[Federal Register Volume 78, Number 204 (Tuesday, October 22, 2013)]
[Notices]
[Pages 62698-62708]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2013-24621]


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DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

Drug Enforcement Administration

[Docket No. 08-6]


Lannett Company, Inc.; Grant of Registration To Import Schedule I 
Substance

    On November 15, 2012, I, the Administrator of the Drug Enforcement 
Administration, issued a Declaratory Order in the above-captioned 
matter.\1\ Therein, I held that Lannett Company, Incorporated's 
(hereinafter, Lannett) proposed importation of synthetic dronabinol 
(THC) in finished dosage form, a schedule I controlled substance, for 
the purpose of conducting stability and bioequivalency studies to 
support an Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA), constitutes 
``scientific, analytical, or research uses'' and is therefore a 
permissible importation under 21 U.S.C. 952(a)(2)(C). Declaratory 
Order, at 36. However, I further held that Lannett had not justified 
that the quantities of the proposed importations (300,000 dosage units) 
were ``limited quantities'' as required by section 952(a)(2)(C). Id. at 
35-36. I therefore ordered Lannett to provide justification for the 
quantities it sought to import. Id. at 40. I also held that upon 
Lannett's ``providing adequate justification for the quantit[ies] of 
the [proposed] importation[s],'' its ``registration would be consistent 
with

[[Page 62699]]

the public interest.'' Id. (citing 21 U.S.C. 823(a)).\2\
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    \1\ All citations to the Declaratory Order are to the slip 
opinion and not to the Order as published here in the Appendix.
    \2\ However, I held that Lannett's application for a 
registration to import THC should be held in abeyance.
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    In response, Lannett filed a new application, seeking to import 
10,000 dosage units for each of the three dosage strengths for which it 
intends to file an ANDA.\3\ See Lannett Company, Inc.'s Response To The 
Administrator's Declaratory Order of November 15, 2012. Thereafter, the 
Government objected to Lannett's new proposed quantities, contending 
that Lannett had not adequately justified them. Government's Request To 
Have Lannett Company, Inc., Amend Its Import Application To Conform To 
The Administrator's Declaratory Order of November 15, 2012, at 2. 
Thereupon, I directed Lannett to file a response to the Government's 
request. Order (June 12, 2013).
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    \3\ Neither of the firms which objected to Lannett's application 
(Rhodes Technologies and Mallinckrodt) filed a response to its 
submission. See Declaratory Order at n.32.
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    On June 28, 2013, Lannett filed an amended application, explaining 
that it now needs 7,000 capsules of each dosage strength for which it 
intends to file an ANDA. Lannett Company, Inc.'s Response to the 
Administrator's Declaratory Order of June 11, 2013. Neither the 
Government, nor the firms which objected to Lannett's application, 
filed a response to the amended application. Having reviewed Lannett's 
amended application, I conclude that it should be granted.

Order

    Pursuant to the authority vested in me by 21 U.S.C. 958(a) and 28 
CFR 0.100(b), I order that the application of Lannett Company, 
Incorporated, for a DEA Certificate of Registration authorizing it to 
import Tetrahydrocannibinols (Drug Code 7370) for the purpose of 
conducting research be, and it hereby is, granted. Pursuant to the 
authority vested in me by 21 U.S.C. 952(a)(2)(C), I further order that 
a rule be, and it hereby is, issued, authorizing Lannett Company, 
Incorporated, to import the amounts of Tetrahydrocannibinols set forth 
in its amended application.\4\
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    \4\ As stated in the Declaratory Order, the quantities of 
Tetrahydrocannibinols imported pursuant to this rule may only be 
used for the purpose of conducting research in support of its ANDA 
and may not be commercially distributed.

    Dated: October 8, 2013.
Michele M. Leonhart,
Administrator.

Appendix

Docket No. 08-6

LANNETT COMPANY, INC.

DECLARATORY ORDER

Introduction

    Under the Controlled Substances Import Export Act (hereinafter, 
``CSIEA''), a person seeking to lawfully import a schedule I or II 
controlled substance into the United States must obtain from the 
Drug Enforcement Administration both a registration as an importer 
and permission to import the substance. See 21 U.S.C. Sec. Sec.  
952(a); 958(a). Under section 952(a), other than in the case of 
narcotic raw materials, it is unlawful ``to import into the United 
States'' any schedule I or II controlled substance ``except that 
such amounts of any controlled substance in schedule I or II . . . 
that the Attorney General finds to be necessary to provide for the 
medical, scientific, or legitimate needs of the United States'' may 
be imported pursuant to ``such regulations as the Attorney General 
shall prescribe'' if one of three conditions is satisfied. Id. Sec.  
952(a)(2).
    Relevant here are subparagraphs (2)(B) and (2)(C). The former 
provision authorizes an importation ``[i]n any case in which the 
Attorney General finds that competition among domestic manufacturers 
is inadequate and will not be rendered adequate by the registration 
of additional manufacturers under [21 U.S.C. Sec.  ] 823.'' Id. 
Sec.  952(a)(2)(B). The latter provision authorizes an importation 
``in any case in which the Attorney General finds that such 
controlled substance is in limited quantities exclusively for 
scientific, analytical, or research uses.'' Id. Sec.  952(a)(2)(C).

Procedural History

    On October 10, 2006, Lannett Company, Inc., of Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania (hereinafter, Lannett), applied for a DEA Certificate 
of Registration authorizing it to import tetrahydrocannabinols 
(THC), a schedule I controlled substance.\1\ ALJ Ex. 1, at 1. 
Lannett sought to import the THC ``for analytical testing on a 
formulated product for submission to the U.S. Food and Drug 
Administration (FDA) for generic product approval.'' Id. While 
Lannett's application is not in the record, according to the 
affidavit of its Chief Executive Officer, the company sought to 
import three ``submission batches of . . . finished dronabinol 
capsules,'' comprised of 100,000 capsules each, which would be 
tested at both its facility ``and at a clinical laboratory that will 
conduct bioequivalency testing'' to provide data to support the 
filing of an Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) with FDA. LX 1, 
at 6; Tr. 37.\2\
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    \1\ Lannett also applied for a registration authorizing it to 
import methylphenidate and morphine, both of which are schedule II 
controlled substances. ALJ Ex. 1, at 1. Lannett, however, 
subsequently withdrew its application to import these two 
substances. ALJ Ex. 7.
    \2\ According to the affidavit of Lannett's Chief Executive 
Officer (CEO), the company sought ``to import one (or possible [sic] 
two) submission batches of . . . approximately 3,000 capsules.'' 
LX1, at 6. However, at the hearing, its CEO testified that the 
Company was seeking permission to import (in finished dosage form) 
three batches of 100,000 units each. Tr. 37.
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    It is undisputed that the dronabinol, which is the subject of 
Lannett's application, is a schedule I controlled substance. 21 CFR 
1308.11(d)(30). However, when synthetic dronabinol in sesame oil is 
encapsulated in a soft gel capsule, and is an FDA-approved drug, it 
is a schedule III controlled substance. Id. 1308.13(g).
    On September 19, 2007, the Deputy Assistant Administrator, 
Office of Diversion Control, published the Notice of Application. 
ALJ Ex. 1, at 1. Therein, the Deputy Assistant Administrator 
specifically noted that ``[p]ursuant to 21 U.S.C. 958(i), the 
Attorney General shall, prior to issuing a registration under this 
Section to a bulk manufacturer of a controlled substance in schedule 
I or II and prior to issuing a registration[sic] \3\ under 21 U.S.C. 
952(a) authorizing the importation of such substances, provide 
manufacturers holding registrations for the bulk manufacture of the 
substances an opportunity for a hearing.'' Id. (quoting 21 U.S.C. 
Sec.  958(i)). The Notice of Application then stated that ``[a]ny 
manufacturer who is presently, or is applying to be, registered with 
DEA to manufacture such basic classes of controlled substances may 
file comments or objections to the issuance of the proposed 
registration and may, at the same time, file a written request for a 
hearing on such application pursuant to 21 CFR 1301.43 and in such 
form as prescribed by 21 CFR 1316.47.'' Id. at 1-2.
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    \3\ The notice mistakenly used the word ``registration'' rather 
than ``regulation.'' See 21 U.S.C. Sec.  958(i). Section 952 is not 
a registration provision; rather it requires that an importer 
establish that the proposed importation is permissible under one of 
the various provisions set forth therein. See 21 U.S.C. Sec.  
952(a).
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    Thereafter, Rhodes Technologies timely requested a hearing on 
the application, noting that it is registered as a bulk manufacturer 
of THC and is therefore ``among the category of firms entitled to a 
hearing on the proposed registration pursuant to 21 CFR 
1301.34(a).'' ALJ Ex. 2, at 1-2. Rhodes further explained that it 
sought ``to be heard on the issue of whether . . . the proposed 
registration of [Applicant] as an importer of THC . . . is 
consistent with the applicable legal standards reflected in the DEA 
regulations at 21 CFR 1301.34(b) and the Controlled Substances Act 
at 21 U.S.C. Sec. Sec.  952(a), 958(a), and 823(a).'' Id. at 2.
    Mallinckrodt, Inc., another registered manufacturer of THC, also 
filed comments and objections to the application.\4\ ALJ Ex. 3,

[[Page 62700]]

