[Federal Register Volume 79, Number 180 (Wednesday, September 17, 2014)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 55696-55712]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2014-21944]



[[Page 55696]]

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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

U.S. Copyright Office

37 CFR Part 201

[Docket No. 2012-5]


Verification of Statements of Account Submitted by Cable 
Operators and Satellite Carriers

AGENCY: U.S. Copyright Office, Library of Congress.

ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking.

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SUMMARY: On May 9, 2013 the U.S. Copyright Office issued a notice of 
proposed rulemaking and request for comments concerning a new 
regulation that will allow copyright owners to audit the statements of 
account and royalty fees that cable operators and satellite carriers 
deposit with the Office for secondary transmissions of broadcast 
programming made pursuant to statutory licenses. The Office has revised 
the proposed regulation to address certain logistical concerns and 
based on further input that it has received from copyright owners, 
cable operators, satellite carriers, and accounting professionals. The 
Office seeks comments on the revised proposal before it is adopted as a 
final rule.

DATES: Comments must be made in writing and must be received in the 
U.S. Copyright Office no later than October 17, 2014.

ADDRESSES: The U.S. Copyright Office strongly prefers that comments be 
submitted electronically. A comment page containing a comment 
submission form is posted on the Office's Web site at http://copyright.gov/docs/soaaudit/soa_audit.html. The Web site 
interface requires submitters to complete a form specifying a name and 
organization, as applicable, and to upload comments as an attachment. 
To meet accessibility standards, all comments must be uploaded in a 
single file in either Portable Document Format (PDF) that contains 
searchable, accessible text (not an image); Word format (DOC or DOCX); 
WordPerfect format (WPD); Rich Text Format (RTF); or ASCII text file 
(not a scanned document). The maximum file size for comments is six 
megabytes (MB). The name of the commenter and organization should 
appear on both the form and on the comment itself. All comments will be 
posted publicly on the Office's Web site exactly as they are received, 
along with names and organizations. If electronic submission of 
comments is not feasible, please contact the Office at 202-707-8350 for 
special instructions.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Jacqueline C. Charlesworth, General 
Counsel and Associate Register of Copyrights, by email at 
[email protected], or by telephone at 202-707-8350; Erik Bertin, 
Assistant General Counsel, by email at [email protected], or by telephone 
at 202-707-8350; or Sy Damle, Special Advisor to the General Counsel, 
by email at [email protected], or by telephone at 202-707-8350.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

I. Background

    Sections 111 and 119 of the Copyright Act (the ``Act''), Title 17 
of the United States Code, allow cable operators and satellite carriers 
to retransmit programming that broadcast stations transmit on over-the-
air broadcast signals. To use these statutory licenses, cable operators 
and satellite carriers are required to file statements of account 
(``SOAs'') and deposit royalty fees with the U.S. Copyright Office 
(``Office'') on a semi-annual basis. The Office invests these royalties 
in United States Treasury securities pending distribution of the funds 
to copyright owners that are entitled to receive a share of the 
royalties.
    The Satellite Television Extension and Localism Act of 2010 
(``STELA''), Public Law 111-175, amended the Act by directing the 
Register of Copyrights to issue regulations to allow copyright owners 
to audit the SOAs and royalty fees that cable operators and satellite 
carriers file with the Office. Section 119(b)(2) of the Act directs the 
Register to ``issue regulations to permit interested parties to verify 
and audit the statements of account and royalty fees submitted by 
satellite carriers under this subsection.'' 17 U.S.C. 119(b)(2). 
Similarly, section 111(d)(6) directs the Register to ``issue 
regulations to provide for the confidential verification by copyright 
owners whose works were embodied in the secondary transmissions of 
primary transmissions pursuant to [section 111] of the information 
reported on the semiannual statements of account filed under this 
subsection for accounting periods beginning on or after January 1, 
2010, in order that the auditor designated under subparagraph 
[111(d)(6)(A)] is able to confirm the correctness of the calculations 
and royalty payments reported therein.'' 17 U.S.C. 111(d)(6).
    The Office began working on its initial draft for this procedure in 
2011. The initial draft was based on similar audit regulations that the 
Office developed for parties that make ephemeral recordings or transmit 
digital sound recordings under 17 U.S.C. sections 112(e) and 114(f), 
respectively, or manufacture, import, and distribute digital audio 
recording devices under 17 U.S.C. chapter 10.
    On January 31, 2012 the Office received a Petition for Rulemaking, 
which was filed by a group of copyright owners.\1\ The copyright owners 
urged the Office to adopt regulations that would allow them to audit 
the SOAs filed by cable operators and satellite carriers, and they 
provided the Office with proposed language for each regulation. See 
Petition at 1-4.
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    \1\ This group included the Program Suppliers (commercial 
entertainment programming), Joint Sports Claimants (professional and 
college sports programming), National Association of Broadcasters 
(``NAB'') (commercial television programming), Commercial Television 
Claimants (local commercial television programming), Broadcaster 
Claimants Group (U.S. commercial television stations), American 
Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (``ASCAP'') (musical 
works included in television programming), Broadcast Music, Inc. 
(``BMI'') (same), Public Television Claimants (noncommercial 
television programming), Public Broadcasting Service (``PBS'') 
(same), National Public Radio (``NPR'') (noncommercial radio 
programming), Canadian Claimants (Canadian television programming), 
and Devotional Claimants (religious television programming).
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    On June 14, 2012, the Office issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking 
that set forth its initial proposal for the audit procedure (the 
``First Proposed Rule''). See 77 FR 35643 (June 14, 2012). The Office 
received extensive comments from groups representing copyright 
owners,\2\ cable operators,\3\ and individual companies that retransmit 
broadcast programming under sections 111 or 119 of the Act, namely, 
AT&T, Inc., DIRECTV, LLC, and DISH Network L.L.C.\4\
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    \2\ This group included the Program Suppliers, Joint Sports 
Claimants, Commercial Television Claimants, Broadcaster Claimants 
Group, ASCAP, BMI, SESAC, Inc., Public Television Claimants, 
Canadian Claimants, NPR, and Devotional Claimants. The NAB and PBS 
did not submit comments in response to the First Proposed Rule.
    \3\ The National Cable & Telecommunications Association 
(``NCTA'') and the American Cable Association (``ACA'') filed 
comments on the First Proposed Rule on behalf of cable operators.
    \4\ Citations to the comments and reply comments submitted in 
response to the First Proposed Rule are abbreviated ``[Name of 
Party] First Comment'' and ``[Name of Party] First Reply.''
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    In lieu of reply comments, DIRECTV, the NCTA, and a group 
representing certain copyright owners \5\ submitted a joint proposal 
for revising the First Proposed Rule. This group referred to themselves 
collectively as the ``Joint Stakeholders,'' and they urged the Office 
to incorporate their suggestions

[[Page 55697]]

``as promptly as possible after receiving any further public comment.'' 
JS First Submission at 1.\6\ The Office also received reply comments 
from AT&T. AT&T explained that it was aware of the Joint Stakeholders' 
negotiations and the ``potential areas of agreement'' among the 
parties, but stated that it did not have a sufficient amount of time 
for ``meaningful engagement'' with the group. AT&T First Reply at 1. 
Therefore, AT&T urged the Office to publish the Joint Stakeholders' 
proposal ``for further comment by other interested parties who were not 
parties to the agreement.'' Id.
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    \5\ The copyright owners that joined the NCTA and DIRECTV in 
submitting the Joint Stakeholders' First Submission include the 
Program Suppliers, Joint Sports Claimants, ASCAP, BMI, SESAC, Public 
Television Claimants, Canadian Claimants Group, Devotional 
Claimants, and NPR. The Commercial Television Claimants, the 
Broadcaster Claimants Group, the NAB, and PBS did not join their 
fellow copyright owners in submitting this proposal.
    \6\ Citations to the proposals submitted by the Joint 
Stakeholders ae abbreviated ``JS First Submission'' and ``JS Second 
Submission.''
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    The Office carefully studied the Joint Stakeholders' proposal and 
the other comments and reply comments submitted in response to the 
First Proposed Rule. The Joint Stakeholders' proposal addressed many of 
the concerns that the parties raised in their initial comments. The 
Office therefore incorporated most of the Joint Stakeholders' 
suggestions into a revised proposed regulation (the ``Second Proposed 
Rule'').
    On May 9, 2013, the Office published the Second Proposed Rule in 
the Federal Register and invited AT&T, DISH, the ACA, the Broadcaster 
Claimants Group, the Commercial Television Claimants, and other 
interested parties to comment on the proposed regulation. The Office 
also invited reply comments from the Joint Stakeholders and other 
interested parties. See 78 FR 27137, 27138 (May 9, 2013). The Office 
received comments from AT&T and the ACA, and it received reply comments 
from the ACA, the NCTA, and a group representing the copyright owners 
(``Copyright Owners'') that negotiated the Joint Stakeholders' Proposal 
with the NCTA and DIRECTV.\7\ The parties raised a number of complex 
issues, including issues of first impression that were not addressed in 
the comments or reply comments submitted in response to the First 
Proposed Rule.
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    \7\ Citations to the comments and reply comments submitted in 
response to the Second Proposed Rule are abbreviated ``[Name of 
Party] Second Comment'' and ``[Name of Party] Second Reply.'' For 
example, citations to the Copyright Owners' reply comments are 
abbreviated ``CO Second Reply.'' This group includes all the 
copyright owners listed in footnote five, but as mentioned in that 
footnote, the Commercial Television Claimants, the Broadcaster 
Claimants Group, the NAB, and PBS did not join their fellow 
copyright owners in submitting the Joint Stakeholders' First 
Submission.
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    On December 26, 2013, the Office issued an interim rule that 
addresses a procedural issue that was not contested by the parties (the 
``Interim Rule''). Specifically, the Interim Rule allows copyright 
owners to identify any SOAs from accounting periods beginning on or 
after January 1, 2010 that they intend to audit. At the same time, it 
provides licensees with advance notice of the SOAs that will be subject 
to audit when the final rule goes into effect. See 78 FR 28257 (Dec. 
26, 2013).
    After analyzing the latest round of comments, the Office identified 
a number of issues that were not addressed in the First or Second 
Proposed Rules or in the comments submitted in response to those 
proposals. Because the Office believed these issues might be narrowed 
through group discussion, it decided to convene a public roundtable 
before issuing another notice of proposed rulemaking. See 79 FR 31992 
(June 3, 2014). During the roundtable the Office received valuable 
input from parties that previously submitted comments in this 
proceeding, including the Motion Picture Association of America 
(``MPAA''), the Commissioner of Baseball, the NCTA, the ACA, and 
DIRECTV. The Office also received guidance from Crunch Digital, a 
company that conducts audits on behalf of content owners and licensees 
in the music industry.
    The issues discussed at the roundtable are summarized in the 
Office's Federal Register notice dated June 3, 2014 (the ``Roundtable 
Notice''). The most significant concern was the potential for backlogs 
to develop as a result of the limit on the number of SOAs that could be 
audited at any one time under the existing proposal.\8\ The Office also 
expressed concern about the accounting standards that should be applied 
during the audit, the limitation on ex parte communications between the 
auditor and the copyright owners, the amount of time allocated for 
consultations between the auditor and the licensee, and the procedure 
for allocating the costs of the audit between the copyright owners and 
the licensee. See 79 FR at 31994-95.
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    \8\ Under the Second Proposed Rule a satellite carrier or a 
particular cable system would be subject to no more than one audit 
per calendar year and each audit would involve no more than two SOAs 
filed by that licensee. For multiple system operators (``MSOs''), 
the audit would be limited to a sample of no more than ten percent 
of the MSO's systems, and the audit of each system would involve no 
more than two SOAs filed by each system. The Second Proposed Rule 
also provided that if a single audit required multiple years to 
complete, the licensee would not be subject to any other audits 
during those years. See 78 FR at 27143; 79 FR at 31993.
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    Following the roundtable, the Joint Stakeholders consulted with 
each other regarding three of these issues, namely: (i) Requiring an 
initial consultation between the auditor and a representative of the 
licensee and the participating copyright owners prior to the 
commencement of an audit; (ii) the accounting standard that should 
govern the audit; and (iii) the procedure for allocating the cost of an 
audit between the participating copyright owners and the licensee. On 
July 31, 2014, the Joint Stakeholders informed the Office that they had 
reached a consensus on two of these issues and they offered specific 
recommendations for modifying certain aspects of the proposed rule.\9\ 
JS Second Submission at 1-2.
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    \9\ The parties that submitted these recommendations are 
identified in footnote five.
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    After reviewing the comments and reply comments submitted in 
response to the Second Proposed Rule, the input provided during the 
roundtable, and the Joint Stakeholders' Second Submission, the Office 
made several changes to the proposed rule (the ``Third Proposed 
Rule'').\10\ The Office invites public comment from copyright owners, 
cable operators, satellite carriers, accounting professionals, and 
other interested parties concerning the proposed modifications that are 
discussed below in sections II, III.A, III.B, VI.A, VI.B, VII.A, VII.B, 
and VIII.C.\11\
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    \10\ For the convenience of the parties, the Office created a 
document that illustrates the differences between the Second 
Proposed Rule (as it was modified by the Interim Rule) and the Third 
Proposed Rule. This document is available on the Office's Web site 
at http://copyright.gov/docs/soaaudit/soa_audit.html.
    \11\ The Office has reached a final decision concerning the 
topics discussed in sections III.C, III.D, IV, V, VII.C, VIII.A, 
VIII.B, or IX. Therefore, the Office does not invite further comment 
on these topics.
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II. Audit Notice, Timetable, and Transitional Provisions

