[Federal Register Volume 80, Number 37 (Wednesday, February 25, 2015)]
[Presidential Documents]
[Pages 10315-10319]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2015-04090]



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Vol. 80

Wednesday,

No. 37

February 25, 2015

Part V





The President





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Proclamation 9233--Establishment of the Pullman National Monument



Presidential Determination No. 2015-04 of February 20, 2015--
Determination and Waiver Pursuant to Section 1209 of the Carl Levin and 
Howard P. ``Buck'' McKeon National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal 
Year 2015 Regarding the Provision of Assistance to Appropriately Vetted 
Elements of the Syrian Opposition
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                         Presidential Documents 
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  Federal Register / Vol. 80 , No. 37 / Wednesday, February 25, 2015 / 
Presidential Documents  

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 Title 3--
 The President

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                Proclamation 9233 of February 19, 2015

                
Establishment of the Pullman National Monument

                By the President of the United States of America

                A Proclamation

                The Pullman National Historic Landmark District 
                (Pullman Historic District) in Chicago, Illinois, 
                typifies many of the economic, social, and design 
                currents running through American life in the late 19th 
                and early 20th century, yet it is unlike any other 
                place in the country. Industrialist George Mortimer 
                Pullman built the model town to house workers at his 
                luxury rail car factories. Although his goal was to 
                cure the social ills of the day, the tight control he 
                exercised over his workers helped spark one of the 
                Nation's most widespread and consequential labor 
                strikes. The remaining structures of the Pullman Palace 
                Car Company (Pullman Company), workers' housing, and 
                community buildings that make up the Pullman Historic 
                District are an evocative testament to the evolution of 
                American industry, the rise of unions and the labor 
                movement, the lasting strength of good urban design, 
                and the remarkable journey of the Pullman porters 
                toward the civil rights movement of the 20th century.

                The model factory town of Pullman was created in the 
                1880s by the Pullman Company to manufacture railroad 
                passenger cars and house workers and their families. 
                Company founder George Pullman saw the positive 
                incentives of good housing, parks, and amenities as a 
                way to foster a happy and reliable workforce. Pullman 
                and his wealthy industrialist peers could not fail to 
                see the poor living conditions in which many of their 
                workers lived. The industrial revolution drew hundreds 
                of thousands to urban areas, which led to a rise in 
                slums and social ills. The widening gulf between 
                management and workers contributed to labor unrest, 
                which was acutely felt in Chicago. Pullman was 
                convinced that capital and labor should cooperate for 
                mutual benefit and sought to address the needs of his 
                workers using his philosophy of capitalist efficiency. 
                He attempted an uncommon solution to the common 
                problems of the day by creating a model town.

                Pullman engaged young architect Solon Spencer Beman and 
                landscape architect Nathan F. Barrett to plan the town 
                and design its buildings and public spaces to be both 
                practical and aesthetically pleasing. Beman designed 
                housing in the simple yet elegant Queen Anne style and 
                included Romanesque arches for buildings that housed 
                shops and services. Though he strove to avoid monotony, 
                Beman imbued the town with visual continuity. The 
                scale, detailing, and architectural sophistication of 
                the community were unprecedented. Barrett broke up the 
                monotony of the grid of streets with his landscape 
                design. Trees and street lights enlivened the 
                streetscape. Unified, orderly, and innovative in its 
                design, the model town of Pullman, then an independent 
                town south of Chicago's city limits, became an 
                internationally famous experiment in planning and 
                attracted visitors from far and wide.

                The model factory town of Pullman is considered the 
                first planned industrial community in the United 
                States, and served as both an influential model and a 
                cautionary tale for subsequent industrial developments. 
                The beauty, sanitation, and order George Pullman 
                provided his workers and their families were not 
                without cost. Pullman believed people did not value the 
                things they did not pay for. The Pullman Company owned 
                every building and

[[Page 10316]]

                charged rents that would ensure a return on the 
                company's investment in building the town. He also 
                created a system of social control and hierarchy 
                discernible in the standards of conduct for residents 
                and in the architecture and layout of the community 
                that can still be seen today in the well-preserved 
                Pullman Historic District. For example, the larger, 
                more ornate, and finely finished houses on Arcade Row 
                were reserved for company officers, while junior 
                workers resided in smaller, simpler row houses, and 
                single and unskilled workers resided in tenement blocks 
                with less ornamentation located farther away from the 
                town's public face.

                In 1893, the worst economic depression in American 
                history prior to the Great Depression hit the country 
                in general and the railroad industry in particular. 
                Orders at the Pullman Company declined. The Pullman 
                Company lowered its workers' wages but not the rents it 
                charged those workers for company housing. These 
                measures angered the workers and sparked the Pullman 
                strike of 1894. The American Railway Union, led by 
                Eugene V. Debs, had formed the year prior in Chicago, 
                with membership open to all white railroad employees of 
                any profession. In solidarity, American Railway Union 
                members nationwide boycotted Pullman cars, disrupting 
                rail traffic across much of the Nation. Thus, the 
                strike that began as a local walkout on May 11, 1894, 
                grew into one of American history's largest labor 
                actions, paralyzing most of the railroads west of 
                Detroit and threatening the national economy.

                On June 27, 1894, as the Pullman strike was growing, 
                the Congress passed legislation designating Labor Day a 
                Federal holiday, and President Grover Cleveland signed 
                it the next day. Thirty-one States had already adopted 
                the holiday, but it was the Pullman strike of 1894 that 
                spurred final Federal action in an attempt to placate 
                workers across the Nation.

                At its peak, the Pullman strike affected some 250,000 
                workers in 27 States and disrupted Federal mail 
                delivery. The United States secured a court injunction 
                declaring the strike illegal under the Sherman 
                Antitrust Act, and President Cleveland ultimately 
                intervened with Federal troops. The strike ended 
                violently by mid-July, a labor defeat with national 
                reverberations.

                George Pullman did not loosen his tight control of the 
                town of Pullman after the strike ended. Illinois sued 
                the Pullman Company in August 1894, alleging that the 
                company's ownership and operation of the town violated 
                its corporate charter. The Illinois Supreme Court 
                agreed in an 1898 decision, and ordered the company to 
                sell all non-industrial land holdings in the town. By 
                that time, Robert Todd Lincoln, the oldest son of 
                President Abraham Lincoln and general counsel of the 
                Pullman Company during the 1894 strike, had succeeded 
                George Pullman as president of the company. In 1907, 
                the company finally sold most of its residential 
                properties to comply with the Illinois Supreme Court's 
                order.

                The Pullman Company would again be the focus of a 
                nationally important labor event when, in 1937, the 
                Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP), an 
                influential African American union founded by A. Philip 
                Randolph, won a labor contract for the Pullman porters 
                from the company. The Pullman Company leased its cars 
                to railroads and directly employed the attendants--
                porters, waiters, and maids. At its founding, the 
                company hired recently freed former house slaves as 
                porters. The porters remained a group of exclusively 
                African American men throughout the company's history, 
                playing a significant role in the rise of the African 
                American middle class. By 1937, the Pullman Company had 
                been the Nation's largest employer of African Americans 
                for over 20 years and Pullman porters composed 44 
                percent of the Pullman Company workforce. The 1937 
                contract was the first major labor agreement between a 
                union led by African Americans and a corporation and is 
                considered one of the most important markers since 
                Reconstruction toward African American independence 
                from racist paternalism. The agreement served as a 
                model for other African American workers and 
                significantly contributed to the rise of the civil 
                rights movement in the United States. The Pullman 
                Historic District is an important site

[[Page 10317]]

                for understanding the iconic historic connection 
                between the Pullman porters, the BSCP, and the Pullman 
                Company.

                The architecture, urban planning, transportation, labor 
                relations, and social history of the Pullman Historic 
                District have national significance. The Pullman 
                Historic District tells rich, layered stories of 
                American opportunity and discrimination, industrial 
                engineering, corporate power and factory workers, new 
                immigrants to this country and formerly enslaved people 
                and their descendants, strikes and collective 
                bargaining. The events and themes associated with the 
                Pullman Company continue to resonate today as employers 
                and workers still seek opportunities for better lives.

                WHEREAS section 320301 of title 54, United States Code 
                (known as the ``Antiquities Act''), authorizes the 
                President, in his discretion, to declare by public 
                proclamation historic landmarks, historic and 
                prehistoric structures, and other objects of historic 
                or scientific interest that are situated upon the lands 
                owned or controlled by the Federal Government to be 
                national monuments, and to reserve as a part thereof 
                parcels of land, the limits of which shall be confined 
                to the smallest area compatible with the proper care 
                and management of the objects to be protected;

                WHEREAS the Pullman Historic District was designated a 
                National Historic Landmark on December 30, 1970, 
                establishing its national significance based on its 
                importance in social history, architecture, and urban 
                planning;

                WHEREAS the Governor of Illinois, Members of Congress, 
                the City of Chicago, other State, local, and private 
                entities, including Pullman neighborhood organizations, 
                and others have expressed support for the establishment 
                of a national monument in the Pullman Historic District 
                and its inclusion in the National Park System;

