[Federal Register Volume 76, Number 169 (Wednesday, August 31, 2011)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 54346-54372]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2011-21945]



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Vol. 76

Wednesday,

No. 169

August 31, 2011

Part III





Department of the Interior





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Fish and Wildlife Service





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50 CFR Part 17





 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Revised Designation of 
Critical Habitat for the Sonoma County Distinct Population Segment of 
California Tiger Salamander; Final Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 76 , No. 169 / Wednesday, August 31, 2011 / 
Rules and Regulations  

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17

[Docket No. FWS-R8-ES-2009-0044; MO 92210-0-0009]
RIN 1018-AW86


Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Revised 
Designation of Critical Habitat for the Sonoma County Distinct 
Population Segment of California Tiger Salamander

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), designate 
revised critical habitat for the Sonoma County distinct population 
segment of the California tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense) 
(Sonoma California tiger salamander) under the Endangered Species Act 
of 1973, as amended (Act). In total, approximately 47,383 acres (19,175 
hectares) of land are being designated as revised critical habitat for 
the Sonoma California tiger salamander.

DATES: This rule becomes effective on September 30, 2011.

ADDRESSES: This final rule and the associated final economic analysis 
are available on the Internet at http://www.regulations.gov. Comments 
and materials received, as well as supporting documentation used in 
preparing this final rule, are available for public inspection, by 
appointment, during normal business hours, at the U.S. Fish and 
Wildlife Service, Sacramento Fish and Wildlife Office, 2800 Cottage 
Way, W-2605, Sacramento, CA 95825; telephone 916-414-6600; facsimile 
916-414-6713.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Susan Moore, Field Supervisor, U.S. 
Fish and Wildlife Service, Sacramento Fish and Wildlife Office, 2800 
Cottage Way, W-2605, Sacramento, CA 95825; telephone 916-414-6600; 
facsimile 916-414-6713. If you use a telecommunications device for the 
deaf (TDD), call the Federal Information Relay Service (FIRS) at 800-
877-8339.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

Background

    It is our intent to discuss in this final rule only those topics 
directly relevant to the development and designation of critical 
habitat for the Sonoma California tiger salamander under the Act (16 
U.S.C. 1531 et seq.). For more information on the biology and ecology 
of the California tiger salamander, refer to the final listing rule 
published in the Federal Register on March 19, 2003 (68 FR 13498). For 
information on the California tiger salamander critical habitat in 
Sonoma County, refer to the proposed rule to designate critical habitat 
for the Sonoma California tiger salamander published in the Federal 
Register on August 18, 2009 (74 FR 41662). We published information on 
the associated draft economic analysis for the proposed rule to 
designate critical habitat and changes to the proposed rule in the 
Federal Register on January 18, 2011 (76 FR 2863). A subsequent 
proposed change to include additional area in our proposal to designate 
critical habitat was published in the Federal Register on June 21, 2011 
(76 FR 36068).

Previous Federal Actions

    On March 19, 2003, we listed the Sonoma California tiger salamander 
as endangered (68 FR 13498; March 19, 2003). At that time, we 
determined that our budget for listing actions was not sufficient to 
complete concurrent designation of critical habitat for the species. On 
October 13, 2004, a complaint was filed in the U.S. District Court for 
the Northern District of California (Center for Biological Diversity et 
al. v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service et al. (Case No. C-04-4324-FMS 
(N.D. Cal. 2005))), which in part challenged the failure of designating 
critical habitat for the Sonoma California tiger salamander. On 
February 3, 2005, the District Court approved a settlement agreement 
that required the Service to submit a final determination on the 
proposed critical habitat designation for publication in the Federal 
Register on or before December 1, 2005.
    On August 2, 2005 (70 FR 44301), the Service published a proposed 
rule to designate approximately 74,223 acres (ac) (30,037 hectares 
(ha)) of critical habitat, and on November 17, 2005, we published a 
revised proposed rule indicating we were considering approximately 
21,298 ac (8,519 ha) for the final designation (70 FR 69717). In the 
2005 revised proposed rule, we proposed critical habitat in areas 
within the range where, at that time, we had credible records of 
breeding, as reported by biologists that were permitted by the Service 
to survey for the California tiger salamander. On December 14, 2005, 
the Service published a final rule in the Federal Register (70 FR 
74137), which identified four areas essential to the conservation of 
the species, consisting of 17,418 ac (7,049 ha) located mostly west of 
the developed portions of Santa Rosa, Rohnert Park, and Cotati, in 
Sonoma County. Each one of the areas contained the physical or 
biological features essential to the conservation of the species and 
represented a breeding center for the species. However, based on a 
conservation strategy that was then under development by local 
governments and organizations, all the areas were excluded in the final 
rule, resulting in a designation of zero (0) ac (0 ha) of critical 
habitat.
    On February 29, 2008, we received a notice of intent to sue from 
the Center for Biological Diversity that challenged the Service's final 
designation of critical habitat, claiming that it was not based on the 
best available scientific information. On May 5, 2009, the Court 
approved a stipulated settlement agreement in which the Service agreed 
to publish a revised proposed rule within 90 days that encompassed the 
same geographic area as the August 2005 proposal. The proposed rule 
that published in the Federal Register on August 18, 2009 (74 FR 
41662), complies with the May 5, 2009, stipulated agreement. The 
Service also agreed in the May 5, 2009, stipulated settlement agreement 
to submit a final rule to the Federal Register on or before July 1, 
2011. On June 9, 2011, the Court approved an extension to submit a 
final rule to the Federal Register on or before September 1, 2011. The 
extension was granted to accommodate a public comment period on 
modification of the proposed critical habitat based on information 
received during the previous January 18, 2011, public comment period.
    On August 4, 2004, we listed the Central population of the 
California tiger salamander as a threatened Distinct Population Segment 
(DPS) (69 FR 47211). At that time, we reclassified the California tiger 
salamander as threatened throughout its range, removing the Santa 
Barbara County and Sonoma County populations as separately listed DPSs 
(69 FR 47241). On August 18, 2005, as a result of litigation on the 
reclassification of the Santa Barbara and Sonoma County DPSs of the 
California tiger salamander (Center for Biological Diversity et al. v. 
United States Fish and Wildlife Service et al. (Case No. C-04-4324-WHA 
(N.D. Cal. 2005))), the District Court of Northern California sustained 
the portion of the 2004 final rule pertaining to listing the Central 
California tiger salamander as threatened, with a special rule, and 
vacated the 2004 rule with regard to the Santa Barbara County and 
Sonoma County DPSs, reinstating their prior listing as endangered. We 
made the necessary changes to the

[[Page 54347]]

information included in the Code of Federal Regulations in the 
regulatory section of the January 18, 2011, revised proposed rule to 
designate critical habitat for the Sonoma California tiger salamander 
(76 FR 2863), and are finalizing the changes in this final rule.

Summary of Comments and Recommendations

    We requested written comments from the public on the proposed 
revised designation of critical habitat for the Sonoma California tiger 
salamander during three comment periods. The first comment period 
opened with the publication of the proposed rule in the Federal 
Register on August 18, 2009 (74 FR 41662), and closed on October 19, 
2009. We also requested comments on the revised revision to our 
proposed critical habitat designation and associated draft economic 
analysis during a comment period that opened January 18, 2011, and 
closed on February 17, 2011. This public comment period was associated 
with the publication of the revised proposed rule in the Federal 
Register on January 18, 2011 (76 FR 2863). Lastly, we requested 
comments on a second revised proposed critical habitat designation 
during a comment period that opened June 21, 2011, and closed on July 
5, 2011, and was associated with the publication of the second revised 
proposed rule in the Federal Register on June 21, 2011 (76 FR 36068). 
We did not receive any requests for a public hearing; however, we held 
a public informational meeting in Santa Rosa, California, on June 29, 
2011. We contacted appropriate Federal, State, and local agencies; 
scientific organizations; tribes; and other interested parties and 
invited them to comment on the proposed rule and draft economic 
analysis during these comment periods.
    During the first comment period, we received 53 comment letters 
directly addressing the proposed critical habitat designation. During 
the second comment period, we received 35 comment letters addressing 
either the proposed critical habitat designation or the draft economic 
analysis. During the third comment period, we received 8 comment 
letters addressing the critical habitat designation and economic 
analysis. These totals do not include duplicate submissions. All 
substantive information provided during these comment periods has 
either been incorporated directly into this final determination or is 
addressed below.

Peer Review

    In accordance with our peer review policy published on July 1, 1994 
(59 FR 34270), we solicited expert opinions from three knowledgeable 
individuals with scientific expertise that included familiarity with 
the species, the geographic region in which the species occurs, and 
conservation biology principles. We received a response from one peer 
reviewer.
    We reviewed the comments received from the peer reviewer for 
substantive issues and new information regarding critical habitat for 
the Sonoma California tiger salamander. The peer reviewer generally 
concurred with our methods and conclusions and provided additional 
information with regard to known occurrences, clarifications, and 
suggestions to improve the final revised critical habitat rule, 
including suggestions about areas that the reviewer considered to be 
more important than others for critical habitat designation. The 
reviewer's comments are addressed in the following summary and 
incorporated into the final rule as appropriate.

Peer Reviewer Comments

    Comment 1: The peer reviewer and other commenters noted that there 
are three known breeding sites in the Roblar Road area. The peer 
reviewer reviewed aerial photographs and performed reconnaissance 
visits to the area and observed several other potential breeding ponds 
in the vicinity of the Roblar Road breeding sites. The peer reviewer 
commented that the Roblar Road area likely consists of a metapopulation 
with multiple known breeding sites. The peer reviewer recommended that 
we include the area within a minimum of 1.3 miles (mi) (2 kilometers 
(km)) from each of the three Roblar breeding sites in designated 
critical habitat. The 1.3 mi area (2 km) is based on observations of 
California tiger salamanders from the nearest breeding ponds (Sweet 
1998).
    Our Response: In the June 21, 2011, revised proposed rule (76 FR 
36068), we added 4,945 ac (2,001 ha) in the Roblar Road area to the 
revised critical habitat designation in response to the peer reviewer's 
recommendation that we include these recent breeding records, and we 
requested public comment on this addition to our revised proposal. The 
Roblar Road area supports the physical or biological features essential 
to the conservation of the species, is contiguous with habitat that was 
proposed as critical habitat in 2009 and 2011, and is within the 
geographical area that was considered occupied at the time of listing.
    Comment 2: The peer reviewer noted that the northern extent of 
proposed critical habitat has no documented occurrences and includes 
the area from the Sonoma County airport to the Windsor area (north of 
Guerneville Road). Other commenters also stated that areas north of 
Santa Rosa Creek and Mark West Creek do not support the Sonoma 
California tiger salamander. These commenters stated that this area has 
little value for the recovery of the species due to past and current 
urbanization and fragmentation of habitat, and this area would not 
likely support viable populations of the Sonoma California tiger 
salamander.
    Our Response: We revised the critical habitat designation boundary 
in this final revised rule to remove infill parcels (isolated parcels 
surrounded by developed areas) within the town of Windsor, the town of 
Windsor Sphere of Influence, infill parcels east of the Sonoma County 
airport, and parcels on the east side of U.S. Highway 101 and north of 
Mark West Creek. The infill parcels are highly fragmented, are not 
known to be occupied by the Sonoma California tiger salamander, do not 
contain the physical or biological features essential to the 
conservation of the species, are not needed for the survival or 
recovery of the species, and are not otherwise essential for the 
conservation of the species. The areas north of Guerneville Road 
retained in this final critical habitat designation have the physical 
or biological features essential to conserve the Sonoma California 
tiger salamander, although some areas that are managed for intense 
agricultural activities (e.g., vineyards, row crops, orchards) may 
currently have only one primary constituent element (e.g., dispersal 
habitat). They may be restored to high-quality Sonoma California tiger 
salamander habitat that would also provide breeding and suitable upland 
habitat, which could then contribute to the recovery of the species. 
Therefore, the retained areas are essential for the conservation of the 
species because they comprise large, contiguous habitat that provides 
upland dispersal areas for the Sonoma California tiger salamander, they 
contain at least one of the essential features, and they have the 
potential for restoration to high-quality habitat.
    Comment 3: The peer reviewer suggested that critical habitat should 
be extended south to the Rainsville Road area. The peer reviewer stated 
that this southern area contains the primary constituent elements 
(seasonal wetlands for breeding and grasslands for terrestrial refugia 
and dispersal). The peer reviewer also noted that he has a reliable 
anecdotal observation by an amateur herpetologist of an adult

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Sonoma California tiger salamander in the Rainsville Road area.
    Our Response: The area south of Pepper Road including the 
Rainsville Road area, along both sides of U.S. Highway 101, was removed 
in the January 18, 2011, revised proposed rule and is not included in 
this final critical habitat rule because we do not currently consider 
this area to be essential to the conservation of the species. Although 
there is an anecdotal report from the 1990s of a Sonoma California 
tiger salamander observation along Rainsville Road, we are not aware of 
confirmed observations of the Sonoma California tiger salamander within 
this area. This area has been fragmented by industrial and residential 
development and roadways, including the major north-south highway, U.S. 
Highway 101. More than 20 percent of the land generally south of Pepper 
Road and west of U.S. Highway 101 is delineated as 100-year floodplain 
for the Petaluma River and generally bisects the Rainsville Road area. 
We generally do not consider lands within the 100-year floodplain to 
contain suitable breeding habitat for the Sonoma California tiger 
salamander, and the floodplain fragments the remaining undeveloped land 
in this area. We do not find the remaining upland habitat to be 
adjacent or within dispersal distance from breeding ponds nor to be 
dispersal habitat between locations occupied by the Sonoma California 
tiger salamander. Therefore, we do not find the Rainsville Road area to 
contain the PCEs necessary for the Sonoma California tiger salamander.

Comments From States

    Section 4(i) of the Act states, ``the Secretary shall submit to the 
State agency a written justification for his failure to adopt 
regulations consistent with the agency's comments or petition.'' No 
comments were received from the State regarding the proposal to revise 
critical habitat for the Sonoma California tiger salamander.

Public Comments

Unit Designation
    Comment 4: Several comments included specific recommendations about 
how the critical habitat unit should be delineated, including comments 
regarding specific areas that should be included or removed from the 
final revised designation.
    Our Response: We used the best scientific information available in 
determining the extent of the critical habitat boundaries, and we 
revised our final rule based on peer review and public comments 
received. We mapped only those areas that contained the physical or 
biological features essential to conserve the Sonoma California tiger 
salamander. When determining critical habitat boundaries, we made every 
effort to avoid including developed areas such as buildings, paved 
areas, and other structures that lack the primary constituent elements 
for the Sonoma California tiger salamander. The scale of the maps 
prepared under the parameters for publication within the Code of 
Federal Regulations may not reflect the exclusion of such developed 
areas. Any such structures, and the land under them, that have been 
inadvertently left inside the critical habitat boundaries shown on the 
maps of this final rule, have been excluded by text in this rule, and 
are not designated as critical habitat. These developed and 
nonessential habitat areas do not contain the primary constituent 
elements and as such are not considered critical habitat. We did not 
exclude from critical habitat designation any areas based on the 
Conservation Strategy, because an implementation plan has not been 
completed by local governments and there are no regional Habitat 
Conservation Plans in this area.
    Comment 5: Several comments pertained to areas on the east side of 
U.S Highway 101 and north of Mountain View Avenue. Commenters noted 
that critical habitat designation should exclude undeveloped or 
partially developed parcels that are completely or predominately 
surrounded by developed areas, because such isolated vacant `infill' 
parcels lack the requisite primary constituent elements for the Sonoma 
California tiger salamander, such parcels cannot support the isolated 
self-sustaining populations, and the parcels are inaccessible to the 
Sonoma California tiger salamander attempting to disperse from other 
areas.
    Our Response: The critical habitat designation no longer includes 
the urbanized centers of Santa Rosa, Windsor, Bennett Valley, Rohnert 
Park, and Cotati, including some areas on the east side of U.S. Highway 
101. These urban centers consist almost exclusively of hardened, 
developed landscapes. The remnant open space within these areas is 
limited to small, isolated parcels within a matrix of urban 
development. We do not consider the remnant open space within these 
city centers as essential for the conservation of the Sonoma California 
tiger salamander because these areas would not likely contribute to the 
survival or recovery of the species.
    Comment 6: One commenter requested that four properties located in 
the easterly portion of the City of Rohnert Park and the southeasterly 
portion of the County of Sonoma not be included in the final revised 
critical habitat designation based on past negative surveys for Sonoma 
California tiger salamander, e-mail communication from the Service 
confirming that proposed projects at these properties would not likely 
result in ``take'' of the Sonoma California tiger salamander, and 
information revealing that three of the properties are in the ``no 
effect'' category in the Programmatic Biological Opinion for U.S. Army 
Corps of Engineers Permitted Projects that May Affect California Tiger 
Salamander and Three Endangered Plant Species on the Santa Rosa Plain, 
California, 2007 (Programmatic Biological Opinion).
    Our Response: The final revised critical habitat designation does 
not include the properties located in the easterly portion of the City 
of Rohnert Park and the southeasterly portion of the County of Sonoma, 
based on existing habitat conditions, fragmentation, and isolation. We 
determined that the area does not contain the physical or biological 
features and is not essential for the conservation of the species. For 
these reasons, the critical habitat unit boundary has been revised in 
this final revised designation to remove the general area south of the 
intersection of Martinez Drive and Petaluma Hill Road and south of 
Gladstone Way, Rohnert Park, California, and north of Roberts Ranch 
Road.
    Comment 7: One commenter recommended that major water courses and 
areas within the 100-year floodplain should not be excluded from the 
revised critical habitat designation without a better understanding of 
the function and values of the 100-year floodplain to the Sonoma 
California tiger salamander.
    Our Response: The 100-year floodplain does not likely support 
Sonoma California tiger salamander breeding because seasonal pools 
within the 100-year floodplain are subject to flooding from perennial 
sources (such as the Laguna de Santa Rosa wetlands), and the pools 
within the floodplain support predators of Sonoma California tiger 
salamander. Periodically flooded uplands within the 100-year floodplain 
may be considered Sonoma California tiger salamander habitat if located 
near predator-free breeding pools (Conservation Strategy Team 2005a, 
Appendix E). However, Sonoma California tiger salamander occurrence 
information from the California Natural Diversity Database (CNDDB) 
(2010) indicates that, despite intensive focus on the Sonoma California 
tiger salamander, to date no occurrences have