A. Initial Audits

    Under the Second Proposed Rule, a copyright owner could initiate an 
audit by filing a written notice with the Office that identified the 
statutory licensee, the SOAs, and the accounting periods that would be 
subject to the audit. The Office would publish a notice in the Federal 
Register announcing the receipt of the notice of intent to audit, and 
within thirty days thereafter, any other copyright owner that wished to 
participate in the audit would be required to notify both the copyright 
owner that filed the notice and the licensee that would be subject to 
the audit. Copyright owners that failed to comply with this requirement 
would not be permitted to participate in the audit process and would 
not be

[[Page 55698]]

permitted to audit the same SOAs in a subsequent proceeding.
    The Third Proposed Rule modifies this portion of the audit 
procedure in several respects. It provides that the notice should 
include the copyright owner's name, address, telephone number, and 
email address (but need not include a fax number). To facilitate the 
submission of notices, the Third Proposed Rule provides that notices 
should be addressed to the ``U.S. Copyright Office, Office of the 
General Counsel,'' and specifies the mailing address for time-sensitive 
materials where notices should be sent. It also establishes similar--
but separate--procedures for submitting a notice of intent to conduct 
an initial audit and a notice of intent to conduct an expanded 
audit.\12\
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    \12\ As discussed in sections II.B and VII, the Third Proposed 
Rule limits the number of SOAs and the number of cable systems that 
may be included in an initial audit, but if the auditor discovers an 
underpayment that exceeds a certain threshold, the copyright owners 
may expand the scope of the initial audit to include other SOAs and 
other cable systems that have not been audited before.
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    Under the Third Proposed Rule a notice of intent to conduct an 
initial audit must be received in the Office between December 1st and 
December 31st. The Office will publish a notice in the Federal Register 
announcing the receipt of that notice between January 1st and January 
31st of the next calendar year. By contrast, a notice of intent to 
conduct an expanded audit may be filed at any point during the calendar 
year, provided that the notice is received within three years after the 
last day of the year in which any statement to be reviewed was filed 
with the Office. When the Office receives a notice of intent to conduct 
an expanded audit, it will publish a notice in the Federal Register 
within thirty days thereafter announcing the receipt of the notice. As 
the Office noted in its Federal Register document dated May 9, 2013, 
this step is intended to give copyright owners that did not join the 
initial audit an opportunity to participate in the expanded audit. See 
78 FR at 27143.
    The Office decided to modify the timing of the receipt and 
publication of the initial notice to prevent the development of 
backlogs in pending audits. This concern stemmed from the fact that--
under the Second Proposed Rule--a licensee could be subject to only one 
audit during a calendar year, but there was no assurance that any given 
audit would be started and finished within a single calendar year. See 
79 FR at 31993. Indeed, the Second Proposed Rule made clear that if a 
single audit spanned multiple years, the licensee would not be subject 
to any other audits during those years. See 78 FR at 27153.
    At the roundtable, several participants suggested that the Office's 
concerns were unwarranted, because they expected audits to be completed 
within relatively short periods of time. The MPAA explained that it has 
audited SOAs on an informal basis for many years. According to the 
MPAA, before an audit begins, copyright owners often have a sense of 
what the problems may be based on the information already provided in 
the licensee's SOAs, and thus will be able to give the auditor a sense 
of what he or she should focus on from the outset. The MPAA stated that 
the most difficult part of the audit process is identifying the 
stations and signals carried by the provider. Under the proposed rule, 
the licensee would be required to provide this information at the 
outset. Therefore, the MPAA is of the view that the audit as a whole 
would be expected to proceed smoothly. The MPAA predicted that an audit 
involving a small cable system could be completed within a few weeks, 
while an audit of a large cable system might require three months. In 
response to the Office's concerns that some licensees may not be 
diligent in responding to the auditor's requests for information, the 
MPAA indicated that in its experience this was not a problem. According 
to the MPAA, copyright owners and licensees traditionally have been 
cooperative during the audit process, with disputes typically resolved 
through settlement and voluntary adoption of corrective practices.
    While the Office appreciates the MPAA's experience, it is concerned 
that the level of cooperation experienced by the MPAA during these 
voluntary informal audits might not be universal. Indeed, as the NCTA 
observed in its written comments, ``no one can predict at this point 
how smoothly the audit process will be for the cable and satellite 
industries.'' NCTA Second Reply at 6.
    As discussed in section IV.C, the Third Proposed Rule will allow 
licensees to suspend the audit for several months during each year. The 
Office is concerned that the audit process may be delayed even further 
if the licensee fails to respond to the auditor's requests in a timely 
manner. The Office believes that this is a real possibility given 
that--under the Joint Stakeholders' first proposal and the Second 
Proposed Rule--prolonging an audit into the next calendar year would 
preclude the copyright owners from commencing another audit involving 
that same licensee, thus creating an incentive for delay. See JS First 
Submission at 9-10; 78 FR at 27143; 79 FR at 31993. The roundtable 
revealed that, apart from the MPAA, none of the cable or satellite 
industry representatives in attendance has had any meaningful 
experience with audits involving SOAs. At the same time, the Office is 
aware that royalty audits of other types of content licensees may well 
take longer than a year to complete.
    The Third Proposed Rule addresses this concern by establishing a 
schedule that is intended to ensure that the initial audit will be 
completed within a single calendar year. Specifically, it will require 
the copyright owners to file a notice of intent to conduct an initial 
audit during the month of December in the year before the audit is to 
begin, will require the Office to publish a notice in the Federal 
Register during January of the following year, and will require the 
auditor to deliver his or her final report to the participating 
copyright owners by November 1st of that same year.\13\
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    \13\ Under the Third Proposed Rule, a statutory licensee will be 
subject to no more than one initial audit per calendar year, and an 
initial audit involving a particular satellite carrier or a 
particular cable system will be limited to no more than two of the 
SOAs filed by that licensee. But, as discussed in section VII.B, 
these limits will not apply to an expanded audit, which could be 
conducted concurrently with an initial audit involving the same 
licensee.
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    This approach provides advantages over the Second Proposed Rule, 
which would have allowed the copyright owners to commence an initial 
audit at any time during the year. For instance, the Third Proposed 
Rule will substantially alleviate administrative burdens on the Office 
related to initial audits since notices will arrive in the Office 
within a set period of time, which in turn will allow the Office to 
publish them in the Federal Register as a group instead of publishing 
them on a piecemeal basis. In addition, this approach will improve 
certainty for both the copyright owners and statutory licensees. 
Copyright owners will be able to better coordinate their collective 
auditing activities, since notices of intent to conduct an initial 
audit will be submitted to the Office and published in the Federal 
Register at the same time each year. Likewise, a routine schedule for 
the submission and publication of notices will allow licensees to 
organize their affairs, because each December they will know whether 
they will be subject to an initial audit in the following calendar 
year.
    In order to comply with the time limits set forth in section 
111(d)(6)(E) of the Act, the copyright owners must file a notice of 
intent to audit a particular SOA within three years after the last day

[[Page 55699]]

of the year in which the SOA was filed with the Office (regardless of 
whether they intend to conduct an initial audit or an expanded audit). 
The Third Proposed Rule recognizes that in any given year the copyright 
owners may file a notice of intent to conduct an initial audit 
involving any two of the SOAs that the licensee filed with the Office 
during that year or the three previous \14\ calendar years. Once the 
Office receives a notice of intent to conduct an initial audit 
involving two SOAs filed by a particular satellite carrier or a 
particular cable system, the Office will not accept a notice of intent 
to conduct an initial audit involving that same carrier or that same 
system until the following calendar year.
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    \14\ In this context, the word ``previous'' means an SOA filed 
prior to the date that the copyright owners filed a notice of intent 
to audit with the Office.
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B. Expanded Audits

    Under the Third Proposed Rule, if the auditor discovers a net 
aggregate underpayment \15\ of five percent or more during an initial 
audit of a satellite carrier or a single cable system, the copyright 
owners may expand the scope of the audit to include previous \16\ SOAs 
filed by that licensee. If the auditor makes such a finding during an 
initial audit involving a sample of cable systems that are owned by a 
multiple system operator (``MSO''), the copyright owners may expand the 
scope of that audit to include previous SOAs filed by those cable 
systems, and in the following calendar year, the copyright owners may 
conduct an initial audit involving a larger sample of the cable systems 
owned by that MSO.
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    \15\ The Second Proposed Rule defined ``net aggregate 
underpayment'' as the aggregate amount of underpayments found by the 
auditor less the aggregate amount of any overpayments found by the 
auditor, as measured against the total amount of royalties reflected 
on the Statements of Account examined by the auditor. See 78 FR at 
27150. The same definition also appears in the Third Proposed Rule.
    \16\ In this context, the word ``previous'' means SOAs filed 
before the SOAs that were reviewed during the initial audit. See 78 
FR at 27143.
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    During an expanded audit the copyright owners would be able to 
audit any of the previous statements filed by the licensee, as long as 
they file a notice of intent to audit those statements within three 
years after the last day of the year in which those statements were 
filed with the Office. 17 U.S.C. 111(d)(6)(E). Although a notice of 
intent to conduct an initial audit must be filed in December and 
although the initial audit must be completed by November 1st of the 
following year, these requirements will not apply to expanded audits. 
Under the Third Proposed Rule a notice of intent to conduct an expanded 
audit may be filed during any month, and the auditor does not need to 
deliver his or her final report by November 1st of any given year.

C. Notices Filed Under the Interim Rule

    Assuming the Third Proposed Rule is adopted as a final rule, it 
will supersede the Interim Rule in its entirety. Until then, copyright 
owners may use the Interim Rule to preserve their right to audit any 
SOA that was filed with the Office for accounting periods 2010-2 
through 2014-1,\17\ so long as the notice is received in a timely 
manner.\18\
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    \17\ The deadline for filing a notice of intent to audit a 
statement for the 2010-1 accounting period expired on December 31, 
2013, and as discussed in the Federal Register document dated June 
14, 2012, statements covering accounting periods that began before 
January 1, 2010 are not subject to audit under this procedure. See 
77 FR at 35645.
    \18\ To date, the Office has not received any notices filed 
pursuant to the Interim Rule.
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    If a copyright owner does file a notice of intent to audit before 
the Third Proposed Rule goes into effect, then, as stated in the 
Interim Rule, the Office will publish that notice in the Federal 
Register within thirty days after it is received in the Office. See 37 
CFR 201.16(c)(1). In such cases, the Third Proposed Rule provides that 
the audit shall be conducted using the procedures set forth in the 
proposed rule, except that regardless of the timing of the notice and 
its publication pursuant to the Interim Rule, the copyright owners must 
provide the licensee with a list of proposed auditors by March 16, 
2015, and the auditor must deliver his or her final report to the 
copyright owners and the licensee by November 1, 2015.

III. Commencement of the Audit

A. Designation of the Auditor

    The Second Proposed Rule provided that the copyright owners must 
deliver a list of three independent and qualified auditors to the 
licensee, along with information that is reasonably sufficient for the 
licensee to evaluate the independence and qualifications of each 
individual. Within five business days thereafter, the licensee would be 
required to select one of these individuals to conduct the audit. See 
78 FR at 27139-40. None of the parties objected to this aspect of the 
Second Proposed Rule.
    The Interim Rule allows a copyright owner to preserve the right to 
audit a particular SOA so long as it files a notice of intent within 
three years after the last day of the year in which that statement was 
filed. 37 CFR 201.16(c)(1). However, the Interim Rule does not specify 
a precise deadline by which a copyright owner must commence the actual 
audit. As the Office observed in the Roundtable Notice, copyright 
owners may feel obligated to file notices of intent to audit on a 
routine basis in order to preserve the option of auditing a particular 
statement, even if they do not expect to proceed with the audit in the 
foreseeable future. 79 FR 31993. In such cases, the licensee might be 
required to maintain records related to SOAs for many years before an 
audit got underway, which would create administrative burdens and 
increase the risk that records would be lost or damaged in the interim.
    The Third Proposed Rule addresses this concern by establishing a 
deadline for commencing the audit. Specifically, it provides that the 
participating copyright owners must deliver the list of prospective 
auditors to the licensee within forty-five days after the date that the 
Office publishes a notice in the Federal Register announcing the 
receipt of the notice of intent to audit. Once the licensee has made 
its selection, the Third Proposed Rule provides that the licensee must 
notify the participating copyright owners and the participating 
copyright owners must retain the auditor that the licensee selected. It 
also provides that if the copyright owners fail to deliver a list of 
prospective auditors to the licensee within the time allowed or fail to 
retain the auditor that the licensee selected, the SOAs identified in 
the notice of intent to audit shall not be subject to audit.

