[Federal Register Volume 76, Number 111 (Thursday, June 9, 2011)]
[Notices]
[Pages 33705-33721]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2011-14331]


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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

RIN 0648-XA255


Takes of Marine Mammals Incidental to Specified Activities; 
Marine Geophysical Survey in the Central Gulf of Alaska, June 2011

AGENCY: National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and 
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Commerce.

ACTION: Notice; issuance of an incidental take authorization (ITA).

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SUMMARY: In accordance with the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) 
regulation, notification is hereby given that NMFS has issued an 
Incidental Harassment Authorization (IHA) to the U.S. Geological Survey 
(USGS) to take marine mammals, by Level B harassment, incidental to 
conducting a marine geophysical survey in the central Gulf of Alaska 
(GOA), June 2011.

DATES: Effective June 5 through July 25, 2011.

ADDRESSES: A copy of the IHA and application are available by writing 
to P. Michael Payne, Chief, Permits, Conservation and Education 
Division, Office of Protected Resources, National Marine Fisheries 
Service, 1315 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 or by 
telephoning the contacts listed here.
    A copy of the application containing a list of the references used 
in this document may be obtained by writing to the above address, 
telephoning the contact listed here (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION 
CONTACT) or visiting the Internet at: http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/permits/incidental.htm#applications. The following associated documents 
are also available at the same Internet address: Environmental 
Assessment (EA), prepared by USGS. The NMFS Biological Opinion will be 
available online at: http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/consultation/opinions.htm. Documents

[[Page 33706]]

cited in this notice may be viewed, by appointment, during regular 
business hours, at the aforementioned address.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Howard Goldstein or Jolie Harrison, 
Office of Protected Resources, NMFS, 301-713-2289, ext. 172.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

    Section 101(a)(5)(D) of the MMPA (16 U.S.C. 1371 (a)(5)(D)) directs 
the Secretary of Commerce (Secretary) to authorize, upon request, the 
incidental, but not intentional, taking of small numbers of marine 
mammals of a species or population stock, by United States citizens who 
engage in a specified activity (other than commercial fishing) within a 
specified geographical region if certain findings are made and, if the 
taking is limited to harassment, a notice of a proposed authorization 
is provided to the public for review.
    Authorization for the incidental taking of small numbers of marine 
mammals shall be granted if NMFS finds that the taking will have a 
negligible impact on the species or stock(s), and will not have an 
unmitigable adverse impact on the availability of the species or 
stock(s) for subsistence uses (where relevant). The authorization must 
set forth the permissible methods of taking, other means of effecting 
the least practicable adverse impact on the species or stock and its 
habitat, and requirements pertaining to the mitigation, monitoring and 
reporting of such takings. NMFS has defined ``negligible impact'' in 50 
CFR 216.103 as ``* * * an impact resulting from the specified activity 
that cannot be reasonably expected to, and is not reasonably likely to, 
adversely affect the species or stock through effects on annual rates 
of recruitment or survival.''
    Section 101(a)(5)(D) of the MMPA established an expedited process 
by which citizens of the United States can apply for an authorization 
to incidentally take small numbers of marine mammals by harassment. 
Section 101(a)(5)(D) of the MMPA establishes a 45-day time limit for 
NMFS's review of an application followed by a 30-day public notice and 
comment period on any proposed authorizations for the incidental 
harassment of small numbers of marine mammals. Within 45 days of the 
close of the public comment period, NMFS must either issue or deny the 
authorization. Except with respect to certain activities not pertinent 
here, the MMPA defines ``harassment'' as:

any act of pursuit, torment, or annoyance which (i) has the 
potential to injure a marine mammal or marine mammal stock in the 
wild [Level A harassment]; or (ii) has the potential to disturb a 
marine mammal or marine mammal stock in the wild by causing 
disruption of behavioral patterns, including, but not limited to, 
migration, breathing, nursing, breeding, feeding, or sheltering 
[Level B harassment].

    16 U.S.C. 1362(18)

Summary of Request

    NMFS received an application on January 21, 2011, from USGS for the 
taking by harassment, of marine mammals, incidental to conducting a 
marine geophysical survey in the central GOA within the U.S. Exclusive 
Economic Zone (EEZ) and adjacent international waters in depths from 
approximately 2,000 meters (m) (6,561.7 feet [ft]) to greater than 
6,000 m (19,685 ft). USGS plans to conduct the survey from 
approximately June 5 to 25, 2011. On April 1, 2011, NMFS published a 
notice in the Federal Register (76 FR 18167) disclosing the effects on 
marine mammals, making preliminary determinations and including a 
proposed IHA. The notice initiated a 30-day public comment period.
    USGS plans to use one source vessel, the R/V Marcus G. Langseth 
(Langseth) and a seismic airgun array to collect seismic reflection and 
refraction profiles to be used to delineate the U.S. Extended 
Continental Shelf (ECS) in the GOA. In addition to the operations of 
the seismic airgun array, USGS intends to operate a multibeam 
echosounder (MBES) and a sub-bottom profiler (SBP) continuously 
throughout the survey.
    Acoustic stimuli (i.e., increased underwater sound) generated 
during the operation of the seismic airgun array may have the potential 
to cause a short-term behavioral disturbance for marine mammals in the 
survey area. This is the principal means of marine mammal taking 
associated with these activities and USGS has requested an 
authorization to take 13 species of marine mammals by Level B 
harassment. Take is not expected to result from the use of the MBES or 
SBP, for reasons discussed in this notice; nor is take expected to 
result from collision with the vessel because it is a single vessel 
moving at a relatively slow speed during seismic acquisition within the 
survey, for a relatively short period of time (approximately 21 days). 
It is likely that any marine mammal would be able to avoid the vessel.

