[Federal Register Volume 78, Number 204 (Tuesday, October 22, 2013)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 62560-62579]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2013-22742]


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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17

[Docket No. FWS-R4-ES-2013-0103; 4500030113]
RIN 1018-AZ10


Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Endangered Status 
for Agave eggersiana and Gonocalyx concolor, and Threatened Status for 
Varronia rupicola

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION: Proposed rule.

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SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), propose to 
list Agave eggersiana (no common name) and Gonocalyx concolor (no 
common name) as endangered species, and Varronia rupicola (no common 
name) as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, 
as amended (Act). These three plants are endemic to the Caribbean. The 
effect of this regulation, if finalized, would be to conserve A. 
eggersiana, G. concolor, and V. rupicola under the Act.

DATES: We will accept comments received or postmarked on or before 
December 23, 2013. Comments submitted electronically using the Federal 
eRulemaking Portal (see ADDRESSES section, below) must be received by 
11:59 p.m. Eastern Time on the closing date. We must receive requests 
for public hearings, in writing, at the address shown in FOR FURTHER 
INFORMATION CONTACT by December 6, 2013.

ADDRESSES: You may submit comments by one of the following methods:
    (1) Electronically: Go to the Federal eRulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov. In the Search box, enter FWS-R4-ES-2013-0103, 
which is the docket number for this rulemaking. Then, in the Search 
panel on the left side of the screen, under the Document Type heading, 
click on the Proposed Rules link to locate this document. You may 
submit a comment by clicking on ``Comment Now!''
    (2) By hard copy: Submit by U.S. mail or hand-delivery to: Public 
Comments Processing, Attn: FWS-R4-ES-2013-0103; Division of Policy and 
Directives Management; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; 4401 N. Fairfax 
Drive, MS 2042-PDM; Arlington, VA 22203.
    We request that you send comments only by the methods described 
above. We will post all comments on http://www.regulations.gov. This 
generally means that we will post any personal information you provide 
us (see the Information Requested section below for more information).

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Marelisa Rivera, Deputy Field 
Supervisor, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Caribbean Ecological 
Services Field Office, P.O. Box 491, Road 301 Km. 5.1, Boquer[oacute]n, 
PR 00622; by telephone 787-851-7297; or by facsimile 787-851-7440. 
Persons who use a telecommunications device for the deaf (TDD) may call 
the Federal Information Relay Service (FIRS) at 800-877-8339.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

Executive Summary

    Why we need to publish a rule. Under the Act, if we intend to list 
a species as endangered or threatened throughout all or a significant 
portion of its range, we are required to promptly publish a proposal in 
the Federal Register and make a final determination on our proposal 
within 1 year. Listing a species as an endangered or threatened species 
can only be completed by issuing a rule. Agave eggersiana, Gonocalyx 
concolor, and Varronia rupicola are candidate species for which we have 
on file sufficient information on biological vulnerability and threats 
to support preparation of a listing proposal, but for which development 
of a listing proposal has until now been precluded by other higher 
priority listing activities.
    This rule consists of a proposed rule to list Agave eggersiana and 
Gonocalyx concolor as endangered, and Varronia rupicola as threatened. 
This proposed rule reassesses all available information regarding the 
status of and threats to A. eggersiana, G. concolor, and V. rupicola. 
Elsewhere in today's Federal Register, we propose to designate critical 
habitat for A. eggersiana, G. concolor, and V. rupicola under the Act.
    The basis for our action. Under the Act, we may determine that a 
species is an endangered or threatened species based on any of five 
factors: (A) The present or threatened destruction, modification, or 
curtailment of its habitat or range; (B) overutilization for 
commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes; (C) 
disease or predation; (D) the inadequacy of existing regulatory 
mechanisms; or (E) other natural or manmade factors affecting its 
continued existence.
    We have determined that listing is warranted for these species, 
which are currently at risk throughout all of their respective ranges 
due to threats related to:
     A. eggersiana--potential future development for 
residential, urban, and tourist use; agriculture use; dropping of 
debris; competing nonnative plants; fires; predation; and disease cause 
by insects (weevils).
     G. concolor--installation or expansion of 
telecommunication towers, road improvement, vegetation management, and 
small number of individuals and populations.
     V. rupicola--loss of habitat due to urban development, 
right-of-way development and maintenance, deforestation, and 
hurricanes; and inadequate existing regulatory mechanisms (lack of 
enforcement).
    We will seek peer review. We are seeking comments from 
knowledgeable individuals with scientific expertise to review our 
analysis of the best available science and application of that science 
and to provide any additional information to improve this proposed 
rule. Because we will consider all comments and information we receive 
during the comment period, our final determinations may differ from 
this proposal.

Information Requested

    We intend that any final action resulting from this proposed rule 
will be based on the best scientific and commercial data available and 
be as accurate and as effective as possible. Therefore, we request 
comments or information from other concerned governmental agencies, 
Native American tribes, the scientific community, industry, or any 
other interested parties concerning this proposed rule. We particularly 
seek comments concerning:
    (1) The biology, range, and population trends of A. eggersiana, G. 
concolor, and V. rupicola, including:
    (a) Habitat requirements for feeding, reproducing, and sheltering;
    (b) Genetics and taxonomy;
    (c) Historical and current range, including distribution patterns;
    (d) Historical and current population levels, and current and 
projected trends; and
    (e) Past and ongoing conservation measures for these species, their 
habitat, or both.
    (2) The factors that are the basis for making a listing 
determination for these

[[Page 62561]]

species under section 4(a) of the Act, which are:
    (a) The present or threatened destruction, modification, or 
curtailment of their habitat or range;
    (b) Overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or 
educational purposes;
    (c) Disease or predation;
    (d) The inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms; or
    (e) Other natural or manmade factors affecting their continued 
existence.
    (3) Biological, commercial trade, or other relevant data concerning 
any threats (or lack thereof) to these species and existing regulations 
that may be addressing those threats.
    (4) Additional information concerning the historical and current 
status, range, distribution, and population size of these species, 
including the locations of any additional populations of these species.
    (5) Any information on the biological or ecological requirements of 
the species and ongoing conservation measures for the species and their 
habitats.
    Please include sufficient information with your submission (such as 
scientific journal articles or other publications) to allow us to 
verify any scientific or commercial information you include.
    Please note that submissions merely stating support for or 
opposition to the action under consideration without providing 
supporting information, although noted, will not be considered in 
making a determination, as section 4(b)(1)(A) of the Act directs that 
determinations as to whether any species is an endangered or threatened 
species must be made ``solely on the basis of the best scientific and 
commercial data available.''
    You may submit your comments and materials concerning this proposed 
rule by one of the methods listed in the ADDRESSES section. We request 
that you send comments only by the methods described in the ADDRESSES 
section.
    If you submit information via http://www.regulations.gov, your 
entire submission--including any personal identifying information--will 
be posted on the Web site. If your submission is made via a hardcopy 
that includes personal identifying information, you may request at the 
top of your document that we withhold this information from public 
review. However, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to do so. We 
will post all hardcopy submissions on http://www.regulations.gov. 
Please include sufficient information with your comments to allow us to 
verify any scientific or commercial information you include.
    Comments and materials we receive, as well as supporting 
documentation we used in preparing this proposed rule, will be 
available for public inspection on http://www.regulations.gov, or by 
appointment, during normal business hours, at the U.S. Fish and 
Wildlife Service, Caribbean Ecological Services Field Office (see FOR 
FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).

Previous Federal Actions

Through February 1996

    On December 15, 1980, Agave eggersiana, Gonocalyx concolor, and 
Varronia rupicola (as Cordia rupicola) were identified as Category 2 
candidate species in the candidate notice of review (CNOR) published in 
the Federal Register (45 FR 82480). A Category 2 species was one for 
which the Service had information that proposing as endangered or 
threatened may be appropriate but for which sufficient information was 
not currently available to support a proposed rule. None of the three 
species was mentioned in the November 28, 1983, CNOR (48 FR 53640), but 
all three again were named as Category 2 candidate species in the 
September 27, 1985, CNOR (50 FR 39526). They all remained Category 2 
candidate species in the February 21, 1990 (55 FR 6184), and September 
30, 1993 (58 FR 51144), CNORs. Designation of Category 2 species was 
discontinued in the February 28, 1996, CNOR (61 FR 7596). The 1996 CNOR 
redefined candidates to include only species for which we have 
information needed to propose them for listing, and as a result, A. 
eggersiana, G. concolor, and V. rupicola were removed from the 
candidate list.
After February 1996: Agave eggersiana
    On November 21, 1996, we received a petition from the U.S. Virgin 
Islands Department of Planning and Natural Resources (DPNR) requesting 
that we list Agave eggersiana as endangered. On November 16, 1998, we 
published in the Federal Register (63 FR 63659) our finding that the 
petition to list A. eggersiana presented substantial information 
indicating that the requested action may be warranted, and we initiated 
a status review on the plant.
    On September 1, 2004, the Center for Biological Diversity (CBD) 
filed a lawsuit against the Department of the Interior and the Service 
alleging that the Service failed to publish a 12-month finding for 
Agave eggersiana (Center for Biological Diversity v. Norton, Civil 
Action No. 1:04-CV-2553 CAP). In a stipulated settlement agreement 
resolving that case, signed April 27, 2005, we agreed to submit our 12-
month finding for A. eggersiana to the Federal Register by February 28, 
2006. On March 7, 2006, we published our 12-month finding (71 FR 11367) 
that listing of A. eggersiana was not warranted. On September 9, 2008, 
CBD filed a complaint that challenged our 12-month finding (Center for 
Biological Diversity v. Hamilton, Case No. 1:08-cv-02830-CAP). In a 
settlement agreement approved by the Court on August 21, 2009, the 
Service agreed to submit to the Federal Register a new 12-month finding 
for A. eggersiana. On September 22, 2010, we published in the Federal 
Register (75 FR 57720) a finding that listing A. eggersiana was 
warranted, but precluded by higher priority actions to amend the Lists 
of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants.
    Agave eggersiana was named a candidate species with a listing 
priority number (LPN) of 8 in the CNORs published on November 10, 2010 
(75 FR 69222), October 26, 2011 (76 FR 66370), and November 21, 2012 
(77 FR 69993). An LPN of 8 was assigned to Agave eggersiana because the 
species faced threats of moderate magnitude that were imminent.
After February 1996: Gonocalyx concolor and Varronia rupicola
    On October 25, 1999, we published in the Federal Register a CNOR 
(64 FR 57535) that added Gonocalyx concolor and Varronia rupicola (as 
Cordia rupicola) to the list of candidate species with LPNs of 5 and 2, 
respectively. Gonocalyx concolor was assigned an LPN of 5 because it 
faced threats that were high in magnitude but nonimminent. Varronia 
rupicola (as Cordia rupicola) was assigned an LPN of 2 because it faced 
threats of a high magnitude that were imminent. These two plants 
retained their respective LPN assignments in the CNORs published on 
October 30, 2001 (66 FR 54808), June 13, 2002 (67 FR 40657), May 4, 
2004 (69 FR 24876), May 11, 2005 (70 FR 24870), and September 12, 2006 
(71 FR 53756).
    In the CNOR published on December 6, 2007 (72 FR 69034), Varronia 
rupicola (as Cordia rupicola) was assigned an LPN of 5, because its 
threats were determined to be nonimminent. In the 2007 CNOR, Gonocalyx 
concolor retained its LPN of 5. Both plants retained an LPN of 5 in the 
CNORs published on December 10, 2008 (73 FR 75176), November 9, 2009 
(74 FR 57804), November 10, 2010 (75 FR 69222), October 26, 2011 (76 FR 
66370), and November 21, 2012 (77 FR 69993).
    On May 11, 2004, we received a petition from the CBD (CBD 2004, pp.

[[Page 62562]]

66-69) requesting that G. concolor and V. rupicola be listed as an 
endangered species under the Act. No new information was provided in 
the petition.

Species Information

Taxonomy and Description

Agave eggersiana

    Agave eggersiana is a flowering plant of the family Agavaceae 
(century plant family) endemic to the island of St. Croix in the U.S. 
Virgin Islands (USVI). This species was originally described in 1913, 
by William Trelease from material collected on St. Croix, and is 
distinguished from other members of the Agavaceae family by its 
acaulescent (without an evident leafy stem), non-suckering growth habit 
(vegetative reproduction that does not form offshoots around its base), 
and its fleshy, nearly straight leaves with small marginal prickles of 
0.04 inches (in) (0.1 centimeters (cm)) long that are nearly straight 
(Britton and Wilson 1923, p. 156; Proctor and Acevedo-Rodr[iacute]guez 
2005, p. 118). Its flowers are deep yellow and 2.0 to 2.34 in (5 to 6 
cm) long. After flowering, the panicles (inflorescence) produce 
numerous small vegetative bulbs (bulbils), from which the species can 
be propagated (Proctor and Acevedo-Rodr[iacute]guez 2005, p. 118). 
Agave eggersiana is not known to produce fruit, and like other Agave 
species, is monocarpic, meaning the plant dies after producing the 
spike or inflorescence. Furthermore, based on observations of 
cultivated plants, A. eggersiana requires at least 10 to 15 years to 
develop as a mature individual and to produce an inflorescence (David 
Hamada, St. George Village Botanical Garden, pers. comm., 2010).

Gonocalyx concolor

    Gonocalyx concolor was described in 1970, as a new species of the 
genus Gonocalyx, family Ericaceae, for Puerto Rico (Nevling 1970, p. 
221). Gonocalyx is a neotropical genus comprised of 10 species, ranging 
from Costa Rica to North Colombia, and the Caribbean (Dominican 
Republic, Puerto Rico, Dominica, and Guadalupe) (Luteyn and Pedraza-
Pe[ntilde]alosa 2011, p. 1). Two of the species are considered endemic 
to Puerto Rico: G. concolor and G. portoricensis (Lioger and Martorell 
2000, p. 151). These two species are derived from common ancestral 
stock; hence there is great similarity in many details and in aspect, 
as well as geographic proximity (Nevling 1970, p. 223).
    Although G. concolor is similar to G. portoricensis, differences in 
distribution and flower morphology indicate that they are well-
differentiated species (Nevling 1970, p. 224). The flower of G. 
portoricensis is pendent with light green calyx, and the corolla tube 
is whitish to pinkish; G. portoricensis is insect-pollinated flower 
(Proctor 1992, p. 3). Gonocalyx concolor differs from G. portoricensis 
in its vivid red, semipendent flowers, which apparently are hummingbird 
pollinated, and in its range (Nevling 1970, p. 224). Gonocalyx concolor 
is a small evergreen shrub, mainly epiphytic (grow on the trunks of 
trees) or clambering (use other vegetation as support), which may reach 
15 feet (ft) (4.7 meters (m)) in length (Acevedo 2005, p. 227). The 
leaves are simple, alternate, entire, and coriaceous (leathery). The 
leaf blade is ovate, broadly elliptic, or nearly orbicular; 0.5 to 1.2 
in (1.5 to 3 cm) long; and 0.5 to 0.9 in (1.3 to 2.3 cm) broad. The 
leaf base is apiculate (ending in a short sharp point) and obtuse to 
acute at the apex, and is rounded at the base; the leaf's upper surface 
is glabrous (smooth or hairless) above, with scattered large trichomes 
(papilliform hairs) beneath. The leaf venation is 5-pli (the leaf 
venation is 1 central vein and 4 secondary veins bending toward apex) 
from the base (secondary veins bending toward apex), outer set 
marginal, inner set submarginal and better developed. The mid-vein is 
immersed above and emerged beneath, and lateral venation is 
inconspicuous. The leaf margin is entire or flat, except for few 
inconspicuous, rounded projections toward the apex. The leaf lower 
surface is pale green and shiny. The petiole (the stalk attaching the 
leaf blade to the stem) is approximately 0.07 to 0.09 in (0.18 to 0.21 
cm) long. The stems are highly branched, slender, cylindrical, and dark 
brown in color. The twigs are pubescent (covered with fine short 
hairs). Young leaves and branches are brilliantly rose-colored, but 
become green with age.
    Flowers are bisexual, 5-merous (floral part in multiples of 5 in 
each whorl), regular, and uniformly vivid red. Flowers are borne 
solitary on auxillary brachyblast (short shoot), and are semipendent 
(hanging or suspended). Pedicel is terete (cylindrical and tapering), 
0.35 to 0.43 in (0.89 to 1.1 cm) long, red, fringed with trichomes at 
the summit, bibracteolate (2 bracts subtending the flower within an 
inflorescence) near the base, and articulate with calyx. The corolla 
(the part of a flower that consists of the separate or fused petals and 
constitutes the inner whorl of the perianth) tube is carnose (of a 
fleshy consistence), campanulate (shape like a bell), and about 0.5 to 
0.6 in (1.3 to 1.5 cm) in length and 0.2 to 0.3 in (0.5 cm to 0.8 cm) 
in diameter.
    Fruit is a bright red berry with many seeds inside (Lioger 1995, p. 
105). No additional information regarding fruit production is 
available.