B. Initial Consultation With the Auditor

    At the roundtable, the audit firm Crunch Digital explained that it 
typically schedules a ``kick-off call'' at the start of each of its 
audits. During this call, the auditor and the party that is subject to 
the audit identify the types of books and records that the auditor 
intends to examine and the parties set a mutually agreeable schedule 
for the production of those items. In addition, each party designates a 
contact person who will be responsible for receiving and responding to 
communications regarding the audit. Crunch Digital explained that this 
improves the efficiency of the examination process, thus reducing the 
overall cost of the audit. The Joint Stakeholders made a similar 
recommendation in their Second Submission and the Office has 
incorporated that suggestion into the proposed rule. JS Second 
Submission at 1. Specifically, the Third Proposed Rule provides that 
the auditor shall meet with designated representatives of the licensee 
and the participating copyright

[[Page 55700]]

owners (either in person or by telephone) within ten days after he or 
she has been selected. During the consultation, the parties are to 
review the scope of the audit, the methodology that the auditor will 
use during his or her review, and the schedule for conducting and 
completing the audit. The objective of this consultation is to 
establish the schedule and procedures for the production and review of 
information so that the audit will be completed in a timely fashion.

C. Limitation on Ex Parte Communications

    The Second Proposed Rule contained a provision that banned ex parte 
communications between the auditor and the participating copyright 
owners, except in certain narrow circumstances. For example, the 
auditor may communicate directly with the copyright owners if he or she 
has a reasonable basis to suspect fraud, and if the auditor reasonably 
believes that involving the licensee in the communication would 
prejudice the investigation of that fraud. In the Roundtable Notice the 
Office questioned whether this restriction is necessary and whether it 
might create inefficiencies. See 79 FR at 31994. At the roundtable the 
NCTA explained that this provision will promote transparency in the 
audit process. Specifically, the NCTA opined that it will ensure that 
copyright owners do not exercise undue influence over the auditor's 
deliberations, and that licensees are made aware of potential issues at 
the same time as the copyright owners, thus helping to eliminate the 
possibility of unfair surprise when the auditor delivers the initial 
draft of his or her report. Crunch Digital noted that this could be 
accomplished in most cases simply by copying the licensee on email 
communications between the auditor and the copyright owners or their 
representatives. The Office found the foregoing observations 
persuasive. Therefore, the Office has retained the prohibition against 
ex parte communications in the Third Proposed Rule.

D. Certified List of Broadcast Signals

1. Comments
    The Second Proposed Rule provided that the licensee must deliver a 
document to the auditor and the copyright owners containing a certified 
list of the broadcast signals retransmitted during each accounting 
period that is subject to the audit, including the call sign for each 
broadcast signal and each multicast signal. In addition, cable 
operators must identify the classification of each signal on a 
community-by-community basis pursuant to sections 201.17(e)(9)(iv)-(v) 
and 201.17(h) of the regulations. See 78 FR at 27141.
    The Office added this requirement to the Second Proposed Rule at 
the request of the Joint Stakeholders. As the Office noted in the 
Federal Register document dated May 9, 2013, licensees are supposed to 
report this information in their SOAs and the person signing each SOA 
must certify that this information is true, correct, and complete. The 
Office sought comment on whether there is any benefit in requiring 
licensees to provide information that should be apparent from the face 
of an SOA. See 78 FR at 27141.
    AT&T stated that ``there is no need to include this `make-work' 
step in the audit process,'' because ``it does not provide the auditor 
or the copyright owners with any information that is not readily 
available from the SOA.'' AT&T Second Comment at 3. The ACA stated that 
``whatever benefit is derived, it is far outweighed by the 
administrative and financial burdens of compiling and submitting this 
information, especially for smaller cable operators.'' ACA Second 
Comment at 3.
    The Copyright Owners responded that this provision ``provides 
tangible benefits that will promote the efficiency and effectiveness'' 
of the audit procedure. CO Second Reply at 10. They noted that 
licensees that use Form SA 1-2, or the previous version of Form SA-3, 
are not required to identify ``different channel line-ups linked to 
different subscriber groups.'' Id. at 7. Therefore, ``it is impossible 
to link communities with reported local stations'' when reviewing these 
types of SOAs. Id. at 8.
    Licensees that use the current version of Form SA-3 are supposed to 
identify the communities they serve, along with the relevant channel 
line-ups and subscriber groups. The Copyright Owners acknowledged that 
this information ``might be sufficient to match communities and 
stations for systems having one or two subscriber groups and one or two 
separate channel line-ups.'' Id. at 8. But identifying the signals that 
are retransmitted in each community can be ``difficult, if not 
impossible'' for larger cable systems ``that cover large geographic 
areas'' with ``multiple channel line-ups and numerous subscriber 
groups.'' Id. at 7, 10. For example, the Copyright Owners noted that 
Comcast of Southeast PA LLC recently reported 589 communities, 30 
channel line-ups with 7 to 49 stations each, and 46 subscriber groups, 
while Time Warner Northeast LLC recently reported 257 communities, 17 
channel line-ups with 9 to 21 stations each, and 51 subscriber groups. 
Id. at 8. The Copyright Owners contended that it would be ``cumbersome 
and costly'' for the auditor to identify the distant and local signals 
that are retransmitted in each community, given the complexity of 
information reported in these types of SOAs. Id. at 10. By contrast, 
they contended that it would be easy for the licensee to compile this 
information, because ``the cable system is more likely to know what 
stations that it carries in each community.'' Id. at 10.
    Requiring the licensee to provide this information at the beginning 
of the audit was ``an important component of the Joint [Stakeholders'] 
Proposal'' from the Copyright Owners' point of view.\19\ Id. at 7. The 
Joint Stakeholders agreed that the auditor should verify the 
information reported on the SOAs in order to confirm the correctness of 
the calculations and royalty payments reported therein, but the auditor 
should not determine whether a cable operator properly classified the 
broadcast signals reported on its SOAs, or whether a satellite carrier 
properly determined if any subscriber or group of subscribers is 
eligible to receive any broadcast signals under the Act.\20\ See 78 FR 
at 27151.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \19\ As noted in section I, the Joint Stakeholders' proposal was 
submitted by the NCTA, DIRECTV, and the Copyright Owners identified 
in footnote five.
    \20\ The Office included this suggested revision in both the 
Second Proposed Rule and the Third Proposed Rule. See 78 FR at 
27151.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In their reply comments, the Copyright Owners explained that they 
agreed to narrow the scope of the auditor's inquiry on the condition 
that the licensee produces a certified list of broadcast signals that 
were retransmitted during the accounting period that is subject to the 
audit. CO Reply at 7-8. They contended that the auditor needs this 
information to confirm the correctness of the calculations and royalty 
payments reported in the licensee's SOAs. Id. at 7, 9. They also 
contended that the certified list will avoid the need for ``costly, 
time-consuming litigation'' over signal classification issues. Id. at 
9-10. The Copyright Owners explained that the list will help them 
determine whether the licensee correctly classified the carriage of 
each signal. If they disagree with the licensee's classification, the 
Copyright Owners will be able to raise their concerns during the audit, 
which in turn will give the licensee an opportunity to amend its SOAs 
if it agrees that a mistake has been made. Id. at 9.

[[Page 55701]]

2. Discussion
    The Office has noted AT&T's and the ACA's concerns, but has 
concluded that the Copyright Owners have the better argument. Requiring 
the licensee to identify the broadcast signals that the licensee 
retransmitted and the communities that the licensee served provides the 
auditor with information he or she needs to interpret an SOA and to 
verify the calculations and royalty payments reported therein. It is 
also a fair trade-off for excluding the classification of signals as 
local/distant or permitted/non-permitted from the scope of the 
auditor's inquiry.
    The Copyright Owners correctly noted that the previous version of 
Form SA-3 did not require licensees to report specific channel line-ups 
for each subscriber group. The current version of Form SA-3 instructs 
the licensee to identify each community served by the cable system and 
each television station carried by the cable system during the 
accounting period.\21\ In the Office's experience, this information is 
clearly stated in the SOA in some cases, but in other cases it is not. 
When the information is deficient, the Office may write the licensee to 
request a clarification.\22\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \21\ The Office issued the current version of Form SA-3 in April 
2011. It may be used to prepare SOAs for accounting periods 
beginning on or after January 1, 2011.
    \22\ The fact that the Office does not communicate with the 
licensee does not necessarily mean that an SOA is clear or correct. 
The Office generally accepts the licensee's representations unless 
they are contradicted by information provided elsewhere in the SOA 
or in the Office's records or by information that is known to the 
Licensing Division.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Requiring the licensee to provide this information at the outset of 
the audit should not impose an undue burden on the licensee. The 
licensee should be familiar with the stations that it carries and the 
communities that it serves and thus should be able to prepare a list of 
stations and communities without difficulty. Moreover, the Third 
Proposed Rule provides that the licensee must retain any records needed 
to confirm the correctness of the calculations and royalty payments 
reported in its SOAs for at least three and a half years after the last 
day of the year that the SOA is filed with the Office, and if an SOA 
has been audited under this procedure, must continue to maintain those 
records until three years after the auditor delivers his or her final 
report. By definition, this would include records that identify the 
stations that the licensee carries and the communities it serves. Thus, 
even if the required information is not apparent from the face of the 
SOA, the licensee should be able to compile a list of stations and 
communities from its own records.
    The Office made one minor change to the Third Proposed Rule to make 
it consistent with the rules governing statements of account. Rather 
than employing the somewhat vague term ``certified list,'' the Third 
Proposed Rule clarifies that the list of broadcast signals must be 
signed by a duly authorized agent of the licensee, and that person must 
confirm that the facts contained in the document are true, complete, 
and correct to the best of his or her knowledge, information, and 
belief. See 37 CFR 201.11(e)(9)(iii)(E), 201.17(e)(14)(iii)(E).

IV. Scope of the Audit

A. Accounting Standard

    The Second Proposed Rule provided that audits must be conducted 
``according to generally accepted auditing standards.'' 78 FR at 27151. 
In the Roundtable Notice, the Office questioned whether this is the 
appropriate standard, noting that guidance from the American Institute 
of Certified Public Accountants (``AICPA'') indicates that ``generally 
accepted auditing standards'' are those used by accountants to audit 
corporate financial statements. See 79 FR at 31994. At the roundtable 
and in their Second Submission, the Joint Stakeholders were unable to 
reach agreement on what standard, if any, should be specified in lieu 
of ``generally accepted auditing standards.'' For its part, Crunch 
Digital confirmed at the roundtable that ``generally accepted auditing 
standards'' are not directly relevant to the type of audit contemplated 
by this rule. It also suggested that it is generally unnecessary to 
specify in advance the standard that will be applied during the audit, 
and that the auditor's approach can be considered by the parties during 
the initial consultation.
    Given the lack of consensus on this issue, and that none of the 
parties could explain why any particular auditing standard should apply 
to these proceedings, the Office believes it is unnecessary to specify 
the professional standard to be employed under the rule. Instead, the 
Office believes that it is appropriate to rely on the auditors 
themselves to adopt an appropriate audit methodology based on their 
professional judgment, and to review that methodology with the 
participating copyright owners and the licensee during the initial 
consultation described in section III.B.

