[Federal Register Volume 76, Number 160 (Thursday, August 18, 2011)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 51289-51308]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2011-20965]


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FARM CREDIT ADMINISTRATION

12 CFR Part 615

RIN 3052-AC50


Funding and Fiscal Affairs, Loan Policies and Operations, and 
Funding Operations; Investment Management

AGENCY: Farm Credit Administration.

ACTION: Proposed rule.

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SUMMARY: The Farm Credit Administration (FCA, Agency, us, our, or we) 
proposes to amend our regulations governing investments held by 
institutions of the Farm Credit System (FCS or System). We propose to 
strengthen our regulations governing investment management, interest 
rate risk management, and association investments; revise the list of 
eligible investments to ensure it is limited only to high-quality, 
liquid investments; reduce regulatory burden for investments that fail 
to meet eligibility criteria after purchase or are unsuitable; and make 
other changes that will enhance the safety and soundness of System 
institutions. In this proposal, we also seek comments on compliance 
with section 939A of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer 
Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act or DFA), which requires us to remove all 
references to and requirements relating to credit ratings and to 
substitute other appropriate standards of creditworthiness. We also 
seek comment on other issues.

DATES: You may send us comments by November 16, 2011.

ADDRESSES: We offer a variety of methods for you to submit comments on 
this proposed rule. For accuracy and efficiency reasons, commenters are 
encouraged to submit comments by e-mail or through the Agency's Web 
site. As facsimiles (fax) are difficult for us to process and achieve 
compliance with section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act, we are no longer 
accepting comments submitted by fax. Regardless of the method you use, 
please do not submit your comment multiple times via different methods. 
You may submit comments by any of the following methods:

[[Page 51290]]

     E-mail: Send us an e-mail at [email protected].
     FCA Web site: http://www.fca.gov. Select ``Public 
Commenters,'' then ``Public Comments,'' and follow the directions for 
``Submitting a Comment.''
     Federal eRulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov. 
Follow the instructions for submitting comments.
     Mail: Gary K. Van Meter, Director, Office of Regulatory 
Policy, Farm Credit Administration, 1501 Farm Credit Drive, McLean, VA 
22102-5090.
    You may review copies of all comments we receive at our office in 
McLean, Virginia, or on our Web site at http://www.fca.gov. Once you 
are in the Web site, select ``Public Commenters,'' then ``Public 
Comments,'' and follow the directions for ``Reading Submitted Public 
Comments.'' We will show your comments as submitted, but for technical 
reasons we may omit items such as logos and special characters. 
Identifying information that you provide, such as phone numbers and 
addresses, will be publicly available. However, we will attempt to 
remove e-mail addresses to help reduce Internet spam.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Timothy T. Nerdahl, Senior Financial 
Analyst, Office of Regulatory Policy, Farm Credit Administration, 
McLean, VA 22102-5090, (952) 854-7151 extension 5035, TTY (952) 854-
2239; or Jennifer A. Cohn, Senior Counsel, Office of General Counsel, 
Farm Credit Administration, McLean, VA 22102-5090, (703) 883-4020, TTY 
(703) 883-4020.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

I. Objectives

    The objectives of this proposed rule are to:
     Ensure that Farm Credit banks \1\ hold sufficient high-
quality, readily marketable investments to provide sufficient liquidity 
to continue operations and pay maturing obligations in the event of 
market disruption;
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    \1\ Section 619.9140 of FCA regulations defines Farm Credit bank 
to include Farm Credit Banks, agricultural credit banks, and banks 
for cooperatives.
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     Strengthen the safety and soundness of System 
institutions;
     Discuss the requirements of section 939A of the Dodd-Frank 
Act;
     Reduce regulatory burden with respect to investments that 
fail to meet eligibility criteria after purchase or are unsuitable; and
     Enhance the ability of the System to supply credit to 
agriculture and aquatic producers by ensuring adequate availability to 
funds.

II. Background

    Congress created the System as a Government-sponsored enterprise 
(GSE) to provide a permanent, stable, and reliable source of credit and 
related services to American agriculture and aquatic producers. Farm 
Credit banks obtain funds used by System banks and associations to 
provide credit and related services primarily through the issuance of 
System-wide debt securities.\2\ If access to the debt market becomes 
temporarily impeded, Farm Credit banks must have enough readily 
available funds to continue operations and pay maturing obligations.
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    \2\ Farm Credit banks use the Federal Farm Credit Banks Funding 
Corporation (Funding Corporation) to issue and market System-wide 
debt securities. The Funding Corporation is owned by the Farm Credit 
banks.
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    Subpart E of part 615 imposes comprehensive requirements regarding 
the investments of System institutions (primarily Farm Credit 
banks).\3\ Section 615.5134(a) of FCA regulations requires each Farm 
Credit bank to maintain a specified liquidity reserve.\4\ This 
liquidity reserve may only be funded from cash and eligible 
investments.\5\
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    \3\ Section 615.5142 authorizes associations to hold eligible 
investments with the approval and oversight of their funding banks, 
for specified purposes. Associations that hold investments, as well 
as service corporations that hold investments, are subject to our 
investment management regulation at Sec.  615.5133.
    \4\ We expect to propose revisions to Sec.  615.5134 in an 
upcoming rulemaking.
    \5\ Sec.  615.5134(a).
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    We adopted our last major revisions to our investment regulations 
in 1999 and amended them in a more limited manner in 2005. Since 1999, 
the marketplace pertaining to investments has changed significantly. 
Innovations in investment products have led to their increasing 
complexity, and investors need to have greater expertise to fully 
understand them. In addition, the financial crisis that began in 2007 
resulted in numerous investment downgrades and the loss of billions of 
dollars by financial institutions.
    While System banks suffered considerably less stress during the 
crisis than many other financial institutions, they did experience 
numerous downgrades and some losses on individual investments. In 2010, 
we issued a bookletter that provides clarification and guidance 
regarding our regulations and expectations with respect to the key 
elements of a robust investment asset management framework that 
institutions should establish to prudently manage their investments in 
changing markets.\6\ The issuance of this bookletter was an interim 
measure towards strengthening our investment regulations.
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    \6\ FCA Bookletter BL-064, Farm Credit System Investment Asset 
Management (December 9, 2010). This Bookletter may be viewed at 
http://www.fca.gov. Under Quick Links, click on Bookletters.
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    In July 2010, the President signed into law the Dodd-Frank Act to 
strengthen regulation of the financial industry in the wake of the 
financial crisis that unfolded in 2007 and 2008. As discussed in 
greater detail below, section 939A of the DFA requires each Federal 
agency to revise all of its regulations that refer to or require 
reliance on credit ratings to assess creditworthiness of an instrument 
to remove the reference or requirement and to substitute other 
appropriate creditworthiness standards.
    We now propose amendments that would strengthen our investment 
regulations. In addition, in certain areas, including compliance with 
section 939A of the DFA, we seek comments but propose no specific 
regulatory revisions. In these areas, we will likely have to propose 
revisions before we will be able to adopt revisions as final. We will 
consider all comments received in this or future rulemakings, as 
appropriate.

III. Section-by-Section Description of the Proposed Rule

    Following is a section-by-section description of the proposed 
revisions to our rules.

A. Section 615.5131--Definitions

    We propose to amend Sec.  615.5131 to add two new definitions to 
reflect clarifications we propose to make to Sec.  615.5140, as 
discussed below. We propose adding a definition for Government agency, 
which we would define as the United States Government or an agency, 
instrumentality, or corporation of the United States Government whose 
obligations are fully and explicitly insured or guaranteed as to the 
timely repayment of principal and interest by the full faith and credit 
of the United States Government. We also propose adding a definition 
for Government-sponsored agency. We would define this term as an 
agency, instrumentality, or corporation chartered or established to 
serve public purposes specified by the United States Congress but whose 
obligations are not explicitly insured or guaranteed by the full faith 
and credit of the United States Government. This definition would 
include GSEs such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie 
Mae) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac), as 
well as Federal agencies, such as the

[[Page 51291]]

Tennessee Valley Authority, that issue obligations that are not 
explicitly guaranteed by the Government of the United States' full 
faith and credit.

B. Section 615.5132--Investment Purposes

    In 2005, we modified Sec.  615.5132 to increase the permissible 
level of investments that Farm Credit banks may hold from 30 to 35 
percent of total outstanding loans. The reason for the increase was to 
provide the banks with additional flexibility to meet their liquidity 
needs and accomplish their asset/liability management strategies in 
varying economic conditions. At this time, we continue to believe that 
the investment maximum of 35 percent of total outstanding loans 
provides the banks adequate flexibility to maintain their liquidity 
reserve at an appropriate amount. However, as discussed below, we 
solicit public comments on this issue.
    In this discussion, we emphasize the proper application of a 
provision of this regulation. We also discuss a proposed revision and 
an area where we specifically seek the views of commenters.
1. Permissible Investment Purposes
    Section 615.5132 permits each Farm Credit bank to hold eligible 
investments for the purposes of maintaining a liquidity reserve, 
managing surplus short-term funds, and managing interest rate risk. 
These purposes do not authorize Farm Credit banks to accumulate 
investment portfolios for arbitrage activities or to engage in trading 
for speculative or primarily capital gains purposes.\7\ Realizing gains 
on sales before investments mature is not a regulatory violation as 
long as the profits are incidental to the specified permissible 
investment purposes. Farm Credit banks must ensure that their internal 
controls, required under Sec. Sec.  615.5133(e) and 618.8430, ensure 
that eligible investments listed in Sec.  615.5140(a) are limited to 
those that are appropriate under Sec.  615.5132.
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    \7\ FCA has consistently taken this position. See, e.g., 70 FR 
51587, August 31, 2005; 58 FR 63039, November 30, 1993.
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2. Excluding Investments Pledged To Meet Margin Requirements for 
Derivative Transactions
    Section 615.5132 permits Farm Credit banks to hold eligible 
investments, for specified purposes, in an amount not to exceed 35 
percent of its total outstanding loans. We propose to permit banks to 
exclude investments pledged to meet margin requirements for derivative 
transactions (collateral) when calculating the 35-percent investment 
limit. We note that investments that are pledged as collateral do not 
count toward a Farm Credit bank's compliance with its liquidity reserve 
requirement.\8\ Derivatives are used as a hedging tool against interest 
rate risk and liquidity risk. Farm Credit banks use derivative products 
as an integral part of their interest rate risk management activities 
and as a supplement to the issuance of debt securities in the capital 
markets. We recognize that banks are required to post collateral to 
counterparties resulting from entering into derivative transactions, 
and we believe banks should not be discouraged from implementing 
appropriate risk management practices.
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    \8\ Under Sec.  615.5134(b), all investments that a bank holds 
for the purpose of meeting the liquidity reserve requirement must be 
free of lien.
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3. Treasury Securities and the 35-Percent Investment Limit
    Historically, Farm Credit banks have invested in instruments that 
generate yield in excess of the cost of funds (positive carry). Since 
the recent financial crisis, however, the banks have experienced 
decreased liquidity with these instruments at times, and they have 
turned to United States Treasury securities because of their high 
liquidity.\9\ Treasury securities generally have yields that are lower 
than the cost of the underlying Farm Credit debt that would fund such 
securities, and this negative carry has an adverse impact on bank 
earnings.
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    \9\ A System workgroup has recommended the establishment of a 
minimum level of cash and/or investments in Treasury securities as 
part of the liquidity reserve requirement of Farm Credit banks. FCA 
expects to propose revisions to Sec.  615.5134, governing this 
liquidity reserve requirement, in an upcoming rulemaking.
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    Under our existing 35-percent investment limit, holding Treasury 
securities reduces the maximum amount of investments that Farm Credit 
banks may hold in other eligible securities. Thus, the banks must 
choose between greater liquidity but a negative carry, or a positive 
carry but reduced liquidity.\10\ Banks would be able to avoid making 
this choice if they were permitted to exclude a portion of or all 
Treasuries or to apply a discount to Treasury securities when 
calculating the 35-percent limit.
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    \10\ Cash, which is also held for liquidity, also has a negative 
carry, but it is not subject to the 35-percent investment limit, and 
so it does not pose the same challenge.
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    We currently believe that the 35-percent limit continues to provide 
sufficient flexibility for Farm Credit banks to maintain adequate 
liquidity. However, we have received a request from a System workgroup 
asking us to consider treating Treasury securities as cash for purposes 
of this provision.
    Consequently, we seek comment on whether and how to address the 
situation Farm Credit banks face in holding Treasury securities. Are 
Farm Credit banks able to purchase sufficient Treasury securities to 
enhance liquidity, while remaining within the constraint that total 
investments may not exceed 35 percent of total outstanding loans? Or 
should the percentage be raised and, if so, to what level and why? 
Should Treasuries be excluded from total investments when calculating 
the percentage of total investments to total loans outstanding? Would 
it be appropriate to exclude a portion of Treasury securities from the 
calculation? Would it be appropriate to apply a discount to Treasuries? 
What would be the basis for such a calculation change?