at 1. Mallinckrodt objected on the grounds that: 1) THC has no 
currently accepted medical use, and that therefore, it ``is not the 
type of controlled substance that should be imported unless 
necessary,'' id. at 6; 2) that ``a medical substitute [Marinol] 
readily exists in sufficient supply which is at least as effective 
and [which] is much less dangerous,'' and that therefore, Lannett's 
proposed importation of THC is not ``necessary to provided for the 
medical needs of the United States'' under 21 U.S.C. Sec.  952(a), 
and that by denying Lannett's application, ``DEA can entirely avoid 
the risk of such international diversion.'' Id. at 7.
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    \4\ Mallinckrodt also requested a hearing on Lannett's 
applications for registrations as an importer of methylphenidate and 
morphine. ALJ Ex. 3, at 1. As noted above, see n.1, on March 18, 
2009, Lannett withdrew its applications for registration to import 
these two controlled substances.
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    Thereafter, both Lannett and the Government moved to dismiss the 
proceeding on the ground that under 21 U.S.C. Sec.  958(i), a third-
party manufacturer such as Rhodes is entitled to request a hearing 
only where the applicant for an import registration is also a bulk 
manufacturer of the substance. Motion of Lannett to Dismiss and 
Terminate Proceedings, at 4. Lannett maintained that it is a 
``finished dosage form'' manufacturer, and not a ``bulk 
manufacturer'' of controlled substances, id. at 3, and that 
therefore, ``there is no jurisdictional basis for a hearing in this 
matter.'' Id. at 2.\5\ Relying on a Federal Register notice in which 
I directed an Administrative Law Judge to dismiss a hearing which 
was docketed when several companies sought to challenge an 
application to import narcotic raw materials because the objecting 
companies did not bulk manufacture these substances\6\, see 72 FR 
3417\7\ (2007), Lannett also contended that while Rhodes and 
Mallinckrodt are bulk manufacturers of THC, it ``does not seek to 
import such substances in bulk form.'' Lannett's Mot. to Terminate, 
at 5.
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    \5\ In its motion, Lannett also represented that it sought to 
import only ``approximately 3,000 capsules for the purpose of 
testing them in its laboratory,'' and that it was not seeking to 
``import those bulk substances.'' Motion of Lannett to Dismiss and 
Terminate, at 6-7. However, at the hearing, Lannett's Chief 
Executive Officer testified that the Company was seeking permission 
to import (in finished dosage form) three batches of 100,000 units 
each. Tr. 37.
    \6\ Indeed, no one in the United States does. See Authorized 
Sources of Narcotic Raw Materials, 73 FR 6843, 6844 (2008) (``The 
United States, based on long-standing policy, does not cultivate or 
produce [Narcotic Raw Materials], but relies solely on opium, poppy 
straw, and [concentrate of poppy straw] produced in other countries 
for the NRM necessary to meet the legitimate medical needs of the 
United States.'').
    \7\ Importer of Controlled Substances: Correction to Notice of 
Application, 72 FR 3417 (2007) (Cody); Importer of Controlled 
Substances: Correction to Notice of Application, 72 FR 3417 (2007) 
(Rhodes).
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    The Government supported Lannett's motion, arguing that ``under 
the express terms of section Sec.  958(i), the applicant also must 
be a bulk manufacturer'' of the controlled substance in order to 
trigger the right of another bulk manufacturer to challenge the 
application for an import registration. Gov. Mot. to Dismiss The 
Hearing Requested By the Intervenors at 3-4. According to the 
Government, because Lannett ``is not a bulk manufacturer of any of 
the controlled substances it seeks to import[,] . . . under the 
plain terms of Section 958(i) and the quoted language from the 
Federal Register decision [72 FR 3417], the interveners do not have 
the statutory authority to obtain a hearing.'' Id. at 4.
    On May 28, 2008, the ALJ issued her ruling on the motion to 
dismiss. See Memorandum To Counsel and Ruling on Request for 
Hearing. Therein, the ALJ noted that ``[n]one of the parties has 
asserted that Lannett is a current bulk manufacturer, or is 
attempting to gain registration as a bulk manufacturer'' of THC. Id. 
at 20. Because ``Lannett is not a bulk manufacturer of 
tetrahydrocannabinols,'' the ALJ concluded that ``the hearing right 
provided by Sec.  958(i) is not triggered prior to the DEA issuing a 
registration to Lannett to import tetrahydrocannabinols.'' Id.
    The ALJ further noted, however, that ``[t]he rulemaking 
provision of Sec.  958(i) provides manufacturers, who currently hold 
registrations as bulk manufactures of a Schedule I or II substances, 
the right to a hearing before the DEA issues a regulation under 
Sec.  952(a) that authorizes the importation of a substance that 
those manufacturers are registered to bulk manufacture.'' Id. at 21. 
According to the ALJ, ``[b]y its plain language, this hearing right 
does not appear to be limited to situations in which the importer of 
the controlled substance is also a bulk manufacturer.'' Id. The ALJ 
reasoned, however, that ``[n]othing in the language of the statute 
signals Congress' intention that the rulemaking authorized by this 
provision be made after formal [on the record] proceedings,'' and 
that DEA is required to provide only for notice and comment 
rulemaking pursuant to 5 U.S.C. Sec.  553(c). Id.
    The ALJ then addressed whether the Objectors had a right to a 
hearing under 21 CFR 1301.34(a). See id. According to the ALJ, 
``[p]ursuant to 21 CFR 1301.34(a) current bulk manufacturers of a 
Schedule I or II controlled substance are entitled to a hearing on 
an application for registration to import that substance, if the 
Administrator is acting under the authority of 21 U.S.C. Sec.  
952(a)(2)(B).'' Id. The ALJ noted that ``Lannett never explicitly 
asserted in any of its briefs that it was attempting to import any 
of the substances at issue under [the authority of section] 
952(a)(2)(C),'' the provision which authorizes the importation of a 
schedule I controlled substance ``necessary to provide for the 
medical, scientific, or other legitimate needs of the United States 
. . . in any case in which the Attorney General finds that such 
controlled substance is in limited quantities exclusively for 
scientific, analytical, or research uses.'' Id. at 22 n.29.
    While acknowledging that Lannett sought to use the substances to 
do various tests which are necessary to file an Abbreviated New Drug 
Application (ANDA) with the FDA, the ALJ relied on a DEA Policy 
Statement, which states that dosage form development activities do 
not constitute research for purposes of the CSA's registration 
provisions,\8\ to conclude that Lannett's activities do not appear 
to constitute ``research'' for the purpose of section 952(a)(2)(C). 
Id. at 24. In the ALJ's view, this conclusion was significant 
because ``[i]f this import were under the authority of Sec.  
952(a)(2)(C), neither Rhodes nor Mallinckrodt would be entitled to a 
hearing to determine the details of the importation of the 
substances at issue or to examine any risks of possible diversion.'' 
Id. Noting that there was ``ambiguity'' as to ``the amounts that 
Lannett plans to import,'' and that this ``raises an issue of 
whether the import would preserve the closed system of distribution, 
or promote security, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements,'' 
the ALJ reasoned that the proposed importation could only be 
permitted ``under the authority of section 952(a)(2)(B) and 
therefore, [the objectors] are entitled to an on-the-record 
hearing'' pursuant to 21 CFR 1301.34(a).''\9\ Id. at 25-26. The ALJ 
thus denied Lannett's and the Government's motions to terminate; she 
also denied the Government's request to take an interlocutory 
appeal. Id. at 26.
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    \8\ See Clarification of Coincident Activities for Researchers, 
60 FR 55310 (Oct. 31, 1995).
    \9\ The ALJ never asked Lannett to clarify whether it was 
seeking permission under subparagraph B, subparagraph C, or both 
provisions.
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    Thereafter, the ALJ conducted a hearing at which Lannett and 
Rhodes elicited the testimony of witnesses and introduced extensive 
exhibits into the record, and at which the Government also 
participated. Thereafter, the parties filed briefs containing their 
proposed findings of fact, conclusions of law, and argument.\10\ 
Moreover, in its post-hearing brief, the Government again maintained 
that Rhodes was not entitled to an adjudicatory hearing under either 
21 U.S.C. Sec.  958(i) or 21 CFR 1301.34(a), but that it was 
``entitled to an informal hearing under section 952(a)(2)(C) and 
958(i).'' Gov. Post-Hearing Br. at 4.
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    \10\ In light of the lengthy titles of these briefs, they will 
be referred to as the respective party's ``Post-Hearing Brief.'' The 
parties' exceptions to the ALJ's recommended decision will be 
referred to as their ``Exceptions.''
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    On April 6, 2010, the ALJ issued her decision. Therein, the ALJ 
reiterated the conclusions of her May 2008 ruling that Rhodes was 
entitled to an on-the-record hearing. Moreover, noting that Lannett 
(and the Government) also maintained that the application should be 
considered under section 952(a)(2)(C), the ALJ turned to the 
question of whether Rhodes was entitled ``to a hearing if Sec.  
952(a)(2)(B) does not apply.'' ALJ at 49. The ALJ noted that in 
several instances, I directed the Office of Administrative Law 
Judges to dismiss requests for a hearing on the application of an 
entity to import a narcotic raw material on the ground that the 
entity which had requested the hearing was not registered as a bulk 
manufacturer of the same substance. See id. (citing 72 FR 3417). The 
ALJ further noted that subsequent to the publication of these two 
Federal Register notices, the Agency has published (as it did in 
this case) notices of application for import registrations which 
have continued to offer hearing rights ``on proposed importations of 
non-narcotic raw material Schedule I or II controlled substances.'' 
Id. at 51. Reasoning that an Agency has discretionary authority to 
grant

[[Page 62701]]

