[Federal Register Volume 77, Number 221 (Thursday, November 15, 2012)]
[Notices]
[Pages 68107-68113]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2012-27817]


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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

RIN 0648-XC153


Takes of Marine Mammals Incidental to Specified Activities; 
Taking Marine Mammals Incidental to Rocky Intertidal Monitoring Surveys 
on the South Farallon Islands, CA

AGENCY: National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and 
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Commerce.

ACTION: Notice; issuance of an incidental harassment authorization.

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SUMMARY: In accordance with the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) 
regulations, notification is hereby given that NMFS has issued an 
Incidental Harassment Authorization (IHA) to the National Ocean 
Service's Office of National Marine Sanctuaries Gulf of the Farallones 
National Marine Sanctuary (GFNMS) to take marine mammals, by 
harassment, incidental to rocky intertidal monitoring work and 
searching for black abalone, components of the Sanctuary Ecosystem 
Assessment Surveys.

DATES: Effective November 8, 2012, through November 7, 2013.

ADDRESSES: A copy of the authorization, application, and associated 
Environmental Assessment (EA) and Finding of No Significant Impact 
(FONSI) and Biological Opinion may be obtained by writing to Michael 
Payne, Chief, Permits and Conservation Division, Office of Protected 
Resources, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1315 East-West Highway, 
Silver Spring, MD 20910, telephoning the contact listed below (see FOR 
FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT), or visiting the Internet at: http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/permits/incidental.htm. Documents cited in this 
notice may also be viewed, by appointment, during regular business 
hours, at the aforementioned address.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Candace Nachman, Office of Protected 
Resources, NMFS, (301) 427-8401.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

Background

    Sections 101(a)(5)(A) and (D) of the MMPA (16 U.S.C. 1361 et seq.) 
direct the Secretary of Commerce to allow, upon request, the 
incidental, but not intentional, taking of small numbers of marine 
mammals by U.S. citizens who engage in a specified activity (other than 
commercial fishing) within a specified geographical region if certain 
findings are made and either regulations are issued or, if the taking 
is limited to harassment, a notice of a proposed authorization is 
provided to the public for review.
    Authorization for incidental takings shall be granted if NMFS finds 
that the taking will have a negligible impact on the species or 
stock(s), will not have an unmitigable adverse impact on the 
availability of the species or stock(s) for subsistence uses (where 
relevant), and if the permissible methods of taking, other means of 
effecting the least practicable impact on the species or stock and its 
habitat, and requirements pertaining to the mitigation, monitoring and 
reporting of such takings are set forth. NMFS has defined ``negligible 
impact'' in 50 CFR 216.103 as ``* * * an impact resulting from the 
specified activity that cannot be reasonably expected to, and is not 
reasonably likely to, adversely affect the species or stock through 
effects on annual rates of recruitment or survival.''
    Section 101(a)(5)(D) of the MMPA established an expedited process 
by which citizens of the United States can apply for an authorization 
to incidentally take small numbers of marine mammals by harassment. 
Section 101(a)(5)(D) establishes a 45-day time limit for NMFS review of 
an application followed by a 30-day public notice and comment period on 
any proposed authorizations for the incidental harassment of marine 
mammals. Within 45 days of the close of the comment period, NMFS must 
either issue or deny the authorization. Except with respect to certain 
activities not pertinent here, the MMPA defines ``harassment'' as: 
``any act of pursuit, torment, or annoyance which (i) has the potential 
to injure a marine mammal or marine mammal stock in the wild [Level A 
harassment]; or (ii) has the potential to disturb a marine mammal or 
marine mammal stock in the wild by causing disruption of behavioral 
patterns, including, but not limited to, migration, breathing, nursing, 
breeding, feeding, or sheltering [Level B harassment].''