Varronia rupicola

    Varronia was traditionally lumped into the genus Cordia, a group of 
about 250 or more species of trees and shrubs of tropical and 
subtropical regions. Varronia was recently recognized as a monophyletic 
genera based on vegetative, floral, and pollen morphology (Miller and 
Gottschling 2007, p. 163). Varronia comprises multi-stemmed shrubs with 
condensed inflorescence and evenly serrate leaves (S[aacute]nchez de 
Stapf 2010, p. 133). Varronia is currently represented in the West 
Indies by about 66 valid species (Acevedo-Rodr[iacute]guez and Strong 
2012, p. 170). Axelrod (2011, p. 427) recognized seven species found in 
Puerto Rico, with V. bellonis and V. wagnerorum being endemic to the 
island, and V. rupicola extending to the island of Anegada, British 
Virgin Islands.
    Varronia rupicola is a large shrub reaching up to 16 ft (5 m) in 
height. The alternate leaves are ovate to elliptic, 0.8 to 3.5 in (2 to 
9 cm) long with an acute apex, rounded to obtuse at the base, and 
chartaceous (papery). Leaves margins are whole or crenate (scalloped or 
notched). The upper surface of the leaf is rigidly scabrous (having a 
rough surface) and puberulous (densely covered by hairs) underneath, 
with strigose (having straight hairs) petioles ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 
in (0.2 to 1.0 cm) long. Flowers are in solitary globular heads of 20 
(grouped into a globose terminal structure), and about 0.4 in (1.0 cm) 
in diameter. The corolla is white and 0.3 in (0.8 cm) long, and the 
fruit is a one-seeded, red drupe about 0.2 in (0.5 cm) long (Proctor 
1991, p. 65; Lioger 1995, p. 313).

Habitat

Agave eggersiana

    Agave eggersiana is currently known from coastal cliffs with sparse 
vegetation and dry coastal shrubland vegetation communities within the 
subtropical dry forest life zone of St. Croix, USVI (Ewel and Whitmore 
1973, p. 72). In St. Croix, the average rainfall is about 30 in (76 cm) 
and 40 in (102 cm) in the east and west sides of the island, 
respectively (Ewel and Whitmore 1973 p. 8; Mac et al. 1998, p. 315). 
The wettest and hottest months are from July to October. The average 
mid island temperature is 78.8 degrees

[[Page 62563]]

Fahrenheit ([deg]F) (26 degrees Celsius ([deg]C), with a variation of 
only 5 to 9[emsp14][deg]F (3 to 5 [deg]C) between the warmest and 
coolest months (Mac et al. 1998, p. 316).
    The coastal cliffs where Agave eggersiana occurs are dominated by 
rocky formations and areas with less than 10 percent vegetative cover. 
These coastal cliffs are exposed to extremes of wind, salt spray, and 
low moisture, and they are usually sparsely vegetated with a canopy 
less than 1 meter in height (Gibney et al. 2000, p. 7; Moser et al. 
2010, Appendix A-11). Dry coastal shrubland vegetation is common to the 
drier parts of the island of St. Croix: east and south shores, and low-
elevation locations. In some places, dry coastal shrubland vegetation 
may extend as far up as 902 ft (275 m) on south-facing slopes. Cacti 
and agave are common though scattered, while vegetation height can 
range from 3.2 to 32.8 ft (1 to 10 m). The taller forms may consist of 
a canopy layer of larger individuals under slightly more moist 
conditions. The shorter forms are common to very exposed locations such 
as the east sides of headlands on the south shores in the island 
(Gibney et al. 2000, p. 6; Moser et al. 2010, Appendix A-8). Other 
species of vegetation associated with these areas are: Sesuvium 
portulacastrum (sea purslane), Laguncularia racemosa (white mangrove), 
Bucida buceras (black olive), Hippomane mancinella (manchineel), 
Jacquinia arborea (barbasco), Opuntia stricta (prickly pear, 
Pilosocereus royenii (Royen's tree, Suriana maritima (bay cedar), 
Bursera simaruba (gumbo limbo, Canavalia rosea (seaside bean), 
Caesalpinia bonduc (gray nicker), Capparis flexuosa (falseteeth), 
Scaevola plumieri (ink berry), Oplonia spinosa (prickly bush), Capparis 
indica (linguam), Adelia ricinella (wild lime), Crossopetalum rhacoma 
(maidenberry, Heteropterys purpurea (bull withe), Pisonia subcordata 
(mampoo), Exostema caribaeum (Caribbean princewood, Cordia dentata 
(white manjack), and Coccoloba uvifera (seagrape) (O. Monsegur and M. 
Vargas, Service, unpubl. data 2013; Lioger and Martorell 2000, pp. 50-
205).
    The natural populations of Agave eggesiana grow on top of various 
soil classifications, including Cramer, Glynn, Hasselberg, Southgate, 
and Victory. The Cramer and Southgate series consists of shallow, well-
drained soils on summits and side slopes of volcanic hills and 
mountains. These soils formed in material weathered from extrusive 
igneous bedrock or only from igneous bedrock. The Hesselberg series 
consists of shallow, well-drained soils on marine terraces. These soils 
formed in alkaline, clay sediments. The Glynn series consists of very 
deep, well-drained soils on alluvial fans and terraces. These soils 
formed in stratified alluvial sediments weathered from basic igneous 
rock. The Victory series consists of moderately deep, well-drained 
soils on summits and side slopes of volcanic hills and mountains. These 
soils formed in material weathered from extrusive igneous bedrock 
(USDA-NRCS 2013, http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov).

Gonocalyx concolor

    Gonocalyx concolor has been described as endemic from the elfin 
forest type at Cerro La Santa and from the ausubo (Manilkara bidentata) 
forest type at Charco Azul, both within the lower montane (an 
altitudinal zone in mountainous region characterized by distinctive 
flora and forest structure) very wet forest life zone in the Carite 
Commonwealth Forest (Ewel and Whitmore 1973, p. 41). The Carite 
Commonwealth Forest comprises approximately 6,694.9 acres (ac) (2,709.3 
hectares (ha)), and the elevation ranges from 2,030 to 3,950 ft (620 to 
900 m) (DNR 1976, p. 169). This forest has been managed for 
conservation since 1975 (DNER 2008, p. 1). The mean annual 
precipitation at the Carite Commonwealth Forest is 88.7 in (225 cm), 
with February to April the drier months (NOAA 2013, http://www.srh.noaa.gov/sju/?n=climo_cayey).
    The mean temperature is 22.7 [deg]C (72.3 [deg]F), varying from 20 
[deg]C (68 [deg]F) in January to 24 [deg]C (73.4 [deg]F) in July 
(Silander et al. 1986, p. 183).
    Both the elfin and ausubo forests have similar climate conditions 
(Ewel and Whitmore 1973, p. 32). The elfin forest, also referred to as 
dwarf or cloud-forest, is found on exposed peaks and ridges of Cerro La 
Santa, above 2,890 ft (880 m) in elevation from sea level, occupying 
approximately 10.1 ha (24.9 ac) in the Carite Commonwealth Forest 
(Silander et al. 1986, p. 178). The elfin forest vegetation is 
characterized by gnarled trees less than 7 meters tall, high basal 
area, small diameters, a large number of stems per unit area, and 
extremely slow growth rates (Ewel and Whitmore 1973, p. 45). The 
vegetation is commonly saturated with moisture and frequently enveloped 
in clouds, and both aerial and superficial roots are common (Weaver et 
al. 1986, p. 79). The plant association in this area is generally 
comprised by few species of native trees, native ferns and dense 
covered with epiphytes including bromeliads and mosses (Weaver et al. 
1986, p. 79). The native tree composition includes: Tabebuia 
schumanniana (roble colorado), Tabebuia rigida (roble de sierra), 
Ocotea spathulata (nemoca cimarrona), Eugenia borinquensis (guayabota), 
Clusia minor (cupey de monte), and Prestoea acuminata var. montana 
(sierra palm) (Weaver et al. 1986, p. 80; Silander et al. 1986, p. 
191). Additionally, some areas were planted with Eucalyptus robusta 
(swamp mahogany) (O. Monsegur, UPRM, unpubl. report, 2006, p. 1).
    The ausubo forest is only found along the R[iacute]o Grande de 
Patillas River basin and intermittent streams between 2,034 ft (620 m) 
and 2,329.4 ft (720 m) of elevation (DNR 1976, p. 169), and occupying 
approximately 72.5 ha (179.2 ac) in the Charco Azul area (Silander et 
al. 1986, p. 190). The ausubo forest is characterized by evergreen 
vegetation, high species richness, rapid growth rate of successional 
trees, epiphytic ferns, bromeliads, and orchids (Ewel and Whitmore 
1973, p. 32). The vegetation in this area is generally comprised of 
native trees (i.e., Manilkara bidentata (ausubo), Dacryodes excelsa 
(tabonuco), Guarea guidonia (guaraguao), and Cyrilla racemiflora (swamp 
titi) (Francis and Lowe 2000, p. 345; DNER 2008, p. 2). Gonocalyx 
concolor grows epiphytic and clambering on dead and live stand trees 
within this type of forest (O. Monsegur, UPRM, unpubl. report, 2006, p. 
2).

Varronia rupicola

    Varronia rupicola has been described from southwestern Puerto Rico, 
Vieques Island, and Anegada Island. All these sites lie within the 
subtropical dry forest life zone overlying a limestone substrate (Ewel 
and Whitmore 1973, p. 72). Subtropical dry forest life zones receive a 
mean annual rainfall ranging from 24 to 40 in (61 to 101 cm). The 
vegetation in this life zone is deciduous on most soils, with tree 
species dropping leaves during the dry season. The vegetation usually 
consists of a nearly continuous, single-layered canopy, with little 
ground cover. The leaves of dry forest species are succulent or 
coriaceous, and species with spines and thorns are common. Tree heights 
usually do not exceed 49 ft (15 m), and crowns are typically broad, 
spreading, and flattened (Ewel and Whitmore 1973, p. 72).
    Varronia rupicola has been recorded in forested hills with open to 
relatively dense shrublands and scrublands 6.5 to 9.8 ft (2 to 3 m) in 
height; in low forest with canopy from 8 to 15 ft (3 to 5 m) high; and 
at the edge of a dense, low coastal shrubland forest. On the island of 
Anegada, V. rupicola was found in open limestone pavement and sand 
dunes. Woody species associated to V. rupicola's prime habitat in 
southern Puerto Rico (Gu[aacute]nica Commonwealth

[[Page 62564]]

Forest) include: Gymnanthes lucida (shiny oysterwood, or yait[iacute]), 
Exostema caribaeum (princewood, or albarillo), Pisonia albida (corcho), 
Pictetia aculeata (fustic, or tachuelo), Thouinia portoricensis 
(ceboruquillo, or serrazuela), Coccoloba krugii (whitewood), 
Pilosocereus royenii (Royen's tree cactus, or sebuc[aacute]n), Bursera 
simaruba (gumbo limbo, or almacigo), Erithalis fruticosa (black torch), 
Guettarda krugii (frogwood, or cucubano), Tabebuia heterophylla (pink 
trumpet tree, or roble), Hypelate trifoliata (inkwood), Coccoloba 
diversifolia (pigeonplum, or uvilla), Cassine xylocarpa (marbletree, or 
coscorr[oacute]n), Krugiodendron ferreum (black ironwood, or palo de 
hierro), Jacquinia berterii (barkwood), Bourreria succulenta 
(strongbark, or palo de vaca), Crossopetalum rhacoma (maidenberry, or 
pico de paloma), Antirhea acutata (placa chiquitu, or quina), and 
Amyris elemifera (torchwood) (Murphy and Lugo 1986, p. 91). The 
populations of V. rupicola in Puerto Rico are also found in close 
proximity to populations of the endangered plants Eugenia woodburyana 
(no common name) and Trichilia triacantha (bariaco), and other rare 
plants such as Myrtus bellonis (no common name), Passiflora bilobata 
(twolobe passionflower), and Nashia inaguensis (pineapple verbena) 
(Breckon and Kolterman 1996, p. 4; Monsegur and Breckon 2007, p. 1). On 
Anegada, the species is located in open limestone pavement and sand 
dunes. In a comprehensive study of the vegetation of Anegada, V. 
rupicola was found in higher abundance (based on percentage occurrence 
across plots) on limestone but also widespread within the sand dunes 
(Clubbe et al. 2004, p. 344). Occurrence of the species on sand dunes 
on Anegada may explain the new record of the species in the northern 
coast (Tortuguero Lagoon) of Puerto Rico within an area that is 
characterized by the presence of white sands soils (O. Monsegur, 
Service, pers. obs., 2013).

Life History

Agave eggersiana

    Based on the information currently available to us, there is no 
published information describing the ecology and genetics of Agave 
eggersiana. Although samples from individuals in the Gallows Bay area 
have been collected for genetic analysis (Ray, VFR, pers. comm., 2010), 
the Service is unaware if the samples were analyzed and results have 
been published. No further information is available regarding the 
ecology of the species beyond the demographic trends discussed above.

Gonocalyx concolor

    Gonocalyx concolor has been observed flowering in December, 
January, February, and April (Nevling 1970, p. 224). Preliminary 
studies of the species' reproductive biology indicate that the plant is 
predominantly outcrossed, and that outcrossed flowers produce twice the 
number of seeds than self-pollinated flowers (S. Flores, Universidad 
del Turabo, pers. comm. 1996). The low number of individuals per 
population may suggest that Gonocalyx concolor has highly specialized 
ecological requirements to grow and that production of viable seeds 
rarely occurs (C. Pacheco, Service, pers. obs., 2013). Although a 
number of authors have reported the species on flower and fruit, no one 
has observed recruitment. Currently, no information about reproductive 
capacity, dispersion, or habitat requirements is available for G. 
concolor.

