[Federal Register Volume 79, Number 133 (Friday, July 11, 2014)]
[Notices]
[Pages 40115-40118]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2014-16219]


-----------------------------------------------------------------------

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Office of Inspector General


Special Fraud Alert: Laboratory Payments to Referring Physicians

AGENCY: Office of Inspector General (OIG), HHS.

ACTION: Notice.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: This Special Fraud Alert addresses compensation paid by 
laboratories to referring physicians and physician group practices 
(collectively, physicians) for blood specimen collection, processing, 
and packaging, and for submitting patient data to a registry or 
database. OIG has issued a number of guidance documents and advisory 
opinions addressing the general subject of remuneration offered and 
paid by laboratories to referring physicians, including the 1994 
Special Fraud Alert on Arrangements for the Provision of Clinical 
Laboratory Services, the OIG Compliance Program Guidance for Clinical 
Laboratories, and Advisory Opinion 05-08. In these and other documents, 
we have repeatedly emphasized that providing free or below-market goods 
or services to a physician who is a source of referrals, or paying such 
a physician more than fair market value for his or her services, could 
constitute illegal remuneration under the anti-kickback statute. This 
Special Fraud Alert supplements these prior guidance documents and 
advisory opinions and describes two specific trends OIG has identified 
involving transfers of value from laboratories to physicians that we 
believe present a substantial risk of fraud and abuse under the anti-
kickback statute.

I. The Anti-Kickback Statute

    One purpose of the anti-kickback statute is to protect patients 
from inappropriate medical referrals or recommendations by health care 
professionals who may be unduly influenced by financial incentives. 
Section 1128B(b) of the Social Security Act (the Act) makes it a 
criminal offense to knowingly and willfully offer, pay, solicit, or 
receive any remuneration to induce, or in return for, referrals of 
items or services reimbursable by a Federal health care program. When 
remuneration is paid purposefully to induce or reward referrals of 
items or services payable by a Federal health care program, the anti-
kickback statute is violated. By its terms, the statute ascribes 
criminal liability to parties on both sides of an impermissible 
``kickback'' transaction. Violation of the statute constitutes a felony 
punishable

[[Page 40116]]

by a maximum fine of $25,000, imprisonment up to 5 years, or both. 
Conviction will also lead to exclusion from Federal health care 
programs, including Medicare and Medicaid. OIG may also initiate 
administrative proceedings to exclude persons from the Federal health 
care programs or to impose civil money penalties for fraud, kickbacks, 
and other prohibited activities under sections 1128(b)(7) and 
1128A(a)(7) of the Act.