C. Section 615.5133--Investment Management

    Effective investment management requires financial institutions to 
establish policies that include risk limits, approved mechanisms for 
identifying, measuring, and reporting exposures, and strong corporate 
governance. The recent crisis and its lingering effects have re-
emphasized the importance of sound investment management, and we 
believe that strengthened regulation would further ensure the safe and 
sound management of investments. Accordingly, we are proposing 
significant changes to Sec.  615.5133, which governs investment 
management.\11\
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    \11\ This rule would supersede the guidance contained in 
Bookletter BL-064.
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    In addition, we propose minor technical, clarifying, and non-
substantive language changes to this section that we do not 
specifically discuss in this preamble.
1. Proposed Sec.  615.5133(a)--Responsibilities of Board of Directors
    We propose enhancements to the responsibilities of each board of 
directors set forth in Sec.  615.5133(a). The existing regulation 
requires the board to review its investment policies annually and to 
make any changes that are needed. We believe that depending on the 
situation, this review may need to occur more than once a year. We 
would continue to require a review at least annually but, to reduce 
unnecessary regulatory burden, we propose to permit a designated board 
committee to conduct this review and to validate the

[[Page 51292]]

sufficiency of the investment policies, provided that the board must 
adopt any changes to the policies.
2. Proposed Sec.  615.5133(b)--Investment Policies--General 
Requirements
    Section 615.5133(b) lists the items that a board's investment 
policy must address, but it currently does not include every 
requirement of Sec.  615.5133. For example, existing Sec.  615.5133(e) 
requires an institution to establish internal controls, and existing 
Sec.  615.5133(f) requires specified securities valuation, but existing 
Sec.  615.5133(b) does not require these items to be addressed in the 
investment policy. Our proposal would require that the investment 
policy address every requirement of Sec.  615.5133. This revision would 
clarify our expectations as to the appropriate content of the board's 
policies.
    We would also require that investment policies must address the 
means for reporting, and approvals needed for, exceptions to 
established policies. Because the investment policies are established 
by the board, we believe it is important for the board's policies to 
address how exceptions to those policies will be handled. We believe 
exceptions to a policy should be rare, because frequent exceptions call 
into question the adequacy of the policy.
    In addition, we propose that institutions must document in their 
records or board minutes any analyses used in formulating policies or 
amendments to the policies. An accurate record of the analysis used to 
formulate investment policies documents appropriate governance. It also 
provides a trail for future directors and managers to review to fully 
understand how previous boards of directors arrived at their decisions 
and why they approved the policy in the form they did.
3. Proposed Sec.  615.5133(c)--Investment Policies--Risk Tolerance
    Our proposed changes are intended to make the investment policies' 
risk tolerance discussion more robust. In addition to the existing 
requirements of this section, investment policies would have to 
establish concentration limits for the various types and sectors of 
eligible investments and for the entire investment portfolio. We 
propose to delete the requirement that investment policies must 
establish diversification requirements, because the new concentration 
limit requirement would necessarily lead to diversification.
a. Proposed Sec.  615.5133(c)(1)--Credit Risk
    Existing Sec.  615.5133(c)(1)(i) provides that investment policies 
must establish credit quality standards, limits on counterparty risk, 
and risk diversification standards that limit concentrations based on a 
single or related counterparty(ies), a geographical area, industries, 
or obligations with similar characteristics. We propose to clarify that 
concentration limits be based on either a single or related 
counterparty(ies). Further, concentration limits must also be based on 
a geographical area, industries or sectors, asset classes, or 
obligations with similar characteristics. We believe this amendment 
would ensure that diversification is more thoroughly considered by 
System institutions.
    Existing Sec.  615.5133(c)(1)(ii) requires investment policies to 
establish criteria for selecting securities firms. It requires the 
board annually to review the criteria for selecting securities firms 
and determine whether to continue existing relationships. To reduce 
unnecessary regulatory burden, we propose to permit a designated 
committee of the board to review the criteria and to determine whether 
to continue existing relationships, but the board must approve any 
changes to the criteria and any changes to the existing relationships. 
This change would permit a designated committee to use its technical 
expertise to assist the board in carrying out its responsibilities.
    Existing Sec.  615.5133(c)(1)(iii) requires investment policies to 
establish collateral margin requirements on repurchase agreements. We 
propose to require institutions to regularly mark the collateral to 
market and ensure appropriate controls are maintained over collateral 
held. We believe it is prudent for institutions to manage potential 
counterparty risk and to establish appropriate counterparty margin 
requirements based on the quality of the collateral and the terms of 
the agreement.
b. Proposed Sec.  615.5133(c)(2)--Market Risk
    We propose changes to Sec.  615.5133(c)(2), which relates to market 
risk. Specifically, we propose to link this regulation to our stress-
testing requirements contained in proposed Sec.  615.5133(f)(2), our 
interest rate risk requirements contained in Sec.  615.5135, and other 
policies and guidance. These changes clarify our expectations that the 
board consider all aspects of market risk.
4. Proposed Sec.  615.5133(e)--Internal Controls
    We propose to modify our internal controls requirements in Sec.  
615.5133(e). In Sec.  615.5133(e)(2), we propose adding additional 
personnel to the list of personnel whose duties and supervision should 
be separated from personnel who execute investment transactions. These 
additional personnel are those who post accounting entries, reconcile 
trade confirmations, and report compliance with investment policy. We 
believe this additional separation is a best practice that System 
institutions should have in place to ensure controls are sufficient and 
appropriate.
    We also propose a new Sec.  615.5133(e)(4). This provision would 
require each institution to implement an effective internal audit 
program to review, at least annually, investment controls, processes, 
and compliance with FCA regulations and other regulatory guidance. The 
internal audit program would specifically have to include a review of 
the processes used for ensuring all investments, at the time of 
purchase, are eligible and suitable for purchase under the board's 
investment policies and for ensuring investments continue to meet all 
applicable generally accepted accounting principles even if they are no 
longer part of the liquidity portfolio.
    Existing Sec.  618.8430 requires each institution's board to adopt 
an internal control policy that provides direction to the institution 
in establishing effective control over, and accountability for, 
operations, programs, and resources. Our regulations do not, however, 
discuss the internal audit of the investment function specifically. 
However, FCA Bookletter BL-064 provides guidance on FCA expectations in 
this area. We now propose to strengthen this guidance by adding it as a 
regulatory requirement in Sec.  615.5133(e)(4).
    As we stated in FCA Bookletter BL-064, under Sec.  618.8430 an 
institution's board is responsible for ensuring that sound systems and 
controls are in place to manage investment risks. Senior management is 
responsible for implementing an effective control environment to manage 
risk in an institution's investment portfolio, as well as to ensure 
compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Internal audit is a 
critical function that ensures appropriate internal controls are in 
place. Accordingly, our proposal would require System institutions to 
establish internal controls to ensure that an independent review over 
investment practices and controls, including

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specifically the process for determining eligibility and suitability, 
is conducted.
    An institution's audit plan must include a risk assessment, at 
least annually, of the investment function by the internal audit 
department or by an outside vendor if the expertise in-house does not 
exist. Moreover, an institution must conduct an internal audit of the 
investment function at least annually. As we stated in FCA Bookletter 
BL-064, the frequency and scope of review should be based on the 
complexity and size of the investment portfolio. In addition, auditors 
should be rotated to obtain alternate views of investment operations. 
Outside audits of the portfolio should be conducted periodically as 
necessary to ensure an objective evaluation of practices and controls 
by qualified auditors.
5. Proposed Sec.  615.5133(f)--Due Diligence To Determine Eligibility, 
Suitability, and Value of Investments
    We propose to add a new Sec.  615.5133(f). This provision would 
cover the due diligence institutions must perform to determine 
eligibility, suitability, and value of investments. This provision 
would combine in one location the requirements governing securities 
valuation and those governing stress testing that are now in existing 
Sec.  615.5133(f) and Sec.  615.5141, respectively. Our proposed 
revisions would make these requirements more robust and less 
burdensome.
a. Proposed Sec.  615.5133(f)(1)--Eligibility and Suitability for 
Purchase
    In new Sec.  615.5133(f)(1), we propose that before an institution 
purchases an investment, it must conduct sufficient due diligence to 
determine whether the investment is eligible under Sec.  615.5140 and 
suitable for purchase under the investment policies of the 
institution's board. We propose to retain from existing Sec.  
615.5133(f)(1) the requirement that the institution must verify the 
value of the investment (unless it is a new issue) with a source that 
is independent of the broker, dealer, counterparty, or other 
intermediary to the transaction. We also propose to require that an 
institution's investment policies must fully address the extent of pre-
purchase analysis that management must perform for various classes of 
investments and that the institution must document its assessment of 
eligibility and suitability, including the information used in its 
assessment. The provision would permit the institution to use all 
available sources, including third party sources, to assess the 
investment. Finally, the provision would require that the institution's 
assessment of each investment at the time of purchase must at a minimum 
include an evaluation of credit risk, liquidity risk, market risk, and 
interest rate risk, and an assessment of the cash flows and the 
underlying collateral of the investment.
    This proposed regulation builds on our expectations for 
institutions to conduct proper due diligence, which we conveyed in FCA 
Bookletter BL-064. System institutions must conduct due diligence prior 
to purchasing a security. The degree of due diligence that an 
institution conducts must be commensurate with the complexity of the 
security. The need to evaluate and make a decision on a transaction 
quickly does not obviate the due diligence requirement. FCA expects 
that institutions must thoroughly understand the risks and cash flow 
characteristics of their investments, particularly for products that 
have unusual, leveraged, or highly variable cash flows. System 
institutions must identify and measure risks prior to acquisition. In 
general, institutions should conduct and document due diligence 
analyses separately for each investment security. Modeling cash flows 
and assumptions at the time of purchase provides insight into the 
changing risks certain investments present.
    We believe that documentation of the analysis conducted is a 
critical component for assessing and verifying eligibility and 
suitability. Investment policies must require that an adequate level of 
analysis be conducted on the various classes of investments purchased. 
Under this proposed regulation, System institutions that engage in 
investment activity will need to strengthen their due diligence process 
and improve their documentation as to why the investment was purchased.
    We expect that institutions will evaluate each investment they 
purchase using various sources available to them, including third 
parties if warranted, to assess whether an investment meets the 
eligibility requirements. Institutions may not, however, rely 
exclusively on third parties to justify the purchase of a security. 
Institutions must always conduct their own due diligence, because 
management and the board are ultimately responsible for any decisions. 
Moreover, because of the particular concerns surrounding the accuracy 
of credit ratings, institutions must be especially cautious if they 
choose to consider them.
b. Proposed Sec.  615.5133(f)(2)--Pre-Purchase and Quarterly Stress 
Testing
    We propose moving our investment stress-testing requirements into 
Sec.  615.5133(f)(2), as part of our due diligence and security 
valuation requirements, and removing existing Sec.  615.5141 as a 
stand-alone, stress-testing regulation. We propose this change because 
stress-testing is a key component of due diligence. It is used to 
assess the risk presented by an investment and the changes in valuation 
that may be experienced from movements in interest rates. In addition, 
we propose changes to the substance of the stress-testing requirements.
    Existing Sec.  615.5141 requires pre-purchase and quarterly 
interest rate stress testing for mortgage securities. It provides that 
mortgage securities are not eligible investments unless they pass a 
stress test, and it requires divestiture of a mortgage security that no 
longer complies with the stress-testing requirements.
    In the preamble to the 1999 final rule, in which we adopted the 
existing stress-testing requirements, we stated that we believed 
stress-testing was an essential risk management practice because even 
highly rated mortgage securities may expose investors to significant 
interest rate risk.\12\ We therefore stated that ``each System 
institution needs to employ appropriate analytical techniques and 
methodologies to measure and evaluate interest rate risk inherent in 
mortgage securities. More specifically, prudent risk management 
practices require every System institution to examine the performance 
of each mortgage security under a wide array of possible interest rate 
scenarios.'' \13\
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    \12\ See 64 FR 28893, May 28, 1999.
    \13\ Id.
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    Because of the importance of stress testing and the increasing 
complexity of investments, we propose in a new Sec.  615.5133(f)(2) 
that all investments-- not just mortgage securities, and including 
Treasury securities--must be stress tested before purchase and on a 
quarterly basis. This new requirement would enable System institutions 
to gain insight into the price movements of all securities they 
purchase. We understand that stress-testing for investments that have 
indexed rates that reprice at intervals of 12 months or less or have 
extremely short terms (such as Fed Funds and certain commercial paper) 
may be viewed as unnecessary. However, we believe that all investments 
must be stress tested to build a robust stress-testing environment that 
provides for a comprehensive and consistent analytical framework from 
which to evaluate the risks in the investment portfolio. It is also an 
important part of

