[Federal Register Volume 77, Number 43 (Monday, March 5, 2012)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 13046-13055]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2012-5187]


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DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY

Financial Crimes Enforcement Network

31 CFR Chapter X

RIN 1506-AB15


Customer Due Diligence Requirements for Financial Institutions

AGENCY: Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), Treasury.

ACTION: Advance notice of proposed rulemaking.

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SUMMARY: FinCEN, after consulting with staffs of various Federal 
supervisory authorities, is issuing this advance notice of proposed 
rulemaking (ANPRM) to solicit public comment on a wide range of 
questions pertaining to the development of a customer due diligence 
(CDD) regulation that would codify, clarify, consolidate, and 
strengthen existing CDD regulatory requirements and supervisory 
expectations, and establish a categorical requirement for financial 
institutions to identify beneficial ownership of their accountholders, 
subject to risk-based verification and pursuant to an alternative 
definition of beneficial ownership as described below.

DATES: Written comments on this ANPRM must be received on or before May 
4, 2012.

ADDRESSES: Comments may be submitted, identified by Regulatory 
Identification Number (RIN) 1506-AB15, by any of the following methods:
     Federal E-rulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov. 
Follow the instructions for submitting comments. Include RIN 1506-AB15 
in the submission. Refer to Docket Number FINCEN-2012-0001.
     Mail: FinCEN, P.O. Box 39, Vienna, VA 22183. Include 1506-
AB15 in the body of the text.
    Please submit comments by one method only. All comments submitted 
in response to this ANPRM will become a matter of public record. 
Therefore, you should submit only information that you wish to make 
publicly available.
    Inspection of comments: Comments may be inspected, between 10 a.m. 
and 4 p.m., in the FinCEN reading room in Vienna, VA. Persons wishing 
to inspect the comments submitted must request an appointment with the 
Disclosure Officer by telephoning (703) 905-5034 (not a toll free 
call). In general, FinCEN will make all comments publicly available by 
posting them on http://www.regulations.gov.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: 
    FinCEN: Regulatory Policy and Programs Division, Financial Crimes 
Enforcement Network, (800) 949-2732 and select option 6.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

I. Scope of ANPRM

    The scope of this ANPRM includes all of the industries that have 
anti-money laundering (AML) program requirements under FinCEN's 
regulations. At this time, and as an initial matter, FinCEN is 
considering developing a CDD rule to cover banks, brokers or dealers in 
securities, mutual funds, futures commission merchants, and introducing 
brokers in commodities; accordingly, this ANPRM is focused primarily on 
these institutions. However, FinCEN believes that a CDD rule may be 
appropriate for all financial institutions subject to FinCEN's 
regulations, and will consider extending such a rule to such other 
financial institutions in the future.
    Therefore, in addition to focusing on input from those types of 
institutions that would be subject to an initial rulemaking, FinCEN is 
also specifically requesting comment from other institutions, such as 
money services businesses (including providers of prepaid access), 
insurance companies, casinos, dealers in precious metals, stones and 
jewels, non-bank mortgage lenders or originators, and other entities 
under FinCEN's regulations, in particular regarding issues related to 
identification and verification of customers as discussed in Section IV 
A. of this ANPRM. While these institutions currently are not mandated 
to obtain the minimum mandatory information required to identify 
customers as is mandated in regulations pertaining to depository 
institutions, brokers or dealers, and others described above, in some 
cases they still must, on a risk-based approach, obtain all relevant 
and appropriate customer-related information necessary to administer an 
effective anti-money laundering program.\1\
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    \1\ See, e.g., ``Anti-Money Laundering Programs for Insurance 
Companies,'' 31 CFR 1025.210(b)(1).
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II. Background

    FinCEN exercises regulatory functions primarily under the Currency 
and Financial Transactions Reporting Act of 1970, as amended by the USA 
PATRIOT Act of 2001 (the Act) and other legislation, which legislative 
framework is commonly referred to as the ``Bank Secrecy Act'' (BSA),\2\ 
which authorizes the Secretary of the Treasury (Secretary) to require 
financial institutions to keep records and file reports that ``have a 
high degree of usefulness in criminal, tax, or regulatory 
investigations or proceedings, or in the conduct of intelligence or 
counterintelligence activities, including analysis, to protect against 
international terrorism'' \3\ The Secretary has delegated to the 
Director of FinCEN the authority to implement, administer and enforce 
compliance with the BSA and associated regulations.\4\ FinCEN is 
authorized to impose AML program requirements on financial 
institutions,\5\ as well as to require financial institutions to 
maintain procedures to ensure compliance with the BSA and FinCEN's 
implementing regulations or guard against money laundering.\6\
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    \2\ The BSA is codified at 12 U.S.C. 1829b, 12 U.S.C. 1951-1959, 
18 U.S.C. 1956, 1957, and 1960, and 31 U.S.C. 5311-5314 and 5316-
5332 and notes thereto, with implementing regulations at 31 CFR 
Chapter X. See 31 CFR 1010.100(e).
    \3\ 31 U.S.C. 5311.
    \4\ Treasury Order 180-01 (Sept. 26, 2002).
    \5\ 31 U.S.C. 5318(h)(2).
    \6\ 31 U.S.C. 5318(a)(2).
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    As reflected in recent guidance and enforcement actions, the 
cornerstone of a strong BSA/AML compliance program is the adoption and 
implementation of internal controls, which include comprehensive CDD 
policies, procedures, and processes for all customers, particularly 
those that present a high risk for money laundering or terrorist 
financing.\7\ As

[[Page 13047]]