B. Subscriber Information

1. Comments
    Under the Second Proposed Rule the statutory licensee would be 
required to provide reasonable access to its books, records, or any 
other information that the auditor needs to conduct the audit. It also 
provided that the licensee should produce any other information that 
the auditor reasonably requests. See 78 FR at 27141-42.
    AT&T asserted that a cable operator should not be required to 
produce information regarding individual subscribers, because this 
would impose an undue burden on the licensee. AT&T Second Comment at 4. 
Instead, AT&T argued that the licensee should be allowed to provide 
``reports that include the number of subscribers, the amount of revenue 
and the numbers of subscribers and revenues applicable to specific 
service offerings at the system level.'' Id.
    The Copyright Owners contended that AT&T is seeking ``a special set 
of accounting standards'' for cable operators. CO Second Reply at 6. In 
their view, ``[a]uditors should be free to request whatever information 
they need to fulfill their responsibility,'' and they stated that 
``ill-defined subscriber and revenue `information in the form of 
reports' '' would not provide the participating copyright owners with 
the level of certainty that an audit should provide. Id. at 6-7.
2. Discussion
    The Office believes that it would be inappropriate to place 
categorical limits on the type of information that the auditor may 
request during an audit procedure. On the contrary, the auditor should 
be allowed to request any information he or she reasonably needs to 
conduct an audit. The Office is in no position to determine whether the 
auditor does or does not need individual subscriber information to 
satisfy applicable professional standards, and the Copyright Owners 
correctly note that the Office lacks the expertise that would be 
required to craft particularized exceptions to the information that 
reasonably could be called for in an audit.
    The Office has considered AT&T's comments, but has concluded that 
the proposed rule adequately addresses AT&T's concerns. The Third 
Proposed Rule limits the number of SOAs and the number of cable systems 
that may be included in an initial audit or an expanded audit, which in 
turn limits the amount of information that the auditor may request. It 
provides that the auditor should be given ``reasonable

[[Page 55702]]

access'' to the licensee's books, records, and any other information 
that the auditor needs to conduct an audit (emphasis added). It 
provides that the licensee is only required to produce information that 
the auditor ``reasonably requests'' (emphasis added). It also provides 
that the audit must be conducted during regular business hours at a 
location designated by the licensee, that consideration should be 
``given to minimizing the costs and burdens associated with the 
audit,'' and, if the parties agree, that the audit may be conducted in 
whole or in part by means of electronic communication.
    As the Office stated in the Federal Register document dated May 9, 
2013, cable operators receive a substantial benefit from the statutory 
licensing system, insofar as it provides a mechanism for licensing 
broadcast content without having to negotiate with the individual 
owners of that content. During the legislative process that led to the 
enactment of STELA, the Congressional Budget Office estimated that the 
cost of responding to an audit would be minimal, because the auditor 
would verify information that the licensee already collected and 
maintained as a condition for using the statutory license. See H.R. 
Rep. No. 111-319, at 20 (2009). While the cost of producing information 
needed to verify the calculations and royalty payments reported in an 
SOA may be a new obligation, it is a reasonable cost of doing business 
under the statutory licensing system. See 78 FR at 27148.

C. Suspension of the Audit

1. Comments
    The Second Proposed Rule provided that statutory licensees could 
suspend an audit for up to thirty days before the semi-annual deadlines 
for filing an SOA, although licensees could not exercise this option 
after the auditor issues the initial draft of his or her report. See 78 
FR at 27141. The NCTA strongly disagreed with this aspect of the Second 
Proposed Rule. NCTA Second Reply at 6. It contended that a licensee 
should be allowed to suspend an audit for up to sixty days before the 
filing deadlines, because ``the same individuals that will be involved 
in responding to an audit . . . typically will be responsible for 
preparing new statements of account for that licensee.'' Id. at 5. AT&T 
expressed similar concerns in its comments on the First Proposed Rule, 
explaining that the staff members who would be responsible for 
responding to an audit would be the same individuals who are 
responsible for preparing AT&T's SOAs. AT&T First Comment at 1. AT&T 
explained that preparing these SOAs ``essentially occupies the full 
time of the staff from two weeks before the close of each semi-annual 
period through the due date for the [SOA], two months after the close 
of the period.'' Id.
2. Discussion
    The Office believes it would be unduly restrictive to prevent the 
auditor from working for up to four months out of the year, given the 
limit on the number of audits that may be conducted each year. However, 
the Office recognizes that the same individuals may be responsible for 
preparing the licensee's SOAs, responding to the auditor's requests for 
information, and reviewing the conclusions set forth in the auditor's 
report, and that it is difficult to predict how much time or effort 
this may require.
    The Third Proposed Rule balances these interests by allowing the 
licensee to suspend its participation in the audit for up to sixty days 
before the semi-annual deadlines for filing an SOA (regardless of 
whether the licensee is subject to an initial audit or an expanded 
audit, and regardless of whether the auditor has issued the initial 
draft of his or her report). However, there are two exceptions to this 
rule. If the participating copyright owners provide the licensee with a 
list of prospective auditors, then, as discussed in section III.A, the 
licensee will be required to select one of those individuals within 
five business days thereafter, even if the licensee has suspended its 
participation in the audit. Likewise, the licensee will be required to 
provide the participating copyright owners with the list of broadcast 
signals discussed in section III.D, and a representative of the 
licensee will be required to participate in the initial consultation 
discussed in section III.B. These pre-examination activities should not 
impose an undue burden on the licensee. Moreover, under the proposed 
schedule for conducting an initial audit involving a cable operator, 
these preliminary activities may need to take place at the same time 
that the licensee is preparing its statement of account for the second 
accounting period of the previous year.\23\ If the licensee could 
postpone these initial activities until after the filing of its SOA, it 
could prevent the auditor from completing his or her review in a timely 
manner.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \23\ Cable companies must file SOAs covering the second half of 
the preceding calendar year by March 1st. 37 CFR 201.17(c)(1). 
Satellite companies must file SOAs for this period by January 30th. 
37 CFR 201.11(c)(1)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    While the Third Proposed rule allows the licensee to suspend its 
participation in the audit, it does not prevent the auditor from 
continuing to work on the audit during the suspension. For example, the 
auditor could review information he or she has received from the 
licensee and formulate requests for additional information, but the 
licensee would not be required to respond to those follow-up requests 
until the suspension ended. Since the SOA deadlines are known in 
advance, the parties are strongly encouraged to discuss these issues 
during the initial consultation that is contemplated under the Third 
Proposed Rule. If the licensee intends to suspend its obligations under 
this provision, the auditor should schedule the delivery of critical 
information that might otherwise threaten the audit deadline well in 
advance of the suspension period.

V. Draft Audit Report and Final Audit Reports

A. Thirty Day Consultation Period

    The Second Proposed Rule provided that the auditor should prepare a 
written report setting forth his or her initial conclusions and should 
deliver the initial findings to the licensee (but not the copyright 
owners). It provided that the auditor should then consult with the 
licensee for a period of thirty days, and if the auditor agreed that 
there were errors in the report, the auditor should correct those 
errors before delivering a final report to the participating copyright 
owners. If the auditor and the licensee were unable to resolve their 
differences, then under the Second Proposed Rule, the licensee could 
prepare a written rebuttal within fourteen days after the thirty-day 
consultation period, which would be attached as an exhibit to the final 
report.
    In the Roundtable Notice, the Office asked the parties to consider 
whether the auditor and the licensee should be given more flexibility 
with respect to the consultation phase of the audit. In particular, the 
Office wanted to know whether the licensee should be given an 
opportunity to review the auditor's initial findings before the 
consultation period begins, whether a thirty-day consultation period 
would be a sufficient amount of time to resolve potential differences 
between the auditor and the licensee, whether the auditor should 
provide the licensee with a revised version of the report at the end of 
the consultation period (i.e., before the licensee submits its written 
rebuttal), whether the licensee should be given more than fourteen days 
to prepare a rebuttal, or whether the

[[Page 55703]]

auditor should be given more than five days to prepare the final report 
after receiving the licensee's rebuttal. See 79 FR at 31994.
    At the roundtable, the NCTA stated that thirty days is a sufficient 
amount of time for the consultation period and that licensees do not 
need to receive an initial draft of the auditor's report in advance of 
the consultation period or an updated draft at the conclusion of that 
period. In the NCTA's view, adding any additional time to the calendar 
would merely delay the audit process. The NCTA stated that the written 
rebuttal will focus solely on the issues that the auditor and the 
licensee were unable to resolve during the consultation period (if 
any), and that fourteen days is a sufficient amount of time to prepare 
that response. If the licensee cannot convince the auditor to change 
his or her conclusions during the consultation period, then, in the 
NCTA's view, it is unlikely that the auditor will be persuaded by 
anything that the licensee says in its rebuttal and unlikely that the 
auditor will make any changes or revisions to the final version of that 
report before it is delivered to the participating copyright owners. 
The NCTA suggested that the rebuttal essentially would be a ``minority 
report'' and the act of attaching the rebuttal to the final report 
would be a ministerial task without any immediate practical 
significance. Thus, the auditor should not need any additional time to 
review the rebuttal or prepare the final report for the participating 
copyright owners.
    In adjusting the proposed rule, the Office has largely relied upon 
the NCTA's understanding of how the consultation process would operate. 
Under the Third Proposed Rule, the auditor will deliver an initial 
draft of his or her report to the licensee (but, absent a suspicion of 
fraud, not to the participating copyright owners). The delivery of the 
initial draft will mark the beginning of the thirty-day consultation 
period. If, after consulting with the licensee, the auditor agrees that 
there are errors in the initial draft, the auditor is required to 
correct those errors. The auditor will then prepare a written report 
setting forth his or her ultimate conclusions, and on the last day of 
the consultation period will deliver the final version of that report 
to the licensee (but not to the participating copyright owners, again 
absent a suspicion of fraud).
    Although the Office accepted most of the NCTA's suggestions, the 
Office believes it would be helpful if the auditor provides the 
licensee with the final version of the audit report at the end of the 
consultation period. This will create a clear record of any changes 
that the auditor made based on his or her discussions with the 
licensee, and if the licensee decides to prepare a written rebuttal, it 
will make it easier for the licensee to identify and respond to any 
issues that remain in dispute.
    Upon receiving the final version of the report, the licensee may 
provide a written rebuttal within fourteen days after the conclusion of 
the thirty-day consultation period, but is not required to do so. 
Consistent with the NCTA's recommendation, the auditor will simply 
attach any rebuttal received from the licensee to the final version of 
his or her report, which together will constitute the final report. The 
auditor will not otherwise address the issues raised in the rebuttal; 
the rebuttal will serve merely to capture the ultimate areas of 
disagreement between the auditor and the licensee for the benefit of 
the participating copyright owners--since they may not be privy to the 
issues discussed during the consultation period--and to memorialize the 
licensee's position in the event that the licensee and the 
participating copyright owners revisit these issues in follow-on 
negotiations or litigation.
    Within five business days after the written rebuttal has been 
delivered to the auditor or, if no rebuttal is provided, after the 
fourteen-day deadline for providing a rebuttal has passed, the auditor 
will deliver a complete copy of the final report to the participating 
copyright owners, with a copy to the licensee. As discussed in section 
II, the Third Proposed Rule further provides that the final report must 
be delivered by November 1st of the year in which the notice of intent 
to audit was published in the Federal Register (except that, as noted 
above, this requirement would not apply in the case of an expanded 
audit).

B. Suspicion of Fraud

1. Comments
    As discussed in section V.A, the Second Proposed Rule provided that 
the auditor must deliver the initial draft of his or her report to the 
licensee (but not the participating copyright owners) at the beginning 
of the consultation period. However, the Second Proposed Rule provided 
that the auditor could also send the initial draft to the participating 
copyright owners if the auditor reasonably suspected that the licensee 
had committed fraud. In such a case, the Second Proposed Rule provided 
that the auditor could send the licensee an abridged version of the 
initial draft containing all of the auditor's initial findings except 
for the auditor's suspicion of fraud. Consistent with certain other 
regulatory audit provisions,\24\ the Office wanted to address the 
possibility that if an auditor discloses his or her suspicions to a 
licensee, the licensee may be tempted to conceal or destroy 
incriminating evidence before copyright owners are able to take action. 
See 78 FR at 27145.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \24\ See 37 CFR 261.6(f), 261.7(f), 262.6(f), 262.7(f) (SOAs for 
ephemeral recordings and digital performance of sound recordings).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The NCTA objected to this approach. It contended (incorrectly) that 
there is ``no precedent in the Office's other audit rules'' for 
withholding a suspicion of fraud from the licensee. NCTA Second Reply 
at 3. The NCTA predicted that the auditor ``likely will lack formal 
legal training'' and contended that ``the Office's rules or precedent'' 
do not provide ``any guidance as to what types of actions might be 
considered `fraud' in this context.'' Id. at 3. Instead, the NCTA 
stated that the auditor should be allowed to discuss his or her 
suspicions with the copyright owners ``while still giving licensees an 
opportunity to respond to those allegations prior to the issuance of a 
final report.'' Id. at 3.
2. Discussion
    As referenced above, the fraud exception set forth in the Second 
Proposed Rule was based, in part, on similar regulations that the 
Office has adopted in the past. See 37 CFR 261.6(f), 261.7(f), 
262.6(f), 262.7(f). However, the NCTA is correct that the statutory 
provisions governing cable audits expressly state that the Register 
``shall issue regulations'' that ``shall . . . require'' the ``auditor 
to review [his or her] conclusions'' with the licensee and ``shall . . 
. provide an opportunity to remedy any disputed facts or conclusions.'' 
17 U.S.C. 111(d)(6)(C)(i), (iii).
    After weighing the NCTA's concerns, the Office has concluded that 
the licensee should be given an opportunity to review and respond to 
the auditor's entire report, even in cases where the auditor suspects 
fraud. As noted in Section IX, licensees will be required to retain any 
records needed to confirm the correctness of the calculations and 
royalty payments reported in their SOAs for three and a half years 
after the last day of the year in which the SOA is filed with the 
Office, and if an SOA is audited under this procedure, to continue to 
maintain those records until three years after the auditor delivers his 
or her final report to the copyright owners. The risk that the licensee 
may conceal or destroy incriminating evidence should be minimized if 
the

[[Page 55704]]

auditor preserves copies of that evidence before disclosing his or her 
suspicions to the licensee. If the auditor has a reasonable basis for 
suspecting fraud during the initial phase of the audit (i.e., before 
the auditor prepares the initial draft of his or her report and before 
the consultation period begins), then, as discussed in section III.C, 
the auditor may communicate privately with the participating copyright 
owners, provided that the auditor reasonably believes that involving 
the licensee in the communication could prejudice further investigation 
of the fraud. As an additional protective measure, the Third Proposed 
Rule provides that the auditor may share the initial draft of his or 
her report with both the participating copyright owners and the 
licensee during the consultation period in cases where the auditor 
suspects fraud.