Varronia rupicola

    Studies on the distribution, abundance, and reproductive biology of 
Varronia rupicola have been conducted by scientists from the University 
of Puerto Rico, Mayag[uuml]ez Campus (Breckon and Kolterman 1996, p. 6; 
Monsegur and Breckon 2007, p. 13). These authors reported the species 
flowering and fruiting in December through January (Breckon and 
Kolterman 1996, p. 4), and in June through July (Monsegur and Breckon 
2007, p. 1). From February to April, all plants observed were sterile. 
Fruit production in the populations from the Gu[aacute]nica 
Commonwealth Forest and the municipality of Ponce seem to be high, and 
there is evidence of recruitment associated to the majority of the 
clusters of individuals (O. Monsegur, Service, pers. obs., 2013). Under 
greenhouse conditions, seed germination has been reported as not less 
than 67 percent (Wenger et al. 2010). Germination in the wild has also 
been observed to be high (O. Monsegur, Service, pers. obs., 2013). 
However, apparently there is also a high mortality of seedlings, and 
only few individuals make the transition (natural thinning) to sapling 
stages (O. Monsegur, Service, pers. obs., 2013). Monsegur and Breckon 
(2007, p. 2) reported numerous seedlings (>140) and various saplings in 
the Gu[aacute]nica Commonwealth Forest. However, seedling recruitment 
on Vieques Island seems to be low, as it has not been recorded during 
recent assessments (Monsegur and Breckon 2007, p. 7; Hamilton, KEW, 
pers. comm., 2013). Despite the showy red fruits of Varronia rupicola, 
its dispersion seems to be almost limited by gravity, as the majority 
of the seedlings lie under the parent tree or downslope (O. Monsegur, 
Service, pers. obs. 2013). The wide range of the species suggests a 
former animal disperser (probably a bird). Patterns of plant-animal 
interactions were probably altered due to the previous extensive 
deforestation of the island of Puerto Rico. Some observations of seed 
dispersal by an undetermined vector have been reported from Anegada 
(Hamilton, KEW, pers. comm., 2013). If not extinct, possible dispersers 
may have altered their foraging behavior and now do not feed on the 
fruits of V. rupicola. Recent observations in Puerto Rico indicate that 
flowers of V. rupicola are visited by several insect species, including 
Apis mellifera (honey bee) and Electrostrymon angelia (fulvous 
hairstreak, a butterfly) (O. Monsegur, Service, pers. obs. 2013).
    Varronia rupicola material germinated in the greenhouse at Cabo 
Rojo National Wildlife Refuge in Cabo Rojo were flowering and producing 
fruits in about 1 year after germination (O. Monsegur, Service, pers. 
obs., 2013). The rapid reproductive development of the species and the 
finding of individuals along recently disturbed sites (new dirt roads) 
and natural forest gaps (openings) may indicate that V. rupicola is an 
early colonizer or pioneer species.

Historical Range

Agave eggersiana

    Historically, Agave eggersiana was reported from the north coast in 
Christiansted, St. Croix, and along the south coast of the island 
(Proctor and Acevedo-Rodr[iacute]guez 2005, p. 118). Britton and Wilson 
(1923, p. 156) reported the species from hillsides and plains in the 
eastern dry districts of St. Croix, but did not provide population 
estimates. In addition, it was reported that A. eggersiana was 
cultivated on St. Croix and St. Thomas for ornament (Trelease 1913, p. 
28; Britton and Wilson 1923, p. 156; Proctor and Acevedo-
Rodr[iacute]guez 2005, p. 118). Information provided (Kojis and Boulon, 
DPNR, pers. comm., 1996) specified that the species was last observed 
growing in the wild around 1984 to 1986 on St. Croix. In 2003, DPNR 
stated that the species was believed to be extinct (Plaskett, DPNR, 
pers. comm. 2003; Dalmida-Smith, DPNR, pers. comm., 2010). Proctor and 
Acevedo-Rodr[iacute]guez (2005, p. 118) provided a general description 
of A. eggersiana and state that the species appeared to be extinct in 
the wild.

[[Page 62565]]

However, no citations or survey information were provided to support 
this statement. Subsequently, in 2010, DPNR provided information based 
on field visits and reported the existence of several populations of A. 
eggersiana on St. Croix (Dalmida-Smith, DPNR, pers. comm., 2010).
    Historically, land use intensity increased by colonial exploitation 
since the 15th century (Chakroff 2010, p. 6). Sugarcane was the main 
crop on the island and dominated the economy for nearly 200 years (Shaw 
1933, p. 414). Apparently, the former land use of the areas used for 
sugar cane cultivation resulted in degradation of the species' habitat 
and nearly extirpated the species from the wild. Sugarcane is no longer 
cultivated commercially on the island, the majority of the areas 
formerly used for sugarcane plantations are currently grasslands, and 
early secondary forests are dominated by the nonnative tree Leucaena 
leucocephala (white leadtree).

Gonocalyx concolor

    Gonocalyx concolor was first discovered on Cerro La Santa at an 
elevation of approximately 2,962 ft (903 m) in the Carite Commonwealth 
Forest, east-central Puerto Rico (Nevling 1970, p. 221). In 1993, Dr. 
Frank Axelrod found a second population of this species close to the 
Charco Azul recreational area, also in the Carite Commonwealth Forest 
(Axelrod 1993, UPR herbarium voucher 6643). This population is located 
at an approximate elevation of 2,070 ft (630 m) in the ausubo forest, 
which lies within the basin of the R[iacute]o Grande de Patillas, 
approximately 2 mi (3.2 km) southeast from Cerro La Santa. Later, in 
December 2006, Omar Monsegur (former student from the University of 
Puerto Rico) visited the known localities describing three populations 
of Gonocalyx concolor in the Carite Commonwealth Forest: two at Cerro 
La Santa, and another at Charco Azul (O. Monsegur, UPRM, unpubl. 
report, 2006, p.1). Dr. Samuel Flores (pers. comm., 1996), professor at 
the Turabo University in Puerto Rico, anecdotally reported the species 
from El Yunque National Forest in the Luquillo Mountains, northeastern 
Puerto Rico. Despite of Service efforts to locate the species in El 
Yunque National Forest, it has not been found. Therefore, this record 
has not been confirmed.

Varronia rupicola

    Varronia rupicola was first discovered by the German botanical 
collector Paul Sintenis in July 1886, in the Los Indios Ward, located 
between the Barinas ward in Yauco and the municipality of Guayanilla, 
Puerto Rico. It was later found in Gu[aacute]nica, Puerto Rico, in 
1887, and again in 1943 and 1959 (Proctor 1991, p. 66). The species was 
thought to be endemic to Puerto Rico, until it was collected by George 
Proctor in May 1987, at the west end of the island of Anegada, British 
Virgin Islands (Proctor 1991, p. 66). Proctor (1994, p. 54) also 
reported a specimen from Punta J[aacute]lova on Vieques Island, Puerto 
Rico. This report was based on a specimen collected by Woodbury, 
possibly around 1978. Surveys conducted by Breckon and Kolterman in 
1995 located the species at a site called El Pe[ntilde][oacute]n in the 
municipality of Pe[ntilde]uelas (Breckon and Kolterman 1996, p. 6). In 
2003, three individuals of V. rupicola were found adjacent to the 
entrance of El Fuerte Trail within the Gu[aacute]nica Commonwealth 
Forest (M. Canals, DNER, pers. comm., 2004). In 2005, an individual of 
V. rupicola was found on Lighthouse Peninsula, Vieques Island (Breckon 
and Kolterman 2005, p. 1). This area is located within the Vieques 
Island National Wildlife Refuge.

Current Range

Agave eggersiana

    Agave eggersiana is currently found on the north and south coasts 
of St. Croix, USVI. Seven populations support approximately 313 adult 
plants and more than 316 juveniles. It is uncertain if these 
populations are natural (individuals that come from wild populations) 
or if these populations consist of individuals that escaped from 
landscaping. However, characteristics, such as growing mixed with 
native vegetation, evidence of natural recruitment, and the presence of 
different size classes, suggest these are remnants of wild populations.
    The current distribution of populations of Agave eggersiana on St. 
Croix that are presumed to be wild is as follows:
    a. North coast--(1) Gallows Bay with an estimate of 2 individuals; 
and (2) Protestant Cay with an estimated 40 individuals.
    b. South coast--(3) Manchenil Bay with an estimated 8 individuals; 
(4) West side of Vagthus point with a single individual; (5) Great Pond 
with approximately 65 individuals; (6) South Shore with an estimate of 
182 individuals; and (7) Cane Garden Bay with 15 individuals.
    Most of the sites have juvenile individuals except for Gallows Bay 
and Vagthus Point (Table 1).

                            Table 1--(Presumed) Wild Populations of Agave eggersiana
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                          Number of  individuals
          Population              Area/ location         Estate           Ownership         (adults/juveniles)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
South Shore...................  South Coast......  Cane Garden......  Private..........  182/231
Cane Garden Bay...............  South Coast......  Cane Garden......  Private..........  15/27
Manchenil Bay.................  South Coast......  Granard..........  Private..........  8/58
Protestant Cay................  North Coast......  Protestant Cay...  Government but     40/Undetermined
                                                                       leased to
                                                                       private party.
Gallows Bay...................  North Coast......  Mount Welcome....  Private..........  2/0
West Vagthus Point............  South Coast......  Peters Minde.....  Private..........  1/0
Great Pond....................  South Coast......  Great Pond.......  Government.......  65/Undetermined
                                                                                        ------------------------
    Total.....................  .................  .................  .................  313/316+
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sources: O. Monsegur and M. Vargas, Service, unpubl. data, 2010 and 2013; Dalmida- Smith, DPNR, pers. comm.,
  2010; David Hamada, SGVBG, pers. comm., 2010; Plaskett, DPNR, pers. comm., 2003.

    In addition, there are introduced individuals located at Salt River 
National Park and Ecological Preserve (SARI) with an estimate of 90 
individuals (mostly juveniles); Buck Island National Monument with an 
estimate of 11 individuals; and Ruth Island with 1 individual (O. 
Monsegur and M. Vargas, Service, pers. obs., 2010 and 2013; Dalmita-
Smith, DPNR, pers. comm., 2010).

[[Page 62566]]

Gonocalyx concolor

    Currently, Gonocalyx concolor is known from three populations: two 
at Cerro La Santa and another at Charco Azul, both in the Carite 
Commonwealth Forest (Pacheco and Monsegur, Service, unpubl. report, 
2013, p. 2). The species shows a limited distribution in its habitat, 
occupying only 0.75 ac (0.3 ha) at Cerro La Santa (Pacheco and Monsegur 
Service, unpubl. report, 2013, p. 3) and approximately 0.12 ac (0.05 
ha) at Charco Azul (O. Monsegur, UPRM, unpubl. report, 2006, p.2). The 
individuals reported from El Yunque National Forest are apparently no 
longer extant. According to Luis Rivera, Tropical Vegetation 
Specialist, the U.S. Forest Service does not have records of the 
species in El Yunque National Forest (L. Rivera, USFS, pers. comm., 
2013). Despite the availability of habitat, the Service considers that 
the report from El Yunque National Forest may be a misidentification of 
material from G. portoricensis.
    In 1992, Dr. George R. Proctor conducted a status review of the 
species estimating its population at Cerro La Santa at around 35 
individuals (Proctor 1992, p. 4). Later, Dr. Samuel Flores (professor 
from the Turabo University) visited the same area and estimated its 
population at around 172 individuals (S. Flores, pers. comm., 2009). In 
December 2006, Omar Monsegur (graduate student from the University of 
Puerto Rico, Mayag[uuml]ez Campus) estimated approximately 25 
individuals at Cerro La Santa and 4 individuals at Charco Azul (O. 
Monsegur, UPRM, unpubl. report, 2006, p. 1). In 2013, Service 
biologists, Carlos Pacheco and Omar Monsegur, visited the population at 
Cerro La Santa and estimated the G. concolor population at around 27 
individuals (Pacheco and Monsegur, USFWS, unpubl. report, 2013, p. 3).

Varronia rupicola

    Varronia rupicola is currently known from at least seven main 
localities in Puerto Rico (Table 2) and several localities from the 
island of Anegada. Monsegur and Breckon (2007, p. 1) visited the 
historical localities in Puerto Rico and provided updated information 
about the status and distribution of the species. The distribution of 
V. rupicola in the Gu[aacute]nica Commonwealth Forest extents to at 
least six small populations or subpopulations within the east section 
of the forest. Another population was located on the west unit of the 
Gu[aacute]nica Commonwealth Forest by Alcides Morales (Sociedad 
Ornitologica Puertorique[ntilde]a, Inc., pers. comm., 2012). This is 
the westernmost recorded distribution for the species.
    From the municipality of Pe[ntilde]uelas, Monsegur and Breckon 
(2007, p. 6) found a single individual in a ravine area on the west 
side of El Pe[ntilde][oacute]n site. This seems to be part of the same 
population identified by Breckon and Kolterman in 1995. In addition, 
the Service confirmed the presence of about eight clusters of the 
species in an area just north of the Ponce Holiday Inn in the 
municipality of Ponce (O. Monsegur, Service, and J. Sustache, DNER, 
unpubl. Data, 2013).

                       Table 2--Status of Currently Known Populations of Varronia rupicola
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                     Number of
                   Localities                      reproductive      Number of       Number of       Total of
                                                    individuals      saplings        seedlings        plants
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
El Pe[ntilde][oacute]n (Pe[ntilde]uelas)........              16               0               0              16
Gu[aacute]nica Commonwealth Forest (East).......              34              30             142             206
Gu[aacute]nica Commonwealth Forest (West)                      1               0               0               1
 (Montalva).....................................
Puerto Ferro (Vieques NWR)......................               6               0               0               6
Yauco (Montes de Barina)........................               2               0               0               2
Ponce (Holiday Inn).............................              17               4             120             141
Tortuguero Lagoon (DNER)........................               1               0               0               1
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
    Total.......................................              77              34             262             373
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Another recorded site for Varronia rupicola lies within a privately 
owned property located at Montes de Barinas in the municipality of 
Yauco (C. Pacheco, Service, pers. comm., 2011). The species was also 
reported by Alcides Morales (Sociedad Ornitologica 
Puertorique[ntilde]a, Inc., pers. comm., 2012) from a nearby property 
known as Finca Catal[aacute]. This property is adjacent to the locality 
reported by Pacheco on 2011. These reports overlap with the general 
area where this specimen was collected by Paul Sintenis in 1886.
    There is new information suggesting the existence of one population 
within the Tortuguero Lagoon in northern Puerto Rico (Beverly Yoshioka, 
Service, pers. comm., 2013). This will be the first record for the 
species in the northern coast of Puerto Rico. The finding of this new 
locality is supported by the existence of the species on a similar 
habitat in the Island of Anegada (British Virgin Islands). Varronia 
rupicola is also found in the northwest section of Anegada, where it is 
reported as common (Clubbe et al., 2004, p. 344; McGowan et al., 2006, 
p. 5).

Summary of Factors Affecting the Species

    Section 4 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1533), and its implementing 
regulations at 50 CFR part 424, set forth the procedures for adding 
species to the Federal Lists of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and 
Plants. Under section 4(a)(1) of the Act, we may list a species based 
on any of the following five factors: (A) The present or threatened 
destruction, modification, or curtailment of its habitat or range; (B) 
overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or 
educational purposes; (C) disease or predation; (D) the inadequacy of 
existing regulatory mechanisms; and (E) other natural or manmade 
factors affecting its continued existence. Listing actions may be 
warranted based on any of the above threat factors, singly or in 
combination. Each of these factors is discussed below.