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been identified within the 100-year floodplain. The Conservation 
Strategy notes the reason that this species has not been located within 
the floodplain may be due to the lack of suitable upland habitat within 
the floodplain during the wet season (Conservation Strategy Team 2005b, 
Appendix L). However, some areas of the 100-year floodplain have been 
included as critical habitat in this final rule in order to maintain 
connectivity between breeding locations, and these areas are important 
for dispersal in some locations. The Service, therefore, has determined 
that most of the 100-year floodplain lacks the physical and biological 
features that are essential to the conservation of the Sonoma 
California tiger salamander, and the areas themselves are not 
considered essential to the conservation of the species. However, the 
100-year floodplain areas may provide some benefits for connectivity, 
dispersal, foraging, and cover for the Sonoma California tiger 
salamander when the area is not flooded.
    Comment 8: Several commenters stated that areas north of Santa Rosa 
Creek or north of Mark West Creek are inappropriate and not likely 
essential for designation of critical habitat based on the following:
    (1) Sonoma California tiger salamanders have not been observed 
north of Mark West Creek. Mark West Creek is a geographic barrier 
between areas populated by the Sonoma California tiger salamander, and 
the only breeding site north of Santa Rosa Creek is a transplanted 
breeding site (i.e., Alton Lane Mitigation Site), and
    (2) These areas are not adequate to serve as Sonoma California 
tiger salamander mitigation habitat based on the Programmatic 
Biological Opinion and Conservation Strategy.
    Our Response: In areas occupied at the time of listing, the 
designation of critical habitat is based on an evaluation of areas that 
contain the physical or biological features essential to the 
conservation of the Sonoma California tiger salamander. The Service is 
not aware of information that demonstrates that Mark West Creek is a 
geographic barrier to Sonoma California tiger salamander movement or 
information demonstrating that Sonoma California tiger salamanders do 
not or could not occupy areas north of Mark West Creek. The 
Programmatic Biological Opinion and the Conservation Strategy identify 
areas north of Mark West Creek as supporting potential habitat for the 
Sonoma California tiger salamander. A portion of the area north of Mark 
West Creek is included as revised critical habitat in this final rule. 
This area is generally located west of Windsor Road, south of Shiloh 
Road, east of the 100-year floodplain and north of Mark West Creek. 
Specific infill parcels within the town of Windsor, east of the Sonoma 
County Airport, and parcels on the east side of U.S. Highway 101 north 
of Mark West Creek are not included in the final revised designation.
    Comment 9: A commenter requested that Santa Rosa City Farm lands 
not be excluded from revised critical habitat based on the importance 
of the lands to the recovery of the Sonoma California tiger salamander. 
Another commenter requested that the Santa Rosa City Farm lands be 
excluded from the designation.
    Our Response: The Santa Rosa City Farms were not excluded from 
revised critical habitat. Currently, known breeding occurs immediately 
adjacent to, and some known breeding occurs within, the Santa Rosa City 
Farm lands, making this an important area for restoration. We believe 
the Santa Rosa City Farm lands are important to the survival and 
recovery of the Sonoma California tiger salamander, and meet the 
criteria for and definition of critical habitat for this species. 
Restoration of the Santa Rosa City Farm lands and compatible land use 
may provide exceptional opportunities for the Sonoma California tiger 
salamander (which exhibits metapopulation characteristics) to be less 
susceptible to local extirpation. Because the Santa Rosa City Farm 
lands are contiguous to some of the largest known concentrations of 
Sonoma California tiger salamanders, there may exist opportunities for 
the Sonoma California tiger salamander to recover from land uses that 
are incompatible with the natural history of the species.
    Comment 10: A commenter requested that the 75-ac (30-ha) parcel 
located within the City of Rohnert Park known as Sonoma Mountain 
Village (an area comprised of the former Hewlett Packard/Agilent 
Technology Campus) be removed from critical habitat designation. The 
commenter stated that the 75-ac (30-ha) parcel is frequently disturbed 
by regular farming activities, such as frequent discing, which the 
commenter noted precludes burrows and crevices necessary for Sonoma 
California tiger salamander aestivation. The commenter stated that 
frequent disturbances and the removal of cover turn the farmed area 
into poor upland habitat for the Sonoma California tiger salamander. 
The commenter also stated that the 75-ac (30-ha) parcel drains quickly 
and has no identified wetland areas suitable for Sonoma California 
tiger salamander breeding.
    Our Response: The 75 ac (30 ha) of land known as Sonoma Mountain 
Village within the City of Rohnert Park, an area comprised of the 
former Hewlett Packard/Agilent Technology Campus, was surveyed for 
Sonoma California tiger salamanders in 2005. Adult Sonoma California 
tiger salamanders were captured. The site, although disturbed by 
farming and discing activities, is less than 0.5 mi (0.8 km) from known 
breeding habitat, supports upland habitat and upland dispersal habitat 
for Sonoma California tiger salamanders, and meets the criteria for and 
definition of critical habitat for this species.
    Comment 11: One commenter requested that we work with the Federated 
Indians of Graton Rancheria (Tribe) in furtherance of the government-
to-government relationship between the Tribe and the United States. The 
commenter further requested that we allow the Tribe to manage 
approximately 252 ac (102 ha) of reservation lands created on October 
1, 2010, under a tribal management plan, rather than include the lands 
within designated critical habitat. The commenter noted that a 66-ac 
(27-ha) portion of the reservation will be developed as a resort hotel 
and casino, and that the development project has been addressed through 
an Environmental Impact Statement and associated Record of Decision. 
The commenter also noted that the National Indian Gaming Commission has 
completed consultation on the project with the Service, resulting in a 
completed Biological Opinion on the project. The commenter indicated 
that the Tribe is in the process of completing the tribal management 
plan.
    Our Response: As part of our Federal responsibilities under the 
President's memorandum of April 29, 1994 (Government-to-Government 
Relations with Native American Tribal Governments; 59 FR 22951), 
Executive Order 13175 (Consultation and Coordination With Indian Tribal 
Governments), Secretarial Order 3206 of June 5, 1997 (American Indian 
Tribal Rights, Federal-Tribal Trust Responsibilities, and the 
Endangered Species Act), and the Department of the Interior's manual at 
512 DM 2, we readily acknowledge our responsibility to communicate 
meaningfully with recognized Federal Tribes on a government-to-
government basis. We have worked with the Federated Indians of Graton 
Rancheria in regards to this designation of revised critical habitat 
and to further government-to-government relationships. We consulted 
with the National Indian Gaming

[[Page 54350]]

Commission (Commission) in 2009 for the proposed Graton Rancheria 
Casino and Hotel Project, City of Rohnert Park, Sonoma County, 
California and issued a biological opinion to the Commission (File 
Number 81420-2009-F-0336).
    The proposed project entails 82 ac (33 ha) of a casino-hotel 
development, 170 ac (69 ha) of recycled water sprayfields, flood 
storage ponds, and open space. Approximately 87 ac (35 ha) are to be 
conserved off-site to benefit the Sonoma California tiger salamander. 
The 87 ac (35 ha) of off-site conservation is based on mitigation 
ratios described in the Conservation Strategy. The 87 ac (35 ha) 
consist of purchasing Sonoma California tiger salamander credits at a 
mitigation bank, or the purchase of land providing suitable habitat 
where Sonoma California tiger salamanders are known to occur, and 
protecting the land with a conservation easement. The establishment of 
an off-site preserve by the applicant, if chosen, must meet additional 
requirements as described in the biological opinion, such as third 
party management pursuant to a Service-approved resource management 
plan, performance monitoring, maintenance monitoring, compliance 
reporting, adaptive management planning, and a funding mechanism to 
assure long-term management and monitoring. The proposed action also 
includes development of a management plan for the 170 ac (69 ha) except 
those portions planned for use as treated wastewater retention ponds.
    The Tribe has developed and finalized a management plan that 
provides for the long-term protection of species through adaptive 
management measures that preferentially conserve rare habitats and 
habitats known or likely to be occupied by the threatened and 
endangered species known to occur in the Santa Rosa Plain wetland or 
vernal pool habitats, including the Sonoma California tiger salamander. 
The Service reviewed the management plan and agrees that it provides 
for the conservation of the Sonoma California tiger salamander. We have 
determined that the benefits of exclusion under section 4(b)(2) of the 
Act exceed the benefits of including these lands within the critical 
habitat designation, and the Secretary has exercised his discretion to 
exclude approximately 252 ac (102 ha) of Graton Rancheria trust lands 
under section 4(b)(2) of the Act. See the Exclusions section below for 
more information regarding exclusion of these tribal lands.
    Comment 12: One commenter noted that Secretarial Order 3206 
involving American Indian Tribal Rights, Federal-Tribal Trust 
Responsibilities, and the Endangered Species Act, does not require the 
exclusion of tribal trust lands from critical habitat designation. The 
commenter noted that the Secretarial Order requires the Service to 
recognize ``the contribution to be made by affected Indian tribes, 
throughout the process and prior to finalization and close of the 
public comment period, in the review of proposals to designate critical 
habitat and evaluate economic impacts of such proposals with 
implications for tribal trust resources or the exercise of tribal 
rights'' (Secretarial Order 3206, Sec. 3(B)(3)). Further, the commenter 
noted that the Secretarial Order provides that the Service ``shall 
evaluate and document the extent to which the conservation needs of the 
listed species can be achieved by limiting the designation to other 
lands'' (Secretarial Order 3206, Sec. 3(B)(4)).
    Our Response: The commenter is correct in his description of 
Secretarial Order 3206. It further states that ``Critical habitat shall 
not be designated in such areas unless it is determined essential to 
the conservation of the species.'' (Secretarial Order 3206, Sec. 
3(B)(4)) We have determined that the tribal trust lands are occupied 
with the physical or biological features essential to the conservation 
of the species. Therefore, we considered exclusion of tribal trust 
lands under section 4(b)(2) of the Act. As noted in our response to 
Comment 11 above, we are excluding approximately 252 ac (102 ha) of 
tribal trust lands under section 4(b)(2) of the Act from this final 
designation because we received a management plan that provides 
protection for the physical and biological features essential to the 
conservation of the Sonoma California tiger salamander, and because we 
have determined that the benefits of exclusion outweigh the benefits of 
inclusion for this parcel. See the Exclusions section of this final 
rule for more information.
    Comment 13: One commenter noted that the Roblar Road area is in the 
Americano Estero watershed, while most of the proposed critical habitat 
is in the Santa Rosa Plain. The commenter suggested that any impacts to 
tiger salamanders in the Americano Estero watershed should be mitigated 
within the same watershed. The commenter also provided some information 
regarding the proposed development of a rock quarry in the area.
    Our Response: Designation of critical habitat identifies the 
physical or biological features essential to the conservation of the 
species and does not evaluate impacts or suggest mitigation for 
specific projects. Under Section 7 or 10 of the Act, projects are 
evaluated on an individual basis, and mitigation may occur if there are 
anticipated adverse effects of the project. The mitigation location is 
usually evaluated and determined on a case by case basis, however it is 
possible for mitigation to occur in a different watershed within the 
range of the Sonoma California tiger salamander.
    Comment 14: One commenter requested that the Service review the 
location of the critical habitat boundary on the east side of U.S. 
Highway 101 in the vicinity of Cotati, Highway 116, Old Redwood Highway 
and Commerce Avenue, and consider using U.S. Highway 101 as the actual 
boundary due to the fact that the area currently included in the 
proposed critical habitat unit is a very small area that seems to be 
developed on all sides.
    Our Response: The Service reviewed the area described, using aerial 
photography and available survey information. One or more primary 
constituent elements and confirmed observations of the Sonoma 
California tiger salamander occur within the area in question. For 
these reasons, we have determined that the area meets the definition of 
critical habitat for the California tiger salamander and should remain 
in this final revised designation.
Economic Analysis
    Comment 15: One comment states that the draft economic analysis 
(DEA) is inadequate because it acknowledges that ``significant 
uncertainty exists'' over whether measures to avoid jeopardy of the 
species will also avoid adverse modification of critical habitat, but 
fails to quantify costs associated with measures recommended 
specifically to avoid adverse modification.
    Our Response: The economic analysis focuses on estimating impacts 
to economic activities that are reasonably foreseeable. Given (a) The 
significant uncertainty regarding the types of projects that may lead 
to an adverse modification finding in the future and the conservation 
measures that may be requested to avoid adverse modification, and (b) 
the lack of precedent for the Service to request additional 
conservation measures to avoid jeopardy; the final economic analysis 
(FEA) does not forecast incremental impact stemming from conservation 
measures implemented to avoid adverse modification of critical habitat. 
The FEA acknowledges this uncertainty and explains why no incremental 
impacts are forecast in multiple places, including the ``Key Sources of 
Uncertainty'' section of the Executive Summary. A detailed description 
of

[[Page 54351]]

how the FEA estimates incremental impacts is presented in Section 3.3.
    Comment 16: A number of comments state that the DEA is flawed 
because it fails to quantify costs associated with the designation such 
as costs of surveying for the salamander and purchasing mitigation 
credits.
    Our Response: In areas where surveying occurs, the FEA considers 
the cost of surveying to be a baseline impact. Baseline impacts stem 
from protections afforded the species absent critical habitat. The 
methodology used to separately identify baseline and incremental 
impacts is discussed in Section 2.3 of the FEA. Language has been added 
to Section 2.3 of the FEA to clarify where surveying occurs and why the 
cost of surveying is considered a baseline impact. Similarly, the cost 
of purchasing mitigation credits is considered a baseline impact. 
Baseline impacts specific to development activities are discussed in 
detail in Section 3.2. Section 3.2 notes that a discussion of 
mitigation requirements is included ``only to provide a qualitative 
description of potential baseline impacts of CTS conservation.''
    Comment 17: One comment states that critical habitat designation 
could delay a planned development project, potentially making it 
unviable. If the project does not move forward, jobs could be lost, and 
the City's ability to meet future housing obligations under the 
Regional Housing Needs Assessment could be compromised.
    Our Response: As shown in Exhibit 2-2, the FEA assumes that 
critical habitat may result in additional administrative effort, such 
as staff time and costs, to address adverse modification in section 7 
consultations. Depending on the type of section 7 consultation, the 
direct cost of this additional administrative effort for each 
consultation is expected to range from $405 to $9,025. As such, the 
analysis attempts to capture the increased costs associated with the 
increased complexity of consultations following critical habitat 
designation. While time delay associated with the need to consult can 
be considered an indirect, incremental impact of the designation, it is 
unlikely that the additional administrative effort required due to 
critical habitat designation would result in a measureable delay or 
cause a project to become unviable.
    Comment 18: One comment states that the DEA makes no effort to 
describe the revenue or income profile of small building construction 
companies that may be affected by the critical habitat designation. The 
commenter suggests that the small business analysis (Appendix A) be 
revised to include a comparison between the estimated costs of critical 
habitat designation and the approximate income or revenue of small 
building construction companies.
    Our Response: Appendix A of the FEA has been revised to include a 
comparison between the estimated incremental impact to building 
construction companies and a range of average revenues for small 
building construction entities from the Risk Management Association. 
These data from the Risk Management Association are not available at 
the county-level, so national data are used. This analysis finds that 
if all incremental impacts to construction companies are borne by a 
single small construction company, the estimated annualized impacts 
would represent, on average, between 0.04 percent and 1.27 percent of 
annual revenues.
    Comment 19: One comment states that the DEA only identifies 
building construction companies as small businesses that may experience 
significant economic impacts. The commenter points out that other 
industries, such as the vineyard and wine industry, could be 
significantly affected by the proposed rule.
    Our Response: Appendix A of the FEA explains that incremental 
impacts to the transportation industry are forecast to be incurred by 
CALTRANS, a State agency that does not meet the definition of a small 
business. Similarly, incremental impacts to utilities are limited to 
the administrative cost of an intra-Service consultation that is borne 
solely by the Service. Potential impacts to other activities including 
agriculture and mitigation bank establishment are discussed in Chapter 
4 of the FEA. No incremental impacts to these activities are forecast; 
therefore, small businesses in these industries are not expected to be 
affected. In particular, the section 7 consultation history contains no 
past consultations on agricultural conversion projects, such as 
vineyard conversion. Further, communications with the U.S. Army Corps 
Regulatory Division indicate that no section 404 permit requests for 
agricultural conversion projects have occurred in the recent past 
within the study area. Given the lack of precedent for an agricultural 
wetland conversion project, this analysis does not estimate the number 
of future agricultural wetland conversion projects or the incremental 
impacts stemming from the additional administrative cost of addressing 
adverse modification during section 7 consultation for such projects. A 
discussion of impacts to small businesses in the agriculture and 
mitigation bank establishment industries has been added to Appendix A 
of the FEA.

Summary of Changes From the 2009 Proposed Rule

    The following paragraphs provide specific information on the 
changes between the 2009 proposed rule and this final revised 
designation. First, we describe the changes that were made between the 
2009 proposed rule (74 FR 41662) and the January 18, 2011, revised 
proposed rule (76 FR 2863). In the 2011 revision, we refined our 
critical habitat proposal to better reflect the occupied and potential 
range of the species as suggested in the Conservation Strategy mapping 
criteria (Conservation Strategy Team 2005a, Appendix E) and the 
Programmatic Biological Opinion. We also added area in the vicinity of 
Lichau Creek and Railroad Avenue, in the southernmost region of the 
Santa Rosa Plain, to reflect new information on the presence of Sonoma 
California tiger salamander breeding within the area.
    Other areas that were removed in the revised proposed rule include 
the urbanized centers of Santa Rosa, Bennett Valley, Rohnert Park, and 
Cotati. These urban centers consist almost exclusively of hardened, 
developed landscapes. The remnant natural habitat within these areas is 
limited to small, isolated parcels within a matrix of urban 
development. These areas are not included in the final rule because 
developed areas (lands covered by buildings, pavement, and other 
structures) lack the physical or biological features essential to the 
conservation of the species, according to section 3(5)(A) of the Act. 
We also do not consider the remnant open space within these city 
centers as essential for the conservation of the Sonoma California 
tiger salamander.
    Most of the Laguna de Santa Rosa 100-year floodplain was removed in 
the revised proposed rule and is not included in this final revised 
designation, because we do not consider the area essential to the 
conservation of the species. In the Santa Rosa Plain area, the Federal 
Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) 100-year floodplain is generally not 
believed to support Sonoma California tiger salamander breeding because 
seasonal pools within the 100-year floodplain are subject to flooding 
from perennial sources (such as the Laguna de Santa Rosa), which leads 
to a high likelihood that pools within the floodplain will support 
Sonoma California tiger salamander predators. However, periodically 
flooded uplands within the 100-year floodplain may be considered Sonoma 
California tiger salamander habitat if these pools are

[[Page 54352]]

located near predator-free breeding pools (Conservation Strategy 2005a, 
Appendix E). Occurrence information from the California Natural 
Diversity Database (CNDDB) (2010) indicates that, despite intensive 
focus on the Sonoma California tiger salamander to date, no occurrences 
have been identified within the 100-year floodplain. The fact that this 
species has not been located within the floodplain may be due to the 
lack of suitable upland habitat within the floodplain during the wet 
season (Conservation Strategy Team 2005b, Appendix L). We, therefore, 
have determined that most of the 100-year floodplain lacks the physical 
and biological features essential to the conservation of the Sonoma 
California tiger salamander and, therefore, does not meet the 
definition of critical habitat.
    As noted above, the bulk of the floodplain is not included in this 
final critical habitat rule. A segment of the 100-year floodplain that 
is located between the Stony Point Conservation Area (near Wilfred 
Avenue) and the Northwest Cotati Conservation Area (near Nahmens Road) 
is retained within the critical habitat to reduce fragmentation of the 
northern and southern breeding concentrations within the unit by 
allowing for potential dispersal and genetic exchange. This retained 
segment is further bounded by Llano Road on the west and the western 
edge of the urban growth boundary of Cotati, California (near the 
northern terminus of Helman Lane), on the east.
    Additionally, in the January 18, 2011, revised proposed rule we 
removed several areas of small remnant open parcels that occur between 
the eastern periphery of suburban Sebastopol and the western edge of 
the 100-year floodplain. These areas are not included in the final 
revised designation. We do not consider these areas essential to the 
conservation of the species because the undeveloped lands are small in 
size, are isolated from each other by development, are isolated from 
breeding habitat on the eastern side of the floodplain by the 100-year 
floodplain and the Laguna de Santa Rosa, and are not known to be 
occupied or contain the physical or biological features.
    The area south of Pepper Road including the Rainsville Road area, 
along both sides of U.S. Highway 101, was removed in the January 18, 
2011, revised proposed rule and is not included in this final critical 
habitat rule because we do not currently consider this area to be 
essential to the conservation of the species. This area has been 
fragmented by industrial and residential development and roadways, 
including the major north-south highway, U.S. Highway 101. More than 20 
percent of the land generally south of Pepper Road and west of U.S. 
Highway 101 is delineated as 100-year floodplain for the Petaluma 
River. We generally do not consider lands within the 100-year 
floodplain to contain suitable breeding habitat for the Sonoma 
California tiger salamander, and the floodplain fragments the remaining 
undeveloped land in this area. Although there is an anecdotal report 
from the 1990s of a Sonoma California tiger salamander observation 
along Rainsville Road, we are not aware of confirmed observations of 
the Sonoma California tiger salamander within this area.
    On June 21, 2011 (76 FR 36068), we published an additional revised 
proposed rule to include 4,945 ac (2,001 ha) located in the general 
area of Roblar Road in the proposed critical habitat unit. This 
addition to the proposed critical habitat unit is within the area that 
was considered occupied at the time of listing. We added the Roblar 
Road area to the proposed designation and include it in the final 
designation, based on information we received during the public review 
process. Additional information used to determine the boundaries of the 
addition included aerial photographs, reconnaissance visits to the 
area, and observations of Sonoma California tiger salamander habitat.
    Refinements that we've made to the proposed designation in this 
final rule to designate critical habitat include the removal of infill 
parcels within the town of Windsor and the town of Windsor Sphere of 
Influence, infill parcels east of the Sonoma County airport, and 
parcels on the east side of U.S. Highway 101 north of Mark West Creek. 
The removed parcels are highly fragmented by urban development, are not 
known to be occupied, do not contain the physical or biological 
features or is otherwise essential for the conservation of the species, 
and are not essential to the survival or recovery of the Sonoma 
California tiger salamander. A sliver of the eastern edge of the 
proposed critical habitat that is east of U.S. Highway 101 between Mark 
West Creek and the City of Santa Rosa has also been eliminated from 
this final designation. We do not consider this area essential to the 
conservation of the Sonoma California tiger salamander because it is a 
long linear strip of land confined by development, and is isolated from 
other areas containing the physical or biological features essential to 
the conservation of the species by a major four-lane highway that would 
be a significant barrier to dispersal.
    Lastly, this final revised rule does not include the area east of 
Rohnert Park. We have determined that, even though the area contains 
some of the physical and biological features, this area is not 
essential to the conservation of the Sonoma California tiger salamander 
because this area is not known to be occupied and existing habitats are 
fragmented and isolated. We have concluded that the area east of 
Rohnert Park is not essential to the survival or recovery of the 
species. For these reasons, the critical habitat unit boundary is 
revised in this final designation to remove the area that is east of 
Rohnert Park, generally south of the line that extends from the 
northeastern edge of the City of Rohnert Park (in the immediate 
vicinity of Gladstone Way), through the intersection of Martinez Drive 
and Petaluma Hill Road, and generally north of Roberts Ranch Road.