II. Remuneration From Laboratories To Referring Physicians

    Arrangements between referring physicians and laboratories 
historically have been subject to abuse and were the topic of one of 
the OIG's earliest Special Fraud Alerts.\1\ In that Special Fraud 
Alert, we stated that, ``[w]henever a laboratory offers or gives to a 
source of referrals anything of value not paid for at fair market 
value, the inference may be made that the thing of value is offered to 
induce the referral of business.'' More generally, we have, on various 
occasions, repeated our position that arrangements providing free or 
below-market goods or services to actual or potential referral sources 
are suspect and may violate the anti-kickback statute, depending on the 
circumstances.\2\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ Special Fraud Alert: Arrangements for the Provision of 
Clinical Laboratory Services (Oct. 1994), reprinted at 59 FR 65,372, 
65,377 (Dec. 19, 1994).
    \2\ See, e.g., Advisory Opinion 11-07, p. 7.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Likewise, when a laboratory pays a physician more than fair market 
value for the physician's services or for services the laboratory does 
not actually need or for which the physician is otherwise compensated, 
the anti-kickback statute is implicated. Such payments are suspect 
under the anti-kickback statute because of the implication that one 
purpose of the payments is to induce the physician's Federal health 
care program referrals. OIG also historically has been concerned with 
arrangements in which the amounts paid to a referral source take into 
account the volume or value of business generated by the referral 
source.
    Arrangements in which laboratories provide free or below-market 
goods or services to physicians or make payments to physicians that are 
not commercially reasonable in the absence of Federal health care 
program referrals potentially raise four major concerns typically 
associated with kickbacks--corruption of medical judgment, 
overutilization, increased costs to the Federal health care programs 
and beneficiaries, and unfair competition. This is because such 
transfers of value may induce physicians to order tests from a 
laboratory that provides them with remuneration, rather than the 
laboratory that provides the best, most clinically appropriate service. 
Such transfers of value also may induce physicians to order more 
laboratory tests than are medically necessary, particularly when the 
transfers of value are tied to, or take into account, the volume or 
value of business generated by the physician. We are particularly 
concerned about these types of arrangements because the choice of 
laboratory, as well as the decision to order laboratory tests, 
typically is made or strongly influenced by the physician, with little 
or no input from patients.
    Although physicians may order any tests they believe are 
appropriate to diagnose and treat their patients, Medicare will pay for 
laboratory tests only if they meet Medicare coverage criteria and are 
reasonable and necessary.\3\ Moreover, claims that include items or 
services resulting from a violation of the anti-kickback statute are 
not payable by Medicare and may constitute false claims under the False 
Claims Act, even if the items or services are medically necessary.\4\ 
OIG recognizes that the lawfulness of any particular arrangement under 
the anti-kickback statute depends on the intent of the parties. Such 
intent may be evidenced by the arrangement's characteristics, including 
its legal structure, its operational safeguards, and the actual conduct 
of the parties to the arrangement. Nonetheless, we believe the 
following types of arrangements between laboratories and physicians are 
suspect under the anti-kickback statute.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \3\ Section 1862(a)(1)(A) of the Act.
    \4\ 31 U.S.C. 3729 et seq.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

A. Blood-Specimen Collection, Processing, and Packaging Arrangements

    OIG has become aware of arrangements under which clinical 
laboratories are providing remuneration to physicians to collect, 
process, and package patients' specimens. This Special Fraud Alert 
addresses arrangements under which laboratories pay physicians, either 
directly or indirectly (such as through an arrangement with a marketing 
or other agent) to collect, process, and package patients' blood 
specimens (Specimen Processing Arrangements).\5\ Specimen Processing 
Arrangements typically involve payments from laboratories to physicians 
for certain specified duties, which may include collecting the blood 
specimens, centrifuging the specimens, maintaining the specimens at a 
particular temperature, and packaging the specimens so that they are 
not damaged in transport. Payments under Specimen Processing 
Arrangements typically are made on a per-specimen or per-patient-
encounter basis and often are associated with expensive or specialized 
tests.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ The same principles described in this Special Fraud Alert 
apply to arrangements that are similar or analogous to Specimen 
Processing Arrangements, including arrangements under which clinical 
laboratories pay physicians to collect and package patients' buccal 
swabs or urine specimens or provide free or below-market point of 
care urine testing cups to health care providers who use the cups to 
perform billable in-office testing.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Medicare allows the person who collects a specimen to bill Medicare 
for a nominal specimen collection fee in certain circumstances, 
including times when the person draws a blood sample through 
venipuncture (i.e., inserting into a vein a needle with syringe or 
vacuum tube to draw the specimen).\6\ Medicare allows such billing only 
when: (1) It is the accepted and prevailing practice among physicians 
in the locality to make separate charges for drawing or collecting a 
specimen and (2) it is the customary practice of the physician 
performing such services to bill separate charges for drawing or 
collecting the specimen.\7\ Only one collection fee is allowed for each 
type of specimen for each patient encounter, regardless of the number 
of specimens drawn.\8\ Physicians who satisfy the specimen collection 
fee criteria and choose to bill Medicare for the specimen collection 
must use Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) Code 36415, ``Routine 
venipuncture--Collection of venous blood by venipuncture.'' 
9 10
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\ Section 1833(h)(3) of the Act; Medicare Claims Processing 
Manual, CMS Pub. 100-04, Chapter 16, section 60.1.
    \7\ Medicare Claims Processing Manual, CMS Pub. 100-04, Chapter 
16, section 60.1.1.
    \8\ Medicare Claims Processing Manual, CMS Pub. 100-04, Chapter 
16, section 60.1.
    \9\ The five character codes and descriptions included in this 
document are obtained from Current Procedural Terminology 
(CPT[supreg]), copyright 2014 by the American Medical Association 
(AMA). CPT is developed by the AMA as a listing of descriptive terms 
and five character identifying codes and modifiers for reporting 
medical services and procedures. Any use of CPT outside of this 
document should refer to the most current version of the Current 
Procedural Terminology available from AMA. Applicable FARS/DFARS 
apply.
    \10\ CPT code 36415 is included on the clinical laboratory fee 
schedule. As of the date of issuance of this Special Fraud Alert, 
Medicare pays a specimen collection fee of $5 for samples collected 
from individuals in skilled nursing facilities and by laboratories 
on behalf of home health agencies and a specimen collection fee of 
$3 for all other samples. See, e.g., Clinical Laboratory Fee 
Schedule--January 2014 Release, available at http://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Medicare-Fee-for-Service-Payment/ClinicalLabFeeSched/ 
clinlab.html; specifically CLAB2014.EffJan1.Full.xlsx (the 2014 
Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Fee Schedule), available at http://www.cms.gov/apps/ama/license.asp?file=/ClinicalLabFeeSched/downloads/14CLAB.zip; and Protecting Access to Medicare Act of 2014, 
Public Law 113-93, Sec.  216(a), 128 Stat. 1040 and 1053-1059 (to be 
codified at 42 U.S.C. 1395m-1(b)(5)) (2014).