part of their basic business model, financial institutions seek at some 
level to identify their customers and their needs in order to best 
service them. The requirement that a financial institution know its 
customers, and the risks presented by its customers, is basic and 
fundamental to the development and implementation of an effective BSA/
AML compliance program.\8\ In particular, appropriate CDD policies, 
procedures, and processes assist a financial institution in 
identifying, detecting, and evaluating unusual or suspicious 
activity.\9\ Furthermore, financial institutions may not be able to 
perform effective risk assessments of their customers or account bases 
without conducting adequate due diligence throughout customer 
relationships.
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    \7\ FIN-2010-G001, ``Guidance on Obtaining and Retaining 
Beneficial Ownership Information, March 5, 2010, p.1 (``Beneficial 
Ownership Guidance''). See also Federal Financial Institution 
Examination Council Bank Secrecy Act Anti-Money Laundering 
Examination Manual (2010) (``FFIEC Manual''), available at: http://www.ffiec.gov/bsa_aml_infobase/documents/BSA_AML_Man_2010.pdf; 
Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Updated AML Template for 
Small Firms (Jan. 2010) (``FINRA Small Firm Template''), available 
at http://www.finra.org/Industry/Issues/AML/p006340; National 
Association of Securities Dealers, Notice to Members 02-21 at 7 
(Apr. 2002) (``NASD NTM 02-21'').
    \8\ See supra note 7.
    \9\ See supra note 7.
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    As discussed in more detail below, despite the basis for a CDD 
obligation implicit in BSA requirements, such as the AML program and 
suspicious activity reporting (SAR) rules, FinCEN believes that issuing 
an express CDD rule that requires financial institutions to perform 
CDD, including an obligation to categorically obtain beneficial 
ownership information, may be necessary to protect the United States 
financial system from criminal abuse and to guard against terrorist 
financing, money laundering and other financial crimes. Despite efforts 
to highlight and clarify CDD and beneficial ownership expectations over 
the past several years, FinCEN is concerned that there is a lack of 
uniformity and consistency in the way financial institutions address 
these implicit CDD obligations and collect beneficial ownership 
information within and across industries. In the absence of a broader 
definition of the term ``beneficial owner,'' in particular a definition 
that can be applied across lines of business and customer categories in 
the context of CDD, it may be difficult for a financial institution to 
(1) identify the risk scenarios that would require the identification 
of beneficial owners; and (2) collect sufficient information to 
adequately address identified risk. The lack of consistency and 
uniformity also severely limits the ability of financial institutions 
to rely on the CDD efforts of other financial institutions, which would 
promote greater efficiency and eliminate instances of duplication of 
effort in transactions involving multiple financial institutions.
    FinCEN believes that an explicit CDD program rule codifying, 
clarifying and (with respect to beneficial ownership information) 
strengthening existing CDD expectations for U.S. financial institutions 
could enhance efforts to combat money laundering, terrorist financing, 
tax evasion and other financial crimes by:
    (i) Strengthening the ability of financial institutions to identify 
and report illicit financial transactions and comply with all existing 
legal requirements, including FinCEN regulations implementing the BSA, 
the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA),\10\ and 
related authorities;
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    \10\ Title II of Public Law 95-223, codified at 50 U.S.C. 1701-
1707.
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    (ii) Promoting consistency in the implementation of, examination 
for, and enforcement of CDD program requirements across and within 
sectors of the U.S. financial system;
    (iii) Assisting financial investigations by law enforcement, 
particularly by enhancing the availability of beneficial ownership and 
other information held by U.S. financial institutions;
    (iv) Facilitating reporting and investigations in support of tax 
compliance; and
    (v) Promoting global financial transparency and efforts to combat 
transnational illicit finance, consistent with international standards.
    We are exploring an express CDD program rule as one key element of 
a broader U.S. Department of the Treasury strategy to enhance financial 
transparency in order to strengthen efforts to combat financial crime, 
including money laundering, terrorist financing, and tax evasion. 
Illicit actors continue to create legal entities, masking beneficial 
ownership information in order to facilitate access to the financial 
system and conduct financial crimes. Enhancing financial transparency 
to address such ongoing abuse of legal entities requires a broad 
approach. Other key elements of this strategy include: (i) Improving 
the availability of beneficial ownership information of legal entities 
created in the United States; and (ii) facilitating global 
implementation of international standards regarding beneficial 
ownership of legal entities and trusts and CDD by financial 
institutions.
    While these three elements of the U.S. government's strategy for 
combating criminal abuse of legal entities are proceeding independent 
of each other, together they establish a comprehensive approach to 
effectively combat the criminal abuse of legal entities. As such, 
strengthening CDD program requirements for financial institutions 
complements the Administration's ongoing work with Congress to adopt 
legislation that would require the collection of beneficial ownership 
information at the time that legal entities are created in the United 
States. These efforts are also consistent with Treasury's ongoing work 
with the Group of Twenty Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors 
(G20), the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), and other financial 
centers around the world to clarify and strengthen implementation of 
international standards on identifying and understanding beneficial 
ownership, particularly with respect to CDD by financial institutions 
and the creation of legal entities.

The Importance of CDD in Strengthening the Ability of Financial 
Institutions To Deter Illicit Transactions and Comply With Existing 
Legal Requirements

    The establishment and maintenance of strong AML programs that 
include CDD policies, procedures, and processes has been a long-
standing regulatory and supervisory expectation of certain Federal 
financial regulatory agencies, and is implicit in regulations requiring 
financial institutions to maintain an effective BSA compliance program 
that is reasonably designed to assure and monitor compliance with the 
recordkeeping and reporting requirements of the BSA.\11\ An effective 
CDD program should provide a financial institution with sufficient 
information to develop a customer risk profile that can then be used by 
the financial institution to identify higher-risk customers and 
accounts, including customers and accounts subject to special or 
enhanced due diligence requirements.\12\ The financial

[[Page 13048]]

institution also should apply appropriate internal controls to identify 
and investigate unusual and suspicious activity and make an informed 
decision whether or not to file a SAR.\13\ In the event that a 
financial institution files a SAR, CDD information collected could 
enhance the information included in the SAR and thereby enhance law 
enforcement's ability to initiate and pursue the successful 
investigation and prosecution of criminal activity. The failure to 
obtain adequate CDD information may impede a financial institution's 
ability to detect and report suspicious or unusual activity or provide 
information in a filing that is useful to law enforcement. Several of 
the consent orders and enforcement actions issued over the last few 
years have identified the lack of effective CDD policies, procedures, 
and processes, or the underlying elements thereof, as rendering AML 
programs inadequate, being a significant deficiency, and an underlying 
factor in supervisory actions.\14\
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    \11\ See, e.g., FFIEC Manual, FINRA Small Firm Template, NASD 
NTM 02-21.
    \12\ See, e.g., FFIEC Manual, pp. 63-66; Beneficial Ownership 
Guidance; FIN-2006-G009, Application of the Regulations Requiring 
Special Due Diligence Programs for Certain Foreign Accounts to the 
Securities Industries (May 10, 2006) (``Finally, we remind 
securities and futures firms that the correspondent account rule 
supplements their anti-money laundering obligations--it does not 
supersede such obligations. A securities or futures firm's anti-
money laundering program should contain policies, procedures, and 
controls for conducting appropriate, ongoing due diligence on 
foreign entities including, among other things, whether or not they 
are foreign financial institutions for the purposes of the 
correspondent account rule. Such policies, procedures, and controls 
should include, where appropriate, ascertaining the foreign entity's 
ownership and the nature of its business. In high-risk situations 
involving any account, an anti-money laundering program should 
include provisions for obtaining any necessary and appropriate 
information about the customers underlying such an account.'') 
(emphasis added).
    \13\ See, e.g., 31 CFR 1021.210(b)(2)(i).
    \14\ See, e.g., Pacific National Bank, Miami, FL, Comptroller of 
the Currency (OCC) 2011-021 (2011); HSBC Bank USA, N.A., 
McLean, VA, OCC 2010-199 (2010); Consent Order issued by 
the OCC in the Matter of Wachovia Bank, N.A., Charlotte, NC. OCC 
2010-037 (2010); Public Savings Bank, Huntington Valley, 
PA, FDIC-11-107b (2011); First Financial Holding Co., Ltd, Taipei, 
Taiwan, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (FRB), 
Docket Nos. 11-019-WA/RB-FH et seq. (2011); Bank Hapoalim, B.M., Tel 
Aviv, Israel, FRB, Docket Nos. 09-083-WA/RB-FB (2009); Westfield 
Bank, Westfield, MA, Office of Thrift Supervision Order No. NE-11-20 
(2011); Chapin, Davis, Baltimore MD, FINRA Case 
2010021065701 (2011); FINRA, Letter of Acceptance, Waiver 
and Consent No. 2007007328101, Terra Nova Financial, LLC (2009); 
FINRA, Letter of Acceptance, Waiver and Consent No. 2007007139501, 
Synergy Investment Group, LLC (2009); FINRA, Letter of Acceptance, 
Waiver and Consent No. 2008011725001, ViewTrade Securities, Inc., 
(2009); In the Matter of I Trade FX, NFA Case No. 08-BCC-014 (filed 
April 24, 2009) (finding that I Trade failed to follow up on red 
flags and investigate suspicious activity, including following up 
where the customer's account had inflows of funds well beyond the 
known income or resources of the customer); In the Matter of Forex 
Capital Markets LLC (FXCM), NFA Case No. 11-BCC-016 (filed Aug. 12, 
2011) (consent order based on allegations in the complaint that FXCM 
failed to conduct an investigation of suspicious activity involving 
unexplained wire activity, unexplained transfers between accounts, 
and deposits that were in excess of the clients' net worth and/or 
liquid assets identified on their opening account documents).
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    Although appropriate and adequate CDD policies, procedures, and 
processes have generally been an expectation of the Federal financial 
regulatory agencies, FinCEN believes that an express CDD program rule 
will strengthen compliance with and enforcement of CDD program 
requirements by clarifying, consolidating, and harmonizing such 
agencies' minimum expectations with respect to CDD policies, 
procedures, and processes, including the fundamental elements necessary 
for an effective CDD program.
    As described in detail below, FinCEN believes that one fundamental 
element necessary for an effective CDD program is obtaining beneficial 
ownership information for all account holders, possibly subject to 
limited exceptions based upon lower risk. An express CDD program rule 
would enable FinCEN to establish such a clear requirement, thereby 
strengthening the ability of financial institutions to detect and 
address suspicious activity. Establishing a categorical beneficial 
ownership information requirement through a CDD program rule also would 
address current concerns regarding potential confusion or inconsistency 
across financial sectors regarding obligations to obtain beneficial 
ownership information outside of statutorily prescribed circumstances. 
Recent industry commentary and feedback indicated a lack of common 
understanding and consistent practice across the financial services 
industry for collecting beneficial ownership information. For example, 
an industry survey conducted by FinCEN in 2008 indicated certain 
inconsistencies in financial institutions' practices related to 
collecting and maintaining beneficial ownership information both within 
and across industries. Moreover, industry commentary following the 
issuance of the Beneficial Ownership Guidance \15\ indicated that there 
is at least some question about the nature of a financial institution's 
obligation to conduct CDD and to obtain beneficial ownership 
information.\16\
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    \15\ Supra note 7.
    \16\ See, e.g., Letter from the Investment Company Institute, 
the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association, and the 
Futures Industry Association (June 9, 2010), available at: http://www.ici.org/pdf/24354.pdf.
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The Importance of CDD in Assisting Criminal Investigations