Summary of Request

    On May 13, 2012, NMFS received an application from GFNMS for the 
taking of marine mammals incidental to rocky intertidal monitoring work 
and searching for black abalone. NMFS determined that the application 
was adequate and complete on July 20, 2012. On August 23, 2012, we 
published a notice in the Federal Register of our proposal to issue an 
IHA with preliminary determinations and explained the basis for the 
proposal and preliminary determinations (77 FR 50990). The notice 
initiated a 30-day public comment period. Responses are discussed 
below.
    GFNMS proposes to continue rocky intertidal monitoring work and the 
search for black abalone in areas previously unexplored for black 
abalone for periods of 4-8 days in November 2012 and February 2013. All 
work will be done only during daylight minus low tides. This is a long-
term study that began in 1992 and at present is anticipated to continue 
beyond November 2013. This IHA is only effective for a 12-month period. 
In future years (depending on funding), survey activities may occur in 
February, August, and November. For purposes of the present request, 
four sites will be sampled during both November and February, with two 
additional sites to be sampled in February only. The following specific 
aspects of the activities are likely to result in the take of marine 
mammals: presence of survey personnel near pinniped haulout sites and 
approach of survey personnel towards hauled out pinnipeds. Take, by 
Level B harassment only, of individuals of five species of marine 
mammals is anticipated to result from the specified activity.

Description of the Specified Activity and Specified Geographic Region

    Since the listing of black abalone as ``endangered'' under the U.S. 
Endangered Species Act (ESA; 16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), NMFS has 
requested that GFNMS explore as much of the shoreline as possible, as 
well as document and map the location of quality habitat for black 
abalone and the location of known animals. This listing

[[Page 68108]]

prompted the need to expand the search for black abalone into other 
areas on the South Farallon Islands (beyond those that have been 
studied since 1992) to gain a better understanding of the abundance and 
health of the black abalone population in this remote and isolated 
location. The monitoring is planned to remain ongoing, and efforts to 
assess the status and health of the black abalone population on the 
South Farallon Islands may take several years, and perhaps decades, 
because black abalone tend to be very cryptic and difficult to find, 
especially when they are sparse and infrequent in occurrence. In order 
for the assessment of black abalone to be more comprehensive, GFNMS 
needs to expand shore searches in areas beyond the proximity of their 
quantitative quadrat sampling areas and also into new areas on 
Southeast Farallon and Maintop (West End) Islands. Additional 
information regarding the purpose of the research is contained in the 
Notice of Proposed IHA (77 FR 50990, August 23, 2012).
    Routine shore activity will continue to involve the use of only 
non-destructive sampling methods to monitor rocky intertidal algal and 
invertebrate species abundances (see Figure 2 in GFNMS' application). 
The sampling, photographic documentation, and shore walks for the 
period of this IHA have been scheduled to occur in November 2012 and 
February 2013. (In future years, surveys conducted under separate 
IHA(s) may occur 3 times annually: February, August, and November, 
based on funding.) Each survey will last for approximately 4 to 8 days. 
All work will be done only during daylight minus, low tides. Each 
location (as listed in Tables 2 and 3 in GFNMS' application) will be 
visited/sampled by three to four biologists, for a duration of 3-4 
hours, one to two times each minus tide cycle, during November and 
February. The Notice of Proposed IHA contains additional information on 
the survey methodology (77 FR 50990, August 23, 2012). That information 
has not changed and is therefore not repeated here.
    PRBO Conservation Science (PRBO) continues its year round pinniped 
and seabird research and monitoring efforts on the South Farallon 
Islands, which began in 1968, under MMPA scientific research permits 
and IHAs. GFNMS biologists will gain access to the sites via boats 
operated by PRBO, with disturbance and incidental take authorized via 
IHAs issued to PRBO. For this reason, GFNMS has not requested 
authorization for take from disturbance by boat, as incidental take 
from that activity is authorized in a separate IHA.