Critical Habitat

Background

    Critical habitat is defined in section 3 of the Act as:
    (1) The specific areas within the geographical area occupied by the 
species, at the time it is listed in accordance with the Act, on which 
are found those physical or biological features:
    (a) Essential to the conservation of the species and
    (b) Which may require special management considerations or 
protection; and
    (2) Specific areas outside the geographical area occupied by the 
species at the time it is listed, upon a determination that such areas 
are essential for the conservation of the species.
    Conservation, as defined under section 3 of the Act, means to use 
and the use of all methods and procedures that are necessary to bring 
an endangered or threatened species to the point at which the measures 
provided pursuant to the Act are no longer necessary. Such methods and 
procedures include, but are not limited to, all activities associated 
with scientific resources management such as research, census, law 
enforcement, habitat acquisition and maintenance, propagation, live 
trapping, and transplantation, and, in the extraordinary case where 
population pressures within a given ecosystem cannot be otherwise 
relieved, may include regulated taking.
    Critical habitat receives protection under section 7 of the Act 
through the requirement that Federal agencies

[[Page 54353]]

ensure, in consultation with the Service, that any action they 
authorize, fund, or carry out is not likely to result in the 
destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat. The 
designation of critical habitat does not affect land ownership or 
establish a refuge, wilderness, reserve, preserve, or other 
conservation area. Such designation does not allow the government or 
public to access private lands. Such designation does not require 
implementation of restoration, recovery, or enhancement measures by 
non-Federal landowners. Where a landowner seeks or requests Federal 
agency funding or authorization for an action that may affect a listed 
species or critical habitat, the consultation requirements of section 
7(a)(2) of the Act would apply, but even in the event of a destruction 
or adverse modification finding, the obligation of the Federal action 
agency and the landowner is not to restore or recover the species, but 
to implement reasonable and prudent alternatives to avoid destruction 
or adverse modification of critical habitat.
    For inclusion in a critical habitat designation, the habitat within 
the geographical area occupied by the species at the time it was listed 
must contain physical and biological features which are essential to 
the conservation of the species and which may require special 
management considerations or protection. Critical habitat designations 
identify, to the extent known using the best scientific and commercial 
data available, those physical and biological features that are 
essential to the conservation of the species (such as space, food, 
cover, and protected habitat), focusing on the principal biological or 
physical constituent elements (primary constituent elements) within an 
area that are essential to the conservation of the species (such as 
roost sites, nesting grounds, seasonal wetlands, water quality, tide, 
soil type). We consider primary constituent elements to be the elements 
of physical and biological features within the species range that are 
essential to the conservation of the species. In the case of the Sonoma 
California tiger salamander, the primary constituent elements include 
those specific aquatic and upland habitats determined through use of 
our methodology and criteria as discussed below.
    Under the Act, we can designate critical habitat in areas outside 
the geographical area occupied by the species at the time it is listed, 
upon a determination that such areas are essential for the conservation 
of the species. We designate critical habitat in areas outside the 
geographical area occupied by a species only when a designation limited 
to its present range would be inadequate to ensure the conservation of 
the species. When the best available scientific data do not demonstrate 
that the conservation needs of the species require such additional 
areas, we will not designate critical habitat in areas outside the 
geographical area occupied by the species. An area currently occupied 
by the species but that was not occupied at the time of listing may, 
however, be essential to the conservation of the species and may be 
included in the critical habitat designation.
    Section 4 of the Act requires that we designate critical habitat on 
the basis of the best scientific and commercial data available. 
Further, our Policy on Information Standards Under the Endangered 
Species Act (published in the Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 
34271)), the Information Quality Act (section 515 of the Treasury and 
General Government Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2001 (Pub. L. 
106-554; H.R. 5658)), and our associated Information Quality 
Guidelines, provide criteria, establish procedures, and provide 
guidance to ensure that our decisions are based on the best scientific 
data available. They require our biologists, to the extent consistent 
with the Act and with the use of the best scientific data available, to 
use primary and original sources of information as the basis for 
recommendations to designate critical habitat.
    When we are determining which areas should be designated as 
critical habitat, our primary source of information is generally the 
information developed during the listing process for the species. 
Additional information sources may include the recovery plan for the 
species, articles in peer-reviewed journals, conservation plans 
developed by States and counties, scientific status surveys and 
studies, biological assessments, or other unpublished materials and 
expert opinion or personal knowledge.
    Habitat is dynamic, and species may move from one area to another 
over time. Climate change will be a particular challenge for 
biodiversity because the interaction of additional stressors associated 
with climate change and current stressors may push species beyond their 
ability to survive (Lovejoy 2005, pp. 325-326). The synergistic 
implications of climate change and habitat fragmentation are the most 
threatening facet of climate change for biodiversity (Hannah et al. 
2005, p. 4). Current climate change predictions for terrestrial areas 
in the Northern Hemisphere indicate warmer air temperatures, more 
intense precipitation events, and increased summer continental drying 
(Field et al. 1999, pp. 1-3; Hayhoe et al. 2004, p. 12422; Cayan et al. 
2005, p. 6; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2007, p. 
1181). Climate change may lead to increased frequency and duration of 
severe storms and droughts (Golladay et al. 2004, p. 504; McLaughlin et 
al. 2002, p. 6074; Cook et al. 2004, p. 1015).
    The information currently available on the effects of global 
climate change and increasing temperatures does not make sufficiently 
precise estimates of the location and magnitude of the effects. Nor are 
we currently aware of any climate change information specific to the 
habitat of the Sonoma California tiger salamander that would indicate 
what areas may become important to the species in the future. 
Therefore, we are unable to determine what additional areas, if any, 
may be appropriate to include in the final critical habitat for this 
species to address the effects of climate change.
    We recognize that critical habitat designated at a particular point 
in time may not include all of the habitat areas that we may later 
determine are necessary for the recovery of the species. For these 
reasons, a critical habitat designation does not signal that habitat 
outside the designated area is unimportant or may not be required for 
recovery of the species. Areas that are important to the conservation 
of the species, both inside and outside the critical habitat 
designation, will continue to be subject to: (1) Conservation actions 
implemented under section 7(a)(1) of the Act, (2) regulatory 
protections afforded by the requirement in section 7(a)(2) of the Act 
for Federal agencies to insure their actions are not likely to 
jeopardize the continued existence of any endangered or threatened 
species, and (3) the prohibitions of section 9 of the Act if actions 
occurring in these areas may affect the species. Federally funded or 
permitted projects affecting listed species outside their designated 
critical habitat areas may still result in jeopardy findings in some 
cases. These protections and conservation tools will continue to 
contribute to recovery of this species. Similarly, critical habitat 
designations made on the basis of the best available information at the 
time of designation will not control the direction and substance of 
future recovery plans, habitat conservation plans (HCPs), or other 
species conservation planning efforts if new information available at 
the time of

[[Page 54354]]

these planning efforts calls for a different outcome.

Physical and Biological Features

    In accordance with section 3(5)(A)(i) and 4(b)(1)(A) of the Act and 
regulations at 50 CFR 424.12, in determining which areas within the 
geographical area occupied at the time of listing to designate as 
critical habitat, we consider the physical and biological features 
essential to the conservation of the species and which may require 
special management considerations or protection. These include, but are 
not limited to:
    (1) Space for individual and population growth and for normal 
behavior;
    (2) Food, water, air, light, minerals, or other nutritional or 
physiological requirements;
    (3) Cover or shelter;
    (4) Sites for breeding, reproduction, or rearing (or development) 
of offspring; and
    (5) Habitats that are protected from disturbance or are 
representative of the historical, geographical, and ecological 
distributions of a species.
    We derive the specific physical and biological features required 
for the Sonoma California tiger salamander from studies of this 
species' habitat, ecology, and life history as described in the 
Critical Habitat section of the proposed rule to designate critical 
habitat published in the Federal Register on August 18, 2009 (74 FR 
41662), and in the information presented below. Additional information 
can be found in the final listing rule published in the Federal 
Register on March 19, 2003 (68 FR 13498). We have determined that the 
Sonoma California tiger salamander requires the following physical and 
biological features.
    The physical and biological features for the Sonoma population 
include:
    1. Aquatic habitat;
    2. Upland nonbreeding habitat with underground refugia; and
    3. Dispersal habitat connecting occupied Sonoma California tiger 
salamander locations.
Aquatic Habitat
    Standing bodies of fresh water (including natural and manmade 
(e.g., stock) ponds, vernal pools, and other ephemeral or permanent 
water bodies) that typically support inundation during winter rains and 
hold water for a minimum of 12 consecutive weeks in a year of average 
rainfall, are features that are essential for population breeding and 
for providing space, food, and cover necessary to sustain early life-
history stages of larval and juvenile Sonoma California tiger 
salamanders. The 12 consecutive-week time frame includes the onset of 
winter rains that initially fill pools or ponds and signal to adults to 
move to these areas for breeding. Spring rains maintain pool 
inundation, allowing larvae the time in the water that is needed to 
grow into metamorphosed juveniles so that they can then become capable 
of surviving in upland habitats. During periods of drought or less-
than-average rainfall, these sites may not hold water long enough for 
individuals to complete metamorphosis; however, these sites still meet 
the definition of critical habitat for the species because they 
constitute breeding habitat in years of average rainfall. Without areas 
that have these essential features, the Sonoma California tiger 
salamander would not survive, continue to reproduce, and develop 
juveniles that grow into adult salamanders to complete their life 
cycles.
Upland Nonbreeding Habitat With Underground Refugia
    Upland habitats containing underground refugia have features that 
are essential for the survival of adult salamanders and juvenile 
salamanders that have recently undergone metamorphosis. Adult and 
juvenile Sonoma California tiger salamanders are primarily terrestrial. 
Adult Sonoma California tiger salamanders enter aquatic habitats only 
for relatively short periods of time to breed. For the majority of 
their life cycle, Sonoma California tiger salamanders depend on upland 
habitats containing underground refugia in the form of small mammal 
burrows or other underground structures for their survival. These 
burrows provide protection from the hot, dry weather typical of 
California in the nonbreeding season. Sonoma California tiger 
salamanders also find food in these refugia and rely on them for 
protection from predators. The presence of small burrowing mammal 
populations is a key element for the survival of Sonoma California 
tiger salamanders, because the small mammals construct burrows that are 
then used by Sonoma California tiger salamanders. Because Sonoma 
California tiger salamanders do not construct burrows of their own, 
without the continuing presence of small mammal burrows in upland 
habitats, Sonoma California tiger salamanders would not be able to 
survive.
Dispersal Habitat Connecting Occupied Sonoma California Tiger 
Salamander Locations
    Dispersal habitat for this species is upland area adjacent to 
aquatic habitats, which provides connectivity among suitable Sonoma 
California tiger salamander aquatic breeding and upland nonbreeding 
habitats. Even though Sonoma California tiger salamanders can bypass 
many obstacles and do not require a particular type of habitat for 
dispersal, the areas connecting habitats with the essential aquatic and 
upland features need to be accessible (no physical or biological 
attributes that prevent access to adjacent areas) to function 
effectively as dispersal habitat. Agricultural lands, such as row 
crops, orchards, vineyards, and pastures, do not constitute barriers to 
the dispersal of Sonoma California tiger salamanders; however, a busy 
highway or freeway may constitute a barrier. The extent to which any 
attribute is a barrier is a function of the specific geography of the 
area and the extent to which the attribute limits salamander access to 
suitable aquatic and upland habitat.
    Dispersal habitat is needed for the conservation of the Sonoma 
California tiger salamander. Protecting the ability of Sonoma 
California tiger salamanders to move freely across the landscape in 
search of suitable aquatic and upland habitats is essential for 
maintaining gene flow and for recolonization of sites where Sonoma 
California tiger salamanders may have become temporarily extirpated. 
Lifetime reproductive success for the California tiger salamander and 
other tiger salamanders may be naturally low. Trenham et al. (2000, p. 
372) found that the average female bred 1.4 times over her lifetime and 
produced 8.5 young that survived to metamorphosis, per reproductive 
effort. This reproduction results in approximately 12 metamorphic 
offspring over the lifetime of a female. In part, this low reproductive 
rate may be due to the extended time that it takes California tiger 
salamanders to reach sexual maturity; most do not breed until 4 or 5 
years of age. While individuals may survive for more than 10 years, it 
appears that many individuals breed only once in their lifetime. This 
presumed low breeding rate combined with a hypothesized low 
survivorship of metamorphosed individuals, indicate that reproductive 
output may be only barely sufficient to maintain populations of 
California tiger salamanders.

[[Page 54355]]

    Dispersal habitats help to preserve the population structure of the 
Sonoma California tiger salamander. The life history and ecology of the 
Sonoma California tiger salamander indicate that it is likely that this 
species has a metapopulation structure. A metapopulation is a set of 
populations within an area that are linked by immigration and 
emigration. Migration from one local occurrence or breeding site to 
other areas containing suitable habitat is possible, but may not be 
routine (Trenham 1998, p. 42; Trenham et al. 2001, p. 3519). Movement 
(dispersal) between areas containing suitable upland and aquatic 
habitats may be restricted due to inhospitable conditions around and 
between areas of suitable habitats. Because many of the areas of 
suitable habitat may be small and support small numbers of salamanders, 
local extirpation in these small areas may be common. The persistence 
of a metapopulation depends on the combined dynamics of local 
extinctions and the subsequent recolonization of areas through 
dispersal (Hanski and Gilpin 1991, pp. 7-9; Hanski 1994, p. 151).
Primary Constituent Elements for the Sonoma California Tiger Salamander
    Under the Act and its implementing regulations, we are required to 
identify the physical and biological features essential to the 
conservation of Sonoma California tiger salamanders in areas occupied 
at the time of listing, focusing on the features' primary constituent 
elements. We consider primary constituent elements (PCEs) to be the 
elements of physical and biological features that provide for the 
species' life-history processes and are essential to the conservation 
of the species.
    Based on our current knowledge of the physical or biological 
features and habitat characteristics required to sustain the species' 
life-history processes, we determine that the PCEs specific to Sonoma 
California tiger salamanders are:
    (1) Standing bodies of fresh water (including natural and manmade 
(e.g., stock) ponds, vernal pools, and other ephemeral or permanent 
water bodies) that typically support inundation during winter and early 
spring, and hold water for a minimum of 12 consecutive weeks in a year 
of average rainfall.
    (2) Upland habitats adjacent to and accessible from breeding ponds 
that contain small mammal burrows or other underground refugia that the 
species depends upon for food, shelter, and protection from the 
elements and predation.
    (3) Accessible upland dispersal habitat between locations occupied 
by the species that allow for movement between such sites.
    With this designation of critical habitat, we intend to identify 
the physical and biological features essential to the conservation of 
the species, through the identification of the primary constituent 
elements on the landscape sufficient to support the life-history 
processes of the species. The specific area designated as critical 
habitat in this final designation is currently occupied by the Sonoma 
California tiger salamander and contains the physical and biological 
features essential to the conservation of the species.

Special Management Considerations or Protection

    When designating critical habitat, we assess whether the specific 
areas within the geographical area occupied by the species at the time 
of listing contain the features that are essential to the conservation 
of the species and which may require special management considerations 
or protection. Within the single unit proposed as critical habitat in 
this final designation, we find that the features essential to the 
conservation of the Sonoma California tiger salamander may require 
special management considerations or protection to ameliorate the 
threats outlined below:
    1. Activities that would threaten the suitability of Sonoma 
California tiger salamander breeding ponds, such as introduction of 
nonnative predators, including nonnative bullfrogs and nonnative fish;
    2. Activities that could disturb or disrupt the hydrology of 
aquatic breeding habitat, such as heavy equipment operation (e.g., 
bulldozers or deep ripping), ground disturbance (e.g., discing), 
maintenance projects (e.g., pipelines, roads, power lines), land 
conversion to vineyards, off-road travel, or recreation;
    3. Activities that impair the water quality of aquatic breeding 
habitat (e.g., pesticides, increased nitrogen input through recycled 
water or dairy operations);
    4. Activities that would reduce small mammal populations or their 
burrows to the point that there are insufficient underground refugia, 
which are used by Sonoma California tiger salamanders for foraging, 
protection from predators, and shelter from the elements (e.g., 
discing, deep ripping, land conversion to vineyards, rodent control in 
existing vineyards); and
    5. Activities that create barriers impassable by salamanders, or 
those activities that increase mortality in upland dispersal habitat 
between extant breeding occurrences.
    In the case of the Sonoma California tiger salamander, natural 
repopulation of sites where the Sonoma California tiger salamander has 
been extirpated is likely not possible without human assistance and 
landowner cooperation. Examples of such proactive activities that 
benefit the Sonoma California tiger salamander include enhancement or 
creation of breeding ponds and control of nonnative predators. These 
are the types of proactive, voluntary conservation efforts that are 
necessary to prevent the extinction and promote the recovery of many 
other species as well (Wilcove and Lee 2004, p. 639; Shogren et al. 
1999, p. 1260; Wilcove and Chen 1998, p. 1407; Wilcove et al. 1996, pp. 
3-5).