    As discussed previously, an effective CDD program is important in 
facilitating effective suspicious activity monitoring, which in turn 
facilitates the filing of quality SARs containing information that is 
both meaningful and useful to law enforcement. The lack of such 
information has been a source of growing concern to law enforcement in 
its efforts to conduct successful criminal investigations, both 
domestically and in conjunction with international counterparts. For 
example, the Chief of DOJ's Asset Forfeiture and Money Laundering 
Section (AFMLS) has stated that, with respect to international law 
enforcement cases, ``the lack of beneficial ownership information can 
also hamper our ability to respond to requests for assistance from our 
foreign counterparts. This problem not only damages our reputation, but 
also undermines our efforts to join with foreign counterparts in a 
global offensive against organized crime and terrorism.'' \17\
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    \17\ Shasky Calvery, Jennifer, ``Priorities and Initiatives of 
the Asset Forfeiture and Money Laundering Section (AFMLS), U.S. 
Department of Justice'' The SAR Activity Review, Trends, Tips, and 
Issues, p. 44. (May 2011), available at http://www.fincen.gov/news_room/rp/files/sar_tti_19.pdf.
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The Importance of CDD in Facilitating Tax Reporting, Investigations and 
Compliance

    The collection of CDD information by financial institutions is also 
fundamentally important in facilitating tax reporting, investigations 
and compliance. For example, a variety of information may be needed in 
a tax enquiry including information held by banks and other financial 
institutions as well as information concerning the ownership of 
companies or the identity of interest holders in other persons or 
entities, such as partnerships and trusts. The United States has long 
been a global leader in establishing and promoting the adoption of 
international standards for transparency and information exchange to 
combat cross-border tax evasion and other financial crimes, and 
strengthening the CDD procedures of financial institutions is an 
important part of that effort. Moreover, the United States has an 
extensive network of agreements for the exchange of tax information 
that meet international standards. In addition, new tax reporting 
provisions under the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) \18\ 
would require overseas financial institutions to identify U.S. account 
holders, including foreign entities with significant U.S. ownership, 
and to report certain information about their accounts to the IRS.\19\ 
In many

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cases, implementing these provisions will require the cooperation of 
foreign governments to address impediments under foreign law. Requiring 
U.S. financial institutions to obtain similar ownership information 
would put the United States in a better position to work with foreign 
governments to combat offshore tax evasion and other financial crimes.
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    \18\ Hiring Incentives to Restore Employment Act of 2010, Pub.L. 
111-147, Section 501(a).
    \19\ See generally, Internal Revenue Service, ``Regulations 
Relating to Information Reporting by Foreign Financial Institutions 
and Withholding on Certain Payments to Foreign Financial 
Institutions and Other Foreign Entities,'' REG-121647-10 (February 
8, 2012), available at http://www.irs.gov/pub/newsroom/reg-121647-10.pdf.
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The Importance of CDD in Promoting Financial Transparency and 
Protecting the Financial System From Abuse Consistent With 
International Standards

    An effective CDD program supports effective suspicious activity 
monitoring, strengthens national anti-money laundering and counter-
financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) regimes, and promotes the integrity of 
the international financial system as a whole. This importance was 
recognized by the G20 in several Leaders' Statements supporting the 
strengthening of CDD procedures. During the Pittsburgh Summit in 2009, 
the G20 asked the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) \20\ to ``help 
detect and deter the proceeds of corruption by prioritizing work to 
strengthen standards on customer due diligence.'' \21\ In November 
2010, the G20 specifically urged the FATF to clarify and strengthen 
beneficial ownership as an element of CDD and as a key component of its 
Anti-Corruption Action Plan.\22\ Additionally, effective adoption and 
implementation of CDD by financial institutions is consistent with the 
FATF's global AML/CFT standards to combat money laundering and the 
financing of terrorism.\23\
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    \20\ The FATF, an inter-governmental organization of which the 
United States, thirty-four other jurisdictions and two regional 
organizations are members, is the global standard setter and policy-
making body for AML/CFT. http://www.fatf-gafi.org/pages/0,2987,en_32250379_32235720_1_1_1_1_1,00.html.
    \21\ Group of Twenty Finance Ministers and Central Bank 
Governors, ``Leaders' Statement: The Pittsburgh Summit'' (September 
24-25, 2009).
    \22\ See Group of Twenty Finance Ministers and Central Bank 
Governors, Annex III, ``G20 Anti-Corruption Action Plan: G20 Agenda 
for Action on Combating Corruption, Promoting Market Integrity, and 
Supporting a Clean Business Environment,'' p. 2 (November 11-12, 
2010).
    \23\ Financial Action Task Force, ``International Standards on 
Combating Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism & 
Proliferation--The FATF Recommendations,'' February 2012, 
Recommendation 10, pp. 14-15, available at http://www.fatf-gafi.org/dataoecd/49/29/49684543.pdf. Following a review to update and 
strengthen global AML/CFT standards, the FATF issued its revised 
Recommendations on February 16, 2012.
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    The G20 recognition of the importance of CDD is also reflected in 
the work of other international standard setting bodies. In October 
2001, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) published a 
report on CDD, supporting the FATF's efforts in fighting money 
laundering. The report states that sound CDD-related procedures are not 
only critical in combating financial crime, but ``critical in 
protecting the safety and soundness of banks and the integrity of the 
banking systems.'' \24\ Similarly, in light of the FATF's and other 
international organizations' work, in October 2002 the International 
Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) established a Task Force 
on Client Identification and Beneficial Ownership to survey existing 
securities regulatory regimes relating to the identification of clients 
and beneficial owners and to develop principles that address aspects of 
the CDD process.\25\ In May 2004, IOSCO published a report describing 
principles for client identification and beneficial ownership in the 
securities industry.\26\ Among other things, the report noted that 
while ``[t]he CDD process is a key component of securities regulatory 
requirements intended to achieve the principal objectives of securities 
regulation, the protection of investors; ensuring that markets are 
fair, efficient and transparent; and the prevention of the illegal use 
of the securities industry,'' it also ``contributes to the pursuit of 
other policy goals related to the prevention of the illegal use of the 
securities industry such as money laundering and the financing of 
terrorism that are generally within the competence of other 
authorities.'' \27\
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    \24\ Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, ``Customer Due 
Diligence for Banks,'' 2001, p. 2, available at www.bis.org/publ/bcbs85.pdf.
    \25\ International Organization of Securities Commissions, 
``Principles on Client Identification and Beneficial Ownership for 
the Securities Industry,'' p. 2 (May 2004).
    \26\ Id.
    \27\ Id.
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III. Treasury's Efforts To Address CDD, Including Beneficial Ownership 
Issues