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due diligence and the ongoing evaluation process.
    Existing Sec.  615.5141 provides two stress-testing options. In the 
first option, we set forth a standardized, three-pronged stress test 
that includes an average life test, an average life sensitivity test, 
and a price sensitivity test. In the second prong, we permit 
institutions to use alternative stress-test criteria and methodologies 
to evaluate the price sensitivity of mortgage securities.
    We now propose to eliminate the standardized stress test. Since we 
first allowed the alternative stress test, we believe that every Farm 
Credit bank that invests in mortgage securities has moved to the 
alternative test and that none continue to use the standardized test. 
We discuss new stress-testing requirements, set forth in Sec.  
615.5133(f)(2)(iii), below.
    To reduce regulatory burden, we propose in new Sec.  
615.5133(f)(2)(i) that an institution may purchase, with board 
approval, an investment that exceeds the stress-test parameters defined 
in its board's policies. We believe this flexibility is necessary 
because the financial markets continue to be very dynamic and a 
particular investment may not meet a board's parameters but may 
nevertheless provide additional liquidity or interest risk protection.
    We propose in new Sec.  615.5133(f)(2)(ii) that at the end of each 
quarter, each institution must stress test its entire investment 
portfolio, including a stress test of each individual investment, in 
accordance with paragraph (f)(2)(iii), as defined in its board policy. 
An investment that exceeds the board-defined stress parameters would 
not become ineligible and would not need to be divested. Rather, the 
board policy defining the stress tests would have to specify what 
actions the institution would take if its portfolio (but not an 
individual investment) exceeded the quarter-end, stress-test parameters 
defined in the policy, including the development of a plan to bring the 
portfolio back into compliance with those parameters.
    We believe that stress testing the entire investment portfolio at 
each quarter-end will provide significant insight into the risks 
associated with the investment portfolio. We also believe that 
requiring the stress testing of individual investments on a quarterly 
basis is just a component of understanding how each individual 
investment affects the entire portfolio. Should an institution's entire 
portfolio exceed its board's stress-testing policy parameters it would 
have to develop a plan to bring the portfolio back into compliance. 
This plan should specify how the institution would bring the portfolio 
back into compliance and what timeframes are involved.
    As discussed below, in Sec.  615.5133(g)(2) we propose to require 
an institution to provide immediate notification to the board or a 
designated board committee if its stress test for the entire portfolio 
exceeds its board's policy parameters. We believe that a portfolio 
stress test that exceeds board parameters discloses a serious situation 
that could threaten the safety and soundness of the institution and 
that directors should be notified and a plan developed to reduce 
portfolio risk.
    Proposed Sec.  615.5133(f)(2)(iii) sets forth the requirements for 
pre-purchase and quarter-end stress tests. These requirements are for 
the most part unchanged from our existing requirements in Sec.  
615.5141 governing the alternative stress test. We discuss the 
differences below.
    Proposed Sec.  615.5133(f)(2)(iii) would require that the pre-
purchase and quarter-end stress tests be defined in a board approved 
policy and include defined parameters for the types of securities an 
institution purchases. The stress tests would have to be comprehensive 
and appropriate for the risk profile of the institution. At a minimum, 
the stress tests would have to be able to measure the price sensitivity 
of investments over different interest rate/yield curve scenarios. The 
methodology that the institution uses to analyze investment securities 
would have to be appropriate for the complexity, structure, and cash 
flows of the investments in its portfolio.
    The stress tests would have to enable the institution to determine 
at the time of purchase and each subsequent quarter-end that its 
investment securities, either individually or on a portfolio-wide 
basis, do not expose its capital, earnings, or liquidity to excessive 
risks. Also, the stress tests would have to enable the institution to 
evaluate the overall risk in the investment portfolio and compare it 
with defined board policy limits.
    Two of the new requirements in this proposal--the requirement that 
all securities, not just mortgage securities, must be stress tested; 
and the requirement that securities must be stress tested on a 
portfolio-wide basis--are discussed above. The other new requirement is 
that stress tests would have to enable an institution to determine that 
its investment securities do not expose it to excessive liquidity risk. 
We propose this requirement because we believe an institution should 
have insight into the amount of cash it could obtain through the sale 
of investments, if necessary.
    In conducting its stress tests, an institution would have to rely, 
to the maximum extent practicable, on verifiable information to support 
all of its assumptions, including prepayment and interest rate 
volatility assumptions, when applying its stress tests. An institution 
would have to document the basis for all assumptions used to evaluate a 
security and its underlying collateral, and it would also have to 
document all subsequent changes in its assumptions.
    In this proposal, we specifically seek comment on several areas 
related to stress testing. Should FCA retain a standardized stress-
testing option for institutions that do not wish to or do not have the 
capability of defining their own stress tests? Given that the Dodd-
Frank Act requires us to eliminate credit ratings as a criterion for 
the eligibility of investments, would allowing System institutions to 
develop their own standards result in a variety of investment 
portfolios that exhibit substantially different risk profiles? Could 
this result in an inappropriate amount of risk in some investment 
portfolios? Also, should our regulations require stress-testing on all 
investments at the time of purchase? If not, on which investments 
should we require stress-testing, and why? Should institutions be 
required to stress test their individual investments and their entire 
investment portfolio on a quarterly basis? Why or why not?
c. Proposed Sec.  615.5133(f)(3)--Ongoing Value Determination
    We propose to redesignate existing Sec.  615.5133(f)(2) as Sec.  
615.5133(f)(3). We propose to revise the last sentence of this 
provision to require an institution to evaluate the credit quality and 
price sensitivity of each investment in its portfolio and of its whole 
investment portfolio to the change in market interest rates. This 
change would clarify the meaning of this provision. We also propose to 
make other non-substantive changes to this provision.
d. Proposed Sec.  615.5133(f)(4)--Presale Value Verification
    We propose to redesignate existing Sec.  615.5133(f)(3) as Sec.  
615.5133(f)(4) and to change the word ``security'' to ``investment.''
6. Proposed Sec.  615.5133(g)--Reports to the Board of Directors
    We propose revisions to Sec.  615.5133(g), which specifies 
information that management must report to the board or a board 
committee each quarter.

[[Page 51295]]

Proposed Sec.  615.5133(g)(1) would retain the general quarterly 
reporting requirements but would add to and modify them to strengthen 
the overall reporting requirements. Proposed Sec.  615.5133(g)(2) would 
add a special reporting requirement.
    Proposed Sec.  615.5133(g)(1) would require management to report to 
the board of directors or a designated board committee at least 
quarterly on the following:
     Plans and strategies for achieving the board's objectives 
for the investment portfolio;
     Whether the investment portfolio effectively achieves the 
board's objectives;
     The current composition, quality, and liquidity profile of 
the investment portfolio;
     The performance of each class of investments and the 
entire investment portfolio, including all gains and losses that the 
institution incurred during the quarter on individual investments that 
it sold before maturity and why they were liquidated;
     Potential risk exposure to changes in market interest 
rates as identified through quarterly stress testing and any other 
factors that may affect the value of the institution's investment 
holdings;
     How investments affect the institution's capital, 
earnings, and overall financial condition;
     Any deviations from the board's policies (must be 
specifically identified); and
     The results of the institution's quarterly stress test.
    We believe that these reporting requirements are best practices and 
are items that boards of directors or a designated board committee must 
know to exercise proper governance. We also believe that the use of the 
investment plan discussed below would be an important tool and an 
effective way to report to the board on the requirements above. 
Presenting an investment plan and its results to the board or 
designated board committee would provide assurances that all required 
reporting takes place.
    Proposed Sec.  615.5133(g)(2) would add a special reporting 
requirement. It would require an institution to provide immediate 
notification to its board of directors or to a designated board 
committee if its portfolio exceeded the quarterly stress-test 
parameters defined in the board policy required by proposed Sec.  
615.5133(f)(2)(ii). We propose this requirement because exceeding board 
policy parameters could lead to serious risk exposures for the 
institution.
7. Investment Plan and Investment Oversight Committee
    Although not a regulatory requirement, each System institution that 
maintains an investment portfolio should develop an investment plan and 
establish a formal investment oversight committee. These practices 
enable management to implement the investment direction provided by the 
institution's board. In addition, as discussed above under reporting, 
management's presentation of an investment plan to the board or 
designated board committee, along with the investment portfolio 
results, would provide assurances that required reporting takes place.
    An institution's senior management should develop a sufficiently 
detailed investment plan to appropriately execute the board's approved 
investment strategies and achieve business plan goals of the 
institution. The plan should be approved by senior management or an 
appropriate management committee. The investment plan should help 
provide for effective guidelines and control over the investment 
portfolio. The plan should be a working document that can deal with 
changes in market conditions. Investment plans should describe:
     The target portfolio composition given the board's 
investment policy, current market conditions, and projected liquidity 
needs;
     The rebalancing activities needed to achieve the target 
portfolio; and
     The performance measures that will be used to measure 
portfolio performance. Such measures should include target portfolio 
spread given the target portfolio composition and anticipated various 
spreads in relation to the institution's cost of funds.
    To effectively implement the investment plan, each institution 
should consider establishing a formal investment committee to provide 
additional expertise and to serve as an additional control over 
investment management. In the past, the asset/liability management 
committees, which oversee the management of investment portfolios in 
most System institutions, have generally provided sufficient oversight 
of these portfolios. However, the importance, volume, and growing 
complexity of System investments may warrant additional expertise in 
the form of a more specialized investment committee. In addition to 
providing additional expertise, the investment committee would also 
provide for separation of duties between allocation and risk strategies 
and the actual traders. This committee could also provide appropriate 
monitoring and governance as well as provide structure or formalization 
of many of the informal processes.