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 40117]]

    Medicare reimburses physicians for processing and packaging 
specimens for transport to a clinical laboratory through a bundled 
payment.\11\ Physicians who wish to report the work involved in 
preparing a specimen to send to a laboratory may use CPT code 99000, 
``Handling and/or conveyance of specimen for transfer from the office 
to a laboratory.'' \12\ CPT code 99000 is intended to reflect the work 
involved to prepare a specimen prior to sending it to a laboratory, 
including centrifuging a specimen, separating serum, labeling tubes, 
packing the specimens for transport, filling out laboratory forms, and 
supplying necessary insurance information and other documentation.\13\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \11\ Since 2003, CPT code 99000 has been listed as a ``Bundled 
Code'' in the Medicare Physician Fee Schedule (MPFS). See, e.g., 
Physician Fee Schedule--January 2014 Release, available at http://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Medicare-Fee-for-Service-Payment/PhysicianFeeSched/PFS-Relative-Value-Files-Items/RVU14A.html; 
specifically PPRRVU14--V1219.xlsx (the 2014 National Physician Fee 
Schedule Relative Value File) and RVUPUF14.pdf (containing 
information on services covered by the MPFS, including fee schedule 
status indicators), available at http://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Medicare-Fee-for-Service-Payment/PhysicianFeeSched/Downloads/RVU14A.zip. A ``Bundled Code'' means that ``[p]ayment for covered 
services are always bundled into payment for other services not 
specified.'' RVUPUF14.pdf, Attachment A.
    \12\ Even though physicians are not directly reimbursed under 
this code, as they are with CPT code 36145, they may choose to 
report this CPT code so that the costs associated with the services 
they perform are taken into account in CMS's calculation of the 
practice expense component of a procedure's relative value unit. See 
Overview, MPFS, available at https://www.cms.gov/apps/physician-fee-schedule/overview.aspx.
    \13\ Coding Clarification: Handling and/or Conveyance of 
Specimen for Transfer from the Physician's Office to a Laboratory, 
CPT Assistant (AMA), Oct. 1999, at 11.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The anti-kickback statute is implicated when a clinical laboratory 
pays a physician for services. Whether an actual violation of the 
statute occurs depends on the intent of the parties--the anti-kickback 
statute prohibits the knowing and willful payment of such amounts if 
even one purpose of the payment is to induce or reward referrals of 
Federal health care program business. This is true regardless of 
whether the payment is fair market value for services rendered. The 
probability that a payment is for an illegitimate purpose is increased, 
however, if a payment exceeds fair market value or if it is for a 
service for which the physician is paid by a third party, including 
Medicare.
    When determining the fair market value of a physician's services, a 
clinical laboratory should consider whether the services for which it 
may compensate the physician have been, or may be, paid for, including 
through a bundled payment, by Medicare. Additionally, the laboratory 
should consider whether payment is appropriate at all; if the services 
for which the laboratory intends to compensate the physician are paid 
for by a third party through other means, such as payments intended to 
reimburse the physician for overhead expenses, any payment by the 
laboratory to the physician may constitute double payment for the 
physician's services and, consequently, provide evidence of unlawful 
intent.
    Characteristics of a Specimen Processing Arrangement that may be 
evidence of such unlawful purpose include, but are not limited to, the 
following:
     Payment exceeds fair market value for services actually 
rendered by the party receiving the payment.
     Payment is for services for which payment is also made by 
a third party, such as Medicare.
     Payment is made directly to the ordering physician rather 
than to the ordering physician's group practice, which may bear the 
cost of collecting and processing the specimen.
     Payment is made on a per-specimen basis for more than one 
specimen collected during a single patient encounter or on a per-test, 
per-patient, or other basis that takes into account the volume or value 
of referrals.
     Payment is offered on the condition that the physician 
order either a specified volume or type of tests or test panel, 
especially if the panel includes duplicative tests (e.g., two or more 
tests performed using different methodologies that are intended to 
provide the same clinical information), or tests that otherwise are not 
reasonable and necessary or reimbursable.
     Payment is made to the physician or the physician's group 
practice, despite the fact that the specimen processing is actually 
being performed by a phlebotomist placed in the physician's office by 
the laboratory or a third party.
    OIG's concerns regarding Specimen Processing Arrangements are not 
abated when those arrangements apply only to specimens collected from 
non-Federal health care program patients. Arrangements that ``carve 
out'' Federal health care program beneficiaries or business from 
otherwise questionable arrangements implicate the anti-kickback statute 
and may violate it by disguising remuneration for Federal health care 
program business through the payment of amounts purportedly related to 
non-Federal health care program business. Because physicians typically 
wish to minimize the number of laboratories to which they refer for 
reasons of convenience and administrative efficiency, Specimen 
Processing Arrangements that carve out Federal health care program 
business may nevertheless be intended to influence physicians' 
referrals of Federal health care program business to the offering 
laboratories.
    Finally, because the anti-kickback statute ascribes criminal 
liability to parties on both sides of an impermissible ``kickback'' 
arrangement, physicians who enter into Specimen Processing Arrangements 
with laboratories also may be at risk under the statute.