    The identification of beneficial ownership interests as noted 
previously has become increasingly relevant to AML/CFT efforts both 
within the United States and beyond its borders. Treasury also has 
consistently engaged with the Federal financial regulatory agencies and 
financial institutions for the purpose of understanding and clarifying 
the efforts of financial institutions with respect to CDD and 
identifying beneficial ownership interests. Most notably:
    i. Following the adoption of the Act in 2001, the Treasury 
Department and the federal financial regulatory agencies engaged the 
financial industry in order to develop customer identification program 
(``CIP'') and special due diligence requirements in accordance with 
Sections 326 and 312 of the Act, respectively.
    ii. In November 2006, FinCEN issued a report on ``The Role of 
Domestic Shell Companies in Financial Crime and Money Laundering: 
Limited Liability Companies.'' The report highlights the need for 
financial institutions to assess and manage the risks of providing 
financial services to shell companies in order to identify and report 
potential money laundering activity.\28\
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    \28\ Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, ``The Role of 
Domestic Shell Companies in Financial Crime and Money Laundering: 
Limited Liability Companies,'' (November 2006), available at http://www.fincen.gov/news_room/rp/files/LLCAssessment_FINAL.pdf.
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    iii. In 2008, FinCEN submitted a survey to industry to solicit 
feedback on how and when financial institutions obtain and retain 
beneficial ownership information. The survey results indicated certain 
inconsistencies in financial institutions' understanding of 
requirements related to collecting and maintaining beneficial ownership 
information both within and across industries.
    iv. In November 2009, the Department of the Treasury's then-
Assistant Secretary, and current Under Secretary, David Cohen, 
testified before the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and 
Governmental Affairs and outlined Treasury's comprehensive plan, the 
elements of which are designed to enhance the transparency of legal 
entities with respect to beneficial ownership. Treasury's plan 
involves: (i) Working with Congress to promote legislation that 
enhances transparency of legal entities in the company formation 
process; (ii) clarifying and strengthening requirements for U.S. 
financial institutions with respect to the beneficial ownership of 
legal entity accountholders, and (iii) clarifying and facilitating the 
implementation of international standards regarding beneficial 
ownership, including with respect to company formation by 
jurisdictional authorities and CDD by financial institutions.
    v. In March 2010, FinCEN, jointly with the Board of Governors of 
the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, 
the National Credit Union Administration, the Office of the Comptroller 
of the Currency, the Office of Thrift Supervision, and the Securities 
and Exchange Commission, and in consultation with staff of the 
Commodity Futures Trading Commission, issued the Beneficial

[[Page 13050]]

Ownership Guidance to clarify and consolidate existing regulatory 
expectations for obtaining beneficial ownership information for certain 
accounts and customer relationships.\29\
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    \29\ See generally, supra note 7.
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    vi. In November 2011, the Department of the Treasury's Assistant 
Secretary Daniel Glaser testified before the Senate Committee on the 
Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime and Terrorism to discuss efforts to 
combat international organized crime. In his testimony, Assistant 
Secretary Glaser discussed the importance of financial transparency in 
mitigating threats posed by transnational organized crime and other 
forms of illicit finance as well as the Treasury Department's work to 
clarify and strengthen CDD requirements for financial institutions.
    vii. In February 2012, the Department of the Treasury's Deputy 
Assistant Secretary Luke Bronin testified before the House Committee on 
the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security 
to discuss key vulnerabilities in the U.S. financial system related to 
transnational organized crime. The testimony included highlighting the 
importance of CDD as essential to an AML regime. Additionally, Deputy 
Assistant Secretary Bronin discussed the importance of effective 
implementation of CDD and the need to clarify, consolidate, and 
strengthen CDD requirements for financial institutions.

IV. Elements of CDD

    Based on the past efforts outlined above and ongoing industry and 
regulatory consultation and outreach, FinCEN believes that an effective 
CDD program includes the following elements:
    (i) Conducting initial due diligence on customers, which includes 
identifying the customer, and verifying that customer's identity as 
appropriate on a risk basis, at the time of account opening;
    (ii) Understanding the purpose and intended nature of the account, 
and expected activity associated with the account for the purpose of 
assessing risk and identifying and reporting suspicious activity;
    (iii) Except as otherwise provided, identifying the beneficial 
owner(s) of all customers, and verifying the beneficial owner(s)' 
identity pursuant to a risk-based approach; and
    (iv) Conducting ongoing monitoring of the customer relationship and 
conducting additional CDD as appropriate, based on such monitoring and 
scrutiny, for the purposes of identifying and reporting suspicious 
activity.
    FinCEN's understanding of how U.S. financial institutions currently 
perform certain aspects of CDD in accordance with these elements under 
existing regulations and FinCEN's proposal for codifying these elements 
in a CDD rule are described below.
A. Identification and Verification of the Customer
    Various AML obligations are dependent on financial institutions at 
least obtaining, and in some instances verifying, certain basic 
customer identification information. For example, financial 
institutions subject to the CIP rules implementing Section 326 of the 
Act must identify and verify the identity of certain ``customers'' 
seeking to open an account.\30\ In identifying such customers, a 
financial institution must obtain the customer's name; for individuals, 
date of birth, address, and an identification number (e.g., taxpayer 
identification number, passport number, or alien identification card 
number) and for a person other than an individual (such as a 
corporation, partnership or trust), a principal place of business, 
local office, or other physical location, and identification 
number.\31\ For the purposes of the CIP requirement, the definition of 
``customer'' is the accountholder, regardless of whether the 
accountholder is also the beneficial owner.\32\
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    \30\ See 31 CFR 1020.220(a), 1023.220(a), 1024.220(a), and 
1026.220(a).
    \31\ See 31 CFR 1020.220(a)(2)(i)(A), 1023.220(a)(2)(i)(A), 
1024.220(a)(2)(i)(A), and 1026.220(a)(2)(i)(A).
    \32\ See, e.g. 31 CFR 1023.100(d) and Customer Identification 
Programs for Broker-Dealers, 68 FR 25,113, 116 (May 9, 2003).
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    In addition to identifying customers covered by the CIP rule, a 
financial institution's CIP must include risk-based procedures for 
verifying the identity of each customer to the extent reasonable and 
practicable such that the institution can form a reasonable belief that 
it knows the true identity of each customer.\33\ These procedures must 
be based on the institution's assessment of the relevant risks, 
including those presented by the various types of accounts maintained 
by the institution, the various methods of opening accounts provided by 
the institution, the various types of identifying information 
available, and the institution's size, location, and customer base.\34\ 
Further, the CIP must include procedures that describe when the 
financial institution will use documents, non-documentary methods, or a 
combination of both methods to verify a customer's identity.\35\ In 
addition, for customer relationships where the customer is not an 
individual, based on the financial institution's risk assessment of the 
account, the financial institution must obtain information about the 
individuals with authority or control over such account.\36\ Consistent 
with these explicit regulatory requirements and guidance, FinCEN is 
exploring an express customer identification and risk-based 
verification component of CDD, which does not create a new CIP 
obligation, but would be satisfied by compliance with the financial 
institution's current CIP obligations. The identification and 
verification component of a CDD requirement may state, generally:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \33\ 31 CFR 1020.220(a)(2), 1023.220(a)(2), 1024.220(a)(2), and 
1026.220(a)(2).
    \34\ Id.
    \35\ 31 CFR 1020.220(a)(2)(ii), 1023.220(a)(2)(ii), 
1024.220(a)(2)(ii), and 1026(a)(2)(ii).
    \36\ 31 CFR 1020.220(a)(2)(ii)(C); 1023.220(a)(2)(ii)(C); 
1024.220(a)(2)(ii)(C); and 1026.220(a)(2)(ii)(C). This verification 
method applies only when the financial institution cannot verify the 
customer's true identity using the verification methods described in 
the rule. However, the preamble to the final CIP Rule noted that, in 
addition to the requirements of this paragraph, ``the due diligence 
procedures required under other provisions of the BSA or the 
securities laws may require broker-dealers to look through to owners 
of certain types of accounts.'' Customer Identification Programs for 
Broker-Dealers, 68 FR 25113, 116, n. 30 and accompanying text (May 
9, 2003).