D. Section 615.5135--Management of Interest Rate Risk

    Interest rate risk management is an important part of the overall 
financial management of a Farm Credit bank. The potentially adverse 
effects that interest rate risk may have on net interest income and the 
market value of equity is of particular importance.
    We believe that strong policy direction from a Farm Credit bank's 
board of directors is essential to an effective interest rate risk 
management program. Existing Sec.  615.5135 requires a bank's board to 
adopt an interest rate risk management section of an asset/liability 
management policy. Our proposed revisions to this rule would strengthen 
a bank's interest rate risk management program. The existing 
requirements would remain. In addition, the revisions would require the 
interest rate risk management section of the asset/liability management 
policy to establish policies and procedures for the bank to:
     Address the purpose and objectives of interest rate risk 
management;
     Consider the impact of investments on interest rate risk 
based on the results of the stress testing required under proposed 
Sec.  615.5133(f)(2); \14\
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    \14\ Existing Sec.  615.5135 already requires Farm Credit banks 
to include investments in their interest rate shock analysis. Farm 
Credit banks may wish to review an advisory on interest rate risk 
management, issued by certain other agencies in January 2010, that 
discusses stress testing. See, Advisory on Interest Rate Risk 
Management, issued by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve 
System, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the National 
Credit Union Administration, the Office of the Comptroller of the 
Currency, the Office of Thrift Supervision, and the Federal 
Financial Institutions Examination Council State Liaison Committee 
(January 6, 2010).
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     Describe actions needed to obtain its desired risk 
management objectives;
     Identify exception parameters and approvals needed for any 
exceptions to the requirements of the board's policies;
     Describe delegations of authority;
     Describe reporting requirements, including exceptions to 
limits contained in the board's policies; and
     Consider the nature and purpose of derivative contracts 
and establish counterparty risk thresholds and limits for derivatives 
used to manage interest rate risk.
    Boards of directors set policy direction for the institution. Bank 
management carries out this direction and is responsible for reporting 
back to

[[Page 51296]]

the board on its implementation of board direction and results. 
Consequently, we would expect that many of the above requirements would 
be carried out by management or a committee comprised of management and 
directors.
    In addition, our proposal would require that management of each 
Farm Credit bank must report at least quarterly to its board of 
directors, or to a designated committee of the board, describing the 
nature and level of interest rate risk exposure. Any deviations from 
the board's policy on interest rate risk must be specifically 
identified in the report and approved by the board or a designated 
committee of the board.
    Finally, we propose several minor technical and clarifying 
amendments, such as changing ``shall'' to ``must''.

E. Section 615.5136--Emergencies Impeding Normal Access of Farm Credit 
Banks to Capital Markets

    This section provides that an emergency shall be deemed to exist 
whenever a financial, economic, agricultural, or national defense 
crisis could impede the normal access of Farm Credit banks to the 
capital markets. Whenever FCA determines, after consultations with the 
Funding Corporation, that such an emergency exists, the FCA Board 
shall, in its sole discretion, adopt a resolution that increases the 
amount of eligible investments that banks are authorized to hold 
pursuant to Sec.  615.5132, and/or modifies or waives the liquidity 
reserve requirement in Sec.  615.5134.
    We propose revisions to provide additional flexibility to the 
resolution that the FCA Board may adopt. First, in recognition that 
events such as the 2008 market turmoil may not allow for the 
deliberation contemplated by this regulation, we propose to clarify 
that the Funding Corporation consultation should occur only ``to the 
extent practicable.'' Second, the proposed rule would provide that FCA 
``may'', rather than ``shall'', adopt a resolution. Third, rather than 
permitting the resolution to increase the authorized amount of eligible 
investments, the proposed rule would permit the resolution to modify 
the amount, qualities, and types of authorized, eligible investments. 
Finally, we propose to expressly permit the resolution to authorize 
other actions as deemed appropriate.

F. Section 615.5140--Eligible Investments

    We last revised our listing of eligible investments, at Sec.  
615.5140, in 1999.\15\ Those amendments expanded the list of eligible 
investments and relaxed or repealed certain restrictions that had 
previously been in the regulation. As a result, those amendments 
allowed System institutions to purchase and hold a broader array of 
high-quality and liquid investments. Those revisions reflected changes 
in the financial markets and helped fulfill our objective of developing 
a regulatory framework that could more readily accommodate innovations 
in financial products and analytical tools.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \15\ See 64 FR 28884 (May 28, 1999).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The recent financial crisis resulted in substantial turmoil in the 
financial markets. Overall, System institutions weathered this crisis 
better than many other regulated financial institutions. We believe 
this is due in part to the limited scope of authorized investments. 
Even so, some System institutions did experience losses on certain 
types of investments.
    Based on this experience, we now propose amendments that would 
clarify which investments are eligible, eliminate certain investments, 
and reduce portfolio limits where appropriate. In addition, we ask 
questions about the most effective way to comply with section 939A of 
the DFA. As discussed in greater detail below, that provision requires 
each Federal agency to revise all regulations that refer to or require 
reliance on credit ratings to assess creditworthiness of an instrument 
to remove the reference or requirement and to substitute other 
appropriate creditworthiness standards.
1. Proposed Revisions to Sec.  615.5140(a)
a. Proposed Sec.  615.5140(a)--Introductory Paragraph
    We propose revisions to the language in the introductory paragraph 
of Sec.  615.5140(a). The existing language authorizes institutions to 
hold only the eligible investments that are listed and prohibits 
institutions from purchasing investments that are not listed. It also 
prohibits them from holding investments that were eligible when 
purchased but that subsequently became ineligible.
    Like our existing regulation, our proposal would permit 
institutions to purchase only those investments that satisfy the 
eligibility criteria in Sec.  615.5140. An investment that does not 
satisfy the eligibility criteria would not be eligible for purchase and 
would be subject to the divestiture requirements of proposed Sec.  
615.5143(a) if it were purchased.\16\
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    \16\ In this context, ``purchase'' would include an acquisition 
such as a swap of one security in exchange for another. It would not 
include an acquisition through a merger or consolidation of 
institutions. This interpretation is consistent with our 
interpretation of the existing rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In a change from our existing approach, however, eligibility would 
be determined only at the time of purchase. An investment that 
satisfies the eligibility criteria at the time of purchase but that 
subsequently failed to satisfy the eligibility criteria would not 
become ineligible and would not have to be divested. Instead, it would 
be subject to the requirements of proposed Sec.  615.5143(b), which 
would permit an institution to retain the investment subject to certain 
conditions.\17\ As discussed below, in our discussion of our proposed 
amendments to Sec.  615.5143, we believe this change would reduce 
regulatory burden without creating safety and soundness concerns.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \17\ Investments that do not meet our eligibility criteria that 
are acquired through a merger or consolidation would also be subject 
to the requirements of Sec.  615.5143(b).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, existing Sec.  615.5140(a) states that all investments 
must be denominated in United States dollars. We propose to relocate 
this language to Sec.  615.5140(b).
b. Proposed Sec.  615.5140(a)(1) and (a)(2)--Obligations of the United 
States and Obligations of Government-Sponsored Agencies
    Existing Sec.  615.5140(a)(1) lists ``Obligations of the United 
States'' as an eligible asset class. Under that heading three items are 
listed: Treasuries; agency securities (except mortgage securities); and 
other obligations fully insured or guaranteed by the United States, its 
agencies, instrumentalities, and corporations. We believe this listing 
is confusing and does not appropriately differentiate among obligors. 
Although the heading reads ``Obligations of the United States'', the 
second and third items are intended to include debt securities and 
other non-mortgage obligations of GSEs such as Fannie Mae and Freddie 
Mac, which are not obligations of the United States.\18\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \18\ We use the term ``Obligations of the United States'' to 
refer to obligations that are fully and explicitly insured or 
guaranteed by the full faith and credit of the United States. 
Although the United States Government placed Fannie Mae and Freddie 
Mac in conservatorship in September 2008 and has taken certain 
actions to effectively provide protection to the holders of 
obligations issued and guaranteed by the GSEs, these obligations are 
not explicitly insured or guaranteed by the United States 
Government's full faith and credit.

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[[Page 51297]]

    Accordingly, we propose to split this listing into two categories. 
We do not intend any substantive changes with this proposed revision. 
We intend only to clarify the existing language.
    The first listing, under Sec.  615.5140(a)(1), would be headed 
``Obligations of the United States'', and it would include only non-
mortgage obligations, including but not limited to Treasuries, that are 
fully insured or guaranteed by a Government agency (which by definition 
means they are backed by the full faith and credit of the United 
States).\19\ The second listing, under Sec.  615.5140(a)(2), would be 
headed ``Obligations of Government-Sponsored Agencies'', and it would 
include debt securities and other non-mortgage obligations of GSEs, as 
well as of Federal agencies, such as the Tennessee Valley Authority, 
that issue obligations that are not explicitly insured or guaranteed by 
the full faith and credit of the United States.\20\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \19\ As discussed above, in Sec.  615.5131 we propose to define 
Government agency as ``the United States Government or an agency, 
instrumentality, or corporation of the United States Government 
whose obligations are fully and explicitly insured or guaranteed as 
to the timely repayment of principal and interest by the full faith 
and credit of the United States.''
    \20\ As discussed above, in Sec.  615.5131 we propose to define 
Government-sponsored agency as ``an agency, instrumentality, or 
corporation chartered or established to serve public purposes 
specified by the United States Congress but whose obligations are 
not explicitly insured or guaranteed by the full faith and credit of 
the United States Government, including but not limited to any 
Government-sponsored enterprise.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Proposed Sec.  615.5140(a)(2) would permit institutions to purchase 
obligations of Government-sponsored agencies only if the obligations 
are senior debt securities. We believe that limiting permissible 
investments in this manner helps to ensure that institutions maintain 
only the highest quality investments in their portfolios.
c. Proposed Sec.  615.5140(a)(3)--Municipal Securities
    Existing Sec.  615.5140(a)(2) places no investment portfolio limits 
for general obligation municipal securities. We propose to modify this 
provision (redesignated as Sec.  615.5140(a)(3)) to impose a 15-percent 
investment portfolio limit on these securities. We propose this limit 
because we believe that a portfolio solely comprised of general 
obligation municipal securities would not provide sufficient liquidity 
in the event of a crisis in that particular market. We note that this 
limit is consistent with our existing revenue bond municipal securities 
investment portfolio limit.
d. Proposed Sec.  615.5140(a)(4)--International and Multilateral 
Development Bank Obligations
    Existing Sec.  615.5140(a)(3) places no final maturity limit and no 
investment portfolio limit on international and multilateral 
development bank obligations. In redesignated Sec.  615.5140(a)(4), we 
propose imposing a 10-year maturity limit and a 15-percent investment 
portfolio limit, to ensure a more diversified and liquid portfolio. We 
believe that a portfolio containing longer term obligations or 
comprised of an excess of these obligations would not provide 
sufficient liquidity in the event of a crisis in that particular 
market. We note that System institutions have invested in these 
obligations only on a limited basis.
e. Proposed Sec.  615.5140(a)(5)--Money Market Instruments
    Existing Sec.  615.5140(a)(4) permits institutions to invest in 
repurchase agreements that satisfy specified conditions. If the 
counterparty defaults, the regulation requires the institution to 
divest non-eligible securities in accordance with the divestiture 
requirements of Sec.  615.5143. Under our proposal, (redesignated Sec.  
615.5140(a)(5)) as discussed above, an eligible investment could not 
become ineligible, and would not be required to be divested. 
Accordingly, we propose to delete this divestiture requirement.
f. Proposed Sec.  615.5140(a)(6)--Mortgage Securities
    Existing Sec.  615.5140(5) requires stress testing of all mortgage 
securities. As discussed above, proposed Sec.  615.5133(f) would 
require stress testing on all investments held in an institution's 
portfolio. Accordingly, we propose to delete the specific stress-
testing requirement for mortgage securities (which would be listed in 
redesignated Sec.  615.5140(a)(6)).
    The first category listed in existing Sec.  615.5140(a)(5) is 
mortgage securities that are issued or guaranteed by the United States. 
In redesignated Sec.  615.5140(a)(6), we propose to revise this 
category to refer to mortgage securities that are fully guaranteed or 
fully insured by a Government agency.\21\ This change makes clear that 
this category includes only mortgage securities that are fully backed 
by the full faith and credit of the United States. If the United States 
Government issues a mortgage security that is not fully guaranteed or 
fully insured by the full faith and credit of the United States 
Government, it is not eligible under this category.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \21\ As discussed above, in Sec.  615.5131 we propose to define 
Government agency as ``the United States Government or an agency, 
instrumentality, or corporation of the United States Government 
whose obligations are fully and explicitly insured or guaranteed as 
to the timely repayment of principal and interest by the full faith 
and credit of the United States.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The second category listed in existing Sec.  615.5140(a)(5) is 
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac mortgage securities. As discussed above, the 
United States Government placed these two housing GSEs in 
conservatorship in September 2008, and their future remains uncertain. 
As long as they remain in conservatorship, we believe the existing 50-
percent investment portfolio limit is appropriate. Accordingly, we 
propose no changes to this category (which would be included in 
redesignated Sec.  615.5140(a)(6)) at this time. Depending on what 
happens to these GSEs in the future, a portfolio limit reduction or 
other restriction may become warranted. We invite your comments 
regarding revisions you believe we should make to this category of 
investments.
    The third category listed in existing Sec.  615.5140(a)(5) is non-
Agency securities that comply with 15 U.S.C. 77d(5) or 15 U.S.C. 
78c(a)(41). For the purpose of clarification, in redesignated Sec.  
615.5140(a)(6), we propose to replace the term ``non-Agency'' with a 
reference to securities that are not fully insured or guaranteed by a 
Government agency, Fannie Mae, or Freddie Mac. We intend no substantive 
change with this clarification. Furthermore, in this preamble we 
continue the shorthand reference to these securities as non-Agency 
mortgage securities.
    Under proposed Sec.  615.5140(a)(6), a position in a non-Agency 
mortgage security would be eligible only if it is the senior-most 
position at the time of purchase. The FCA considers a position in a 
non-Agency mortgage security to be the senior-most position only if it 
currently meets both of the following criteria:
     No other remaining position in the securitization has 
priority in liquidation. Remaining positions that are the last to 
experience losses in the event of default and which share those losses 
pro rata meet this criterion.
     No other remaining position in the securitization has a 
higher priority claim to any contractual cash flows. Remaining 
positions that have the first priority claim to contractual cash flows 
(including planned amortization classes), as well as those that share 
on a pro rata basis a first priority claim to cash flows meet this 
criterion.
    Institutions should be aware that the tranche that is the senior-
most position at the time they are considering