Criteria Used To Identify Critical Habitat

    As required by section 4(b)(1)(A) of the Act, we used the best 
scientific and commercial data available to designate critical habitat. 
We reviewed available information pertaining to the habitat 
requirements of this species. In accordance with the Act and its 
implementing regulation at 50 CFR 424.12(e), we considered whether 
designating additional areas--outside those currently occupied as well 
as those occupied at the time of listing--are necessary to ensure the 
conservation of the species. We are designating critical habitat only 
in areas within the geographical area occupied by the species at the 
time of listing in 2003. We are not designating any areas outside the 
geographical area occupied by the species because the occupied area is 
sufficient for the conservation of the species.
    In the 2009 proposed rule, we reviewed the overall approach to the 
conservation of the Sonoma California tiger salamander undertaken by 
local, State, and Federal agencies operating within the species' range 
within Sonoma County, and those efforts related to the Conservation 
Strategy being undertaken by the resource agencies, local governments, 
and representatives from the environmental and building communities.
    We based the extent of the proposed critical habitat for the Sonoma 
California tiger salamander on historical and current range of the 
species, as well as the Conservation Strategy. Historical records for 
the species and its habitat have been documented throughout the Santa 
Rosa Plain and into the Petaluma

[[Page 54356]]

River watershed. Major water courses or floodplains were used to 
delineate boundaries where information on their location and extent was 
available. In addition, we used aerial photography to examine 
historical and current habitat as well as land use patterns.
    We also reviewed available information that pertains to the upland 
and aquatic habitat requirements of this species. Based on the best 
available information, we included areas where the species historically 
occurred, or currently occurs, or has the potential to occur based on 
the suitability of habitat. We identified areas that represent the 
range of environmental, ecological, and genetic variation of the Sonoma 
California tiger salamander, and contain the necessary PCEs (see 
Primary Constituent Elements for the Sonoma California Tiger 
Salamander, above).
    After identifying the PCEs, we used the PCEs in combination with 
information on Sonoma California tiger salamander locations, geographic 
distribution, vegetation, topography, geology, soils, distribution of 
Sonoma California tiger salamander occurrences within and between 
vernal pool types, watersheds, current land uses, scientific 
information on the biology and ecology of the Sonoma California tiger 
salamander, and conservation principles to identify essential habitat 
in the proposed rule. As a result of this process, the critical habitat 
unit possesses both aquatic and upland habitat types that exhibit a 
range of topography, landscape features, and surrounding land uses that 
are representative of the geographical range and environmental 
variability of habitat for the Sonoma California tiger salamander.
    The critical habitat unit in this final designation was delineated 
by digitizing a polygon (map unit) using ArcView (Environmental Systems 
Research Institute, Inc.) GIS program. The polygon was created by 
modifying the Potential Range of the Sonoma Santa Rosa Plain 
Conservation Strategy California tiger salamander polygon as identified 
in the Map (California Department of Fish and Game 2005, p. 1). We 
evaluated the historic and current geographic range and potential 
suitable habitat, and identified areas not containing PCEs (see Primary 
Constituent Elements for the Sonoma California Tiger Salamander) in 
this final designation.
    When determining critical habitat boundaries within this final 
rule, we made every effort to avoid including developed areas such as 
lands covered by buildings, pavement, and other structures because such 
lands lack physical and biological features for the Sonoma California 
tiger salamander. The scale of the maps we prepared under the 
parameters for publication within the Code of Federal Regulations may 
not reflect the exclusion of such developed lands. Any such lands 
inadvertently left inside critical habitat boundaries shown on the maps 
of this final rule have been excluded by text in the rule and are not 
designated as critical habitat. Therefore, a Federal action involving 
these lands will not trigger section 7 consultation with respect to 
critical habitat and the requirement of no adverse modification unless 
the specific action would affect the physical and biological features 
in the adjacent critical habitat.
    We are designating as critical habitat lands that we have 
determined were occupied at the time of listing and contain sufficient 
physical and biological features to support life-history processes 
essential for the conservation of the Sonoma California tiger 
salamander. Furthermore, we have determined that the areas we are 
designating as critical habitat in this final rule are essential for 
the conservation of the species.

Final Critical Habitat Designation

    We are designating a single unit as critical habitat for the Sonoma 
California tiger salamander. The critical habitat area described below 
constitutes our best assessment at this time of the area that meets the 
definition of critical habitat. The single unit (Santa Rosa Plain Unit) 
is within the geographical area occupied at the time of listing.
Santa Rosa Plain Unit
    This unit is located on the Santa Rosa Plain in central Sonoma 
County and contains approximately 47,383 ac (19,175 ha), which includes 
745 ac (301 ha) of State lands, 744 ac (301 ha) of city lands, 498 ac 
(202 ha) of county lands, 9 ac (4 ha) of individually owned tribal 
trust land, and 45,387 ac (18,367 ha) of private lands. No Federal 
lands are included in this proposed unit. The unit is partially 
bordered on the west by the generalized eastern boundary of the 100-
year Laguna de Santa Rosa floodplain, on the southwest by Hensley Road, 
on the south by Pepper Road (northwest of Petaluma), on the east 
generally by and near Petaluma Hill Road or by the urban centers of 
Santa Rosa and Rohnert Park, and on the north by the Town of Windsor.
    This unit is characterized by vernal pools, seasonal wetlands, and 
associated grassland habitat. This unit contains the physical and 
biological features essential to the conservation of the Sonoma 
California tiger salamander, and is within the geographical area 
occupied at the time of listing. The critical habitat unit supports 
vernal pool complexes and manmade ponds that are currently known to 
support breeding Sonoma California tiger salamanders (PCE 1), upland 
habitats with underground refugia (PCE 2), and upland dispersal habitat 
allowing movement between occupied sites (PCE 3). A segment of the 100-
year floodplain that is located between the Stony Point Conservation 
Area (near Wilfred Avenue) and the Northwest Cotati Conservation Area 
(near Nahmens Road) is included within the final designation to prevent 
fragmentation of the northern and southern breeding concentrations 
within the unit, by allowing for potential dispersal and genetic 
exchange.
    The physical and biological features essential to the conservation 
of the Sonoma California tiger salamander may require special 
management considerations or protection to minimize impacts from 
nonnative predators on otherwise suitable breeding habitat, disturbance 
of aquatic breeding habitats, activities that impair the water quality 
of aquatic breeding habitat, activities that reduce underground 
refugia, creation of impassable barriers, and disruption of vernal pool 
complex processes (see Special Management Considerations or Protections 
section above). Primary threats to the Sonoma California tiger 
salamander include habitat destruction, degradation, and fragmentation. 
Secondary threats include predation and competition from introduced 
exotic species, possible commercial overutilization, disease, 
hybridization with nonnative salamanders, various chemical 
contaminants, road-crossing mortality, and rodent control operations. 
The Sonoma California tiger salamander is also vulnerable to chance 
environmental or demographic events (to which small populations are 
particularly vulnerable). The combination of the Sonoma California 
tiger salamander biology and its specific habitat requirements makes 
this animal highly susceptible to random events, such as drought or 
disease. Such events are not usually a concern until the number of 
breeding sites, refugia habitat, or geographic distribution become 
severely limited, as is the case with the Sonoma California tiger 
salamander.
    General land use in the unit includes urban and rural development, 
which has taken place for over 100 years in this area. For the past 25 
years, urban growth has encroached into areas

[[Page 54357]]

inhabited by the Sonoma California tiger salamander. Voters in the 
cities of Cotati, Rohnert Park, and Santa Rosa have established urban 
growth boundaries for their communities. This is intended to accomplish 
the goal of city-centered growth, resulting in rural and agricultural 
land uses being maintained between the urbanized areas. Therefore, it 
can be reasonably expected that rural land uses will continue into the 
foreseeable future. There are also acreages of publicly owned property 
and preserves located in the Santa Rosa Plain, which will further 
protect against development. Some of the areas within these urban 
growth boundaries, however, include lands inhabited by Sonoma 
California tiger salamanders. Agricultural practices, including 
discing, have also disturbed seasonal wetlands and upland habitat on 
the Santa Rosa Plain. However, some agricultural practices, such as 
grazed pasture, have protected habitat from intensive development.
    Conservation planning efforts for the Sonoma California tiger 
salamander include the development of the Conservation Strategy by the 
Conservation Strategy Team, which was made up of representatives of 
government agencies and interested parties. The Conservation Strategy 
identifies specific areas that are likely to contribute the most for 
the conservation, survival, and recovery of the Sonoma California tiger 
salamander. There are eight conservation areas and one Southwest Santa 
Rosa Preserve System that are important to the long-term survival and 
recovery of the Sonoma California tiger salamander. The purpose of the 
conservation areas is to ensure that preservation occurs throughout the 
range of the Sonoma California tiger salamander. The designation of 
conservation areas is based upon the following factors: (1) Known 
distribution of Sonoma California tiger salamander, (2) presence of 
suitable Sonoma California tiger salamander habitat, (3) presence of 
large blocks of natural or restorable land, and (4) adjacency to 
existing preserves. These areas are essential for the Sonoma California 
tiger salamander, support the critical habitat primary constituent 
elements, and encompass the majority of all known occurrences of the 
Sonoma California tiger salamander. The critical habitat unit is larger 
than the conservation areas described and provides for potential 
dispersal and expansion opportunities of local Sonoma California tiger 
salamander populations, and the critical habitat unit includes areas 
that may be restored from incompatible land management.
    Although the Conservation Strategy was drafted in 2005, to date, 
local governmental agencies have not yet been able to complete the 
implementing ordinances. However, the Service has incorporated many of 
the recommendations and concepts of the Conservation Strategy in the 
Programmatic Biological Opinion to benefit the Sonoma California tiger 
salamander.
    Several conservation and mitigation banks have been established 
within the areas identified for conservation, and many are protected by 
a conservation easement or are owned by the California Department of 
Fish and Game. Additionally, the banks are all managed to benefit the 
Sonoma California tiger salamander.
    In the January 18, 2011, revised proposed rule (76 FR 2863), we 
indicated that in the final rule we may consider exclusion of all or 
some of the Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria of California's 252-
ac (102-ha) parcel of tribal trust land that overlapped proposed 
critical habitat. We noted the potential exclusion would occur under 
section 4(b)(2) of the Act. We are now excluding the 252-ac (102-ha) 
parcel under section 4(b)(2) of the Act. Further discussion is provided 
below in the section Exclusions Based on Other Relevant Impacts.

Effects of Critical Habitat Designation

Section 7 Consultation

    Section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires Federal agencies, including the 
Service, to ensure that any action they fund, authorize, or carry out 
is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any endangered 
species or threatened species or result in the destruction or adverse 
modification of designated critical habitat of such species. In 
addition, section 7(a)(4) of the Act requires Federal agencies to 
confer with the Service on any agency action which is likely to 
jeopardize the continued existence of any species proposed to be listed 
under the Act or result in the destruction or adverse modification of 
proposed critical habitat.
    Decisions by the 5th and 9th Circuit Courts of Appeals have 
invalidated our regulatory definition of ``destruction or adverse 
modification'' (50 CFR 402.02) (see Gifford Pinchot Task Force v. U.S. 
Fish and Wildlife Service, 378 F. 3d 1059 (9th Cir. 2004) and Sierra 
Club v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service et al., 245 F.3d 434, 442 (5th 
Cir. 2001)), and we do not rely on this regulatory definition when 
analyzing whether an action is likely to destroy or adversely modify 
critical habitat. Under the statutory provisions of the Act, we 
determine destruction or adverse modification on the basis of whether, 
with implementation of the proposed Federal action, the affected 
critical habitat would continue to serve its intended conservation role 
for the species.
    If a Federal action may affect a listed species or its critical 
habitat, the responsible Federal agency (action agency) must enter into 
consultation with us. Examples of actions that are subject to the 
section 7 consultation process are actions on State, tribal, local, or 
private lands that require a Federal permit (such as a permit from the 
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers under section 404 of the Clean Water Act 
(33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.) or a permit from the Service under section 10 
of the Act) or that involve some other Federal action (such as funding 
from the Federal Highway Administration, Federal Aviation 
Administration, or the Federal Emergency Management Agency). Federal 
actions not affecting listed species or critical habitat, and actions 
on State, tribal, local, or private lands that are not federally funded 
or authorized, do not require section 7 consultation.
    As a result of section 7 consultation, we document compliance with 
the requirements of section 7(a)(2) through our issuance of:
    (1) A concurrence letter for Federal actions that may affect, but 
are not likely to adversely affect, listed species or critical habitat; 
or
    (2) A biological opinion for Federal actions that may affect, or 
are likely to adversely affect, listed species or critical habitat.
    When we issue a biological opinion concluding that a project is 
likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a listed species and/or 
destroy or adversely modify critical habitat, we provide reasonable and 
prudent alternatives to the project, if any are identifiable, that 
would avoid the likelihood of jeopardy and/or destruction or adverse 
modification of critical habitat. We define ``reasonable and prudent 
alternatives'' (at 50 CFR 402.02) as alternative actions identified 
during consultation that:
    (1) Can be implemented in a manner consistent with the intended 
purpose of the action,
    (2) Can be implemented consistent with the scope of the Federal 
agency's legal authority and jurisdiction,
    (3) Are economically and technologically feasible, and
    (4) Would, in the Director's opinion, avoid the likelihood of 
jeopardizing the

[[Page 54358]]

continued existence of the listed species and/or avoid the likelihood 
of destroying or adversely modifying critical habitat.
    Reasonable and prudent alternatives can vary from slight project 
modifications to extensive redesign or relocation of the project. Costs 
associated with implementing a reasonable and prudent alternative are 
similarly variable.
    Regulations at 50 CFR 402.16 require Federal agencies to reinitiate 
consultation on previously reviewed actions in instances where we have 
listed a new species or subsequently designated critical habitat that 
may be affected and the Federal agency has retained discretionary 
involvement or control over the action (or the agency's discretionary 
involvement or control is authorized by law). Consequently, Federal 
agencies sometimes may need to request reinitiation of consultation 
with us on actions for which formal consultation has been completed, if 
those actions with discretionary involvement or control may affect 
subsequently listed species or designated critical habitat.

Application of the ``Adverse Modification'' Standard

    The key factor related to the adverse modification determination is 
whether, with implementation of the proposed Federal action, the 
affected critical habitat would continue to serve its intended 
conservation role for the species. Activities that may destroy or 
adversely modify critical habitat are those that alter the physical and 
biological features to an extent that appreciably reduces the 
conservation value of critical habitat for the Sonoma California tiger 
salamander. As discussed above, the role of critical habitat is to 
support life-history needs of the species and provide for the 
conservation of the species.
    Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires us to briefly evaluate and 
describe, in any proposed or final regulation that designates critical 
habitat, activities involving a Federal action that may destroy or 
adversely modify such habitat, or that may be affected by such 
designation.
    Examples of activities that, when authorized, funded, or carried 
out by a Federal agency, may affect critical habitat and therefore 
should result in consultation for the Sonoma California tiger 
salamander include, but are not limited to:
    (1) Actions that would compromise the function of vernal pools, 
swales, ponds (natural and manmade), and other seasonal wetlands as 
described in the Primary Constituent Elements for the Sonoma California 
Tiger Salamander section (see PCE 1). Such activities could include, 
but are not limited to, constructing new structures, vineyards, and 
roads; discing; grading; and activities resulting in water diversion. 
These activities could destroy Sonoma California tiger salamander 
breeding sites, alter the hydrological regime necessary for successful 
larval metamorphosis, and eliminate or reduce the habitat necessary for 
the growth and reproduction of the Sonoma California tiger salamander.
    (2) Actions that would significantly affect water quality, 
chemistry, or temperature. Such activities could include, but are not 
limited to, the release of chemicals, biological pollutants, or heated 
effluents into the surface water or connected ground water. These 
activities could alter water conditions to levels that are beyond the 
tolerances of one or more life stages of the Sonoma California tiger 
salamander and could thereby result in direct or cumulative adverse 
effects.
    (3) Actions that would significantly fragment and isolate aquatic 
and upland habitat. Such activities could include, but are not limited 
to, constructing new structures and new roads. These activities could 
limit or prevent the dispersal of Sonoma California tiger salamanders 
from breeding sites to upland habitat, or vice versa, due to barriers 
to movement, including structures, certain types of curbs, or increased 
traffic density. These activities could compromise the metapopulation 
structure of the Sonoma population by reducing opportunities for 
recolonization of some sites that may have experienced natural local 
extinctions.
    (4) Actions that would significantly compromise upland habitat 
function and value that provides food, cover or dispersal opportunities 
for the Sonoma California tiger salamander. Such activities could 
include, but are not limited to, use of rodenticides or insecticides, 
discing, deep ripping, and grading. These activities could eliminate or 
reduce the availability of subsurface refugia, or could reduce or 
eliminate the prey species required for the survival of adult and 
juvenile Sonoma California tiger salamanders.

Exemptions

Application of Section 4(a)(3) of the Act

    The Sikes Act Improvement Amendment of 1997 (Sikes Act) (16 U.S.C. 
670a) required each military installation that includes land and water 
suitable for the conservation and management of natural resources to 
complete an integrated natural resources management plan (INRMP) by 
November 17, 2001. An INRMP integrates implementation of the military 
mission of the installation with stewardship of the natural resources 
found on the base. Each INRMP includes:
    (1) An assessment of the ecological needs on the installation, 
including the need to provide for the conservation of listed species;
    (2) A statement of goals and priorities;
    (3) A detailed description of management actions to be implemented 
to provide for these ecological needs; and
    (4) A monitoring and adaptive management plan.
    Among other things, each INRMP must, to the extent appropriate and 
applicable, provide for fish and wildlife management; fish and wildlife 
habitat enhancement or modification; wetland protection, enhancement, 
and restoration where necessary to support fish and wildlife; and 
enforcement of applicable natural resource laws.
    The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004 (Pub. 
L. 108-136) amended the Act to limit areas eligible for designation as 
critical habitat. Specifically, section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act (16 
U.S.C. 1533(a)(3)(B)(i)) now provides: ``The Secretary shall not 
designate as critical habitat any lands or other geographical areas 
owned or controlled by the Department of Defense, or designated for its 
use, that are subject to an integrated natural resources management 
plan prepared under section 101 of the Sikes Act (16 U.S.C. 670a), if 
the Secretary determines in writing that such plan provides a benefit 
to the species for which critical habitat is proposed for 
designation.''
    There are no Department of Defense lands within the proposed 
critical habitat designation. Therefore, we are not exempting lands 
from this final designation of critical habitat for the Sonoma 
California tiger salamander pursuant to section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the 
Act.

Exclusions

Application of Section 4(b)(2) of the Act

    Section 4(b)(2) of the Act states that the Secretary shall 
designate and make revisions to critical habitat on the basis of the 
best available scientific data after taking into consideration the 
economic impact, national security impact, and any other relevant 
impact of specifying any particular area as critical habitat. The 
Secretary may exclude an area from critical habitat if he determines 
that the

[[Page 54359]]

benefits of such exclusion outweigh the benefits of specifying such 
area as part of the critical habitat, unless he determines, based on 
the best scientific data available, that the failure to designate such 
area as critical habitat will result in the extinction of the species. 
In making that determination, the statute on its face, as well as the 
legislative history, are clear that the Secretary has broad discretion 
regarding which factor(s) to use and how much weight to give to any 
factor.
    Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we may exclude an area from 
designated critical habitat based on economic impacts, impacts on 
national security, or any other relevant impacts. In considering 
whether to exclude a particular area from the designation, we must 
identify the benefits of including the area in the designation, 
identify the benefits of excluding the area from the designation, and 
determine whether the benefits of exclusion outweigh the benefits of 
inclusion. If the analysis indicates that the benefits of exclusion 
outweigh the benefits of inclusion, the Secretary may exercise his 
discretion to exclude the area only if such exclusion would not result 
in the extinction of the species.
    When considering the benefits of inclusion for an area, we consider 
the additional regulatory benefits that area would receive from the 
protection from adverse modification or destruction as a result of 
actions with a Federal nexus; the educational benefits of mapping 
critical habitat for recovery of the listed species; and any benefits 
that may result from a designation due to State or Federal laws that 
may apply to critical habitat.
    When considering the benefits of exclusion, we consider, among 
other things, whether exclusion of a specific area is likely to result 
in conservation; the continuation, strengthening, or encouragement of 
partnerships; or implementation of a management plan that provides 
equal to or more conservation than a critical habitat designation would 
provide.
    In the case of the Sonoma California tiger salamander, the benefits 
of critical habitat include public awareness of Sonoma California tiger 
salamander presence and the importance of habitat protection, and in 
cases where a Federal nexus exists, increased habitat protection for 
the Sonoma California tiger salamander due to the protection from 
adverse modification or destruction of critical habitat. Since the 
Sonoma California tiger salamander was listed in 2003, numerous 
projects on privately owned lands have had a Federal nexus that 
triggered consultation under section 7 of the Act. Since completion of 
the Programmatic Biological Opinion, permitted projects have 
compensated for effects to Sonoma California tiger salamanders 
resulting in conservation for the Sonoma California tiger salamander.
    When we evaluate the value of a conservation plan in considering 
the benefits of exclusion, we consider a variety of factors, including 
but not limited to, whether the plan is finalized; how it provides for 
the conservation of the essential physical and biological features; 
whether there is a reasonable expectation that the conservation 
management strategies and actions contained in a conservation plan will 
be implemented into the future; whether the conservation strategies in 
the plan are likely to be effective; and whether the plan contains a 
monitoring program or adaptive management to ensure that the 
conservation measures are effective and can be adapted in the future in 
response to new information.
    After identifying the benefits of inclusion and the benefits of 
exclusion, we carefully weigh the benefits of inclusion and the 
benefits of exclusion to evaluate whether the benefits of exclusion 
outweigh those of inclusion. If our analysis indicates that the 
benefits of exclusion outweigh the benefits of inclusion, we then 
determine whether exclusion would result in extinction. If exclusion of 
an area from critical habitat will result in extinction, we will not 
exclude it from the designation.
    Based on the information provided by entities seeking exclusion, as 
well as any additional public comments received, we evaluated whether 
certain lands in the proposed critical habitat were appropriate for 
exclusion from this final designation pursuant to section 4(b)(2) of 
the Act. The Secretary has determined to exercise his discretion to 
exclude approximately 252 ac (102 ha) of tribal trust lands belonging 
to the Federated Indians of the Graton Rancheria (Tribe) from critical 
habitat designation for the Sonoma California tiger salamander. These 
lands are excluded because the Secretary determined that:
    (1) The conservation value of the lands and essential features 
contained therein will be preserved for the foreseeable future by 
existing or future protective actions;
    (2) It is appropriate for exclusion under the ``other relevant 
factor'' provisions of section 4(b)(2) of the Act, as the benefits of 
excluding these lands outweigh the benefit of including these lands in 
the designation, and exclusion will not lead to the extinction of the 
species; and
    (3) The exclusion will foster continuation, strengthening, and 
encouragement of partnerships.
    We take into consideration our partnership and existing 
conservation actions that the Tribe has implemented or are currently 
implementing when conducting our analysis under section 4(b)(2) of the 
Act in this final critical habitat designation. We also take into 
consideration conservation actions that are planned as part of our on-
going commitment to the government-to-government relationship with 
tribes. Section 4(b)(2) of the Act allows the Secretary to exclude 
areas from critical habitat based on economic or other relevant impacts 
if the Secretary determines that the benefits of such exclusion 
outweigh the benefits of designating the area as critical habitat. 
However, an exclusion cannot occur if it will result in the extinction 
of the species concerned. For further explanation of the exclusion of 
approximately 252 ac (102 ha) of tribal trust lands belonging to the 
Federated Indians of the Graton Rancheria see ``Exclusions Based on 
Other Relevant Impacts'' section below.
Exclusions Based on Economic Impacts
    Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we consider the economic impacts 
of specifying any particular area as critical habitat. In order to 
consider economic impacts, we prepared a draft economic analysis of the 
proposed critical habitat designation and related factors (IEC 2010). 
The draft economic analysis, dated December 3, 2010, was made available 
for public review and comment from January 18, 2011, through February 
17, 2011 (76 FR 2863) and again from June 21, 2011, through July 5, 
2011 (76 FR 36068). Following the close of the two comment periods, a 
final economic analysis (dated July 27 2011) of the potential economic 
effects of the designation was developed taking into consideration the 
public comments and any new information (IEC 2011). In the final 
economic analysis, an addendum covers the potential economic impacts of 
including the Roblar Road addition in the final critical habitat 
designation.
    The intent of the final economic analysis (FEA) is to quantify the 
economic impacts of all potential conservation efforts for the Sonoma 
California tiger salamander. Some of these costs will likely be 
incurred regardless of whether we designate critical habitat; these are 
baseline costs. The economic impact of the final critical habitat 
designation is analyzed by comparing both ``with critical habitat'' and 
``without critical habitat''