Description of the Specified Activity

    USGS's planned seismic survey in the central GOA is between 
approximately 200 to 650 kilometers (km) (108 to 351 nautical miles 
[nmi]) offshore in the area 53 to 57[deg] North, 135 to 148[deg] West 
(see Figure 1 of the IHA application). Water depths in the survey area 
range from approximately 2,000 m (6,561.7 ft) to greater than 6,000 m 
(19,685 ft). The project is scheduled to occur from approximately June 
5 to 25, 2011. Some minor deviation from these dates is possible, 
depending on logistics and weather.
    The seismic survey will collect seismic reflection and refraction 
profiles to be used to delineate the U.S. ECS in the GOA. The ECS is 
the region beyond 200 nmi where a nation can show that it satisfies the 
conditions of Article 76 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of 
the Sea. One of the conditions in Article 76 is a function of sediment 
thickness. The seismic profiles are designed to identify the 
stratigraphic ``basement'' and to map the thickness of the overlying 
sediments. Acoustic velocities (required to convert measured travel 
times to true depth) will be measured directly using sonobuoys and 
ocean-bottom seismometers (OBSs), as well as by analysis of hydrophone 
streamer data. Acoustic velocity refers to the velocity of sound 
through sediments or crust.
    The survey will involve one source vessel, the Langseth. The 
Langseth will deploy an array of 36 airguns as an energy source. The 
receiving system will consist of one 8 km (4.3 nmi) long hydrophone 
streamer and/or five OBSs. As the airgun is towed along the survey 
lines, the hydrophone streamer will receive the returning acoustic 
signals and transfer the data to the on-board processing system. The 
OBSs record the returning acoustic signals internally for later 
analysis.
    The planned seismic survey (e.g., equipment testing, startup, line 
changes, repeat coverage of any areas, and equipment recovery) will 
consist of approximately 2,840 km (1,533.5 nmi) of transect lines in 
the central GOA survey area (see Figure 1 of the IHA application), with 
an additional 140 km (75.6 nmi) of turns. The 36 airgun array (6,600 
in\3\) will be powered-down to one airgun (40 in\3\) during turns. All 
of the survey will take place in water deeper than 1,000 m (3,280.8 
ft). A multi-channel seismic (MCS) survey using the hydrophone streamer 
will take place along 17 MCS profile lines and 2 OBS lines. Following 
the MCS survey, five OBSs will be deployed and a refraction survey will 
take place along one of the 11 lines. If time permits, an additional 
340 km (183.6 nmi) contingency line will be added to the MCS survey. In 
addition to the operations of the airgun array, a Kongsberg EM 122 MBES 
and Knudsen 320B SBP will also be

[[Page 33707]]

operated from the Langseth continuously throughout the cruise. There 
will be additional seismic operations associated with equipment 
testing, start-up, and possible line changes or repeat coverage of any 
areas where initial data quality is sub-standard. In USGS's 
calculations, 25% has been added for those additional operations.
    All planned geophysical data acquisition activities will be 
conducted by Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (L-DEO), the Langseth's 
operator, with on-board assistance by the scientists who have planned 
the study. The Principal Investigators are Drs. Jonathan R. Childs and 
Ginger Barth of the USGS. The vessel will be self-contained, and the 
crew will live aboard the vessel for the entire cruise.

Description of the Dates, Duration, and Specified Geographic Region

    The survey will occur in the central GOA, between approximately 200 
and 650 km offshore, in the area 53 to 57[deg] North, 135 to 148[deg] 
West. The seismic survey will take place in water depths of 2,000 to 
greater than 6,000 m. The exact dates of the activities depend on 
logistics and weather conditions. The Langseth will depart from Dutch 
Harbor, Alaska on June 5, 2011, and return there on June 25, 2011. 
Seismic operations will be carried out for an estimated 12 to 14 days.
    NMFS outlined the purpose of the program in a previous notice for 
the proposed IHA (76 FR 18167, April 1, 2011). The activities to be 
conducted have not changed between the proposed IHA notice and this 
final notice announcing the issuance of the IHA. For a more detailed 
description of the authorized action, including vessel and acoustic 
source specifications, the reader should refer to the proposed IHA 
notice (76 FR 18167, April 1, 2011), the IHA application and associated 
documents referenced above this section.