VI. Corrections, Supplemental Royalty Payments, and Refunds

    Congress directed the Office to ``establish a mechanism for the 
[licensee] to remedy any errors identified in the auditor's report and 
to cure any underpayment identified.'' 17 U.S.C. 111(d)(6)C)(ii). If 
the information in an SOA is incorrect or incomplete, if the 
calculation of the royalty fee is incorrect, or if the licensee has 
failed to deposit the correct amount of royalties, the Second Proposed 
Rule provided that the licensee may correct those errors by following 
the procedures set forth in 37 CFR 201.11(h)(1) or 201.17(m)(3). See 78 
FR at 27145.
    The Third Proposed Rule modifies this aspect of the audit procedure 
in three respects. First, it clarifies that the licensee may cure an 
underpayment by depositing additional royalties with the Office, but 
may not deliver those payments directly to the participating copyright 
owners or their representatives. Second, it provides that the licensee 
may cure deficiencies identified in the auditor's report only if the 
licensee represents that it has reimbursed the participating copyright 
owners for its share of the audit costs if reimbursement is owed. 
Third, it allows the licensee to request a refund from the Office if 
the auditor discovers an overpayment on any of the SOAs at issue in the 
audit.

A. Supplemental Royalty Payments Must Be Deposited With the Office

    The statute clearly indicates that copyright owners should be given 
a single opportunity to audit a particular SOA, and that the auditor 
should review that statement on behalf of all copyright owners, 
regardless of whether they participate in the audit or not. See 77 FR 
at 35647. The statute also indicates that any copyright owner should be 
allowed to claim an appropriate share of additional royalty fees that 
result from the audit, even if that copyright owner did not join the 
audit or pay for the auditor's services. Id. at 35649.
    Consistent with these principles, the Third Proposed Rule provides 
that a licensee may cure the underpayments identified in the auditor's 
final report only by depositing the additional royalties due under the 
statutory license with the Office. Paying additional royalties directly 
to the participating copyright owners pursuant to a negotiated 
settlement agreement would not satisfy this requirement, because that 
would unfairly prevent non-participating copyright owners from claiming 
an appropriate share of those payments. In the interests of 
transparency, the Third Proposed Rule provides that a representative of 
the participating copyright owners is to promptly notify the Office if 
the auditor discovered an underpayment or overpayment on any of the 
statements that were reviewed during the audit (although the copyright 
owners do not need to disclose the specific amounts). This will create 
a public record for the benefit of copyright owners that did not 
participate in the audit process, and will inform the Office that 
supplemental royalty payments, amended statements, and/or refund 
requests may be forthcoming from the licensee.

B. Reimbursement of Costs

    The Office previously determined that it has the authority to 
include a cost-shifting provision in the regulation, and the Second 
Proposed Rule expressly provided that the licensee ``shall pay'' for a 
portion of the audit costs if the auditor discovers a net aggregate 
underpayment that exceeds certain thresholds. See 78 FR at 27152. But 
as the ACA noted at the roundtable, some licensees may refuse to 
reimburse the participating copyright owners if they believe that the 
auditor's conclusions are unjustified. And as discussed in section 
VIII.C.2, Congress did not create a specific cause of action for 
licensees that fail to reimburse the copyright owners for their share 
of the audit costs.
    The Third Proposed Rule addresses this issue by providing that a 
licensee may exercise its right to address deficiencies identified in 
an auditor's report only if the licensee confirms that it has 
reimbursed the participating copyright owners for any audit costs that 
the licensee is required to pay. In other words, the Office will not 
accept an amended SOA seeking to cure deficiencies discovered in an 
audit unless the licensee confirms in writing that it has reimbursed 
the participating copyright owners for its share of the audit costs or 
that it has no obligation to do so under the cost-shifting or cost-
splitting rule.
    The Second Proposed Rule provided that an amended SOA and/or 
additional royalty payments must be received within sixty days after 
the delivery of the final report to the participating copyright owners 
and the licensee, or within ninety days in the case of an audit 
involving an MSO.\25\ In their Second Submission, the Joint 
Stakeholders stated that the licensee should reimburse the 
participating copyright owners for its share of the audit costs (if 
any) within thirty days after these deadlines. The Office agrees that 
the licensee should be given a precise deadline for reimbursing the 
participating copyright owners, but because a licensee's ability to 
cure its SOAs may be contingent upon paying its share of the audit 
costs, the Third Proposed Rule provides that the deadline for 
reimbursing the participating copyright owners and the deadline for 
filing an amended SOA and/or depositing additional royalties will be 
the same.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \25\ None of the parties objected to these deadlines.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

C. Refunds

    If the auditor discovers an overpayment on a particular SOA, the 
statutory licensee may request a refund by following the procedures set 
forth in sections 201.17(m) or 201.11(h) of the Office's existing 
regulations. The Second Proposed Rule provided that the refund request 
must be received in the Office within thirty days after the auditor 
delivers his or her final report to the licensee. The NCTA suggested 
that a licensee should be given sixty days to submit a refund request. 
NCTA Second Reply at 5. The Office has accepted the NCTA's suggestion, 
because it would be consistent with the sixty-day deadline for 
submitting supplementary royalty payments under the Third Proposed 
Rule, and consistent with the sixty-day deadline for requesting refunds 
under section 201.17(m) of the Office's existing regulations. In 
addition, the Third Proposed Rule corrects certain numbering errors in 
section 201.17(m) that were inadvertently created when the Office added 
a new paragraph to that section of the regulations. See 78 FR 1755 
(Jan. 11, 2013).

VII. Expanded Audits

    Under the Second Proposed Rule, copyright owners would be allowed 
to

[[Page 55705]]

conduct an initial audit of no more than two SOAs in a proceeding 
involving a satellite carrier or a single cable system. In a proceeding 
involving an MSO, copyright owners would be allowed to audit no more 
than ten percent of the Form 2 and Form 3 systems owned by that MSO. 
See 78 FR at 27143. To protect the interests of copyright owners, the 
Second Proposed Rule also created an exception to these rules. If the 
auditor discovered a net aggregate underpayment in his or her review of 
a satellite carrier or a single cable system, the copyright owners 
would be allowed to audit previous SOAs filed by that cable system or 
satellite carrier, so long as they filed a notice of intent to audit 
those statements in a timely manner. Likewise, if the auditor 
discovered a net aggregate underpayment in his or her review of an MSO, 
the copyright owners would be allowed to audit previous statements 
filed by each of the systems subject to the initial audit, and in the 
following calendar year they would also be allowed to audit a larger 
sample of the cable systems owned by that MSO. See id. The Third 
Proposed Rule modifies this portion of the audit procedure in several 
respects.

A. Procedure for Conducting an Expanded Audit

    As discussed in section II, the Third Proposed Rule provides that 
the copyright owners must file a notice of intent to conduct an 
expanded audit, the notice must specify the statements that will be 
included in the expanded audit, and the notice must be received within 
three years after the last day of the year in which those statements 
were filed. It further provides that the expanded audit should be 
conducted using the same procedures that applied to the initial audit, 
although there are two exceptions to this rule. First, a notice of 
intent to conduct an expanded audit may be filed during any month of 
the year, as long as the copyright owners comply with the time limits 
set forth in section 111(d)(6)(E) of the Act; and second, the auditor 
does not need to deliver his or her final report by November 1st of the 
year in which the notice was published in the Federal Register.

B. An Expanded Audit May Be Conducted Concurrently With an Initial 
Audit

    Under the Third Proposed Rule, an expanded audit of a single cable 
system, multiple cable systems owned by the same MSO, or a satellite 
carrier may be conducted concurrently with another audit involving that 
same licensee. Since the initial audit may not be completed until late 
in the year and since the expanded audit may involve multiple SOAs and/
or multiple cable systems, it seems unlikely--if not impossible--that 
the auditor would be able to complete the initial audit and the 
expanded audit within the same calendar year.
    If the auditor discovers an underpayment of five percent or more 
during an initial audit, the Office believes that the copyright owners 
should be allowed to review previous statements filed by that licensee 
and to promptly initiate a new audit of the licensee's more recent 
statements. Likewise, if the auditor discovers an underpayment in the 
case of an MSO, then, as contemplated by the Second Proposed Rule, the 
copyright owners should be allowed to audit a larger sample of the 
MSO's cable systems in the following calendar year, even if an expanded 
audit remains pending. Copyright owners are entitled to know if the 
same problems appear in the licensee's earlier or later filings, or 
more broadly throughout an MSO's systems. If the expanded audit 
displaced the copyright owners' ability to initiate a new audit, it 
could impede the copyright owners' ability to audit the licensee's more 
recent filings, particularly because an expanded audit may be noticed 
at any time and has no deadline for completion. It would seem 
unwarranted to constrain the copyright owners' ongoing audit right vis-
[agrave]-vis a particular licensee where that licensee has been found 
to have underpaid royalty fees in the past.

C. The Initial Audit and the Expanded Audit May Be Conducted by the 
Same Auditor

    The Third Proposed Rule provides that the expanded audit may be 
conducted by the same auditor that conducted the initial audit of that 
licensee. The NCTA contended that the Second Proposed Rule created a 
procedure for selecting an auditor for an expanded audit involving a 
satellite carrier or a single cable system, but ``[t]here is no 
provision made for the selection of an auditor for an expanded MSO 
audit.'' NCTA Second Reply at 7. That is incorrect. The Second Proposed 
Rule provided that if the auditor discovered a net aggregate 
underpayment on the statements at issue in an audit involving an MSO, 
``[t]he number of Statements of Account of a particular cable system 
subject to audit in a calendar year may be expanded in accordance with 
paragraph (k)(3) of this section'' (emphasis added). 78 FR at 27153. In 
other words, the procedure for selecting an auditor for an expanded 
audit involving a cable operator that owns multiple cable systems would 
be the same as the procedure for an expanded audit involving a cable 
operator that owns a single cable system.
    To eliminate further confusion, the Third Proposed Rule clarifies 
that if the auditor discovers a net aggregate underpayment on the 
statements at issue in an initial audit involving an MSO, the cable 
systems that were included within that initial audit may be subject to 
an expanded audit. It also clarifies that the MSO may be subject to an 
initial audit involving a larger sample of its cable systems in the 
following calendar year, provided that the copyright owners file a 
notice of intent to audit those systems in a timely manner (i.e., in 
the month of December of the year in which the auditor delivered the 
final report that triggered the option of auditing a larger sample).
    The NCTA also contended that copyright owners should not be allowed 
to unilaterally use the same auditor in two consecutive expanded audits 
involving an MSO.\26\ NCTA Second Reply at 8. Instead, the MSO should 
select the auditor ``from a slate of names supplied by the [copyright] 
owners that could include the same auditor that conducted the initial 
audit.'' Id. at 7.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \26\ The Joint Stakeholders made a similar suggestion in their 
First Submission. The NCTA correctly notes that the Office did not 
include this suggestion in the Second Proposed Rule because it 
``fail[ed] to see the justification for this limitation.'' See 78 FR 
27143 n.19; NCTA Second Reply at 7-8.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As noted in section III.A, the Second Proposed Rule provided that 
the licensee could select the auditor from a list of names provided by 
the copyright owners. Because an expanded audit is simply an extension 
of the initial audit, it is appropriate and efficient for the same 
individual to conduct the audit from start to finish. Under the Second 
Proposed Rule, the same auditor who conducted the initial audit could 
conduct the expanded audit, provided that the copyright owners supply 
the licensee with information sufficient to show that there has been no 
material change in the auditor's independence and qualifications. If 
the auditor is no longer qualified or independent, or if the copyright 
owners prefer to use a different individual, a new auditor could be 
selected using the procedure discussed in section III.A.
    In its comments, the NCTA recognized that there are benefits to 
using the same auditor to conduct an initial audit and an expanded 
audit. The auditor will be familiar with the licensee's accounting 
systems and

[[Page 55706]]

methodologies, which should improve the efficiency of the expanded 
audit and reduce the potential burden on the licensee. The NCTA 
contended that these benefits should be balanced against the ``benefits 
of giving the [MSO] a new opportunity to have a say in the selection of 
the auditor.'' Id. at 8. However, the NCTA failed to explain what these 
purported benefits might be, why they should be bestowed upon MSOs (but 
denied to satellite carriers or cable operators that own a single cable 
system), or why they outweigh the benefits of using the same individual 
to conduct the initial audit and the expanded audit.