[[Page 54360]]

scenarios. The ``without critical habitat'' scenario represents the 
baseline for the analysis, considering protections already in place for 
the species (e.g., under the Federal listing and other Federal, State, 
and local regulations). The baseline, therefore, represents the costs 
incurred regardless of whether critical habitat is designated. The 
``with critical habitat'' scenario describes the incremental impacts 
associated specifically with the designation of critical habitat for 
the species. The incremental conservation efforts and associated 
impacts are those not expected to occur absent the designation of 
critical habitat for the species. In other words, the incremental costs 
are those attributable solely to the designation of critical habitat 
above and beyond the baseline costs; these are the costs we consider in 
the final designation of critical habitat. The analysis looks 
retrospectively at baseline impacts incurred since the species was 
listed, and forecasts both baseline and incremental impacts likely to 
occur with the designation of critical habitat.
    The FEA also addresses how potential economic impacts are likely to 
be distributed, including an assessment of any local or regional 
impacts of habitat conservation and the potential effects of 
conservation activities on government agencies, private businesses, and 
individuals. The FEA measures lost economic efficiency associated with 
residential and commercial development and public projects and 
activities, such as economic impacts on water management and 
transportation projects, Federal lands, small entities, and the energy 
industry. Decision-makers can use this information to assess whether 
the effects of the designation might unduly burden a particular group 
or economic sector. Finally, the FEA looks qualitatively at costs that 
have been incurred since 2003 (year of the species' listing) (68 FR 
13498; March 19, 2003), and considers those costs that may occur in the 
25 years following the designation of critical habitat, which has been 
determined to be the appropriate period for analysis because limited 
planning information is available for most activities to forecast 
activity levels for projects beyond a 25-year timeframe. The FEA 
quantifies economic impacts of the Sonoma California tiger salamander 
conservation efforts associated with the following categories of 
activity: (1) Commercial and residential development, (2) 
transportation projects, and (3) utility and pipeline construction and 
maintenance activities. In addition, the FEA identifies potential 
economic impacts to agriculture and mitigation banks, but concludes 
that these activities are not likely to incur measurable economic 
impacts as a result of the designation of critical habitat.
    Our economic analysis did not identify any disproportionate costs 
that are likely to result from the designation, and the incremental 
impacts stem entirely from the administrative cost of Section 7 
consultation. Consequently, we have determined not to exert our 
discretion to exclude any areas from this designation of critical 
habitat for the Sonoma California tiger salamander based on economic 
impacts.
    A copy of the FEA with supporting documents may be obtained by 
contacting the Sacramento Fish and Wildlife Office (see ADDRESSES) or 
by downloading from the Internet at http://www.regulations.gov.
Exclusions Based on National Security Impacts
    Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we consider whether there are 
lands owned or managed by the Department of Defense where a national 
security impact might exist. In preparing this final rule, we have 
determined that the lands within the designation of critical habitat 
for the Sonoma California tiger salamander are not owned or managed by 
the Department of Defense, and, therefore, we anticipate no impact on 
national security. Consequently, the Secretary is not exerting his 
discretion to exclude any areas from this final designation based on 
impacts on national security.
Exclusions Based on Other Relevant Impacts
    Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we consider any other relevant 
impacts, in addition to economic impacts and impacts on national 
security. We consider a number of factors, including whether the 
landowners have developed any HCPs or other management plans for the 
area, or whether there are conservation partnerships that would be 
encouraged by designation of, or exclusion from, critical habitat. In 
addition, we look at any tribal issues, and consider the government-to-
government relationship of the United States with tribal entities. We 
also consider any social impacts that might occur because of the 
designation.
    Table 1 below provides approximate areas of lands that meet the 
definition of critical habitat, but are excluded under section 4(b)(2) 
of the Act from this final critical habitat rule.

            Table 1--Exemptions and Areas Excluded by Critical Habitat Unit in This Final Designation
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                      Areas meeting the
                                                     Basis for     definition of critical    Areas exempted or
             Unit                Specific area      exclusion/        habitat in acres       excluded in acres
                                                     exemption           (hectares)              (hectares)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Santa Rosa Plain.............  Lands Owned and   Section 4(b)(2)   252 ac (102 ha).......  252 ac (102 ha).
                                Managed by the    of the Act;
                                Federated         Graton
                                Indians of        Rancheria
                                Graton            Natural
                                Rancheria.        Resources
                                                  Management Plan.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Land and Resource Management Plans, Conservation Plans, or Agreements 
Based on Conservation Partnerships
    We consider a current land management or conservation plan (HCPs as 
well as other types) to provide adequate management or protection if it 
meets the following criteria:
    (1) The plan is complete and provides the same or better level of 
protection for the species and features essential to its conservation 
than that provided by critical habitat designation;
    (2) There is a reasonable expectation that the conservation 
management strategies and actions will be implemented for the 
foreseeable future, based on past practices, written guidance, or 
regulations; and
    (3) The plan provides conservation strategies and measures 
consistent with currently accepted principles of conservation biology 
and that these measures will be effective in conserving the species.
    We believe that the Graton Rancheria Natural Resources Management 
Plan

[[Page 54361]]

fulfills the above criteria, and are excluding non-Federal lands 
covered by this plan that provide for the conservation of the Sonoma 
California tiger salamander.

Graton Rancheria Natural Resources Management Plan

    The Graton Rancheria Natural Resources Management Plan (NRMP) 
covers 252 ac (102 ha) that are tribal trust lands (Reservation) 
belonging to the Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria. The NRMP was 
finalized in March 2011 and will be implemented through tribal 
ordinances. The NRMP codifies the protections afforded in the 2009 
Biological Opinion on the Proposed Graton Rancheria Casino and Hotel 
Project, City of Rohnert Park, Sonoma County, California (Graton 
Biological Opinion (Service File 81420-2009-F-0336). 
Approximately 82 ac (33 ha) in the northeastern and central portion of 
the Reservation will be developed as a casino with a hotel and 
supporting facilities and infrastructure, and this area will be 
compensated for by conserving additional lands for the Sonoma 
California tiger salamander off-site of the project area as identified 
in the Graton Biological Opinion and the NRMP (Analytical Environmental 
Services 2011).
    The remaining 170-ac (69-ha) southern portion of the Reservation is 
located primarily within the 100-year floodplain of the Laguna de Santa 
Rosa and may provide dispersal habitat for the Sonoma California tiger 
salamander during times when the area is not flooded. The NRMP provides 
for the long-term protection of the species through adaptive management 
measures that preferentially conserve rare habitats and habitats known 
or likely to be occupied by threatened and endangered species known to 
occur in the Santa Rosa Plain wetland or vernal pool habitats, 
including the Sonoma California tiger salamander, and four listed 
plants: Sonoma sunshine, Burke's goldfields, many-flowered navarretia, 
and Sebastopol meadowfoam. The NRMP also provides for the long-term 
protection of the Sonoma California tiger salamander by conserving 
lands in perpetuity to compensate for loss of habitat associated with 
development, by applying mitigation ratios equivalent to those listed 
in the biological opinion. These lands will not be developed and will 
be managed as open space in perpetuity under the NRMP. Management of 
the 170 ac (69 ha) will focus on techniques including mowing and 
livestock grazing to maintain Sonoma California tiger salamander 
wetland, upland, and dispersal habitat (Analytical Environmental 
Services 2011). The 170 ac (69 ha) is described as a holding area. Land 
within the holding area may be converted to developed areas or 
preservation areas through the implementation of the guidelines of the 
NRMP and specific Tribal action. Preservation areas are defined as 
areas protected and actively managed as sensitive biological habitat 
for the long-term.
    All of the approximately 252 ac (102 ha) of tribal trust lands that 
we are excluding are within the Santa Rosa Plain Unit.
Benefits of Inclusion
    The principle benefit of including an area in a critical habitat 
designation is the requirement of Federal agencies to ensure that 
actions that they fund, authorize, or carry out are not likely to 
result in the destruction or adverse modification of any designated 
critical habitat, which is the regulatory standard of section 7(a)(2) 
of the Act under which consultation is completed. Federal agencies must 
consult with the Service on actions that may affect critical habitat 
and must avoid destroying, or adversely modifying, critical habitat. 
Federal agencies must also consult with us on actions that may affect a 
listed species, and refrain from undertaking actions that are likely to 
jeopardize the continued existence of such species. The analysis of 
effects to critical habitat is a separate and different analysis from 
that of the effects to the species. Therefore, the difference in 
outcomes of these two analyses represents the regulatory benefit of 
critical habitat. For some species (including the Sonoma California 
tiger salamander), and in some locations, the outcome of these analyses 
will be similar, because effects to habitat will often also result in 
effects to the species. However, the regulatory standard is different, 
as the jeopardy analysis investigates the action's impact to survival 
and recovery of the species, while the adverse modification analysis 
investigates the action's effects to the designated habitat's 
contribution to conservation. This will, in many instances, lead to 
different results and different regulatory requirements. Thus, critical 
habitat designations may provide greater benefits to the recovery of a 
species than would listing alone. Critical habitat may provide a 
regulatory benefit for the Sonoma California tiger salamander when 
there is a Federal nexus present for a project that might adversely 
modify critical habitat.
    The consultation provisions under section 7(a) of the Act 
constitute the regulatory benefits of designating lands as critical 
habitat. As discussed above, Federal agencies must consult with us on 
actions that may affect critical habitat and must avoid destroying or 
adversely modifying critical habitat. Critical habitat may provide a 
regulatory benefit for the Sonoma California tiger salamander when 
there is a Federal nexus present for a project that might adversely 
modify critical habitat. With respect to the Graton Rancheria land, we 
expect development projects within the Reservation to require a section 
404 permit under the Clean Water Act from the Army Corps of Engineers 
and a permit from the National Indian Gaming Commission. Therefore, 
critical habitat designation in the Santa Rosa Plain Unit would provide 
an additional regulatory benefit to the conservation of the Sonoma 
California tiger salamander by prohibiting adverse modification of 
habitat essential for the conservation of this species.
    As discussed above, the NRMP provides beneficial protection of 
Sonoma California tiger salamander habitat that is considered necessary 
for the survival and recovery of the species. Therefore, for activities 
covered under the NRMP, we believe that protections provided by the 
designation of critical habitat will be redundant with protections 
provided by the NRMP, at least in conserved areas. However, the NRMP 
does not prohibit spray irrigation or development from occurring in 
areas that have not yet been conserved in a preservation area within 
the Reservation, as defined in the NRMP. These threats are significant 
and ongoing within the range of the Sonoma California tiger salamander 
in habitat that has not been conserved and managed to benefit the 
species.
    Another possible benefit of including lands in critical habitat is 
public education regarding the potential conservation value of an area 
that may help focus conservation efforts on areas of high conservation 
value for certain species. Any information about the Sonoma California 
tiger salamander and its habitat that reaches a wide audience, 
including parties engaged in conservation activities, is valuable. The 
inclusion of lands in the Sonoma California tiger salamander critical 
habitat designation that are owned by or under the jurisdiction of the 
Reservation could be beneficial to the species, because while the NRMP 
establishes conservation goals for the Sonoma California tiger 
salamander and identifies criteria for identifying habitat to be 
conserved, the critical habitat designation specifically identifies 
those lands essential to the conservation of the species and which may 
require

[[Page 54362]]

special management considerations or protection. The process of 
proposing critical habitat provided an opportunity for peer review and 
public comment on habitat we determined meets the definition of 
critical habitat. This process is valuable to landowners and managers 
in prioritizing conservation and management of identified areas. 
Information on the Sonoma California tiger salamander and its habitat 
has also been provided to the public in the past through meetings, 
educational materials provided by the local jurisdictions, and 
recommendations provided in the Conservation Strategy. In general, we 
believe the designation of critical habitat for the Sonoma California 
tiger salamander will provide additional information for the public 
concerning the importance of essential habitat that has not already 
been available.
    In summary, we believe that educational benefits are likely 
realized when any information about the Sonoma California tiger 
salamander and its habitat reaches a wide audience. The educational 
benefits of critical habitat designation on the Reservation lands may 
not be significant due to extensive past outreach and ongoing 
conservation efforts such as the listing of Sonoma California tiger 
salamander as endangered in 2003, the development and implementation of 
the Conservation Strategy, and the Programmatic Biological Opinion. And 
inclusion would enable an evaluation of adverse effects of spray 
irrigation or development to critical habitat in areas that have not 
yet been conserved in a preservation area within the Reservation.
Benefits of Exclusion
    We believe the following benefits would be realized by forgoing 
designation of critical habitat for the Sonoma California tiger 
salamander on lands covered by the NRMP. These benefits include 
allowing for continued meaningful collaboration and effective working 
relationships with the Tribe to promote conservation of the Sonoma 
California tiger salamander and its habitat.
    We acknowledge our unique and distinctive Federal tribal trust 
responsibility and obligation toward the Federated Indians of Graton 
Rancheria and their reservation lands, as well as their tribal 
sovereignty. We believe the exclusion of reservation lands from 
critical habitat will help preserve the partnership we have developed 
with the Tribe, reinforce those relationships we are building with 
other tribes, and foster future partnerships and development of future 
management plans with both Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria and 
other tribes. Therefore, excluding tribal reservation lands from 
critical habitat provides the significant benefit of maintaining and 
strengthening our existing conservation partnership and fostering new 
tribal partnerships. The Tribe has developed a NRMP which provides 
specific protection and management for the Sonoma California tiger 
salamander and for the physical and biological features essential to 
the conservation of the species, in most respects equal to or better 
than the designation of critical habitat would provide. Exclusion of 
the lands covered under the Graton Rancheria Natural Resources 
Management Plan from critical habitat would help preserve the 
partnerships we developed with the Federated Indians of Graton 
Rancheria in the development of the Graton Biological Opinion, and will 
also foster future partnerships and future conservation of the Sonoma 
California tiger salamander. Additionally, the Tribe has made specific 
commitments to conserve Sonoma California tiger salamander habitat. The 
commitments include onsite and offsite management and conservation 
consistent with the Biological Opinion and Conservation Strategy.
Benefits of Exclusion Outweigh the Benefits of Inclusion
    The benefits of excluding the Reservation lands from critical 
habitat outweigh the benefits of inclusion, based on the conservation 
values outlined in the NRMP and summarized above. Any development of 
the Reservation will follow the mitigation ratios in the Graton 
Biological Opinion at off-site location(s) and will be managed in 
perpetuity for the benefit of the Sonoma California tiger salamander. 
The remainder will be primarily passively managed as a Holding Area or 
Preservation Area.
    We reviewed and evaluated the benefits of inclusion and the 
benefits of exclusion of Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria 
reservation lands as critical habitat for the Sonoma California tiger 
salamander. Including reservation lands in the critical habitat 
designation for the Sonoma California tiger salamander will provide 
little additional regulatory protection under section 7(a) of the Act 
when there is a Federal nexus, and educational benefits of designation 
will be redundant with those achieved through listing and our 
cooperative efforts working with the Tribe to conserve the Sonoma 
California tiger salamander and the physical and biological features 
essential to the conservation of the species. We recognize there may be 
some ancillary benefit from other laws such as the California 
Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) and the National Environmental Policy 
Act (NEPA) resulting from designating these areas as critical habitat; 
however, we consider these possible benefits to be marginal considering 
the potential adverse impact that critical habitat designation could 
have on our partnership with the Tribe. We believe past and future 
coordination with the Tribe will provide sufficient education regarding 
the Sonoma California tiger salamander habitat conservation needs on 
tribal reservation lands, and therefore educational benefits for these 
areas are small.
    The benefits of excluding Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria 
reservation lands from critical habitat are significant. Exclusion of 
these lands from critical habitat will help preserve the partnership we 
have developed and reinforce those we are building with other tribes, 
and foster future partnerships and development of management plans. The 
Tribe emphasized through a comment letter provided during the public 
comment period their belief that designation of critical habitat on 
tribal lands should not occur, especially on trust lands where the 
designation would include Tribal lands subject to their tribal 
management plan in preparation (Sarris 2010). We are committed to 
working with our tribal partner to further the conservation of the 
Sonoma California tiger salamander and other threatened and endangered 
species. Therefore, in consideration of the relevant impact to our 
government-to-government relationship with the Federated Indians of 
Graton Rancheria and our current and future conservation partnerships, 
and the development of an effective management plan which provides a 
benefit for the species, we determined the benefits of exclusion 
outweigh the benefits of inclusion in critical habitat designation for 
these lands.
    In summary, based on our unique and distinctive Federal tribal 
trust responsibility and obligation towards the Tribe and the 
development of a management plan which benefits the conservation of the 
Sonoma California tiger salamander, we find that excluding the 
Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria reservation lands from this final 
critical habitat will preserve our partnership and foster future 
habitat management and species conservation efforts with the Tribe. 
These partnership benefits are significant and outweigh the limited 
regulatory and educational benefits of including these lands in final

[[Page 54363]]

critical habitat for the Sonoma California tiger salamander.
Exclusion Will Not Result in Extinction of the Species
    We determined that the exclusion of approximately 252 ac (102 ha) 
of habitat from this final designation of critical habitat for the 
Sonoma California tiger salamander will not result in extinction of the 
species. The NRMP provides protection and long-term management of lands 
that meet the definition of critical habitat for the Sonoma California 
tiger salamander through on-site and off-site mitigation. Additionally, 
the jeopardy standard of section 7 of the Act for the Sonoma California 
tiger salamander provides assurances that the species will not go 
extinct as a result of exclusion from critical habitat designation. The 
consultation requirements of section 7(a)(2) and the attendant 
requirement to avoid jeopardy to the Sonoma California tiger salamander 
for projects with a Federal nexus will provide significant protection 
to the species. Therefore, based on the above discussion, the Secretary 
is exercising his discretion to exclude approximately 252 ac (102 ha) 
of habitat in the Santa Rosa Plain Unit from this final critical 
habitat designation.