[[Page 51298]]

purchase is not necessarily the same tranche that was in the senior-
most position at the time of issue. Institutions should also be careful 
not to be misled by the labeling of tranches as ``super senior'' or 
``senior'' in a prospectus (or on market reporting services). 
Institutions may purchase non-Agency mortgage-backed securities (MBS) 
only if the securities satisfy the above two criteria at the time of 
purchase. Any security that would not satisfy the eligibility criteria 
after purchase because of the terms of the contract or because of 
structural issues would not be eligible.
    In addition, we propose to reduce the investment portfolio limit 
for non-Agency mortgage securities from 15 to 10 percent to reduce the 
exposure in MBS that are not fully insured or guaranteed by the United 
States. We believe reducing exposure in this area of uninsured 
securities would result in a more diversified and liquid portfolio.
    We note that the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, Board 
of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Federal Deposit Insurance 
Corporation, United States Securities and Exchange Commission, Federal 
Housing Finance Agency, and Department of Housing and Urban Development 
(collectively, the other agencies) have proposed a rule to implement 
the credit risk retention requirements of section 15G of the Securities 
and Exchange Act of 1934, as added by section 941 of the DFA.\22\ If 
this proposed rule of the other agencies is finalized, it could change 
the risk characteristics of investments that System institutions invest 
in. Consequently, FCA may consider further revisions to portfolio 
limits at that time.\23\
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    \22\ See 76 FR 24090 (April 29, 2011).
    \23\ Future revisions could include changes to the portfolio 
limits for asset-backed securities contained in proposed Sec.  
615.5140(a)(7), as well as to changes to the portfolio limits for 
non-Agency mortgage securities contained in proposed Sec.  
615.5140(a)(6).
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    Finally, we propose to eliminate commercial mortgage-backed 
securities, which are included in existing Sec.  615.5140(a)(5), from 
the list of eligible investments. We believe that these securities pose 
undue risk due to the nature of the collateral underlying these 
securities.
g. Proposed Sec.  615.5140(a)(7)--Asset-Backed Securities
    Existing Sec.  615.5140(a)(6) authorizes investments in asset-
backed securities with a 20-percent investment portfolio limit. In 
redesignated Sec.  615.5140(a)(7), we propose to reduce the investment 
portfolio limit from 20 to 15 percent, with no more than 5 percent of 
the investment portfolio in any one type of collateral. We propose this 
change because we believe that certain asset-backed securities, such as 
home equity loans and manufactured housing loans, present appreciable, 
albeit manageable, risk. We believe this reduction will help limit the 
exposure of System institutions in investments such as manufactured 
housing and home equity loans that experienced considerable stress 
during the financial crisis.
h. Proposed Sec.  615.5140(a)(8)--Corporate Debt Securities
    Existing Sec.  615.5140(a)(7) authorizes investments in corporate 
debt securities, subject to a 20-percent investment portfolio limit. 
The provision also prohibits investments in securities that are 
convertible to equity securities.
    In redesignated Sec.  615.5140(a)(8), we propose to add a 
requirement that the securities must be senior debt securities to be 
eligible for purchase. We would leave the portfolio limit the same, but 
we would create additional diversification by requiring that no more 
than 10 percent of the investment portfolio be in any one of the 10 
industry sectors as defined by the Global Industry Classification 
Standard (GICS).\24\
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    \24\ GICS was developed by Morgan Stanley Capital International 
and Standards and Poor's. The GICS is an industry analysis framework 
for investment research portfolio management and asset allocation. 
The GICS structure consists of 10 sectors, 24 industry groups, 68 
industries, and 154 sub-industries. More information can be found at 
http://www.mscibarra.com/products/indices/gics.
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i. Proposed Sec.  615.5140(a)(9)--Diversified Investment Funds
    We propose to clarify our expectations for diversified investment 
funds contained in our existing Sec.  615.5140(a)(8). We believe the 
term ``diversified investment funds'' could include closed-end funds, 
which are typically exchange-traded. We propose to add language stating 
that only open-end funds are eligible, in order to reduce the 
possibility that investments are purchased for potentially speculative 
purposes.
    In addition, the existing rule imposes no investment portfolio 
limitation, as long as shares in each investment company comprise 10 
percent or less of an institution's portfolio. Our proposal would 
impose a 50-percent total investment portfolio limit, with no more than 
10 percent in any single fund. We believe this proposal would provide 
for more appropriate diversification across an institution's investment 
portfolio.
2. Dodd-Frank Act Compliance
    In July 2010, to strengthen regulation of the financial industry in 
the wake of the financial crisis that unfolded in 2007 and 2008, the 
President signed into law the Dodd-Frank Act. Section 939A of the DFA 
requires the following:
     Each Federal agency must review (i) all of its regulations 
that require the use of an assessment of the creditworthiness of a 
security or money market instrument, and (ii) any references to or 
requirements in its regulations regarding credit ratings.
     Each Federal agency must modify its regulations to remove 
any reference to or requirement of reliance on credit ratings and to 
substitute in the regulations such standards of creditworthiness as the 
agency determines is appropriate. In making this determination, the 
agency must seek to establish, to the extent feasible, uniform 
standards of creditworthiness.
    We have completed our review of FCA regulations that impose 
creditworthiness requirements or that refer to or require the use of 
credit ratings. Existing Sec.  615.5140(a) is one such regulation; it 
requires minimum NRSRO \25\ credit ratings for many categories of 
investments--including municipal securities, certain money market 
instruments, non-Agency mortgage securities, asset-backed securities, 
and corporate debt securities--in order for them to be eligible.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \25\ Nationally recognized statistical rating organization.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    There are a number of different ways to assess creditworthiness, 
and we are considering which approach or combination of approaches 
would be most appropriate in this context. It may well be that we would 
want to propose several of these approaches in concert with one 
another. In the discussion below, we explore various approaches that 
could be considered for assessing creditworthiness as a determinant of 
eligibility for purposes of Sec.  615.5140(a).\26\
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    \26\ In addition, existing Sec.  615.5140(b), which we propose 
to redesignate as Sec.  615.5140(c), provides that whenever the 
obligor or issuer of an eligible investment is located outside the 
United States, the host country must maintain the highest sovereign 
rating for political and economic stability by an NRSRO. The DFA 
requires us to replace that NRSRO standard with an appropriate 
substitute. The following discussion also applies to that provision.
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    First, our regulation could specify financial measurements, 
benchmark indexes, and other measurable criteria against which 
institutions could evaluate the creditworthiness of their investments. 
The regulation could

[[Page 51299]]

specify factors and standards of criteria for various classes of 
investments. Institutions would need to ensure that these criteria were 
met in order for an investment to be eligible or suitable at the time 
of purchase. Some of the factors that could be considered as criteria 
to ensure a high quality, highly liquid investment portfolio include:
     Credit spreads (i.e., whether it is possible to 
demonstrate that a position in certain investments is subject to a 
minimal amount of credit risk based on the spread between the 
security's yield and the yield of Treasury or other securities, or 
based on credit default swap spreads that reference the security);
     Default statistics (i.e., whether providers of credit 
information relating to securities express a view that specific 
securities have a probability of default consistent with other 
securities with a minimal amount of credit risk);
     Inclusion on an index (i.e., whether a security, or issuer 
of the security, is commonly included as a component of a recognized 
index of instruments that are subject to a minimal amount of credit 
risk);
     Priorities and enhancements (i.e., the extent to which a 
security includes credit enhancement features, along with an evaluation 
of the relative strength of the enhancements, such as 
overcollateralization and reserve accounts, or has priority under 
applicable bankruptcy or creditors' rights provisions);
     Price, yield and/or volume (i.e., whether the price and 
yield of a security or a credit default swap that references the 
security are consistent with other securities that are subject to a 
minimal amount of credit risk and whether the price resulted from 
active trading); and
     Asset class-specific factors (e.g., in the case of 
structured finance products, the risk characteristics of the specific 
underlying collateral).
    Is this approach one that FCA should consider, and are there other 
criteria that should be included? Should the creditworthiness standard 
include specific standards for probability and loss given default? If 
so, why, and where could the Agency source such data to derive such 
probabilities? Also, should this vary by asset class and/or type of 
investment? Finally, would it be appropriate to combine this approach 
with one or more of the other approaches, and if so, which ones, and 
why?
    Second, our regulation could require System institutions to develop 
their own internal assessment process for evaluating the 
creditworthiness of investments. We believe that the level of due 
diligence needed to validate such a system could require significant 
effort on the part of System institutions. In addition, the internal 
evaluation system would need to be validated and might need to be 
frequently recalibrated based on changes in the marketplace. 
Institutions would need to be able to demonstrate to FCA that the 
probability of default characteristics and loss given default 
characteristics are verifiable and accurate. Any internal assessment 
would also have to consider an investment's marketability, liquidity, 
and pricing risk for determining eligibility and suitability.
    The System has developed a standardized 14-point risk rating 
summary that institutions use to classify their loan portfolios. 
Similar criteria could possibly be used in the assessment of whether an 
investment is eligible or suitable for the portfolio. However, 
additional validation would likely be needed to ensure appropriate 
recognition of the critical factors present in investments.
    Is this second approach one that we should consider? Do System 
institutions have the capability of validating an internal assessment 
system for investments, and is it appropriate to allow institutions to 
develop their own internal model for assessing creditworthiness of 
investments? If so, what standards of creditworthiness should be 
included, and why? If we consider an internal model approach, what 
would be the criteria for eligibility, and why? Also, should an 
assessment of creditworthiness link directly to a bank's loan rating 
system and if so, how should differences in classifications pertaining 
to eligibility be handled? Finally, would it be appropriate to combine 
this approach with one or more of the other approaches and, if so, 
which ones, and why?
    Third, FCA could develop regulations that would require 
institutions to use third party assessments to assess creditworthiness. 
Organizations other than NRSROs may have the capability to evaluate 
creditworthiness, and this evaluation could be considered in an 
institution's eligibility and suitability assessment. We also believe 
that the DFA does not prohibit System institutions from looking to the 
NRSROs as a tool for assessing creditworthiness. Institutions that do 
so, however, should evaluate the quality of third party assessments by 
considering whether issuers or investors pay the rating fees. Moreover, 
as we have seen in the recent crisis, reliance on third party analysis 
can be problematic and cannot be used in isolation. Accordingly, if we 
were to require this approach, it would likely be in concert with one 
or more of the other approaches.
    Is this third approach one that we should consider? What reliable 
third party sources exist? Would it be appropriate to combine this 
approach with one or more of the other approaches and if so, which 
ones, and why?
    Fourth, FCA could develop a set of clearly defined criteria from 
which we would create a scale that ranks creditworthiness. We would 
then require System institutions to conduct due diligence to ensure 
that an investment they purchase actually complies with the criteria. 
The criteria could be as follows:
    Highest Standard--Obligations must be of the highest quality with 
minimal credit risk. Issuers must have an extremely strong capacity to 
meet its long-term financial obligations and a superior ability to 
repay short-term debt obligations.
    High Standard--Obligations must be of a high quality and subject to 
very low credit risk. Issuers must have a very strong capacity to meet 
its long-term financial obligations and a strong ability to repay 
short-term debt obligations.
    We recognize that these standards may be viewed differently by 
different System institutions. This approach would require significant 
due diligence and controls in place to ensure consistency. It could 
also result in one institution determining an investment is eligible 
while another may determine an investment is not eligible at the time 
of purchase.
    Is this fourth approach one that we should consider and, if so, 
what definitional criteria should be used? Would it be appropriate to 
combine this approach with one or more of the other approaches and, if 
so, which ones, and why?
    In considering the requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act and the 
reasons for its enactment, do the above approaches allow for too much 
subjectivity and inconsistency? Alternatively, is there an approach 
that would allow for objective criteria that would lead to consistency 
in assessing eligibility? We are also considering how difficult and 
costly in practice any of the potential approaches or combination of 
approaches would be. In addition, we are considering whether there are 
other approaches to assessing creditworthiness that would be more 
appropriate. Finally, as a related matter, we are interested in what 
specific methods and standards an institution should be required to 
apply to appropriately assess the political and economic stability of a 
foreign country