    Covered financial institutions shall identify, and on a risk-
basis verify, the identity of each customer, to the extent 
reasonable, such that the institution can form a reasonable belief 
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
that it knows the true identity of each customer.

    If a financial institution is compliant with its current CIP 
obligations, a financial institution would be compliant with this part 
of the CDD program rule and therefore there will be no new or 
additional regulatory obligation. FinCEN notes that, although certain 
customers are exempt from the CIP requirements (i.e., the customers 
that are excluded from the definition of ``customer'' for purposes of 
the CIP requirement),\37\ those customers would not be exempt from the 
requirements to understand the nature and purpose of the account and to 
conduct ongoing monitoring. As discussed below, FinCEN is seeking 
comment on whether the beneficial ownership requirement

[[Page 13051]]

should apply with respect to those exempt customers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \37\ Among other persons, the definition of ``customer'' for 
purposes of the CIP requirement excludes: Existing customers, as 
long as the financial institution has a reasonable belief that it 
knows the customer's true identity; Federally regulated banks; banks 
regulated by a state bank regulator; governmental entities; and 
publicly traded companies. See, e.g., 31 CFR 1020.100(c)(2), 
1023.100(d)(2), 1024.100(c)(2), 1026.100(d)(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

B. Understanding the Nature and Purpose of the Account
    As a general business matter, financial institutions seek to 
understand the needs of their customers in order to serve them. 
Financial institutions should understand the nature and purpose of an 
account or customer relationship so that they can appropriately assess 
the risk presented by the relationship and appropriately monitor for 
suspicious activity. Pursuant to suspicious activity reporting 
procedures, financial institutions compare the available facts of a 
transaction or series of transactions, including their type, volume, 
and possible purpose, against the type of transaction in which the 
customer would normally be expected to engage.\38\ In other words, in 
discerning whether a transaction or series of transactions is 
suspicious, a financial institution must determine if the activity 
varies from the normal activities or activities appropriate for the 
particular customer or class of customer, and has no apparent 
reasonable explanation.\39\ FinCEN has also issued guidance 
highlighting the need to understand the nature and purpose of an 
account, in order to assess the risk and determine the appropriate 
level of due diligence for the account.\40\ Accordingly, and in keeping 
with the SAR obligation and related regulatory guidance, FinCEN is 
specifically considering including an express obligation to understand 
the nature and purpose of the account or customer relationship as an 
element of a CDD program rule. This element of a CDD program rule may 
state, generally:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \38\ See, e.g., 31 CFR 1020.320(a)(2)(iii), 1023.320(a)(2)(iii), 
1024.320(a)(2)(iii), and 1026.320(a)(2)(iii).
    \39\ See 61 FR 4328 (February 5, 1996).
    \40\ See, e.g., FIN-2006-G009, Application of the Regulations 
Requiring Special Due Diligence Programs for Certain Foreign 
Accounts to the Securities Industries (May 10, 2006). (``A clearing 
firm's anti-money laundering program should contain risk-based 
policies, procedures, and controls for monitoring introduced 
business, which includes knowing whether the introducing firm may 
establish or maintain correspondent accounts for foreign financial 
institutions and the nature and scope of that business, including 
the nature of the introducing firm's account base.'') See also FIN-
2008-G002, Customer Identification Program Rule No-Action Position 
Respecting Broker-Dealers Operating Under Fully Disclosed Clearing 
Agreements According to Certain Functional Allocations (Mar. 4, 
2008).

covered financial institutions shall understand the nature and 
purpose of the account and expected activity associated with the 
account for the purpose of assessing the risk and identifying and 
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
reporting suspicious activity.

Because in FinCEN's view, a financial institution must understand the 
nature and purpose of an account in order to assess risk and satisfy 
its obligation to appropriately detect and report suspicious activity, 
FinCEN does not believe that this will impose a new or additional 
requirement.
C. Obtaining Beneficial Ownership Information
Potential Beneficial Ownership Obligation Under a CDD Program Rule
    Under existing FinCEN regulations, there are two limited situations 
where financial institutions are expressly obligated to obtain 
beneficial ownership information. Specifically, under the rules 
implementing Section 312 of the Act, there are two situations where 
certain ``covered financial institutions'' \41\ are required to take 
reasonable steps to obtain beneficial ownership information: (i) 
covered financial institutions that offer private banking accounts are 
required to take reasonable steps to identify the nominal and 
beneficial owners of such accounts; \42\ and (ii) covered financial 
institutions that offer correspondent accounts for certain foreign 
financial institutions are required to take reasonable steps to obtain 
information from the foreign financial institution about the identity 
of any person with authority to direct transactions through any 
correspondent account that is a payable-through account, and the 
sources and beneficial owner of funds or other assets in the payable-
through account.\43\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \41\ 31 CFR 1010.605(e)(1).
    \42\ 31 CFR 1010.620(b)(1).
    \43\ 31 CFR 1010.610(b)(1)(iii)(A).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition to these explicit requirements to obtain beneficial 
ownership information, under the CIP rules, a financial institution's 
CIP must address situations where, based on the financial institution's 
risk assessment of a new account opened by a customer that is not an 
individual, the financial institution will obtain information about 
individuals with authority or control over such account.\44\ Moreover, 
FinCEN and the federal financial regulatory agencies have issued 
guidance stating that there are other situations when financial 
institutions should consider whether it is appropriate to obtain 
beneficial ownership information.\45\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \44\ See supra note 36.
    \45\ Supra note 7.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Consistent with these explicit and implicit beneficial ownership 
information obligations, FinCEN is considering expanding the 
requirement to obtain beneficial ownership information to all 
customers. Such a beneficial ownership information requirement would 
constitute an essential element of an effective CDD program. This 
element of the CDD program rule may state, generally:

    Except as otherwise provided, financial institutions shall 
identify the beneficial owner(s) of all customers, and verify the 
beneficial owners' identity pursuant to a risk-based approach.