Required Determinations

Regulatory Planning and Review--Executive Order 12866

    The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has determined that this 
rule is not significant and has not reviewed this rule under Executive 
Order 12866 (Regulatory Planning and Review). OMB bases its 
determination upon the following four criteria:
    (1) Whether the rule will have an annual effect of $100 million or 
more on the economy or adversely affect an economic sector, 
productivity, jobs, the environment, or other units of the government.
    (2) Whether the rule will create inconsistencies with other Federal 
agencies' actions.
    (3) Whether the rule will materially affect entitlements, grants, 
user fees, loan programs or the rights and obligations of their 
recipients.
    (4) Whether the rule raises novel legal or policy issues.

Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.)

    Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA; 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.), 
as amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act 
(SBREFA) of 1996 (5 U.S.C 801 et seq.), whenever an agency must publish 
a notice of rulemaking for any proposed or final rule, it must prepare 
and make available for public comment a regulatory flexibility analysis 
that describes the effects of the rule on small entities (small 
businesses, small organizations, and small government jurisdictions). 
However, no regulatory flexibility analysis is required if the head of 
an agency certifies the rule will not have a significant economic 
impact on a substantial number of small entities. The SBREFA amended 
the RFA to require Federal agencies to provide a certification 
statement of the factual basis for certifying that the rule will not 
have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small 
entities. In this final rule, we are certifying that the critical 
habitat designation for the Sonoma California tiger salamander will not 
have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small 
entities. The following discussion explains our rationale.
    According to the Small Business Administration, small entities 
include small organizations, such as independent nonprofit 
organizations; small governmental jurisdictions, including school 
boards and city and town governments that serve fewer than 50,000 
residents; as well as small businesses. Small businesses include 
manufacturing and mining concerns with fewer than 500 employees, 
wholesale trade entities with fewer than 100 employees, retail and 
service businesses with less than $5 million in annual sales, general 
and heavy construction businesses with less than $27.5 million in 
annual business, special trade contractors doing less than $11.5 
million in annual business, and agricultural businesses with annual 
sales less than $750,000. To determine if potential economic impacts on 
these small entities are significant, we consider the types of 
activities that might trigger regulatory impacts under this rule, as 
well as the types of project modifications that may result. In general, 
the term ``significant economic impact'' is meant to apply to a typical 
small business firm's business operations.
    To determine if the rule could significantly affect a substantial 
number of small entities, we consider the number of small entities 
affected within particular types of economic activities (e.g., small 
business, small government jurisdiction, or small organization). We 
apply the ``substantial number'' test individually to each industry to 
determine if certification is appropriate. However, the SBREFA does not 
explicitly define ``substantial number'' or ``significant economic 
impact.'' Consequently, to assess whether a ``substantial number'' of 
small entities is affected by this designation, this analysis considers 
the relative number of small entities likely to be impacted in an area. 
In some circumstances, especially with critical habitat designations of 
limited extent, we may aggregate across all industries and consider 
whether the total number of small entities affected is substantial. In 
estimating the number of small entities potentially affected, we also 
consider whether their activities have any Federal involvement.
    Designation of critical habitat only affects activities authorized, 
funded, or carried out by Federal agencies. Some kinds of activities 
are unlikely to have any Federal involvement and so will not be 
affected by critical habitat designation. In areas where the species is 
present, Federal agencies already are required to consult with us under 
section 7 of the Act on activities they authorize, fund, or carry out 
that may affect the Sonoma California tiger salamander. Federal 
agencies also must consult with us if their activities may affect 
critical habitat. Designation of critical habitat, therefore, could 
result in an additional economic impact on small entities due to the 
requirement to reinitiate consultation for ongoing Federal activities 
(see Application of the ``Adverse Modification Standard'' section).
    In our final economic analysis (FEA) of the critical habitat 
designation, we evaluated the potential economic effects on small 
business entities resulting from conservation actions related to the 
listing of the Sonoma California tiger salamander and the designation 
of critical habitat. The analysis is based on the estimated impacts 
associated with the rulemaking as described in Chapters 2 through 4 and 
Appendix A of the analysis and evaluates the potential for economic 
impacts related to: (1) Residential and commercial development, (2) 
transportation activities, (3) utility activities, (4) incremental 
administrative costs and (5) the energy industry (IEC 2011, pp. 1-5, 1-
6). The FEA concludes that the proposed rulemaking may affect small 
entities (IEC 2011, pp. A1-A-6).
    Incremental impacts from the administrative costs of section 7 
consultations on critical habitat associated with residential and 
commercial development are expected for small entities. There are 1,911 
businesses involved in development activities within Sonoma County, and 
of these, 1,896 are considered small businesses. Therefore, 
approximately 99

[[Page 54364]]

percent of all building construction companies in Sonoma County qualify 
as small entities. Because information on specific third parties that 
may be involved in future development consultations is lacking, the 
analysis conservatively assumes that all of the entities involved in 
future consultation efforts are small land subdivision companies.
    Because the FEA calculates impacts to small businesses at the 
County-wide scale, it likely overestimates the impacts associated with 
critical habitat, which only covers approximately 4.2 percent of the 
County. The FEA assumes annual revenues of up to $33.5 million per 
small entity, and annualized impacts may be borne by all small land 
subdivision companies. Annualized impacts to the construction industry 
($6,630 applying a 7 percent discount rate) are estimated to be 
significantly less than the annual revenues that could be generated by 
a single small building construction entity. If all impacts are borne 
by one single small construction company, the estimated annualized 
impact would represent, on average, between 0.04 and 1.27 percent of 
annual revenues (IEC 2011, p. A-6).
    No other incremental impacts attributed to transportation or 
utility activities are expected to be borne by entities that meet the 
definition of small entities (IEC 2011, p. A-4). Other activities, such 
as agricultural and mitigation bank establishment, are not expected to 
be affected by the designation of critical habitat; therefore no 
incremental impacts are expected to be borne by small entities (IEC 
2011, pp. A-4, A-5).
    In summary, we considered whether this designation would result in 
a significant economic effect on a substantial number of small 
entities. Based on our analysis, we have determined that this rule will 
affect a substantial number of small business entities in the building 
construction sector, but since the effect is less than one percent of 
estimated annual revenues, it is not considered to be a significant 
economic impact. As a result, we concluded that this rule would not 
result in a significant economic impact on a substantial number of 
small entities. Therefore, we are certifying that the designation of 
critical habitat for the Sonoma California tiger salamander will not 
have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small 
entities, and a regulatory flexibility analysis is not required.

Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use--Executive Order 13211

    Executive Order 13211 (Actions Concerning Regulations That 
Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use) requires 
agencies to prepare Statements of Energy Effects when undertaking 
certain actions. OMB has provided guidance for implementing this 
Executive Order that outlines nine outcomes that may constitute ``a 
significant adverse effect'' when compared to not taking the regulatory 
action under consideration. The FEA concludes that incremental impacts 
to utilities are limited to the administrative cost of intra-Service 
consultation associated with a habitat conservation plan (HCP), which 
does not involve third parties. Any other impacts are expected to occur 
as a result of the listing of the Sonoma California tiger salamander, 
regardless of the designation of critical habitat. The economic 
analysis finds that none of these criteria are relevant to this 
analysis. Thus, based on information in the economic analysis, energy-
related impacts associated with Sonoma California tiger salamander 
conservation activities within critical habitat are not expected (IEC 
2011, pp. 4-4, 4-5, A-7). As such, the designation of critical habitat 
is not expected to significantly affect energy supplies, distribution, 
or use. Therefore, this action is not a significant energy action, and 
no Statement of Energy Effects is required.

Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.)

    In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 
et seq.), we make the following findings:
    (1) This rule will not produce a Federal mandate. In general, a 
Federal mandate is a provision in legislation, statute, or regulation 
that would impose an enforceable duty upon State, local, or tribal 
governments, or the private sector, and includes both ``Federal 
intergovernmental mandates'' and ``Federal private sector mandates.'' 
These terms are defined in 2 U.S.C. 658(5)-(7). ``Federal 
intergovernmental mandate'' includes a regulation that ``would impose 
an enforceable duty upon State, local, or tribal governments'' with two 
exceptions. It excludes ``a condition of Federal assistance.'' It also 
excludes ``a duty arising from participation in a voluntary Federal 
program,'' unless the regulation ``relates to a then-existing Federal 
program under which $500,000,000 or more is provided annually to State, 
local, and tribal governments under entitlement authority,'' if the 
provision would ``increase the stringency of conditions of assistance'' 
or ``place caps upon, or otherwise decrease, the Federal Government's 
responsibility to provide funding,'' and the State, local, or tribal 
governments ``lack authority'' to adjust accordingly. At the time of 
enactment, these entitlement programs were: Medicaid; Aid to Families 
with Dependent Children work programs; Child Nutrition; Food Stamps; 
Social Services Block Grants; Vocational Rehabilitation State Grants; 
Foster Care, Adoption Assistance, and Independent Living; Family 
Support Welfare Services; and Child Support Enforcement. ``Federal 
private sector mandate'' includes a regulation that ``would impose an 
enforceable duty upon the private sector, except (i) A condition of 
Federal assistance or (ii) a duty arising from participation in a 
voluntary Federal program.''
    The designation of critical habitat does not impose a legally 
binding duty on non-Federal Government entities or private parties. 
Under the Act, the only regulatory effect is that Federal agencies must 
ensure that their actions do not destroy or adversely modify critical 
habitat under section 7. While non-Federal entities that receive 
Federal funding, assistance, or permits, or that otherwise require 
approval or authorization from a Federal agency for an action, may be 
indirectly impacted by the designation of critical habitat, the legally 
binding duty to avoid destruction or adverse modification of critical 
habitat rests squarely on the Federal agency. Furthermore, to the 
extent that non-Federal entities are indirectly impacted because they 
receive Federal assistance or participate in a voluntary Federal aid 
program, the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act would not apply, nor would 
critical habitat shift the costs of the large entitlement programs 
listed above onto State governments.
    (2) We do not believe that this rule will significantly or uniquely 
affect small governments because the lands being proposed for critical 
habitat are mostly private lands with some other local government 
lands. Given the distribution of this species, small governments will 
not be uniquely affected by this proposed rule. Small governments will 
not be affected at all unless they propose an action requiring Federal 
funds, permits, or other authorization. Any such activity will require 
that the involved Federal agency ensure that the action is not likely 
to adversely modify or destroy designated critical habitat. However, as 
discussed above, Federal agencies are currently required to ensure that 
any such activity

[[Page 54365]]

is not likely to jeopardize the species, and no further regulatory 
impacts from the designation of critical habitat are anticipated.
    Consequently, we do not believe that the critical habitat 
designation would significantly or uniquely affect small government 
entities. As such, a Small Government Agency Plan is not required.

Takings--Executive Order 12630

    In accordance with Executive Order 12630 (Government Actions and 
Interference with Constitutionally Protected Private Property Rights), 
we have analyzed the potential takings implications of designating 
critical habitat for the Sonoma California tiger salamander in a 
takings implications assessment. Critical habitat designation does not 
affect landowner actions that do not require Federal funding or 
permits, nor does it preclude development of habitat conservation 
programs or issuance of incidental take permits to allow actions that 
do require Federal funding or permits to go forward. The takings 
implications assessment concludes that this designation of critical 
habitat for the Sonoma California tiger salamander does not pose 
significant takings implications for lands within or affected by the 
designation.

Federalism--Executive Order 13132

    In accordance with Executive Order 13132 (Federalism), this rule 
does not have significant Federalism effects. A Federalism assessment 
is not required. In keeping with Department of the Interior and 
Department of Commerce policy, we requested information from, and 
coordinated development of, this critical habitat designation with 
appropriate State resource agencies in California. We did not receive 
comments from State resource agencies. The designation of critical 
habitat in areas currently occupied by the Sonoma California tiger 
salamander imposes nominal additional restrictions to those currently 
in place and, therefore, has little incremental impact on State and 
local governments and their activities. The designation may have some 
benefit to these governments in that the areas that contain the 
physical and biological features essential to the conservation of the 
species are more clearly defined, and the elements of the features of 
the habitat necessary to the conservation of the species are 
specifically identified. This information does not alter where and what 
federally sponsored activities may occur. However, it may assist local 
governments in long-range planning (rather than having them wait for 
case-by-case section 7 consultations to occur).
    Where State and local governments require approval or authorization 
from a Federal agency for actions that may affect critical habitat, 
consultation under section 7(a)(2) would be required. While non-Federal 
entities that receive Federal funding, assistance, or permits, or that 
otherwise require approval or authorization from a Federal agency for 
an action, may be indirectly impacted by the designation of critical 
habitat, the legally binding duty to avoid destruction or adverse 
modification of critical habitat rests squarely on the Federal agency.

Civil Justice Reform--Executive Order 12988

    In accordance with Executive Order 12988 (Civil Justice Reform), 
the regulation meets the applicable standards set forth in sections 
3(a) and 3(b)(2) of the Order. We are designating critical habitat in 
accordance with the provisions of the Act. This final rule uses 
standard property descriptions and identifies the elements of physical 
and biological features essential to the conservation of the Sonoma 
California tiger salamander within the designated areas to assist the 
public in understanding the habitat needs of the species.

Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.)

    This rule does not contain any new collections of information that 
require approval by OMB under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 
U.S.C. 3501 et seq.). This rule will not impose recordkeeping or 
reporting requirements on State or local governments, individuals, 
businesses, or organizations. An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and 
a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information 
unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number.

National Environmental Policy Act (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.)

    It is our position that, outside the jurisdiction of the U.S. Court 
of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, we do not need to prepare 
environmental analyses pursuant to the National Environmental Policy 
Act (NEPA; 42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) in connection with designating 
critical habitat under the Act. We published a notice outlining our 
reasons for this determination in the Federal Register on October 25, 
1983 (48 FR 49244). This position was upheld by the U.S. Court of 
Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (Douglas County v. Babbitt, 48 F.3d 1495 
(9th Cir. 1995), cert. denied 516 U.S. 1042 (1996)).

Government-to-Government Relationship With Tribes

    In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994 
(Government-to-Government Relations with Native American Tribal 
Governments; 59 FR 22951), Executive Order 13175 (Consultation and 
Coordination With Indian Tribal Governments), and the Department of the 
Interior's manual at 512 DM 2, we readily acknowledge our 
responsibility to communicate meaningfully with recognized Federal 
Tribes on a government-to-government basis. In accordance with 
Secretarial Order 3206 of June 5, 1997 (American Indian Tribal Rights, 
Federal-Tribal Trust Responsibilities, and the Endangered Species Act), 
we readily acknowledge our responsibilities to work directly with 
tribes in developing programs for healthy ecosystems, to acknowledge 
that tribal lands are not subject to the same controls as Federal 
public lands, to remain sensitive to Indian culture, and to make 
information available to tribes.
    There are tribal lands determined to be occupied with features 
essential to the conservation of the Sonoma California tiger 
salamander, but these lands have been excluded under section 4(b)(2) of 
the Act (see Exclusions section above).

References Cited

    A complete list of all references cited is available on the 
Internet at http://www.regulations.gov and upon request from the 
Sacramento Fish and Wildlife Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION 
CONTACT).

Authors

    The primary authors of this rulemaking are the staff members of the 
Sacramento Fish and Wildlife Office.

List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17

    Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, Reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements, Transportation.

Regulation Promulgation

    Accordingly, we amend part 17, subchapter B of chapter I, title 50 
of the Code of Federal Regulations, as set forth below:

PART 17--[AMENDED]

0
1. The authority citation for part 17 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361-1407; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1544; 16 U.S.C. 
4201-4245; Pub. L. 99-625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted.


[[Page 54366]]



0
2. Amend Sec.  17.11(h) by revising the entry for ``Salamander, 
California tiger'' under ``AMPHIBIANS'' in the List of Endangered and 
Threatened Wildlife to read as follows:


Sec.  17.11  Endangered and threatened wildlife.

* * * * *
    (h) * * *

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                     Species                                            Vertebrate
--------------------------------------------------                   population where                                     Critical
                                                    Historic range     endangered or      Status       When listed         habitat        Special rules
          Common name            Scientific name                        threatened
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
          Amphibians
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Salamander, California tiger..  Ambystoma          U.S.A. (CA).....  U.S.A. (CA--      E            677E, 702.......  17.95(d)........  NA.
                                 californiense.                       Santa Barbara
                                                                      County).
Salamander, California tiger..  Ambystoma          U.S.A. (CA).....  U.S.A. (CA--      T            744.............  17.95(d)........  17.43(c).
                                 californiense.                       Central
                                                                      California).
Salamander, California tiger..  Ambystoma          U.S.A. (CA).....  U.S.A. (CA--      E            729E, 734.......  17.95(d)........  NA.
                                 californiense.                       Sonoma County).
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

0
 3. In Sec.  17.95, amend paragraph (d) by adding an entry for 
``California Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma californiense) in Sonoma 
County'' in the same order that the species appears in the table at 
Sec.  17.11(h), to read as follows:


Sec.  17.95  Critical habitat--fish and wildlife.