an on-the-record hearing to the objectors, the ALJ explained that 
``there is no purpose to publishing the notice of application and 
affording the opportunity to object, comment, or request a hearing, 
unless the [Agency] intends that other importers avail themselves of 
the opportunity.'' Id. The ALJ thus concluded that the Agency 
``exercised this authority, and that holding the hearing in this 
matter was appropriate.'' Id. Turning to the merits, the ALJ held 
that Lannett had not established that its proposed importation was 
permissible under section 952(a)(2)(B) because it had not shown that 
``competition in the domestic market for dronabinol is inadequate 
and will not be rendered adequate by the registration of additional 
manufacturers.'' Id. at 53. The ALJ further rejected Lannett's 
contention that it was entitled to import under section 
952(a)(2)(C), explaining that the purpose of section 952(a)(2) is to 
``establish a strong system of domestic controls, support the 
domestic manufacturers who bear the cost of these controls, and [to] 
discourage the expansion of foreign production under less stringent 
controls.'' Id. at 53. The ALJ then observed that the legislative 
history of the research exception shows that it ``was intended to 
allow importation of substances for comparative studies on compounds 
developed abroad.'' Id. Noting that ``Lannett seeks to import a 
total of some 300,000 capsules,'' the ALJ reasoned that ``[w]hatever 
the limit may be on the quantity that qualifies for the research 
exception, 300,000 dosage units would likely exceed it.'' Id. at 54. 
The ALJ thus concluded that the proposed importation was not 
permissible under section 952(a)(2)(C) and recommended that I 
decline to issue a rule permitting the importation. Id. at 58.\11\
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    \11\ Cf. Johnson Matthey, 67 FR 3904, 39042 (2002) (holding that 
applicant ``cannot be registered as an importer of NRMs unless the 
Deputy Administrator finds that Johnson Matthey will be allowed to 
import NRMs pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 952(a)(1)'').
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    While the ALJ recognized that a finding that the proposed 
importation is permissible under either exception (2)(B) or (2)(C) 
is a prerequisite to obtaining a registration as an importer, ALJ at 
54, she also made findings under each of the public interest 
factors. With respect to factor one, which directs the Agency to 
consider the maintenance of effective controls against diversion 
``by limiting the importation and bulk manufacture of such 
controlled substances to a number of establishments which can 
produce an adequate and uninterrupted supply . . . under adequately 
competitive conditions for legitimate medical, scientific, research 
and industrial purposes,'' the ALJ found that ``[t]here is no 
evidence that competition among [the] manufacturers'' of dronabinol 
``or their products is inadequate.'' Id. at 56. The ALJ further 
found ``that there are currently enough registered bulk 
manufacturers of THC to produce an adequate and uninterrupted supply 
of this substance under adequately competitive conditions.'' Id.
    With respect to factor two--the applicant's compliance with 
applicable State and local law--the ALJ found ``that there is not 
sufficient evidence in the record to make a finding.'' Id. As to 
factor three--whether the applicant's registration would promote 
technical advances in the art of manufacturing dronabinol or 
developing new substances--the ALJ found that there was no evidence 
on the issue. Id. at 57.
    With respect to factor four--the applicant's conviction record 
of offenses related to the manufacture or distribution of controlled 
substances--the ALJ found that Lannett has never been convicted of 
such an offense and that this factor supported a finding that its 
registration ``would be consistent with the public interest.'' Id. 
at 57. Likewise, as to factor five--the applicant's experience in 
manufacturing controlled substances and the existence of effective 
controls against diversion--the ALJ found that Lannett ``has 
expertise in manufacturing and developing pharmaceutical products.'' 
Id. The ALJ also found that its security measures are adequate and 
``that there is minimal risk of diversion of dronabinol at Lannett's 
facility.'' Id. The ALJ thus found that this factor supports a 
finding that its registration ``would be in the public interest.'' 
Id.
    Finally, with respect to the sixth factor--``other factors as 
may be relevant to and consistent with the public health and 
safety''--the ALJ noted the testimony of Lannett's CEO that granting 
the application, ``would make more low cost generic drugs available 
to the public.'' Id. However, because Lannett did not produce ``any 
evidence that its proposed importation would reduce the price [of 
Dronabinol] to consumers,'' the ALJ concluded that ``the record does 
not support a finding that this factor weighs either in favor of or 
against'' the application. Id.
    Summarizing her findings, the ALJ concluded that ``factor one 
weighs strongly against a finding that Lannett's registration would 
be in the public interest,'' and that while factors four and five 
supported granting the application, they ``are not dispositive.'' 
Id. ``[C]onclud[ing] that a preponderance of the record does not 
support a finding that Lannett's registration would be in the public 
interest,'' id., the ALJ recommended that I direct the Office of 
Diversion Control to issue an Order to Show Cause proposing the 
denial of its application. Id. at 58.
    Thereafter, both Lannett and the Government filed exceptions to 
the ALJ's Decision. The ALJ then forwarded the record to me for 
final agency action.
    Having considered the record as a whole, I agree with the ALJ's 
holding that Rhodes was entitled to a hearing under section 958(i) 
even though Lannett is not a bulk manufacturer of THC. While I 
disagree with the ALJ's conclusion that Lannett has not established 
that the proposed importation is permissible under section 
952(a)(2)(C), I conclude that Lannett has established that it is 
necessary to import only a portion of the dronabinol.
    With respect to the public interest factors, while I generally 
agree with the ALJ's findings with respect to each of the factors, 
for reasons explained below, I reject her conclusion that ``factor 
one weighs strongly against a finding that Lannett's registration 
would be in the public interest.'' I further conclude that Lannett 
is entitled to a registration provided that it can adequately 
justify the amount it seeks to import; however, such registration 
shall be limited to authorizing it to import a quantity sufficient 
to conduct the studies necessary for filing an Abbreviated New Drug 
Application and barring it from subsequent commercial distribution 
of those quantities imported under this authority.

The Threshold Issue--Was Rhodes entitled to a hearing on either 
lannett's application for registration or its application for a rule 
authorizing the importation?

    It is undisputed that Lannett does not hold a manufacturer's 
registration for THC and has never engaged in the bulk manufacture 
of this substance. Tr. 74. Moreover, it is undisputed that the 
dronabinol which Lannett seeks permission to import will be in 
finished dosage form. Id. at 37. The record also suggests that the 
dronabinol will have been bottled prior to the importation, that it 
will not be repackaged or relabeled, and that none of it will be 
sold commercially. Tr. 37, 164.
    In their exceptions, both Lannett and the Government contend 
that Rhodes was not entitled to an on-the-record hearing to 
challenge Lannett's application. Lannett contends that because it is 
not a bulk manufacturer of THC, ``[t]here is no basis for a hearing 
under [section] 958(i)'' because this provision `` `gives the right 
to request a hearing . . . only in those [cases] in which the 
applicant for the import registration is a bulk manufacturer and 
only where the person seeking the hearing is a bulk manufacturer.' 
'' Lannett Exc., at 2 (quoting 72 FR at 3419). Lanett further 
contends that the ALJ erred in construing 21 CFR 1301.34(a) to 
provide a hearing as doing so ``conflicts with the limitation in 21 
U.S.C. Sec.  958(i) of such hearings to cases where both the 
applicant and the party seeking a hearing are bulk manufacturers.'' 
Id. In Lannett's view, ``[e]ven if one considers 21 U.S.C. Sec.  
958(i) ambiguous on this issue, the ALJ's interpretation is 
impermissible and unsupported because it would grant to [the Agency] 
latitude to act in the absence of statutory prohibition rather than 
requiring statutory authority in the first instance.'' Id. (citing 
Chevron U.S.A., Inc., v. Natural Res. Def. Council, 467 U.S. 837, 
842-43 (1984)).
    Lannett thus contends that because the regulation ``enacts 21 
U.S.C. Sec. Sec.  952 and 958[,] [it] cannot be read to permit what 
the statutes prohibit'' and that the Agency's grant of a right to a 
hearing to third party bulk manufacturers is an ultra vires act. Id. 
It likewise argues that the Agency has no discretion to grant a 
hearing on its application because ``there is no basis for the 
hearing in the statute and regulations.'' Id. at 3.
    In its Exceptions, the Government states its agreement with the 
ALJ's holding that section 958(i) does not require an on-the-record 
hearing on either the issue of whether Lannett is entitled to be 
registered or whether it is entitled to a rule authorizing the 
importation. Gov. Exc. at 3. The Government also states that it 
agrees with the ALJ's holding that section 958(i) provides an

[[Page 62702]]

objector with the right to a hearing on an application for an import 
registration, only when both the applicant and the objector are bulk 
manufacturers of the substances. Id. at 4.
    The Government, however, disagrees with the ALJ's construction 
of section 958(i) as requiring a hearing on an application for a 
rule under section 952(a)(2) even where the applicant is not 
registered as a bulk manufacturer. Id. According to the Government, 
``section 958(i) calls for `a [one] hearing,' '' and ``[t]he ALJ's 
construction mandates a hearing under two separate circumstance, 
i.e.[,] when all parties are bulk manufacture[r]s and when just the 
objectors are bulk manufacturers.'' Id. The Government further 
reasons that because section 958(i) ``uses the conjunction `and,' 
[this] indicates that both conditions, i.e.[,] the applicant being a 
bulk manufacturer for purpose of obtaining a registration under 
Section 958(a) and the objectors being bulk manufacturers for 
purposes of challenging the proposed importation under [section] 
952(a), must be met.'' Id.
    However, the Government then acknowledges that its argument 
``may only highlight the ambiguity in the statute'' and that ``the 
ALJ's interpretation might be acceptable.'' Id. The Government 
further concedes that because ``it is important for DEA to 
scrutinize import applications under 21 U.S.C. Sec. Sec.  958(a) and 
823(a), the ALJ's interpretation may be preferable in terms of 
policy implications.'' Id. at 5.
    The Government also takes issue with the ALJ's interpretation 
that 21 CFR 1301.34(a) does not require that an applicant be a bulk 
manufacturer to trigger the right of bulk manufacturers to a hearing 
on both the application for registration and the rule authorizing 
the import. Id. at 9. The Government contends that ``[w]hat the ALJ 
describes as `discretion' to allow Rhodes to have a hearing under 
Rule 1301.34(a) (which would not otherwise be authorized under 
Section 958(i)) is really an interpretation of the rule to expand 
the persons who may obtain a hearing under Section 958(i),'' and 
that the Agency ``need not and should not interpret [the rule] to 
expand the persons who have authority to seek hearings under'' the 
statute. Id. The Government thus concludes that ``Section 958(i) and 
Rule 1301.34(a) do not give DEA [authority] to authorize hearings to 
objectors that are not authorized by law.'' Id.

Analysis

    The resolution of this issue must, of course, begin with the 
language of the statute and the Agency's regulation. Gonzales v. 
Oregon, 546 U.S. 243, 258 (2006). Section 958(i) provides that:
    Except in emergency situations as described in section 
952(a)(2)(A) of this title, prior to issuing a registration under 
this section to a bulk manufacturer of a controlled substance in 
schedule I or II, and prior to issuing a regulation under section 
952(a) of this title authorizing the importation of such a 
substance, the Attorney General shall give manufacturers holding 
registrations for the bulk manufacture of the substance an 
opportunity for a hearing.
21 U.S.C. Sec.  958(i).
    Shortly after the CSIEA's enactment, DEA promulgated the 
regulation which implements this provision and which is now codified 
at 21 CFR 1301.34(a). See Proposed Regulations Implementing the 
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, 36 FR 
4928, 4959 (Mar. 13, 1971).\12\ In its current form, the rule (which 
has remained unchanged throughout this proceeding), provides in 
relevant part:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ This provision was originally codified at 21 CFR 311.42. In 
promulgating the final rule, the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous 
Drugs (DEA's predecessor) noted that ``[s]everal manufacturers 
objected strongly to the proposed Sec.  311.42(b), (c).'' 
Regulations Implementing the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and 
Control Act of 1970, 36 FR 7776, 7777 (Apr. 24, 1971). These 
provisions of the proposed rule, however, involved the substantive 
standards for determining whether competition is adequate among 
domestic manufacturers ``within the meaning'' of section 
952(a)(2)(B). See id. By contrast, the notice promulgating the Final 
Rule made no mention of any objections to the language of the 
hearing provision of subsection(a). See id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In the case of an application for registration or reregistration 
to import a controlled substance listed in Schedule I or II, under 
the authority of . . . . 21 U.S.C. 952(a)(2)(B), the Administrator 
shall, upon the filing of such application, publish in the Federal 
Register a notice naming the applicant and stating that such 
applicant has applied to be registered as an importer of a Schedule 
I or II controlled substance, which substance shall be identified. A 
copy of said notice shall be mailed simultaneously to each person 
registered as a bulk manufacturer of that controlled substance and 
to any other applicant therefor. Any such person may, within 30 days 
from the date of publication of the notice in the Federal Register, 
file written comments on or objections to the issuance of the 
proposed registration, and may, at the same time, file a written 
request for a hearing on the application . . . . If a hearing is 
requested, the Administrator shall hold a hearing on the application 
in accordance with Sec.  1301.41.\13\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \13\ This regulation provides that ``[i]n any case where the 
Administrator shall hold a hearing on any registration or 
application therefor, the procedures for such hearing shall be 
governed generally by the adjudication procedures set forth in the 
Administrative Procedure Act (5 U.S.C. 551-559) and . . . by 
Sec. Sec.  1301.42-1301.46 of this part, and by the procedures for 
administrative hearings under the Act set forth in Sec. Sec.  
1316.41-1316.67 of this chapter.'' 21 CFR 1301.41.