Specified Geographic Location and Activity Timeframe

    The Farallon Islands consists of a chain of seven islands located 
approximately 48 km (30 mi) west of San Francisco, near the edge of the 
continental shelf and in the geographic center of the GFNMS (see Figure 
1 in GFNMS' application). The nearshore and offshore waters are 
foraging areas for pinniped species discussed in this document. The two 
largest islands of the seven islands are the Southeast Farallon and 
Maintop (aka West End) Islands. These and several smaller rocks are 
collectively referred to as the South Farallon Islands and are the 
subject of this IHA.
    Current areas that are sampled during November and February are: 
Blow Hole Peninsula; Mussel Flat; Dead Sea Lion Flat; and Low Arch (see 
Figure 2 in GFNMS' application). Current areas that are sampled only 
during February are: Raven's Cliff and Drunk Uncle Islet. Areas to be 
added for intensive black abalone assessment and habitat mapping 
sampling during November and February include: East Landing; North 
Landing; Fisherman's Bay; and Weather Service Peninsula on Southeast 
Farallon Island. Areas to be added for intensive black abalone 
assessment and habitat mapping during February only include: Ravens' 
Cliff; Indian Head; Shell Beach; and Drunk Uncle Islet (see Figure 2 in 
GFNMS' application). Specific dates of sampling in February and 
November of each year will vary, as in the past, dependent on tide 
conditions, boat logistics to the island, staff schedules, island 
housing availability, seabird breeding cycles, and at the discretion of 
Refuge management. Each visit will last approximately 4-8 days in 
November 2012 and February 2013. Additional information on the 
specified geographic location is contained in the Notice of Proposed 
IHA (77 FR 50990, August 23, 2012).
    Accessing portions of the intertidal habitat may cause incidental 
Level B (behavioral) harassment of pinnipeds through some unavoidable 
approaches if pinnipeds are hauled out directly in the study plots or 
while biologists walk from one location to another. No motorized 
equipment is involved in conducting these surveys. The species for 
which Level B harassment is requested are: California sea lions 
(Zalophus californianus californianus); harbor seals (Phoca vitulina 
richardii); northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris); Stellar 
sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus); and northern fur seals (Callorhinus 
ursinus).

Comments and Responses

    A Notice of Proposed IHA was published in the Federal Register on 
August 23, 2012 (77 FR 50990) for public comment. During the 30-day 
public comment period, NMFS received one letter from the Marine Mammal 
Commission. No other organizations or private citizens provided 
comments on the proposed issuance of an IHA for this activity. The 
Marine Mammal Commission recommended that NMFS issue the IHA, subject 
to inclusion of the proposed mitigation and monitoring measures. NMFS 
has included all of the mitigation and monitoring measures proposed in 
the Notice of Proposed IHA (77 FR 50990, August 23, 2012) in the issued 
IHA.

Description of Marine Mammals in the Area of the Specified Activity

    Many of the shores of the two South Farallon Islands provide 
resting, molting, and breeding habitat for pinniped species: northern 
elephant seals; harbor seals; California sea lions; northern fur seals; 
and Steller sea lions. California sea lion is the species anticipated 
to be encountered most frequently during the specified activity. The 
other four species are only anticipated to be encountered at some of 
the sites. Tables 2 and 3 in GFNMS' application outline the average and 
maximum expected occurrences of each species at each sampling location 
in November and February, respectively. Numbers are based on weekly 
surveys conducted by PRBO. The data in these tables are from counts 
conducted in February and November 2010 and 2011. Figures 3, 4, and 5 
in GFNMS' application depict the overlap between pinniped haulouts and 
abalone sampling sites. Of the five species noted here, only the 
eastern stock of Stellar sea lion (which is the stock found in the 
activity area) is listed as threatened under the ESA and as depleted 
under the MMPA.
    We refer the public to Carretta et al., (2011) for general 
information on these species. The publication is available on the 
Internet at: http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/sars/po2011.pdf. 
Additional information on the status, distribution, seasonal 
distribution, and life history can also be found in GFNMS' application 
and NMFS' Notice of Proposed IHA (77 FR 50990, August 23, 2012). The 
information has not changed and is therefore not repeated here.
    California (southern) sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis), listed as