Factor A. The Present or Threatened Destruction, Modification, or 
Curtailment of Its Habitat or Range

Agave eggersiana

    The Agave eggersiana population found in Great Pond is the only one 
located in a conservation area. The remaining populations occur within 
privately owned lands and are threatened by development, or are growing 
in areas that are already developed and managed as tourism and 
residential projects and that will not support the continued existence 
of the plants. Based on information reported by the University of the 
Virgin Islands'

[[Page 62567]]

Conservation Data Center (USVI-CLWUP 2004), at least three of the 
populations (i.e., Protestant Cay, Gallows Bay, and Manchenil Bay) lie 
within areas identified by DPNR as high-density land use areas, and 
thus have a higher susceptibility to development in the near future. 
The coastal areas that harbor suitable habitat for the species are 
currently subject to urban and tourist development (O. Monsegur and M. 
Vargas, Service, pers. obs., 2010 and 2013). At least two proposed 
development projects have been identified within suitable habitat for 
the species (i.e., C&R Robin, LLC, and Seven Hills Beach Resort and 
Casino) (Weiss, CBD, pers. comm., 2010). Current information regarding 
the status of these development projects is not available to the 
Service.
    The population at Protestant Cay has been affected by construction 
and management activities associated with the current use of the area, 
i.e., the disposal of garden debris from a hotel in the species' known 
habitat (O. Monsegur and M. Vargas, Service, pers. obs., 2010). As 
Agave eggersiana relies on asexual reproduction, the species depends on 
the bulbils becoming established. Covering the bulbils with debris may 
result in subsequent mortality of the bulbils and lack of natural 
recruitment, thus affecting the long-term survival of this population. 
Moreover, individuals located on the edges of the population are pruned 
as part of the gardens' maintenance. This practice may result in 
mortality or mutilation of individuals because the species is 
monopodial (single growth axis). The population at Protestant Cay is 
also threatened by competition with nonnative plant species. In this 
case, habitat modifications from urban development (e.g., road) and 
garden maintenance have created conditions for the establishment of 
invasive, nonnative species. Also, the undeveloped habitat on the cay 
is being rapidly colonized by nonnative species (see Factor E 
discussion, below). A. eggersiana plants also seem to be stressed by 
competition with nonnative plants.
    Another modification of habitat in the area was a sand ramp 
constructed in 2011, on the northeast side of the cay (T. Cummins and 
W. Coles, DPNR, pers comm., 2011; R. Platenberg and T. Cummins, DPNR, 
pers. comm., 2012; Zegarra, Service, pers. comm., 2012). It was 
documented that at least five individuals of Agave eggersiana were 
crushed or otherwise impacted by the excavation work (R. Platenberg and 
T. Cummins, DPNR, pers. comm., 2012).
    The individuals located at Gallows Bay are within a developed 
residential complex that has the potential for future expansion, and 
thus may affect Agave eggersiana (O. Monsegur and M. Vargas, Service, 
pers. obs., 2010 and 2013). Moreover, the Gallows Bay area does not 
contain additional habitat to allow for population expansion. Remaining 
forested areas surrounding this location are characterized by an 
abundance of nonnative species. The small pockets that could be 
colonized by bulbils are occupied by Sansevieria cylindrica (African 
spear), a nonnative plant species that tends to form a complete cover 
of the understory (see Factor E discussion, below).
    The area from Cane Garden Bay to Manchenil Bay on the south coast 
of St. Croix harbors four of the known natural populations of Agave 
eggersiana (Manchenil Bay, Vagthus Point, Cane Garden, and South 
Shore). According to DPNR personnel (Valiulis, pers. comm., 2010), 
these areas are advertised by realtors for tourism and residential 
development. Furthermore, the areas along the south coast that have not 
been developed are used for cattle or hay production, minimizing the 
recovery of native vegetation and, therefore, the habitat for A. 
eggersiana (O. Monsegur and M. Vargas, Service, pers. obs., 2010 and 
2013). The development of tourist and residential projects in these 
coastal areas may result in the extirpation of some populations or, at 
the least, will reduce the chances of the populations to expand or to 
colonize other areas. The effects of development projects are 
exacerbated by the low potential for natural recruitment due to the 
small number of populations and individuals.
    The population of Great Pond is located between the entrance road 
of the East End Marine Park office and a private property currently 
advertised for sale. The population seems to be healthy based on the 
presence of different size plants and evidence of recent flowering 
events. However, the area near the population is mowed, and the access 
road limits the expansion of the population. Furthermore, the property 
adjacent to the population is privately owned and currently for sale 
(O. Monsegur and M. Vargas, Service, pers. obs., 2010 and 2013). The 
possible use of the area for additional residential or tourist 
development may affect the Agave eggersiana population. Owners will 
likely manage their properties as landscapes, which could lead to land 
clearing, additional mowing, other maintenance activities, and the 
introduction of nonnative plants. Moreover, the abundance of grasslands 
and the dominance of the nonnative plant Megathyrsus maximus (guinea 
grass) make the population of A. eggersiana susceptible to human-
induced fires (addressed under Factor E, below).

Gonocalyx concolor

    Habitat destruction and modification have been identified by 
species expert as the main threat to Gonocalyx concolor (Proctor 1992, 
p. 3; O. Monsegur, UPRM, unpubl. data, 2006; C. Pacheco and O. 
Monsegur, Service, unpubl. report, 2013, p. 3). In 1974, the 
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico granted special use permits for the 
construction of telecommunications facilities, and governmental and 
recreational facilities, within G. concolor habitat, affecting 
approximately 107 ac (43.5 ha) of lower montane very wet forest 
(Silander et al. 1986, p. 178). Currently known populations of G. 
concolor at Cerro La Santa are found in remnants of elfin forest 
vegetation located adjacent (less than 246 ft (75 m)) from 
telecommunication facilities, and at the edges (less than 9.8 ft (3 m)) 
of the road that provide access to the telecommunication facilities (C. 
Pacheco and O. Monsegur, Service, unpubl. report, 2013, p. 3). Below we 
discuss the three factors that may affect the current habitat or range 
of G. concolor: (1) Installation of telecommunication towers; (2) road 
improvement; and (3) vegetation management.
    Land-use history of Cerro La Santa has shown that installation of 
telecommunication facilities for television, radio, and cellular 
communication, and for military and governmental purposes, has 
adversely impacted Gonocalyx concolor habitat (Silander et al., 1986, 
p. 178), and although not documented, presumably has directly affected 
individuals of the species. George Proctor (1992, p. 3) stated that the 
construction of a paved road and gigantic telecommunication towers on 
the summit ridge of Cerro La Santa destroyed much of the natural 
population of this species. Currently, the telecommunication tower and 
its associated facilities (i.e., access roads, security fences, guy 
wires) occupy approximately 6.1 ac (2.5 ha) of the elfin forest in 
Cerro La Santa; this is habitat that the species may have occupied in 
the past (C. Pacheco and O. Monsegur, Service, unpubl. report, 2013, p. 
3). Although the populations at Cerro La Santa are located within a 
Commonwealth forest, this area is subjected to development for 
expansion of telecommunication infrastructure because permits to build 
new communication facilities or expand currently existing ones within 
or near Commonwealth forests are prevalent

[[Page 62568]]

(DNER 2004a, p. 2). Expansion of the existing telecommunication 
facilities may result in loss of 27 individuals of G. concolor and 
their habitat. In Puerto Rico, towers for cellular communication, 
radio, television, and military and governmental purposes have 
represented a threat to those plant species that happen to occur only 
on mountaintops. The proliferation of these antennas has increased with 
the advent of cellular phone and related technologies. While the towers 
themselves may not occupy a very large area, construction activities, 
access roads, and other facilities have a much wider impact, resulting 
in the elimination of potential habitat for the species.
    For the above reasons, we determined that installation of 
additional communications towers or expansion of the existing one at 
Cerro La Santa is a threat to Gonocalyx concolor by direct mortality 
and due to permanent loss, fragmentation, or alteration of its habitat.
    Construction of a new access road and improvement of the existing 
access road to the existing communication facilities have been 
identified as a factor that could directly (destruction of individuals) 
or indirectly (slope instability and habitat degradation) reduce the 
number Gonocalyx concolor and its habitat at Cerro La Santa (Proctor 
1992, p. 3; C. Pacheco and O. Monsegur, Service, unpubl. report, 2013, 
p. 3). Further, expanding the road that provides access to the 
telecommunication facilities may negatively affect the species' habitat 
and could result in loss of 11 mature individuals of G. concolor (C. 
Pacheco and O. Monsegur, Service, unpubl. report, 2013, p. 3). 
Additionally, clearing the native vegetation along the road may 
facilitate and accelerate colonization of invasive vegetation towards 
G. concolor habitat (see Factor E discussion, below). Destruction or 
modification of this kind of habitat may be irreversible. Therefore, 
the microhabitat conditions necessary for the recovery of the species 
may be lost if the habitat is modified for the expansion of the 
existing telecommunications facilities or construction of new 
communication facilities.
    Vegetation management around the existing telecommunication towers 
and associated facilities and along the existing power lines that 
energize these facilities is a threat to Gonocalyx concolor and its 
habitat (C. Pacheco and O. Monsegur, Service, unpubl. report, 2013, p. 
3). Telecommunication companies periodically remove vegetation along 
the access roads, around the security fences, and under the guy wires 
(tensors) that are anchored in the forest. Additionally, maintenance 
staff of the Puerto Rico Energy and Power Authority (PREPA) 
periodically trim and clear the vegetation under the existing power 
lines that provide energy to the telecommunication facilities and 
adjacent communities. Presently, the Puerto Rico Department of Natural 
and Environmental Resources (DNER) is aware of the presence of G. 
concolor and the need to implement conservation measures for the 
species in Cerro La Santa. The existing telecommunication facilities 
and PREPA usually have a restricted perimeter delimiting the area that 
can be mowed and trimmed. However, maintenance activities outside of 
the perimeter have been conducted without the coordination with the 
forest manager, affecting the forest vegetation and G. concolor habitat 
(Hecsor Serrano-Delgado, DNER, pers. comm., 2013; O. Monsegur, UPRM, 
unpubl. report, 2006, p.1). In 2006, Omar Monsegur documented damages 
to an individual of G. concolor caused by vegetation removal activities 
outside of the fences (O. Monsegur, UPRM, unpubl. report, 2006, p.1). 
Additionally, clearing the native vegetation along the access roads, 
around the telecommunication facilities, and under the power lines may 
facilitate and accelerate colonization of invasive vegetation in G. 
concolor habitat. See Factor E, below, for further discussion on 
invasive species.
    Even though the population dynamics of the species are poorly 
known, we understand that the impacts discussed above could be 
detrimental to the species as a whole. Clearing of vegetation may 
result in direct impacts (cutting of individuals) or indirect impacts 
(by opening forest gaps that can serve as corridors for invasive 
species) to the species. Vegetation management and maintenance of 
communication towers and facilities are a threat to Gonocalyx concolor 
due to changes in microclimate (a local atmospheric zone where the 
climate differs from the surrounding area) and plant species 
composition. Also, vegetation management around the existing facilities 
and along the access roads may be a direct and indirect threat to the 
G. concolor because it may alter the habitat condition, allowing 
invasive plants to colonize the area, and may result in direct physical 
damage to the species.

Varronia rupicola

    The species' rarity and restricted distribution make it vulnerable 
to habitat destruction and modification. About 50 percent of known 
Varronia rupicola individuals in Puerto Rico occur on private lands 
(i.e., Yauco, Pe[ntilde]uelas, and Ponce) in areas subject to urban 
development. Moreover, the habitat at Pe[ntilde]uelas and Ponce may 
remain underestimated in relation to the presence of the species as the 
area has not been extensively explored. The habitat in the 
municipalities of Pe[ntilde]uelas and Ponce has been severely 
fragmented for urban development (i.e., housing projects, hotels, 
jails, landfills, rock quarries, and Puerto Rico Highway Number 2 (PR 
2)). The habitat has been further fragmented by the use of these 
forested areas by PREPA as a right-of-way for power lines, and 
additional habitat was impacted for a former proposed gas pipeline 
(Gasoducto Sur). At least 1,200 ac (485 ha) of prime dry forest habitat 
from Gu[aacute]nica to Ponce are currently proposed for urban and 
industrial developments, which are evaluated by the Puerto Rico 
planning board (http://www.jp.gobierno.pr). These include the areas 
where the Ponce populations were recently located by Service staff. 
Future projects may threaten these populations with fragmentation, and 
possibly extirpate currently known individuals. Despite the species' 
biology suggesting its ability to colonize disturbed areas, it is very 
likely that once the habitat is fragmented. V. rupicola will be 
outcompeted by nonnative plant species (see Factor E discussion).
    In Pe[ntilde]uelas, the species is found in an area that is 
currently under urban development. Breckon and Kolterman (1996) 
reported a healthy population of Varronia rupicola in this area located 
at El Pe[ntilde][oacute]n de Ponce (Municipality of Pe[ntilde]uelas), 
which is part of a residential development called ``Urbanizaci[oacute]n 
El Pe[ntilde][oacute]n.'' At this site, V. rupicola plants grows within 
residential lots, and although the lots are large in size, current and 
ongoing construction and deforestation (some lots have been completely 
cleared for house construction) threaten this population. In 2007, 
Monsegur and Breckon (2007, p. 6) reported that one individual plant 
adjacent to ``Urbanizaci[oacute]n El Pe[ntilde]on'' was eliminated by 
the improvement of PR 2. The authors reported that vegetation was 
removed and the area was bulldozed, apparently as part of a project to 
control run-off from the ravine.
    In Yauco, the species occurs within private properties that may be 
subject to urban development (http://www.jp.gobierno.pr). In fact, 
urban development has encroached remnants of native dry forest areas, 
resulting in the isolation or disjunction of populations of rare 
plants, hence,

[[Page 62569]]

reducing suitable habitat for the species. These areas are also 
threatened by deforestation for agricultural practices such as raising 
cattle, cattle grazing, and for the extraction of fence posts (O. 
Monsegur, Service, pers. obs., 2005). The known population at Yauco was 
observed at the edge of an existing dirt road. Therefore, any road 
expansion may result in the extirpation of individuals, habitat 
modification, and intrusion of nonnative plants.
    In the Gu[aacute]nica Commonwealth Forest and the Vieques Island 
National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), Varronia rupicola is found at the edge 
of trails and roads, making the species prone to be affected by 
management activities (e.g., widening of trails, road repairs). 
Additionally, several individuals of V. rupicola are found underneath 
power lines of PREPA at the Gu[aacute]nica Commonwealth Forest, where 
they are threatened by maintenance activities such as cutting or the 
use of herbicides. PREPA has the right to access the power lines for 
maintenance and service in case of emergencies. Damage to individual 
plants caused by maintenance activities has been observed in the past 
(O. Monsegur, Service, pers. obs., 2009). This makes a significant part 
of the Gu[aacute]nica populations prone to extirpation despite the 
existence of regulatory mechanisms (see Factor D discussion, below).
    Furthermore, despite being a National Wildlife Refuge, the Vieques 
site (Puerto Ferro) is considered as an active ammunition site due to 
the previous use of Vieques Island as a bombing range by the U.S. Navy 
(http://public.lantops-ir.org/sites/public/vieques/default.aspx). 
Although there are no current plans to conduct vegetation removal to 
investigate the ammunitions in Puerto Ferro (F. Lopez, Service, pers. 
comm., 2013), the investigation process at Vieques has proved to be 
dynamic and there is a possibility that clearing of native vegetation 
will be required to conduct removal of ammunitions in the future.
    Varronia rupicola is also found in the western half of Anegada 
Island, and the population appears to be healthy. However, despite 
efforts to maintain biodiversity and promote conservation on Anegada, 
V. rupicola, along with other rare plant species and their preferred 
limestone habitat, faces threats of future habitat fragmentation, 
habitat modification, and invasive species (Pollard and Clubbe 2003, p. 
5; McGowan et al., 2006, p. 4). Anegada is under heavy pressure for 
residential and tourism development (McGowan et al., 2006, p. 4), 
resulting in improvement and construction of roads, which increase 
habitat loss and fragmentation.
    About half of known populations and suitable habitat are within 
privately owned land, which is being modified or proposed to be 
modified for urban development. These activities are expected to 
continue.
Conservation Efforts To Reduce the Present or Threatened Destruction, 
Modification, or Curtailment of Its Habitat or Range

