[Federal Register Volume 78, Number 80 (Thursday, April 25, 2013)]
[Notices]
[Pages 24386-24391]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2013-09751]


=======================================================================
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

BUREAU OF CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION

[Docket No. CFPB-2012-0036]


Electronic Fund Transfers; Determination of Effect on State Laws 
(Maine and Tennessee)

AGENCY: Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection.

ACTION: Notice of preemption determination.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: The Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (Bureau) is 
publishing a final determination as to whether certain laws of Maine 
and Tennessee relating to unclaimed gift cards are inconsistent with 
and preempted by the Electronic Fund Transfer Act and Regulation E. The 
Bureau has determined that it has no basis for concluding that the 
provisions at issue in Maine's unclaimed property law relating to gift 
cards are inconsistent with, or therefore preempted by, Federal law. As 
discussed below, however, the Bureau has determined that one provision 
in Tennessee's unclaimed property law relating to gift cards is 
inconsistent with, and therefore preempted by, Federal law.

DATES: The determination is effective April 25, 2013.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Courtney Jean or Terry Randall, Office 
of Regulations, at (202) 435-7700.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

I. Background

    The Electronic Fund Transfer Act (EFTA), as amended by the Credit 
Card Accountability and Responsibility and Disclosure Act of 2009, and 
as implemented by the Bureau's Regulation E, provides that the Bureau 
shall make a preemption determination upon its own motion, or upon the 
request of any State, financial institution, or other interested party, 
as to whether any inconsistency exists between the EFTA and State law 
``relating to,'' among other things, ``expiration dates of gift 
certificates, store gift cards, or general-use prepaid cards.'' \1\ The 
EFTA preempts such a State law only to the extent of any 
inconsistency.\2\ Furthermore, a State law is not considered 
inconsistent with the EFTA if the State law affords consumers greater 
protection than the EFTA.\3\ Regulation E specifies that State law is 
inconsistent with the requirements of the EFTA and Regulation E if, 
among other things, the State law ``requires or permits a practice or 
act prohibited by the federal law.'' \4\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ 15 U.S.C. 1693q; 12 CFR 1005.12(b).
    \2\ 15 U.S.C. 1693q.
    \3\ Id.
    \4\ 12 CFR 1005.12(b) (emphasis added).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Bureau received three requests for determinations as to whether 
provisions in the EFTA and Regulation E (referred to hereinafter simply 
as ``Federal law'') relating to gift card expiration dates preempt 
certain unclaimed property law provisions in Maine, Tennessee, and New 
Jersey relating to gift cards.\5\ The Bureau published a notice of 
intent to make a

[[Page 24387]]

preemption determination (the Notice) seeking public comment on the 
Maine and Tennessee requests on August 21, 2012.\6\ As stated in the 
Notice, the Bureau's view is that the New Jersey request has been 
rendered moot by a subsequent change in State law, and the Bureau 
therefore is not issuing a response.\7\ The Bureau has reviewed the 
public comments received concerning Maine's and Tennessee's laws in 
response to the Notice and has conducted additional outreach to inform 
its analysis. The Bureau is now publishing a final determination that 
it has no basis for concluding that the provisions at issue in Maine's 
Uniform Unclaimed Property Act (the Maine Act) relating to gift cards 
are inconsistent with, or therefore preempted by, the EFTA or 
Regulation E. As discussed below, however, the Bureau finds that one 
provision in Tennessee's unclaimed property law, Sec.  66-29-116 of 
Tennessee's Uniform Disposition of Unclaimed (Personal) Property Act 
(the Tennessee Act), when applied to gift cards, is inconsistent with 
the EFTA and Regulation E and therefore is preempted.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ The requests relating to New Jersey's and Tennessee's laws 
came from payment card industry representatives. Maine's Office of 
the State Treasurer submitted a request relating to Maine's law to 
the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. The Board did 
not respond to Maine's request before the Board's powers and duties 
relating to consumer financial protection functions transferred to 
the Bureau on July 21, 2011. The Bureau thus inherited 
responsibility for responding to Maine's pending request. The Maine, 
Tennessee, and New Jersey requests are available for public 
inspection and copying, consistent with the Bureau's rules on 
disclosure of records and information. See 12 CFR part 1070.
    \6\ 77 FR 50404.
    \7\ The New Jersey request sought a determination as to whether 
Federal law preempted the application to gift cards of New Jersey's 
unclaimed property law, which deemed gift cards abandoned after two 
years of nonuse. On June 29, 2012, however, New Jersey amended its 
unclaimed property law to lengthen the period of nonuse after which 
a gift card would be presumed abandoned from two years to five 
years. In response to the Notice, certain commenters urged the 
Bureau to issue a determination with respect to New Jersey 
notwithstanding the intervening amendment to State law. However, the 
Bureau continues to view the original request as moot and therefore 
is not issuing a response.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

II. The EFTA and Regulation E

    Regulation E, which implements the EFTA, generally prohibits any 
person from selling or issuing a gift certificate, store gift card, or 
general-use prepaid card with an expiration date unless certain 
conditions are met.\8\ First, the person must have established policies 
and procedures to ensure that consumers have a reasonable opportunity 
to purchase a certificate or card with at least five years remaining 
until the certificate or card expires.\9\ Second, the expiration date 
for the underlying funds must be at least the later of (i) five years 
after the date the certificate or card was issued (or, in the case of a 
reloadable card, five years after the date that funds were last loaded 
onto the card) or (ii) the card's expiration date, if any.\10\ Third, 
the terms of expiration (including whether, and if so when, the 
underlying funds expire) must be disclosed on the card, along with 
certain other information.\11\ Finally, no fee or charge may be imposed 
on the cardholder for replacing the gift certificate or card prior to 
the funds' expiration date, unless the certificate or card has been 
lost or stolen.\12\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \8\ 15 U.S.C. 1693l-1(c); 12 CFR 1005.20(e).
    \9\ 12 CFR 1005.20(e)(1).
    \10\ 12 CFR 1005.20(e)(2).
    \11\ 12 CFR 1005.20(e)(3).
    \12\ 12 CFR 1005.20(e)(4). Thus, for example, a consumer may not 
be charged a fee to replace an expired card if the funds underlying 
that card have not yet expired.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The EFTA and Regulation E generally define a gift certificate, 
store gift card, and general-use prepaid card to mean a card, code, or 
other device that, in exchange for payment, is issued to a consumer in 
a specified amount primarily for personal, family, or household 
purposes, and that is redeemable upon presentation for goods or 
services.\13\ In some cases, the amount on store gift cards or general-
use prepaid cards (but not on gift certificates) may be increased or 
reloaded.\14\ Certain categories of devices--notably gift certificates 
that are issued in paper form only and reloadable cards that are not 
marketed or labeled as gift cards or gift certificates--are not treated 
as gift certificates, store gift cards, or general-use prepaid cards 
for purposes of the EFTA or Regulation E.\15\ For ease of reference, 
the gift certificates, store gift cards, and general-use prepaid cards 
covered by the expiration date provisions of the EFTA and Regulation E 
are referred to herein as ``gift cards.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \13\ 15 U.S.C. 1693l-1(a)(2); 12 CFR 1005.20(a). Specifically, 
gift certificates and store gift cards are redeemable upon 
presentation at a single merchant or an affiliated group of 
merchants for goods or services. 15 U.S.C. 1693l-1(a)(2)(B)-(C); 12 
CFR 1005.20(a)(1)-(2). General-use prepaid cards are redeemable upon 
presentation at multiple, unaffiliated merchants or may be used at 
automated teller machines. 15 U.S.C. 1693l-1(a)(2)(A); 12 CFR 
1005.20(a)(3).
    \14\ 15 U.S.C. 1693l-1(a)(2); 12 CFR 1005.20(a).
    \15\ See 15 U.S.C. 1693l-1(a)(2)(D); 12 CFR 1005.20(b). The 
other categories of excluded devices are those useable solely for 
telephone services; loyalty, award, or promotional gift cards; cards 
not marketed to the general public; and cards redeemable solely for 
admissions to events or venues. See id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

III. Overview of States' Unclaimed Property Laws as Applied to Gift 
Cards

    States' unclaimed property laws set forth specific periods of time 
after which particular categories of unclaimed personal property are 
deemed ``abandoned'' and custody of such property must be transferred 
from the entity holding the property to the State.\16\ In some States, 
gift certificates or cards (``gift cards'') are one such category of 
property. The categories of gift cards covered by States' unclaimed 
property laws vary depending on the State, as does the length of time 
that a gift card must remain unclaimed before being deemed abandoned. 
As discussed in detail in Part V of this determination, both the Maine 
and Tennessee Acts deem certain categories of gift cards that are 
subject to the expiration-date provisions of the EFTA and Regulation E 
to be abandoned property as early as two years after purchase. Once a 
gift card has been deemed abandoned, some or all of the unused value on 
the card then must be transferred to the State, pursuant to procedures 
that, once again, vary by State.\17\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \16\ Unclaimed property laws refer to the person or entity that 
transfers unclaimed property to the State as the ``holder.'' In 
general, the ``holder'' is the person that is in possession of the 
property, or that is indebted or required to make payment to the 
owner of the property. See, e.g., 33 M.R.S. Sec.  1952.6 (2011); 
Tenn. Code Ann. Sec.  47-18-127(e) (2012).
    \17\ States' unclaimed property laws generally provide that the 
abandoned property is the gift card itself. However, the physical 
gift card is not transferred to the State because, at the time of 
abandonment, the gift card is not in the issuer's possession. 
Instead, the unused value on the card is transferred. Some states 
require transfer of the entire unused value, while others require 
transfer of only a portion (e.g., 60 percent) of the unused value. 
For ease of reference, the Bureau herein characterizes the property 
that is being transferred to the State as the ``unused gift card 
value.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    According to rules of priority articulated by the Supreme Court, 
unclaimed intangible property (i.e., including the unused value on gift 
cards) is presumptively subject to being transferred to the State of 
the last known address of the property owner. If that State does not 
provide for the transfer of the category of property at issue, or if 
the property owner's address is unknown, then custody is due to be 
transferred to the State of incorporation of the entity that is 
obligated to make payment on the property.\18\ The Bureau understands 
that for gift cards, the address of the owner (i.e., the recipient) 
typically is unknown, and the entity obligated to make payment on the 
property typically is the entity that issued the gift card.\19\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \18\ See Delaware v. New York, 507 U.S. 490 (1993).
    \19\ In some circumstances, some other entity might be the 
``holder'' of a gift card for purposes of State unclaimed property 
law; however, for ease of reference herein the Bureau refers to the 
gift card issuer as the holder. The Bureau's determinations with 
respect to the Maine and Tennessee Acts do not depend on what entity 
is the holder of a gift card.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    When unused gift card value transfers to a State, the State takes 
custody of the property on behalf of the gift card owner. If the gift 
card owner thereafter seeks to use the card, State law typically

[[Page 24388]]

permits--but does not necessarily require--the gift card issuer to 
honor the card and to seek reimbursement from the State. If the gift 
card issuer opts not to honor the card, the gift card owner can contact 
the State to attempt to reclaim the property.
    The Bureau believed at the time that it issued the Notice that both 
the Maine and Tennessee Acts fit the general model described above. The 
Bureau subsequently received information indicating that the Maine Act 
in fact requires gift card issuers to honor gift cards indefinitely, 
even after the unused gift card value is transferred to the State. 
Details concerning the Maine and Tennessee Acts as applied to gift 
cards, including where they differ from the general approach set forth 
above, are discussed in Part V.

IV. Summary of Comments

    The Bureau solicited public comment on all aspects of its Notice, 
including on the application of the Maine and Tennessee Acts to gift 
cards, on the nature of any inconsistency between those laws and the 
expiration date provisions of the EFTA and Regulation E, and in 
particular on whether either of the Acts affords consumers greater 
protection than Federal law. The Bureau received 20 comments in 
response to the Notice, including two comments from consumer advocacy 
groups and 18 comments from gift card issuers and trade associations. 
All of the commenters stated that the Maine and Tennessee Acts as 
applied to gift cards conflict with Federal law, that they are not more 
protective of consumers, and that the Bureau should determine that they 
are preempted.\20\ In general, commenters did not distinguish between 
the specifics of the Maine and Tennessee Acts. The comments thus are 
summarized in a general manner below.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \20\ All but two of the commenters interpreted the Maine Act, as 
the Bureau did in its Notice, to permit issuers to decline to honor 
abandoned gift cards. Thus, the bulk of the comments did not factor 
into their analysis of Maine law a provision of the Maine Act that 
requires an issuer to continue to honor gift cards even after the 
issuer has transferred their unused value to the State. See Part V.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

A. Whether State Law Conflicts With Federal Law

    In general, industry commenters stated that the Maine and Tennessee 
Acts as applied to gift cards conflict with the expiration date 
provisions of the EFTA and Regulation E. They also discussed the 
burdens of complying with both State and Federal law.
    Most industry commenters stated that any requirement to transfer 
the unused value on a gift card to a State as soon as two years after 
card issuance conflicts with Federal law because it imposes 
inconsistent requirements on card issuers. The commenters noted that 
Federal law prohibits a person from selling or issuing a gift card with 
an expiration date unless the card and its underlying funds will not 
expire for a minimum of five years. However, pursuant to both the Maine 
and Tennessee Acts, issuers must transfer unused gift cards' value 
(i.e., the underlying funds) to the State as soon as two years after 
issuance. The commenters stated that the Maine and Tennessee Acts and 
Federal law thus impose conflicting obligations on issuers to continue 
to honor gift cards when they have already transferred the gift card 
value to the State.
    Other industry commenters noted that the States' gift card 
abandonment periods can act as de facto expiration dates, because 
consumers are unlikely to recover their property if the issuer opts not 
to honor the gift cards after transferring their unused value to the 
State. Similarly, several industry commenters noted that Maine's and 
Tennessee's abandonment periods conflict with Federal disclosure 
requirements for gift cards, which provide that any expiration date 
must printed on the card (i.e., if no expiration date is printed, then 
the card cannot expire). The commenters stated that, because the Maine 
and Tennessee Acts require gift card issuers to transfer unused gift 
cards' value to the State before any disclosed expiration date, the 
Acts have the potential to create an undisclosed, de facto expiration 
date that conflicts with what is printed on the card.
    In light of these arguments, industry commenters urged the Bureau 
to determine that the EFTA and Regulation E preempt the Maine and 
Tennessee Acts insofar as those Acts require transfer of unused gift 
cards' value sooner than the expiration date that Federal law would 
permit (i.e., a minimum of five years or a card's expiration date, if 
any). Some industry commenters stated that compelling issuers to comply 
with both the Federal expiration date provisions and the Maine and 
Tennessee Acts subjects issuers to conflicting claims from States and 
consumers. These commenters stated that requiring issuers to honor 
cards and then seek reimbursement from the State raises constitutional 
due process concerns. Other commenters stated that it is impossible for 
issuers subject to the Maine or Tennessee Acts to comply with both 
Federal and State law as they currently exist, or that complying with 
both laws imposes a significant and unfair burden on issuers and could 
cause issuers to charge higher fees or offer fewer card types.\21\ A 
few commenters noted that compelling issuers to comply with both 
Federal and State laws could lead to inappropriate windfalls to States. 
One trade association, on the other hand, stated that requiring issuers 
to honor abandoned cards would not significantly increase the burden on 
issuers, because the majority of issuers currently honor gift cards to 
preserve customer relationships, even if the cards' unused value has 
been turned over to a State.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \21\ As noted above, most commenters appeared not to realize 
that the Maine Act itself requires issuers to honor gift cards even 
after transferring their unused value to the State.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter, a consumer group, identified a different kind of 
conflict between Federal and State law. This commenter stated that an 
inconsistency arises from the issuer's option to decline to honor the 
card before the card may expire under Federal law. The commenter thus 
urged the Bureau to determine that the EFTA and Regulation E preempt 
State law, but only insofar as State law purports to allow issuers to 
decline to honor cards sooner than the cards are permitted to expire 
under Federal law. The commenter noted that, under this approach, 
consumers would receive both the full protection of Federal law and 
whatever benefits might flow from having their unused gift cards' value 
transfer to the State. The commenter further stated that it would be 
less burdensome for issuers to request reimbursement from the State 
after transferring the unused value than it would be for consumers to 
retrieve their unclaimed property directly from the State. The 
commenter reasoned that issuers could request reimbursement at regular 
intervals, e.g. annually, and that issuers would have little difficulty 
establishing their right to reimbursement.

B. Whether State Law Is More Protective of Consumers

    Under the EFTA, even if there is a conflict between State law and 
the EFTA and Regulation E, State law is not inconsistent with the 
Federal law for purposes of a preemption analysis if it offers greater 
protections to consumers than the EFTA.\22\ However, no commenters 
argued that the Maine and Tennessee Acts are more protective of 
consumers than Federal law. Most commenters argued that Federal law is 
more protective of consumers than the Maine and Tennessee Acts, and two 
commenters stated that Maine law is

[[Page 24389]]

equally protective of consumers as Federal law.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \22\ 15 U.S.C. 1693q.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Those commenters who stated that Federal law is more protective of 
consumers cited the fact that, under Federal law, consumers are 
guaranteed the ability to redeem their gift cards at the point-of-sale 
for at least three years longer than under State law.\23\ Both consumer 
group commenters, however, stated that whether Federal law is more 
protective depends on whether State law requires issuers to honor cards 
for the entire period required by Federal law. Similarly, the two 
commenters, both trade associations, who stated that Maine law is 
equally protective of consumers, reached that conclusion because, they 
said, Maine law prohibits expiration dates for gift cards. Thus, 
according to these commenters, under Maine law, gift cards must be 
honored by the retailer whenever presented, even if their unused value 
has already transferred to the State.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \23\ As noted, all but two commenters interpreted the Maine Act, 
as the Bureau did in its Notice, to permit issuers to decline to 
honor gift cards after transferring the cards' unused value to the 
State.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters unanimously agreed that a State law that would force 
consumers to retrieve their unused gift cards' value from the State, 
rather than from the issuers, would be less protective than Federal 
law. The commenters believed that consumers would not often succeed in 
reclaiming their property (or would not even try), due to the lengthy 
and confusing process that they would need to navigate. For example, 
commenters stated that a consumer would need to (1) know that a card 
had been deemed abandoned and that the issuer had transferred the 
unused card value to a State, (2) identify the State that is holding 
the property, which is based on information not usually known to 
consumers (e.g., information reported to the State by the issuer and 
the issuer's State of incorporation), and (3) establish ownership of 
the property, which could be difficult because gift card owners 
typically are unknown to the issuer and thus not reported to the State.
    The Notice solicited comment on whether gift cards' unused value 
would be better protected in the custody of the State where, for 
example, the unused value potentially could be protected from 
inactivity fees, issuer bankruptcy, and expiration, or could be 
converted to cash for the consumer. No commenters believed that any 
such benefits (even assuming they occurred) would outweigh the 
protections provided to consumers by Federal law. Certain industry 
commenters noted that the potential for harm to consumers from 
inactivity fees or issuer bankruptcy is low because inactivity fees are 
rare, the risk of bankruptcy is remote, and consumers have other 
protections against such harms. Other commenters disputed that a two-
year abandonment period benefits consumers by providing them the 
indefinite ability to retrieve their gift cards' unused value from the 
State. These commenters noted the procedural challenges discussed 
above. They also stated that consumers would receive the same benefit 
(if any) if the cards' value transferred to the State after five years 
of dormancy. Two issuers commented that the right to receive cash is 
not more protective of consumers because consumers expect to obtain 
merchandise, not cash, from the purchase of gift cards.
    A handful of commenters urged the Bureau to determine that the EFTA 
and Regulation E preempt any State unclaimed property law pursuant to 
which a gift card is presumed abandoned any earlier than the earliest 
possible expiration permissible under Federal law. These commenters 
cited the benefits of a uniform, national approach. For example, one 
issuer stated that uniform, national standards promote stability in the 
financial system and protect consumers and industry from the compliance 
costs associated with State-by-State regulation. One trade association 
added that uniform, national standards reduce confusion, especially 
because many issuers may also be subject to other Federal regulations.

V. Final Determinations

    Maine. The Office of the State Treasurer of the State of Maine 
requested a determination as to whether and how the EFTA and Regulation 
E's provisions relating to gift card expiration dates preempt the Maine 
Act as applied to gift cards. After considering the relevant provisions 
of the EFTA and Regulation E, the Maine Act, public comments received, 
and further analysis, the Bureau has determined that it has no basis 
for concluding that the Maine Act as applied to gift cards is 
inconsistent with the EFTA and Regulation E or, therefore, that it is 
preempted.
    Several provisions of the Maine Act are relevant to understanding 
the treatment of gift cards as abandoned property in Maine. First, 
Sec.  1953 of the Maine Act provides that a gift obligation or stored-
value card is presumed abandoned two years after the later of December 
31 of the year in which the obligation arose or the most recent 
transaction involving the obligation or stored-value card occurred, 
including the initial issuance and any subsequent addition of value to 
the obligation or stored-value card.\24\ (For ease of reference, the 
gift obligations covered by the Maine Act are referred to herein as 
``gift cards.'') Section 1953 of the Maine Act further provides that a 
period of limitation may not be imposed on an owner's right to redeem a 
gift card.\25\ Under Sec.  1958, holders of property that Maine 
presumes to be abandoned as of the end of a calendar year must report 
and transfer the property to Maine by May 1 of the following year.\26\ 
Finally, Sec.  1961 provides that Maine thereafter assumes custody of 
and responsibility for the property, and a business that has 
transferred such property to the State is relieved of all liability 
arising thereafter with respect it.\27\ Section 1961 further states 
that if a business chooses to make payment to the owner of the 
property, it may request reimbursement by filing a request with the 
State.\28\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \24\ 33 M.R.S. Sec.  1953.G(2) (2011). The terms ``gift 
obligation'' and ``stored value card'' are defined in detail in the 
Maine Act and may differ in some respects from the terms ``gift 
certificates, store gift cards, or general-use prepaid cards'' as 
used in the EFTA. Id. Sec.  1952.5-A (gift obligation); Sec.  
1952.15-A (stored-value card). Under the Maine Act, ``prefunded bank 
cards,'' which generally include cards issued by a financial 
organization and that are usable at multiple merchants, are deemed 
abandoned after three years of non-use. Id. Sec.  1952.12-A; Sec.  
1953.G-1.
    \25\ Id. Sec.  1953.G(3) (``A period of limitation may not be 
imposed on the owner's right to redeem the gift obligation or 
stored-value card.'').
    \26\ Id. Sec.  1958. Under the Maine Act, only 60 percent of a 
gift card's face value is reportable as unclaimed property. Id. 
Sec.  1953.G(1). In addition, a gift card sold on or after December 
31, 2011, is not presumed abandoned if it was among those sold by an 
issuer that sold no more than $250,000 in gift cards during the 
preceding calendar year. Id. Sec.  1953.G(2).
    \27\ Id. Sec.  1961.2.
    \28\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Bureau's determination with respect to the Maine Act relies on 
the Bureau's communications with the Office of the State Treasurer for 
the State of Maine, which interprets and administers Maine's unclaimed 
property law. Maine's Office of the State Treasurer has advised the 
Bureau that, properly interpreted, the Maine Act requires a holder to 
continue to honor a gift card that has been presumed abandoned pursuant 
to the Act. The Treasurer similarly has explained that Maine does not 
fulfill consumers' direct requests to claim their property. Instead, if 
a consumer is directed to the State, the State re-directs the consumer 
to the gift card issuer and informs the issuer of its obligation to 
honor the card. There is some apparent tension between an issuer's 
continuing obligation under Sec.  1953 of the Maine Act to honor 
abandoned gift cards whose unused

[[Page 24390]]

value has transferred to the State, and the more general provision in 
Sec.  1961 that provides abandoned property holders the option of 
whether to make payment to property owners after the property has 
transferred to the State. However, the Bureau's determination with 
regard to the Maine Act is based on the interpretation of Maine law 
that the Treasurer has presented.
    Thus, under the Maine Act, as explained by the State's Treasurer, 
an issuer that has transferred the unused value on an abandoned gift 
card to the State must honor the gift card on presentation 
indefinitely, and may then request reimbursement from the State. 
Because the Maine Act does not interfere with consumers' ability to use 
their gift cards at the point-of-sale for at least as long as they are 
guaranteed that right by the EFTA and Regulation E, the Bureau has 
determined that it has no basis for concluding that the provisions in 
Maine's unclaimed property law relating to gift cards are inconsistent 
with, or therefore preempted by, Federal law.\29\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \29\ As noted, the Bureau's determination with respect to the 
Maine Act reflects the Bureau's understanding of how the Maine Act 
currently operates and is based on communications with Maine's 
Office of the State Treasurer. If legislative, judicial, or other 
official action effected a relevant change in how Maine law applied 
to gift cards, the Bureau could revisit its determination.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In reaching its determination, the Bureau considered commenters' 
concerns about the burden of being required to comply both with the 
expiration date provision of the EFTA and the abandonment provisions of 
the Maine Act. The Bureau notes, however, that the Maine Act itself 
requires abandoned gift cards to be honored indefinitely, a fact that 
these commenters generally did not recognize. The Bureau also 
considered certain commenters' concerns that requiring an issuer to 
honor abandoned gift cards and then seek reimbursement, as the Maine 
Act does, would raise constitutional due process issues. The Bureau 
expresses no view on these comments, because the Bureau's role is 
limited to determining whether any provisions of the Maine Act as 
applied to gift cards are inconsistent with the EFTA, not whether 
Maine's law is constitutional.
    Tennessee. Payment card industry representatives requested that the 
Bureau issue a preemption determination as to whether the Tennessee Act 
is inconsistent with the requirement under the EFTA and Regulation E 
that gift cards and their underlying funds not expire sooner than five 
years after the date on which funds are last loaded onto the card. 
After considering the relevant provisions of the EFTA and Regulation E, 
the Tennessee Act, public comments received, and further analysis, the 
Bureau has determined that one provision in Tennessee's unclaimed 
property law, Sec.  66-29-116 of the Tennessee Act, as applied to gift 
cards, is inconsistent with the EFTA and Regulation E and therefore is 
preempted.
    As with Maine, several provisions of the Tennessee Act are relevant 
to understanding the treatment of gift cards as abandoned property in 
Tennessee. First, the Tennessee Act provides that a ``gift 
certificate'' issued in the ordinary course of an issuer's business is 
presumed abandoned if it remains unclaimed by the owner upon the 
earlier of: (1) The expiration date of the certificate; or (2) two 
years from the date the certificate was issued.\30\ Pursuant to 
Tennessee's Consumer Protection Act, the term ``gift certificate'' 
excludes prepaid cards usable at multiple, unaffiliated merchants or at 
automated teller machines (i.e., ``open-loop'' gift cards).\31\ In 
addition, a gift certificate is exempt from the Tennessee Act if the 
issuer of the certificate does not impose a dormancy charge and the 
gift certificate (1) conspicuously states that the gift certificate 
does not expire; (2) bears no expiration date; or (3) states that any 
expiration date is not applicable in Tennessee.\32\ In short, the 
Bureau understands that the Tennessee Act requires issuers to transfer 
to the State the unused value on most closed-loop gift certificates 
that carry dormancy charges and may expire. The Bureau's determination 
applies to the Tennessee Act only to the extent that the gift 
certificates covered by the Act overlap with the categories of gift 
cards for which the EFTA and Regulation E restrict expiration dates. 
For ease of reference, such products are referred to herein as ``gift 
cards.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \30\ Id. Sec.  66-29-135(a)(1)-(2). Because, pursuant to the 
EFTA and Regulation E, gift cards sold since August 2010 may not 
expire sooner than five years after they are issued, the Bureau 
understands that Sec.  66-29-135 of the Tennessee Act effectively 
provides for a two-year abandonment period for such categories of 
cards.
    \31\ Pursuant to Tennessee's Consumer Protection Act, the term 
``gift certificate'' also excludes prepaid telephone calling cards 
and certain other categories of cards not distributed to the general 
public. Tenn. Code Ann. Sec.  47-18-127(d)-(e) (2012). Aside from 
the exclusion for ``open-loop'' gift cards and prepaid telephone 
calling cards, the Bureau believes that ``gift certificate'' for 
purposes of Tennessee law generally includes gift cards and other 
similar electronic devices. However, the scope of Tennessee's 
definition of ``gift certificate'' may differ in some respects from 
that of ``gift card'' as used elsewhere in this determination.
    \32\ Id. Sec.  66-29-135(c).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    An issuer of gift cards that Tennessee presumes to be abandoned as 
of the end of a calendar year must report and transfer the unused 
cards' value to Tennessee by May 1 of the following year.\33\ Under 
Sec.  66-29-116 of the Tennessee Act, Tennessee thereafter assumes 
custody and responsibility for the property, and the person that 
transferred the unused gift card value to the State is relieved of all 
liability to the extent of the value transferred for any claim that may 
later arise with respect to the property. Section 66-29-116 further 
provides that a person that has transferred gift cards' unused value to 
Tennessee may elect to honor the cards and may request reimbursement by 
filing a request with the State.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \33\ Id. Sec.  66-29-113(e). The value presumed abandoned is the 
price paid by the purchaser, except that for gift certificates 
issued after December 31, 1996, and redeemable in merchandise only, 
the value presumed abandoned is 60 percent of the purchase price. 
Id. Sec.  66-29-135(b). The Bureau notes that a Tennessee trial 
court held in 2001 that Tennessee law requires transfer only of the 
right to claim merchandise by using the gift card (i.e., not a 
transfer of the unused value). Service Merchandise Co. v. Adams, No. 
97-2782-III, 2001 WL 34384462 (Tenn. Ch. Ct. June 29, 2001). 
However, the Tennessee Department of Treasury's Unclaimed Property 
Division has informed the Bureau that Tennessee requires the 
transfer of the unused value.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Thus, unlike the Maine Act, the Tennessee Act does not require 
issuers to honor abandoned gift cards after issuers have transferred 
the cards' unused value to Tennessee. The Bureau thus understands that, 
if an issuer were to decline to honor the gift cards, as permitted by 
Sec.  66-29-116, consumers could attempt to reclaim their property by 
submitting an unclaimed property claim form to Tennessee's Department 
of Treasury. To properly submit an effective claim, consumers would 
need to determine that Tennessee is the appropriate State to contact 
and would need to establish ownership of the property by supplying 
sufficient documentation to the State. Consumers then most likely would 
need to wait at least several weeks to receive their property.\34\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \34\ See Tennessee Department of Treasury Unclaimed Property, 
Frequently Asked Questions, http://treasury.tn.gov/unlcaim/faq/html.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Bureau finds that Sec.  66-29-116 of the Tennessee Act as 
applied to gift cards is inconsistent with the EFTA and Regulation E 
and therefore is preempted. Specifically, the Bureau finds that Sec.  
66-29-116 of the Tennessee Act is inconsistent with Federal law 
because, by permitting issuers to decline to honor gift cards as soon 
as two years after issuance and relieving them of

[[Page 24391]]

liability to consumers for the property, the effect of this provision 
is to permit cards and their underlying funds to expire sooner than is 
permitted under the EFTA and Regulation E. Section 66-29-116 of the 
Tennessee Act thus permits an act or practice that is prohibited by the 
Federal law.
    In reaching this conclusion, the Bureau has considered whether 
Sec.  66-29-116 of the Tennessee Act, as applied to gift cards, is more 
protective of consumers than Federal law. The Bureau has concluded that 
it is not, because the Bureau has not identified any consumer benefit 
flowing from an issuer's ability to decline a gift card at the point-
of-sale sooner than the card and its underlying funds are permitted to 
expire under Federal law. The Bureau notes that any benefits a consumer 
might experience from having a gift card treated as abandoned property 
would result from the transfer of the unused gift card value to the 
State, not from an issuer's declining to honor the card.\35\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \35\ Similarly, the Bureau concludes that its determination that 
Sec.  66-29-116 of the Tennessee Act is not more protective of 
consumers than the EFTA and Regulation is not inconsistent with the 
judicial decision discussed in the Bureau's Notice. That case, in 
which the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit upheld a 
decision by the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey 
that declined to preliminarily enjoin the application to gift cards 
of New Jersey's unclaimed property law, weighed the benefits to 
consumers of New Jersey's unclaimed property scheme for gift cards. 
In finding that the plaintiffs were unlikely to prove that Federal 
law preempted New Jersey's unclaimed gift card law, the court 
emphasized several possible benefits to consumers of having their 
unused gift card value transfer to the State that, in the court's 
view, weighed in favor of a conclusion that New Jersey law was more 
protective of consumers than the EFTA and Regulation E. See N.J. 
Retail Merchants Ass'n v. Sidamon-Eristoff, 669 F.3d 374 (3d Cir. 
2012), reh'g denied (3d Cir. Feb. 24, 2012). Because the Bureau's 
preemption determination with respect to Tennessee law applies to 
the provision of Tennessee law that permits issuers to decline to 
honor abandoned gift cards at the point-of-sale, rather than to the 
provision that requires unused gift card value to be transferred to 
the State, the purported benefits of any such transfer are not 
germane to the Bureau's decision.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For the reasons stated above, the Bureau finds that the Tennessee 
Act is inconsistent with the EFTA and Regulation E and therefore is 
preempted to the extent that it permits issuers to refuse to honor gift 
cards sooner than the gift cards and their underlying funds are 
permitted to expire under Federal law.\36\ In reaching this 
determination, the Bureau acknowledges commenters' concerns that the 
requirement both to transfer the unused value from abandoned gift cards 
to the State while at the same time complying with the EFTA and 
Regulation E imposes possibly burdensome obligations on gift card 
issuers. However, the primary concern of the relevant provision of the 
EFTA is to ensure that consumers will be able to use their gift cards 
for the prescribed periods of time. So long as consumers can continue 
to use their cards at the point-of-sale for as long as Federal law 
guarantees, the fact that issuers may face an increased burden or cost 
to comply with both Federal law and the Tennessee Act--at least to the 
degree of burden the commenters discussed--does not change the Bureau's 
conclusion. Also, as with Maine, the Bureau expresses no opinion on the 
constitutional due process concerns raised by certain commenters, 
because the Bureau's role is solely to determine whether State law 
inconsistent with the requirements of the EFTA and Regulation E, not to 
determine whether State law is constitutional. In this regard, the 
Bureau notes that its determination is limited to the conclusion that 
Sec.  66-29-116 of the Tennessee Act, as applied to gift cards, is 
preempted, and the Bureau does not otherwise opine on how the Tennessee 
Act should apply to gift cards in light of this determination.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \36\ The Bureau's determination with respect to the Tennessee 
Act reflects the Bureau's understanding of how the Tennessee Act 
currently operates and is based in part on communications with the 
Tennessee Department of Treasury's Unclaimed Property Division. If 
legislative, judicial, or other official action effected a relevant 
change in how Tennessee law applied to gift cards, the Bureau could 
revisit its determination.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This is an official staff interpretation of Regulation E, issued 
pursuant to Sec.  1005.12(b) of Regulation E. The Bureau believes that 
the nuances of States' unclaimed property laws warrant independent 
consideration of whether a particular State's unclaimed property law as 
applied to gift cards is inconsistent with and preempted by the EFTA 
and Regulation E. Thus, notwithstanding certain commenters' requests 
that the Bureau set forth a uniform, national standard, this 
determination is limited to the facts and issues discussed above and 
does not constitute a determination with respect to the laws of any 
other States.

List of Subjects

12 CFR Part 1005

    Banking, Banks, Consumer protection, Credit unions, Electronic fund 
transfers, National banks, Remittance transfers, Reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements, Savings associations.

Preemption Determination

    The following order sets forth the preemption determination, which 
also will be reflected in Supplement I to Part 1005--Official 
Interpretations.

Order

    Pursuant to Sec.  1639q of the Electronic Fund Transfers Act (EFTA) 
and Sec.  1005.12(b) of Regulation E, the Bureau has determined that 
Sec.  66-29-116 of Tennessee's Uniform Disposition of Unclaimed 
(Personal) Property Act (the Tennessee Act) is preempted by the EFTA 
and Regulation E to the extent that the Tennessee Act permits gift 
certificates to be declined at the point-of-sale sooner than the gift 
certificates and their underlying funds are permitted to expire under 
Sec.  1005.20(e) of Regulation E. The Bureau's determination applies 
only with respect to those devices that are gift certificates, store 
gift cards, and stored-value cards, as defined in 12 CFR 1005.20(a), 
and are also covered by the Tennessee Act.

    Dated: April 19, 2013.
Richard Cordray,
Director, Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection.
[FR Doc. 2013-09751 Filed 4-24-13; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4810-AM-P