21 CFR 1301.34(a).
    Also relevant to understanding the scope of section 958(i) and 
21 CFR 1301.34(a), are the registration provisions of the Controlled 
Substances Act (CSA). See 21 U.S.C. Sec.  823. Under the CSA, there 
are only two categories of registration under which a person may 
lawfully engage in the commercial distribution of schedule I or II 
controlled substances: 1) as a manufacturer, see id. Sec.  823(a); 
and 2) as a distributor.\14\ Id. Sec.  823(b). However, neither the 
CSA nor DEA regulations define the term ``bulk manufacturer.'' See 
generally id. Sec.  802; 21 CFR 1300.01. Nor has the Agency 
previously defined the term in an adjudication.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \14\ The CSA also authorizes practitioners (including 
pharmacies) to dispense controlled substances in schedule II (as 
well as practitioners conducting research with a schedule I 
controlled substance pursuant to an approved protocol). See 21 
U.S.C. Sec.  823(f). However, ``[t]he term `distribute' means to 
deliver (other than by administering or dispensing) a controlled 
substance.'' 21 U.S.C. Sec.  802(11). DEA's regulations do, however, 
allow a practitioner (such as a pharmacy) to engage in a limited 
amount of distributions to another practitioner, without being 
registered as a distributor, ``for the purpose of general dispensing 
by the practitioner to patients.'' 21 CFR 1307.11(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Congress did, however, define the terms ``manufacture'' and 
``manufacturer.'' Under the CSA, the term ``manufacture'' is broad 
in scope and includes ``the production, preparation, propagation, 
compounding, or processing of a drug or other substance . . . and 
includes any packaging or repackaging of such substance or labeling 
or relabeling of its container.'' \15\ Id. Sec.  802(15); see also 
id. (``The term `manufacturer' means a person who manufactures a 
drug or other substance.''). By contrast, ``[t]he term `distribute' 
means to deliver (other than by administering or dispensing) a 
controlled substance.'' Id. Sec.  802(11); see also id. (``The term 
`distributor' means a person who so delivers a controlled substance 
. . . .''). Under an Agency regulation, a manufacturer can lawfully 
distribute a controlled substance which it is registered to 
manufacture. See 21 CFR 1301.13(e)(1) (table of authorized 
coincident activities). A distributor cannot, however, lawfully 
manufacture (even if the activity involves packaging, repackaging, 
labeling or relabeling) a controlled substance. See id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \15\ The term, however, ``does not include the preparation, 
compounding, packaging, or labeling of a drug or other substance in 
conformity with applicable State or local law by a practitioner as 
an incident to his administration or dispensing of such drug or 
substances in the course of his professional practice.'' 21 U.S.C. 
Sec.  802(15).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In section 958(i), Congress clearly instructed the Agency to 
provide ``an opportunity for a hearing'' on two separate issues: 1) 
whether to grant an application for an import registration, and 2) 
whether ``to issu[e] a regulation under section 952(a) . . . 
authorizing the importation of such a substance.'' 21 U.S.C. Sec.  
958(i). Moreover, in enacting the provision, which was enacted at 
the same time as the CSA, Congress was well aware that under the 
CSA, both manufacturers registered under section 823(a) and 
distributors registered under section 823(b) would have authority to 
engage in the commercial distribution of schedule I or II controlled 
substances and thus could presumably seek a registration to import a 
schedule I or II controlled substance.\16\ See 21 U.S.C. Sec. Sec.  
823(a), 823(b).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \16\ As explained above, while a distributor's registration 
conveys only the authority to distribute, as long as the controlled 
substance is not being repackaged or relabeled, a distributor acts 
within the scope of its registration.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In section 958(i), however, Congress made it clear enough that a 
current bulk manufacturer of a schedule I or II controlled substance 
is entitled to a hearing on another entity's application for 
registration to import a schedule I or II controlled substance, only 
if the applicant is itself ``a bulk manufacturer of the substance.'' 
21 U.S.C. Sec.  958(i) (``prior to issuing a registration under this 
section to

[[Page 62703]]

a bulk manufacturer of a controlled substance in schedule I or II . 
. . the Attorney General shall give manufacturers holding 
registrations for the bulk manufacturer of the substance an 
opportunity for a hearing'').
    Indeed, had Congress intended to provide bulk manufacturers with 
the right to a hearing to challenge any application for an 
importer's registration, it could have simply used the phrase 
``applicant to import'' instead of ``a bulk manufacturer'' as it did 
in subsection (a) of this provision. See id. Sec.  958(a) (``The 
Attorney General shall register an applicant to import . . . a 
controlled substance in schedule I or II if he determines that such 
registration is consistent with the public interest . . . .''). This 
language would clearly have embraced not only the situation in which 
the applicant for an import registration is a ``bulk manufacturer,'' 
but also when the applicant is a distributor of the controlled 
substance. See Barnhart v. Sigmon Coal Co., Inc., 534 U.S. 438, 452 
(2002) (``[W]hen `Congress includes particular language in one 
section of a statute but omits it in another section of the same 
Act, it is generally presumed that Congress acts intentionally and 
purposely in the disparate inclusion or exclusion.''') (quoting 
Russello v. United States, 464 U.S. 16, 23 (1983) (int. quotations 
and other citation omitted)).
    As found above, Lannett is not a bulk manufacturer of THC. 
Moreover, as long as Lannett does not repackage or relabel the 
containers that the dronabinol has been packaged in by its 
manufacturer, Lannett does not need to hold a manufacturer's 
registration. Thus, it is clear that under the statute, Rhodes was 
not entitled to a hearing to challenge Lannett's application for a 
registration because the latter was not, and need not be, registered 
as a bulk manufacturer of THC to lawfully distribute the dronabinol 
for testing.\17\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \17\ To make clear, if an applicant for an importer's 
registration will engage in an activity (such as repackaging or 
relabeling) which requires that it obtain a manufacturer's 
registration, it cannot circumvent the hearing requirement of 958(i) 
by failing to apply for a manufacturer's registration. However, 
Lannett's proposed activities with the dronabinol do not require 
that it obtain a manufacturer's registration.
    It is noted that on DEA's Application for Registration (Form 
225), the Agency recognizes both ``Manufacturer'' and ``Manufacturer 
BULK'' as different categories of ``Business Activity.'' The 
Application further recognizes four different stages of 
manufacturing: 1) ``Bulk synthesis/extraction,'' 2) ``Dosage Form 
manufacture,'' 3) ``Package/Repackage'' and ``Label/Relabel,'' and 
4) ``Non-human consumption.'' However, the Agency has not defined by 
regulation the term ``Bulk Manufacturer'' and the Government has 
provided no guidance in this case as to the Agency's view on what 
distinguishes a ``Bulk Manufacturer'' from a ``Manufacturer'' and 
which of the above stages it considers to be bulk manufacturing. In 
any event, because Lannett need not engage in any of the four stages 
to conduct its tests, it is clear that it does not need to be 
registered as either a bulk manufacturer or manufacturer.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    By contrast, section 958(i) does not clearly provide that a bulk 
manufacturer's right to challenge the issuance of a regulation under 
section 952(a) is--as the Government and Lannett maintain--triggered 
only by the application of a bulk manufacturer (of the substance) to 
import. The relevant text of section 958(i), which immediately 
follows the ``prior to issuing a registration . . . to a bulk 
manufacturer'' clause, states: ``and prior to issuing a regulation 
under section 952(a) of this title authorizing the importation of 
such a substance, the Attorney General shall give manufacturers 
holding registrations for the bulk manufacture of the substance an 
opportunity for a hearing.'' 21 U.S.C. Sec.  958(i). Construing this 
provision, the ALJ reasoned that ``[b]y its plain language, this 
hearing right does not appear to be limited to situations in which 
the importer of the controlled substance is also a bulk 
manufacturer.'' Memorandum to Counsel and Ruling on Request for 
Hearing, at 21.
    The Government and Lannett disagree. As noted above, the 
Government maintains that the insertion of the word ``and'' between 
the two clauses manifests that the right to a hearing on the 
issuance of the regulation is also triggered only when the applicant 
for such a regulation is a bulk manufacturer. Contrary to the 
Government's contention, the clause is self-contained and seems 
clear enough. Absent other textual evidence of an intent to limit 
the hearing right to where the applicant is a bulk manufacturer, 
Congress's use of the word ``and'' (as opposed to ``or'') to conjoin 
the two clauses is too thin a reed to conclude that Congress 
intended for the right to a hearing to challenge the issuance of a 
regulation under section 952 to be triggered only where an applicant 
is a bulk manufacturer.
    Indeed, had Congress intended to limit the right to challenge 
the issuance of a regulation only to the instance in which the 
importer was a bulk manufacturer, it could have clarified that by 
inserting the same limitation in this clause. Moreover, the 
Government's proposed construction would exclude from the hearing 
right any application by a distributor to import a schedule I or II 
controlled substance. Yet, as the Government then recognizes in its 
brief, ``it is important for DEA to scrutinize import applications'' 
to ensure that the proposed import complies with Federal law. Gov. 
Exc., at 5. This is so whether the importer holds a manufacturer's 
registration or a distributor's registration.
    As for Lannett, it cites the 2007 Federal Register notices in 
which I directed the Office of Administrative Law Judges to dismiss 
two hearings which were docketed after bulk manufacturers sought to 
challenge the applications of two entities to import narcotic raw 
materials because the requesting parties were not registered to 
manufacturer these substances. Lannett Exc., at 2 (citing 72 FR at 
3417-19). The applications were, however, filed under section 
952(a)(1), and these notices did not address the separate issue of 
whether section 958(i) requires the Agency to provide a bulk 
manufacturer with ``an opportunity for a hearing'' to challenge 
whether an importation is permissible under section 952(a)(2).
    Lannett also argues that ``there [was] no basis for a hearing 
under 21 CFR 1301.34(a),'' because section 958(i) limits the hearing 
right ``to cases where both the applicant and the party seeking a 
hearing are bulk manufacturers.' '' Lannett Exc., at 2. It further 
contends that ``21 CFR 1301.34(a) enacts 21 U.S.C. Sec. Sec.  952 
and 958 and thus cannot be read to permit what the statutes 
prohibit.'' Id. at 3. Finally, Lannett argues that the ALJ erred in 
holding that the Agency has discretion to provide the hearing which 
Rhodes requested. Id. According to Lannett, ``[if] there is no basis 
for the hearing in the statute and regulations, the [Agency's] offer 
of the hearing was erroneous in the first instance.'' Id.
    I conclude that it is not necessary to decide whether the ALJ 
correctly held that Rhodes was entitled to a full evidentiary 
hearing under 21 CFR 1301.34(a) even though Lannett is not a bulk 
manufacturer. As held above, section 958(i) obligates the Agency to 
provide ``an opportunity for a hearing'' to challenge whether 
Lannett's proposed importation complies with section 952(a). 
Moreover, while 21 CFR 1301.34(a) appears to limit the Agency's 
obligation to publish notice of the application and to grant bulk 
manufacturers a hearing to those instances in which a rule 
authorizing the importation is sought under 952(a)(2)(B) (i.e., 
where competition among domestic manufacturers is shown to be 
inadequate), Lannett ignores that under 958(i), the only instance in 
which the Agency is not obligated to provide a hearing is ``in 
emergency situations as described in section 952(a)(2)(A) of this 
title.'' 21 U.S.C. Sec.  958(i); see also id. Sec.  952(a)(2)(A) 
(authorizing importation of ``such amounts of any controlled 
substance in schedule I or II . . . that the Attorney General finds 
to be necessary to provide for the medical, scientific, or other 
legitimate needs . . . during an emergency in which domestic 
supplies of such substance or drug are found by the Attorney General 
to be inadequate''). Accordingly, the plain language of section 
958(i) obligates the Agency to provide an opportunity for a hearing 
to a bulk manufacturer even when importation is sought ``in any case 
in which the Attorney General finds that such controlled substance 
is in limited quantities exclusively for scientific, analytical, or 
research uses[.]'' Id. Sec.  952(a)(2)(C).\18\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \18\ Subparagraph (2)(C) was not part of the Act as originally 
enacted in 1970. See Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control 
Act of 1970, Pub. L. 91-513, Sec.  1002(a)(2), 84 Stat. 1236, 1285 
(1970). Section 1008(h) of the 1970 Act provided the hearing 
requirement which is now codified at 21 U.S.C. Sec.  958(i). See 84 
Stat. 1289 (``prior to issuing a regulation under section 1002(a) 
authorizing the importation of such a substance, the Attorney 
General shall give manufacturers holding registrations for the bulk 
manufacture of the substance an opportunity for a hearing'').
    In 1984, Congress amended the statute to add subparagraph 
(2)(C). See Continuing Appropriations, 1985-Comprehensive Crime 
Control Act of 1984, Pub. L. 98-473, Sec.  520, 98 Stat. 1837, 2075 
(1984) (codified at 21 U.S.C. Sec.  952(a)(2)(C)). While in this 
statute, Congress redesignated subsection (h) as subsection (i), it 
did not amend the hearing requirement to limit it to those cases in 
which importation was sought on the ground that competition is 
inadequate. See id. Sec.  525, 98 Stat. 2076-77.
    As for Lannett's argument that the regulation is ultra vires 
because it provides for a hearing on the issue of its registration 
when the statute does not, it is noted that the ALJ's pre-hearing 
ruling was somewhat unclear as to whether Rhodes was entitled to a 
hearing on the issue. See Memorandum to Counsel and Ruling on 
Request for Hearing, at 26 (``I have found that the only exception 
to the general prohibition of importation of controlled substances 
that would apply here is an importation authorized under Sec.  
952(a)(2)(B). Therefore, I find that Rhodes [is] entitled to a 
formal `on the record' hearing on the application[ ] to import the 
substance that [it] respectively holds registration to bulk 
manufacture.''). However, Lannett did not seek clarification from 
the ALJ as to whether the hearing would encompass the public 
interest factors applicable to the issue of its registration, and it 
chose to put on evidence on the factors. I thus conclude that it has 
waived its argument.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 62704]]