Agave eggersiana

    Efforts to re-establish locally endangered plant species to the 
wild are occurring within properties managed by the National Park 
Service (NPS) (SARI and Buck Island Reef National Monument) on St. 
Croix. The intent of NPS is to increase production of the species' 
progeny around the island, which started in 2007, by planting seven 
individuals of Agave eggersiana (NPS, unpubl. data, 2007). Also, an 
intra-agency agreement between the Service and NPS, in cooperation with 
the Florida and Caribbean Exotic Plant Management Team, was established 
in 2007, to control nonnative, invasive plants and restore coastal 
landscape. The agreement was to restore approximately 15 acres (6.1 ha) 
of SARI coastal wetlands and uplands. The agreement also included 
planting A. eggersiana among other native flora. Currently, there are 
more than 100 juvenile plants on NPS lands. However, there is the need 
to continue monitoring these plants to document their long-term 
survival and recruitment, and to adaptively manage the population.
    Other efforts include the evaluation of the status of the natural 
populations by Service staff. In 2010 and 2013, Service biologists 
visited St. Croix and found Agave eggersiana planted at the Lagoon 
Picnic Area, a public beach that seems to be under a reforestation 
effort funded by the Antilitter and Beautification Commission. The site 
harbors about 220 plants that are part of the landscape. Although the 
Service has no information on the reforestation project, it seems to be 
a good effort for the protection of coastal habitat and as an outreach 
effort towards the protection of the species.

Gonocalyx concolor

    Gonocalyx concolor populations occur on public lands managed for 
conservation by the Puerto Rico DNER. The DNER develop a management 
plan for all Commonwealth Forests in 1976; however, specific measures 
to protect this species are not included in the plan (DNR 1976, pp. 
168-181). Currently, activities to be conducted within Commonwealth 
Forest are generally scrutinized, and measures to minimize or avoid 
impacts to species protected by DNER and Federal agencies are 
recommended and implemented (see Factor D discussion). However, 
authorized activities, such as vegetation clearing around communication 
towers, under power lines, and along roads,have been documented, 
resulting in loss of individuals and the species' habitat.

Varronia rupicola

    The Service's Caribbean Ecological Service Field Office (CESFO) has 
evaluated federally funded projects or federally related projects 
requiring federal permits that lie within the species' range. As part 
of the evaluation, the Service recommends surveys to identify 
populations and recommends conservation measures to protect the 
species. However, residential projects without Federal nexuses are not 
submitted to the Service for evaluation.
Summary of Factor A

Agave eggersiana

    The threats of possible construction and developments, and the 
current management of the habitat of the populations, may further limit 
the species. Direct consequences can be expected as impacting (harming) 
the individuals (e.g., cutting or mowing), while indirect consequences 
can be expected to create a habitat disturbance where nonnative plants 
can overpower Agave eggersiana. Currently, there continue to be impacts 
on various populations that are expected to continue into the future.

Gonocalyx concolor

    The species' rarity and restricted distribution makes it vulnerable 
to habitat destruction and modification. The scope of these factors is 
exacerbated because the most significant portion of the known 
population occurs adjacent to telecommunication facilities and at the 
edge of the existing access road. The activities related to these 
facilities are expected to continue into the future. Therefore, they 
are likely to have significant impact on Gonocalyx concolor.

Varronia rupicola

    Degradation of habitat represents a threat to Varronia rupicola. 
About half of the known populations of V. rupicola and its suitable 
habitat are within privately owned land, which is being modified or is 
proposed to be modified for urban development. In addition, habitat 
fragmentation by clearing of vegetation, road constructions, and

[[Page 62570]]

right-of-way maintenance (cutting plants and used of herbicides) can 
limit the species' survivability where these activities create the 
conditions for nonnative plants to outcompete V. rupicola. We expect 
that this threat would continue into the future.

Factor B. Overutilization for Commercial, Recreational, Scientific, or 
Educational Purposes

Agave eggersiana

    Agave eggersiana has been reported as a cultivar since it was 
described as a species in 1913 (Trelease 1913, p. 28). Historically, 
the majority of A. eggersiana found on St. Croix and St. Thomas were 
from landscaped areas (Britton and Wilson 1923, p. 156; Plaskett, DPNR, 
pers. comm., 2003; Kojis and Boulon, DPNR, pers. comm., 1996; Proctor 
and Acevedo-Rodr[iacute]guez 2005, p. 118; Acevedo-Rodr[iacute]guez, 
pers. comm., 2005). Currently, the species is distributed by the St. 
George Botanical Garden and the St. Croix Environmental Association for 
conservation and private landscaping purposes. In fact, it is an 
ornamental species commonly used on the island of St. Croix. Recent 
declines in the number of individuals at one population along the coast 
of Manchenil Bay are thought to be due to collection for ornamental 
purposes (Dalmida-Smith, DPNR, pers. comm., 2010; Valiulis, DPNR, pers. 
comm., 2010). At present, we do not have evidence to confirm this 
threat. However, when Service biologists visited the island in 2010 and 
2013, they observed that A. eggersiana continues to be used as a 
landscape species.
    Current evidence suggests that the wild and cultivated populations 
of Agave eggersiana have minimum genetic variation. Data suggest that 
cultivated individuals could be used as genetic stock to aid in the 
long-term survival of this species. However, most cultivated 
populations are groomed and do not allow natural recruitment. 
Therefore, we are concerned about possible collection of individuals 
from natural populations for landscaping. The rarity and low numbers of 
individuals for this agave may result in a high ornamental value. The 
limited reproduction of the plant, which reproduces only once every 10 
to 15 years (D. Hamada, SGVBG, pers. comm., 2010), may lead people to 
collect individuals from the wild and thus lower the recruitment of 
those limited populations and risk the continued survival of the 
species.

Gonocalyx concolor

    Gonocalyx concolor is not a commercially valuable species or a 
species sought after for recreational or educational purposes. However, 
the species is recognized by its rarity and restricted range, making it 
more attractive to collectors and scientists. Collection could be a 
significant threat to the species due to the few remaining populations, 
small population size, restricted range, remoteness of occupied 
habitat, and the potential for collection to occur at any time. Because 
little is known about G. concolor (i.e., abundance, distribution, 
habitat requirement, and phenology), any collection of seedlings, 
saplings, flowers, fruits, or parts of the individual without 
appropriated evaluation of its effect on the species could adversely 
affect the status of the population. Even limited collection from the 
remaining population could have deleterious effects on reproductive and 
genetic viability of the species and could contribute to its extinction 
(Jos[eacute] Sustache, DNER, pers. comm., 2013). Although we consider 
collection to be a potential threat to this species, we do not have 
information indicating that the species is being collected for 
commercial, recreational, scientific or educational purposes.

Varronia rupicola

    There is scientific interest in Varronia rupicola from local and 
external botanists. In fact, there is ongoing research by personnel 
from the Royal Botanic Gardens (KEW) related to the reproductive 
biology, propagation, and genetics of this species, including the 
populations from United States and British territories (entire Puerto 
Rican platform). However, the current available information on the 
species does not suggest that overutilization for commercial, 
recreational, scientific, or educational purposes has contributed to a 
decline of V. rupicola. This research is the only known use of the 
species, and it is strictly for scientific purposes. Therefore, despite 
its rarity, we do not have any evidence that suggests this threat is 
negatively impacting V. rupicola.
Conservation Efforts To Reduce Overutilization for Commercial, 
Recreational, Scientific, or Educational Purposes

Agave eggersiana

    At present, the Service is unaware of any conservation efforts to 
reduce overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or 
educational purposes of Agave eggersiana, except for the existing 
regulatory mechanisms that protect the species. However, although A. 
eggersiana is protected by Act No. 5665, the USVI law that provides 
protection to indigenous, endangered, and threatened fish, wildlife, 
and plants in the Territory, the use of the species for landscaping 
continues to be a practice. This law prohibits the collection of 
endangered species. However, we do not have information about 
enforcement mechanisms to avoid the use of this plant for landscaping 
(see Factor D discussion, below).

Gonocalyx concolor and Varronia rupicola

    The Carite and Gu[aacute]nica Commonwealth Forests are managed for 
conservation by the Puerto Rico DNER, and collection of any plant in 
these lands is regulated by Commonwealth Law No. 133. Currently, there 
are permits to collect plants in the Carite and Gu[aacute]nica 
Commonwealth Forests. However, such permits are issued by DNER after 
determining that proposed actions will not negatively affect the 
species (Jos[eacute] Sustache, DNER, pers. comm., 2013; see Factor D 
discussion, below). If this proposed rule is adopted, collection of 
Varronia rupicola at the Vieques National Wildlife Refuge will require 
a special use permit and section 7 consultation (see Factor D 
discussion, below).
Summary of Factor B
    Agave eggersiana is recognized as an ornamental plant, and is 
locally distributed by botanical gardens (St. George Village Botanical 
Garden) and the St. Croix Environmental Association to residents for 
use in private gardens. Therefore, we consider collection to be a 
threat to the species due to the few remaining natural populations. 
Overcollection from natural populations may compromise the natural 
recruitment and the recovery of Agave eggersiana. We do not believe 
that overcollection is a threat to Gonocalyx concolor or Varronia 
rupicola.

Factor C. Disease or Predation

Agave eggersiana

    The genus Agave is widely affected by the agave snout weevil 
(Scyphophorus acupunctatus). This weevil has a wide distribution that 
includes the Greater Antilles (i.e., Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and 
Puerto Rico) (Vaurie 1971, p. 4; Setliff and Anderson 2011, p. 1). The 
larvae of this weevil feed on the starchy base of the plant, increasing 
the risk of infestation by pathogens such as a virus or fungus, later 
resulting in the death of the plant (Vaurie 1971, p. 4). At this

[[Page 62571]]

time, there is no information about the occurrence of the agave snout 
weevil within St. Croix. However, it has been documented to be found on 
adjacent islands such as St. Thomas and Water Island (USVI--http://www.uvi.edu/community/cooperative-extension-service/agriculture-and-natural-resources/integrated-pest-management.aspx).
    Although we do not have evidence on the agave snout weevil's 
presence on St. Croix, due to the low number of natural populations of 
Agave eggersiana and the abundance of vectors (i.e., nonnative agaves 
planted in gardens), we consider that the weevil's arrival to this 
island is forthcoming. The agave snout weevil's presence on nearby 
islands is a concern especially where there is constant traffic 
(commuting) among islands with local and international trade. This 
could potentially increase the risk of this weevil to arrive and infest 
the island at any time. Moreover, the island of St. Croix harbors other 
types of Agave, which could potentially become stepping stones for the 
weevil to spread around and affect the few and limited populations of 
A. eggersiana.
    Service biologists documented that a small number of individuals of 
Agave eggersiana were observed with scarring along the borders of some 
leaves (O. Monsegur and M. Vargas, Service, pers. obs., 2010). It 
appears that an insect or arthropod larva may feed on these leaves. 
However, the exact cause and the consequences of the scarring remain 
unknown. Nevertheless, this is important and should be monitored, as it 
might be an indicator of a recently arrived pest to St. Croix.
    On Mona Island, Puerto Rico, feral pigs are known to uproot 
juveniles and destroy the root system of Agave sisalana (sisal) to feed 
on the root system or to use them as a water source (J. Saliva, 
Service, pers. obs, 1983 and 1996.). As introduced pigs, donkeys, and 
goats have been reported on St. Croix, we cannot disregard the possible 
predation of Agave eggersiana, particularly young plants, by these 
feral animals. The absence of evidence of predation by these species 
might be the result of the low number of individuals of A. eggersiana, 
their isolation, and the proximity of some of these populations to 
human-inhabited areas. Nonetheless, at this time there is no evidence 
that donkeys, pigs, or goats constitute a direct threat to A. 
eggersiana.
Gonocalyx concolor and Varronia rupicola
    No insect pest or predation of individuals of Gonocalyx concolor or 
Varronia rupicola has been documented in the wild. Minor to moderate 
infestation by glasshouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) was 
observed on cultivated material of V. rupicola at the Royal Botanical 
Garden, KEW (Wenger et al. 2010). However, this was suspected to be the 
result of the proximity of the V. rupicola material to a species that 
is highly susceptible to this insect pest.
    Due to the low number of individuals and populations of these 
species, disease and predation could certainly be threats. However, we 
have no further information indicating that disease or predation are a 
current threat to Gonocalyx concolor or Varronia rupicola. We do not 
consider disease or predation to be a threat to either of the two 
species.
Conservation Efforts To Reduce Disease or Predation
Agave eggersiana, Gonocalyx concolor, and Varronia rupicola
    Based on the information available, we have no evidence of 
conservation efforts to prevent or reduce adverse effects due to 
disease or predation. So far, the only species that could be 
potentially affected by an insect pest is Agave eggersiana. However, to 
our knowledge, no conservation measure has been implemented in this 
regard.
Summary of Factor C
    Predation (scaring) has been observed in some individuals of Agave 
eggersiana, but there is no direct evidence that the severity of this 
stressor has affected the species. However, disease caused by the agave 
snout weevil could potentially affect A. eggersiana at a population 
level. Thus, based on our analysis of the best available scientific and 
commercial available data, we find that disease may be a significant 
stressor to the overall status of A. eggersiana by affecting the long-
term survival of the species.
    We have no information indicating that disease or predation is a 
current threat to Gonocalyx concolor or Varronia rupicola.

Factor D. The Inadequacy of Existing Regulatory Mechanisms

    Under this factor, we examine whether existing regulatory 
mechanisms are inadequate to address the threats to Agave eggersiana, 
Gonocalyx concolor, and Varronia rupicola discussed under other 
factors. Section 4(b)(1)(A) of the Act requires the Service to take 
into account, ``those efforts, if any, being made by any State or 
foreign nation, or any political subdivision of a State or foreign 
nation, to protect such species. . . .'' In relation to Factor D under 
the Act, we interpret this language to require the Service to consider 
relevant Federal, State, and Tribal laws and regulations, and other 
such mechanisms that may minimize any of the threats we describe in 
threat analyses under the other four factors, or otherwise enhance 
conservation of the species. We give strongest weight to statutes and 
their implementing regulations and to management direction that stems 
from those laws and regulations. An example would be State governmental 
actions enforced under a State statute or constitution, or Federal 
action under statute.
    Having evaluated the significance of the threat as mitigated by any 
such conservation efforts, we analyze under Factor D the extent to 
which existing regulatory mechanisms are inadequate to address the 
specific threats to the species. Regulatory mechanisms, if they exist, 
may reduce or eliminate the impacts from one or more identified 
threats. In this section, we review existing State and Federal 
regulatory mechanisms to determine whether they effectively reduce or 
remove threats to Agave eggersiana, Gonocalyx concolor, and Varronia 
rupicola.

Agave eggersiana

Territory

    The Territory of the U.S. Virgin Islands currently considers Agave 
eggersiana as endangered under the Virgin Islands Indigenous and 
Endangered Species Act (Law No. 5665) (V.I. Code, Title 12, Chapter 2). 
This law, signed in 1990, amended an existing regulation (Bill No. 18-
0403) to provide for the protection of endangered and threatened 
wildlife and plants by prohibiting the take, injury, or possession of 
indigenous plants. As we mentioned above, A. eggersiana is currently 
being used for private landscaping on St. Croix. At present, we do not 
have information about the sources of the individuals used for such 
purposes. However, we are concerned about the removal of individuals 
from natural populations for landscaping. Based on the number of 
individuals currently used for private gardens and the landscape 
practices in private areas, such as pruning and mowing of populations, 
we believe that protection provisions under local regulation may not be 
appropriately enforced. Rothenberger et al. (2008, p. 68) indicated 
that the lack of management and enforcement capacity continues to be a 
significant challenge for the USVI, because enforcement agencies are 
chronically understaffed and territorial resource management offices 
experience

[[Page 62572]]

significant staff turnover, particularly during administration changes.
    Based on the above, although there is a regulatory mechanism that 
protects Agave eggersiana on St. Croix, we consider that the 
enforcement of the mechanism is inadequate.
Gonocalyx concolor  and Varronia rupicola

Federal

    One of the currently known populations of Varronia rupicola lies 
within the Vieques NWR (Puerto Ferro population). Collecting and 
managing plant material (including seeds) within a national wildlife 
refuge are regulated and require a permit from the refuge manager (FWS 
Form 3-1383-R). The National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act 
of 1966 (16 U.S.C. 668dd-668ee, as amended by the National Wildlife 
Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997) provides guidance for management 
and public use of the refuge system.

Commonwealth

    In 1999, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico approved the Law No. 241, 
also known as New Wildlife Law of Puerto Rico (``Nueva Ley de Vida 
Silvestre de Puerto Rico''). The purpose of this law is to protect, 
conserve, and enhance both native and migratory wildlife species, 
including plants; declare all wildlife species within its jurisdiction 
as property of Puerto Rico; and regulate permits, hunting activities, 
and nonnative species, among others. However, as we mentioned above 
under the Factor A discussion, some individuals of Gonocalyx concolor 
and Varronia rupicola have been pruned, and in some cases eliminated, 
as result of unauthorized activities such as vegetation removal within 
the Commonwealth Forest (O. Monsegur, UPRM, unpubl. report, 2006, p. 1) 
and within privately owned lands (Monsegur and Breckon 2007, p. 6). 
Therefore, we believe that protection provisions under the Law No. 241 
are not being appropriately enforced.
    In 1998, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico approved the Commonwealth 
Law No. 150, known as Puerto Rico Natural Heritage Law (Ley del 
Programa de Patrimonio Natural de Puerto Rico). The purpose of the Law 
No. 150 is to create the DNER Natural Heritage Program. This program 
has the responsibility to identify and designate as critical elements 
some rare, threatened, or endangered species that should be considered 
for conservation, because of their contribution to biodiversity and 
because of their importance to the natural heritage (DNR 1988, p.1). 
Currently, Gonocalyx concolor and Varronia rupicola are considered as 
critical elements by the DNER Natural Heritage Program. The Law No. 150 
does not provide penalties for actions that may adversely affect 
critical elements; however, the law triggers other Commonwealth laws 
and regulations, such as Law No. 133 and Regulation No. 6769 (see 
below), that provide protection to critical elements.
    The Carite and Gu[aacute]nica Commonwealth Forests are protected by 
Law No. 133 (12 L.P.R.A. sec. 191), 1975, as amended, known as the 
Puerto Rico Forest Law (``Ley de Bosques de Puerto Rico''), as amended 
in 2000. Section 8(A) of Law No. 133 prohibits cutting, killing, 
destroying, uprooting, extracting, or in any way damaging any tree or 
vegetation within a Commonwealth forest without authorization of the 
Secretary of the DNER. Although management plans for Commonwealth 
forests include the protection and conservation of species classified 
under DNER regulations as critical element, endangered, or threatened, 
on occasions the location of such species in the forests makes 
enforcement of these regulations a difficult task. As previously 
mentioned, Gonocalyx concolor and Varronia rupicola are located 
adjacent to trails, near access roads, and below power lines, where 
they are susceptible to maintenance practices. According to DNER forest 
managers, on several occasions, coordination between forest personnel 
and field staff from PREPA has not been effective to avoid damaging 
species protected by Commonwealth laws, including V. rupicola and G. 
concolor (M. Canals, DNER, pers. comm. 2008; H. Serrano-Delgado, DNER, 
pers. comm. 2013).
    In 2004, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico adopted Regulation No. 
6769, Regulation of Special Permits for the Use of Communications and 
Buildings Associated to Electronic Systems of Communication within 
Commonwealth Forests in Puerto Rico (``Reglamento de Permisos 
Especiales para Uso de Comunicaciones y Edificaciones Asosiadas a 
Sistemas Electr[oacute]nicos de comunicaci[oacute]n en los Bosques 
Estatales''), which provides guidance for the installation and 
maintenance of telecommunication facilities within Commonwealth forests 
and for the protection of natural resources. Article 7(d) of this 
regulation states that during installation, operation, and maintenance 
of telecommunication facilities, conservation measures should be taken 
to avoid or minimize impacts on species protected by DNER and Federal 
agencies (DNER 2004a, p. 13). However, individuals of Gonocalyx 
concolor have been affected by maintenance activities of existing 
communication facilities, making implementation of this regulation a 
challenging task (see discussion under Factor A, above, and Factor E, 
below).
    In 2004, DNER approved Regulation 6766 to regulate the management 
of threatened and endangered species in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico 
(``Reglamento para Regir el Manejo de las Especies Vulnerables y en 
Peligro de Extinci[oacute]n en el Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto 
Rico''). Article 2.06 of Regulation 6766 prohibits collecting, cutting, 
and removing, among other activities, listed plants within the 
jurisdiction of Puerto Rico. Gonocalyx concolor and Varronia rupicola 
are not included in the list of protected species under Regulation 
6766. However, as indicated above, Law No. 241 provides protection to 
all wildlife species (including plants) under Commonwealth 
jurisdiction, even those on private lands.
Local Ordinances
    On the island of Anegada, there are various conservation and 
education efforts taking place for the protection of rare plant and 
animal species (Wenger et al. 2010, p. 8). However, we are unaware of 
any formal regulatory mechanism for protecting Varronia rupicola. On 
November 3, 1999, a portion of western Anegada (2,646 ac (1,071 ha)) 
was designated as a Ramsar site and added to the List of Wetlands of 
International Importance (Western Salt Ponds of Anegada). A portion of 
the preferred limestone habitat of V. rupicola lies within this site, 
which is owned by the British government. Although this designation 
does not necessarily provide legal protection status, the purpose of 
Ramsar sites is to ensure the perpetuation of ecological functions of 
those sites by means of a wise-use approach.
Summary of Factor D
    Agave eggersiana, Gonocalyx concolor, and Varronia rupicola and 
their habitats are partially protected by Federal, Commonwealth, 
Territory, and local regulations. However, after evaluating the 
information available on the implementation of the existing laws, we 
determined those regulatory mechanisms do not provide adequate 
protection to the species. The enforcement of existing laws has not 
been effective, because harming or injuring (mowing or pruning) Agave 
eggersiana has been reported. In addition, the implementation and

[[Page 62573]]

enforcement of effective measures to protect individuals of V. rupicola 
located adjacent to existing trails and below power lines within 
Commonwealth forests have not been effective. The same problem has 
occurred with G. concolor during maintenance of communication towers. 
Additionally, it is important to note that enforcement on private lands 
continues to be a challenge, as accidental damage or extirpation of 
individuals has occurred due to lack of knowledge of the species by 
private landowners.

Factor E. Other Natural or Manmade Factors Affecting Their Continued 
Existence

Invasive Species
    Invasive plant species can affect native ecosystems at three 
levels: the genetic level, where the number of individuals of native 
species can be reduced below the minimum necessary for persistence; the 
species diversity level, where the number of species present and their 
distribution can be reduced; and the ecosystem level, where the 
functioning of the ecosystem can be changed (Rippey et al. 2002, p. 
170). Nonnative species can be very aggressive and compete with native 
species for sunlight, nutrients, water, and ground cover. Once 
established, these nonnative species typically dominate the landscape, 
and the novel forest is characterized by a decrease in the number of 
endemics (Lugo and Helmer 2003, p. 145). The impacts of invasive 
species are among the greatest threat to the persistence of native rare 
species and their habitats (Thomson 2005, p. 615).
Varronia rupicola and Agave eggersiana
    Although invasive plant species have not been documented as a 
current threat to Varronia rupicola, they may become so in the future. 
Studies conducted within the Gu[aacute]nica Commonwealth Forest 
indicate that some nonnative tree species (e.g., Leucaena leucocephala) 
can persist as a dominant canopy species for at least 80 years (Wolfe 
2009, p. 2). The same is expected to occur with nonnative grass species 
(e.g., Megathyrsus maximus). These invasive species may invade recently 
disturbed (naturally or by human impacts) areas and occupy the suitable 
habitat of V. rupicola. Despite the quality and overall diversity of 
the habitat that harbors V. rupicola populations in the southern coast 
of Puerto Rico, recent developments and habitat fragmentation have 
served as corridor for invasive species (e.g., right-of-way for the 
former Gasoducto Sur; O. Monsegur, Service, pers. obs., 2013). On the 
island of Anegada, numerous invasive plants have been documented in the 
town of The Settlement, three of which have been observed moving 
towards natural habitats (McGowan et al. 2006, p. 4), further promoting 
the risk of wildfires that can affect V. rupicola.
    With respect to Agave eggersiana, the populations at Protestant 
Cay, Gallows Bay, and Great Pond are surrounded by dense stands of 
different species of Sansevieria, an herb native to Africa. This 
invasive species seems to be occupying the ecological niche adjacent to 
known populations of A. eggersiana (O. Monsegur, Service, pers. obs., 
2013). This invasive species can constrain the number of individuals of 
A. eggersiana and reduce the species' limited populations even more.

Gonocalyx concolor

    Invasive, native plants, such as the ferns Gleichenella pectinata 
and Sticherus bifidus, may invade and alter diverse native communities, 
often resulting in plant monocultures that support few wildlife species 
(Walker et al. 2010, p. 627). These ferns can colonize disturbed areas 
faster than other native plants and may grow into dense mats, thereby 
excluding native plants (Walker et al. 2010, p. 634). Additionally, the 
mats formed by these species serve as fuel for fires and, in fact, 
seems to be fire-tolerant. The invasive, nonnative grass Pennisetum 
purpureum (elephant grass) is a fire-adapted species that, in dense 
growth, can suppress most grasses, herbs, and tree seedlings (J. K. 
Francis, ITF, internet data, 2013).
    These invasive ferns and grass are currently found occupying areas 
disturbed by fire, landslides, and road construction in Cerro La Santa, 
and have the potential to affect Gonocalyx concolor by increasing fire 
incidences, microclimate, and nutrient cycling of the habitat on which 
this species depends. At present, we have no information about the 
competitive abilities of G. concolor in such a situation. Therefore, 
the effect of invasive species within the G. concolor habitat should be 
considered a threat to the species.
Human-Induced Fires
    Fire is not a natural event in subtropical dry or moist forests in 
Puerto Rico and the U. S. Virgin Islands. The vegetation in the 
Caribbean is not adapted to fires, because this disturbance does not 
naturally occur on these islands (Brandeis and Woodall 2008, p. 557; 
Santiago-Garc[iacute]a et al. 2008, p. 604). Human-induced fires could 
modify the landscape by promoting nonnative trees and grasses, and by 
diminishing the seed bank of native species (Brandeis and Woodall 2008, 
p. 557). In some cases, fires may maintain extensive areas of young 
forest and grasslands, slowing the recovery of ecosysems and, 
therefore, impairing the delivery of ecosystem services (Brandeis and 
Woodall 2008, p. 557). For example, the nonnative Megathyrsus maximus 
is well adapted to fires and typically colonizes areas that were 
previously covered by native vegetation. Furthermore, the presence of 
this species increases the amount of fuel and the intensity of fires. 
Therefore, damage caused by fires to the ecosystems, particularly to 
juvenile plants, might be irreversible.
Varronia rupicola and Agave eggersiana
    Human-induced fires may lead to destruction of the native 
vegetation seed bank and may create conditions favorable for the 
establishment of nonnative plant species adapted to fires (e.g., 
Leucaena leucocephala and Megathyrsus maximus) that may outcompete 
Varronia rupicola and Agave eggersiana. Furthermore, the presence of M. 
maximus and other grass species increases the amount of fuel and the 
intensity of fires that may affect endemic populations. Seedling 
mortality after fires is related to the differences on fuel loads and 
the different fire intensities (Santiago-Garc[iacute]a et al. 2008, p. 
607). The V. rupicola populations that occur along the municipalities 
of Yauco, Pe[ntilde]uelas, and Ponce are susceptible to forest fires, 
particularly on private lands where fires are accidentally or 
deliberately ignited. Evidence of recent fires within the habitat and 
adjacent to known populations of V. rupicola in Pe[ntilde]uelas and 
Ponce have been observed by Service biologist Omar Monsegur (2011 and 
2013). Varronia rupicola populations within the Gu[aacute]nica 
Commonwealth Forest may be protected, as this conservation area has an 
active fire control program (M. Canals, DNER, pers. comm. 2008). 
Nonetheless, Miguel Canals, Gu[aacute]nica Commonwealth Forest Manager, 
indicates that fires still occur in the forest, particularly on the 
periphery along roads (Canals, DNER, pers. comm. 2008). Moreover, 
accidental fires have been reported below the PREPA power lines 
adjacent to known populations of V. rupicola.
    On the island of St. Croix, human-induced fires are also frequently 
reported, and most of them appear to have been originated close to 
existing roads (Chakroff 2010, p. 41). Estate

[[Page 62574]]

Granard, Estate Jack's Bay, and Estate Isaacs Bay are among the areas 
identified as fire hotspots (Chakroff 2010, p. 42). One of the extant 
populations of Agave eggersiana is found on Estate Granard, and Jack's 
Bay and Isaacs Bay Estates are within the historical range for the 
species. In fact, from 2006 to 2009, there were between 1 and 6 fires 
in these estates (Chakroff 2010, p. 42). Human-induced fires 
particularly threaten the A. eggersiana population at Great Pond due to 
the abundance of nonnative grasses in this area. Service's personnel in 
St. Croix just documented a wild fire affecting the population of 
Catesbaea melanocarpa (Claudia Lombard, Service, pers. comm. 2013). 
This population is located less than 0.3 mi (0.5 km) from the A. 
eggersiana population at Manchenil Bay.

Gonocalyx concolor

    Human-induced fire is also a current threat to Gonocalyx concolor 
at Cerro La Santa. Areas adjacent to (less than 33 ft (10 m) from) a 
population of this species have been affected by such fires (O. 
Monsegur, UPRM, unpubl. data, 2006). Fire effects could accelerate the 
colonization of invasive plants and change the vegetation composition 
of Cerro La Santa (see discussion under Factor A, above). Currently, 
Pennisetum purpureum, a nonnative grass, is occupying these areas, 
making them vulnerable to human-induced fires. During the dry season 
(March through May), the fern Gleichenella pectinata, and other fern 
species that have colonized landslides and roadsides, form dense mats 
of dry material that serve as fuel for fires. Although Cerro La Santa 
is located in the wet forest, fires still occur in the area, 
particularly along roads, during the dry season (C. Pacheco, USFWS, 
pers. obs. 2013). Due to the small size of G. concolor populations and 
their proximity to areas susceptible to human-induced fires, the 
Service considers habitat modification by fires as a threat to the 
species.
Hurricanes and Climate Change
    The islands of the Caribbean are frequently affected by hurricanes. 
The U.S. Virgin Islands have been hit by five major hurricanes in 
recent years: Hugo (1989), Luis and Marilyn (1995), Lenny (1999), and 
Omar (2008). Examples of the visible effects of hurricanes on the 
ecosystem include massive defoliation, snapped and wind-thrown trees, 
large debris accumulations, landslides, debris flows, altered stream 
channels, and transformed beaches (Lugo 2008, p. 368). Successional 
responses to hurricanes can influence the structure and composition of 
plant communities in the Caribbean islands (Van Bloem et al. 2003, p. 
137; Van Bloem et al. 2005, p. 572; Van Bloem et al. 2006, p. 517; Lugo 
2000, p. 245). Hurricanes can produce sudden and massive tree 
mortality, which is variable among species (Lugo 2000, p. 245). As 
endemics to the Caribbean, Varronia rupicola, Agave eggersiana, and 
Gonocalyx concolor would be expected to be well adapted to tropical 
storms and the prevailing environmental conditions in this geographical 
area. However, the resilience of rare and endangered native species 
populations may be limited or constricted by the reduced number of 
populations and individuals, making the populations vulnerable to 
stochastic events.
Varronia rupicola and Agave eggersiana
    The reduced number and small size of Varronia rupicola and Agave 
eggersiana populations in Puerto Rico and St. Croix, respectively, make 
these species susceptible to hurricanes impacts (e.g., extirpation). In 
the case of A. eggersiana, the impacts may be exacerbated by the 
reproductive biology of the species (i.e., the species depends on 
asexual reproduction, plants dying after flowering, and limited 
dispersal of bulbils). Therefore, impacts to a population may 
compromise its natural recruitment. In addition, for V. rupicola, a 
severe hurricane could result in extensive defoliation and could cause 
stem damage.
    Populations of Varronia rupicola may be threatened by climate 
change, which is predicted to increase the frequency and strength of 
tropical storms and can cause severe droughts (Hopkinson et al. 2008, 
p. 260). Rather than assessing climate change as a single threat, we 
examined the potential consequences to species and their habitats that 
arise from changes in environmental conditions associated with various 
aspects of climate change. For example, climate-related changes to 
habitats or conditions that exceed the physiological tolerances of a 
species, occurring individually or in combination, may affect the 
status of a species. In fact, vulnerability to climate change impacts 
is a function of sensitivity, exposure, and adaptive capacity of 
species (IPCC 2007, p. 89; Glick and Stein 2010, p. 19). For instance, 
severe droughts may compromise seedling recruitment, as they may result 
in deaths of small plants, or may compromise the viability of seeds. 
Despite the wide distribution of V. rupicola and the number of 
populations, the number of individuals per population may be too low to 
sustain a positive recruitment of individuals. This may explain the low 
number of intermediate-sized, nonreproductive individuals of V. 
rupicola observed in Gu[aacute]nica and Ponce, when compared to the 
high numbers of young seedlings (Omar A. Monsegur, Service, pers. obs. 
2013).
    On the island of Anegada, climate-induced sea-level rise could lead 
to the extirpation of Varronia rupicola. The preferred habitat of this 
species on that island is in lower elevations, and more than 40 percent 
of the island is less than 9.8 ft (3 m) above sea level (Wenger et al. 
2010, p. 8). Similarly, Agave eggersiana occurs very close to beach 
areas in coastal areas. At least two A. eggersiana populations are 
located on a coastal cliff, susceptible to coastal erosion and 
landslides. Therefore, we believe that cyclonic surges and coastal 
erosion associated with hurricanes may significantly affect the 
populations located along the coastal areas of St. Croix (i.e., 
Manchenil Bay, South Shore, Cane Garden, Vagthus Point, and Protestant 
Cay), due to their proximity to cliffs and the shoreline.

Gonocalyx concolor

    The limited distribution and low number of populations (3) and 
individuals (172 historically reported) of this species may exacerbate 
its vulnerability to natural events such as hurricanes and landslides, 
and compromise its continued existence. Damage to higher elevation 
forested habitat is usually greater during hurricane events (Weaver 
2008, p. 150). Gonocalyx concolor is extremely vulnerable due to its 
habitat requirements and the fact that it is usually found growing on 
the canopy of the tallest trees in Cerro La Santa and Charco Azul. The 
species is usually associated to old trees with abundant vines and 
epiphytes that provide horizontal structure for the colonization of the 
species (probably a habitat requirement for the germination of seeds). 
Hurricane winds often lead to tree defoliation, loss of small and large 
branches, and uprooting, resulting in damage to adjacent trees and 
understory vegetation. As a result, gaps are produced in the 
vegetation, causing temporary changes in the understory microclimate 
due to high light levels and temperature (Walker et al. 2010, p. 626). 
Therefore, damage to the forest canopy may result in a direct impact to 
individuals of G. concolor that may fall to the ground and probably be 
outcompeted by pioneer plant species that get established during early 
successional stages after hurricanes.
    The recovery of elfin forest vegetation after hurricanes is usually 
slow, and the

[[Page 62575]]

early regeneration process is dominated by a few species (Weaver 2008, 
p. 150). Furthermore, in the absence of knowledge of the reproductive 
capacity and ecological requirements of Gonocalyx concolor, it is 
difficult to predict its recovery after natural events such as 
hurricanes and tropical storms, particularly when the frequency and 
intensity of these weather events is expected to increase with climate 
change.
    The habitat where Gonocalyx concolor occurs is susceptible to 
landslides during rain events mostly associated with tropical storms 
and hurricanes. Sometimes rainfall reaches 24 in (60 cm) in a single 
storm event, causing floods and interacting with topography and 
geologic substrate to induce mass wasting events (e.g., landslides; 
Lugo 2000, p. 246). In 1998, during Hurricane Georges, a landslide 
adversely affected approximately 2 ac (0.8 ha) of elfin forest at Cerro 
La Santa (Hecsor Serrano-Delgado, DNER, pers. comm. 2013). A massive 
landslide in the area where the species occurs would not only take out 
individuals of G. concolor, but would also modify the habitat necessary 
for the species and lead to conditions favoring the establishment of 
invasive and weedy vegetation that may permanently modify the habitat 
and outcompete G. concolor (see invasive species discussion under 
Factor E, above). As documented during Hurricane Georges, and based on 
the current conditions of the habitat at Cerro La Santa and Charco 
Azul, landslides are a current threat to this species. As with Agave 
eggersiana and Varronia rupicola (see discussion above), overall impact 
and the cumulative effects of climate change are also expected to have 
long-term adverse effects on G. concolor. Gonocalyx concolor is 
considered a species with very specific ecological requirements and 
that occupies biological islands (i.e., dwarf forests on high 
elevations of Puerto Rico). Thus, predicted changes on the structure of 
the vegetation due to climate change may result in the irreversible 
extirpation of the prime habitat for the species.
Low Reproductive Capacity, Highly Specialized Ecological Requirements, 
and Genetic Variation
Gonocalyx concolor and Agave eggersiana
    Small and isolated populations of rare plants often display reduced 
fitness as reduced reproductive output, seedling performance, or pollen 
viability (Holmes et al. 2008, p. 1031). In the case of Gonocalyx 
concolor, little is known about its reproductive capacity, recruitment, 
and genetic variation. The low number of individuals per population of 
a monoecious species (both sexes in the same flower), like G. concolor, 
suggests it has highly specialized ecological requirements, production 
of viable seeds rarely occurs, or there is a pollinator limitation. 
Despite the ongoing monitoring of the known population of G. concolor, 
no seedling recruitment has been observed in the wild. Knowing the 
phenology of a plant showing limited distribution is important in 
understanding the species' biology and ecology, such as the timing of 
flowering, fruiting, germination and subsequent growth, and 
accumulation of biomass in the field (Ruml and Vulic 2005, p. 218). 
Additionally, given the extremely limited geographic distribution of G. 
concolor, it is likely that its genetic variability is low.
    In the case of Agave eggersiana, its reproductive biology is 
characterized by its dependence on asexual reproduction (i.e., 
bulbils). Current evidence suggests that the wild and cultivated 
populations of A. eggersiana have minimum genetic variation. This would 
result in the loss of alleles by random genetic drift, which would 
limit the species' ability to respond to changes in the environment 
(Honnay and Jacquemyn, 2007, p. 824).
Conservation Efforts To Reduce Other Natural or Manmade Factors 
Affecting Their Continued Existence

Varronia rupicola

    The staff from the Royal Botanical Garden (KEW) has developed a 
germination and cultivation protocol for Varronia rupicola. KEW is also 
conducting studies to determine the genetic variation within and among 
known populations, and the species' reproductive biology and population 
ecology, to develop a management plan for the species (Hamilton, KEW, 
pers. comm. 2012). Further preliminary germination experiments have 
been conducted in Puerto Rico at the nurseries of the Gu[aacute]nica 
Commonwealth Forest and the Cabo Rojo National Wildlife Refuge. The 
Service is not aware of any conservations measure for Agave eggersiana 
or Gonocalyx concolor.
Summary of Factor E

Agave eggersiana

    Based on the above information and due to the reduced number of 
populations and individuals, we believe that Agave eggersiana is 
currently threatened by natural or manmade factors, including 
hurricanes, fires, and competition with nonnative species. Climate 
change may exacerbate these habitat threats by increasing the frequency 
of fires, droughts, and hurricanes, but to an unknown extent.

Gonocalyx concolor

    The primary threats to Gonocalyx concolor are its limited 
distribution and highly specialized ecological requirements. Other 
potential threats include low reproductive capacity, possible low 
genetic variation, effects of vegetation management, hurricanes and 
landslides, human-induced fire, and climate change. G. concolor is 
susceptible to hurricanes, landslides, and human-induced fire because 
it is confined to geographically small areas. Invasive species and 
climate change are potential threats that may be expected in the 
future. G. concolor could be negatively affected by the increasing 
intensity and frequency of hurricanes and tropical storms, 
environmental effects resulting from changing climatic patterns. Any 
disturbance of vegetation along the road and around the 
telecommunication facilities (including landslides) where the species 
is found may directly impact individuals and create conditions 
favorable for the establishment of invasive species that may alter 
(modify) G. concolor habitat.

Varronia rupicola

    Varronia rupicola is threatened primarily by human-induced fires 
within its prime habitat. Habitat modification by urban development has 
promoted the invasion of its habitat by nonnative plant species (e.g., 
grasses) that are typically fire-adapted and, therefore, increase the 
chances of fires by providing a higher fuel load in the ecosystem. 
Evidence of recent fires has been documented within the municipalities 
of Pe[ntilde]uelas and Ponce in areas close to V. rupicola, threatening 
these natural populations. Overall, nonnative plants and fires may 
result in extirpation of populations of V. rupicola by killing 
individuals, limiting natural recruitment, or permanently modifying 
habitat and conditions necessary for the species' establishment. 
Furthermore, due to the species' limited numbers and distribution, 
hurricanes may extirpate entire populations, and in the case of a 
highly fragmented habitat, hurricanes may further promote the invasion 
of forest gaps by nonnative plant species rather than native pioneers. 
Similarly, severe droughts resulting from climate change may compromise 
the survival of seedlings and diminish natural recruitment within wild 
populations.

[[Page 62576]]

Cumulative Effects: Factors A through E

Agave eggersiana

    The limited distributions and small population sizes of Agave 
eggersiana make this species very susceptible to further habitat loss 
(Factor A), diseases (Factor C), and competition with nonnative species 
(Factor E). Hurricanes, human-induced fires, and climate changes 
(Factor E) exacerbate current threats to the species. Furthermore, 
although the species is protected by territorial law, enforcement still 
is a challenge (Factor D), risking the continued survival of the 
species. While these threats may act in isolation, it is very likely 
that two or more of these stressors (e.g., habitat loss and diseases) 
act simultaneously or in combination, resulting in cumulative impacts 
to populations of A. eggersiana.

Gonocalyx concolor

    The rarity and specialized ecological requirements of Gonocalyx 
concolor (Factor E) make this species extremely vulnerable to habitat 
destruction or modification (Factor A), and to other natural or manmade 
factors, such as low reproductive capacity, possible low genetic 
variation, invasive species, hurricanes, landslides, human-induced 
fires, and climate change, particularly because it is confined to small 
geographical areas (Factor E). Furthermore, implementation and 
enforcement of effective measures to protect G. concolor have not 
prevented impacts to the species (Factor D). Although the above 
mentioned threats may act in isolation, it is very likely that two or 
more of these stressors act simultaneously or in combination (e.g., 
hurricanes and landslides; fires and invasion of nonnative plant 
species), resulting in cumulative impacts to populations of G. 
concolor, challenging its recovery.

Varronia rupicola

    Varronia rupicola has a somewhat extended distribution in southern 
Puerto Rico. However, the species is represented by small and 
fragmented populations, and about half of them occur within private 
lands subject to urban development, making the species prone to 
destruction, modification, or curtailment of its habitat (Factor A). 
Moreover, other natural or manmade factors such as invasive species, 
human-induced fires, hurricanes, and climate change (Factor E) also 
pose threats to V. rupicola. Furthermore, implementation and 
enforcement of regulatory mechanisms to protect the species have not 
been effective, particularly because enforcement on private lands 
continues to be a challenge (Factor D). Therefore, it is very likely 
that cumulative effects of these threats (e.g., poorly implemented 
regulatory mechanisms and habitat destruction) result in limitation, or 
even local extirpation, of V. rupicola populations.

Proposed Determination

Agave eggersiana

    Agave eggersiana is highly threatened by limited habitat and 
habitat loss (e.g., construction of roads, and residential and tourist 
developments and landscaping (Factor A)) and the potential for a 
disease to wipe out the limited populations (Factor C). In addition, 
agave is threatened by a high possibility of commercial collection for 
ornamental uses (Factor B), and competition with invasive, nonnative 
plants, as well as hurricanes and human-induced fires, which are 
further exacerbated by climate change (Factor E). Due to lack of 
enforcement, existing regulatory mechanisms are not adequately reducing 
these threats (Factor D). All of these threats currently occur 
rangewide and are likely to continue into the foreseeable future at a 
medium to high intensity.
    Based on our evaluation of the best available scientific and 
commercial information on the species, the significant threats 
affecting Agave eggersiana and its habitat, as well as future potential 
threats, we have determined the species is in danger of extinction 
throughout all of its range. As a result, we find that A. eggersiana 
meets the definition of an endangered species. We find that a 
threatened species status is not appropriate for A. eggersiana because 
the species is very limited in numbers and in populations, and because 
threats are current and ongoing, occurring rangewide, and expected to 
continue into the future.

Gonocalyx concolor

    Gonocalyx concolor has a very limited distribution. According to 
our assessment, this species is threatened by habitat destruction or 
modification (Factor A) associated with maintenance and potential 
expansion of telecommunication facilities, and to other natural or 
manmade factors (i.e., low reproductive capacity, possible low genetic 
variation, invasive species, hurricanes, landslides, human-induced 
fires, and climate change (Factor E)). Due ineffective implementation 
and enforcement, existing regulatory mechanisms are not adequately 
reducing these threats (Factor D). All of these threats currently occur 
rangewide and are likely to continue into the foreseeable future at a 
medium to high intensity.
    Based on our evaluation of the best available scientific and 
commercial information on the species, the significant threats 
affecting Gonocalyx concolor and its habitat, as well as future 
potential threats, we have determined the species is currently in 
danger of extinction throughout all of its range. As a result, we find 
that G. concolor meets the definition of an endangered species. We find 
that a threatened species status is not appropriate for G. concolor 
because the species is already very limited in numbers and distribution 
(i.e., it has a contracted range), and the threats are current and 
ongoing, occurring rangewide, and expected to continue into the future.

Varronia rupicola

    Current evidence indicates that the majority of suitable habitat 
and known populations of Varronia rupicola lie within private lands in 
southern Puerto Rico (i.e., Yauco, Pe[ntilde]uelas, and Ponce). These 
lands are subject to habitat destruction or modification where impacts 
to habitat and populations have been documented. Furthermore, 
populations located within the Gu[aacute]nica Commonwealth Forest have 
been affected by management practices, such as trail and power lines 
maintenance (Factor A). Habitat destruction further results in the 
intrusion of nonnative plant species that have the potential to 
outcompete V. rupicola and create favorable conditions for fire (Factor 
E). Furthermore, implementation and enforcement of regulatory 
mechanisms to protect the species have not been effective in reducing 
these threats, particularly because enforcement on private lands 
continues to be a challenge (Factor D). Some of these threats are 
occurring presently at a moderate level, and are likely to increase in 
the foreseeable future to a high intensity.
    We have carefully assessed the best scientific and commercial 
information available regarding the past, present, and future threats 
to Varronia rupicola, and have determined that the species meets the 
definition of a threatened species throughout all of its range. We find 
that an endangered species status is not appropriate for V. rupicola 
because the species is not currently in danger of extinction, but 
likely will be in the future. It has a wide distribution throughout the 
Puerto Rican bank (geographical unit that includes the main island of 
Puerto Rico, Vieques, Culebra, the USVI (excluding St. Croix) and the 
island of Anegada)), has no

[[Page 62577]]

germination problems, develops as reproductive individuals in a 
relatively short time period (1 to 2 years under nursery conditions), 
and is the subject of propagation and conservation protocols in 
development by the staff of the Royal Botanical Garden (KEW). 
Therefore, the Service considers that V. rupicola is a species with a 
high recovery potential that meets the definition of a threatened 
species.

Significant Portion of the Range

    The Act defines an endangered species as any species that is ``in 
danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its 
range'' and a threatened species as any species ``that is likely to 
become endangered throughout all or a significant portion of its range 
within the foreseeable future.'' A major part of the analysis of 
``significant portion of the range'' requires considering whether the 
threats to the species are geographically concentrated in any way. If 
the threats are essentially uniform throughout the species' range, then 
no portion is likely to warrant further consideration.
    Based on the threats to Agave eggersiana and Gonocalyx concolor 
throughout their entire known ranges, we find that these species 
currently are in danger of extinction throughout all of their ranges, 
based on the severity and scope of the threats described above. As 
previously discussed, A. eggersiana and G. concolor are proposed for 
listing as endangered species, rather than threatened species, because 
the major threats are occurring now, and additional threats will impact 
them in the near term. The potential impacts to the species would be 
severe given their limited known distribution, the small population 
sizes at the remaining sites, and the small area occupied by most of 
the populations. Because the threats acting over the three species 
extend throughout their entire ranges, it is unnecessary to determine 
if the species are in danger of extinction throughout a significant 
portion of their ranges. We find that the threats to Varronia rupicola 
are a result of future development and lack of regulatory mechanisms. 
These impacts are not occurring now. Therefore, on the basis of the 
best available scientific and commercial information, we propose 
listing A. eggersiana and G. concolor as endangered species, and V. 
rupicola as threatened species, throughout their ranges in accordance 
with sections 3(6) (endangered), 3(20) (threatened), and 4(a)(1) of the 
Act.

Available Conservation Measures

    Conservation measures provided to species listed as endangered or 
threatened under the Act include recognition, recovery actions, 
requirements for Federal protection, and prohibitions against certain 
practices. Recognition through listing the species, results in public 
awareness and conservation by Federal, State, Tribal, and local 
agencies; private organizations; and individuals. The Act encourages 
cooperation with the States and requires that recovery actions be 
carried out for all listed species. The protection required by Federal 
agencies and the prohibitions against certain activities are discussed, 
in part, below.
    The primary purpose of the Act is the conservation of endangered 
and threatened species and the ecosystems upon which they depend. The 
ultimate goal of such conservation efforts is the recovery of these 
listed species, so that they no longer need the protective measures of 
the Act. Subsection 4(f) of the Act requires the Service to develop and 
implement recovery plans for the conservation of endangered and 
threatened species. The recovery planning process involves the 
identification of actions that are necessary to halt or reverse the 
species' decline by addressing the threats to its survival and 
recovery. The goal of this process is to restore listed species to a 
point where they are secure, self-sustaining, and functioning 
components of their ecosystems.
    Recovery planning includes the development of a recovery outline 
shortly after a species is listed and preparation of a draft and final 
recovery plan. The recovery outline guides the immediate implementation 
of urgent recovery actions and describes the process to be used to 
develop a recovery plan. Revisions of the plan may be done to address 
continuing or new threats to the species, as new substantive 
information becomes available. The recovery plan identifies site-
specific management actions that set a trigger for review of the five 
factors that control whether a species remains endangered or may be 
downlisted or delisted, and methods for monitoring recovery progress. 
Recovery plans also establish a framework for agencies to coordinate 
their recovery efforts and provide estimates of the cost of 
implementing recovery tasks. Recovery teams (composed of species 
experts, Federal and State agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and 
stakeholders) are often established to develop recovery plans. When 
completed, the recovery outline, draft recovery plan, and the final 
recovery plan will be available on our Web site (http://www.fws.gov/endangered), or from our Caribbean Ecological Services Field Office 
(see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).
    Implementation of recovery actions generally requires the 
participation of a broad range of partners, including other Federal 
agencies, States, Tribes, nongovernmental organizations, businesses, 
and private landowners. Examples of recovery actions include habitat 
restoration (e.g., restoration of native vegetation), research, captive 
propagation and reintroduction, and outreach and education. The 
recovery of many listed species cannot be accomplished solely on 
Federal lands because their range may occur primarily or solely on non-
Federal lands. To achieve recovery of these species requires 
cooperative conservation efforts on private and Commonwealth and 
Territory lands.
    If these species are listed, funding for recovery actions will be 
available from a variety of sources, including Federal budgets, State 
programs, and cost share grants for non-Federal landowners, the 
academic community, and nongovernmental organizations. In addition, 
pursuant to section 6 of the Act, the Territory of the U.S. Virgin 
Islands and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico would be eligible for 
Federal funds to implement management actions that promote the 
protection or recovery of Agave eggersiana, Gonocalyx concolor, and 
Varronia rupicola. Information on our grant programs that are available 
to aid species recovery can be found at: http://www.fws.gov/grants.
    Although Agave eggersiana, Gonocalyx concolor, and Varronia 
rupicola are only proposed for listing under the Act at this time, 
please let us know if you are interested in participating in recovery 
efforts for this species. Additionally, we invite you to submit any new 
information on this species whenever it becomes available and any 
information you may have for recovery planning purposes (see FOR 
FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).
    Section 7(a) of the Act requires Federal agencies to evaluate their 
actions with respect to any species that is proposed or listed as an 
endangered or threatened species and with respect to its critical 
habitat, if any is designated. Regulations implementing this 
interagency cooperation provision of the Act are codified at 50 CFR 
part 402. Section 7(a)(4) of the Act requires Federal agencies to 
confer with the Service on any action that is likely to jeopardize the 
continued existence of a species proposed for listing or result in

[[Page 62578]]

destruction or adverse modification of proposed critical habitat. If a 
species is listed subsequently, section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires 
Federal agencies to ensure that activities they authorize, fund, or 
carry out are not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of the 
species or destroy or adversely modify its critical habitat. If a 
Federal action may affect a listed species or its critical habitat, the 
responsible Federal agency must enter into formal consultation with the 
Service.
    Federal agency actions within the species' habitat that may require 
conference or consultation or both as described in the preceding 
paragraph include management and any other landscape-altering 
activities on Federal lands administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife 
Service (Vieques National Wildlife Refuge), and National Park Service 
(SARI and Buck Islands Monument); issuance of section 404 Clean Water 
Act (33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.) permits by the U.S. Army Corps of 
Engineers; and construction and maintenance of roads or highways by the 
Federal Highway Administration.
    The Act and its implementing regulations set forth a series of 
general prohibitions and exceptions that apply to endangered and 
threatened plants. The prohibitions of section 9(a)(2) of the Act, 
codified at 50 CFR 17.61, apply to endangered plants. These 
prohibitions, in part, make it illegal for any person subject to the 
jurisdiction of the United States to import or export, transport in 
interstate or foreign commerce in the course of a commercial activity, 
sell or offer for sale in interstate or foreign commerce, or remove and 
reduce the species to possession from areas under Federal jurisdiction. 
In addition, for plants listed as endangered, the Act prohibits the 
malicious damage or destruction on areas under Federal jurisdiction and 
the removal, cutting, digging up, or damaging or destroying of such 
plants in knowing violation of any State law or regulation, including 
State criminal trespass law. It is also unlawful to violate any 
regulation pertaining to plant species listed as endangered or 
threatened (section 9(a)(2)(E) of the Act).
    We may issue permits to carry out otherwise prohibited activities 
involving endangered and threatened species under certain 
circumstances. Regulations governing permits are codified at 50 CFR 
17.62 for endangered plants, and at 17.72 for threatened plants. With 
regard to endangered plants, a permit must be issued for the following 
purposes: for scientific purposes or to enhance the propagation or 
survival of the species.
    It is our policy, as published in the Federal Register on July 1, 
1994 (59 FR 34272), to identify to the maximum extent practicable at 
the time a species is listed, those activities that would or would not 
constitute a violation of section 9 of the Act. The intent of this 
policy is to increase public awareness of the effect of a proposed 
listing on proposed and ongoing activities within the range of species 
proposed for listing. The following activities could potentially result 
in a violation of section 9 of the Act; this list is not comprehensive:
    (1) Unauthorized collecting, handling, possessing, selling, 
delivering, carrying, or transporting of Agave eggersiana, Gonocalyx 
concolor, or Varronia rupicola, including import or export across State 
lines and international boundaries, except for properly documented 
antique specimens of these taxa at least 100 years old, as defined by 
section 10(h)(1) of the Act;
    (2) Introduction of nonnative species that compete with or prey 
upon Agave eggersiana, such as the introduction of the nonnative agave 
snout weevil to the island of St. Croix, USVI; and
    (3) The unauthorized release of biological control agents that 
attack any life stage of Agave eggersiana, Gonocalyx concolor, or 
Varronia rupicola.
    Questions regarding whether specific activities would constitute a 
violation of section 9 of the Act should be directed to the Caribbean 
Ecological Services Field Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).

Peer Review

    In accordance with our joint policy on peer review published in the 
Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34270), we will seek the expert 
opinions of at least three appropriate and independent specialists 
regarding this proposed rule. The purpose of peer review is to ensure 
that our listing determination is based on scientifically sound data, 
assumptions, and analyses. We have invited these peer reviewers to 
comment during this public comment period.
    We will consider all comments and information we receive during the 
comment period on this proposed rule during our preparation of a final 
determination. Accordingly, the final decision may differ from this 
proposal.

Public Hearings

    Section 4(b)(5) of the Act provides for one or more public hearings 
on this proposal, if requested. Requests must be received within 45 
days after the date of publication of this proposed rule in the Federal 
Register. Such requests must be sent to the address shown in the FOR 
FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section. We will schedule public hearings 
on this proposal, if any are requested, and announce the dates, times, 
and places of those hearings, as well as how to obtain reasonable 
accommodations, in the Federal Register and local newspapers at least 
15 days before the hearing.

Required Determinations

Clarity of the Rule

    We are required by Executive Orders 12866 and 12988 and by the 
Presidential Memorandum of June 1, 1998, to write all rules in plain 
language. This means that each rule we publish must:
    (1) Be logically organized;
    (2) Use the active voice to address readers directly;
    (3) Use clear language rather than jargon;
    (4) Be divided into short sections and sentences; and
    (5) Use lists and tables wherever possible.
    If you feel that we have not met these requirements, send us 
comments by one of the methods listed in the ADDRESSES section. To 
better help us revise the rule, your comments should be as specific as 
possible. For example, you should tell us the numbers of the sections 
or paragraphs that are unclearly written, which sections or sentences 
are too long, the sections where you feel lists or tables would be 
useful, etc.

National Environmental Policy Act (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.)

    We have determined that environmental assessments and environmental 
impact statements, as defined under the authority of the National 
Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), need not be prepared in connection 
with listing a species as an endangered or threatened species under the 
Endangered Species Act. We published a notice outlining our reasons for 
this determination in the Federal Register on October 25, 1983 (48 FR 
49244).

References Cited

    A complete list of references cited in this rulemaking is available 
on the Internet at http://www.regulations.gov and upon request from the 
Caribbean Ecological Services Field Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION 
CONTACT).

Authors

    The primary authors of this proposed rule are the staff members of 
the Caribbean Ecological Services Field Office.

[[Page 62579]]

List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17

    Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, Reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements, Transportation.

Proposed Regulation Promulgation

    Accordingly, we propose to amend part 17, subchapter B of chapter 
I, title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations, as set forth below:

PART 17--[AMENDED]

0
1. The authority citation for part 17 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361-1407; 1531-1544; 4201-4245, unless 
otherwise noted.

0
2. Amend Sec.  17.12(h) by adding entries for Agave eggersiana, 
Gonocalyx concolor, and Varronia rupicola, in alphabetical order under 
FLOWERING PLANTS, to the List of Endangered and Threatened Plants to 
read as follows:


Sec.  17.12  Endangered and threatened plants.

* * * * *
    (h) * * *

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         Species
----------------------------------------------------------      Historic range                Family            Status      When     Critical   Special
          Scientific name                Common name                                                                       listed    habitat     rules
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Flowering Plants
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Agave eggersiana..................  None.................  U.S.A. (VI).............  Agavaceae..............          E                    NA         NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Gonocalyx concolor................  None.................  U.S.A. (PR).............  Ericaceae..............          E                    NA         NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Varronia rupicola.................  None.................  U.S.A. (PR); British VI.  Boraginaceae...........          T                    NA         NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

* * * * *

    Dated: September 3, 2013.
Rowan W. Gould,
Acting Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
[FR Doc. 2013-22742 Filed 10-3-13; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P