B. Registry Payments

    OIG has become aware of arrangements under which clinical 
laboratories are establishing, coordinating, or maintaining databases, 
either directly or through an agent, purportedly to collect data on the 
demographics, presentation, diagnosis, treatment, outcomes, or other 
attributes of patients who have undergone, or who may undergo, certain 
tests performed by the offering laboratories. Typically these are 
specialized and expensive tests paid for by Federal health care 
programs. This Special Fraud Alert addresses such ``Registries'' or 
``Registry Arrangements,'' whether they are referred to as 
``registries'' or ``observational outcomes databases'' or by other 
terminology.
    Laboratories that participate in Registry Arrangements often assert 
that they are intended to advance clinical research to promote 
treatment, to provide physicians with valuable clinical knowledge for 
patients with similar disease profiles, and to provide other benefits 
to physicians or the health care industry generally. Registry 
Arrangements may take various forms; however, they typically involve 
payments from laboratories to physicians for certain specified duties, 
including, by way of example only, submitting patient data to be 
incorporated into the Registry, answering patient questions about the 
Registry, and reviewing Registry reports.
    Registry Arrangements may induce physicians to order medically 
unnecessary or duplicative tests, including duplicative tests performed 
for the purpose of obtaining comparative data, and to order those tests 
from laboratories that offer Registry

[[Page 40118]]