                WHEREAS the State of Illinois Historic Preservation 
                Agency has donated to the United States certain lands 
                and interests in lands within the Pullman Historic 
                District, including fee title to the Administration 
                Clock Tower Building and an access easement thereto, 
                for administration by the Secretary of the Interior 
                (Secretary) through the National Park Service in 
                accordance with the provisions of the Antiquities Act 
                and other applicable laws;

                WHEREAS it is in the public interest to preserve and 
                protect the historic objects in the Pullman Historic 
                District, Chicago, Illinois;

                NOW, THEREFORE, I, BARACK OBAMA, President of the 
                United States of America, by the authority vested in me 
                by section 320301 of title 54, United States Code, 
                hereby proclaim the objects identified above that are 
                situated upon lands and interests in lands owned or 
                controlled by the Federal Government to be the Pullman 
                National Monument (monument) and, for the purpose of 
                protecting those objects, reserve as a part thereof all 
                lands and interests in lands owned or controlled by the 
                Federal Government within the ``National Monument 
                Boundary'' described on the accompanying map, which is 
                attached to and forms a part of this proclamation. 
                These reserved Federal lands and interests in lands 
                encompass approximately 0.2397 acres, together with 
                appurtenant easements for all necessary purposes.

                All Federal lands and interests in lands within the 
                ``National Monument Boundary'' described on the 
                accompanying map are hereby appropriated and withdrawn 
                from all forms of entry, location, selection, sale, 
                leasing, or other disposition under the public land 
                laws, from location, entry, and patent under the mining 
                laws, and from disposition under all laws relating to 
                mineral and geothermal leasing.

                The establishment of the monument is subject to valid 
                existing rights. Lands and interests in lands not owned 
                or controlled by the Federal Government within the 
                ``National Monument Boundary'' described on the 
                accompanying map shall be reserved as a part of the 
                monument, and objects identified above that are 
                situated upon those lands and interests in lands shall 
                be part of the monument, upon acquisition of ownership 
                or control by the Federal Government. The ``National 
                Monument Boundary'' described on

[[Page 10318]]

                the accompanying map is confined to the smallest area 
                compatible with the proper care and management of the 
                objects to be protected within those boundaries.

                The Secretary shall manage the monument through the 
                National Park Service, pursuant to applicable legal 
                authorities, consistent with the purposes and 
                provisions of this proclamation. The Secretary shall 
                prepare a management plan for the monument within 3 
                years of the date of this proclamation. The management 
                plan shall ensure that the monument fulfills the 
                following purposes for the benefit of present and 
                future generations: (1) to preserve the historic 
                resources; (2) to interpret the industrial history and 
                labor struggles and achievements associated with the 
                Pullman Company, including the rise and role of the 
                Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters; and (3) to 
                interpret the history of urban planning and design of 
                which the planned company town of Pullman is a 
                nationally significant example.

                The management plan shall, among other provisions, set 
                forth the desired relationship of the monument to other 
                related resources, programs, and organizations within 
                its boundaries, as well as at other places related to 
                the Pullman Company and the stories associated with it. 
                The management planning process shall provide for full 
                public involvement, including coordination with the 
                State of Illinois and the City of Chicago and 
                consultation with interested parties including museums 
                and preservation and neighborhood organizations. The 
                management plan shall identify steps to be taken to 
                provide interpretive opportunities and coordinate 
                visitor services for the entirety of the Pullman 
                Historic District to the extent practicable and 
                appropriate for a broader understanding of the monument 
                and the themes that contribute to its national 
                significance.

                The National Park Service is directed to use applicable 
                authorities to seek to enter into agreements with 
                others to address common interests and promote 
                management efficiencies, including provision of visitor 
                services, interpretation and education, establishment 
                and care of museum collections, and preservation of 
                historic objects.

                Nothing in this proclamation shall be deemed to revoke 
                any existing withdrawal, reservation, or appropriation; 
                however, the monument shall be the dominant 
                reservation.

                Warning is hereby given to all unauthorized persons not 
                to appropriate, injure, destroy, or remove any feature 
                of this monument and not to locate or settle upon any 
                of the lands thereof.

                IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this 
                nineteenth day of February, in the year of our Lord two 
                thousand fifteen, and of the Independence of the United 
                States of America the two hundred and thirty-ninth.
                
                
                    (Presidential Sig.)

Billing code 3295-F5-P



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[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TD25FE15.018


[FR Doc. 2015-04090
Filed 2-24-15; 11:15 a.m.]
Billing code 4310-10-C