[[Page 51300]]

that hosts the obligor or issuer of an eligible investment.
3. Changes to Remainder of Sec.  615.5140
    As discussed above, we propose to relocate to Sec.  615.5140(b) the 
requirement, currently contained in the introductory paragraph of Sec.  
615.5140(a), that all investments must be denominated in United States 
dollars.
    We propose to delete our existing Sec.  615.5140(c), which requires 
that all eligible investments, except money market instruments, must be 
marketable. We expect that in an upcoming rulemaking, we will propose 
to include that requirement in Sec.  615.5134.
    We propose to reduce to 15 percent the 20-percent obligor limit 
contained in our existing Sec.  615.5140(d)(1). We believe this 
reduction is appropriate because it helps to ensure diversification 
among obligors.
    We also propose to clarify, consistent with the amendments to 
terminology that we propose in Sec.  615.5140(a) and (b), that the 
obligor limit does not apply to obligations that are issued or 
guaranteed as to interest and principal by Government agencies or 
Government-sponsored agencies (rather than to obligations that are 
issued or guaranteed as to interest and principal by the United States, 
its agencies, instrumentalities, or corporations). We intend no 
substantive change with this clarification.
    Obligations that are not fully insured or fully guaranteed by a 
Government agency or Government-sponsored agency present relatively 
greater risk than do obligations that are so insured or guaranteed. We 
also believe that money market instruments generally present more 
limited risk. We seek comment on whether an overall combined portfolio 
limit--including all obligations except for money market instruments 
and those fully insured or fully guaranteed by Government agencies and 
Government-sponsored agencies--would be appropriate. Should we 
implement such a limit and, if so, what should the limit be? In 
addition, in light of the concentration that can occur in the housing 
sector, should we consider implementing a housing sector limit? Why or 
why not?

G. Section 615.5141--Stress Tests for Mortgage Securities

    Because we propose to relocate our stress-testing requirements to 
Sec.  615.5133(f), we also propose to remove this stand-alone, stress-
testing section from our regulations.

H. Section 615.5142--Association Investments

    Section 615.5142 implements sections 2.2(10) and 2.12(18) of the 
Act, which require each funding bank to supervise and approve the 
investment activities of its affiliated associations. Section 615.5142 
authorizes an association to hold eligible investments, listed in Sec.  
615.5140, with the approval of its funding bank, for the purposes of 
reducing interest rate risk and managing surplus short-term funds. Each 
bank must review annually the investment portfolio of every association 
that it funds.
    Although funding banks are required to supervise and approve the 
investment activities of an association, when we adopted this 
regulation in 1999, we emphasized that bank oversight does not absolve 
an association's board and managers of their fiduciary duties to manage 
investments in a safe and sound manner. We stated that the fiduciary 
responsibilities of association boards obligate them to develop 
appropriate investment management policies and practices to manage the 
risks associated with investment activities. We also stated that each 
association's investment managers must fully understand the risks of 
its investments and make independent and objective evaluations of 
investments prior to purchase.\27\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \27\ See 64 FR 28885-28886 (May 28, 1999).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, we emphasized that each association with a 
nonagricultural investment portfolio is required to develop an 
investment policy that is based on its unique characteristics and that 
is commensurate with the nature of its investment activities and 
portfolio. An association must comply with all the requirements in 
Sec.  615.5133 if the level or type of its investments could expose its 
capital to material loss.\28\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \28\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This guidance is still valid today. However, we believe additional 
clarification and a regulatory revision are appropriate.
    As a point of clarification, although Sec.  615.5142 permits 
association investments for the purpose of, in pertinent part, reducing 
interest rate risk, the interest rate risk of most associations is 
managed by their respective funding banks. Accordingly, interest rate 
risk at the association level is generally minimized although not 
completely eliminated. The use of investments for reducing interest 
rate risk should be commensurate with the actual interest rate risk 
exposure of the association. Furthermore, associations that engage in 
investment activities must ensure that their investments do not 
increase interest rate risk.
    Section 615.5142 also permits associations to invest surplus short-
term funds. We are concerned that an association could draw on its line 
of credit with its funding bank to obtain ``surplus'' short-term funds 
that it would invest in an investment with a longer term or repricing 
characteristics than the term and repricing characteristics of the 
funding. Funding a longer term investment with short-term funds creates 
the potential for interest rate risk. Because of this potential risk, 
associations must carefully manage their investments of surplus short-
term funds.
    Accordingly, we propose to add paragraph (b) to Sec.  615.5142. 
Paragraph (b) would require that before an association purchases an 
eligible investment for the purpose of managing surplus short-term 
funds, it must ensure that the investment's repricing and maturity 
characteristics match the characteristics of the surplus short-term 
funds to be invested.
    In addition, although we do not propose this as a requirement at 
this time, we believe that in order for an investment to be made for 
the purpose of managing surplus ``short-term'' funds, the funds 
generally should be invested in instruments that are ``overnight'' or 
that have maturities of 30 days or less. We seek comment on whether we 
should define surplus short-term funds and if so how. Further, is our 
belief that surplus short-term funds should only be invested in 
overnight investments or in investments with maturities of 30 days or 
less appropriate? Lastly, is our proposed limitation on the permissible 
characteristics of investments purchased for the purpose of managing 
surplus short-term funds appropriate for associations, or does it 
unreasonably restrict an association's ability to properly hold and 
manage investments?

I. Section 615.5143--Management of Ineligible and Unsuitable 
Investments

    Existing Sec.  615.5143 requires an institution to dispose of an 
investment that is ineligible (under the Sec.  615.5140 criteria) 
within 6 months unless we approve, in writing, a plan that authorizes 
the institution to divest the instrument over a longer period of time. 
An acceptable divestiture plan must require the institution to dispose 
of the ineligible investment as quickly as possible without substantial 
financial loss. Until the institution actually disposes of the 
ineligible investment, the institution's investment portfolio managers 
must report on specified

[[Page 51301]]

matters to the board of directors at least quarterly.
    During the financial crisis of the past few years, we have received 
numerous divestiture plans from System institutions seeking our 
permission to continue to retain ineligible investments. Nearly all of 
these plans have involved investments that have become ineligible due 
to credit ratings downgrades.\29\ Typically, the analyses in the 
divestiture plans have indicated that holding the instruments until 
maturity or until market conditions improve would minimize losses, 
compared with incurring a substantial loss with a sale in the then-
current market. Moreover, the investments have not materially affected 
the financial capacity of the institution. Accordingly, we have 
approved all investment plans that we have received in at least the 
last 5 years.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \29\ As discussed elsewhere in this preamble, section 939A of 
the Dodd-Frank Act requires us to remove credit ratings from our 
eligibility criteria and to substitute other appropriate standards 
of creditworthiness. We are currently asking questions about how 
best to develop appropriate creditworthiness standards to include in 
our eligibility criteria in Sec.  615.5140. Once we have revised our 
eligibility criteria, a credit-rating downgrade would no longer 
cause an investment to fail to satisfy the criteria, but an 
inability to meet the new creditworthiness standards would cause an 
investment to fail to satisfy the criteria.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The automatic 6-month divestiture requirement, with FCA approval 
needed for a longer divestiture period, has proven to be inefficient 
and unnecessary. The existing regulation requires institutions to 
expend time and effort to develop a divestiture plan, requires FCA 
staff to expend time and effort reviewing the plan and developing a 
recommendation, and requires the FCA Board to expend time and effort 
determining whether to approve the plan.
    Accordingly, to reduce the regulatory burden on System institutions 
and to improve efficiency, proposed Sec.  615.5143(b) would permit an 
institution to retain an investment that no longer satisfies the 
eligibility criteria set forth in Sec.  615.5140 (that satisfied the 
criteria when purchased), without the need for FCA approval, subject to 
specified requirements that are summarized below.
    Section 615.5143(b) would also permit an institution to retain an 
investment that satisfies the Sec.  615.5140 eligibility criteria but 
that is not suitable because it does not satisfy the risk tolerance 
established in the institution's board policy pursuant to Sec.  
615.5133(c), subject to the same specified requirements.
    The specified requirements that would have to be satisfied in order 
to retain an investment that no longer satisfies the Sec.  615.5140 
eligibility criteria or that is unsuitable are as follows:
    1. The institution must notify FCA promptly in writing upon 
determining that the investment no longer satisfies the Sec.  615.5140 
eligibility criteria or is unsuitable;
    2. The investment must not be used to fund the liquidity reserve 
requirement in Sec.  615.5134;
    3. The institution must include the investment in the Sec.  
615.5132 investment portfolio limit;
    4. The institution must include the investment as collateral under 
Sec.  615.5050 and net collateral under Sec.  615.5301(c) at the lower 
of cost or market value; and
    5. The institution must develop a plan to reduce risk arising from 
the investment.
    The first requirement, regarding FCA notification, is necessary so 
that we can evaluate whether the institution is responding 
appropriately to the situation. The second and fourth requirements, 
regarding exclusion from the liquidity reserve and inclusion in 
collateral and net collateral, are warranted by safety and soundness 
concerns. The third condition, regarding inclusion in the investment 
portfolio limit under Sec.  615.5132, is simply an express statement 
that we find no basis to exclude these investments from that limit. And 
the final requirement, regarding the development of a risk reduction 
plan, is necessary for safety and soundness purposes.
    Proposed Sec.  615.5143(a) provides that an investment that does 
not satisfy the Sec.  615.5140 eligibility criteria at the time of 
purchase is ineligible. Institutions must not purchase ineligible 
investments. An institution that purchases an ineligible investment 
must notify us promptly, in writing, and must divest of the investment 
no later than 60 calendar days after determining that the investment is 
ineligible unless we approve, in writing, a plan that authorizes 
divestiture over a longer period of time.\30\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \30\ In this context, ``purchase'' would include an acquisition 
such as a swap of one ineligible security for another. It would not 
include an acquisition through a merger or consolidation of 
institutions. Investments that do not meet our eligibility criteria 
that are acquired through a merger or consolidation would be subject 
to the requirements of Sec.  615.5143(b).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Although it is not stated in the regulation, we clarify here that 
an acceptable divestiture plan must require an institution to dispose 
of the investment as quickly as possible without substantial financial 
loss. The plan must also contain sufficient analysis to support 
continued retention of the investment, including its impact on the 
institution's capital, earnings, liquidity, and collateral position. 
Our decision will not be based solely on financial loss.
    Until the institution divests of the investment:
    1. It must not be used to fund the liquidity reserve requirement in 
Sec.  615.5134;
    2. It must be included in the Sec.  615.5132 investment portfolio 
limit; and
    3. It must not be included as collateral under Sec.  615.5050 or 
net collateral under Sec.  615.5301(c).
    We believe each institution should exercise sufficient due 
diligence to ensure it does not purchase ineligible investments. Such a 
purchase would indicate weaknesses in an institution's internal 
controls and due diligence, and the institution should expect greater 
examination scrutiny if this occurs. We expect such a purchase to be 
extremely rare.
    Proposed Sec.  615.5143(c) would require each institution to report 
to its board at least quarterly on the following:
    1. The status and performance of each investment that is 
ineligible; was eligible when purchased but now does not meet the 
eligibility criteria; or is unsuitable because it does not fit the 
institution's risk tolerance;
    2. The impact that the investments described above may have on the 
institution's capital, earnings, liquidity, and collateral position; 
and
    3. The terms and status of any required divestiture plan or risk 
reduction plan.
    This reporting allows the institution's board to exercise 
appropriate oversight over investments that are ineligible, unsuitable, 
or otherwise problematic.
    Finally, proposed Sec.  615.5143(d) would reserve FCA's authority 
to require an institution to divest of any investment at any time for 
safety and soundness purposes. In using this authority, the FCA would 
consider the expected loss on the transaction (or transactions) and the 
impact on the institution's financial condition and performance. 
Because the proposed rule would not require divestiture of any 
investment that was eligible when purchased, FCA must reserve the 
authority to require divestiture of investments when necessary.