Arrangements in lieu of other, potentially clinically superior, 
laboratories. OIG recognizes that whether any particular Registry 
Arrangement violates the anti-kickback statute depends on the intent of 
the parties to the arrangement. Payments from a laboratory to a 
physician to compensate the physician for services related to data 
collection and reporting may be reasonable in certain limited 
circumstances. However, the anti-kickback statute prohibits the knowing 
and willful payment of such compensation if even one purpose of the 
payments is to induce or reward referrals of Federal health care 
program business.
    Characteristics of a Registry Arrangement that may be evidence of 
such unlawful purpose include, but are not limited to, the following:
     The laboratory requires, encourages, or recommends that 
physicians who enter into Registry Arrangements perform the tests with 
a stated frequency (e.g., four times per year) to be eligible to 
receive, or to not receive a reduction in, compensation.
     The laboratory collects comparative data for the Registry 
from, and bills for, multiple tests that may be duplicative (e.g., two 
or more tests performed using different methodologies that are intended 
to provide the same clinical information) or that otherwise are not 
reasonable and necessary.
     Compensation paid to physicians pursuant to Registry 
Arrangements is on a per-patient or other basis that takes into account 
the value or volume of referrals.
     Compensation paid to physicians pursuant to Registry 
Arrangements is not fair market value for the physicians' efforts in 
collecting and reporting patient data.
     Compensation paid to physicians pursuant to Registry 
Arrangements is not supported by documentation, submitted by the 
physicians in a timely manner, memorializing the physicians' efforts.
     The laboratory offers Registry Arrangements only for tests 
(or disease states associated with tests) for which it has obtained 
patents or that it exclusively performs.
     When a test is performed by multiple laboratories, the 
laboratory collects data only from the tests it performs.
     The tests associated with the Registry Arrangement are 
presented on the offering laboratory's requisition in a manner that 
makes it more difficult for the ordering physician to make an 
independent medical necessity decision with regard to each test for 
which the laboratory will bill (e.g., disease-related panels).
    Other characteristics not listed above may increase the risk of 
fraud and abuse associated with a Registry Arrangement or provide 
evidence of unlawful intent. For example, the risk of fraud and abuse 
would be particularly high if a laboratory were to pay, and collect 
data for its Registry from, only a subset of physicians who were 
selected on the basis of their prior or anticipated referral volume, 
rather than their specialty, sub-specialty, or other relevant 
attribute.
    The anti-kickback statute does not prohibit laboratories from 
engaging in, or paying compensation for, legitimate research 
activities. However, claims that Registries are intended to promote and 
support clinical research and treatment are not sufficient to disprove 
unlawful intent. Even legitimate actions taken to substantiate such 
claims, including, for example, retaining an independent Institutional 
Review Board to develop study protocols and participation guidelines, 
will not protect a Registry Arrangement if one purpose of the 
arrangement is to induce or reward referrals. Furthermore, for the 
reasons set forth in section II.A above, OIG's concerns regarding 
Registry Arrangements are not abated when those arrangements apply only 
to data collected from tests performed on non-Federal health care 
program patients' specimens.
    Finally, because the anti-kickback statute ascribes criminal 
liability to parties on both sides of an impermissible ``kickback'' 
arrangement, physicians who enter into Registry Arrangements with 
laboratories also may be at risk under the statute.

III. Conclusion

    OIG is concerned about the risks that Specimen Processing 
Arrangements and Registry Arrangements pose under the anti-kickback 
statute. This Special Fraud Alert reiterates our longstanding concerns 
about payments from laboratories to physicians in excess of the fair 
market value of the physicians' services and payments that reflect the 
volume or value of referrals of Federal health care program business. 
Should interested parties continue to have questions about the 
structure of a particular Specimen Processing Arrangement or Registry 
Arrangement, the OIG Advisory Opinion process remains available. 
Information about the process may be found at: http://oig.hhs.gov/faqs/advisory-opinions-faq.asp.
    To report suspected fraud involving Registry Arrangements, Specimen 
Processing Arrangements, or similar arrangements, contact the OIG 
Hotline at https://forms.oig.hhs.gov/hotlineoperations/or by phone at 
1-800-447-8477 (1-800-HHS-TIPS).

    Dated: June 7, 2014.
Daniel R. Levinson,
Inspector General.
[FR Doc. 2014-16219 Filed 7-10-14; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE P