[t]his patient has not had benefits 
of a more conservative plan of treatment. Modification of activities, 
non-controlled substances, physical therapy are the big three, the main 
important components of treatment that have to, over a period of 
several weeks, not result in an improvement'' before resorting to 
controlled substances as treatment for pain.\335\ He noted further that 
while the plan of treatment included encouragement for the patient to 
get an MRI done of the lumbar spine,\336\ in Dr. Severyn's view a pain 
management specialist ``would appreciate that an MRI is not indicated 
at this time, with this patient and with this set of conditions, even 
were those conditions, as shown in the medical record, accurate.'' 
\337\ He explained that even if

[[Page 42983]]

an MRI was taken and indicated a significant abnormality associated 
with lumbar pain,
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \335\ Id. at 118.
    \336\ Id.; Gov't Ex. Thirteen at 9.
    \337\ Tr. at 118-19.

    [T]he treatment of that abnormality probably would not have 
taken place because it would not be medically necessary. What is 
medically necessary is [based on] what does the patient have? How is 
this affecting quality of life, employment, social history? How is 
the patient responding to the least risky forms of treatment? \338\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \338\ Id. at 120-21.

    Dr. Severyn stated that he reviewed each of the recordings of 
Officer Leonard's follow-up visits with Dr. Zaidi, and saw no evidence 
of any subsequent physical examinations, raising doubts about the 
validity of the diagnoses appearing in the reports of those 
visits.\339\ Specifically, he saw no evidence of an examination that 
would support a finding that the patient's pupils were ``equal and 
reacting to light'' \340\ because there was no examination of the 
pupils with light; \341\ there was no touching of the patient, and 
``one can only identify and find tenderness by touching the patient;'' 
\342\ there was no evidence of Dr. Zaidi touching Officer Leonard to 
examine the lumbar spine; \343\ there was no examination that would 
support a finding of ``moderate diffuse tenderness and spasm in 
paralumbar muscles with minimal guarding in forward flexion and 
extension;'' and there was no examination that would support a finding 
regarding motor and sensory functions of the lower extremity,\344\ as 
such testing ``did not occur.'' \345\ Considering these 
inconsistencies, Dr. Severyn opined that ``when a medical record 
displays the performance of actions that did not occur, the entire 
validity of the record becomes subject to extreme doubt and 
questioning.'' \346\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \339\ Id. at 121.
    \340\ Id.
    \341\ Id. at 122.
    \342\ Id.
    \343\ Id.
    \344\ Gov't Ex. Thirteen at 9.
    \345\ Tr. at 122, 127.
    \346\ Id. at 121.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    During cross examination, when it was noted that Dr. Zaidi issued 
an order prescribing an MRI, Dr. Severyn stated that the MRI ``became 
part of the medical treatment plan, and the patient's lack of follow up 
of the medical treatment plan is yet another red flag.'' \347\ Thus, 
while he opined that an MRI for this patient was not medically 
indicated by the patient's history, the physical examination, and the 
duration of the problem, the patient's failure to follow the order 
needed to be taken into account by Dr. Zaidi.\348\ He agreed, however, 
that Dr. Zaidi could take into account the patient's representations of 
not having insurance or funds sufficient for such testing, when 
evaluating the patient's noncompliance with the MRI order.\349\ He also 
agreed that a similar order was written during Dr. Zaidi's treatment of 
Agent Parkison.\350\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \347\ Id. at 270.
    \348\ Id. at 266-67.
    \349\ Id. at 267.
    \350\ Id. at 271.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    At the same time, however, Dr. Severyn thought that these patients 
had paid $300 for their initial office visits and were paying $95 for 
each subsequent visit.\351\ When asked whether there was anything 
suspicious about a patient's willingness to pay that kind of money for 
specific drugs while refusing to pay $200 for a cortisone shot or $350 
for an MRI, Dr. Severyn stated, ``I believe that is an indication of 
possible activity, intent or use or misuse, that's not in keeping with 
what the intended role of that medication is, in the doctor's treatment 
plan'' and is ``very suspicious and it is a red flag.'' \352\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \351\ Id. at 277.
    \352\ Id. at 278.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Severyn noted that as was the case with his treatment of Agent 
Parkison, when Officer Leonard's treatment extended beyond twelve 
consecutive weeks, treatment is considered to be on a protracted 
basis.\353\ The plan of treatment here, however, did not consider 
alternative and less risky medications than controlled substances; did 
not include physical therapy; and while the written plan ``includes a 
notation for [a] home exercise program . . . the rest of the evidence 
does not provide a mechanism whereby that was ever put into place.'' 
\354\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \353\ Id. at 125.
    \354\ Id. at 125-26.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Severyn explained the significance of a course of pain 
medication that extends beyond twelve weeks. Under Ohio Administrative 
Code section 4731-21-02, when it appears that a patient will be treated 
with pain medication for twelve weeks or longer, ``there better be 
quite a bit of substantiation behind it, and [the] intensity of service 
needs to justify the continued use of that medication.'' \355\ Even 
though a physician will not always know at the start of treatment that 
a patient's treatment will last twelve weeks or longer, the regulation 
provides that if somebody needs controlled substances that long, 
greater documentation is needed than would be the case when a person is 
treated for acute pain on a short-term basis.\356\ Thus, while a 
physician may treat a person with acute pain without inquiring into 
social history, work employment, activities of daily living, and the 
like, while still meeting the standard of care, such inquiries are 
required when it becomes clear to the physician that the pain is 
chronic,\357\ rather than acute. Once it appears the pain is chronic or 
intractable, the physician is required to determine what needs to be 
done differently in treating the patient for pain under Ohio's 
administrative rules.\358\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \355\ Id. at 286.
    \356\ Id. at 286-87.
    \357\ Id. at 287-88.
    \358\ Id. at 288.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Severyn also noted the absence of information regarding the 
patient's functional capacities.\359\ After noting the patient 
indicated employment as a delivery driver, Dr. Severyn said he found no 
evidence that Dr. Zaidi ever inquired about the degree to which the 
patient's pain symptoms interfered with this employment or inquired 
about whether the pain interfered with daily activities, family life, 
or social activities.\360\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \359\ Id. at 129-30.
    \360\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Severyn expressed the opinion that in prescribing controlled 
substances for Officer Leonard, Dr. Zaidi did so without having a 
legitimate medical purpose, because the patient's medical complaints 
did not justify the use of a controlled substance.\361\ He stated that 
based on what he observed in the recordings of these office visits, 
``the prescribing that took place here was not prescribing for a 
legitimate medical purpose and was not in the usual course of 
professional practice.'' \362\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \361\ Id. at 128.
    \362\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dr. Zaidi's Treatment of Officer Shaun Moses (Under the Name Shaun 
Chandler)

    Shaun Moses is a Special Agent with the DEA, working out of the 
DEA's Cleveland, Ohio office.\363\ As a Special Agent, he enforces 
provisions of the Controlled Substances Act, and has done so for more 
than eight years.\364\ He has a bachelor's degree in political science 
from Hiram College, and has completed the sixteen-week training course 
at the DEA Academy in Quantico, Virginia.\365\ On cross examination, he 
agreed that included in his training for undercover work were 
``block[s] of instruction'' to help him deceive the target of the

[[Page 42984]]

investigation.\366\ He said the goal of the undercover work was to see 
Dr. Zaidi and after ``giving as little information as possible and 
being as vague as possible, see what he would prescribe you.'' \367\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \363\ Id. at 473.
    \364\ Id. at 474.
    \365\ Id. at 475.
    \366\ Id. at 513.
    \367\ Id. at 514.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Agent Moses visited Dr. Zaidi for treatment on five occasions, 
under the name Shaun Chandler.\368\ He identified the recordings made 
during these visits, and the transcripts made based on these 
recordings.\369\ In each of these visits, Agent Moses obtained 
prescriptions for controlled substances from Dr. Zaidi.\370\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \368\ Id. at 475-76.
    \369\ Id. at 476-82.
    \370\ Id. at 482-85.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Agent Moses described the physical examination performed by Dr. 
Zaidi in the first visit. Dr. Zaidi directed Agent Moses to roll up his 
left pant leg, at which point Dr. Zaidi ``squeezed my knee a little 
bit,'' then directed Agent Moses to walk on his heels and toes, bend 
over to touch his toes, straighten his leg while seated, and respond to 
questions about the presence of back pain.\371\ He told Dr. Zaidi he 
worked for the Village of Gates Mills, doing ``[a] lot of manual labor 
type stuff.'' \372\ According to Agent Moses, at no time did Dr. Zaidi 
examine his neck, shine a light into either eye, or touch his 
abdomen.\373\ Agent Moses said this was the only visit during which Dr. 
Zaidi conducted any kind of physical examination.\374\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \371\ Id. at 491-92.
    \372\ Id. at 492.
    \373\ Id. at 495.
    \374\ Id. at 498.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As was the case with his review of Dr. Zaidi's treatment of Agent 
Parkison and Detective Leonard, Dr. Severyn reviewed the recordings, 
transcripts, and medical records regarding Dr. Zaidi's treatment of 
Agent Moses as Shaun Chandler.\375\ And, as was the case in the other 
two undercover agents' medical records, Dr. Severyn found inaccuracies 
in the written reports of treatment, when compared with what he 
observed when watching the video recordings of treatment.\376\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \375\ Id. at 140.
    \376\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    During the visit on January 29, 2013, Agent Moses presented as 
having left knee stiffness, which he indicated to Dr. Zaidi was dull 
and aching, and which he said was at worst four on a ten point scale, 
and was presently two on that same scale.\377\ He told Dr. Zaidi he had 
no prior trauma to the knee, and thus far treated it with ``a couple of 
aspirin'' but nothing more.\378\ Based on this history and examination, 
Dr. Zaidi suggested Agent Moses get a cortisone shot, which Agent Moses 
deferred, indicating ``I'll get back to you.'' \379\ In response, Dr. 
Zaidi prescribed Vicoprofen, a controlled substance that is a mixture 
of Vicodin and ibuprofen.\380\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \377\ Gov't Ex. Fourteen at 17.
    \378\ Gov't Ex. Eleven at 9.
    \379\ Tr. at 494.
    \380\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    When asked on cross examination whether a physician acting within 
the standard of care must decline to provide medical services to a 
patient who lacks records of prior medical treatment, Dr. Severyn said 
if there are no prior records then it would not be a breach of the 
standard of care, nor would it be unusual, as ``[t]here will always be 
a case in which a physician is seeing a patient for the patient's first 
event of a condition associated with pain.'' \381\ He also opined that 
physicians ``are reasonably entitled to approach a patient as being 
truthful and representing true facts, as they are described.'' \382\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \381\ Id. at 264-65.
    \382\ Id. at 265.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Central to Dr. Severyn's analysis were reports of examination 
contained in the typed notes appearing in the ``History and Physical 
Examination'' report found in the patient's medical records.\383\ Dr. 
Severyn compared what appears in this written report of examination 
with what he saw in the video recording of the office visit, and 
reported inaccuracies in the report.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \383\ Gov't Ex. Fourteen at 7-8.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Included in these inaccuracies were notations that the patient was 
``oriented times three,'' which Dr. Severyn explained meant that the 
patient was oriented as to person, place and time.\384\ Dr. Severyn 
stated these were not formally evaluated during the examination 
conducted by Dr. Zaidi.\385\ He said blood pressure was formally 
evaluated, but the pupil reaction to light test was not performed, nor 
was there any examination of the oral mucosa nor the cranial nerves--
all of which were reported as being performed in Dr. Zaidi's written 
report.\386\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \384\ Tr. at 140.
    \385\ Id.
    \386\ Id. at 140-41; Gov't Ex. Fourteen at 7-8.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As Dr. Severyn noted, Dr. Zaidi's written report of the physical 
examination states the patient's thyroid gland is not enlarged and 
there is no cervical or axillary lymphadenopathy, but at no time did 
Dr. Zaidi palpate the lymph or thyroid glands.\387\ Dr. Zaidi wrote 
that there was ``no tenderness in his cervical, parathoracic, or 
paralumbar muscles'' yet there was no touching of the area superficial 
to the cervical spine and no testing of the paraspinal lumbar 
muscles.\388\ Dr. Zaidi wrote that the ``upper extremity examination is 
normal to sensory and motor testing with normal range of motion at the 
upper extremity joints,'' but testing of those nerves did not take 
place.\389\ Similarly, although Dr. Zaidi did palpate the knee area, he 
reported ``lower extremity examination otherwise is normal to sensory 
and motor testing,'' but did not perform a lower extremity sensory and 
motor examination.\390\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \387\ Tr. at 141; Gov't Ex. Fourteen at 7; Gov't Ex. 5A, folder 
AudioVideo 01-29-13, file 2013-01-29 at 13:42:48 to 13:48:21.
    \388\ Tr. at 141; Gov't Ex. Fourteen at 7; Gov't Ex. 5A, folder 
AudioVideo 01-29-13, file 2013-01-29 at 13:41:55 to 13:48:21.
    \389\ Tr. at 141; Gov't Ex. Fourteen at 7; Gov't Ex. 5A, folder 
AudioVideo 01-29-13, file 2013-01-29 at 13:42:48 to 13:48:21.
    \390\ Tr. at 142; Gov't Ex. Fourteen at 7; Gov't Ex. 5A, folder 
AudioVideo 01-29-13, file 2013-01-29 at 13:42:48 to 13:48:21.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Having reviewed the video recording, including the time Agent Moses 
spent with the medical assistant Christy Barrett and the time spent 
with Dr. Zaidi, I find Dr. Severyn's observations to be supported by 
substantial evidence. It is clear that Dr. Zaidi instructed Agent Moses 
to raise his left pant leg, and that he palpated the patellar area of 
the left leg; and we see Agent Moses extending his leg and, when 
standing, rise on his toes and then on his heels.\391\ This, however, 
is the extent of the physical examination.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \391\ Gov't Ex. 5A, folder AudioVideo 01-29-13, file 2013-01-29 
at 13:42:48 to 13:48:21.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    While there is evidence that Dr. Zaidi tested Agent Moses' gait, 
finding good balance and coordination, and that Agent Moses performed 
normal heel and toe walking, Dr. Zaidi also indicated finding a ``soft 
and nontender'' abdomen, but never palpated the abdomen.\392\ Dr. Zaidi 
indicated ``good air entry bilaterally in both longs with normal S1 and 
S2 heart sounds,'' but such testing, according to Dr. Severyn, requires 
the use of a stethoscope, which did not take place.\393\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \392\ Tr. at 142; Gov't Ex. Fourteen at 7; Gov't Ex. 5A, folder 
AudioVideo 01-29-13, file 2013-01-29 at 13:42:48 to 13:48:21.
    \393\ Tr. at 142-43; Gov't Ex. Fourteen at 7; Gov't Ex. 5A, 
folder AudioVideo 01-29-13, file 2013-01-29 at 13:42:48 to 13:48:21.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    When stating the impressions formed from this examination, Dr. 
Zaidi indicated ``knee pain, limb pain, and possible early 
osteoarthritis of knee.'' \394\ According to Dr. Severyn, given the 
examination and history present, the impression of possible early