FinCEN anticipates that it would provide additional guidance regarding 
customers that may be considered low risk (and therefore exempt for 
purposes of this beneficial ownership requirement), as well as 
identifying types of customers that may simply necessitate 
identification of the beneficial owner, and those that are of 
heightened risk requiring both identification and verification of the 
beneficial owner. Similar to the CIP requirement, FinCEN also 
anticipates that it would provide guidance to financial institutions on 
what they should do in the event they are unable to identify or verify 
a beneficial owner.
    This component of the CDD program rule would create a new express 
regulatory obligation to obtain beneficial ownership information, given 
the limited circumstances in which financial institutions are currently 
expressly obligated to obtain this information.
Potential Additional Definition of Beneficial Owner
    In the limited instances where reasonable steps to obtain 
beneficial ownership information are currently required, FinCEN has 
defined the beneficial owner of an account as ``an individual who has a 
level of control over, or entitlement to, the funds or assets in the 
account that, as a practical matter, enables the individual, directly 
or indirectly, to control, manage or direct the account * * *'' \46\ 
This definition was designed specifically for accounts referred to 
above where beneficial ownership information is required and may not be 
useful for application to the wide range of other accounts offered by 
financial institutions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \46\ 31 CFR 1010.605(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition to FinCEN's current definition of beneficial owner, 
federal regulatory agencies \47\ and various international 
organizations and foreign jurisdictions define beneficial ownership in 
ways that may be useful

[[Page 13052]]

in assisting financial institutions with understanding beneficial 
ownership in the CDD framework.\48\ For purposes of the CDD program 
requirement discussed above, and not affecting the limited instances in 
which beneficial ownership information is currently required, FinCEN is 
considering a definition to be used that would, in the case of legal 
entities, include:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \47\ Securities Exchange Act Rule 13d-3, 17 CFR 240.13d-3.
    \48\ See e.g., FATF Recommendations, General Glossary, p. 110, 
available at http://www.fatf-gafi.org/dataoecd/49/29/49684543.pdf; 
European Parliament and Council, ``Third European Union Money 
Laundering Directive,'' 2005/60/EC, Article 3(6) (October 26, 2005); 
United Kingdom Money Laundering Regulations, 2007 No. 2157 Part 2, 
p. 10 (December 15, 2007).

    (1) Either:
    (a) Each of the individual(s) who, directly or indirectly, 
through any contract, arrangement, understanding, relationship, 
intermediary, tiered entity, or otherwise, owns more than 25 percent 
of the equity interests in the entity; or
    (b) If there is no individual who satisfies (a), then the 
individual who, directly or indirectly, through any contract, 
arrangement, understanding, relationship, intermediary, tiered 
entity, or otherwise, has at least as great an equity interest in 
the entity as any other individual, and
    (2) The individual with greater responsibility than any other 
individual for managing or directing the regular affairs of the 
entity.

FinCEN anticipates that such a specific and limited definition of 
beneficial ownership may be necessary to accommodate the vast array of 
complex ownership structures of legal entities \49\ that may become 
customers of financial institutions. FinCEN further anticipates that 
this specific limited definition would be applied generally to legal 
entity customers pursuant to the explicit beneficial ownership 
requirement described above, while the existing definition would 
continue to be applied for purposes of 31 CFR 1010.610 and 1010.620.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \49\ Legal entities would generally include all entities that 
are established or organized under the laws of a state or of the 
United States, including corporations, limited liability companies, 
limited partnerships, and similar entities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    FinCEN emphasizes that the potential new beneficial ownership 
requirement and definition discussed in this ANPRM is not intended to 
supersede existing BSA obligations to obtain beneficial ownership 
information.
Potential Exemptions From Beneficial Ownership Requirement
    FinCEN recognizes that there may be instances in which obtaining 
beneficial ownership information about a legal entity customer may not 
be warranted given the AML/CFT risk or other factors associated with 
that entity. For example, FinCEN is considering whether legal entity 
customers that are exempt from identification as customers under the 
CIP Rules (e.g., financial institutions regulated by a federal 
regulatory agency and publicly traded companies), should also be exempt 
from the beneficial ownership requirement, both because beneficial 
ownership information for these entities may not be particularly 
relevant to the money laundering risks associated with such entities, 
and because their beneficial ownership information is readily available 
to law enforcement and regulators. Accordingly, FinCEN seeks comment on 
a potential exemption from the beneficial ownership requirement for 
legal entity customers that are exempt under the CIP Rules.
    FinCEN recognizes that financial institutions may not have 
beneficial ownership information on existing customers (which are also 
exempt from the CIP Rules), outside those requiring such information, 
and is also considering whether and how a potential beneficial 
ownership requirement would apply to existing customers of financial 
institutions. In this regard, FinCEN is considering adopting a risk-
based approach similar to that utilized in the case of the CIP Rules, 
whereby this potential requirement would apply to all new customers. 
With respect to existing customers, FinCEN is seeking comment on how a 
beneficial ownership identification requirement could be phased into 
ongoing CDD.
Beneficial Owners of Assets in Accounts Held by Intermediaries
    Given the particular money laundering risks posed by some legal 
entities, the beneficial ownership requirement and potential definition 
of ``beneficial owner'' under consideration as discussed above are 
designed to identify the beneficial owner of a legal entity customer, 
as distinct from the beneficial owner of assets in an account. However, 
there may be instances in which obtaining information about the 
beneficial owners of assets in an account may be warranted instead, 
such as where a legal entity (e.g. a foreign or regulated or 
unregulated domestic financial institution) opens an account for the 
benefit of its customers (as opposed to for its own benefit), as those 
customers could pose a money laundering risk through their ability to 
access the financial system through that account relationship. In such 
instances, FinCEN recognizes that the potential definition of 
``beneficial owner'' described above may not generally be relevant or 
appropriate for AML/CFT purposes.
    Accordingly, FinCEN seeks comment on potential alternative 
definitions of ``beneficial owner'' in instances where obtaining 
information about the beneficial owners of assets in an account may be 
warranted. FinCEN also seeks comment on how financial institutions 
currently address the potential money laundering risks presented by the 
beneficial owners of assets in an account pursuant to financial 
institutions' existing legal obligations and expectations under 
FinCEN's regulations and related guidance, whether there are any issues 
or practical difficulties in doing so, and whether further guidance or 
rulemaking on this particular issue would be beneficial.
    FinCEN recognizes that there may be impediments to identifying the 
beneficial owner of assets in an account in certain instances and 
account structures (e.g., omnibus accounts or other intermediated 
accounts), such as where there are layers of intermediated 
relationships or where there are numerous beneficial owners of assets 
in the account. FinCEN seeks comment on the difficulties associated 
with identifying beneficial owners of assets of such an account. FinCEN 
further requests comment on whether a potential explicit obligation to 
identify the beneficial owners of assets in an account should be based 
upon the financial institution's risk assessment of the customer, or 
whether a more specific obligation would be appropriate.
Customer Acting as an Agent
    FinCEN believes that, although the use of legal entities to mask 
beneficial ownership presents the primary illicit finance vulnerability 
and accordingly the need for beneficial ownership identification, the 
question of beneficial ownership can also arise in the context of 
accounts established by an individual or entity (e.g. law or accounting 
firm) which could be acting on behalf of another individual or 
individuals without disclosing this fact. FinCEN is considering how to 
best address this potential vulnerability. A possible solution would be 
to require any individual or entity (other than a regulated financial 
institution) opening an account at a financial institution to state 
that he, she, or it is not acting on behalf of any other person. Such 
approach would be analogous to longstanding FinCEN transaction 
reporting requirements, under which a financial institution must record 
identifying information with respect to