    In her various rulings, the ALJ concluded that section 958 does 
not require that the Agency provide an ``on the record'' hearing as 
part of the rulemaking process under section 952(a). ALJ Memorandum 
to Counsel, at 21; ALJ at 48. This holding is amply supported by 
Supreme Court precedent. See United States v. Florida East Coast 
Ry., 410 U.S. 224 (1973); see also United States v. Allegheny-Ludlum 
Steel Corp., 406 U.S. 742 (1972).
    To the extent Lannett contends that the Agency did not have 
discretion to grant Rhodes a formal hearing on its application (in 
essence, an argument that the Agency has granted too much process), 
the Supreme Court has long recognized that ``the formulation of 
procedures was basically left within the discretion of the agencies 
to which Congress had confided the responsibility for substantive 
judgments.'' Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp., v. NRDC, Inc., 435 
U.S. 519, 524 (1978). As the Court recognized, ``this principle [is] 
`an outgrowth of the congressional determination that administrative 
agencies and administrators will be familiar with the industries 
which they regulate and will be in a better position than federal 
courts or Congress itself to design procedural rules adapted to the 
peculiarities of the industry and the tasks of the agency 
involved.'' Id. at 525 (quoting FCC v. Schreiber, 381 U.S. 279, 290 
(1965)). See also FCC v. Pottsville Broadcasting Co., 309 U.S. 134, 
143 (1940) (administrative agencies ``should be free to fashion 
their own rules of procedure and to pursue methods of inquiry 
capable of permitting them to discharge their multitudinous 
duties''). Consistent with this authority, this Agency has long held 
that the Administrator has discretion under section 958(i) to grant 
or deny a hearing to any party on issues concerning the importation 
of controlled substances even where the party seeking the hearing 
was not entitled to a hearing because it did not hold a registration 
to manufacture the substance sought to be imported. See Importation 
of Controlled Substances--Application, 43 FR 35403 (1978) (McNeilab, 
Inc.).\19\ Because it is clear that under section 958(i), Rhodes was 
entitled to a hearing on the issue of whether a regulation should 
issue authorizing the importation, I conclude that it is within the 
Agency's discretion to provide a formal hearing on the application.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \19\ I acknowledge that the 2007 Notice of Correction called 
into question the Agency's discretionary authority to hold hearings 
in cases involving narcotic raw materials where the parties who 
requested a hearing were not manufacturers of the substance as 
required under both section 958(i) and 21 CFR 1301.34(a). However, 
as explained above, under section 958(i), Rhodes was entitled to a 
hearing to challenge the issuance of a regulation authorizing the 
importation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Is Lannett's proposed importation permissible under Section 952(a)(2)?

    Under section 952(a)(2), it is unlawful to import into the 
United States a schedule I or II controlled substance ``except that 
. . . such amounts of any controlled substance in schedule I or II . 
. . that the Attorney General finds to be necessary to provide for 
the medical, scientific, or other legitimate needs of the United 
States'' may be imported if one of three findings is made. 21 U.S.C. 
Sec.  952(a)(2). These are:
    (A) During an emergency in which domestic supplies of such 
substance or drug are found by the Attorney General to be 
inadequate,
    (B) [i]n any case in which the Attorney General finds that 
competition among domestic manufacturers of the controlled substance 
is inadequate and will not be rendered adequate by the registration 
of additional manufacturers under section 823 of this title, or
    (C) in any case in which the Attorney General finds that such 
controlled substance is in limited quantities exclusively for 
scientific, analytical, or research uses[.]

21 U.S.C. Sec.  952(a)(2).
    In its Post-Hearing Brief, Lannett contends that its proposed 
importation is permissible under both subparagraphs B and C.\20\ 
Lannett's Post-Hearing Br., at 6-7. While the Government took no 
position on whether the importation is permissible under 
subparagraph B, it argues that ``Lannett's application should be 
assessed under'' subparagraph C and appears to endorse Lannett's 
position that the importation is permissible on this basis. Gov. 
Post-Hearing Br., at 11; see also id. at 12 (``The phrase `limited 
quantities exclusively for . . . research uses' should not be 
construed to have a numerical limit. If the amounts are definitive 
and will be used for research, then Section 952(a)(2)(C) should 
apply.''). By contrast, Rhodes argues that Lannett has not 
established that the proposed importation is permissible under 
either provision. Rhode's Post-Hearing Br., at 66-77.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \20\ Lannett does not claim that an emergency exists because 
domestic supplies of dronabinol are inadequate.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In its Exceptions, Lannett further argues that because its 
application presents ``no increased risk of diversion,'' the Agency 
can grant its application ``without regard to 21 U.S.C. Sec.  
952(a).'' Lannett's Exc., at 3. In Lannett's view, because the 
overarching purpose of the CSA and the CSIEA is to prevent the 
diversion of controlled substances, and there is no evidence that 
granting its application will increase the risk of diversion, DEA 
can disregard section 952(a). Id. at 3-4. As support for this 
proposition, Lannett cites Penick Corp. v. DEA, 491 F.3d 483, 489 
n.8 (D.C. Cir. 2007), and Noramco of Delaware, Inc., v. DEA, 375 
F.3d 1148, 1153 (D.C. Cir. 2004), both of which upheld Agency 
decisions to grant registrations to importers of narcotic raw 
materials under 21 U.S.C. Sec.  958(a) without analyzing the 
adequacy of competition under factor one of the public interest 
standard (21 U.S.C. Sec.  823(a)(1)) because there was no evidence 
that granting the registration would increase the risk of diversion.
    Lannett's argument fails, however, because both cases involved 
an application of the Agency's discretionary authority under the 
public interest standard used to determine whether to grant an 
application for registration, and not whether an importation was 
permissible under section 952(a)(2)(B). See Penick, 491 F.3d at 486-
488 n.5; \21\ Noramco, 375 F.3d at 1153. As the D.C. Circuit 
recognized in Penick, ``section 823(a)'s enumerated factors 
represent components of the public interest rather than independent 
requirements for registration and thus, the [Agency] may find a 
registration consistent with the public interest even if one (or 
possibly more) of the public interest factors is not satisfied.'' 
491 F.3d at 490 (citing Johnson Matthey, Inc., 60 FR 26050, 26052 
(1995) (``It is well established that the Deputy Administrator is 
not required to make findings with respect to each of the [section 
823(a)] factors, but has discretion to give each factor the weight 
he deems appropriate, depending upon the facts and circumstances in 
each case.'')); cf. Air Line Pilots Ass'n v. Dep't of Transp., 791 
F.2d 172, 177-78 (D.C. Cir. 1986).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \21\ Indeed, in Penick, the D.C. Circuit noted that the 
objectors did not challenge the rulemaking aspect of the proceeding. 
See 491 F.3d, at 488 n.5. Moreover, under section 952(a)(1), the 
importation of narcotic raw material does not require a finding of 
inadequate competition. See 21 U.S.C. Sec.  952(a)(1) (authorizing 
importation of ``such amounts of crude opium, poppy straw, 
concentrate of poppy straw, and coca leaves . . . as the Attorney 
General finds to be necessary to provide for medical, scientific, or 
other legitimate purposes'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    By contrast, section 952(a)(2) sets forth the affirmative 
requirement that the Agency make one of three findings before 
issuing a regulation approving a proposed importation of a schedule 
I or II controlled substance. As section 952 makes plain, DEA does 
not have discretion under the statute to authorize an importation in 
the absence of a finding that one of the three conditions exists. 
Accordingly, I reject Lannett's argument that because there is no 
evidence that the importation will increase the risk of diversion, 
the Agency can grant its application without regard to whether its 
proposed importation is permissible under section 952.