[[Page 42985]]

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
osteoarthritis ``cannot be substantiated.'' \395\ He explained:

    \394\ Gov't Ex. Fourteen at 8.
    \395\ Tr. at 143.

    Early arthritis does cause knee pain, but so do many other 
things in young, healthy patients. Most common are ligament strains, 
followed by inflammation of the cartilage behind the knee cap, which 
is different than cartilage between the bones, between the tibia and 
the femur, which is the real communicated message, when we use the 
term osteoarthritis of the knee.\396\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \396\ Id.

    Also of concern to Dr. Severyn was the plan of treatment that Dr. 
Zaidi based on this examination and history. Dr. Zaidi prescribed 
Vicoprofen, which is a combination of ibuprofen, a non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory, and hydrocodone (or Vicodin), a controlled substance pain 
medication.\397\ ``[A] more justifiable approach,'' according to Dr. 
Severyn, ``would have been to use a non-controlled substance analgesic 
medication, such as Tramadol.'' \398\ Missing from the plan, according 
to Dr. Severyn, is any mention of the role the patient's daily 
activities should play in the treatment plan: ``[T]here is no reference 
to a change in daily activities, periods of rest, possibly work 
modification, use of physical therapy or the providing of a home 
exercise program'' with the result that the treatment plan is ``very 
controlled-substance focused, as its initial approach to care.'' \399\ 
In Dr. Severyn's opinion, ``what has been presented in the portions of 
the record that did take place in the examination room does not justify 
prescribing a controlled substance, not at that time of the patient's 
care, for those conditions.'' \400\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \397\ Id. at 144; Gov't Ex. Fourteen at 8.
    \398\ Id. at 144.
    \399\ Id. at 144-45.
    \400\ Id. at 145.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Agent Moses returned for an office visit on February 12, 2013, 
which was preserved in an audio-video recording, the contents of which 
have been transcribed.\401\ During this visit, Dr. Zaidi spent 
approximately 140 seconds in the room with Agent Moses.\402\ At no time 
during this visit did Dr. Zaidi touch Agent Moses, nor did he have 
Agent Moses perform any diagnostic actions.\403\ As Dr. Severyn 
indicated, there was no physical examination performed during this 
visit.\404\ Nevertheless, Dr. Zaidi prepared a report of physical 
examination that included findings that could not be supported by his 
examination of this patient. Dr. Severyn stated that unsupported 
findings appearing in Dr. Zaidi's report of this examination included 
pupil reactivity to light, tenderness in the joint, the absence of 
redness and swelling, range of motion, and normal motor and sensory 
testing of the leg.\405\ Similarly, while the plan of treatment for 
this visit indicated home exercise as a feature of treatment, no home 
exercise program had been provided.\406\ Agent Moses confirmed that 
throughout his visits there was never any discussion of physical 
therapy, no discussion about doing exercises at home, nor was he ever 
given any written materials relating to home exercise.\407\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \401\ Gov't Ex. 5b; Gov't Ex. Fourteen at 11-15; Gov't Ex. 
Eleven at 14-18.
    \402\ Gov't Ex. 5b, folder Moses UC 2, subfolder AudioVideo 02-
12-13, file 2013-02-12 at 14:43:30 to 14:45:49.
    \403\ Id.
    \404\ Tr. at 145.
    \405\ Id. at 145-46.
    \406\ Id. at 149; Gov't Ex. Fourteen at 12.
    \407\ Tr. at 546.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Severyn also noted with some concern the subjective report for 
this visit, where Dr. Zaidi states that Agent Moses was complaining of 
both knee and leg pain, and that the pain level he was experiencing was 
between four and five.\408\ While the record supports a complaint of 
knee pain, there is nothing in the record that supported a complaint of 
leg pain. Further, as Dr. Severyn correctly observed, Agent Moses 
reported pain levels only to the office assistant, not to Dr. Zaidi on 
this visit, and the assistant accurately reported that the pain levels 
described by Agent Moses were between two and three.\409\ There is 
nothing in the record that would support an examination report of pain 
level five that Dr. Zaidi reported in his medical history for this 
visit, Agent Moses stated the written report by Dr. Zaidi, indicating a 
reported pain level of four or five, was not accurate.\410\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \408\ Id. at 148; Gov't Ex. Fourteen at 12.
    \409\ Tr. at 148; Gov't Ex. Eleven at 14-15; Gov't Ex. Fourteen 
at 16.
    \410\ Tr. at 499.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Agent Moses' third visit to Dr. Zaidi's office, on March 11, 2013, 
lasted two minutes and 25 seconds \411\ and was recorded by audio and 
audio-video recordings.\412\ According to Dr. Severyn, objective 
findings that could not be supported by the actual examination of Agent 
Moses in the visit on March 11, 2013 included:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \411\ Gov't Ex. 5c, folder Moses UC Visit, subfolder AudioVideo, 
file 03-11-2013 at 14:43:15-14:45:37.
    \412\ Gov't Ex. 5c; Gov't Ex. Eleven at 19-22; Gov't Ex. 
Fourteen at 11. Note the audio-video recording includes Christy 
Barrett preparing Agent Moses for his visit with Dr. Zaidi. Some of 
the video images of this exchange were obscured, as the recording 
device apparently became improperly positioned. These limitations 
did not materially affect my ability to discern the nature of Ms. 
Barrett's preparation, as the audio portion of this interview was 
intact. Similarly, approximately five seconds of Dr. Zaidi's visit 
with Agent Moses was obscured either by Agent Moses' hand or his 
clothing. Immediately before and after this period of obstructed 
view, Dr. Zaidi was seated away from Agent Moses, mostly facing the 
wall while reading and writing notes, while Officer Moses was seated 
on the other side of the office. Notwithstanding this brief period 
of obstruction, the recording is sufficiently intact to permit me to 
conclude, as I do, that at no time during this office visit did Dr. 
Zaidi come into close proximity to or contact with Agent Moses.

    [T]he reactivity of the pupils to light, the diffuse tenderness 
of the left knee, when the left knee is touched. The absence of 
redness or swelling being reported in here requires a physical 
examination to be performed, which was not. Range of motion testing 
requires a classic evaluation, or at least flexion and extension, 
and it was not [done]. The lower extremity examination being normal 
with both motor and sensory testing is reported here, and that did 
not occur.\413\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \413\ Tr. at 149-50.

    Here again, Dr. Severyn noted that although it appears as a term of 
the treatment plan, there is no evidence suggesting Dr. Zaidi provided 
Agent Moses with information about a home exercise program.\414\ Having 
seen the audio-video recording of this office visit, I find there is 
substantial evidence to support Dr. Severyn's finding that Dr. Zaidi 
did not examine Agent Moses sufficiently to support the findings 
appearing in this history and examination report.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \414\ Id. at 150; Gov't Ex. Fourteen at 11.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In his review of Agent Moses' fourth office visit, on April 9, 
2013, Dr. Severyn noted many of the same concerns--that Dr. Zaidi's 
written history and report of physical examination reported conditions 
that could be legitimately entered only if a physical examination had 
been performed. Having reviewed the recording of the visit on April 9, 
2013 (which lasted three minutes and 33 seconds),\415\ I concur with 
Dr. Severyn's conclusion that Dr. Zaidi did not conduct a physical 
examination that would support the written findings in his report.\416\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \415\ Gov't Ex. 5d, folder AudioVideo, file SM-04-09-13 at 
9:37:25 to 9:40:58; Gov't Ex. Eleven at 23-27. As was the case with 
the recording of March 11, 2013, a portion of the time Christy 
Barrett spent with Agent Moses lacks a video picture, but the audio 
portion is unaffected.
    \416\ Tr. at 151.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In his review of the fifth and final visit by Agent Moses on May 6, 
2013, Dr. Severyn noted the same concerns as were presented in his 
discussion of the fourth visit.\417\ Again, after reviewing the audio-
video recording of this visit, I find substantial evidence to support 
Dr. Severyn's findings based on a demonstration that Dr. Zaidi 
performed

[[Page 42986]]

no physical examination of Agent Moses during this visit.\418\ Dr. 
Zaidi conducted the visit, which lasted 80 seconds,\419\ while standing 
at the head of the examination table, while Agent Moses remained seated 
at all times, without any physical contact between the two.\420\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \417\ Id. at 151-53.
    \418\ Gov't Ex. 5e, folder Sept 05 2013, subfolder AudioVideo, 
file 05-06-2013 at 09:55:14-09:56:46 (vital signs and history taken 
by Ms. Barrett), 09:58:50-10:00:10 (visit with Dr. Zaidi).
    \419\ Gov't Ex. 5e, folder Sept 05 2013, subfolder AudioVideo, 
file 05-06-2013 at 09:58:50-10:00:10.
    \420\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    I also concur with Dr. Severyn's observation that although his 
treatment plan indicates he prescribed a home exercise program, Dr. 
Zaidi failed to propose a home exercise plan for this patient.\421\ 
Further, Dr. Severyn stated that there was no evidence Dr. Zaidi 
attempted to determine whether Agent Moses' pain interfered with his 
daily activities, with his quality of family life, or with social 
activities.\422\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \421\ Tr. at 153.
    \422\ Id. at 155.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Severyn also expressed the opinion that Dr. Zaidi failed to 
resolve red flags that arose when Agent Moses sought to increase his 
medication during the fourth visit.\423\ The specific exchange noted 
here began when Dr. Zaidi asked if Agent Moses had experienced any 
changes since the last office visit. After stating that there was 
stiffness in the knee, Agent Moses told Dr. Zaidi, ``I was talking to a 
guy I work with [who] had like a similar issue, and he said that he 
tried Percocet and that like knocked it out . . . .'' Without 
hesitating, Dr. Zaidi responded, ``Well, that's a dramatic statement. I 
will write you Percocet but it will not knock it out.'' \424\ After 
warning that Percocet was ``a little stronger'' and stating that he 
thought ``the main thing that will come close to knocking it out is [a] 
cortisone injection in there,'' Dr. Zaidi noted that Agent Moses has 
``been going pretty fast here on the medications'' during these four 
visits.\425\ He warned that ``you are going to not get advice from too 
many friends'' regarding what medication is appropriate for the next 
step, explaining ``[t]his is how people get in trouble.'' \426\ Dr. 
Severyn said Dr. Zaidi's warning that the patient is heading for 
trouble and should not be getting advice from friends about what 
medication to take was appropriate.\427\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \423\ Id. at 156-57.
    \424\ Gov't Ex. Eleven at 25.
    \425\ Id.
    \426\ Id.
    \427\ Tr. at 275.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    According to Dr. Severyn, however, prescribing Percocet four times 
daily at this point was not a reasonable solution, and that decision in 
the face of these red flags ``is one that I don't find to be medically 
in keeping with . . . prevailing standards of care.'' \428\ He said he 
could find no medical reason for changing Agent Moses' prescription 
from Vicodin to Percocet.\429\ Similarly, when asked whether it appears 
Dr. Zaidi took into account the risk of addiction and the risk of 
diversion of controlled substances, Dr. Severyn opined that while the 
milligram levels prescribed were primarily in the low range,\430\ he 
believed Dr. Zaidi did not take into account the risk of addiction ``to 
an adequate degree,'' \431\ and did not focus attention on the risk of 
diversion, focusing instead ``on the risk of consumption.'' \432\ Dr. 
Severyn stated that there needed to be interaction between the patient 
and physician in order to determine whether changes in medication have 
to be made, and confirmed there was some interaction between Agent 
Moses and Dr. Zaidi.\433\ Such interaction would need to reflect the 
patient explaining whether the existing medication is helping or not--
something Dr. Severyn said did take place, but only to a ``limited'' 
degree.\434\ Dr. Severyn expressed concern, however, that the only 
reason for changing Agent Moses' prescription for controlled substances 
was that ``a friend tried Percocet for similar symptoms and that it 
improved.'' \435\ In Dr. Severyn's opinion, changing the prescription 
upon this history was not at all medically appropriate.\436\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \428\ Id. at 159-60.
    \429\ Id. at 276-67.
    \430\ Id. at 202.
    \431\ Id. at 160.
    \432\ Id. at 161.
    \433\ Id. at 202.
    \434\ Id. at 203.
    \435\ Id. at 277.
    \436\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    From this review of Dr. Zaidi's prescription practice concerning 
Agent Moses, Dr. Severyn stated that in his opinion, ``the prescribing 
of controlled substances in this patient's treatment was not 
prescribing medication for a legitimate purpose or in the usual course 
of professional practice.'' \437\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \437\ Id.at 153.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Analysis

    Four core facts compel my determination that it would be 
inconsistent with the public interest for the Administrator to permit 
Dr. Zaidi to continue prescribing controlled substances. First, the 
evidence establishes that Dr. Zaidi repeatedly prescribed controlled 
substances under conditions that warranted further investigation and, 
in the absence of such investigation, were not for a legitimate medical 
purpose. His decision to prescribe narcotic pain medication to three 
undercover agents despite the presence of numerous red flags 
constituted a material breach of the duties owed by physicians 
practicing under the Controlled Substances Act, and his prescription 
practice in these three cases did not meet Ohio's requirements for the 
distribution of controlled substances.
    Second, the evidence establishes that Dr. Zaidi lacks the 
experience and insight needed to participate in the controlled 
substance distribution system. His decision to manage a pain clinic 
using a protocol that permitted the issuance of prescriptions for 
controlled substances without conducting physical examinations 
threatens the public safety. Either through ignorance or deliberate 
indifference, Dr. Zaidi's decision to establish such operations 
indicates he lacks sufficient insight and experience to be trusted to 
participate in the controlled substance distribution process.
    Third, the evidence establishes that Dr. Zaidi misrepresented the 
scope and character of both the physical examinations he performed and 
medical histories obtained during office visits with three DEA 
undercover agents. While such a practice may well constitute fraud, the 
Government made no claim of fraud here. Instead, it asserts that this 
feature of Dr. Zaidi's prescription practice constitutes conduct that 
is not otherwise addressed by the enumerated factors found in 21 U.S.C. 
823(f)(1-4) but which nonetheless is conduct that ``may threaten the 
public health and safety.'' \438\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \438\ 21 U.S.C. 823(f)(5).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Fourth, after the Government presented evidence sufficient to 
establish that his continued DEA registration would be inconsistent 
with the public interest, Dr. Zaidi failed to present evidence of an 
acknowledgement of wrongdoing and a proposal for meaningful 
remediation. Accordingly, I will recommend that the Administrator 
revoke Dr. Zaidi's DEA registration and deny any pending application 
for renewal of the same.

Elements of a Prima Facie Case

    This administrative action began when the DEA's Administrator 
through her Deputy Administrator issued an order proposing to revoke 
Dr. Zaidi's DEA Certificate of Registration and ordering him to show 
cause why that

[[Page 42987]]

registration should not be revoked.\439\ The order alleged that Dr. 
Zaidi distributed controlled substances by issuing prescriptions under 
conditions that violated provisions in sections 823(f) and 824(a)(4) of 
Chapter 21 of the United States Code.\440\ Thus, in order to revoke Dr. 
Zaidi's Certificate of Registration, the Government has the burden of 
establishing, by at least a preponderance of the evidence, that 
allowing Dr. Zaidi to continue to issue prescriptions for controlled 
substances is contrary to the public interest.\441\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \439\ ALJ Ex. One.
    \440\ Id. at 1.
    \441\ 21 U.S.C. 823(f); 21 U.S.C. 824(a); 21 CFR 1301.44(d)-(e); 
see also Steadman v. SEC, 450 U.S. 91, 100-01 (1981).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    While the burden of establishing that Dr. Zaidi's certification 
contravenes the public interest never shifts from the Government, once 
the Government meets this burden, Dr. Zaidi has the opportunity to 
present evidence that he accepts responsibility for his misconduct, and 
has taken appropriate steps to prevent misconduct in the future.\442\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \442\ Marc G. Medinnus, D.D.S., 78 FR 62683-01, 62691-93 (DEA 
October 22, 2013).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under the registration requirements found in 21 U.S.C. 823(f), the 
Administrator is expected to consider five factors in determining the 
public interest when presented with the actions of a physician engaged 
in prescribing controlled substances. These factors are:
    (1) The recommendation of the appropriate State licensing board or 
professional disciplinary authority.
    (2) The applicant's experience in dispensing, or conducting 
research with respect to controlled substances.
    (3) The applicant's conviction record under Federal or State laws 
relating to the manufacture, distribution, or dispensing of controlled 
substances.
    (4) Compliance with applicable State, Federal, or local laws 
relating to controlled substances.
    (5) Such other conduct which may threaten the public health and 
safety.\443\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \443\ 21 U.S.C. 823(f).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Any one of these factors may constitute a sufficient basis for 
taking action with respect to a Certificate of Registration.\444\ Any 
one or a combination of factors may be relied upon, and when exercising 
authority as an impartial adjudicator, the Administrator may properly 
give each factor whatever weight she deems appropriate in determining 
whether a registration should be rejected.\445\ Moreover, although the 
Administrator is obliged to consider all five of the public interest 
factors, she is ``not required to make findings as to all of the 
factors.'' \446\ The Administrator is not required to discuss each 
factor in equal detail, or even every factor in any given level of 
detail.\447\ The balancing of the public interest factors ``is not a 
contest in which score is kept; the Agency is not required to 
mechanically count up the factors and determine how many favor the 
Government and how many favor the registrant. Rather, it is an inquiry 
which focuses on protecting the public interest.'' \448\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \444\ Robert A. Leslie, M.D., 68 FR 15227-01, 15230 (DEA March 
28, 2003).
    \445\ Morall v. DEA, 412 F.3d 165, 173-74 (D.C. Cir. 2005); JLB, 
Inc., d/b/a Boyd Drugs, 53 FR 43945-02, 43947 (DEA October 31, 
1988); see also David E. Trawick, D.D.S., 53 FR 5326-01, 5327 (DEA 
February 23, 1988).
    \446\ Hoxie v. DEA, 419 F.3d 477, 482 (6th Cir. 2005); see also 
Morall v. DEA, 412 F.3d at 173-74 (D.C. Cir. 2005).
    \447\ Trawick v. DEA, 861 F.2d 72, 76 (4th Cir. 1988).
    \448\ Jayam Krishna-Iyer, M.D., 74 FR 459-01, 462 (DEA January 
6, 2009).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In making a medical judgment concerning the right treatment for an 
individual patient, physicians require a certain degree of latitude. 
Hence, ``[w]hat constitutes bona fide medical practice must be 
determined upon consideration of evidence and attending 
circumstances.'' \449\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \449\ United States v. Collier, 478 F.2d 268, 272 (5th Cir. 
1973).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Factor One--Recommendations of the State Licensing Board

    In its post-hearing brief, the Government does not propose to use 
Factor One as a basis for arguing that the continued registration of 
Dr. Zaidi is contrary to the public interest.\450\ Factor One considers 
``[t]he recommendation of the appropriate State licensing board or 
professional disciplinary authority.'' Although the recommendation of 
the applicable state medical board is probative to Factor One, the 
Administrator possesses ``a separate oversight responsibility with 
respect to the handling of controlled substances'' and therefore must 
make an ``independent determination as to whether the granting [or 
revocation] of [a registration] would be in the public interest.'' 
\451\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \450\ Government's Proposed Findings of Fact, Conclusions of 
Law[,] and Argument at 21.
    \451\ Mortimer B. Levin, D.O., 55 FR 8209-01, 8210 (DEA March 7, 
1990).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We do not have an express recommendation by the applicable 
regulators in Ohio. This may be a factor to consider when evaluating 
the weight to be given to Dr. Severyn's analysis. There is, however, no 
substantial evidence of a ``recommendation'' in support of Dr. Zaidi's 
continued practice in Ohio; nor is there evidence that the state's 
medical board elected to evaluate any of Dr. Zaidi's treatment records 
(or even that it is currently aware of this administrative action).
    From the record before me I cannot discern a reason for the Board's 
inaction, and as such I cannot conclude that its inaction establishes 
that Dr. Zaidi's prescription practice conformed to Ohio law. Such 
evidence, standing alone, cannot support a finding under Factor One.