VIII. Cost of the Audit Procedure

A. Allocation of Costs

1. Comments
    Building off a proposal made by the Joint Stakeholders, the Second 
Proposed Rule provided that the participating copyright owners would be 
required to pay the auditor for his or her services if the auditor 
discovered an overpayment on the SOAs at issue in the audit, or if the 
auditor discovered a net aggregate underpayment of ten percent or less 
of the amount reported on those statements. If the auditor discovered a 
net aggregate underpayment of more than ten percent on the SOAs at 
issue in the audit, the statutory licensee would be required to 
reimburse the copyright owners for those costs.
    In addition, the Second Proposed Rule included a provision for 
splitting these fees in certain circumstances. If the auditor concluded 
in his or her final report that there was a net aggregate underpayment 
of more than ten percent, the cost of the audit would be split evenly 
between the copyright owners and the licensee if the licensee prepared 
a written rebuttal explaining the basis for its good faith belief that 
the net aggregate underpayment was between five percent and ten percent 
of the amount reported on the SOAs.\27\ See 78 FR at 27152.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \27\ If the licensee failed to provide a written rebuttal in 
this situation, then as discussed in the preceding paragraph, the 
licensee would be required to reimburse the copyright owners for the 
cost of the audit procedure.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In all cases, there would be an overall limit on the costs that the 
licensee would be expected to pay. Specifically, the licensee would not 
be required to pay for any costs that exceeded the amount of the net 
aggregate underpayment that the auditor identified in his or her final 
report. See 78 FR at 27148.
    In comments received in response to the Second Proposed Rule, the 
ACA asked the Office to go a step further by making it clear that if 
the auditor discovers a net aggregate underpayment of ten percent or 
more the licensee should not have to pay for any portion of the audit 
costs if the licensee prepares a written rebuttal stating that the 
underpayment was five percent or less and explaining the basis for its 
belief. ACA Second Comment at 4.
    In the Roundtable Notice, the Office questioned whether the costs 
should be split between the parties based merely on the views expressed 
in the licensee's rebuttal. As the NCTA indicated during the 
roundtable, it is unlikely that the auditor will change his or her mind 
based on anything said in the rebuttal. If that is the case, it is 
unclear why a licensee's objections should gain renewed significance 
for the purpose of allocating costs, when those objections presumably 
were considered and rejected by the auditor during the consultation 
period. See 79 FR at 31995.
    Following the roundtable, the Joint Stakeholders provided a 
substitute recommendation in their Second Submission. Under that 
proposal, the copyright owners would bear the costs of the audit if the 
auditor concluded in the final report that there was an overpayment or 
a net aggregate underpayment of five percent or less, and that the 
licensee would bear the costs if the auditor concluded that there was a 
net aggregate underpayment of ten percent or more. In cases falling in 
between, where the auditor found a net aggregate payment of more than 
five percent but less than ten percent, the audit costs would be split 
evenly between the licensee on the one hand and the participating 
copyright owners on the other.
2. Discussion
    The Office concurs with the cost-shifting and cost-splitting 
proposals set forth in the Joint Stakeholders' Second Submission. The 
Office does not accept the ACA's proposal, which would allow a licensee 
to avoid paying any portion of the audit costs simply by offering its 
views as to why an underpayment was five percent or less (even if the 
auditor determined that the underpayment was ten percent or more). ACA 
Second Comment at 4. As the Office noted in its Roundtable Notice, it 
is unclear why the licensee's rebuttal should be given greater weight 
than the auditor's conclusions, particularly given the NCTA's 
observation that the auditor would not be expected to make any changes 
to the final report based on the views expressed in the rebuttal.
    The ACA contended that the proposed rule ``may impose an unfair 
burden on small cable operators'' by requiring them to pay for the cost 
of the audit ``if the auditor finds a net aggregate underpayment of 
less than five percent.'' Id. at 3. But as discussed above, the 
licensee would not be required to pay for any portion of the audit 
costs in this situation. The ACA does not contend that it would be 
unfairly burdensome for small cable operators to pay for the cost of an 
audit when the underpayment exceeds ten percent. Indeed, the ACA 
acknowledged that small cable operators will largely be protected by 
the provision stating that licensees will not be required to pay for 
any costs that exceed the amount of the underpayment that the auditor 
identifies in his or her final report. Id. at 2. The Office's existing 
regulations provide additional limitations for small cable operators 
that use Form SA 1-2. There is an upper limit on the gross receipts 
that may be reported on this form, which limits the amount of any 
underpayment that could be discovered during the course of an audit, 
which in turn limits the amount of any cost-shifting or cost-splitting 
that could be required. See 37 CFR 201.17(d)(2)(i). As the MPAA 
observed at the roundtable, it seems unlikely that copyright owners 
will be inclined to audit small cable operators, because even if the 
auditor discovers an underpayment, the cost of conducting the audit may 
exceed any amount that could conceivably be recovered from the 
licensee.

B. Monthly Invoices

1. Comments
    The Second Proposed Rule provided that the copyright owners should 
deliver an itemized statement to the licensee at the conclusion of the 
audit specifying the total cost of the audit procedure. See 78 FR at 
27149. The Joint Stakeholders disagreed with this aspect of the Second 
Proposed Rule. In both their first and second proposals, they suggested 
that the auditor should be required to provide the licensee with 
itemized invoices during the course of the audit and that these 
invoices should be delivered by the fifteenth of each month. 78 FR at 
27149; JS Second Submission at 2. The NCTA explained that this would 
minimize surprises for the licensee, and noted that monthly statements 
are a common feature of audits involving private sector program 
carriage agreements. NCTA Second Reply at 6-7.

[[Page 55707]]

2. Discussion
    After further analysis, the Office has included the Joint 
Stakeholders' suggestion in the Third Proposed Rule. The House 
Committee stated that the Office ``may consider . . . audit provisions 
in private agreements to which cable operators or content owners may be 
parties.'' H.R. Rep. No. 111-319 at 9 (2009). A monthly reporting 
requirement would promote transparency by requiring the auditor to 
disclose the ongoing cost of the audit procedure. And this would 
provide copyright owners and licensees with advance notice in the event 
that the auditor discovers an underpayment that triggers the cost-
shifting or cost-splitting mechanisms discussed in section VIII.A 
above.

C. Enforcement of Cost-Shifting Provision

1. Comments
    Under the Second Proposed Rule, if the auditor discovered a net 
aggregate underpayment that triggered the licensee's obligation to pay 
all or part of the cost of the audit, the licensee would be required to 
make such a reimbursement within a specified period of time. If the 
licensee disagreed with the auditor's conclusions, however, the rule 
provided the licensee with a mechanism for recouping those costs from 
the participating copyright owners, so long as a court issued a final 
judgment finding that the net aggregate underpayment was ten percent or 
less. See 78 FR at 27149. In proposing that provision, the Office 
assumed that the licensee might seek a declaratory judgment of non-
infringement, and as part of that proceeding, obtain a judgment from a 
court evaluating the correctness of the conclusions set forth in the 
audit report. Id.
    In response to the Second Proposed Rule, AT&T objected to any 
provision that would affirmatively obligate licensees to pay the costs 
of the audit.\28\ It stated that ``the enforcement mechanism built into 
the statutory license'' allows copyright owners to seek ``recourse 
through the courts if they believe that the licensee has failed to 
fulfill its obligations under the statute and the rules.'' AT&T Second 
Comment at 2. AT&T contended that the Second Proposed Rule stands this 
``fundamental premise'' on its head, because it ``shifts the 
enforcement obligation from the copyright owners to the licensee'' to 
seek reimbursement of costs. Id. at 2. It also contended that this 
would be ``an unwieldy and potentially costly process,'' because ``the 
licensee would be forced to seek reimbursement from numerous sources'' 
if the copyright owners divide the payment among themselves. Id. at 2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \28\ AT&T also contended that the Office does not have the 
authority to include a cost-shifting provision in this audit 
regulation. AT&T Second Comment at 1-2. AT&T made the same argument 
in the initial phase of this rulemaking. AT&T First Comment at 5-8. 
The Office addressed that argument in its Federal Register document 
dated May 9, 2013, concluding that it does have such authority. See 
78 FR at 27146-48.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The ACA expressed the same view in its reply comments. It contended 
that it would be ``burdensome and unfair'' to expect small cable 
operators to pay for the audit and then take legal action to recover 
those costs from the copyright owners. The ACA explained that small 
cable operators have fewer financial and legal resources than the 
copyright owners, and stated that the cost of bringing a declaratory 
judgment action may exceed the amount that the licensee could expect to 
recover. ACA Second Reply at 2-4.
    The Copyright Owners noted that AT&T made a similar argument during 
an earlier phase of this rulemaking,\29\ and that AT&T's latest 
argument is simply a variation on the same theme. CO Second Reply at 2-
3. They also stated that the licensee ``will have no trouble'' 
identifying the relevant copyright owners if there is a dispute between 
the parties. Id. at 5. They noted that the copyright owners will be 
required to identify themselves at the beginning of the audit by filing 
a notice with the Office. In the event that the court rules in the 
licensee's favor, they stated that the copyright owners will ``likely'' 
be subject to an order directing them to reimburse the licensee. Id. at 
5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \29\ The Office addressed this argument in its Federal Register 
document dated May 9, 2013. See 78 FR at 27149.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Office expressed several concerns about this provision in the 
Roundtable Notice and during the roundtable discussion. See 79 FR at 
31995. In particular, the Office questioned whether the parties expect 
to engage in the sort of litigation contemplated by the Second Proposed 
Rule, the gravamen of which would seemingly be an infringement action 
or a declaratory judgment action for non-infringement; whether the 
court would review the auditor's report to determine the exact amount 
of underpayment in any such litigation; and whether the issue of audit 
costs might be better understood as a potential element of actual 
damages in such an infringement suit. The Office expressed reservations 
about its authority to essentially dictate the issues that a federal 
district court would be required to address in a suit initiated after 
the completion of the audit. In addition, the Office questioned whether 
the rule should affirmatively require the licensee to pay for the audit 
costs.
    In their Second Submission, the Joint Stakeholders reiterated their 
belief that the proposed rule should provide a method for licensees to 
recover the costs of the audit from the participating copyright owners 
in a judicial proceeding. Specifically, they urged the Office to 
include the following provision in the proposed rule:

    In the event the statutory licensee disputes the amount of the 
net aggregate underpayment identified by the auditor, and an action 
is brought in a court of competent jurisdiction to determine the 
royalties due for the period(s) covered by the auditor's final 
report, there shall be a final true-up of the amount of the 
auditor's costs borne by either party based on the final outcome of 
that action relative to the cost responsibilities set forth herein.

JS Second Submission at 2.
2. Discussion
    As AT&T and the ACA correctly observed, under the Second Proposed 
Rule, the licensee would have had an absolute obligation to reimburse 
the copyright owners for the cost of the audit, even if the licensee 
disagreed with the auditors' conclusions and declined to submit any 
additional royalty payments to the Office. AT&T Second Comment at 2; 
ACA Second Reply at 2-3. The Third Proposed Rule modifies the Second 
Proposed Rule so that licensees are required to pay the costs of the 
audit if they wish to cure a deficiency, as explained in section VI.B 
above. This revised approach has several advantages. Although the 
Second Proposed Rule directed the licensee to pay for the audit costs, 
it provided no obvious mechanism for the Office or any other party to 
enforce that mandate. Tying the payment of audit costs to the cure 
provisions, by contrast, will give the licensee an incentive to make 
these payments. If the licensee disagrees with the auditor's conclusion 
regarding the royalty underpayment, the licensee may choose not to 
deposit additional royalties with the Office or pay the attendant audit 
costs. In the case where a licensee opts not to cure, the licensee will 
run the risk of being subject to an infringement action, or in the 
alternative, could bring its own action against one or more of the 
copyright owners seeking a declaratory judgment of non-infringement.
    The Office believes it is unnecessary for the rule to require a 
``true-up'' of the auditor's costs after the close of any follow-on 
litigation, as the Joint Commenters urged in their Second

[[Page 55708]]

Submission. To begin with, it is unclear what the term ``true-up'' is 
intended to mean or how the Joint Stakeholders propose to enforce this 
regulatory obligation. Moreover, the Joint Stakeholders' proposal 
raises issues that can and should be resolved by a court in the 
exercise of its remedial discretion as part of the contemplated 
judicial proceeding. In this regard, the Office notes that the audit 
costs might be characterized as an element of actual damages incurred 
by the copyright owners, or as an element of the relief to be awarded 
in a declaratory judgment action. See 28 U.S.C. 2202 (authorizing 
courts to grant ``[f]urther necessary or proper relief based on a 
declaratory judgment or decree . . . against any adverse party whose 
rights have been determined by such judgment'').