A. Is Lannett's proposed importation permissible under Subparagraph B?

    As the ALJ recognized, to import pursuant to this provision, an 
applicant must show that competition among domestic manufacturers of 
the controlled substance is inadequate and will not be rendered 
adequate by the registration of additional manufacturers. ALJ at 52. 
In her decision, the ALJ found that Lannett had failed to establish 
that competition among domestic manufactures of dronabinol is 
inadequate. ALJ at 52-53. More specifically, she noted that 
Lannett's evidence was largely confined to the testimony of its CEO 
as to several

[[Page 62705]]

unsuccessful efforts the company made to find a domestic 
manufacturer/supplier of dronabinol during the period of 2002-2003. 
ALJ at 53. The ALJ further noted that ``Lannett did not offer any 
evidence as to the market for bulk dronabinol in 2009,\22\ about 
competition in that market, or about the factors'' set forth in the 
Agency's regulation for determining whether competition among the 
domestic manufacturers of bulk dronabinol is inadequate. Id. (citing 
21 CFR 1301.34(d), (e), and (f)).\23\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \22\ It is acknowledged that Lannett introduce several exhibits 
providing data as to the price of dosage-form dronabinol over a 
multi-year period which concluded shortly before the hearing 
convened. This data included the average unit and wholesale prices 
of dronabinol (both generic and branded) sold by various 
manufacturers and distributors to non-retail settings, as well as 
the average retail price of a prescription for various strengths and 
quantities of both the generic and branded drugs (which were also 
listed by manufacturer) at retail and mail-order pharmacies. LX 5-8. 
Lannett did not, however, offer any evidence as to the costs of bulk 
dronabinol in the domestic market at the time of its application.
    While the average wholesale and retail prices of dosage form 
dronabinol might provide some evidence that competition is 
inadequate among the domestic manufacturers of bulk dronabinol, 
Lannett did not put on any testimony, let alone that of an expert, 
to explain how this evidence shows that competition in the bulk 
dronabinol market is inadequate. Moreover, Lannett does not even 
cite this evidence in its brief.
    \23\ Summarized, these factors include: 1) ``[t]he extent of 
price rigidity''; 2) ``[t]he extent of service and quality 
competition among the domestic manufacturers for shares of the 
domestic market''; 3) ``[t]he existence of substantial differentials 
between domestic prices and the higher of prices generally 
prevailing in foreign markets or the price at which the applicant . 
. . is committed to undertake to provide such products in the 
domestic market in conformity with the Act''; 4) ``[t]he existence 
of competitive restraints imposed upon domestic manufacturers by 
governmental regulations''; and 5) ``[s]uch other factors as may be 
relevant to the determinations required under this paragraph.'' 21 
CFR 1301.34(d).
    DEA regulations further direct that ``[i]n considering the scope 
of the domestic market, consideration shall be given to substitute 
products which are reasonably interchangeable in terms of price, 
quality and use,'' id. Sec.  1301.34(e); and ``[t]he fact that the 
number of existing manufacturers is small shall not demonstrate, in 
and of itself, that adequate competition among them does not 
exist.'' Id. Sec.  1301.34(f).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As for Lannett's evidence regarding its inability (circa 2002-
03) to find a domestic manufacturer to supply it, the ALJ properly 
held that this evidence was too stale to support a finding of 
inadequate competition. Notably, the statutory text requires a 
finding that competition ``is inadequate and will not be rendered 
adequate by the registration of additional manufacturers.'' 21 
U.S.C. Sec.  952(a)(2)(B) (emphasis added). Consistent with the 
statute, DEA has previously held that the relevant time period for 
assessing the adequacy of competition is at the time of the hearing. 
Cf. Penick Corp., Inc., 68 FR 6947, 6950 (2003) (``The Deputy 
Administrator agrees with the ALJ that Penick has demonstrated that 
the opiate API market was not operating under `adequately 
competitive conditions' as of the date of the hearing.''). Moreover, 
Lannett offered no evidence to rebut Rhode's contention that there 
are currently multiple domestic manufacturers which are able to 
supply the bulk dronabinol market. Tr. 387-88; RX 28, at 5-7. 
Accordingly, I agree with the ALJ that Lannett has failed to show 
that proposed importation is permissible under section 952(a)(2)(B).

A. Is Lannett's proposed importation permissible under Subparagraph C?

    Lannett (supported by the Government) argues that the 
importation is nonetheless permissible under the exception for `` 
`limited quantities exclusively for scientific, analytical, or 
research uses.' '' Lannett's Exc., at 7 (quoting 21 U.S.C. Sec.  
952(a)(2)(C)). As found above, the evidence shows that Lannett seeks 
to import three batches of 100,000 dosage units each for the purpose 
of conducting testing to establish the stability of the drug and to 
show that the dronabinol is bioequivalent to Marinol, the FDA-
approved legend drug; Lannett will then submit the data to the FDA 
as part of an ANDA. Lannett also established that the reason why the 
test batches are 100,000 dosage units is because the FDA generally 
requires that the test batch be the same size as the eventual 
production batch and that if Lannett's ANDA is approved, it does not 
want to limit the production batches ``to less than 100,000 dosage 
units per batch.'' LX 1, at 3-4; LX 4, at 6 (``OGD's Procedure and 
Policy Guide . . . 22-90 . . . requires that the test batch size be 
determined based on the proposed production batch.''); see also 21 
CFR 314.94(a)(9) (an ANDA ``shall contain the proposed or actual 
master production record . . . to be used for the manufacture of a 
commercial lot of the drug product'').
    Lannett's CEO also testified that as a general matter, to comply 
with FDA's standards, three batches must be produced to validate the 
manufacturing process, although the batches need not necessarily be 
made consecutively. Tr. 37-39. However, the FDA's Guidance on the 
Packaging of Test Batches states that ``ANDAs . . . are usually 
approved based on data from a single test batch.'' LX 3, at 1. 
Moreover, it is not clear why the validation of the additional 
batches requires that they be imported into the United States.\24\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \24\ According to FDA's recently published Guidance for 
Industry, Process Validation: General Principles and Practices (Jan. 
2011), of which I take official notice, FDA Current Good 
Manufacturing Process ``regulations define the various aspects of 
validation. For example, Sec.  211.110(a), Sampling and testing of 
in-process materials and drug products, requires that control 
procedures `` `. . . be established to monitor the output and to 
validate the performance of those manufacturing processes that may 
be responsible for causing variability in the characteristics of in-
process material and the drug product.'' ' '' Process Validation, at 
6. Continuing, the Guidance states that ``[u]nder this regulation, 
even well-designed processes must include in-process control 
procedures to assure final product quality.'' Id. (emphasis added).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The ALJ concluded that the proposed importation is not 
permissible under subparagraph C. In so concluding, the ALJ relied 
on the testimony of a former agency official who was involved in 
drafting the provision and reasoned that the legislative history of 
the amendment indicates ``that (1) the purpose of the broad 
prohibition on importing Schedule I and II bulk active 
pharmaceutical ingredients was to establish a strong system of 
domestic controls, support the domestic manufacturer who bears the 
cost of these controls, and discourage the expansion of foreign 
production under less stringent controls; and (2) the research 
exception from the prohibition was intended to allow importation of 
substances for comparative studies on compounds developed abroad.'' 
ALJ at 53.
    The ALJ also relied on a 1995 Policy Statement which was issued 
in response to the practice of some companies that were engaging in 
dosage-form development activities, including bulk manufacturing, 
without obtaining a manufacturer's registration; these firms claimed 
that their activities were coincident activities which could be 
lawfully performed under a researcher's registration. Id. at 54; see 
also Clarification of Coincident Activities for Researchers, 60 FR 
55310, 55311 (1995).\25\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \25\ The Clarification specifically noted that some of these 
firms were engaged in the ``production of batches as mandated by 
the'' FDA and further stated that:
    [f]or purposes of 21 CFR part 1301, the following dosage form 
development activities are not considered research and must be 
conducted under a manufacturer registration: (a) Activities for the 
purpose of satisfying regulatory requirements such as FDA submission 
or good manufacturing practice; (b) activities associated with 
establishing the manufacturing processes and procedures, including, 
but not limited to, production of material used for pilot, scale-up 
and reformulation studies, as well as the studies themselves; and 
(c) all activities associated with such development including, but 
not limited to, bioavailability, formulation, stability, and 
validation. While these activities may be considered research under 
FDA requirements, 21 CFR part 1301 must be read within the context 
of the CSA and its attendant requirements concerning quotas, 
recordkeeping, security and reporting. DEA does not consider such 
dosage form development to be a coincident research activity as 
contemplated by 21 CFR 1301.22(b); the production of material for 
such activities is manufacturing.
    60 FR at 55311.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The ALJ observed that ``[a] major concern expressed in the 
Clarification was that some dosage form manufacturers had obtained 
large quantities of Schedule II substances under a researcher 
registration and did not have in place the safeguards required of a 
firm registered to manufacture. A continuing theme in discussions of 
the research exception is that the quantities involved are small.'' 
ALJ at 53-54. Noting that Lannett seeks to import 300,000 capsules, 
the ALJ reasoned that ``[w]hatever the limit may be on the quantity 
that qualifies for the research exception, 300,000 dosage units 
would likely exceed it.'' Id. The ALJ thus found that the 
importation ``does not qualify as an importation for research 
purposes within the meaning of 21 U.S.C. Sec.  952(a)(2)(C).''
    As originally enacted, subsection 952(a)(2) did not contain this 
provision. See 84 Stat. 1242. Rather, the exception was enacted as 
part of the Dangerous Drug Diversion Control Act of 1984. See 
Continuing Appropriations, 1985-Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 
1984, Public Law 98-473, tit. V, Sec.  520, 98

[[Page 62706]]