Deleted Discussion (Factor Two)

Factor Three

    Under Factor Three the Administrator is to consider an applicant's 
conviction record under federal or state laws relating to the 
manufacture, distribution, or dispensing of controlled substances.\452\ 
Neither the Government nor Respondent has raised any claims pertaining 
to Factor Three, and there is no evidence that Dr. Zaidi has been 
convicted of any laws related to dispensing controlled substances. 
Accordingly Factor Three does not serve as a basis for revoking 
Respondent's DEA Certificate of Registration.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \452\ 21 U.S.C. 823(f)(3).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Factor Four

    Under Factor Four the Administrator is required to consider 
Respondent's ``compliance with applicable State, Federal, or local laws 
relating to controlled substances.'' \453\ ``A prescription for a 
controlled substance is unlawful unless it has been issued for a 
legitimate medical purpose by an individual practitioner acting in the 
usual course of professional practice.'' \454\ Departing from the usual 
course of professional practice can have profound negative 
consequences. Here, a preponderance of the evidence establishes that 
with respect to the three undercover agents, Dr. Zaidi prescribed 
controlled substances without having a legitimate medical purpose and 
under conditions that fell outside of the usual course of professional 
practice.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \453\ 21 U.S.C. 823(f)(4).
    \454\ Sun & Lake Pharmacy, Inc., D.B.A. The Medicine Shoppe, 76 
FR 24523-02, 23530 (DEA May 2, 2011).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As the Government aptly notes in its post-hearing brief, when she 
determines whether a practitioner's conduct ``exceeds the bounds of 
professional practice when prescribing controlled substances,'' \455\ 
the Administrator

[[Page 42988]]

``generally looks to state law.'' \456\ The Government points out that 
Ohio regulations prohibit a physician from prescribing controlled 
substances without first ``taking into account the drug's potential for 
abuse, the possibility the drug may lead to dependence, the possibility 
the patient will obtain the drug for non-therapeutic use or to 
distribute to others, and the possibility of an illicit market for the 
drug.'' \457\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \455\ Government's Proposed Findings of Fact, Conclusions of 
Law[,] and Argument at 22 (quoting United States v. Moore, 423 U.S. 
122, 142-43 (1975)).
    \456\ Id. (citing Kamir Garces-Mejias, 72 FR 54931-02, 54935 
(DEA September 27, 2007) & United Prescription Services, Inc., 72 FR 
50397-01, 50407 (DEA August 31, 2007)).
    \457\ Ohio Admin. Code 4731-11-02(C).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    There is evidence, aptly noted in Respondent's post-hearing brief, 
that Dr. Zaidi did to some extent take into account the risks of abuse 
and diversion associated with the drugs he was prescribing. Dr. Zaidi, 
for example, screened all cases using the OARRS protocol, required 
urine drug screening at the initial visit, prescribed low doses of the 
narcotics (at least initially), required check-ins every two weeks, 
warned against taking medication that had been prescribed to others, 
and described the risks of moving quickly to ever stronger narcotic 
medication.\458\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \458\ Post-Hearing Brief of Respondent at 14-19 and citations to 
the record therein.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    No one distinct set of circumstances permits me to determine the 
extent to which Dr. Zaidi recognized the potential for abuse or 
diversion when treating the undercover agents. All of the foregoing 
office protocols may have been instituted to reflect Dr. Zaidi's 
concern for the potential misuse or diversion of controlled substances. 
Given Respondent's decision to not testify, however, our record is 
silent with respect to Dr. Zaidi's mental assessment of these cases. I 
am thus left to discern what factors Dr. Zaidi took into account when 
prescribing these drugs based on the contents of the written medical 
records and on what I heard and saw in reviewing the recordings of the 
undercover agents' office visits. In doing so, I cannot help but be 
influenced by the evidence of falsification present in these records. 
Knowing now what actually occurred during the office visits and 
comparing that to what Dr. Zaidi wrote in the patient records, I find 
little reason to believe these protocols were instituted to reduce the 
risk of abuse or diversion, but were instead instituted to provide some 
degree of cover for Dr. Zaidi against regulatory action by the DEA, 
should his records ever by subject to audit.
    As the Government correctly points out, in its prehearing statement 
the Government put Dr. Zaidi on notice well before the hearing that it 
intended to question him about his response to these red flags.\459\ As 
a matter of law, the Government is entitled to an inference that had he 
testified, Dr. Zaidi would have acknowledged fabricating much of the 
information in the officers' medical records and failing to resolve the 
red flags identified by Dr. Severyn, and would have acknowledged that 
his treatment of the undercover agents fell below accepted medical 
standards.\460\ With such an inference occasioned by his silence in the 
face of independent evidence showing that his practice fell below 
accepted medical standards, Dr. Zaidi cannot now be understood to have 
conformed to those standards.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \459\ Government's Proposed Findings of Fact, Conclusions of 
Law[,] and Argument at 28 and citations therein.
    \460\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Independent of such an inference, however, the same result is 
warranted. I have considered the steps taken to resolve red flags 
identified by Dr. Severyn. As the Government has suggested, Dr. 
Severyn's conclusion is supported by evidence that Dr. Zaidi failed to 
resolve numerous red flags the agents presented during their office 
visits.\461\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \461\ Id. at 23.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Testimony from Dr. Severyn helps to identify what red flags were 
presented to Dr. Zaidi during these visits. These include, for example, 
being presented by a patient's request for OxyContin by brand 
name.\462\ Dr. Severyn explained why this conduct needs to be addressed 
by the prescribing physician, as it indicates that the patient was 
relying on outside sources (here either friends or family) to chart the 
course of medication, ``instead of relying on my expertise to introduce 
a specific medication.'' \463\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \462\ Tr. at 95-96.
    \463\ Id. at 96.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    I give great weight to Dr. Severyn's assessment of circumstances 
that constitute red flags, given his substantial relevant experience in 
prescribing controlled substances for treating pain, his understanding 
of the pressures facing pain medicine physicians, and his familiarity 
with Ohio's pain management regulations. Thus, when he relates that a 
pain management patient's request for OxyContin by name has been a red 
flag for pain management physicians for ``a decade or more'' I 
attribute great weight to that opinion. The same was true when Officer 
Leonard requested Opana, which both Officer Leonard and Dr. Severyn 
stated was now becoming increasingly diverted and abused.\464\ While 
our record shows that Dr. Zaidi did not actually prescribe Opana, it is 
silent with respect to whether Dr. Zaidi recognized this as a red flag 
needing resolution.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \464\ Id. at 134, 578.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Similarly, Dr. Severyn considered Agent Moses' request for an 
increase in medication at the fourth office visit to be a red flag, 
where the request was based solely on the recommendation of ``a guy 
[Agent Moses] work[s] with'' \465\ who reported successful treatment 
using Percocet.\466\ I attribute great weight to Dr. Severyn's opinion 
that these all were unresolved red flags.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \465\ Gov't Ex. Eleven at 25.
    \466\ Tr. at 156-57.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To much the same effect was Dr. Zaidi's apparent complacence when a 
patient sought an increase in the amount of OxyContin being prescribed. 
Again, there was no evidence that Dr. Zaidi engaged Officer Parkison in 
any inquiry that would probe why existing levels of pain medication 
were inadequate.\467\ According to Dr. Severyn, given that OxyContin 
has been so ``largely diverted and abused,'' the failure to make such 
an inquiry constituted the failure to resolve a relevant red flag.\468\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \467\ Id. at 113.
    \468\ Id. at 113-14.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Respondent in his post-hearing brief correctly points out that 
resolving red flags can take time--a point with which Dr. Severyn 
concurred.\469\ Specifically, Dr. Severyn opined that a treating source 
generally will not sufficiently observe and evaluate a patient in one 
or two visits, but that instead will address red flags over time, with 
the length of time dependent on the circumstances.\470\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \469\ Post-Hearing Brief of Respondent at 5 and citations 
therein.
    \470\ Tr. at 173-74.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Severyn added, however, that depending on the indicators 
presenting as red flags, the physician may have to do more than just 
wait.\471\ There is, however, no evidence that Dr. Zaidi took any 
action when confronted with these red flags, other than to accede to 
the requests of his patients to increase the amount of pain medication 
being prescribed.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \471\ Id. at 174-75.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Another red flag was the refusal of a patient to obtain an MRI 
despite the treating physician's order for such imaging.\472\ While I 
agree with Respondent's proposition that MRIs are expensive and cost 
may have been a factor Dr. Zaidi took into account when faced with this 
particular red flag, I agree with the opinion expressed by Dr. Severyn 
in this regard. We have three

[[Page 42989]]