[[Page 51302]]

J. Section 615.5174--Farmer Mac Securities

    We propose changes to Sec.  615.5174(d), which governs stress 
testing of Farmer Mac securities, which Farm Credit banks, 
associations, and service corporations are permitted to purchase and 
hold for the purposes of managing credit and interest rate risk and 
furthering their mission to finance agriculture. Existing Sec.  
615.5174(d) requires institutions to perform stress tests on Farmer Mac 
securities in accordance with the requirements of Sec.  615.5141. It 
also requires institutions to divest Farmer Mac securities that fail a 
stress test, as required by Sec.  615.5143.
    Institutions often participate existing mortgage loans to Farmer 
Mac in exchange for mortgage-backed securities guaranteed by Farmer 
Mac. These securities are, in essence, loans that have had the credit 
risk transferred to Farmer Mac. The loans were not subject to the 
stress-testing requirements applicable to investments, and it does not 
seem reasonable to impose those stress-testing requirements on the 
securities with which the loans were exchanged. Accordingly, we propose 
to remove the requirement that a System institution must subject Farmer 
Mac securities backed by loans that the institution originated to the 
stress testing applicable to investments.\31\ If a System institution 
purchases a Farmer Mac security from another System institution or from 
outside the System, however, the security would remain subject to the 
stress testing applicable to investments.\32\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \31\ Institutions remain subject to the stress-testing 
expectations we set forth in our Informational Memorandum dated 
March 4, 2010. These expectations apply to all sources of risk to an 
institution's balance sheet, including but not limited to loans and 
investments.
    \32\ As discussed above, we propose to move the investment 
stress-testing requirements from Sec.  615.5141 to Sec.  
615.5133(f).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, because other investments would no longer have to be 
divested if they fail a stress test, we propose to remove this 
requirement for Farmer Mac securities as well.
    We also propose to add a definition of the term ``you'' in a new 
Sec.  615.5174(e), to clarify that the regulation applies to Farm 
Credit banks, associations, and service corporations.
    Finally, throughout Sec.  615.5174 we propose conforming changes to 
references to regulations we are proposing to revise, to ensure the 
references continue to refer to the appropriate regulatory provisions.

IV. Regulatory Flexibility Act

    Pursuant to section 605(b) of the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 
U.S.C. 601 et seq.), the FCA hereby certifies that the proposed rule 
will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of 
small entities. Each of the banks in the System, considered together 
with its affiliated associations, has assets and annual income in 
excess of the amounts that would qualify them as small entities. 
Therefore, System institutions are not ``small entities'' as defined in 
the Regulatory Flexibility Act.

List of Subjects in 12 CFR Part 615

    Accounting, Agriculture, Banks, banking, Government securities, 
Investments, Rural areas.

    For the reasons stated in the preamble, part 615 of chapter VI, 
title 12 of the Code of Federal Regulations is proposed to be amended 
as follows:

PART 615--FUNDING AND FISCAL AFFAIRS, LOAN POLICIES AND OPERATIONS, 
AND FUNDING OPERATIONS

    1. The authority citation for part 615 is revised to read as 
follows:

    Authority: Secs. 1.5, 1.7, 1.10, 1.11, 1.12, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 
2.12, 3.1, 3.7, 3.11, 3.25, 4.3, 4.3A, 4.9, 4.14B, 4.25, 5.9, 5.17, 
6.20, 6.26, 8.0, 8.3, 8.4, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.10, 8.12 of the Farm 
Credit Act (12 U.S.C. 2013, 2015, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2073, 2074, 
2075, 2076, 2093, 2122, 2128, 2132, 2146, 2154, 2154a, 2160, 2202b, 
2211, 2243, 2252, 2278b, 2278b-6, 2279aa, 2279aa-3, 2279aa-4, 
2279aa-6, 2279aa-7, 2279aa-8, 2279aa-10, 2279aa-12); sec. 301(a) of 
Pub. L. 100-233, 101 Stat. 1568, 1608; sec. 939A of the Dodd-Frank 
Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, Pub. L. 111-203, 124 
Stat 1326, 1887 (15 U.S.C. 78o-7 note) (July 21, 2010).

Subpart E--Investment Management

    2. Section 615.5131 is amended by:
    a. Removing designations for paragraphs (a) through (l); and
    b. Adding alphabetically two new definitions to read as follows:


Sec.  615.5131  Definitions.

* * * * *
    Government agency means the United States Government or an agency, 
instrumentality, or corporation of the United States Government whose 
obligations are fully and explicitly insured or guaranteed as to the 
timely repayment of principal and interest by the full faith and credit 
of the United States Government.
    Government-sponsored agency means an agency, instrumentality, or 
corporation chartered or established to serve public purposes specified 
by the United States Congress but whose obligations are not explicitly 
insured or guaranteed by the full faith and credit of the United States 
Government, including but not limited to any Government-sponsored 
enterprise.
* * * * *
    3. Section 615.5132 is amended by adding a new sentence at the end 
to read as follows:


Sec.  615.5132  Investment purposes.

    * * * Eligible investments listed under Sec.  615.5140 that are 
pledged by a Farm Credit bank to meet margin requirements for 
derivative transactions may be excluded when calculating the amount of 
eligible investments held by the Farm Credit bank pursuant to this 
section.
    4. Revise Sec. Sec.  615.5133 to read as follows:


Sec.  615.5133  Investment management.

    (a) Responsibilities of board of directors. Your board of directors 
must adopt written policies for managing your investment activities. 
Your board must also ensure that management complies with these 
policies and that appropriate internal controls are in place to prevent 
loss. At least annually, the board, or a designated committee of the 
board, must review and affirmatively validate the sufficiency of these 
investment policies. Any changes to the policies must be adopted by the 
board.
    (b) Investment policies--general requirements. Your board's written 
investment policies must address the purposes and objectives of 
investments; risk tolerance; delegations of authority; internal 
controls; due diligence to determine eligibility, suitability, and the 
value of investments; and reporting requirements. Furthermore, your 
investment policies must address the means for reporting, and approvals 
needed for, exceptions to established policies. Investment policies 
must be sufficiently detailed, consistent with, and appropriate for the 
amounts, types, and risk characteristics of your investments. You must 
document in your records or board minutes any analyses used in 
formulating your policies or amendments to the policies.
    (c) Investment policies--risk tolerance. Your investment policies 
must establish risk and concentration limits for the various types, 
classes, and sectors of eligible investments and for the entire 
investment portfolio. These policies must ensure that you maintain 
appropriate and prudent diversification of your investment portfolio. 
Risk limits must be based on your institutional

[[Page 51303]]

objectives, capital position, and risk tolerance. Your policies must 
identify the types and quantity of investments that you will hold to 
achieve your objectives and control credit, market, liquidity, and 
operational risks. Each association or service corporation that holds 
significant investments and each bank must establish risk limits in its 
investment policies for the following four types of risk.
    (1) Credit risk. Investment policies must establish:
    (i) Credit quality standards, limits on counterparty risk, and risk 
diversification standards that limit concentrations as follows. 
Concentration limits must be based on a single or related 
counterparty(ies). Concentration limits must also be based on a 
geographical area, industries or sectors, asset classes, or obligations 
with similar characteristics.
    (ii) Criteria for selecting brokers, dealers, and investment 
bankers (collectively, securities firms). You must buy and sell 
eligible investments with more than one securities firm. As part of 
your review of your investment policies required under paragraph (a) of 
this section, your board of directors, or a designated committee of the 
board, must review the criteria for selecting securities firms. Any 
changes to the criteria must be approved by the board. Also, as part of 
your review required under paragraph (a) of this section, the board, or 
a designated committee of the board, must review your existing 
relationships with securities firms and determine whether to continue 
your relationships with them. Any changes to the existing relationships 
with securities firms must be approved by the board.
    (iii) Collateral margin requirements on repurchase agreements. You 
must regularly mark the collateral to market and ensure appropriate 
controls are maintained over collateral held.
    (2) Market risk. Investment policies must set market risk limits 
for specific types of investments and for the investment portfolio. 
Your board of directors must establish market risk limits in accordance 
with these regulations (including, but not limited to, Sec.  615.5135 
and paragraph (f)(2) of this section) and our other policies and 
guidance.
    (3) Liquidity risk. Investment policies must describe the liquidity 
characteristics of eligible investments that you will hold to meet your 
liquidity needs and institutional objectives.
    (4) Operational risk. Investment policies must address operational 
risks, including delegations of authority and internal controls in 
accordance with paragraphs (d) and (e) of this section.
    (d) Delegation of authority. All delegations of authority to 
specified personnel or committees must state the extent of management's 
authority and responsibilities for investments.
    (e) Internal controls. You must:
    (1) Establish appropriate internal controls to detect and prevent 
loss, fraud, embezzlement, conflicts of interest, and unauthorized 
investments.
    (2) Establish and maintain a separation of duties and supervision 
between personnel who execute investment transactions and personnel who 
post accounting entries, reconcile trade confirmations, report 
compliance with investment policy, and approve, revalue, and oversee 
investments.
    (3) Maintain management information systems that are appropriate 
for the level and complexity of your investment activities.
    (4) Implement an effective internal audit program to review, at 
least annually, your investment controls, processes, and compliance 
with FCA regulations and other regulatory guidance. Your internal audit 
program must specifically include a review of your process for ensuring 
all investments, at the time of purchase, are eligible and suitable for 
purchase under your board's investment policies.
    (f) Due diligence to determine eligibility, suitability, and value 
of investments.
    (1) Eligibility and suitability for purchase. Before you purchase 
an investment, you must conduct sufficient due diligence to determine 
whether it is eligible under Sec.  615.5140 and suitable for purchase 
under your board's investment policies. You must verify the value of 
the investment (unless it is a new issue) with a source that is 
independent of the broker, dealer, counterparty or other intermediary 
to the transaction. Your investment policies must fully address the 
extent of pre-purchase analysis that management must perform for 
various classes of investments. You must document your assessment of 
eligibility and suitability, including the information used in your 
assessment. You may use all sources available to you, including third 
party sources, to assess the investment. Your assessment of each 
investment at the time of purchase must at a minimum include an 
evaluation of credit risk, liquidity risk, market risk, and interest 
rate risk, and an assessment of the cash flows and the underlying 
collateral of the investment.
    (2) Pre-purchase and quarterly stress testing.
    (i) Prior to purchasing an investment, you must stress test it, in 
accordance with paragraph (f)(2)(iii) of this section, as defined in 
your board policy. Your board must approve the purchase of any 
investment that exceeds the stress-test parameters defined in your 
board policy.
    (ii) On a quarter-end basis, you must stress test your entire 
investment portfolio, including a stress test of each individual 
investment, in accordance with paragraph (f)(2)(iii) of this section, 
as defined in your board policy. The policy defining the stress tests 
must specify what actions you will take if your portfolio exceeds the 
quarter-end, stress-test parameters defined in the board policy, and, 
at a minimum must include the development of a plan to bring your 
portfolio back into compliance with those parameters.
    (iii) Your pre-purchase and quarter-end stress tests must be 
defined in a board approved policy and must include defined parameters 
for the types of securities you purchase. The stress tests must be 
comprehensive and appropriate for the risk profile of your institution. 
At a minimum, the stress tests must be able to measure the price 
sensitivity of investments over different interest rate/yield curve 
scenarios. The methodology that you use to analyze investment 
securities must be appropriate for the complexity, structure, and cash 
flows of the investments in your portfolio. The stress tests must 
enable you to determine at the time of purchase and each subsequent 
quarter that your investment securities, either individually or on a 
portfolio-wide basis, do not expose your capital, earnings, or 
liquidity to excessive risks. Your stress tests must enable you to 
evaluate the overall risk in the investment portfolio compared to your 
defined board policy limits. You must rely to the maximum extent 
practicable on verifiable information to support all your assumptions, 
including prepayment and interest rate volatility assumptions, when you 
apply your stress tests. You must document the basis for all 
assumptions that you use to evaluate the security and its underlying 
collateral. You must also document all subsequent changes in your 
assumptions.
    (3) Ongoing value determination. At least monthly, you must 
determine the fair market value of each investment in your portfolio 
and the fair market value of your whole investment portfolio. In doing 
so you must also evaluate the credit quality and price sensitivity to 
the change in market interest rates of each investment in your 
portfolio and your whole investment portfolio.
    (4) Presale value verification. Before you sell an investment, you 
must verify its value with a source that is