IX. Retention of Records

A. Comments

    The Second Proposed Rule provided that a statutory licensee should 
retain any records needed to confirm the correctness of the 
calculations and royalty payments reported in an SOA or amended SOA for 
three and a half years after the last day of the year that the SOA or 
amendment was filed with the Office, or in the event that an SOA or 
amended SOA was the subject of an audit, for three years after the 
auditor delivered his or her final report to the parties. As the Office 
explained in its earlier Federal Register document dated June 14, 2012, 
it is important to ensure that licensees ``retain their records until 
the deadline for auditing [an SOA] has passed.'' 77 FR at 35647. The 
Office is also concerned that copyright owners have the benefit of the 
three-year statute of limitations provided in the Act when an audit 
takes place. See 17 U.S.C. 507(b).
    The NCTA contended that the Second Proposed Rule contemplates ``a 
very lengthy, and burdensome, record retention period'' following the 
completion of the audit and that it ``imposes a significant burden'' on 
small cable operators as well as MSOs that file multiple SOAs in each 
accounting period. NCTA Second Reply at 4. The NCTA instead suggested 
that a licensee be required to retain the required records for no more 
than one year after the auditor issues his or her final report.

B. Discussion

    The Office has considered the NCTA's concerns but has concluded 
that a licensee should be required to retain relevant records during 
the pendency of an audit and for three years after the auditor issues 
his or her final report, as provided in the Third Proposed Rule. This 
will ensure that the licensee does not discard its records before the 
three-year statute of limitations may expire. Moreover, the burden of 
retaining such records should be minimal. Many licensees collect, 
report, and maintain their records in electronic form, which should 
limit the cost of complying with the proposed rule. The Third Proposed 
Rule limits the number of SOAs that may be included in each audit, 
which in turn limits the number of records that must be retained when 
the auditor issues his or her final report. Furthermore, the licensee 
is only required to keep records that are ``necessary to confirm the 
correctness of the calculations and royalty payments reported'' in 
those SOAs.

List of Subjects in 37 CFR Part 201

    Copyright, General Provisions.

Proposed Regulations

    In consideration of the foregoing, the U.S. Copyright Office 
proposes to amend part 201 of 37 CFR, Chapter II, as follows:

PART 201--GENERAL PROVISIONS

0
1. Amend the authority citation for part 201 to read as follows:

    Authority: 17 U.S.C. 702.

    Section 201.10 also issued under 17 U.S.C. 304.
    Section 201.16 also issued under 17 U.S.C. 111(d)(6) and 17 
U.S.C. 119(b)(2).

0
2. Revise Sec.  201.16 to read as follows:


Sec.  201.16  Verification of a Statement of Account and royalty fee 
payments for secondary transmissions made by cable systems and 
satellite carriers.

    (a) General. This section prescribes procedures pertaining to the 
verification of a Statement of Account and royalty fees filed with the 
Copyright Office pursuant to sections 111(d)(1) or 119(b)(1) of title 
17 of the United States Code.
    (b) Definitions. As used in this section:
    (1) The term cable system has the meaning set forth in Sec.  
201.17(b)(2).
    (2) Copyright owner means any person or entity that owns the 
copyright in a work embodied in a secondary transmission made by a 
statutory licensee that filed a Statement of Account with the Copyright 
Office for an accounting period beginning on or after January 1, 2010, 
or a designated agent or representative of such person or entity.
    (3) Multiple system operator or MSO means an entity that owns, 
controls, or operates more than one cable system.
    (4) Net aggregate underpayment means the aggregate amount of 
underpayments found by the auditor less the aggregate amount of any 
overpayments found by the auditor, as measured against the total amount 
of royalties reflected on the Statements of Account examined by the 
auditor.
    (5) Participating copyright owner means a copyright owner that 
filed a notice of intent to audit a Statement of Account pursuant to 
paragraph (c)(1) or (2) of this section and any other copyright owner 
that has given notice of its intent to participate in such audit 
pursuant to paragraph (c)(3) of this section.
    (6) The term satellite carrier has the meaning set forth in 17 
U.S.C. 119(d)(6).
    (7) The term secondary transmission has the meaning set forth in 17 
U.S.C. 111(f)(2).
    (8) Statement of Account or Statement means a semiannual Statement 
of Account filed with the Copyright Office under 17 U.S.C. 111(d)(1) or 
119(b)(1) or an amended Statement of Account filed with the Office 
pursuant to Sec. Sec.  201.11(h) or 201.17(m).
    (9) Statutory licensee or licensee means a cable system or 
satellite carrier that filed a Statement of Account with the Office 
under 17 U.S.C. 111(d)(1) or 119(b)(1).
    (c) Notice of intent to audit. (1) Any copyright owner that intends 
to audit a Statement of Account for an accounting period beginning on 
or after January 1, 2010 must provide written notice to the Register of 
Copyrights no later than three years after the last day of the year in 
which the Statement was filed with the Office. The notice must be 
received in the Office between December 1st and December 31st, and a 
copy of the notice must be provided to the statutory licensee on the 
same day that it is filed with the Office. Between January 1st and 
January 31st of the next calendar year the Office will publish a notice 
in the Federal Register announcing the receipt of the notice of intent 
to audit. A notice of intent to audit may be filed by an individual 
copyright owner or a designated agent that represents a group or 
multiple groups of copyright owners. The notice shall include a 
statement indicating that it is a ``notice of intent to audit'' and it 
shall contain the following information:
    (i) It shall identify the licensee that filed the Statement(s) with 
the Office, and the Statement(s) and accounting period(s) that will be 
subject to the audit.
    (ii) It shall identify the party that filed the notice, including 
its name, address, telephone number, and email address, and it shall 
include a statement that the

[[Page 55709]]

party owns, or represents one or more copyright owners that own, a work 
that was embodied in a secondary transmission made by the statutory 
licensee during one or more of the accounting period(s) specified in 
the statement(s) that will be subject to the audit.
    (2) Notwithstanding the schedule set forth in paragraph (c)(1) of 
this section, any copyright owner that intends to audit a Statement of 
Account pursuant to an expanded audit under paragraph (n) of this 
section may provide written notice to the Register of Copyrights during 
any month, but no later than three years after the last day of the year 
in which the Statement was filed with the Office. A copy of the notice 
must be provided to the licensee on the same day that the notice is 
filed with the Office. Within thirty days after the notice has been 
received, the Office will publish a notice in the Federal Register 
announcing the receipt of the notice of intent to conduct an expanded 
audit. A notice given pursuant to this paragraph may be provided by an 
individual copyright owner or a designated agent that represents a 
group or multiple groups of copyright owners. The notice shall include 
a statement indicating that it is a ``notice of intent to conduct an 
expanded audit'' and it shall contain the information specified in 
paragraphs (c)(1)(i) and (ii) of this section.
    (3) Within thirty days after a notice is published in the Federal 
Register pursuant to paragraphs (c)(1) or (2) of this section, any 
other copyright owner that owns a work that was embodied in a secondary 
transmission made by that statutory licensee during an accounting 
period covered by the Statement(s) of Account referenced in the Federal 
Register notice and that wishes to participate in the audit of such 
Statement(s) must provide written notice of such participation to the 
licensee and to the party that filed the notice of intent to audit. A 
notice given pursuant to this paragraph may be provided by an 
individual copyright owner or a designated agent that represents a 
group or multiple groups of copyright owners, and shall include the 
information specified in paragraphs (c)(1)(i) and (ii) of this section.
    (4) Notices submitted under paragraphs (c)(1) through (3) of this 
section should be addressed to the ``U.S. Copyright Office, Office of 
the General Counsel'' and should be sent to the address for time-
sensitive requests set forth in Sec.  201.1(c)(1).
    (5) Once the Office has received a notice of intent to audit a 
Statement of Account under paragraphs (c)(1) or (2) of this section, a 
notice of intent to audit that same Statement will not be accepted for 
publication in the Federal Register.
    (6) Once the Office has received a notice of intent to audit two 
Statements of Account filed by a particular satellite carrier or a 
particular cable system, a notice of intent to audit that same carrier 
or that same system under paragraph (c)(1) of this section will not be 
accepted for publication in the Federal Register until the following 
calendar year.
    (7) If the Office has received or receives a notice of intent to 
audit prior to the effective date of this section, the Office will 
publish a notice in the Federal Register within thirty days thereafter 
announcing the receipt of the notice of intent to audit. In such a 
case, the audit shall be conducted using the procedures set forth in 
paragraphs (d) through (l) of this section, with the following 
exceptions:
    (i) The participating copyright owners shall provide the statutory 
licensee with a list of three independent and qualified auditors 
pursuant to paragraph (d)(1) by March 16, 2015.
    (ii) The auditor shall deliver his or her final report to the 
participating copyright owners and the licensee pursuant to paragraph 
(i)(3) of this section by November 1, 2015.
    (d) Selection of the auditor. (1) Within forty-five days after a 
notice is published in the Federal Register pursuant to paragraph 
(c)(1) of this section, the participating copyright owners shall 
provide the statutory licensee with a list of three independent and 
qualified auditors, along with information reasonably sufficient for 
the licensee to evaluate the proposed auditors' independence and 
qualifications, including:
    (i) The auditor's curriculum vitae and a list of audits that the 
auditor has conducted pursuant to 17 U.S.C. 111(d)(6) or 119(b)(2);
    (ii) A list and, subject to any confidentiality or other legal 
restrictions, a brief description of any other work the auditor has 
performed for any of the participating copyright owners during the 
prior two calendar years;
    (iii) A list identifying the participating copyright owners for 
whom the auditor's firm has been engaged during the prior two calendar 
years; and,
    (iv) A copy of the engagement letter that would govern the 
auditor's performance of the audit and that provides for the auditor to 
be compensated on a non-contingent flat fee or hourly basis that does 
not take into account the results of the audit.
    (2) Within five business days after receiving the list of auditors 
from the participating copyright owners, the licensee shall select one 
of the proposed auditors and shall notify the participating copyright 
owners of its selection. That auditor shall be retained by the 
participating copyright owners and shall conduct the audit on behalf of 
all copyright owners who own a work that was embodied in a secondary 
transmission made by the licensee during the accounting period(s) 
specified in the Statement(s) of Account identified in the notice of 
intent to audit.
    (3) The auditor shall be independent and qualified as defined in 
this section. An auditor shall be considered independent and qualified 
if:
    (i) He or she is a certified public accountant and a member in good 
standing with the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants 
(``AICPA'') and the licensing authority for the jurisdiction(s) where 
the auditor is licensed to practice;
    (ii) He or she is not, for any purpose other than the audit, an 
officer, employee, or agent of any participating copyright owner;
    (iii) He or she is independent as that term is used in the Code of 
Professional Conduct of the AICPA, including the Principles, Rules, and 
Interpretations of such Code; and
    (iv) He or she is independent as that term is used in the 
Statements on Auditing Standards promulgated by the Auditing Standards 
Board of the AICPA and Interpretations thereof issued by the Auditing 
Standards Division of the AICPA.
    (e) Commencement of the audit. (1) Within ten days after the 
selection of the auditor, the auditor shall meet by telephone or in 
person with designated representatives of the participating copyright 
owners and the statutory licensee to review the scope of the audit, 
audit methodology, and schedule for conducting and completing the 
audit.
    (2) Within thirty days after the selection of the auditor, the 
licensee shall provide the auditor and a representative of the 
participating copyright owners with a list of all broadcast signals 
retransmitted pursuant to the statutory license in each community 
covered by each of the Statements of Account subject to the audit, 
including the call sign for each broadcast signal and each multicast 
signal. In the case of an audit involving a cable system or MSO, the 
list must include the classification of each signal on a community-by-
community basis pursuant to Sec. Sec.  201.17(e)(9)(iv) through

[[Page 55710]]

(v) and 201.17(h). The list shall be signed by a duly authorized agent 
of the licensee and the signature shall be accompanied by the following 
statement: I, the undersigned agent of the statutory licensee, hereby 
declare under penalty of law that all statements of fact contained 
herein are true, complete, and correct to the best of my knowledge, 
information, and belief, and are made in good faith.
    (f) Failure to proceed with a noticed audit. If the participating 
copyright owners fail to provide the statutory licensee with a list of 
auditors or fail to retain the auditor selected by the licensee 
pursuant to paragraph (d)(2) of this section, the Statement(s) of 
Account identified in the notice of intent to audit shall not be 
subject to audit under this section.
    (g) Ex parte communications. Following the initial consultation 
pursuant to paragraph (e)(1) of this section and until the distribution 
of the auditor's final report to the participating copyright owners 
pursuant to paragraph (i)(3) of this section, there shall be no ex 
parte communications regarding the audit between the auditor and the 
participating copyright owners or their representatives; provided, 
however, that the auditor may engage in such ex parte communications 
where either:
    (1) Subject to paragraph (i)(4) of this section, the auditor has a 
reasonable basis to suspect fraud and that participation by the 
licensee in communications regarding the suspected fraud would, in the 
reasonable opinion of the auditor, prejudice the investigation of such 
suspected fraud; or
    (2) The auditor provides the licensee with a reasonable opportunity 
to participate in communications with the participating copyright 
owners or their representatives and the licensee declines to do so.
    (h) Auditor's authority and access. (1) The auditor shall have 
exclusive authority to verify all of the information reported on the 
Statement(s) of Account subject to the audit in order to confirm the 
correctness of the calculations and royalty payments reported therein; 
provided, however, that the auditor shall not determine whether any 
cable system properly classified any broadcast signal as required by 
Sec. Sec.  201.17(e)(9)(iv) through (v) and 201.17(h) or whether a 
satellite carrier properly determined that any subscriber or group of 
subscribers is eligible to receive any broadcast signals under 17 
U.S.C. 119(a).
    (2) The statutory licensee shall provide the auditor with 
reasonable access to the licensee's books and records and any other 
information that the auditor needs in order to conduct the audit. The 
licensee shall provide the auditor with any information the auditor 
reasonably requests promptly after receiving such a request.
    (3) The audit shall be conducted during regular business hours at a 
location designated by the licensee with consideration given to 
minimizing the costs and burdens associated with the audit. If the 
auditor and the licensee agree, the audit may be conducted in whole or 
in part by means of electronic communication.
    (4) With the exception of its obligations under paragraphs (d) and 
(e) of this section, a licensee may suspend its participation in an 
audit for no more than sixty days before the semi-annual due dates for 
filing Statements of Account by providing advance written notice to the 
auditor and a representative of the participating copyright owners, 
provided however, that if the participating copyright owners notify the 
licensee within ten days of receiving such notice of their good faith 
belief that the suspension could prevent the auditor from delivering 
his or her final report to the participating copyright owners before 
the statute of limitations may expire on any claims under the Copyright 
Act related to a Statement of Account covered by that audit, the 
licensee may not suspend its participation in the audit unless it first 
executes a tolling agreement to extend the statute of limitations by a 
period of time equal to the period of the suspension.
    (i) Audit report. (1) After reviewing the books, records, and any 
other information received from the statutory licensee, the auditor 
shall prepare a draft written report setting forth his or her initial 
conclusions and shall deliver a copy of that draft report to the 
licensee. The auditor shall then consult with a representative of the 
licensee regarding the conclusions set forth in the draft report for no 
more than thirty days. If, upon consulting with the licensee, the 
auditor concludes that there are errors in the facts or conclusions set 
forth in the draft report, the auditor shall correct those errors.
    (2) Within thirty days after the date that the auditor delivered 
the draft report to the licensee pursuant to paragraph (i)(1) of this 
section, the auditor shall prepare a final version of the written 
report setting forth his or her ultimate conclusions and shall deliver 
a copy of that final version to the licensee. Within fourteen days 
thereafter, the licensee may provide the auditor with a written 
rebuttal setting forth its good faith objections to the facts or 
conclusions set forth in the final version of the report.
    (3) Subject to the confidentiality provisions set forth in 
paragraph (l) of this section, the auditor shall attach a copy of any 
written rebuttal timely received from the licensee to the final version 
of the report and shall deliver a copy of the complete final report to 
the participating copyright owners and the licensee. The final report 
must be delivered by November 1st of the year in which the notice was 
published in the Federal Register pursuant to paragraph (c)(1) of this 
section and within five business days after the last day on which the 
licensee may provide the auditor with a written rebuttal pursuant to 
paragraph (i)(2) of this section. A representative of the participating 
copyright owners shall promptly notify the Office that the audit has 
been completed and shall state whether the auditor discovered an 
underpayment or overpayment on any Statement(s) examined in the audit, 
as applicable. The notice should be addressed to the ``U.S. Copyright 
Office, Office of the General Counsel'' and should be sent to the 
address for time-sensitive requests specified in Sec.  201.1(c)(1).
    (4) Prior to the delivery of the final report pursuant to paragraph 
(i)(3) of this section the auditor shall not provide any draft of his 
or her report to the participating copyright owners or their 
representatives; provided, however, that the auditor may deliver a 
draft report simultaneously to the licensee and the participating 
copyright owners if the auditor has a reasonable basis to suspect 
fraud.
    (j) Corrections, supplemental payments, and refunds. (1) If the 
auditor concludes in his or her final report that any of the 
information reported on a Statement of Account is incorrect or 
incomplete, that the calculation of the royalty fee payable for a 
particular accounting period was incorrect, or that the amount 
deposited in the Office for that period was too low, a statutory 
licensee may cure such incorrect or incomplete information or 
underpayment by filing an amendment to the Statement and, in case of a 
deficiency in payment, by depositing supplemental royalty fee payments 
with the Office using the procedures set forth in Sec. Sec.  201.11(h) 
or 201.17(m), provided that the amendment and/or payments are received 
within sixty days after the delivery of the final report to the 
participating copyright owners and the licensee or within ninety days 
after the delivery of such report in the case of an audit of an MSO, 
and further provided that the licensee reimburses the

[[Page 55711]]

participating copyright owners for the licensee's share of the audit 
costs, if any, determined to be owing pursuant to paragraph (k)(3) of 
this section. Supplemental royalty fee payments made pursuant to this 
paragraph shall be delivered to the Office and not to participating 
copyright owners or their representatives.
    (2) Notwithstanding Sec. Sec.  201.11(h)(3)(i) and 201.17(m)(4)(i), 
if the auditor concludes in his or her final report that there was an 
overpayment on a particular Statement, the licensee may request a 
refund from the Office using the procedures set forth in Sec. Sec.  
201.11(h)(3) or 201.17(m)(4), provided that the request is received 
within sixty days after the delivery of the final report to the 
participating copyright owners and the licensee or within ninety days 
after the delivery of the final report in the case of an audit of an 
MSO.
    (k) Costs of the audit. (1) No later than the fifteenth day of each 
month during the course of the audit, the auditor shall provide the 
participating copyright owners with an itemized statement of the costs 
incurred by the auditor during the previous month, and shall provide a 
copy to the licensee that is the subject of the audit.
    (2) If the auditor concludes in his or her final report that there 
was no net aggregate underpayment or a net aggregate underpayment of 
five percent or less, the participating copyright owners shall pay for 
the full costs of the auditor. If the auditor concludes in his or her 
final report that there was a net aggregate underpayment of more than 
five percent but less than ten percent, the costs of the auditor are to 
be split evenly between the participating copyright owners and the 
licensee that is the subject of the audit. If the auditor concludes in 
his or her final report that there was a net aggregate underpayment of 
ten percent or more, the licensee will be responsible for the full 
costs of the auditor.
    (3) If a licensee is responsible for any portion of the costs of 
the auditor, a representative of the participating copyright owners 
shall provide the licensee with an itemized accounting of the auditor's 
total costs, the appropriate share of which should be paid by the 
licensee to such representative no later than sixty days after the 
delivery of the final report to the participating copyright owners and 
licensee or within ninety days after the delivery of such report in the 
case of an audit of an MSO.
    (4) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in paragraph (k) of 
this section, no portion of the auditor's costs that exceed the amount 
of the net aggregate underpayment may be recovered from the licensee.
    (l) Confidentiality. (1) For purposes of this section, confidential 
information shall include any non-public financial or business 
information pertaining to a Statement of Account that has been 
subjected to an audit under 17 U.S.C. 111(d)(6) or 119(b)(2).
    (2) Access to confidential information under this section shall be 
limited to:
    (i) The auditor; and
    (ii) Subject to the execution of a reasonable confidentiality 
agreement, outside counsel for the participating copyright owners and 
any third party consultants retained by outside counsel, and any 
employees, agents, consultants, or independent contractors of the 
auditor who are not employees, officers, or agents of a participating 
copyright owner for any purpose other than the audit, who are engaged 
in the audit of a Statement or activities directly related hereto, and 
who require access to the confidential information for the purpose of 
performing such duties during the ordinary course of their employment.
    (3) The auditor and any person identified in paragraph (l)(2)(ii) 
of this section shall implement procedures to safeguard all 
confidential information received from any third party in connection 
with an audit, using a reasonable standard of care, but no less than 
the same degree of security used to protect confidential financial and 
business information or similarly sensitive information belonging to 
the auditor or such person.
    (m) Frequency and scope of the audit. (1) Except as provided in 
paragraph (n)(2) of this section with respect to expanded audits, a 
cable system, MSO, or satellite carrier shall be subject to no more 
than one audit per calendar year.
    (2) Except as provided in paragraph (n)(1) of this section, the 
audit of a particular cable system or satellite carrier shall include 
no more than two of the Statements of Account from the previous eight 
accounting periods submitted by that cable system or satellite carrier.
    (3) Except as provided in paragraph (n)(3)(ii), an audit of an MSO 
shall be limited to a sample of no more than ten percent of the MSO's 
Form 3 cable systems and no more than ten percent of the MSO's Form 2 
systems.
    (n) Expanded audits. (1) If the auditor concludes in his or her 
final report that there was a net aggregate underpayment of five 
percent or more on the Statements of Account examined in an initial 
audit involving a cable system or satellite carrier, a copyright owner 
may expand the audit to include all previous Statements filed by that 
cable system or satellite carrier that may be timely noticed for audit 
under paragraph (c)(2) of this section. The expanded audit shall be 
conducted using the procedures set forth in paragraphs (d) through (l) 
of this section, with the following exceptions:
    (i) The expanded audit may be conducted by the same auditor that 
performed the initial audit, provided that the participating copyright 
owners provide the licensee with updated information reasonably 
sufficient to allow the licensee to determine that there has been no 
material change in the auditor's independence and qualifications. In 
the alternative, the expanded audit may be conducted by an auditor 
selected by the licensee using the procedure set forth in paragraph (d) 
of this section.
    (ii) The auditor shall deliver his or her final report to the 
participating copyright owners and the licensee within five business 
days following the last day on which the licensee may provide the 
auditor with a written rebuttal pursuant to paragraph (i)(2) of this 
section, but shall not be required to deliver the report by November 
1st of the year in which the notice was published in the Federal 
Register pursuant to paragraph (c) of this section.
    (2) An expanded audit of a cable system or a satellite carrier that 
is conducted pursuant to paragraph (n)(1) of this section may be 
conducted concurrently with another audit involving that same licensee.
    (3) If the auditor concludes in his or her final report that there 
was a net aggregate underpayment of five percent or more on the 
Statements of Account examined in an initial audit involving an MSO:
    (i) The cable systems included in the initial audit of that MSO 
shall be subject to an expanded audit in accordance with paragraph 
(n)(1) of this section; and
    (ii) The MSO shall be subject to an initial audit involving a 
sample of no more than thirty percent of its Form 3 cable systems and 
no more than thirty percent of its Form 2 cable systems, provided that 
the notice of intent to conduct that audit is filed in the same 
calendar year as the delivery of such final report.
    (o) Retention of records. For each Statement of Account or amended 
Statement that a statutory licensee files with the Office for 
accounting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2010, the licensee 
shall maintain all records necessary to confirm the correctness of the 
calculations and royalty payments reported in each Statement or amended 
Statement for at least three and one-half

[[Page 55712]]

years after the last day of the year in which that Statement or amended 
Statement was filed with the Office and, in the event that such 
Statement or amended Statement is the subject of an audit conducted 
pursuant to this section, shall continue to maintain those records 
until three years after the auditor delivers the final report to the 
participating copyright owners and the licensee pursuant to paragraph 
(i)(3) of this section.


Sec.  201.17  [Amended]

0
3. Amend Sec.  201.17 as follows:
0
a. In paragraphs (m)(2) and (m)(4)(i) by removing ``(m)(3)'' and adding 
in its place ``(m)(4)''.
0
b. In paragraphs (m)(2)(ii), (m)(4)(iii)(C), and (m)(4)(iv)(A) by 
removing ``(m)(1)(iii)'' and adding in its place ``(m)(2)(iii)''.
0
c. In paragraph (m)(4) by removing ``(m)(1)'' and adding in its place 
``(m)(2)''.
0
d. In paragraph (m)(4)(iii)(A) by removing ``(m)(1)(i)'' and adding in 
its place ``(m)(2)(i)''.
0
e. In paragraph (m)(4)(iii)(B) by removing ``(m)(1)(ii)'' and adding in 
its place ``(m)(2)(ii)''.
0
f. In paragraph (m)(4)(vi) by removing ``(m)(3)(i)'' and adding in its 
place ``(m)(4)(i)''.

    Dated: September 10, 2014.
Jacqueline C. Charlesworth,
General Counsel and Associate Register of Copyrights.
[FR Doc. 2014-21944 Filed 9-16-14; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 1410-30-P