Stat. 1837, 2075 (1984). Significantly, neither the statute nor the 
Agency's regulations define the provision's critical terms of ``in 
limited quantities'' and ``exclusively for scientific, analytical, 
or research uses.'' 21 U.S.C. Sec.  952(a)(2)(C). See id. Sec.  951 
(defining only the terms ``import'' and ``customs territory of the 
United States'' and otherwise providing that the definitions of the 
CSA apply); id. Sec.  802 (CSA's definitions); see also 21 CFR Part 
1300; id. Sec.  1312.02.
    Rhodes points to the legislative history of both the original 
CSIEA and the Amendment, as well as the testimony of the former DEA 
official who was involved in drafting the provision, and contends 
that subparagraph (2)(C) was only intended to address the statute's 
failure to provide a mechanism (as had a Treasury Department 
regulation enacted under the Narcotic Manufacturing Act of 1960) to 
allow researchers to import foreign-source materials to perform 
comparative studies on them when the domestic supply is inadequate 
because the foreign-source material is unique and/or to develop 
reference standards. Rhodes Post-Hearing Br. at 76; RX 31, at 20-23. 
Rhodes cites the written testimony of the former official, who, in 
turn, cites the Senate Report Committee Report, which states:
    Under current 21 U.S.C. 952(a)(2), the importation of controlled 
substance in Schedules I and II . . . for medical, scientific, and 
other legitimate purposes is generally limited to those cases in 
which there is a finding that competition among domestic 
manufactures is inadequate. This requirement has created 
difficulties in situations which routinely arise when researchers 
need specific substances for comparative studies on foreign-
developed compounds that are unique in their manufacture. Section 
518 [this amendment] would accommodate the need to import such 
substances by adding a new provision to 21 U.S.C. 952(a)(2) that 
would allow importation of limited quantities of controlled 
substances for purposes exclusive of ultimate scientific, analytic, 
or research uses.
    S. Rep. No. 98-225, at 269-70, reprinted at 1984 U.S.C.C.A.N. 
3182, 3451-52.
    According to the former official:
    The principal purpose of this statutory amendment was . . . to 
restore an important exception to the prohibition that had (perhaps 
inadvertently) been left out of the 1970 Act. The commercial 
purposes for which Lannett wishes to import these substances merely 
to satisfy FDA regulatory requirements, in my view, certainly do not 
relate to the purpose for which this amendment is intended. These 
are not unique substances or laboratory standards, and are not being 
sought for any such characteristics or purposes.
    RX 31, at 21. Rhodes thus argues that because Lannett's purpose 
in importing the dronabinol is to establish that it is bioequivalent 
to the domestically-produced innovator drug and not to show that it 
is a unique substance, ``its proposed importation does not fit 
within the purposes for which th[e] provision is intended.'' Rhodes 
Post-Hearing Br. at 75.
    Rhodes also argues that its position is supported by 21 CFR 
1312.13(a)(3) & (4), which were promulgated to implement section 
952(a)(2)(C). Id. at 75-76. As Rhodes observes, this regulation 
``requires a finding `that the domestic supply of any controlled 
substance is inadequate for scientific studies, and that the 
importation of that substance for scientific purposes is only for 
delivery' '' to a person registered or exempt from registration 
under section 957 and 958, ``or `that the importation of the 
controlled substance is for ballistics \26\ or other analytical or 
scientific purposes, and that the importation of that substance is 
only for delivery''' to a person registered or exempt from 
registration under section 957 and 958. Id. (quoting 21 CFR 
1312.13(a)(3) & (4)). According to the former agency official, ``it 
is no accident that the terminology used in subsections 
1312.13(a)(3) and (a)(4) reflects the language previously cited in 
the Treasury Department regulations implementing the Narcotics 
Manufacturing Act of 1960.'' RX 31, at 22.\27\ Rhodes further argues 
that a narrow reading of the term ``research'' is supported by the 
longstanding Federal policy which prohibited the importation of 
narcotic drugs with limited exceptions for narcotic raw materials as 
were necessary to provide for medical and other legitimate uses. 
Rhodes Resp. to Gov's. & Lannett's Exceptions, at 10-11 (citing 
Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act, Sec.  2(b), Public Law 67-227, 
42 Stat. 596 (1922)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \26\ The former official explained that the term ``ballistics'' 
``refers to the scientific examination of drugs, typically in dosage 
form, by forensic chemists to determine their origin, properties, 
identifying marks, or impurities, usually for evidentiary 
purposes.'' RX 31, at 22.
    \27\ Under former 21 CFR 307.151, the Commissioner of Narcotics 
was authorized to ``issue a formal permit to certain classes of 
persons desiring to import any narcotic drug or drugs . . . for 
scientific purposes only.'' Under this regulation, importation was 
``limited to narcotic drugs not readily available to the applicant 
from sources within the United States, unless questions of origin, 
types or particular methods of productions are elements of the 
research objectives.''
    The regulation, however, further provided that:
    Applicants for import permits licensed under section 8 of the 
Narcotics Manufacturing Act of 1960, who as part of their 
manufacturing business maintain branch or subsidiary manufacturing 
establishments in foreign countries, or are themselves a branch or 
subsidiary of a foreign parent organization, may be issued import 
permits for occasional imports of samples of the products of these 
foreign branches, subsidiaries or parent organizations for the 
purpose of research or spot check analyses to establish or maintain 
proper chemical and therapeutical standards of their products. 
However, an applicant will not be granted import permits to make 
continuous or regular imports of samples of recurring batches or 
lots of the same product for routine factory controls.
    Id. Section 8 of the 1960 Act was the predecessor of 21 U.S.C. 
Sec.  823(a) and required that ``every person'' engaged in the 
manufacture of narcotic drugs obtain ``a separate license for the 
manufacture of each basic class of narcotic drug.'' Narcotics 
Manufacturing Act of 1960, Sec.  8, Public Law 86-429, 74 Stat. 55, 
62 (1960).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    It cannot be disputed that prior to the enactment of the CSIEA, 
longstanding Federal policy prohibited the importation of narcotics 
other than raw materials such as crude opium and coca leaves. The 
CSIEA, however, substantially modified this policy by allowing for 
the importation of additional controlled substances, including not 
only schedule I and II drugs, in accordance with the provisions of 
subsection 952(a)(2), but also nonnarcotic schedule III through V 
drugs, under the provisions of subsection 952(b). See 21 U.S.C. 
Sec.  952(b). Significantly, in the case of a nonnarcotic schedule 
III controlled substance, the latter provision does not condition 
approval of a proposed importation upon a finding that competition 
among domestic manufacturers of the drug is inadequate. Rather, the 
statute requires only that the drugs be ``imported for medical, 
scientific, or other legitimates uses,'' and that ``in the case of 
any nonnarcotic controlled substance in schedule III, [pursuant to] 
such import permit, notification, or declaration, as the Attorney 
General may by regulation prescribe.'' Id. See also 21 CFR 
1312.30(a) (requiring import permit for synthetic dronabinol in 
sesame oil encapsulated in soft gelatin in an FDA approved product). 
Given that the CSIEA fundamentally changed Federal policy as to the 
scope of permissible importations of controlled substances, its 
provisions, and not historical practice, are dispositive.\28\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \28\ As noted above, the ALJ also reasoned that ``the purpose of 
the broad prohibition on importing Schedule I and II bulk active 
pharmaceutical ingredients was to establish a strong system of 
domestic controls, support the domestic manufacturers who bear the 
cost of these controls, and discourage the expansion of foreign 
production under less stringent controls.'' ALJ at 54. However, 
Lannett is not seeking to import ``bulk active pharmaceutical 
ingredients,'' but rather a drug in finished dosage form. Moreover, 
both the manufacturers of the active pharmaceutical ingredient and 
the finished dosage form are located in Switzerland, a country which 
is a party to the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, and which has 
agreed to comply with extensive control measures.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Thus, even conceding Rhodes' contention that ``[t]he principal 
purpose'' of the provision was to restore the exception provided for 
under the Treasury Department regulation, that does not mean that 
this was Congress' exclusive purpose. To the contrary, the statutory 
text is the best evidence of Congress's purpose, see West Va. Univ. 
Hospitals, Inc., v. Casey, 499 U.S. 83, 98 (1991); and section 
952(a)(2)(C)'s text is substantially broader in scope than what was 
necessary to effectuate the purpose indicated in the legislative 
history of limiting the exception to allowing researchers to obtain 
``specific substances for comparative studies on foreign-developed 
compounds that are unique in their manufacture.'' S. Rep. No. 98-
225, at 269-70.
    Moreover, under the former Treasury Department regulation, 
importation ``for the purpose of research or spot check analyses to 
establish or maintain proper chemical and therapeutical standards of 
their products'' was deemed to be ``for scientific purposes.'' 21 
CFR 307.151 (1962). Other than the fact that Lannett seeks to do the 
stability and bioequivalence studies to support an ANDA (and 
eventually market a drug), there is little difference between the 
nature of these studies and those permitted under the former 
regulation. Indeed, as is made clear by the testimony of the former 
official, it is not the

[[Page 62707]]