[[Page 68109]]

threatened under the ESA and categorized as depleted under the MMPA, 
usually range in coastal waters within 2 km (1.2 mi) of shore. PRBO has 
not encountered California sea otters on Southeast Farallon Island 
during the course of seabird or pinniped research activities over the 
past five years. This species is managed by the USFWS and is not 
considered further in this notice.

Potential Effects of the Specified Activity on Marine Mammals

    The appearance of researchers may have the potential to cause Level 
B harassment of any pinnipeds hauled out on Southeast Farallon and 
Maintop (West End) Islands. Although marine mammals are never 
deliberately approached by abalone survey personnel, approach may be 
unavoidable if pinnipeds are hauled out in the immediate vicinity of 
the permanent abalone study plots. Disturbance may result in reactions 
ranging from an animal simply becoming alert to the presence of 
researchers (e.g., turning the head, assuming a more upright posture) 
to flushing from the haul-out site into the water. NMFS does not 
consider the lesser reactions to constitute behavioral harassment, or 
Level B harassment takes, but rather assumes that pinnipeds that move 
greater than 1 m (3.3 ft) or change the speed or direction of their 
movement in response to the presence of researchers are behaviorally 
harassed, and thus subject to Level B taking. Animals that respond to 
the presence of researchers by becoming alert, but do not move or 
change the nature of locomotion as described, are not considered to 
have been subject to behavioral harassment. NMFS' Notice of Proposed 
IHA (77 FR 50990, August 23, 2012) contains information regarding 
potential impacts to marine mammals from the specified activity. The 
information has not changed and is therefore not repeated here.
    Typically, even those reactions constituting Level B harassment 
would result at most in temporary, short-term disturbance. In any given 
study season (i.e., November 2012 and February 2013), the researchers 
will visit the islands for a total of 4-8 days each of the two months, 
and each site is not visited during both months. Visits to each site 
are thus separated by several months. Each site visit typically lasts 
3-4 hours. Therefore, disturbance of pinnipeds resulting from the 
presence of researchers lasts only for short periods of time and is 
separated by significant amounts of time in which no disturbance 
occurs. Because such disturbance is sporadic, rather than chronic, and 
of low intensity, individual marine mammals are unlikely to incur any 
detrimental impacts to vital rates or ability to forage and, thus, loss 
of fitness. Correspondingly, even local populations, much less the 
overall stocks of animals, are extremely unlikely to accrue any 
significantly detrimental impacts.
    NMFS does not anticipate that the activities would result in the 
injury, serious injury, or mortality of pinnipeds because (1) the 
timing of research visits would preclude separation of mothers and pups 
for four of the pinniped species, as activities occur outside of the 
pupping/breeding season and (2) elephant seals are generally not 
susceptible to disturbance as a result of researchers' presence. In 
addition, researchers will exercise appropriate caution approaching 
sites, especially when pups are present and will redirect activities 
when pups are present.

Anticipated Effects on Marine Mammal Habitat

    The only habitat modification associated with the activity is the 
quadrat locations being marked with marine epoxy. The plot corners are 
marked with a 3x3 cm (1.2x1.2 in) patch of marine epoxy glued to the 
benchrock for relocating the quadrat sites. Markers have been in place 
since 1993, and pinniped populations have increased throughout the 
islands during this time. Maintenance is sometimes required, which 
consists of replenishing worn markers with fresh epoxy or replacing 
markers that have become dislodged. No gas power tools are used, so 
there is no potential for noise or accidental fuel spills disturbing 
animals and impacting habitats. Thus, the activity is not expected to 
have any habitat-related effects, including to marine mammal prey 
species, that could cause significant or long-term consequences for 
individual marine mammals or their populations.