* * * * *
    (d) Amphibians.
* * * * *
California Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma californiense)
* * * * *
California Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma californiense) in Sonoma County
    (52) The critical habitat unit for Sonoma County, CA, is depicted 
on the map at paragraph (56)(ii) of this entry.
    (53) Within these areas, the primary constituent elements of the 
physical and biological features essential to the conservation of the 
California tiger salamander in Sonoma County consist of three 
components:
    (i) Standing bodies of fresh water (including natural and manmade 
(e.g., stock)) ponds, vernal pools, and other ephemeral or permanent 
water bodies) that typically support inundation during winter and early 
spring, and hold water for a minimum of 12 consecutive weeks in a year 
of average rainfall.
    (ii) Upland habitats adjacent to and accessible from breeding ponds 
that contain small mammal burrows or other underground refugia that the 
species depends upon for food, shelter, and protection from the 
elements and predation.
    (iii) Accessible upland dispersal habitat between locations 
occupied by the species that allow for movement between such sites.
    (54) Critical habitat does not include manmade structures (such as 
buildings, aqueducts, runways, roads, and other paved areas) and the 
land on which they are located existing within the legal boundaries on 
the effective date of this rule.
    (55) Critical habitat map unit. Data layers defining the map unit 
were created on a base of USGS 7.5' quadrangles, and the critical 
habitat unit was then mapped using Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) 
Zone 10N coordinates.
    (56) Santa Rosa Plain Unit, Sonoma County, California.
    (i) From USGS 1:24,000 quadrangle map Healdsburg, Sebastopol, Santa 
Rosa, Two Rock, Cotati, Petaluma, and Mark West Springs, California. 
Land bounded by the following UTM Zone 10N, North American Datum of 
1983 (NAD83) coordinates (E, N): 515958, 4264938; 515962, 4264053; 
515984, 4264053; 516127, 4264065; 516297, 4264083; 516355, 4264107; 
516437, 4264134; 517201, 4264161; 517204, 4263316; 517184, 4263318; 
517153, 4263345; 517102, 4263370; 517041, 4263383; 517026, 4263378; 
516978, 4263360; 516950, 4263341; 516560, 4263330; 516550, 4263241; 
516566, 4263225; 516596, 4263103; 516603, 4262920; 516639, 4262756; 
516882, 4262184; 517289, 4261332; 517321, 4261275; 517412, 4261284; 
517483, 4261292; 517708, 4261351; 517696, 4261470; 517729, 4261546; 
517837, 4261601; 517897, 4261604; 518065, 4261551; 518158, 4261611; 
518347, 4261695; 518446, 4261706; 518489, 4261763; 518681, 4261928; 
518753, 4262034; 518804, 4262020; 518835, 4261981; 518917, 4261963; 
519050, 4261983; 519174, 4262054; 519258, 4262077; 519354, 4262188; 
519440, 4262142; 519490, 4262146; 519523, 4262261; 519601, 4262282; 
519821, 4262275; 520947, 4261147; 521211, 4260905; 521220, 4260905; 
521224, 4260890; 522751, 4259527; 522746, 4259517; 522746, 4259517; 
522498, 4259511; 522499, 4259466; 522269, 4259465; 522054, 4259463; 
522053, 4259665; 521895, 4259659; 521692, 4259652; 521697, 4259307; 
521335, 4259298; 521336, 4259239; 521137, 4259235; 521138, 4259168; 
521074, 4259170; 521166, 4259038; 521133, 4259035; 521189, 4258952; 
521439, 4258587; 521509, 4258484; 521488, 4258481; 521416, 4258480; 
521319, 4258480; 521182, 4258479; 521130, 4258476; 521104, 4258466; 
521079, 4258449; 521063, 4258423; 521031, 4258396; 521012, 4258374; 
520991, 4258352; 520960, 4258333; 520933, 4258341; 520923, 4258339; 
520483, 4258336; 520486, 4257976; 520286, 4257974; 520286, 4257923; 
520076, 4257921; 520076, 4257655; 520084, 4256913; 520089, 4255250; 
519469, 4255249; 519468, 4255235; 519494, 4255223; 519509, 4255204; 
519606, 4255119; 519608, 4254429; 519689, 4254430; 519681, 4253613; 
519951, 4253613; 519952, 4253112; 520124, 4253213; 520204, 4253261; 
520317, 4253313; 520424, 4253357; 520455, 4253364; 520495, 4253368; 
520561, 4253373; 520664, 4253381; 520882, 4253399; 521157, 4253422; 
521721, 4253471; 522039, 4253501; 522283, 4253533; 522398, 4253561; 
522702, 4253659; 522794, 4253687; 523132, 4253743; 523335, 4253777; 
523620, 4253831; 523903, 4253883; 523985, 4253642; 524334, 4253725; 
524339, 4253163; 524347, 4252679; 524679, 4252724; 524674, 4252887; 
524869,

[[Page 54367]]

4252913; 524860, 4252818; 524841, 4252674; 524824, 4252615; 524821, 
4252524; 524819, 4252424; 524804, 4252370; 524789, 4252322; 524786, 
4252230; 524785, 4252071; 524783, 4251757; 524782, 4251416; 524775, 
4250427; 524819, 4250415; 525034, 4250436; 525188, 4250226; 525230, 
4250293; 525249, 4250591; 525431, 4250592; 525427, 4251250; 525524, 
4251251; 525516, 4251382; 525608, 4251435; 525606, 4251596; 525590, 
4251596; 525585, 4251704; 525793, 4251706; 525799, 4251564; 525805, 
4251491; 525823, 4251438; 525853, 4251375; 525897, 4251317; 525955, 
4251247; 525991, 4251204; 526055, 4251122; 526081, 4251084; 526093, 
4251068; 526098, 4251059; 526187, 4250895; 526242, 4250791; 526303, 
4250656; 526414, 4250450; 526491, 4250305; 526565, 4250168; 526626, 
4250055; 526640, 4250027; 526668, 4249975; 526681, 4249951; 526739, 
4249844; 526883, 4249511; 527003, 4249235; 527144, 4248912; 527258, 
4248648; 527321, 4248504; 527380, 4248408; 527440, 4248306; 527498, 
4248233; 527541, 4248179; 527567, 4248146; 527591, 4248116; 527670, 
4248094; 528274, 4247630; 528624, 4247465; 528892, 4247336; 528892, 
4247336; 528934, 4247301; 528969, 4247271; 529006, 4247230; 528260, 
4247180; 527910, 4247172; 527460, 4247161; 527439, 4247159; 527057, 
4247158; 526768, 4247152; 526640, 4247144; 526240, 4247140; 526244, 
4246930; 526243, 4246848; 525406, 4246839; 525373, 4246838; 525370, 
4246838; 525128, 4246839; 525070, 4246841; 525090, 4246766; 525100, 
4246710; 525107, 4246661; 525111, 4246582; 525106, 4246526; 525103, 
4246500; 525097, 4246473; 525082, 4246451; 525067, 4246414; 525065, 
4246315; 525055, 4246235; 525037, 4246098; 525037, 4245942; 525017, 
4245837; 525022, 4245567; 525015, 4245313; 525028, 4245041; 525028, 
4245041; 525028, 4245040; 525023, 4244756; 525024, 4244737; 525018, 
4244737; 524971, 4244646; 524751, 4244643; 524749, 4244670; 524755, 
4244695; 524764, 4244722; 524369, 4244718; 524367, 4244750; 524362, 
4244781; 524342, 4244829; 524341, 4245039; 524330, 4245147; 524327, 
4245304; 524266, 4245304; 523930, 4245300; 523936, 4245291; 523897, 
4245221; 523830, 4245259; 523800, 4245206; 523740, 4245165; 523901, 
4245442; 524073, 4245457; 524091, 4245470; 524090, 4245550; 524531, 
4245557; 524528, 4245929; 524350, 4245930; 524349, 4246155; 524005, 
4246155; 524008, 4245557; 523064, 4245550; 523009, 4245549; 522605, 
4245550; 522607, 4245039; 522605, 4244956; 522642, 4244950; 522752, 
4244931; 522868, 4244924; 522938, 4244910; 523037, 4244867; 523092, 
4244862; 523170, 4244827; 523539, 4244841; 523486, 4244744; 523526, 
4244718; 523515, 4244700; 523503, 4244684; 523489, 4244674; 523600, 
4244617; 523686, 4244589; 523794, 4244556; 523847, 4244556; 523927, 
4244556; 523946, 4244554; 523963, 4244555; 523971, 4244550; 523978, 
4244550; 523983, 4244463; 523974, 4244457; 524015, 4244405; 524037, 
4244364; 524074, 4244278; 524112, 4244184; 524124, 4244185; 524145, 
4244134; 524133, 4244134; 524179, 4244019; 524229, 4243956; 524256, 
4243896; 524268, 4243881; 524311, 4243849; 524377, 4243813; 524451, 
4243774; 524531, 4243736; 524592, 4243702; 524672, 4243653; 524733, 
4243603; 524782, 4243553; 524832, 4243496; 524866, 4243439; 524919, 
4243340; 525003, 4243271; 525069, 4243234; 525096, 4243229; 525119, 
4243187; 525134, 4243089; 525146, 4243127; 525176, 4243074; 525246, 
4243058; 525344, 4243040; 525385, 4243015; 525463, 4242950; 525479, 
4242931; 525509, 4242834; 525460, 4242825; 525371, 4242803; 525371, 
4242802; 525379, 4242766; 525384, 4242743; 525383, 4242743; 525329, 
4242726; 525328, 4242725; 525328, 4242725; 525327, 4242702; 525360, 
4242636; 525303, 4242593; 525304, 4242592; 525343, 4242551; 525427, 
4242434; 525530, 4242293; 525529, 4242292; 525437, 4242100; 525302, 
4242095; 525148, 4242150; 525112, 4242171; 525113, 4242274; 525119, 
4242395; 525089, 4242387; 525049, 4242372; 524969, 4242324; 524962, 
4242281; 524947, 4242224; 524948, 4242224; 524947, 4242223; 524994, 
4242202; 525048, 4242178; 525049, 4242178; 525026, 4242101; 525003, 
4242023; 525002, 4242021; 525052, 4241984; 525054, 4241931; 525126, 
4241920; 525203, 4241893; 525277, 4241865; 525324, 4241932; 525379, 
4241928; 525379, 4241929; 525380, 4241956; 525380, 4241956; 525554, 
4241888; 525554, 4241888; 525539, 4241824; 525539, 4241823; 525586, 
4241824; 525627, 4241826; 525678, 4241828; 525726, 4241824; 525790, 
4241828; 525856, 4241844; 525937, 4241764; 525995, 4241707; 526035, 
4241679; 526122, 4241751; 526218, 4241829; 526262, 4241807; 526337, 
4241783; 526337, 4241783; 526330, 4241715; 526330, 4241714; 526328, 
4241646; 526326, 4241597; 526325, 4241545; 526322, 4241543; 526196, 
4241529; 526088, 4241515; 526058, 4241446; 525835, 4241237; 525878, 
4241186; 525929, 4241234; 526000, 4241164; 525944, 4241110; 526019, 
4241039; 526225, 4241236; 526254, 4241213; 526341, 4241295; 526335, 
4241343; 526362, 4241340; 526456, 4241156; 526583, 4241157; 526586, 
4241207; 526641, 4241208; 526600, 4241344; 526835, 4241346; 526964, 
4241346; 527206, 4241345; 527271, 4241234; 527694, 4241231; 527592, 
4241427; 527606, 4241441; 527762, 4241442; 527835, 4241474; 527894, 
4241465; 527957, 4241438; 527971, 4241442; 527990, 4241432; 528042, 
4241446; 528057, 4241467; 528090, 4241479; 528112, 4241514; 528293, 
4241521; 528334, 4241542; 528322, 4241944; 529126, 4241952; 529136, 
4242368; 529942, 4242371; 529961, 4241555; 530777, 4241576; 531213, 
4241584; 531213, 4241584; 531212, 4241577; 531212, 4241565; 531213, 
4241561; 531213, 4241549; 531214, 4241539; 531215, 4241530; 531216, 
4241522; 531218, 4241515; 531222, 4241496; 531224, 4241491; 531235, 
4241477; 531243, 4241467; 531247, 4241462; 531252, 4241459; 531148, 
4241274; 531128, 4241282; 531001, 4241056; 531012, 4241049; 530840, 
4240755; 530599, 4240752; 530599, 4240760; 530453, 4240760; 530220, 
4240758; 529960, 4240755; 529954, 4240737; 529962, 4240737; 529964, 
4240304; 529560, 4240298; 529560, 4240279; 529286, 4240278; 529161, 
4240277; 529138, 4240274; 529138, 4240269; 528996, 4240267; 528747, 
4240266; 528751, 4239945; 528653, 4239944; 528546, 4239942; 528546, 
4239933; 528471, 4239934; 528345, 4239934; 528210, 4239938; 528211, 
4239926; 528216, 4239911; 528224, 4239898; 528225, 4239884; 528244, 
4239861; 528263, 4239839; 528260, 4239802; 528257, 4239766; 528281, 
4239737; 528299, 4239674; 528329, 4239644; 528365, 4239626; 528395, 
4239588; 528396, 4239547; 528383, 4239522; 528383, 4239486; 528467, 
4239395; 528470, 4239382; 528523, 4239327; 528572, 4239220; 528638, 
4239134; 528715, 4239051; 528789, 4239013; 528842, 4238970; 528867, 
4238967; 528944, 4238985; 528977, 4238975; 529035, 4238937; 529061, 
4238859; 529089, 4238805; 529168, 4238719; 529186, 4238674; 529202, 
4238476; 529222, 4238445; 529288, 4238428; 529319, 4238410; 529342, 
4238380; 529390, 4238342; 529398, 4238248; 529355, 4238131; 529353, 
4238088; 529366, 4238055; 529366, 4237940; 529346, 4237894; 529298, 
4237833; 529298, 4237760; 529288, 4237747; 529227, 4237726; 529225, 
4237706; 529255, 4237671; 529266, 4237633; 529301, 4237587; 529301,

[[Page 54368]]

4237556; 529301, 4237556; 529279, 4237513; 529274, 4237478; 529243, 
4237442; 529227, 4237415; 529195, 4237363; 529179, 4237303; 529147, 
4237180; 529122, 4237089; 529110, 4237044; 529098, 4236997; 529075, 
4236959; 528986, 4236865; 528941, 4236847; 528883, 4236797; 528802, 
4236726; 528710, 4236645; 528690, 4236643; 528624, 4236663; 528504, 
4236630; 528443, 4236614; 528428, 4236598; 528382, 4236524; 528114, 
4236779; 527845, 4237034; 527644, 4237225; 527577, 4237288; 527528, 
4237336; 527477, 4237364; 527408, 4237403; 527356, 4237414; 527314, 
4237418; 527267, 4237416; 527136, 4237408; 526957, 4237397; 526778, 
4237386; 526511, 4237369; 525796, 4237326; 525255, 4237292; 525065, 
4237280; 524935, 4237298; 524704, 4237329; 524459, 4237362; 524276, 
4237392; 524216, 4237396; 524156, 4237400; 524096, 4237396; 523962, 
4237391; 523863, 4237390; 523790, 4237390; 523736, 4237379; 523735, 
4237378; 523735, 4237378; 523701, 4237372; 523334, 4237331; 523124, 
4237315; 522752, 4237325; 522523, 4237483; 522330, 4237495; 522203, 
4237501; 522091, 4237502; 522019, 4237486; 521903, 4237456; 521751, 
4237374; 521416, 4237245; 520924, 4237058; 520715, 4236933; 520469, 
4236563; 519656, 4236570; 519591, 4236725; 519597, 4236804; 519593, 
4236893; 519534, 4236982; 519509, 4237065; 519513, 4237207; 519519, 
4237410; 519508, 4237513; 519513, 4237560; 519644, 4237689; 519749, 
4237854; 519828, 4238299; 519985, 4238796; 520064, 4239163; 519666, 
4239301; 519083, 4239251; 518726, 4239185; 518455, 4238949; 518408, 
4238918; 517833, 4238941; 517755, 4238933; 515591, 4239010; 515470, 
4239008; 515452, 4239009; 515449, 4239056; 515449, 4239057; 515449, 
4239057; 515450, 4239095; 515435, 4241446; 515745, 4241442; 515750, 
4241442; 515751, 4241441; 515960, 4241437; 515958, 4241650; 515958, 
4241650; 516184, 4241647; 516184, 4241649; 516476, 4241982; 516591, 
4242098; 516629, 4242123; 516629, 4242123; 516631, 4242125; 516616, 
4243019; 516964, 4243034; 516961, 4243299; 516961, 4243299; 516957, 
4243382; 518721, 4243366; 519748, 4243368; 520411, 4243363; 520380, 
4245219; 520274, 4245428; 520129, 4245551; 520127, 4245552; 520176, 
4245594; 520200, 4245630; 520181, 4246130; 520221, 4246427; 520220, 
4246428; 520222, 4246456; 520222, 4246517; 520223, 4246579; 520222, 
4246577; 520225, 4246616; 520221, 4246774; 520214, 4246852; 520205, 
4246990; 520193, 4247283; 520121, 4247294; 519763, 4247380; 519748, 
4247387; 519735, 4247394; 519727, 4247398; 519712, 4247402; 519636, 
4247424; 519580, 4247425; 519530, 4247389; 519523, 4247381; 519515, 
4247373; 519516, 4247360; 519507, 4247387; 519510, 4247395; 519516, 
4247404; 519492, 4247437; 519486, 4247445; 519460, 4247491; 519453, 
4247503; 519413, 4247571; 519400, 4247572; 519392, 4247573; 519388, 
4247574; 519381, 4247575; 519366, 4247575; 519354, 4247574; 519339, 
4247574; 519327, 4247575; 519316, 4247573; 519308, 4247574; 519287, 
4247574; 519270, 4247582; 519252, 4247584; 519230, 4247590; 519203, 
4247598; 519197, 4247600; 519163, 4247609; 519146, 4247617; 519125, 
4247627; 519108, 4247645; 519097, 4247661; 519086, 4247673; 519070, 
4247700; 519062, 4247717; 519062, 4247719; 519048, 4247747; 519031, 
4247780; 519020, 4247811; 519005, 4247851; 519002, 4247866; 519000, 
4247897; 519000, 4247919; 519006, 4247954; 519015, 4247972; 519028, 
4248004; 519034, 4248019; 519043, 4248041; 519053, 4248080; 519061, 
4248112; 519064, 4248129; 519062, 4248151; 519062, 4248175; 519061, 
4248206; 519062, 4248223; 519065, 4248240; 519068, 4248257; 519071, 
4248266; 519082, 4248290; 519092, 4248307; 519105, 4248328; 519115, 
4248342; 519121, 4248350; 519133, 4248363; 519150, 4248374; 519173, 
4248386; 519199, 4248394; 519228, 4248404; 519259, 4248418; 519292, 
4248430; 519316, 4248442; 519340, 4248450; 519375, 4248465; 519399, 
4248482; 519402, 4248484; 519412, 4248498; 519413, 4248508; 519411, 
4248514; 519407, 4248523; 519400, 4248533; 519377, 4248549; 519369, 
4248556; 519350, 4248568; 519331, 4248574; 519311, 4248577; 519285, 
4248588; 519259, 4248597; 519238, 4248613; 519211, 4248626; 519200, 
4248632; 519173, 4248642; 519128, 4248660; 519102, 4248670; 519084, 
4248674; 519051, 4248679; 519033, 4248678; 519021, 4248676; 519003, 
4248674; 518982, 4248668; 518950, 4248662; 518918, 4248659; 518880, 
4248664; 518859, 4248670; 518849, 4248679; 518850, 4248689; 518854, 
4248697; 518863, 4248703; 518876, 4248715; 518888, 4248724; 518900, 
4248738; 518912, 4248748; 518935, 4248765; 518951, 4248781; 518967, 
4248801; 518983, 4248821; 518994, 4248838; 519000, 4248851; 519003, 
4248869; 519003, 4248885; 519003, 4248895; 519002, 4248911; 518997, 
4248935; 518995, 4248960; 518993, 4249001; 518994, 4249018; 518999, 
4249034; 519006, 4249056; 519018, 4249078; 519033, 4249094; 519052, 
4249108; 519073, 4249118; 519095, 4249127; 519122, 4249133; 519151, 
4249136; 519182, 4249140; 519203, 4249137; 519230, 4249137; 519257, 
4249144; 519263, 4249153; 519261, 4249160; 519257, 4249165; 519248, 
4249176; 519236, 4249188; 519223, 4249202; 519204, 4249216; 519188, 
4249230; 519170, 4249239; 519156, 4249244; 519133, 4249246; 519114, 
4249245; 519101, 4249244; 519078, 4249244; 519044, 4249248; 519006, 
4249259; 518990, 4249263; 518975, 4249271; 518960, 4249285; 518945, 
4249303; 518925, 4249330; 518918, 4249344; 518912, 4249356; 518904, 
4249366; 518896, 4249372; 518883, 4249382; 518860, 4249391; 518834, 
4249400; 518813, 4249410; 518796, 4249422; 518779, 4249435; 518756, 
4249447; 518708, 4249473; 518687, 4249484; 518674, 4249489; 518659, 
4249491; 518647, 4249488; 518627, 4249486; 518608, 4249488; 518588, 
4249498; 518576, 4249507; 518563, 4249519; 518557, 4249528; 518554, 
4249536; 518549, 4249551; 518543, 4249563; 518534, 4249575; 518519, 
4249586; 518501, 4249598; 518482, 4249605; 518468, 4249608; 518444, 
4249616; 518420, 4249617; 518400, 4249621; 518380, 4249625; 518365, 
4249632; 518355, 4249641; 518336, 4249649; 518300, 4249652; 518283, 
4249657; 518256, 4249654; 518226, 4249648; 518201, 4249643; 518179, 
4249642; 518167, 4249643; 518156, 4249646; 518147, 4249652; 518137, 
4249663; 518126, 4249680; 518118, 4249700; 518107, 4249723; 518096, 
4249744; 518090, 4249766; 518082, 4249783; 518078, 4249801; 518079, 
4249819; 518081, 4249836; 518087, 4249854; 518099, 4249867; 518116, 
4249879; 518130, 4249882; 518147, 4249886; 518168, 4249897; 518178, 
4249912; 518181, 4249925; 518182, 4249941; 518188, 4249951; 518194, 
4249958; 518200, 4249963; 518206, 4249973; 518209, 4249982; 518209, 
4249993; 518209, 4250008; 518213, 4250022; 518221, 4250029; 518228, 
4250036; 518232, 4250050; 518228, 4250060; 518224, 4250063; 518217, 
4250066; 518207, 4250067; 518190, 4250068; 518170, 4250070; 518153, 
4250076; 518135, 4250081; 518121, 4250090; 518111, 4250108; 518107, 
4250122; 518105, 4250135; 518102, 4250158; 518103, 4250172; 518107, 
4250185; 518114, 4250209; 518117, 4250226; 518122, 4250252; 518132, 
4250277; 518132, 4250278; 518112, 4250325; 518055, 4250363; 517988, 
4250366; 517977, 4250346; 517965, 4250330; 517948, 4250308; 517940,