patients who demonstrated the ability to pay $300 for their initial 
visits and $95 for each of four or five subsequent visits. The refusal 
of Agent Moses to comply with Dr. Zaidi's recommendation that he pay 
$200 for a cortisone shot, and the refusal of Agent Parkison to pay 
$350 for an MRI ``is very suspicious, and it is a red flag.'' \473\ 
What I saw in the video recordings of the office visits where Dr. Zaidi 
made these recommendations leads me to conclude that Dr. Zaidi saw no 
significance in the undercover agents' refusal to procure these 
treatments and diagnostic tools. He was indifferent--the patients could 
comply with his orders or not--but he would continue prescribing 
controlled substances regardless.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \472\ Id. at 185, 266-67.
    \473\ Id. at 278.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    While a patient's request for brand name opiates does not in and of 
itself compel a conclusion that the patient is seeking to divert or 
abuse pain medication, the request must be addressed by the treating 
physician. There is, however, nothing in the record suggesting that Dr. 
Zaidi regarded these requests for brand-name pain-killers as anomalous 
or requiring further inquiry. Similarly, a patient's decision not to 
pursue more conservative treatment (such as cortisone injections) or 
obtain diagnostic information (such as is available with an MRI) by 
itself is not conclusive of an intent to abuse or divert narcotics, but 
such decisions have to be taken into account by the prescribing source. 
To the extent Dr. Zaidi elected to not dispute Dr. Severyn's thoroughly 
documented observations, I am entitled to infer that Dr. Zaidi failed 
to consider the possibility that the undercover agents sought drugs for 
non-therapeutic reasons or that the drugs he prescribed could have led 
to dependence. To the extent such a failure indicates a lack of 
experience, Dr. Zaidi's failure to resolve red flags--standing alone--
has been addressed in the Factor Two discussion above. To the extent it 
led to the issuance of actual prescriptions for controlled substances, 
Dr. Zaidi's practice violated Ohio law relating to the prescription of 
controlled substances.\474\ In turn, this violation of Ohio law leads 
to my finding that Dr. Zaidi's continued DEA registration would be 
inconsistent with the public interest under Factor Four.\475\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \474\ Ohio Admin. Code 4731-11-02(C).
    \475\ 21 U.S.C. 823(f)(4).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Independent of Dr. Zaidi's failure to resolve red flags is evidence 
that the diagnoses upon which controlled substances were prescribed 
cannot withstand scrutiny. I find substantial evidence supports Dr. 
Severyn's opinion that Dr. Zaidi had no basis for diagnosing either 
Agent Parkison or Detective Leonard with lumbar radiculitis, given the 
examinations that supported those diagnoses and given that neither 
officer complained of pain radiating into the leg.\476\ I find 
uncontroverted and persuasive Dr. Severyn's description of the steps 
needed to establish such a diagnosis; and I find that the examinations 
of record would not permit such a diagnosis in the ordinary course of 
professional practice, for the reasons presented by Dr. Severyn. I 
believe Dr. Zaidi purposely included more serious diagnoses to support 
prescribing more controlled substances than were medically necessary 
and to insulate him from DEA investigations, perhaps not realizing that 
the DEA performs undercover operations that include surreptitious 
audio-video recordings of patient visits.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \476\ Tr. at 77-78, 118.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    I find the evidence establishes that by prescribing controlled 
substances based on a diagnosis of radiculitis, Dr. Zaidi did so 
without a legitimate medical purpose. As such, Dr. Zaidi's continued 
DEA registration would be inconsistent with the public interest under 
Factor Four.\477\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \477\ 21 U.S.C. 823(f)(4).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    There is a third basis under Factor Four that warrants evaluation. 
Apart from failing to resolve red flags and basing controlled substance 
prescriptions upon an unsustainable diagnosis of radiculitis, Dr. Zaidi 
failed to comply with Ohio law in the maintenance of his medical 
records. Under Ohio law a physician prescribing controlled substances 
must ``complete and maintain accurate medical records reflecting the 
physician's examination, evaluation, and treatment of all the 
physician's patients.'' \478\ Note that this requirement applies to all 
prescriptions involving controlled substances, regardless of whether 
the diagnosed condition relates to pain, and regardless of the duration 
of treatment.\479\ Thus, it is a requirement arising from the very 
start of the patient-physician relationship, once the physician 
determines the need to prescribe controlled substances.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \478\ Ohio Admin. Code 4731-11-02(D).
    \479\ Ohio Admin. Code 4731-11-02(A) (``A physician shall not 
utilize a controlled substance other than in accordance with all of 
the provisions of this chapter of the Administrative Code'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, under this regulation, a medical record of treatment 
involving controlled substances must ``accurately reflect the 
utilization of any controlled substances in the treatment of a patient 
and shall indicate the diagnosis and purpose for which the controlled 
substance is utilized, and any additional information upon which the 
diagnosis is based.'' \480\ As the Government correctly observed in its 
post-hearing brief, ``Respondent repeatedly fabricated the officers' 
medical records by exaggerating their pain levels and falsely stating 
that his `Plan of Treatment' included `home exercise' which was never 
proposed, suggested, nor discussed at any visit.'' \481\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \480\ Ohio Admin. Code 4731-11-02(D).
    \481\ Government's Proposed Findings of Fact, Conclusions of 
Law[,] and Argument at 23, and citations to the record therein.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    I found this part of the record particularly troubling. Had I 
before me only Dr. Zaidi's written medical records of the officers' 
treatment, I would have reasonably concluded that Dr. Zaidi was 
responding to complaints of pain that were significantly more severe 
than what was actually presented during these office visits. Dr. 
Zaidi's assistant accurately recorded pain levels as they were 
presented to her by the undercover officers, generally noting pain in 
the range of two, three, or four on a ten-point scale. In his 
typewritten chart, however, Dr. Zaidi indicates pain levels of five, 
which could not be substantiated by either what the patients said to 
the assistant or what they said to Dr. Zaidi. The evidence shows Dr. 
Zaidi misrepresented and exaggerated the patients' complaints of pain.
    As Dr. Severyn noted with some concern, once it became clear that 
Dr. Zaidi exaggerated the patients' reports of pain, and once it became 
clear that Dr. Zaidi's diagnoses for radiculitis could not be 
substantiated by the actual physical examinations he performed, ``the 
entire validity of the record becomes subject to extreme doubt and 
questioning.'' \482\ Similarly, Dr. Zaidi's report of leg pain and 
early osteoarthritis of the knee in Agent Moses was exaggerated, and 
the patient never reported limb or leg pain.\483\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \482\ Tr. at 121.
    \483\ Gov't Ex. Fourteen at 8-9.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Beyond exaggerating the patients' complaints of pain, Dr. Zaidi 
falsely reported results from tests that were never performed. From my 
review of the recordings of the undercover officers' visits, I find Dr. 
Zaidi falsely reported their pupils' reactivity to light, their heart 
and chest sounds, the condition of their abdomens, their lower 
extremity sensory and motor condition, and their limbs' range of 
motion. Further, I find Dr. Zaidi falsely described prescribing 
conservative measures (including home exercise programs) in their 
medical

[[Page 42990]]

records, when instead he prescribed controlled substances as the first 
course of treatment.
    Respondent in his post-hearing brief notes that Dr. Severyn offered 
no statutory or other authority ``which sets forth mandatory 
requirements for a physical examination and diagnosis.'' \484\ Given 
the requirement under Ohio law for all physicians to maintain accurate 
medical records, I find Dr. Zaidi's medical records documenting the 
visits and treatment of the three undercover officers violated Ohio 
law.\485\ Accordingly, this constitutes evidence that Dr. Zaidi's 
continued DEA registration would be inconsistent with the public 
interest under Factor Four.\486\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \484\ Post-Hearing Brief of Respondent at 10.
    \485\ Ohio Admin. Code 4731-11-02(D).
    \486\ 21 U.S.C. 823(f)(4).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Respondent also describes at length the attention Dr. Severyn gave 
to practice requirements that arise after a patient has been receiving 
pain medication for more than twelve weeks.\487\ Before I address 
Respondent's concerns, I note that the foregoing analysis depended not 
upon regulations cited by Respondent regarding chronic or intractable 
pain, but instead upon regulations relating to the dispensation of 
controlled substances generally. Thus, whether Ohio's regulations 
regarding intractable pain do or do not apply here has no bearing on 
Dr. Zaidi's failure to respond to red flags, failure to properly 
diagnose patient conditions, and failure to maintain accurate records. 
Under Factor Four, the evidence establishes that it would be 
inconsistent with the public interest to permit Dr. Zaidi to continue 
to hold a DEA registration, regardless of whether the conditions 
described in the officers' history of treatment fell within the scope 
of Ohio's laws concerning the prescription of controlled substances for 
persons with intractable pain.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \487\ Post-Hearing Brief of Respondent at 3-12.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Having said that, I note that I do not interpret Dr. Severyn's 
testimony as having required Dr. Zaidi to conform to the standards for 
treating intractable pain from the start of the physician/patient 
relationship. As Respondent noted in his post-hearing brief, Dr. 
Severyn acknowledged that the statute and regulation treating chronic 
pain (Ohio Rev. Code Sec.  4731.052) and intractable pain (Ohio Admin. 
Code 4731-21-02) do not apply during that phase of treatment where the 
diagnosis is of acute pain, but apply only after treatment extends past 
twelve weeks.\488\ Respondent proposes that the undercover officers' 
complaints ``were for acute pain and not for `intractable' or `chronic' 
pain'' and argues that ``[t]he statutes have no application for acute 
pain.'' \489\ He asserts further that each of the undercover agents 
``presented with short term, acute pain for which there had been no 
prior treatment.'' \490\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \488\ Id. at 4.
    \489\ Id.
    \490\ Id. at 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Our record reflects, however, that upon making his initial 
diagnoses in these cases, Dr. Zaidi elected not to characterize the 
patients' conditions (all of which involved potentially chronic 
conditions) as either chronic or acute. Instead, he prescribed opioid 
treatment exclusively, and during the first twelve weeks treated the 
patients as though their symptoms were not likely to change or improve. 
At no time during the first twelve weeks of treatment, for example, did 
Dr. Zaidi indicate he expected to reduce the officers' reliance on 
narcotics. Thus, from all outward appearances, Dr. Zaidi was treating 
these patients as though their conditions were not acute, but were 
instead chronic, from the outset of treatment.
    I am mindful that Dr. Zaidi in his post-hearing brief notes that he 
did not diagnose any of the undercover agents with ``chronic'' pain; 
nor, for that matter, did he describe any of the pain as ``acute.'' 
\491\ I am, however, guided by Ohio statutory language that defines 
``chronic pain'' as pain that persists after treatment for longer than 
three continuous months.\492\ As such, by the twelfth week of 
treatment, Dr. Zaidi's failure to characterize the agents' conditions 
as chronic is irrelevant.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \491\ Id. at 9.
    \492\ Ohio Rev. Code Sec.  4731.052(A)(1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The distinction regarding chronic or acute designations made by Dr. 
Severyn, however, did not depend on the patients' condition during the 
first twelve weeks. My understanding of his testimony is that whether 
or not a patient is identified as having intractable or chronic pain 
during the first twelve weeks, the physician must re-assess the patient 
once the course of treatment enters into its twelfth week. That appears 
to be what the regulation cited by Respondent calls for. The regulation 
defines ``intractable pain'' as ``a state of pain that is determined, 
after reasonable medical efforts have been made to relieve the pain or 
cure its cause, to have a cause for which no treatment or cure is 
possible or for which none has been found.'' \493\ It also defines 
``protracted basis'' as ``a period in excess of twelve continuous 
weeks,'' \494\ and articulates a standard of care applicable ``[w]hen 
utilizing any prescription drug for the treatment of intractable pain 
on a protracted basis or when managing intractable pain with 
prescription drugs in amounts or combinations that may not be 
appropriate when treating other medical conditions.'' \495\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \493\ Ohio Admin. Code 4731-21-01(G).
    \494\ Ohio Admin. Code 4731-21-01(L).
    \495\ Ohio Admin. Code 4731-21-02(A).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    From our record, I found no evidence that Dr. Zaidi regarded as 
clinically significant the twelve-week benchmark in his treatment of 
the three undercover agents. His actions during the office visits 
immediately before and after the twelfth week were remarkable only in 
that they remained essentially the same--they were cursory, involved no 
physical examinations, and focused almost entirely on the patients' 
requests for additional or different narcotics.
    What is notable in the treatment of chronic pain in Ohio, however, 
is that once pain ``has persisted after reasonable medical efforts have 
been made . . . either continuously or episodically, for longer than 
three continuous months,'' \496\ Ohio law requires pain management 
physicians to include in their written records a ``periodic assessment 
and documentation of the patient's functional status, including the 
ability to engage in work or other purposeful activities, the pain 
intensity and its interference with activities of daily living, quality 
of family life and social activities, and physical activity of the 
patient.'' \497\ No such assessment was made, for example, when Officer 
Leonard appeared on March 21, 2013, either in his interview with Ms. 
Barrett \498\ or during his visit with Dr. Zaidi, twenty-one weeks into 
treatment.\499\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \496\ Ohio Rev. Code Sec.  4731.052(A)(1).
    \497\ Ohio Admin. Code 4731-21-02(B)(2).
    \498\ Gov't Ex. Ten at 32-33.
    \499\ Gov't Ex. Ten at 33-35.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As noted in the Government's post-hearing brief, Dr. Severyn found 
that when treatment of the undercover agents extended into the twelfth 
week, Dr. Zaidi failed to assess the impact of pain on their physical 
and psychological functions, failed to discuss alternative treatment 
plans, and failed to document how their pain affected their employment, 
daily and social activities, and family life.\500\ In these respects, 
the evidence supports, and I find persuasive, Dr. Severyn's opinion 
that Dr. Zaidi's treatment of the three undercover agents after the 
twelfth week failed to conform to the applicable

[[Page 42991]]

standard of care and violated Ohio law regarding the treatment of 
chronic \501\ and intractable pain.\502\ Therefore, when Dr. Zaidi 
prescribed controlled substances based on this treatment, he did so 
without a legitimate medical purpose and outside the usual course of 
professional practice in Ohio.\503\ As such, his prescription practice 
regarding the three undercover agents during the period after the 
twelfth week of treatment constitutes an additional basis for finding 
his continued DEA registration inconsistent with the public interest 
under Factor Four.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \500\ Government's Recommended Findings of Fact, Conclusions of 
Law[,] and Argument at 24-25.
    \501\ Ohio Rev. Code Sec.  4731.052.
    \502\ Ohio Admin. Code 4731-21-02.
    \503\ 21 CFR 1306.04(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    I note the Government also argues that Respondent violated Ohio law 
by prescribing a controlled substance to his daughter.\504\ Ohio 
regulations state:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \504\ Government's Recommended Findings of Fact, Conclusions of 
Law[,] and Argument at 25.

    Accepted and prevailing standards of care require that a 
physician maintain detached professional judgment when utilizing 
controlled substances in the treatment of family members.\505\ A 
physician shall utilize controlled substances when treating a family 
member only in an emergency situation which shall be documented in 
the patient's record.\506\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \505\ `` `[F]amily member' means a spouse, parent, child, 
sibling or other individual in relation to whom a physician's 
personal or emotional involvement may render that physician unable 
to exercise detached professional judgment in reaching diagnostic or 
therapeutic decisions.'' Ohio Admin. Code 4731-11-08.
    \506\ Ohio Admin. Code 4731-11-08(B).

    Ohio courts have stated that ``utiliz[ing] controlled substances'' 
includes ``prescribing'' them.\507\ Accordingly, if Dr. Zaidi 
prescribed Vicodin, a Schedule III controlled substance, to his 
daughter he violated Ohio law. In attempting to prove this allegation, 
the Government did not, however, present a copy of the prescription Dr. 
Zaidi allegedly gave to his daughter, nor did it present, as an 
alterntative, her patient chart. The Government also did not show 
whether Dr. Zaidi prescribed Vicodin to his daughter in an emergency 
situation or whether Dr. Zaidi noted the prescription in his daughter's 
patient chart. The only evidence the Government has offered to support 
its allegation is the testimony of Diversion Investigator Brinks. 
Investigator Brinks interviewed Dr. Zaidi ``during the search 
warrants.'' \508\ Apparently, at that time, Dr. Zaidi admitted to 
Investigator Brinks that ``in the past he had written a prescription 
for Vicodin to his daughter.'' \509\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \507\ See, e.g., Harris v. State Med. Bd., 974 NE.2d 207, 216 
(Ohio Ct. App. 2012).
    \508\ Tr. at 618.
    \509\ Id. at 619.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Respondent's counsel pointed out that the evidence does not show 
whether the prescription was filled.\510\ However, ``[t]he 
responsibility for the proper prescribing and dispensing of controlled 
substances is upon the prescribing practitioner'' while the 
``corresponding responsibility'' for filling the prescription ``rests 
with the pharmacist.'' \511\ Thus, even if a prescription for a 
controlled substance is not filled, a practitioner may nonetheless 
violate the Controlled Substances Act by issuing the prescription in 
the first place.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \510\ Id. at 620.
    \511\ 21 CFR 1306.04(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Respondent's counsel also pointed out, however, that Investigator 
Brinks did not ask whether the prescription was issued during an 
emergency.\512\ Without that information, or any other evidence to 
support the Government's allegation, I am unable to conclude that the 
evidence proves Dr. Zaidi violated Ohio law in issuing a controlled 
substance prescription to his daughter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \512\ Tr. at 620.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Government also asserts that Dr. Zaidi violated Ohio law by 
instituting a practice by which he would pre-sign prescriptions at the 
beginning of a work day, leaving those prescriptions not needed on that 
day in storage, so that they could be used the following day; and that 
he failed to require patient addresses be included in each 
prescription.\513\ As the Government correctly points out, federal law 
provides that ``prescriptions for controlled substances shall be dated 
as of, and signed on, the day when issued and shall bear the full name 
and address of the patient . . . .'' \514\ The evidence supports a 
finding that Dr. Zaidi's office practice included procedures that would 
permit Kim Maniglia to receive pre-signed but otherwise blank 
prescriptions from Dr. Zaidi and retain unused scripts for use the next 
business day.\515\ It also supports a finding that Dr. Zaidi did not 
require controlled substance prescriptions to include a patient's 
address.\516\ Each of the prescriptions in our record is for a 
controlled substance, and none include patient address 
information.\517\ Thus, this evidence establishes a violation of 
federal law relating to controlled substances, and serves as a basis 
for making an adverse finding under Factor Four.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \513\ Government's Proposed Findings of Fact, Conclusions of 
Law[,] and Argument at 25-26.
    \514\ Id. (citing 21 CFR 1306.05(a)).
    \515\ Tr. at 407.
    \516\ Id. at 429.
    \517\ Gov't Exs. Fifteen; Eighteen; & 21.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The record does not, however, include substantial evidence of an 
actual instance where Ms. Maniglia had pre-signed prescriptions at the 
end of a work day, and used the carried-over script the following day 
for purposes of dispensing controlled substances. Accordingly, this is 
discussed under Factor Five, but does not serve as a basis for making 
an adverse finding under Factor Four.
    While I do not endorse the Government's assertion that it proved 
Dr. Zaidi violated Ohio law regarding prescribing to family members, I 
do find substantial and persuasive evidence establishing that Dr. Zaidi 
otherwise failed to comply with applicable state and federal laws 
relating to controlled substances, and that this failure warrants a 
finding that his continued DEA registration would be inconsistent with 
the public interest under Factor Four.

Factor Five

    Under Factor Five, after considering the public interest in the 
context of the first four factors, the Administrator will consider 
``other conduct which may threaten the public health and safety.'' 
\518\ Factor Five thus encompasses the universe of conduct not 
expressly within the scope of the first four factors, but ``which 
creates a probable or possible threat (and not only an actual) threat 
to public health and safety.'' \519\ Further, agency precedent has 
generally embraced the principle that any conduct that is properly the 
subject of Factor Five must have a nexus to controlled substances and 
the underlying purposes of the Controlled Substances Act.\520\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \518\ 21 U.S.C. 823(f)(5).
    \519\ Roni Dreszer, M.D., 76 FR 19434-01, 19434 n.3 (DEA April 
7, 2011).
    \520\ Terese, Inc., D/B/A Peach Orchard Drugs, 76 FR 46843-02, 
46848 (DEA August 3, 2011).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In its post-hearing brief, the Government contends that Respondent 
``instituted and maintained policies that were contrary to Federal 
law'' in two respects under Factor Five.\521\ First, the Government 
posits that Dr. Zaidi ``advised [Kim] Maniglia that including a patient 
address on a prescription for controlled substances was not necessary'' 
and second, that he ``maintained a policy by which employees were 
forbidden from contacting law enforcement officers in the event they 
suspected patients were

[[Page 42992]]

obtaining multiple prescriptions for controlled substances.'' \522\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \521\ Government's Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law[,] and 
Argument at 26.
    \522\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As a matter of procedure, I regard the scope of Factor Five to be 
limited to those portions of our record that do not establish 
violations of federal law. ``Because section 823(f)(5) only implicates 
`such other conduct,' it necessarily follows that conduct considered in 
Factors One through Four may not ordinarily be considered at Factor 
Five.'' \523\ Thus, if either office policy violates any laws relating 
to prescribing controlled substances, then it must be considered in the 
discussion of Factor Four, rather than Factor Five. Failing to put 
patient addresses on controlled substance prescriptions is a violation 
of federal law and thus has been addressed in the Factor Four analysis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \523\ Joe W. Morgan, D.O., 78 FR 61961-01, 61977 (DEA October 8, 
2013).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    I am not, however persuaded that sufficient evidence has been 
presented to conclude Dr. Zaidi ``maintained a policy by which 
employees were forbidden from contacting law enforcement'' \524\ when 
presented with questionable patient conduct. The evidence does tend to 
establish that Ms. Maniglia felt that laws regarding patient privacy 
prohibited her from reporting patient activities to law enforcement 
authorities.\525\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \524\ Government's Proposed Findings of Fact, Conclusions of 
Law[,] and Argument at 26.
    \525\ Tr. at 411.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    I have carefully reviewed Ms. Maniglia's testimony regarding the 
reasons she felt constrained in reporting suspicious behavior to law 
enforcement personnel. Clearly the record indicates that Ms. Maniglia 
understood patient privacy laws to be very broad in scope. In her 
understanding of those laws, Ms. Maniglia said, ``I ha[ve] been in the 
field for 20 years and we're not allowed to talk about any patient 
confidentiality stuff.'' \526\ When asked, however, whether this 
understanding came from policies instituted by Dr. Zaidi, Ms. Maniglia 
was clear and consistent in responding in the negative, saying ``we 
never talked about it.'' \527\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \526\ Id. at 412.
    \527\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Ms. Maniglia's understanding about federal privacy laws as they 
pertain to pain management clinics is understandable. Federal law in 
this area is complex and generally tends to restrict disclosure of 
medical records, as Ms. Maniglia correctly stated. The Health Insurance 
Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) required the 
Secretary of Health and Human Services to create standards for privacy 
of ``individually identifiable health information.'' \528\ In 2001 the 
Secretary issued the HIPAA Privacy Rule.\529\ The rule preempts most 
state laws affecting medical records to the extent that state laws 
contradict the Privacy Rule and are less stringent.\530\ Under the 
Rule, a covered entity \531\ may not use or disclose protected health 
information without written authorization from the individual or, 
alternatively, the opportunity for the individual to agree or 
object.\532\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \528\ Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, Pub. 
L. 104-191, Sec.  264, 110 Stat 1936 (1996).
    \529\ See 45 CFR parts 160 and 164.
    The term ``individually identifiable health information'' means 
any information, including demographic information collected from an 
individual, that--
    (A) is created or received by a health care provider, health 
plan, employer, or health care clearinghouse; and
    (B) relates to the past, present, or future physical or mental 
health or condition of an individual, the provision of health care 
to an individual, or the past, present, or future payment for the 
provision of health care to an individual, and--
    (i) identifies the individual; or
    (ii) with respect to which there is a reasonable basis to 
believe that the information can be used to identify the individual. 
42 U.S.C. 1320d.
    \530\ 45 CFR 160.203-.204.
    \531\ A covered entity is: ``(1) A health plan. (2) A health 
care clearinghouse. (3) A health care provider who transmits any 
health information in electronic form in connection with a 
transaction covered by this subchapter.'' 45 CFR 160.103; see also 
45 CFR 164.104. The third category tends to include most healthcare 
providers since the regulation lists twelve common activities that 
would subject healthcare providers to HIPAA's requirements. See 45 
CFR 160.103.
    \532\ 45 CFR 164.508, 164.510.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    However, there are situations in which the covered entity may use 
or disclose protected health information without the individual's 
authorization or agreement. These are situations where the entity is 
obligated by law to disclose information, where the information is 
requested as part of a judicial or administrative proceeding, or where 
the information is needed for public health or safety purposes.\533\ 
For example, covered entities may disclose protected health information 
to health oversight agencies, public health authorities, and to courts 
or tribunals engaged in judicial or administrative proceedings under 
circumstances designed to insure that the information is disclosed only 
to those who need to know.\534\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \533\ 45 CFR 164.512.
    \534\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    There are also several circumstances under which covered entities 
may disclose protected health information to law enforcement agencies 
or officials.\535\ Protected health information may be disclosed 
pursuant to laws that require reporting of certain types of injuries or 
in compliance with a court order, warrant, subpoena (including a grand 
jury subpoena) summons, or administrative request.\536\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \535\ Id.
    \536\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Assuming, as I do, that Ms. Maniglia's testimony is accurate, I 
think a strong argument can be made for the proposition that Dr. 
Zaidi's failure to correctly understand the law-enforcement exceptions 
to HIPAA and to discuss with his staff the role law enforcement plays 
in preventing abuse and diversion is important. If pain management 
staff members observe evidence of doctor shopping or diversion of 
prescribed narcotics, those staff members should be familiar with steps 
they can and must take to alert the relevant authorities of possible 
illicit action. Dr. Zaidi is responsible for ensuring that his staff 
understands the practitioner's role in preventing abuse and diversion 
of controlled substances. The evidence tends to demonstrate Dr. Zaidi 
failed to meet this responsibility in the management of his medical 
practice.
    To some extent, therefore, there is evidence that Dr. Zaidi's 
management of his staff was materially deficient and was inconsistent 
with the public interest.
    I cannot, however, agree with the Government's assertion that the 
evidence establishes Dr. Zaidi ``maintained a policy by which employees 
were forbidden from contacting law enforcement in the event they 
suspected patients were obtaining multiple prescriptions for controlled 
substances from multiple doctors.'' \537\ I found Ms. Maniglia's 
testimony credible throughout, including when she told me she never 
talked with Dr. Zaidi about limits on disclosing confidential 
information.\538\ I further found credible her explanation that when 
she was interviewed by the DEA during the execution of the warrant 
allowing the search of Dr. Zaidi's office, she was misunderstood. She 
denied telling the interviewing officer that employees who discovered 
evidence of doctor shopping were not allowed to report that to law 
enforcement, explaining, ``He misunderstood me. I told him that was [] 
HIPAA, that we weren't allowed to discuss anything. . . . We were not 
allowed to call. It was patient confidentiality.'' \539\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \537\ Government's Proposed Findings of Fact, Conclusions of 
Law[,] and Argument at 26.
    \538\ Tr. at 412.
    \539\ Id. at 411.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 42993]]

    Accordingly, while I find insufficient evidence establishing that 
Dr. Zaidi established a policy prohibiting his staff from reporting 
evidence of diversion or abuse, I find his office practice generally 
created a risk to the public safety in failing to properly train his 
staff regarding the role of law enforcement officers in detecting abuse 
and diversion of controlled substances. In this respect, the Government 
has met its burden of demonstrating that Dr. Zaidi's continued DEA 
registration would be inconsistent with the public interest under 
Factor Five.

Evidence of Respondent's Remediation

    Once the Government has proved that a registrant has committed acts 
inconsistent with the public interest, a registrant must ``present[] 
sufficient mitigating evidence to assure the Administrator that [the 
registrant] can be entrusted with the responsibility carried by such a 
registration.'' \540\ In addition, because ``past performance is the 
best predictor of future performance,'' \541\ the Administrator 
repeatedly has held that where a registrant has committed acts 
inconsistent with the public interest, the registrant must accept 
responsibility for his or her actions and demonstrate that he or she 
will not engage in future misconduct.\542\ Further, ``admitting fault'' 
is ``properly consider[ed]'' by DEA to be an important factor in the 
public interest determination.\543\ The Administrator repeatedly has 
held that the ``registrant must accept responsibility for [his] actions 
and demonstrate that [he] will not engage in future misconduct.'' \544\ 
``Once the [G]overnment establishes a prima facie case showing a 
practitioner has committed acts which render his registration 
inconsistent with the public interest, the burden shifts to the 
practitioner to show why his continued registration would be consistent 
with the public interest.'' \545\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \540\ Medicine Shoppe--Jonesborough, 73 FR 364-01, 387 (DEA 
January 2, 2008) (quoting Samuel S. Jackson, D.D.S., 72 FR 23848, 
23853 (DEA May 1, 2007) (quoting Leo R. Miller, M.D., 53 FR 21931, 
21932 (DEA June 10, 1988)).
    \541\ ALRA Labs, Inc., v. DEA, 54 F.3d 450, 452 (7th Cir. 1995).
    \542\ See Jackson, 72 FR at 23853; John H. Kennedy, M.D., 71 FR 
35705-01, 35709 (DEA June 21, 2006); Prince George Daniels, D.D.S., 
60 FR 62884-01, 62887 (DEA December 7, 1995).
    \543\  Hoxie v. DEA, 419 F.3d 477, 483 (6th Cir. 2005).
    \544\ Medicine Shoppe--Jonesborough, 73 FR at 387.
    \545\ MacKay v. DEA, 664 F.3d 808, 817 (10th Cir. 2010) (citing 
Medicine Shoppe--Jonesborough, 73 FR at 387).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Here the Administrator must proceed without testimony from Dr. 
Zaidi, and without evidence of remediation or of an admission of fault. 
I cannot concur with Respondent's claim that ``there is no evidence to 
suggest that Dr. Zaidi is a threat to the public interest.'' \546\ 
Evidence that Dr. Zaidi persistently misrepresented the extent of his 
examination of the three undercover agents is but one example of 
conduct that threatens the public interest. With respect to 
remediation, Respondent asserted in his post-hearing brief that 
``[t]hrough his counsel during the hearing in this matter, there is an 
acknowledgment of areas Dr. Zaidi could improve. He would take 
appropriate corrective action to eliminate those errors.'' \547\ I 
cannot find from this representation any substantial evidence of either 
contrition or remediation. Accordingly, the Government's prima facie 
case is established, and the matter is presented to the Administrator 
without evidence that would compel any outcome other than the 
revocation of Dr. Zaidi's DEA registration.
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    \546\ Post-Hearing Brief of Respondent at 19.
    \547\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Findings of Fact

    1. On October 8, 2013, the Deputy Administrator for the Drug 
Enforcement Administration issued an order to show cause why the DEA 
should not revoke its Certificate of Registration BA3842259 issued to 
Syed Jawed Akhtar-Zaidi, M.D., and should not deny any application for 
renewal or modification of the same. That certificate authorizes the 
distribution of controlled substances out of an office located at 34055 
Solon Road, Suite 201, Solon, Ohio 44139. The order also immediately 
suspended this DEA registration, under the authority found in 21 CFR 
1301.36(e) and 1301.37(c). By its own terms, Respondent's DEA 
registration will expire on June 30, 2014.
    2. Between September 11, 2012, and May 17, 2013, Respondent 
prescribed controlled substances to three undercover agents posing as 
patients. The dates these prescriptions were written; the name, dosage, 
and quantity of the controlled substances prescribed; and the identity 
of the agents who received these prescriptions are accurately set forth 
in paragraphs 2a through 2c in the order to show cause,\548\ and are 
incorporated by reference into this finding.
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    \548\ ALJ Ex. One.
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    3. In each of the prescriptions for controlled substances 
Respondent issued to these agents identified in Finding of Fact Two, 
Respondent failed to include the patient's address.
    4. In the cases of Agent Parkison and Detective Leonard, Respondent 
based his prescription for controlled substances on a diagnosis of 
lumbar radiculitis, under conditions where the patients' examination 
and history did not support such a diagnosis.
    5. In the case of Agent Moses, Respondent based his prescription 
for controlled substances in part on diagnoses of limb pain, leg pain, 
and osteoarthritis, under conditions where the patient's examination 
and history did not support such diagnoses.
    6. After his initial examination of each undercover officer, 
Respondent never performed physical examinations in subsequent office 
visits with these patients, but nonetheless either maintained or 
increased narcotic prescriptions throughout the course of treatment, 
generally based on no objective medical findings but instead based on 
requests by the undercover officers.
    7. In the case of each undercover officer, Respondent failed to 
complete and maintain accurate medical records reflecting his 
examination of these patients in that he reported exaggerated levels of 
pain; reported completing examinations that were never performed; 
falsely stated he had examined the patients to detect pupil response to 
light, range of motion in the upper or lower extremities, chest and 
heart sounds, abdominal tenderness, and sensory and motor functions; 
and based his prescriptions for controlled substances on these false 
examination reports.
    8. In the case of each undercover officer, Respondent treated for 
pain for a period exceeding twelve weeks, but failed either before or 
after the twelfth week to indicate in the patient's medical chart a 
diagnosis of chronic pain (including signs, symptoms, and causes); 
failed to develop a comprehensive assessment of the patient a 
description of the patient's response to treatment; failed to fully 
document his periodic assessment and documentation of the patient's 
functional status, including the ability to engage in work or other 
purposeful activities, the interference with activities of daily 
living, quality of family life and social activities; failed to fully 
document his periodic assessment and documentation of the patient's 
progress toward treatment objectives, including the intended role of 
controlled substances within the overall plan of treatment; and failed 
to fully document that he had addressed with the patient the risks 
associated with protracted treatment with controlled substances, 
including informing the

[[Page 42994]]

patient of the potential for dependence, tolerance, and addiction, and 
the clinical or monitoring tools the physician may use if signs of 
addiction, drug abuse, or drug diversion are present.
    9. In the course of treating each of the undercover officers, 
Respondent failed to identify in his medical chart and resolve red 
flags indicating possible controlled substance abuse or diversion, 
including solicitation by the patient of specific narcotics by name as 
an initial course of treatment, particularly where the named drugs were 
OxyContin, Percocet, or Opana, all of which are recognized as 
frequently diverted narcotics; solicitation by the patient of 
increasing amounts of narcotic medication or changes in name-brand 
narcotics without objective medical reasons justifying the change; a 
patient presenting to the medical office without a government-issued 
identity card that included the patient's current address; a patient's 
use of medication provided by non-authorized sources such as a family 
member; and persistent patient noncompliance with orders for MRI-based 
studies and refusal to consider non-narcotic treatments including 
cortisone injections.
    10. Contemporaneous to the execution of a search warrant of 
Respondent's premises, Respondent told DEA agents he had prescribed 
Vicodin to his daughter. There is, however, no copy of the prescription 
nor any evidence that would permit a determination of the circumstances 
under which this controlled substance was prescribed, including whether 
such treatment was provided in an emergency situation.
    11. Included in Respondent's prescription practice was a protocol 
by which he would pre-sign prescriptions, many of which were used to 
prescribe controlled substances. The supply of pre-signed prescriptions 
would not always be exhausted at the end of the day, and remaining 
prescriptions would be used the following day. There is, however, 
insufficient evidence permitting a finding that any left-over 
prescriptions were used for prescribing controlled substances on a day 
other than the day the prescription was issued.
    12. Respondent was the physician in charge of and the only 
authorized prescribing source at his pain management clinic. In 
training his clinical staff, Respondent did not require those who 
assisted in filling out controlled substance prescriptions to include 
patient addresses on the prescription. Further, he did not provide 
training to his staff regarding exceptions to patient privacy laws that 
apply when the staff members observe behavior relating to controlled 
substance abuse, misuse, or diversion.
    13. Respondent has not provided substantial evidence that he has 
acknowledged any noncompliance with controlled substance laws, nor that 
he has undertaken efforts to avoid such noncompliance in the future.

Conclusions of Law

    1. When it proposes to revoke a DEA Certificate of Registration or 
deny any pending applications for such registration, the Government is 
required to establish by at least a preponderance of the evidence that 
the holder's continued registration is inconsistent with the public 
interest.
    2. Five factors must be considered when determining the public 
interest in this case:
    (1) The recommendation of the appropriate state licensing board or 
professional disciplinary authority.
    (2) The applicant's experience in dispensing, or conducting 
research with respect to controlled substances.
    (3) The applicant's conviction record under federal or state laws 
relating to the manufacture, distribution, or dispensing of controlled 
substances.
    (4) Compliance with applicable state, federal, or local laws 
relating to controlled substances.
    (5) Such other conduct which may threaten the public health and 
safety.\549\
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    \549\ 21 U.S.C. 823(f).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    3. Under 21 U.S.C. 823(f)(1) (Factor One), as is the case here, 
where the record is silent with respect to the recommendation of the 
appropriate state licensing board or professional disciplinary 
authority, Factor One neither supports nor contradicts a finding that 
Respondent's continued DEA registration is inconsistent with the public 
interest.
    4. In order to establish a basis for revoking a Certificate of 
Registration based on the provisions of 21 U.S.C. 823(f)(2) (Factor 
Two), and assuming Factor Two applies to Respondent, the Government 
must present preponderant evidence establishing that the experience of 
Respondent in dispensing controlled substances is of such character and 
quality that his continued registration is inconsistent with the public 
interest. Upon the determinations appearing in Finding of Fact Number 
Nine (above), where a preponderance of the evidence establishes that 
Respondent demonstrated a material lack of insight and experience 
regarding a prescribing source's responsibilities to resolve red flags 
when prescribing controlled substances for persons presenting with 
symptoms of chronic pain, the Government has met its burden of proving 
Respondent's continued DEA registration would be inconsistent with the 
public interest under Factor Two, warranting the revocation of that 
registration and the denial of any pending application for 
registration.
    5. In order to establish a basis for revoking a Certificate of 
Registration based on the provisions of 21 U.S.C. 823(f)(3) (Factor 
Three), and assuming Factor Three applies to Respondent, the Government 
must present evidence of Respondent's conviction record under federal 
or state laws relating to the manufacture, distribution, or dispensing 
of controlled substances. As this Factor is neither alleged by the 
Government nor suggested by the evidence, this Factor may not be 
considered to support the revocation of Respondent's current DEA 
registration or deny any pending application for registration.
    6. Under 21 U.S.C. 823(f)(4) (Factor Four), the Administrator is to 
consider the Respondent's compliance with applicable state, federal, or 
local laws relating to controlled substances.
    7. Federal law relating to controlled substances includes the 
requirement that prescriptions for controlled substances include the 
patient's address.\550\ Where the Government establishes by at least a 
preponderance of the evidence, as is the case here, that Respondent 
issued prescriptions for controlled substances that did not include any 
patient address information, the Government has met its burden of 
establishing Respondent's noncompliance with applicable federal law 
relating to controlled substances, and thereby has met its burden of 
demonstrating that Respondent's continued DEA registration would be 
inconsistent with the public interest under Factor Four.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \550\ 21 CFR 1306.05(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    8. Federal law relating to controlled substances include the 
requirement that all prescriptions for controlled substances must be 
for a legitimate medical purpose and must be issued in the ordinary 
course of a professional medical practice.\551\ Ohio law includes the 
requirement that prescriptions for controlled substances must be for 
legal and legitimate therapeutic purposes.\552\ A preponderance of the 
evidence establishes that Respondent issued controlled substance 
prescriptions for the three undercover agents described

[[Page 42995]]

herein without first resolving red flags identified in Finding of Fact 
Nine (above), in a manner that was not in the ordinary course of 
professional medical practice and not for legitimate therapeutic 
purposes. A preponderance of the evidence further establishes that 
Respondent issued controlled substance prescriptions based on diagnoses 
of radiculitis (with respect to Agent Parkison and Detective Leonard) 
and limb pain (with respect to Agent Moses) where the objective 
findings taken together with the examinations and histories obtained by 
Respondent do not support such diagnoses. Upon such evidence, the 
Government has met its burden of establishing these prescriptions were 
not for a legitimate medical or therapeutic purpose and were not 
written in the ordinary course of Respondent's professional practice, 
and has established Respondent's noncompliance with applicable federal 
and state law relating to controlled substances. Accordingly, the 
Government has met its burden of demonstrating that Respondent's 
continued DEA registration would be inconsistent with the public 
interest under Factor Four.
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    \551\ Sun & Lake Pharmacy, 76 FR 24523-02, 24530 (DEA May 2, 
2011) (quoting 21 CFR 1306.04(a)); George C. Aycock, M.D., 74 FR 
17529-01, 17541 (DEA April 15, 2009).
    \552\ Ohio Rev. Code Sec.  4731.22(B)(3).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    9. Ohio law includes the requirement that when prescribing 
controlled substances for pain, the prescribing source ``shall complete 
and maintain accurate medical records reflecting the physician's 
examination, evaluation, and treatment of all the physician's 
patients.'' \553\ A preponderance of the evidence establishes that when 
Respondent issued controlled substance prescriptions for the three 
undercover agents described herein, he did so based on records that 
falsely reported the extent and nature of his examination of the 
patients and falsely reported the patients' reports of pain, as 
enumerated in Finding of Fact Seven (above). Upon such evidence, the 
Government has met its burden of establishing Respondent's 
noncompliance with applicable state law relating to controlled 
substances, and thereby has met its burden of demonstrating that 
Respondent's continued DEA registration would be inconsistent with the 
public interest under Factor Four.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \553\ Ohio Admin. Code 4731-11-02(D).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    10. Ohio law defines ``chronic pain'' as pain that ``has persisted 
after reasonable medical efforts have been made to relieve the pain or 
cure its cause and that has continued, either continuously or 
episodically, for longer than three continuous months.'' \554\ A 
preponderance of the evidence establishes that each of the three 
undercover officers presented before Respondent with symptoms of 
chronic pain. In these cases, Ohio law requires the physician to 
include in the patient's medical charts a written diagnosis of chronic 
pain; a plan of treatment that includes documentation that other 
medically reasonable treatments for relief of the pain have been 
offered or attempted without adequate or reasonable success; periodic 
assessments and documentation of the patient's functional status, 
including the ability to engage in work or other purposeful activities, 
the pain intensity and its interference with activities of daily 
living, quality of family life and social activities and the patient's 
physical activities; and periodic documentation of progress towards 
treatment objectives.\555\ Where a preponderance of the evidence 
establishes that Respondent failed to comply with the requirements of 
Ohio law applicable to the treatment of chronic pain, on the facts set 
forth in Finding of Fact Eight (above), the Government has met its 
burden of establishing Respondent's noncompliance with applicable state 
law relating to controlled substances, and thereby has met its burden 
of demonstrating that Respondent's continued DEA registration would be 
inconsistent with the public interest under Factor Four.
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    \554\ Ohio Rev. Code Sec.  4731.052(A)(1).
    \555\ Ohio Rev. Code Sec.  4731.052(D).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    11. Ohio law provides that ``intractable pain'' is ``pain that is 
determined, after reasonable medical efforts have been made to relieve 
the pain or cure its cause, to have a cause for which no treatment or 
cure is possible or for which none has been found.'' \556\ It further 
provides that specific practice standards apply when utilizing any 
prescription drug for the treatment of intractable pain on a protracted 
basis, defining ``protracted basis'' as a period in excess of twelve 
continuous weeks.\557\ Where, as here, the evidence establishes by at 
least a preponderance that Respondent treated each of the three 
undercover agents as though there were no cure possible for periods 
exceeding twelve weeks, Ohio law required that he conform to those 
practice standards applicable in the treatment of intractable pain. 
Those standards applicable at the initial evaluation include reporting 
the patient's complete medical, pain, alcohol and substance abuse 
histories; an assessment of the impact of pain on the patient's 
physical and psychological functions; a review of previous diagnostic 
studies and previously utilized therapies; an assessment of coexisting 
illnesses, diseases, or conditions; and an appropriate physical 
examination.\558\ Those standards also more generally require a medical 
diagnosis documented in the patient's medical record that indicates not 
only the presence of intractable pain but also the signs, symptoms, and 
causes and, if determinable, the nature of the underlying disease and 
pain mechanism; and an individualized treatment plan formulated and 
documented in the patient's medical record specifying the medical 
justification of the treatment of intractable pain by utilizing 
prescription drugs, the intended role of prescription drug therapy 
within the overall plan, and, when applicable, documentation that other 
medically reasonable treatments for relief of the patient's intractable 
pain have been offered or attempted without adequate or reasonable 
success.\559\ Where a preponderance of the evidence establishes that 
Respondent failed to comply with the requirements of Ohio law for the 
treatment of intractable pain, as set forth in Finding of Fact Eight 
(above), the Government has met its burden of establishing Respondent's 
noncompliance with applicable state law relating to controlled 
substances, and thereby has met its burden of demonstrating that 
Respondent's continued DEA registration would be inconsistent with the 
public interest under Factor Four.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \556\ Ohio Admin. Code 4731-21-01(G).
    \557\ Ohio Admin. Code 4731-21-01(L); Ohio Admin. Code 4731-21-
02.
    \558\ Ohio Admin. Code 4731-21-01(A)(1).
    \559\ Ohio Admin. Code 4731-21-02(A)(2)-(3).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    12. Ohio law permits a physician to utilize controlled substances 
when treating a family member only in an emergency situation, and 
requires the emergency situation to be documented in the patient's 
medical record.\560\ While there is some evidence in our record 
indicating Respondent prescribed a controlled substance for his 
daughter, the record does not include the patient's medical record, the 
prescription, nor sufficient circumstantial facts that would warrant 
concluding that Respondent violated Ohio law regarding prescribing 
controlled substances to family members.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \560\ Ohio Admin. Code 4731-11-08(B).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    13. Under 21 U.S.C. 823(f)(5) (Factor Five), the Administrator is 
to consider, ``Such other conduct which may threaten the public health 
and safety.'' Respondent's actions or omissions that threaten the 
public interest may constitute a basis for revoking a DEA registration 
under Factor Five, where

[[Page 42996]]

the conduct is not within the scope of Factors One through Four.\561\ 
Where by at least a preponderance of the evidence the Government 
establishes, as is the case here, that Respondent failed to provide 
training to his staff regarding exceptions to patient privacy laws that 
apply when staff members observe behavior relating to controlled 
substance abuse, misuse, or diversion, the Government has met its 
burden of demonstrating that Respondent's continued DEA registration 
would be inconsistent with the public interest under Factor Five.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \561\ 21 U.S.C. 823(f)(5).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    14. Federal law requires prescriptions for controlled substances be 
signed on the date the prescription is issued.\562\ Under this law, an 
office practice in which Respondent signed but otherwise left 
incomplete scripts in such quantity as to make it possible for 
incomplete signed scripts to be used on a later day creates the 
potential for violating federal law. Without more, however, 
particularly without evidence corroborating Ms. Maniglia's testimony 
that left-over scripts may have been used for controlled substance 
prescriptions on days other than the date signed, there is insufficient 
evidence to establish a violation of this law. While such evidence does 
not establish a violation of law so as to fall within the scope of 
Factor Four, it does demonstrate an office practice that constitutes a 
threat to the public interest. Accordingly, by this evidence the 
Government has met its burden of demonstrating that Respondent's 
continued DEA registration would be inconsistent with the public 
interest under Factor Five.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \562\ 21 CFR 1306.05(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    15. When responding to the Government's prima facie case 
establishing cause to find Respondent's continued DEA registration 
inconsistent with the public interest, Respondent has the opportunity 
to demonstrate that he recognizes any noncompliance with controlled 
substance laws and has taken steps to ensure against future 
noncompliance.\563\ Where Respondent has not provided substantial 
evidence that he has acknowledged any noncompliance with controlled 
substance laws, nor that he has undertaken efforts to avoid such 
noncompliance in the future, Respondent has failed to rebut the 
Government's prima facie case.
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    \563\ Hoxie v. DEA, 419 F.3d 477, 482 (6th Cir. 2005); see also 
Morall v. DEA, 412 F.3d 165, 173-74 (D.C. Cir. 2005); MacKay v. DEA, 
664 F.3d 808, 817 (10th Cir. 2010) (citing Medicine Shoppe--
Jonesborough, 73 FRFR 364-01, 387 (DEA January 2, 2008)).
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Recommendation

    As the Government has established its prima facie case by at least 
a preponderance of the evidence that Respondent's continued DEA 
registration would be inconsistent with the public interest, and as 
Respondent has failed to rebut that case through a demonstration of 
sufficient remediation, Respondent's DEA Certificate of Registration 
should be REVOKED and any pending application for the renewal or 
modification of the same should be DENIED.
Dated: February 10, 2014.

Christopher B. Mcneil

Administrative Law Judge

[FR Doc. 2015-17719 Filed 7-17-15; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 4410-09-P