Mitigation

    In order to issue an incidental take authorization (ITA) under 
Section 101(a)(5)(D) of the MMPA, NMFS must, where applicable, set 
forth the permissible methods of taking pursuant to such activity, and 
other means of effecting the least practicable impact on such species 
or stock and its habitat, paying particular attention to rookeries, 
mating grounds, and areas of similar significance, and on the 
availability of such species or stock for taking for certain 
subsistence uses (where relevant).
    GFNMS shall implement several mitigation measures to reduce 
potential take by Level B (behavioral disturbance) harassment. Measures 
include: (1) Coordinating sampling efforts with other permitted 
activities (i.e., PRBO and USFWS); (2) conducting slow movements and 
staying close to the ground to prevent or minimize stampeding; (3) 
avoiding loud noises (i.e., using hushed voices); (4) vacating the area 
as soon as sampling of the site is completed; (5) monitoring the 
offshore area for predators (such as killer whales and white sharks) 
and avoid flushing of pinnipeds when predators are observed in 
nearshore waters; (6) using binoculars to detect pinnipeds before close 
approach to avoid being seen by animals; and (7) rescheduling work at 
sites where pups are present, unless other means to accomplishing the 
work can be done without causing disturbance to mothers and dependent 
pups.
    The methodologies and actions noted in this section will be 
utilized and are included as mitigation measures in the IHA to ensure 
that impacts to marine mammals are mitigated to the lowest level 
practicable. The primary method of mitigating the risk of disturbance 
to pinnipeds, which will be in use at all times, is the selection of 
judicious routes of approach to abalone study sites, avoiding close 
contact with pinnipeds hauled out on shore, and the use of extreme 
caution upon approach. In no case will marine mammals be deliberately 
approached by abalone survey personnel, and in all cases every possible 
measure will be taken to select a pathway of approach to study sites 
that minimizes the number of marine mammals potentially harassed. In 
general, researchers will stay inshore of pinnipeds whenever possible 
to allow maximum escape to the ocean. Each visit to a given study site 
will last for approximately 4 hours, after which the site is vacated 
and can be re-occupied by any marine mammals that may have been 
disturbed by the presence of abalone researchers. By arriving before 
low tide, worker presence will tend to encourage pinnipeds to move to 
other areas for the day before they haul out and settle onto rocks at 
low tide.
    The following measures will be implemented to avoid disturbances to 
elephant seal pups. Disturbances to females with dependent pups can be 
mitigated to the greatest extent practicable by avoiding visits to 
those intertidal sites with pinnipeds that are actively nursing, with 
the exception of northern elephant seals. The time of year when GFNMS 
plans to sample avoids disturbance to young, dependent pups, with the 
exception of northern elephant seals. Thus, early February and

[[Page 68110]]

November, at minimum, are preferable for the intertidal survey work in 
order to minimize the risk of harassment. Harassment of nursing 
northern elephant seal pups may occur but only to a limited extent. 
Disruption of nursing to northern elephant seal pups will occur only as 
biologists pass by the area. No flushing of nursing northern elephant 
seal pups is anticipated, and no disturbance to newborn northern 
elephant seals (pups less than 1 week old) is anticipated. Moreover, 
elephant seals have a much higher tolerance of nearby human activity 
than sea lions or harbor seals. In the event of finding pinnipeds 
breeding and nursing, the intertidal monitoring activities will be re-
directed to sites where these activities and behaviors are not 
occurring. This mitigation measure will reduce the possibility of takes 
by harassment and further reduce the remote possibility of serious 
injury or mortality of dependent pups.
    GFNMS will suspend sampling and monitoring operations immediately 
if an injured marine mammal is found in the vicinity of the project 
area and the abalone site sampling activities could aggravate its 
condition.
    NMFS has carefully evaluated GFNMS' proposed mitigation measures 
and considered a range of other measures in the context of ensuring 
that NMFS prescribes the means of effecting the least practicable 
impact on the affected marine mammal species and stocks and their 
habitat. Our evaluation of potential measures included consideration of 
the following factors in relation to one another:
     The manner in which, and the degree to which, the 
successful implementation of the measure is expected to minimize 
adverse impacts to marine mammals;
     The proven or likely efficacy of the specific measure to 
minimize adverse impacts as planned; and
     The practicability of the measure for applicant 
implementation.
    Based on our evaluation of the final mitigation measures, NMFS has 
determined that they provide the means of effecting the least 
practicable impact on marine mammal species or stocks and their 
habitat, paying particular attention to rookeries, mating grounds, and 
areas of similar significance.

Monitoring and Reporting

    In order to issue an ITA for an activity, Section 101(a)(5)(D) of 
the MMPA states that NMFS must, where applicable, set forth 
``requirements pertaining to the monitoring and reporting of such 
taking''. The MMPA implementing regulations at 50 CFR 216.104 (a)(13) 
indicate that requests for ITAs must include the suggested means of 
accomplishing the necessary monitoring and reporting that will result 
in increased knowledge of the species and of the level of taking or 
impacts on populations of marine mammals that are expected to be 
present in the action area.
    Currently many aspects of pinniped research are being conducted by 
PRBO scientists on the Farallon Islands, which includes elephant seal 
pup tagging and behavior observations with special notice to tagged 
animals. Additional observations are always desired, such as 
observations of pinniped carcasses bearing tags, as well as any rare or 
unusual marine mammal occurrences. GFNMS' observations and reporting 
will add to the observational database and on-going marine mammal 
assessments on the Farallon Islands.
    GFNMS can add to the knowledge of pinnipeds on the South Farallon 
Islands by noting observations of: (1) Unusual behaviors, numbers, or 
distributions of pinnipeds, such that any potential follow-up research 
can be conducted by the appropriate personnel; (2) tag-bearing 
carcasses of pinnipeds, allowing transmittal of the information to 
appropriate agencies and personnel; and (3) rare or unusual species of 
marine mammals for agency follow-up.
    Monitoring requirements in relation to GFNMS' abalone research 
surveys include observations made by the applicant. Information 
recorded will include species counts (with numbers of pups/juveniles), 
numbers of observed disturbances, and descriptions of the disturbance 
behaviors during the abalone surveys. Observations of unusual 
behaviors, numbers, or distributions of pinnipeds on the South Farallon 
Islands will be reported to NMFS and PRBO so that any potential follow-
up observations can be conducted by the appropriate personnel. In 
addition, observations of tag-bearing pinniped carcasses as well as any 
rare or unusual species of marine mammals will be reported to NMFS and 
PRBO.
    If at any time injury, serious injury, or mortality of the species 
for which take is authorized should occur, or if take of any kind of 
any other marine mammal occurs, and such action may be a result of the 
abalone research, GFNMS will suspend research activities and contact 
NMFS immediately to determine how best to proceed to ensure that 
another injury or death does not occur and to ensure that the applicant 
remains in compliance with the MMPA.
    A draft final report must be submitted to NMFS Office of Protected 
Resources within 60 days after the conclusion of the 2012-2013 field 
season or 60 days prior to the start of the next field season if a new 
IHA will be requested. The report will include a summary of the 
information gathered pursuant to the monitoring requirements set forth 
in the IHA. A final report must be submitted to the Director of the 
NMFS Office of Protected Resources and to the NMFS Southwest Office 
Regional Administrator within 30 days after receiving comments from 
NMFS on the draft final report. If no comments are received from NMFS, 
the draft final report will be considered to be the final report.