[[Page 13053]]

``any person or entity on whose behalf such transaction is to be 
effected.'' \50\ For individuals and entities acting on behalf of 
another person, the beneficial ownership element of a CDD program 
requirement would apply to the person on whose behalf the account is 
being opened. FinCEN seeks comment on this approach, as well as 
suggestions for other approaches.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \50\ See, 31 CFR 1010.312.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Obtaining and Verifying Beneficial Ownership Information
    FinCEN anticipates that, in general, the individual opening the 
account on behalf of a legal entity customer will identify its 
beneficial owner, and that covered financial institutions will 
generally be able to rely upon the beneficial ownership information 
presented by the customer, absent information that indicates reason to 
question the veracity of the information or an elevated risk of money 
laundering or terrorist financing. Verification of the beneficial owner 
could have two possible meanings. One meaning would require verifying 
the identity of the individual identified by the customer as the 
beneficial owner of the account, i.e., verifying the existence of the 
identified beneficial owner. This would presumably be accomplished by 
using procedures similar to those currently required pursuant to the 
CIP Rules (e.g., obtaining a copy of a government-issued identity 
document of the individual), but applied to the identified beneficial 
owner rather than to an individual customer. The second possible 
meaning would require that the financial institution verify that the 
individual identified by the customer as the beneficial owner, is 
indeed the beneficial owner of the customer, i.e., to verify the status 
of the identified individual. FinCEN is considering that, in each case 
the required procedures would need to be reasonable and practicable, 
and sufficient to form a reasonable belief that the financial 
institution knows the identity or status, as the case may be, of the 
beneficial owner. FinCEN is seeking comment below regarding these two 
possible meanings, and the appropriateness and challenges associated 
with each.
D. Conducting Ongoing CDD
    Due diligence is an on-going obligation, and for this reason 
financial institutions should have in place policies and procedures to 
maintain the accuracy of their customer risk profiles and risk 
assessments. Financial institutions should update CDD information as 
necessary based on the overall risk of the customer, and may need to 
update or conduct additional CDD in association with specific events 
that would result in material changes in a customer's risk profile, 
such as volume of alerts or red flags relating to the account, change 
in control, change in occupation or account purpose, or the occurrence 
of a transaction or activity that is unusual for the customer.
    Pursuant to suspicious activity reporting requirements, financial 
institutions must report a transaction that: (i) Involves funds derived 
from illegal activity or is conducted to hide or disguise funds or 
assets derived from illegal activity as part of a plan to violate or 
evade any federal law or regulation or to avoid any federal transaction 
reporting requirement; (ii) is designed to evade any requirements of 
the BSA or its implementing regulations; or (iii) has no business or 
apparent lawful purpose or is not the sort in which the particular 
customer would normally be expected to engage, and the financial 
institution knows of no reasonable explanation for the transaction 
after examining the available facts, including the background and 
possible purpose of the transaction.\51\ Financial institutions' 
ongoing monitoring and due diligence are critical elements of 
effectively complying with current suspicious activity reporting 
requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \51\ See generally, 31 CFR 1020.320(a)(2)(i)-(iii), 
1023.320(a)(2)(i)-(iii), 1024.320(a)(2)(i)-(iii), and 
1026.320(a)(2)(i)-(iii).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    FinCEN is exploring an ongoing monitoring and due diligence 
requirement as an express element of a CDD program rule. This element 
of the CDD program rule may state:

    Consistent with its suspicious activity reporting requirements, 
covered financial institutions shall establish and maintain 
appropriate policies, procedures, and processes for conducting on-
going monitoring of all customer relationships, and additional CDD 
as appropriate based on such monitoring for the purpose of the 
identification and reporting of suspicious activity.

FinCEN understands that the obligations in this potential element of an 
ongoing CDD monitoring rule are already included in the requirements 
contained in the AML program and SAR rules and, therefore, there would 
be no new or additional requirement.

V. Issues for Comment

    Existing CDD requirements are an implicit, but essential, part of 
complying with AML program regulations. However, as discussed above, 
FinCEN is considering expressly requiring that financial institutions 
conduct CDD as part of their existing AML program requirements, and as 
part of this requirement, collect beneficial ownership information for 
all customers, with limited exceptions. For this reason, FinCEN is 
seeking comment from industry and other interested parties concerning 
the implementation of CDD programs in general pursuant to existing 
rules and guidance described above. FinCEN is also interested in better 
understanding what types of CDD information are currently collected, 
specifically in relation to beneficial ownership information, and under 
what circumstances the information is collected.
    1. Aside from policies and procedures with respect to beneficial 
ownership, what changes would be required in a financial institution's 
CDD processes as a result of the adoption by FinCEN of an express CDD 
rule as described in this ANPRM?
    Aside from beneficial ownership, FinCEN believes that the other 
elements of a potential CDD rule as described above are already being 
implemented by a substantial number of financial institutions, due to 
three of the four proposed elements of CDD being explicit or implicit 
under existing FinCEN regulations and related regulatory and 
supervisory expectations. For this reason, FinCEN believes an explicit 
regulatory requirement with respect to these elements of CDD should not 
be onerous, particularly for those industries where CIP requirements 
are already in place. However, FinCEN is interested in obtaining a 
better understanding from all industry sectors of anticipated issues 
and concerns that may arise from creating an explicit regulatory 
requirement with respect to these three potential elements of CDD, 
including any additional costs that would be incurred to comply with 
these three elements.
    2. What changes would be required in a financial institution's CDD 
process, as a result of the adoption by FinCEN of a categorical 
requirement to obtain (and in some cases verify) beneficial ownership 
information, as described in this ANPRM? Is FinCEN's suggested 
alternate definition of ``beneficial owner,'' discussed above, a clear 
and easily understood definition for the purpose of obtaining 
beneficial ownership information for legal entities in the context of 
complying with a CDD obligation? If not, would you suggest a better 
definition? In addition, how do financial institutions currently 
address the money laundering risks that might be presented by the 
beneficial owners of assets in an account held by an