[[Page 54369]]

4250287; 517937, 4250266; 517933, 4250250; 517929, 4250224; 517924, 
4250194; 517915, 4250171; 517895, 4250133; 517879, 4250105; 517870, 
4250095; 517843, 4250074; 517822, 4250056; 517800, 4250030; 517751, 
4249994; 517728, 4249974; 517697, 4249961; 517677, 4249957; 517648, 
4249949; 517633, 4249949; 517612, 4249951; 517586, 4249958; 517574, 
4249969; 517561, 4249984; 517555, 4249996; 517542, 4250025; 517538, 
4250043; 517527, 4250075; 517524, 4250091; 517523, 4250104; 517527, 
4250125; 517534, 4250146; 517541, 4250174; 517544, 4250201; 517543, 
4250225; 517538, 4250250; 517529, 4250276; 517520, 4250301; 517506, 
4250334; 517492, 4250364; 517479, 4250404; 517472, 4250419; 517468, 
4250433; 517459, 4250447; 517449, 4250459; 517438, 4250461; 517428, 
4250457; 517419, 4250450; 517408, 4250441; 517394, 4250434; 517374, 
4250425; 517349, 4250416; 517330, 4250419; 517319, 4250428; 517303, 
4250447; 517295, 4250457; 517279, 4250480; 517274, 4250487; 517266, 
4250499; 517256, 4250522; 517253, 4250541; 517248, 4250557; 517244, 
4250576; 517234, 4250597; 517224, 4250626; 517220, 4250646; 517222, 
4250669; 517237, 4250695; 517254, 4250710; 517274, 4250721; 517290, 
4250725; 517313, 4250729; 517334, 4250731; 517366, 4250729; 517395, 
4250729; 517426, 4250730; 517453, 4250737; 517487, 4250743; 517508, 
4250749; 517536, 4250763; 517567, 4250782; 517596, 4250802; 517625, 
4250823; 517660, 4250848; 517683, 4250876; 517693, 4250895; 517699, 
4250918; 517699, 4250918; 517672, 4251014; 517615, 4251099; 517523, 
4251133; 517519, 4251137; 517499, 4251131; 517481, 4251127; 517469, 
4251123; 517458, 4251121; 517434, 4251121; 517420, 4251125; 517405, 
4251128; 517393, 4251126; 517383, 4251122; 517369, 4251114; 517354, 
4251109; 517328, 4251099; 517301, 4251096; 517282, 4251090; 517264, 
4251082; 517245, 4251076; 517219, 4251065; 517180, 4251059; 517157, 
4251056; 517124, 4251047; 517094, 4251042; 517082, 4251040; 517065, 
4251040; 517051, 4251044; 517034, 4251048; 517018, 4251048; 517001, 
4251047; 516975, 4251041; 516962, 4251037; 516950, 4251032; 516931, 
4251022; 516917, 4251017; 516898, 4251012; 516879, 4251011; 516860, 
4251009; 516837, 4251006; 516828, 4251012; 516822, 4251023; 516819, 
4251036; 516819, 4251049; 516820, 4251061; 516822, 4251076; 516823, 
4251089; 516821, 4251105; 516815, 4251120; 516805, 4251129; 516792, 
4251137; 516780, 4251137; 516757, 4251138; 516742, 4251141; 516730, 
4251137; 516712, 4251132; 516689, 4251125; 516660, 4251114; 516647, 
4251115; 516610, 4251118; 516579, 4251128; 516566, 4251138; 516561, 
4251150; 516559, 4251160; 516558, 4251172; 516560, 4251187; 516560, 
4251206; 516566, 4251226; 516564, 4251240; 516563, 4251242; 516558, 
4251252; 516551, 4251263; 516546, 4251280; 516545, 4251299; 516549, 
4251318; 516555, 4251333; 516565, 4251340; 516577, 4251350; 516588, 
4251363; 516589, 4251379; 516585, 4251390; 516577, 4251405; 516567, 
4251418; 516554, 4251433; 516538, 4251450; 516522, 4251474; 516515, 
4251493; 516508, 4251518; 516504, 4251543; 516501, 4251576; 516499, 
4251607; 516499, 4251634; 516507, 4251662; 516518, 4251678; 516529, 
4251689; 516547, 4251695; 516561, 4251699; 516579, 4251702; 516595, 
4251705; 516612, 4251712; 516622, 4251720; 516636, 4251733; 516636, 
4251735; 516639, 4251861; 516588, 4251964; 516582, 4251968; 516572, 
4251977; 516561, 4251993; 516558, 4251999; 516445, 4252055; 516283, 
4252064; 516281, 4252065; 516280, 4252065; 516274, 4252064; 516264, 
4252061; 516255, 4252058; 516243, 4252051; 516234, 4252042; 516215, 
4252023; 516202, 4252010; 516185, 4252002; 516177, 4252001; 516156, 
4251996; 516136, 4251991; 516115, 4251992; 516098, 4251999; 516083, 
4252014; 516073, 4252031; 516071, 4252047; 516071, 4252057; 516070, 
4252069; 516070, 4252083; 516067, 4252094; 516062, 4252102; 516055, 
4252112; 516048, 4252123; 516042, 4252140; 516039, 4252151; 516036, 
4252159; 516028, 4252165; 516025, 4252167; 516015, 4252170; 516002, 
4252171; 515992, 4252178; 515986, 4252185; 515980, 4252188; 515968, 
4252186; 515964, 4252180; 515963, 4252182; 515936, 4252199; 515936, 
4252199; 515936, 4252212; 515932, 4252230; 515931, 4252247; 515938, 
4252261; 515952, 4252274; 515967, 4252289; 515985, 4252310; 515998, 
4252330; 516007, 4252353; 516024, 4252380; 516033, 4252395; 516034, 
4252408; 516034, 4252417; 516031, 4252429; 516026, 4252444; 516022, 
4252463; 516020, 4252487; 516022, 4252496; 516027, 4252519; 516036, 
4252541; 516038, 4252554; 516033, 4252557; 516024, 4252554; 516019, 
4252552; 516008, 4252545; 515999, 4252536; 515990, 4252528; 515979, 
4252523; 515963, 4252524; 515949, 4252528; 515933, 4252533; 515923, 
4252536; 515913, 4252534; 515901, 4252528; 515890, 4252521; 515871, 
4252513; 515855, 4252502; 515830, 4252490; 515807, 4252484; 515786, 
4252478; 515766, 4252478; 515757, 4252479; 515743, 4252490; 515732, 
4252506; 515728, 4252515; 515723, 4252529; 515715, 4252540; 515708, 
4252546; 515697, 4252548; 515681, 4252549; 515668, 4252554; 515652, 
4252574; 515644, 4252590; 515630, 4252614; 515614, 4252640; 515606, 
4252661; 515603, 4252673; 515604, 4252687; 515607, 4252699; 515613, 
4252724; 515612, 4252731; 515607, 4252735; 515601, 4252735; 515592, 
4252734; 515582, 4252731; 515567, 4252724; 515553, 4252716; 515533, 
4252705; 515515, 4252701; 515500, 4252704; 515485, 4252707; 515461, 
4252728; 515444, 4252747; 515435, 4252761; 515426, 4252780; 515426, 
4252793; 515429, 4252808; 515436, 4252825; 515445, 4252845; 515457, 
4252861; 515474, 4252882; 515479, 4252889; 515485, 4252899; 515485, 
4252909; 515484, 4252920; 515480, 4252935; 515480, 4252952; 515480, 
4252967; 515483, 4252984; 515485, 4252998; 515484, 4253007; 515480, 
4253016; 515474, 4253025; 515465, 4253032; 515453, 4253041; 515438, 
4253056; 515425, 4253070; 515415, 4253085; 515414, 4253100; 515418, 
4253116; 515424, 4253124; 515439, 4253136; 515453, 4253141; 515467, 
4253144; 515489, 4253149; 515503, 4253160; 515504, 4253160; 515515, 
4253170; 515543, 4253187; 515558, 4253194; 515575, 4253200; 515595, 
4253206; 515624, 4253211; 515643, 4253214; 515651, 4253220; 515662, 
4253226; 515674, 4253223; 515684, 4253221; 515701, 4253215; 515720, 
4253203; 515726, 4253194; 515733, 4253184; 515740, 4253174; 515750, 
4253165; 515760, 4253155; 515773, 4253144; 515784, 4253130; 515788, 
4253118; 515790, 4253106; 515793, 4253086; 515802, 4253078; 515811, 
4253075; 515822, 4253066; 515834, 4253066; 515838, 4253074; 515838, 
4253090; 515840, 4253109; 515845, 4253135; 515851, 4253152; 515858, 
4253162; 515862, 4253170; 515864, 4253178; 515862, 4253190; 515860, 
4253206; 515863, 4253236; 515864, 4253240; 515864, 4253241; 515852, 
4253247; 515890, 4253375; 515895, 4253512; 515833, 4253674; 515615, 
4253915; 515550, 4253943; 515510, 4253975; 515446, 4254021; 515445, 
4254020; 515422, 4254013; 515412, 4254013; 515393, 4254017; 515376, 
4254015; 515368, 4254008; 515357, 4253999; 515341, 4253984; 515321, 
4253972; 515300, 4253973; 515276, 4253969; 515247, 4253971; 515218, 
4253979; 515211, 4253986; 515196, 4254001; 515168, 4254022; 515157,

[[Page 54370]]

4254027; 515129, 4254028; 515119, 4254024; 515112, 4254016; 515109, 
4254006; 515103, 4253995; 515096, 4253991; 515081, 4253984; 515063, 
4253968; 515053, 4253954; 515044, 4253944; 515036, 4253938; 515020, 
4253936; 515011, 4253928; 515002, 4253919; 514993, 4253922; 514992, 
4253932; 514995, 4253940; 515002, 4253955; 515014, 4253976; 515033, 
4254014; 515039, 4254041; 515035, 4254059; 515028, 4254072; 515021, 
4254081; 515012, 4254095; 515001, 4254116; 514996, 4254132; 514985, 
4254167; 514979, 4254189; 514974, 4254250; 514974, 4254251; 514969, 
4254293; 514967, 4254336; 514967, 4254353; 514967, 4254355; 514969, 
4254364; 514973, 4254371; 514981, 4254384; 514991, 4254417; 514991, 
4254420; 514992, 4254436; 515007, 4254505; 515007, 4254506; 515010, 
4254572; 515021, 4254618; 515026, 4254626; 515031, 4254634; 515035, 
4254638; 515047, 4254648; 515061, 4254655; 515070, 4254658; 515087, 
4254666; 515129, 4254691; 515186, 4254727; 515192, 4254727; 515198, 
4254728; 515205, 4254729; 515212, 4254730; 515221, 4254731; 515233, 
4254729; 515241, 4254725; 515245, 4254722; 515273, 4254690; 515286, 
4254673; 515292, 4254659; 515294, 4254649; 515302, 4254594; 515343, 
4254545; 515354, 4254540; 515361, 4254536; 515375, 4254534; 515384, 
4254535; 515393, 4254536; 515406, 4254537; 515424, 4254537; 515431, 
4254535; 515433, 4254537; 515511, 4254552; 515636, 4254618; 515647, 
4254623; 515743, 4254736; 515838, 4254873; 515882, 4255052; 515848, 
4255178; 515768, 4255382; 515630, 4255716; 515550, 4255895; 515549, 
4255895; 515500, 4255889; 515476, 4255900; 515466, 4255906; 515457, 
4255918; 515461, 4255934; 515466, 4255947; 515469, 4255965; 515471, 
4255995; 515468, 4256021; 515463, 4256038; 515457, 4256050; 515446, 
4256057; 515440, 4256058; 515425, 4256063; 515365, 4256069; 515344, 
4256075; 515316, 4256070; 515296, 4256067; 515283, 4256060; 515267, 
4256045; 515247, 4256030; 515233, 4256017; 515222, 4256003; 515197, 
4255966; 515180, 4255943; 515177, 4255940; 515170, 4255942; 515167, 
4255946; 515156, 4255985; 515154, 4256029; 515135, 4256077; 515129, 
4256089; 515127, 4256106; 515126, 4256114; 515115, 4256136; 515108, 
4256145; 515103, 4256148; 515081, 4256161; 515074, 4256166; 515057, 
4256176; 515051, 4256185; 515049, 4256190; 515053, 4256194; 515061, 
4256197; 515081, 4256199; 515103, 4256193; 515140, 4256193; 515152, 
4256197; 515162, 4256201; 515164, 4256202; 515176, 4256209; 515196, 
4256223; 515209, 4256237; 515216, 4256252; 515230, 4256281; 515233, 
4256288; 515240, 4256293; 515240, 4256294; 515240, 4256295; 515234, 
4256307; 515262, 4256367; 515287, 4256447; 515317, 4256636; 515277, 
4256836; 515187, 4256950; 515103, 4257015; 515056, 4257056; 515055, 
4257055; 515041, 4257062; 515028, 4257079; 515003, 4257133; 514992, 
4257150; 514981, 4257158; 514968, 4257161; 514962, 4257161; 514956, 
4257162; 514938, 4257158; 514927, 4257153; 514908, 4257151; 514893, 
4257157; 514886, 4257159; 514879, 4257160; 514871, 4257158; 514858, 
4257150; 514853, 4257146; 514798, 4257089; 514791, 4257082; 514779, 
4257074; 514764, 4257068; 514747, 4257070; 514736, 4257073; 514721, 
4257078; 514708, 4257080; 514690, 4257080; 514682, 4257080; 514669, 
4257085; 514661, 4257093; 514659, 4257099; 514657, 4257115; 514661, 
4257126; 514671, 4257143; 514695, 4257166; 514697, 4257169; 514701, 
4257175; 514702, 4257180; 514701, 4257187; 514699, 4257196; 514697, 
4257203; 514688, 4257224; 514685, 4257227; 514667, 4257248; 514633, 
4257306; 514630, 4257309; 514630, 4257318; 514631, 4257319; 514630, 
4257320; 514589, 4257648; 514590, 4257650; 514585, 4257653; 514575, 
4257659; 514567, 4257671; 514564, 4257685; 514566, 4257699; 514567, 
4257709; 514573, 4257722; 514582, 4257738; 514606, 4257759; 514629, 
4257780; 514641, 4257795; 514666, 4257821; 514671, 4257825; 514680, 
4257829; 514694, 4257834; 514706, 4257838; 514715, 4257846; 514742, 
4257871; 514762, 4257894; 514773, 4257904; 514779, 4257911; 514788, 
4257926; 514791, 4257939; 514792, 4257950; 514792, 4257961; 514791, 
4257970; 514790, 4257973; 514784, 4257986; 514762, 4258024; 514758, 
4258032; 514751, 4258044; 514749, 4258053; 514746, 4258070; 514744, 
4258109; 514741, 4258113; 514740, 4258115; 514736, 4258119; 514726, 
4258123; 514716, 4258129; 514702, 4258135; 514683, 4258152; 514673, 
4258169; 514666, 4258182; 514659, 4258218; 514654, 4258240; 514652, 
4258263; 514654, 4258288; 514660, 4258327; 514666, 4258351; 514667, 
4258352; 514674, 4258359; 514684, 4258363; 514684, 4258364; 514695, 
4258407; 514648, 4258566; 514610, 4258593; 514601, 4258599; 514585, 
4258604; 514566, 4258610; 514560, 4258613; 514550, 4258620; 514521, 
4258654; 514510, 4258660; 514487, 4258673; 514468, 4258680; 514451, 
4258690; 514423, 4258704; 514390, 4258726; 514288, 4258813; 514257, 
4258854; 514255, 4258861; 514256, 4258869; 514259, 4258873; 514264, 
4258876; 514288, 4258880; 514309, 4258876; 514318, 4258877; 514327, 
4258884; 514331, 4258894; 514335, 4258909; 514335, 4258928; 514326, 
4258967; 514326, 4258972; 514326, 4258977; 514326, 4258981; 514329, 
4258985; 514332, 4258989; 514338, 4258992; 514345, 4258995; 514362, 
4258998; 514375, 4258999; 514396, 4258996; 514412, 4258988; 514428, 
4258979; 514443, 4258973; 514445, 4258969; 514445, 4258971; 514509, 
4258998; 514583, 4259053; 514724, 4259187; 514918, 4259367; 514980, 
4259423; 514981, 4259423; 514986, 4259428; 514996, 4259435; 515007, 
4259441; 515055, 4259449; 515253, 4259636; 515352, 4259727; 515469, 
4259814; 515449, 4259933; 515509, 4260017; 515554, 4260058; 515588, 
4260202; 515675, 4260407; 515718, 4260481; 515786, 4260513; 515861, 
4260579; 515811, 4260636; 515735, 4260659; 515658, 4260661; 515576, 
4260573; 515542, 4260544; 515472, 4260588; 515442, 4260639; 515456, 
4260710; 515458, 4260810; 515460, 4260832; 515426, 4260827; 515389, 
4260814; 515375, 4260804; 515324, 4260841; 515255, 4260882; 515194, 
4260867; 515155, 4260862; 515038, 4260902; 515012, 4260823; 515013, 
4260796; 515029, 4260774; 515027, 4260705; 515014, 4260674; 514940, 
4260630; 514892, 4260623; 514835, 4260654; 514756, 4260727; 514744, 
4260762; 514750, 4260796; 514717, 4260820; 514692, 4260866; 514669, 
4260918; 514635, 4260934; 514639, 4260868; 514609, 4260810; 514558, 
4260789; 514487, 4260775; 514427, 4260798; 514400, 4260838; 514405, 
4260874; 514405, 4260928; 514370, 4260973; 514279, 4261001; 514279, 
4260943; 514235, 4260852; 514170, 4260856; 514119, 4260881; 514041, 
4260879; 513959, 4260877; 513923, 4260905; 513886, 4260952; 513851, 
4260948; 513805, 4260907; 513772, 4260900; 513712, 4260878; 513681, 
4260842; 513622, 4260828; 513581, 4260813; 513551, 4260793; 513503, 
4260810; 513453, 4260859; 513409, 4260927; 513442, 4260967; 513481, 
4261058; 513497, 4261140; 513489, 4261235; 513540, 4261320; 513742, 
4261320; 513871, 4261328; 513976, 4261347; 514035, 4261369; 514145, 
4261324; 514252, 4261335; 514358, 4261296; 514356, 4261220; 514383, 
4261174; 514410, 4261122; 514465, 4261138; 514508, 4261148; 514504, 
4261185; 514510, 4261238; 514506, 4261297; 514520, 4261365; 514652,

[[Page 54371]]

4261443; 514815, 4261561; 514761, 4261649; 514648, 4261587; 514607, 
4261642; 514543, 4261651; 514484, 4261608; 514460, 4261560; 514393, 
4261525; 514248, 4261599; 514131, 4261568; 514011, 4261546; 514025, 
4261626; 513938, 4261628; 513832, 4261588; 513781, 4261620; 513759, 
4261696; 513825, 4261766; 513817, 4261822; 513869, 4261898; 513979, 
4261912; 514059, 4261890; 514126, 4261931; 514130, 4262043; 514129, 
4262149; 514147, 4262235; 514128, 4262311; 514178, 4262445; 514235, 
4262548; 514275, 4262607; 514318, 4262658; 514400, 4262694; 514456, 
4262745; 514385, 4262802; 514383, 4262890; 514370, 4262964; 514448, 
4263138; 514593, 4263244; 514650, 4263341; 514707, 4263450; 514720, 
4263519; 514893, 4263564; 515032, 4263626; 515101, 4263688; 515209, 
4263765; 515238, 4263930; 515138, 4264007; 515187, 4264092; 515197, 
4264212; 515223, 4264267; 515321, 4264382; 515314, 4264453; 515310, 
4264485; 515399, 4264533; 515507, 4264589; 515545, 4264608; 515604, 
4264714; 515632, 4264739; 515712, 4264751; 515794, 4264773; 515853, 
4264796; 515859, 4264834; 515872, 4264900; returning to 515958, 
4264938.
    (ii) Note: Map of Santa Rosa Plain Unit, follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P
* * * * *
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR31AU11.000

* * * * *


[[Page 54372]]


    Dated: August 17, 2011.
 Rachel Jacobson,
Acting Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks.
[FR Doc. 2011-21945 Filed 8-30-11; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C