Estimated Take by Incidental Harassment

    Except with respect to certain activities not pertinent here, the 
MMPA defines ``harassment'' as: any act of pursuit, torment, or 
annoyance which (i) has the potential to injure a marine mammal or 
marine mammal stock in the wild [Level A harassment]; or (ii) has the 
potential to disturb a marine mammal or marine mammal stock in the wild 
by causing disruption of behavioral patterns, including, but not 
limited to, migration, breathing, nursing, breeding, feeding, or 
sheltering [Level B harassment].
    All anticipated takes would be by Level B harassment, involving 
temporary changes in behavior. The mitigation and monitoring measures 
are expected to minimize the possibility of injurious or lethal takes 
such that take by injury, serious injury, or mortality is considered 
remote. Animals hauled out close to the actual survey sites may be 
disturbed by the presence of biologists and may alter their behavior or 
attempt to move away from the researchers. No motorized equipment is 
involved in conducting the abalone monitoring surveys.
    As discussed earlier, NMFS considers an animal to have been 
harassed if it moved greater than 1 m (3.3 ft) in response to the 
researcher's presence or if the animal was already moving and changed 
direction and/or speed, or if the animal flushed into the water. 
Animals that became alert without such movements were not considered 
harassed. The distribution of pinnipeds hauled out on beaches is not 
consistent throughout the year. The number of marine mammals disturbed 
will vary by month and location. PRBO obtains weekly counts of 
pinnipeds on the South Farallon Islands, dating back to the early 
1970s. GFNMS used data collected by PRBO in February and November 2010 
and 2011 (since those are the months they propose to conduct their 
abalone monitoring in 2012 and

[[Page 68111]]

2013) to estimate the number of pinnipeds that may potentially be taken 
by Level B (behavioral) harassment. Table 3 in GFNMS' IHA application 
and Table 1 here present the maximum numbers of California sea lions, 
harbor seals, northern elephant seals, northern fur seals, and Steller 
sea lions that may be present at the various sampling sites in November 
and February. As indicated in the table, some sites will be sampled in 
both months and others only in one of the two survey months. Based on 
this information, NMFS has authorized the take, by Level B harassment 
only, of 6,850 California sea lions, 175 harbor seals, 225 northern 
elephant seals, 20 northern fur seals, and 95 Steller sea lions. These 
numbers are considered to be maximum take estimates; therefore, actual 
take may be slightly less if animals decide to haul out at a different 
location for the day or animals are out foraging at the time of the 
survey activities.

Negligible Impact and Small Numbers Analysis and Determination

    NMFS has defined ``negligible impact'' in 50 CFR 216.103 as ``* * * 
an impact resulting from the specified activity that cannot be 
reasonably expected to, and is not reasonably likely to, adversely 
affect the species or stock through effects on annual rates of 
recruitment or survival.'' In making a negligible impact determination, 
NMFS considers a variety of factors, including but not limited to: (1) 
The number of anticipated mortalities; (2) the number and nature of 
anticipated injuries; (3) the number, nature, intensity, and duration 
of Level B harassment; and (4) the context in which the take occurs.
    No injuries, serious injuries, or mortalities are anticipated to 
occur as a result of GFNMS' rocky intertidal monitoring surveys, and 
none are authorized. The behavioral harassments that could occur would 
be of limited duration, as researchers only conduct sampling two times 
per year for a total of 4-8 days each time. Additionally, each site is 
sampled for approximately 3-4 hours before moving to the next sampling 
site. Therefore, disturbance will be limited to a short duration, 
allowing pinnipeds to reoccupy the sites within a short amount of time.
    Some of the pinniped species use the islands to conduct pupping 
and/or breeding. However, with the exception of northern elephant 
seals, GFNMS will conduct its abalone site sampling outside of the 
pupping/breeding seasons. GFNMS will implement measures to minimize 
impacts to northern elephant seals nursing or tending to dependent 
pups. Such measures will likely avoid mother/pup separation or 
trampling of pups.
BILLING CODE 3510-22-P

[[Page 68112]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN15NO12.103

BILLING CODE 3510-22-C
    Of the five marine mammal species anticipated to occur in the 
activity areas, only the Steller sea lion is listed as threatened under 
the ESA. The species is also designated as depleted under the MMPA. 
Table 2 in this document presents the abundance of each species or 
stock, the authorized take estimates, and the percentage of the 
affected populations or stocks that may be taken by harassment. Based 
on these estimates, GFNMS would take less than 1% of each species or 
stock, with the exception of the California sea lion, which would 
result in an estimated take of 2.3% of the stock. Because these are 
maximum estimates, actual take numbers are likely to be lower, as some 
animals may select other haulout sites the day the researchers are 
present.
    Based on the analysis contained herein of the likely effects of the 
specified activity on marine mammals and their habitat, and taking into 
consideration the implementation of the required mitigation and 
monitoring measures, NMFS finds that the rocky intertidal monitoring 
program will result in the incidental take of small numbers of marine 
mammals, by Level B harassment only, and that the total taking from the 
rocky intertidal monitoring program will have a negligible impact on 
the affected species or stocks.

[[Page 68113]]



Table 2--Population Abundance Estimates, Total Authorized Level B Take, and Percentage of Population That May Be
       Taken for the Potentially Affected Species During the Proposed Rocky Intertidal Monitoring Program
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                  Percentage of
                          Species                              Abundance*     Total authorized      stock or
                                                                                level B take       population
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Harbor Seal...............................................            30,196               175               0.6
California Sea Lion.......................................           296,750             6,850               2.3
Northern Elephant Seal....................................           124,000               225               0.2
Steller Sea Lion..........................................     58,334-72,223                95           0.1-0.2
Northern Fur Seal.........................................             9,968                20               0.2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Abundance estimates are taken from the 2011 U.S. Pacific Marine Mammal Stock Assessments (Carretta et al.,
  2012).

Impact on Availability of Affected Species or Stock for Taking for 
Subsistence Uses

    There are no relevant subsistence uses of marine mammals implicated 
by this action. Therefore, NMFS has determined that the total taking of 
affected species or stocks would not have an unmitigable adverse impact 
on the availability of such species or stocks for taking for 
subsistence purposes.

Endangered Species Act (ESA)

    There is one marine mammal species listed as threatened under the 
ESA with confirmed or possible occurrence in the project area: the 
eastern U.S. stock of Steller sea lion. NMFS' Permits and Conservation 
Division conducted consultation with NMFS' Endangered Species Division, 
Southwest Regional Office, under section 7 of the ESA on the issuance 
of an IHA to GFNMS under section 101(a)(5)(D) of the MMPA for this 
activity. In October 2012, NMFS finished conducting its section 7 
consultation and issued a Biological Opinion, and concluded that the 
issuance of the IHA associated with GFNMS' rocky intertidal monitoring 
program is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of the 
threatened eastern U.S. stock of Steller sea lion or result in the 
destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat for the 
species. The mitigation measures included in the final IHA have also 
been included in the Incidental Take Statement provided with the 
Biological Opinion.

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

    NMFS has prepared an EA that includes an analysis of potential 
environmental effects associated with NMFS' issuance of an IHA to GFNMS 
to take marine mammals incidental to conducting rocky intertidal 
monitoring surveys on the South Farallon Islands, California. NMFS has 
finalized the EA and prepared a FONSI for this action. Therefore, 
preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement is not necessary.

Authorization

    As a result of these determinations, NMFS has authorized the take 
of marine mammals incidental to GFNMS' rocky intertidal and black 
abalone monitoring research activities, provided the previously 
mentioned mitigation, monitoring, and reporting requirements are 
incorporated.

    Dated: November 8, 2012.
Helen M. Golde,
Acting Director, Office of Protected Resources, National Marine 
Fisheries Service.
[FR Doc. 2012-27817 Filed 11-14-12; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 3510-22-P