[[Page 13054]]

intermediary, what difficulties are presented in this regard, would 
further guidance or regulation be appropriate, should any requirement 
in this area be risk-based, and how should FinCEN define beneficial 
ownership for this purpose?
    FinCEN is seeking comment on the impact on financial institutions 
of the adoption of a categorical requirement to obtain beneficial 
ownership information for most customers, as described in this ANPRM. 
FinCEN is also seeking comment as to whether financial institutions 
have concerns regarding the proposed alternative definition of 
beneficial ownership discussed above and whether it may cause 
difficulties with financial institution compliance with a categorical 
beneficial ownership obligation. In addition, FinCEN is seeking comment 
on whether it would be confusing to adopt an alternate definition of 
beneficial ownership as proposed for a general CDD program requirement, 
except in the limited instances in which the current definition for 
beneficial owner that is required pursuant to 31 CFR 1010.610 and 
1010.620 would continue to be used, and whether the potential 
beneficial ownership requirement and associated potential definition 
would be relevant with respect to certain types of intermediated 
accounts, such as omnibus accounts, and if not, what definition would 
be more appropriate. Also, please comment on appropriate exemptions 
from a potential beneficial ownership requirement, including with 
respect to existing customers, and the practicality of phasing a 
requirement into ongoing CDD. Please also comment on possible 
approaches to preventing the misuse of a financial institution account 
by an individual or entity acting on behalf of another without 
disclosing this fact. Finally, please comment regarding the costs of 
complying with a categorical beneficial ownership requirement, in the 
case where the beneficial ownership requirement would apply only to new 
customers, as well as where it would apply to all existing customers.
    3. Under what circumstances does a financial institution currently 
obtain beneficial ownership information on a customer or accountholder?
    Current FinCEN regulations require financial institutions to obtain 
beneficial ownership information as a component of CDD on private 
banking and foreign correspondent customers. Existing BSA obligations, 
including regulatory and supervisory expectations, require financial 
institutions to collect this information, as appropriate, as part of 
CDD/EDD on higher-risk customers. For this reason, FinCEN requests 
information from industry regarding the circumstances under which a 
financial institution currently determines that it is necessary or 
prudent to obtain beneficial ownership information from a customer, who 
is neither a private banking nor foreign correspondent customer, 
whether as part of their customer identification program procedures, 
anti-money laundering program requirements, transaction/account 
monitoring procedures, or for other purposes. For example, are there 
types of customers, types of accounts, levels of account activity, 
forms of suspicious activity, or other indicia that lead a financial 
institution to make decisions as to when there may be no risk, moderate 
risk or substantial risk in not obtaining beneficial ownership 
information?
    4. How do financial institutions currently obtain beneficial 
ownership information?
    FinCEN requests information on how financial institutions collect 
such information and, specifically, what methods, both documentary and 
non-documentary, are used to identify and/or verify the beneficial 
owner (e.g. public documents, identification numbers, etc.). When or if 
financial institutions collect beneficial ownership information other 
than as specifically required pursuant to 31 CFR 1010.610 and 1010.620, 
FinCEN requests comments on whether financial institutions use the same 
definition of beneficial ownership as that which is applicable under 
these regulations for private banking and certain foreign correspondent 
accounts, or other definitions, such as those referenced above in the 
description of a potential additional definition of beneficial owner.
    5. Is the current, primarily risk-based, approach to a CDD program 
requirement resulting in varied approaches across industries or varied 
approaches within industries?
    FinCEN is seeking comment on whether financial institutions are 
aware of varied approaches either across or within industries relating 
to current CDD expectations, including beneficial ownership 
obligations. For example, FinCEN seeks comment on whether financial 
institutions are aware of circumstances in which one financial 
institution may turn down an account due to lack of beneficial 
ownership information, later to learn that the accountholder has 
established an account with another institution that did not require 
the accountholder to provide beneficial ownership information. 
Alternatively, are there circumstances under which financial 
institutions have concerns about their ability to rely on CDD 
undertaken by other financial institutions due to inconsistent 
practices or expectations?
    6. Are there other elements of CDD that would be more effective in 
facilitating compliance with AML program requirements and other 
obligations under FinCEN's regulations?
    The four elements of CDD listed above were selected based on 
consistency with existing regulatory requirements and expectations; the 
importance of beneficial ownership information and other elements of 
CDD to financial investigations pertaining to money laundering, 
terrorist financing, and tax evasion, and IEEPA violations; and, 
consistency with international standards and financial transparency. 
FinCEN seeks comment on whether other elements of CDD, aside from those 
listed in this ANPRM would be more effective and efficient in advancing 
these interests.
    7. What information should be required in order to identify, and 
verify on a risk basis, the identity of the beneficial owner?
    Should the required identification information on beneficial owners 
be consistent with the customer identification information currently 
required under the CIP regulations (i.e., name, address, date of birth 
and identification number) or should additional information be 
required? In addition, what should be required of financial 
institutions to verify the identity of the beneficial owner? FinCEN is 
exploring two possible meanings for verification of beneficial 
ownership information: One meaning would require verifying the identity 
of the natural person identified by the customer to be the beneficial 
owner. This would require that the financial institution, for example, 
obtain a copy of a government-issued identification document bearing a 
photograph of the individual identified by the customer as its 
beneficial owner, to verify that the individual exists. The second 
meaning would require verifying that the individual identified by the 
customer as its beneficial owner is, in fact, the beneficial owner of 
the legal entity customer. FinCEN is seeking comment as to challenges 
posed by each of these possible verification requirements.
    8. Are there any products and services, or customers that should be 
exempted from the requirement to obtain beneficial ownership 
information due to there being (i) substantially less risk of money 
laundering or terrorist financing associated with the account; (ii) 
limited value associated with the

[[Page 13055]]

beneficial ownership information in mitigating money laundering/
terrorist financing risk; or (iii) an inability to obtain the required 
information due to other legal requirements?
    FinCEN is seeking comment to determine if there are certain types 
of, or thresholds for, products, services, or customers, with respect 
to which a financial institution should not be required to obtain 
beneficial ownership information, due to substantially reduced risk. 
For example, should customers that are exempt from the CIP Rules, also 
be exempt from beneficial ownership identification? Additionally, 
FinCEN is seeking comment as to whether there are certain products or 
services offered by financial institutions that, due to ancillary 
statutory or regulatory obligations, would prohibit compliance with a 
CDD requirement to obtain beneficial ownership information as outlined 
in this ANPRM. FinCEN is also seeking comment on whether there are 
significant differences in risks or perceived ability to obtain 
beneficial ownership information with respect to foreign versus 
domestic customers and/or beneficial owners.
    9. What financial institutions should not be covered by a CDD rule 
based on products and services offered?
    FinCEN is considering whether a CDD program rule as described in 
this ANPRM should be more widely applicable to financial institutions 
not currently subject to a CIP Rule, and is seeking comments from 
industry and interested parties to determine if there are types of 
financial institutions currently covered under FinCEN's regulations and 
subject to SAR and AML Program rules, that should not be covered by a 
CDD obligation, either because the products and services offered are 
not consistent with the information sought in a CDD obligation or for 
any other reason.
    10. What would be the impact on consumers or other customers of a 
CDD program including the elements identified above?
    FinCEN is seeking comment regarding the potential impact on 
consumers or customers of financial institutions. What are the benefits 
and challenges of the above suggested CDD requirements that may exist 
between financial institutions and customers taking into account the 
objective of increasing the inclusion in the financial system of 
traditionally underserved individuals? Will a CDD program affect the 
willingness or ability of consumers or others to use or access certain 
financial institutions or services?

VI. Conclusion

    With this ANPRM, FinCEN is seeking input on the questions set forth 
above. FinCEN also is soliciting comments on the impact to law 
enforcement or authorities, regulatory agencies, and consumers, and 
welcomes comments on all aspects of the ANPRM, and all interested 
parties are encouraged to provide their views.

    Dated: February 28, 2012.
James H. Freis, Jr.,
Director, Financial Crimes Enforcement Network.
[FR Doc. 2012-5187 Filed 3-2-12; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4810-02-P