nature of the activity which Lannett will use the dronabinol for, 
but the fact that it seeks to eventually commercially distribute the 
drug which, in Rhodes' view, bars the importation under the research 
exception.
    However, performing stability and bioequivalence studies on a 
drug clearly constitutes a ``scientific, analytical or research 
use[]'' as required by the statute even if these activities are 
being done for the purpose of being able to obtain approval to 
commercially distribute a drug. While subsection (a)(2)(C) further 
requires that the importation be ``exclusively'' for these purposes, 
effectuating the statutory mandate can be accomplished by 
prohibiting the subsequent commercial distribution of any of the 
drugs imported under this provision.
    Contrary to Rhodes' position, neither the Agency's regulation 
nor the 1995 Policy Statement preclude the Agency from construing 
952(a)(2)(C) to permit the importation. Under the regulation, the 
Agency may authorize an importation upon a finding that ``the 
controlled substance is for ballistics or other analytical or 
scientific purposes.'' 21 CFR 1312.13(a)(4) (emphasis added). 
Notably, the regulation does not contain any language limiting the 
scope of what constitutes ``analytical or scientific purposes.'' Id. 
Thus, on its face, the regulation clearly permits importation to 
establish stability and bioequivalence of a drug.
    The ALJ's reliance on the 1995 Policy Statement was also 
misplaced. Most significantly, the Policy Statement did not address 
the issue of what activities constitute ``scientific, analytical, or 
research uses'' under subsection 952(a)(2)(C), but rather the 
question of whether manufacturers could engage in ``the production 
of material'' in batch sizes for dosage-form development activities 
under a researcher's registration. 60 FR at 55311. The scale of the 
latter activity clearly raised a variety of concerns involving the 
security and recordkeeping of the bulk active pharmaceutical 
ingredients used in the manufacturing process, and DEA's regulations 
have long imposed far more extensive security and recordkeeping 
requirements on manufacturers than they have on researchers. Compare 
21 CFR 1304.22(a) (recordkeeping requirement for manufacturers) with 
id. 1304.22(c) (recordkeeping requirements for researchers); compare 
21 CFR 1301.72 and 1301.73 (physical security controls for non-
practitioners) with id. 1301.75 (physical security controls for 
practitioners and researchers).
    While these concerns remain valid, they are not implicated by 
Lannett's proposed importation. Notably, Lannett seeks to import 
controlled substances which are already in finished dosage form and 
packaged. The importation thus does not raise the same security and 
recordkeeping concerns as does the practice of manufacturing large 
batches of dosage form drugs from active pharmaceutical ingredients. 
Because the 1995 Policy Statement clearly did not consider this 
situation, I decline to give it any weight in the analysis. Cf. 
Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134, 140 (1944).
    Subsection (a)(2)(C) does, however, require that the importation 
be ``in limited quantities.'' Based on this requirement, the ALJ 
reasoned that ``[w]hatever the limit may be on the quantity that 
qualifies for the research exception, 300,000 dosage units would 
likely exceed it.'' ALJ at 54.
    As noted above, in enacting this provision, Congress did not 
define the term ``limited quantities.'' I conclude that the best 
reading of this provision is that it does not impose an absolute 
numerical limit on the size of a permissible importation, but 
rather, requires an assessment of the quantity sought to be imported 
in light of the substance's intended use.
    Accordingly, while the absolute size of a proposed importation 
does not necessarily render it impermissible, absent a clear 
justification to support the quantity, the importation does not 
comply with the ``limited quantities'' standard. An applicant must 
therefore justify the amount of the proposed importation based on 
the underlying purpose of the research.\29\ However, where the 
applicant justifies the amount of the proposed importation, the 
importation qualifies as ``in limited quantities.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \29\ DEA has extensive regulations governing the conduct of 
research using controlled substances. For example, under DEA's 
regulations, a researcher is required to submit a protocol setting 
forth, inter alia, a ``[d]escription of the research to be 
conducted, including the number and species of research subject, the 
dosage to be administered, the route and method of administration, 
and the duration of the project,'' as well as a ``[s]tatement of the 
security provisions for storing the controlled substances . . . and 
for dispensing [them] in order to prevent diversion.'' 21 CFR 
1301.18(a). Moreover, ``[i]n the case of a clinical investigation 
with controlled substances listed in Schedule I, the application 
shall submit three copies of a Notice of Claimed Investigational 
Exemption for a New Drug (IND) together with a statement of the 
security provisions . . . to, and have such submission approved by, 
the'' FDA. Id. 1301.18(b).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Here, Lannett's evidence shows that FDA generally requires that 
the test batch be the same size as the eventual production batches 
and that these batches should be 100,000 dosage units. LX 1, at 3-4; 
LX 3, at 1-2. Moreover, according to the FDA Guidance, the samples 
which are used to conduct stability and bioequivalency tests should 
be selected from ``packaged product'' and should either ``be 
systematically selected at intervals from the packaging line,'' or 
selected by ``a random sampling procedure.'' LX 3, at 3-4. The same 
FDA Guidance Document includes a table for solid oral dosage form 
drugs indicating the number of bottles that should be selected based 
on the number of dosage units in a package. Id. at 4. This table 
suggests that where a drug is packaged in 100 dosage unit bottles, 
only twenty-eight bottles are needed for the requisite stability and 
bioequivalence studies and for reserves; this table thus also 
suggests that a figure closer to Lannett's original request to 
import 3,000 dosage units may suffice. Id. Moreover, even crediting 
the testimony that validating the manufacturing process requires the 
production of three batches, Lannett has not established why it is 
necessary for it to import the additional two batches.
    It is further noted that under an FDA regulation, that Agency 
``strongly recommends that . . . any person planning to conduct a 
bioavailability or bioequivalence study submit the proposed protocol 
for the study to FDA for review prior to the initiation of the 
study'' and that FDA ``will offer advice with respect to whether'' 
the design of the ``study is appropriate'' and whether ``[t]he 
proposed chemical and statistical analytical methods are adequate.'' 
21 CFR 320.30. Lannett should therefore submit its protocol for 
review by the FDA and should obtain advice from FDA as to whether 
its study will be acceptable if the samples are selected prior to 
importation at the manufacturer (as the Guidance suggests) rather 
than selected after importation. Lannett should then submit its 
protocol and the FDA's review of the protocol to this Agency. If 
Lannett still seeks to import the remaining two batches, it must 
provide further evidence to support its contention that these 
batches need to be imported to validate the manufacturing process.
    Accordingly, I conclude that conducting stability and 
bioequivalency testing constitutes ``scientific, analytical, or 
research uses'' and is a permissible basis for importing a schedule 
I or II controlled substance under section 952(a)(2)(C). However, 
before the Agency issues a regulation approving Lannett's proposed 
importation, Lannett must demonstrate that the quantity is 
``limited'' in accordance with the above discussion.
* * * * *
    While I hold that the importation of a schedule I or II 
controlled substance for the purpose of conducting stability and 
bioequivalency testing in support of an ANDA is permissible under 
section 952(a)(2)(C), the provision must be construed in a manner 
that also gives effect to the language of 952(a)(2)(B). Accordingly, 
any controlled substances which are imported under the authority of 
952(a)(2)(C) cannot thereafter be commercially distributed. 
Moreover, where an importer succeeds in obtaining FDA approval to 
market a drug, subsequent importation of the drug for commercial 
distribution must comply with the applicable provision of section 
952. Thus, where an FDA-approved drug has been placed in schedule 
II, or involves a narcotic drug in schedules III through V, an 
applicant will be granted permission to import only if it 
establishes ``that competition among domestic manufacturers is 
inadequate and will not be rendered adequate by the registration of 
additional manufacturers under section 823.'' 21 U.S.C. Sec.  
952(a)(2)(B).

Is Lannett entitled to a registration?

    As held above, section 958(i) does not provide a bulk 
manufacturer with the right to a hearing on the issue of whether 
Lannett was entitled to a registration. While the ALJ recognized as 
much, she nonetheless allowed the objectors to litigate the issue 
and made recommended findings. See ALJ at 48, 55-58. The ALJ further 
concluded that granting Lannett's application for registration would 
be inconsistent with the public interest. Id. at 58.
    Having concluded that the objectors were not entitled to a 
hearing on the issue of whether Lannett was entitled to be 
registered,

[[Page 62708]]

the ALJ should not have allowed the objectors to litigate the issue. 
However, because Lannett may be entitled to the issuance of a rule 
authorizing the importation, I conclude that it is appropriate to 
issue a declaratory order on the issue of whether Lannett has 
established its entitlement to be registered. See 5 U.S.C. Sec.  
554(e) (``The agency, with like effect as in the case of other 
orders, and in its sound discretion, may issue a declaratory order 
to terminate a controversy or remove uncertainty.'').
    Pursuant to section 303(a) of the CSA, ``[t]he Attorney General 
shall register an applicant to manufacture controlled substances in 
schedule I or II if he determines that such registration is 
consistent with the public interest and with the United States 
obligations under international treaties, conventions, or protocols 
in effect on May 1, 1971.'' 21 U.S.C. Sec.  823(a). ``In determining 
the public interest,'' section 303(a) directs the Attorney General 
to consider the following factors:

    (1) Maintenance of effective controls against diversion of 
particular controlled substances and any controlled substances in 
schedule I or II compounded there from into other than legitimate 
medical, scientific, research, or industrial channels, by limiting 
the importation and bulk manufacture of such controlled substances 
to a number of establishments which can produce an adequate and 
uninterrupted supply of these substances under adequately 
competitive conditions for legitimate medical, scientific, research, 
and industrial purposes;
    (2) compliance with applicable State and local law;
    (3) promotion of technical advances in the art of manufacturing 
these substances and the development of new substances;
    (4) prior conviction record of applicant under Federal and State 
laws relating to the manufacture, distribution, or dispensing of 
such substances;
    (5) past experience in the manufacture of controlled substances, 
and the existence in the establishment of effective controls against 
diversion; and
    (6) such other factors as may be relevant to and consistent with 
public health and safety.

Id. It is well settled that the Agency need not make findings as to 
all of the factors and that it may give each factor the weight it 
deems appropriate in determining the public interest. See Novelty, 
Inc., v. DEA, 571 F.3d 1176, 1181 (D.C. Cir. 2009).
    While there is insufficient evidence to make findings with 
respect to factors two, three, and six, the record establishes that 
Lannett has experience in the manufacture and development of 
pharmaceutical products and that it maintains effective controls 
against diversion (factor five). The record also establishes that 
Lannett has not been convicted of an offense related to the 
manufacture or distribution of controlled substances (factor four). 
Both of these findings support the conclusion that granting 
Lannett's application for a registration would be consistent with 
the public interest.
    The ALJ found that Lannett had not shown that competition among 
domestic manufactures of dronabinol is inadequate and that the 
current manufacturers were incapable of producing an adequate and 
uninterrupted supply of this substance (factor one). Relying on Lyle 
E. Craker, 74 FR 2101 (2009), the ALJ thus concluded this factor 
``weighs strongly against a finding that Lannett's registration 
would be in the public interest,'' and concluded that the record 
does not support granting its application.
    I conclude, however, that Craker does not require that Lannett's 
application be denied. As the D.C. Circuit has held, ``section 
823(a)'s enumerated factors represent components of the public 
interest rather than independent requirements for registration and 
thus, the [Agency] may find a registration consistent with the 
public interest even if one (or possibly more) of the public 
interest factors is not satisfied.'' Penick, 491 F.3d at 490. As 
Penick recognized, the principal purpose of factor one is to provide 
the Agency with authority ``to maintain control over diversion `by 
limiting the [number of firms engaged in the] importation and bulk 
manufacture' of controlled substances.'' Id. at 491.
    Craker involved an application to manufacture a schedule I 
controlled substance on a continuing basis. By contrast, the 
activity for which Lannett seeks an importer's registration (to 
perform stability and bioequivalency testing) does not involve an 
activity of a continuing nature, but rather, three separate acts (at 
most) of importation. As such, granting its application does not 
raise the same concerns with respect to the Agency's ability to 
maintain effective controls against diversion.
    Accordingly, I conclude that factor one does not preclude the 
issuance of an import registration to Lannett, subject to the 
condition that its authority to import dronabinol as a schedule I 
drug be limited to the quantity which is necessary to support an 
ANDA.\30\ I therefore conclude that upon providing adequate 
justification for the quantity of the importation, Lannett's 
registration would be consistent with the public interest.\31\ 21 
U.S.C. Sec.  823(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \30\ DEA has long held that it has authority to impose 
conditions on a registration. See Alfred Khalily, 64 FR 31289 
(1999); Gordon M. Acker, D.M.D., 53 FR 50309 (1988).
    \31\ Nor does the record establish any reason why granting 
Lannett's application would be inconsistent with the United States' 
obligations under international treaties and the Single Convention. 
See Penick Corp., 491 F.3d at 492-93.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Order

    Lannett is hereby directed to file with this Office its testing 
protocol and an itemization setting forth the various quantities it 
needs to import for bioequivalency and stability studies, as well as 
reserves. If FDA requires that it import the entire batch that will 
be used for bioequivalency and stability testing and will not permit 
it to select its test samples from the production batch and import 
only those quantities, Lannett should provide evidence supporting 
this. Finally, if Lannett intends to pursue importation of the 
additional batches, it must provide additional justification for 
doing so. Lannett must serve a copy of all filings on the objectors. 
Lannett's submission shall be due no later than 90 days from date of 
the issuance of this Order; Lannett shall timely inform this Office 
of any delays in obtaining a response from FDA.\32\ It is further 
ordered that Lannett's application for a registration to import 
dronabinol be held in abeyance.
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    \32\ The Objectors shall have thirty days from the date of 
receipt of Lannett's filing to submit a response.

    Dated: November 15, 2012
Michele M. Leonhart
Administrator
[FR Doc. 2013-24621 Filed 10-21-13; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4410-09-P