[[Page 51304]]

independent of the broker, dealer, counterparty, or other intermediary 
to the transaction.
    (g) Reports to the board of directors.
    (1) Quarterly. At least quarterly, your management must report on 
the following to your board of directors or a designated board 
committee:
    (i) Plans and strategies for achieving the board's objectives for 
the investment portfolio;
    (ii) Whether the investment portfolio effectively achieves the 
board's objectives;
    (iii) The current composition, quality, and liquidity profile of 
the investment portfolio;
    (iv) The performance of each class of investments and the entire 
investment portfolio, including all gains and losses that you incurred 
during the quarter on individual investments that you sold before 
maturity and why they were liquidated;
    (v) Potential risk exposure to changes in market interest rates as 
identified through quarterly stress testing and any other factors that 
may affect the value of your investment holdings;
    (vi) How investments affect your capital, earnings, and overall 
financial condition;
    (vii) Any deviations from the board's policies (must be 
specifically identified); and
    (viii) The results of your quarterly stress test.
    (2) Special. You must provide immediate notification to your board 
of directors or to a designated board committee if your portfolio 
exceeds the quarterly stress test parameters defined in the board 
policy required by paragraph (f)(2)(ii) of this section.
    5. Revise Sec. Sec.  615.5135, 615.5136 and 615.5140 to read as 
follows:


Sec.  615.5135  Management of interest rate risk.

    (a) The board of directors of each Farm Credit Bank, bank for 
cooperatives, and agricultural credit bank must develop and implement 
an interest rate risk management program as set forth in subpart G of 
this part.
    (b) The board of directors of each Farm Credit Bank, bank for 
cooperatives, and agricultural credit bank must adopt an interest rate 
risk management section of an asset/liability management policy that 
establishes interest rate risk exposure limits as well as the criteria 
to determine compliance with these limits. At a minimum, the interest 
rate risk management section must establish policies and procedures for 
the bank to:
    (1) Address the purpose and objectives of interest rate risk 
management;
    (2) Identify and analyze the causes of risks within its existing 
balance sheet structure;
    (3) Measure the potential impact of these risks on projected 
earnings and market values by conducting interest rate shock tests and 
simulations of multiple economic scenarios at least on a quarterly 
basis and by considering the impact of investments on interest rate 
risk based on the results of the stress testing required under Sec.  
615.5133(f)(2);
    (4) Describe, explore, and implement actions needed to obtain its 
desired risk management objectives;
    (5) Document the objectives that the bank is attempting to achieve 
by purchasing eligible investments that are authorized by Sec.  
615.5140 of this subpart;
    (6) Evaluate and document, at least quarterly, whether these 
investments have actually met the objectives stated under paragraph 
(b)(5) of this section;
    (7) Identify exception parameters and approvals needed for any 
exceptions to the requirements of the board's policies;
    (8) Describe delegations of authority;
    (9) Describe reporting requirements, including exceptions to limits 
contained in the board's policies;
    (10) Consider the nature and purpose of derivative contracts and 
establish counterparty risk thresholds and limits for derivatives used 
to manage interest rate risk.
    (c) At least quarterly, management of each Farm Credit Bank, bank 
for cooperatives, or agricultural credit bank must report to its board 
of directors, or a designated committee of the board, describing the 
nature and level of interest rate risk exposure. Any deviations from 
the board's policy on interest rate risk must be specifically 
identified in the report and approved by the board.


Sec.  615.5136  Emergencies impeding normal access of Farm Credit banks 
to capital markets.

    An emergency shall be deemed to exist whenever a financial, 
economic, agricultural or national defense crisis could impede the 
normal access of Farm Credit banks to the capital markets. Whenever the 
Farm Credit Administration determines, after consultation with the 
Federal Farm Credit Banks Funding Corporation to the extent 
practicable, that such an emergency exists, the Farm Credit 
Administration Board may, in its sole discretion, adopt a resolution 
that:
    (a) Modifies the amount, qualities, and types of eligible 
investments that Farm Credit Banks, banks for cooperatives and 
agricultural credit banks are authorized to hold pursuant to Sec.  
615.5132 of this subpart;
    (b) Modifies or waives the liquidity reserve requirement in Sec.  
615.5134 of this subpart; and/or
    (c) Authorizes other actions as deemed appropriate.


Sec.  615.5140  Eligible investments.

    (a) You may purchase only the investments that satisfy the 
eligibility criteria in this section. An investment that does not 
satisfy the eligibility criteria at the time of purchase is not 
eligible for purchase and is subject to the requirements of Sec.  
615.5143(a) if purchased. An investment that satisfies the eligibility 
criteria at the time of purchase but subsequently fails to satisfy the 
eligibility criteria is subject to the requirements of Sec.  
615.5143(b).
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    (b) Denomination. All investments must be denominated in United 
States dollars.
    (c) Rating of foreign countries. Whenever the obligor or issuer of 
an eligible investment is located outside the United States, the host 
country must maintain the highest sovereign rating for political and 
economic stability by an NRSRO.
    (d) Obligor limits.
    (1) General. You may not invest more than 15 percent of your total 
capital in eligible investments issued by any single institution, 
issuer, or obligor. This obligor limit does not apply to obligations, 
including mortgage securities, that are issued or guaranteed as to 
interest and principal by Government agencies or Government-sponsored 
agencies.
    (2) Obligor limits for your holdings in an investment company. You 
must count securities that you hold through an investment company 
towards the obligor limit of this section unless the investment 
company's holdings of the security of any one issuer do not exceed five 
(5) percent of the investment company's total portfolio.
    (e) Other investments approved by the FCA. You may purchase and 
hold other investments that we approve. Your request for our approval 
must explain the risk characteristics of the investment and your 
purpose and objectives for making the investment.


Sec.  615.5141  [Removed]

    6. Section 615.5141 is removed.
    7. Section 615.5142 is amended by:
    a. Adding the designation (a) to the existing paragraph; and
    b. Adding a new paragraph (b) to read as follows:


Sec.  615.5142  Association investments.

    (a) * * *
    (b) Before an association purchases an eligible investment for the 
purpose of managing surplus short-term funds, it must ensure that the 
investment's repricing and maturity characteristics match the 
characteristics of the surplus short-term funds to be invested.
    8. Section 615.5143 is revised to read as follows:

[[Page 51308]]

Sec.  615.5143  Management of ineligible and unsuitable investments.

    (a) Investments ineligible when purchased. Investments that do not 
satisfy the eligibility criteria set forth in Sec.  615.5140 at the 
time of purchase are ineligible. You may not purchase ineligible 
investments. If you determine that you have purchased an ineligible 
investment, you must notify us promptly in writing after such 
determination. You must divest of the investment no later than 60 
calendar days after you determine that the investment is ineligible 
unless we approve, in writing, a plan that authorizes you to divest the 
investment over a longer period of time. Until you divest of the 
investment:
    (1) It must not be used to fund the liquidity reserve necessary to 
meet the liquidity reserve requirement in Sec.  615.5134;
    (2) It must be included in the Sec.  615.5132 investment portfolio 
limit; and
    (3) It must not be included as collateral under Sec.  615.5050 or 
net collateral under Sec.  615.5301(c).
    (b) Investments that no longer satisfy eligibility criteria or are 
unsuitable. If an investment (that satisfied the eligibility criteria 
set forth in Sec.  615.5140 when purchased) no longer satisfies the 
eligibility criteria, or if an investment is not suitable because it 
does not fit the risk tolerance established in your board policy 
pursuant to Sec.  615.5133(c), you may continue to hold it, subject to 
the following requirements:
    (1) You must notify FCA promptly in writing upon your determination 
that the investment no longer satisfies the eligibility criteria 
contained in Sec.  615.5140 or is not suitable;
    (2) You must not use the investment to fund the liquidity reserve 
necessary to meet the liquidity reserve requirement in Sec.  615.5134;
    (3) You must include the investment in the Sec.  615.5132 
investment portfolio limit;
    (4) You must include the investment as collateral under Sec.  
615.5050 and net collateral under Sec.  615.5301(c) at the lower of 
cost or market value; and
    (5) You must develop a plan to reduce the investment's risk to you.
    (c) Board reporting requirements. You must report to your board at 
least quarterly on the following:
    (1) The status and performance of each investment described in 
paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section.
    (2) The impact that any investments described in paragraphs (a) and 
(b) of this section may have on your capital, earnings, liquidity, and 
collateral position; and
    (3) The terms and status of any required divestiture plan or risk 
reduction plan.
    (d) Reservation of authority. FCA retains the authority to require 
you to divest of any investment at any time for safety and soundness 
reasons. The timeframe set by FCA will consider the expected loss on 
the transaction (or transactions) and the impact on your financial 
condition and performance.

Subpart F--Property, Transfers of Capital, and Other Investments

    9. Section 615.5174 is amended by:
    a. Removing the reference ``Sec.  615.5131(f)'' and adding in its 
place, the reference ``Sec.  615.5131'' in paragraph (a); and
    b. Revising paragraph (d); and
    c. Adding a new paragraph (e) to read as follows:


Sec.  615.5174  Farmer Mac securities.

* * * * *
    (d) Stress Test. You must perform stress tests, in accordance with 
Sec.  615.5133(f)(2), on mortgage securities, issued or guaranteed by 
Farmer Mac, that are backed by loans that you did not originate.
    (e) You. Means a Farm Credit bank, association, or service 
corporation.

    Dated: August 12, 2011.
Dale L. Aultman,
Secretary, Farm Credit Administration Board.
[FR Doc. 2011-20965 Filed 8-17-11; 8:45 am]
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