Comments and Responses

    A notice of receipt of the USGS application and proposed IHA was 
published in the Federal Register on April 1, 2011 (76 FR 18167). 
During the 30-day public comment period, NMFS received comments from 
the Marine Mammal Commission (Commission) only. The Commission's 
comments are online at: http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/permits/incidental.htm. Following are their comments and NMFS's responses:
    Comment 1: The Commission recommends that the NMFS require the USGS 
to re-estimate the proposed exclusion and buffer zones and associated 
takes of marine mammals using site-specific information.
    Response: In the water depths that the survey is to be conducted, 
site-specific source signature measurements are neither warranted nor 
practical. Site signature measurements are normally conducted 
commercially by shooting a test pattern over an ocean bottom instrument 
in shallow water. This method is neither practical nor valid in water 
depths as great as 2,000 m (6,561.7 ft). The alternative method of 
conducting site-specific attenuation measurements would require a 
second vessel, which is impractical both logistically and financially. 
Sound propagation is going to vary notably less between deep water 
sites than it would between shallow water sites (because of the reduced 
significance of bottom interaction), thus decreasing the importance of 
site-specific estimates.
    Should the action agency endeavor to undertake a sound source 
verification study, confidence in the results is necessary in order to 
ensure for conservation purposes that appropriate monitoring and 
mitigation measures are implemented; therefore inappropriate or poorly 
executed efforts should be avoided and discouraged.
    Based on these reasons, and the information provided by USGS in 
their IHA application and EA, NMFS is satisfied that the data supplied 
are sufficient for NMFS to conduct its analysis and make any 
determinations and therefore no further effort is needed by the 
applicant. While exposures of marine mammals to acoustic stimuli are 
difficult to estimate, NMFS is confident that the levels of take 
authorized herein are estimated based upon the best available 
scientific information and estimation methodology. The 160 dB zone used 
to estimate exposure is appropriate and sufficient for purposes of 
supporting NMFS's analysis and determinations required under section 
101(a)(5)(D) of the MMPA and its implementing regulations. See NMFS's 
response to Comment 2 (below) for additional details.
    Comment 2: The Commission recommends that if site-specific 
information is not used to estimate the proposed exclusion and buffer 
zones and associated takes of marine mammals, the USGS provide a 
detailed justification for basing the exclusion and buffer zones for 
the proposed survey in the GOA on empirical data collected in the GOM 
or on modeling that uses measurements from the GOM and that explains 
the significance of any deviations in survey method, such as the 
proposed change in tow depth.
    Response: USGS has revised Appendix A in the EA to include 
information from the calibration study conducted on the Langseth in 
2007 and 2008. This information is now available in the final EA on 
USGS's Web site at http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/EA/ECS_EA/ as well as on 
NSF's Web site at http://www.nsf.gov/geo/oce/envcomp/index.jsp. The 
revised Appendix A describes the L-DEO modeling process and compares 
the model results with empirical results of the 2007 to 2008 Langseth 
calibration experiment in shallow, intermediate, and deep water. The 
conclusions identified in Appendix A show that the model represents the 
actual produced levels, particularly within the first few kms, where 
the predicted exclusion zones (EZs, i.e., safety radii) lie. At greater 
distances, local oceanographic variations begin to take effect, and the 
model tends to over predict. Further, since the modeling matches the 
observed measurement data, the authors have concluded that the models 
can continue to be used for defining EZs, including for predicting 
mitigation radii for various tow depths. The data results from the 
studies were peer reviewed and the calibration results, viewed as 
conservative, were used to determine the cruise-specific EZs.
    At present, the L-DEO model does not account for site-specific 
environmental conditions. The calibration study of the L-DEO model 
predicted that using site-specific information may actually provide 
less conservative EZ radii at greater distances. The Draft Programmatic 
Environmental Impact Statement for Marine Seismic Research Funded by 
the National Science Foundation or Conducted by the U.S. Geological 
Survey (DPEIS) prepared pursuant to the National Environmental Policy 
Act (NEPA; 42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) did incorporate various site-
specific environmental conditions in the modeling of the Detailed 
Analysis Areas. The NEPA process associated with the DPEIS is still 
ongoing and the USGS and NSF have not yet issued a Record of Decision. 
Once the NEPA process for the PEIS has concluded, USGS and/or NSF will 
look at upcoming cruises on a site-specific basis for any impacts not 
already considered in the DPEIS.
    The IHA issued to USGS, under section 101(a)(5)(D) of the MMPA 
provides monitoring and mitigation requirements that will protect 
marine mammals from injury, serious injury, or mortality. USGS is 
required to comply with the IHA's requirements. These analyses are 
supported by extensive scientific research and data. NMFS is

[[Page 33708]]

confident in the peer-reviewed results of the L-DEO seismic calibration 
studies which, although viewed as conservative, are used to determine 
cruise-specific EZs and which factor into exposure estimates. NMFS has 
determined that these reviews are the best scientific data available 
for review of the IHA application and to support the necessary analyses 
and determinations under the MMPA, Endangered Species Act (ESA; 16 
U.S.C. 1531 et seq.) and NEPA.
    Based on NMFS's analysis of the likely effects of the specified 
activity on marine mammals and their habitat, NMFS has determined that 
the EZs identified in the IHA are appropriate for the survey and that 
additional field measurement is not necessary at this time. While 
exposures of marine mammals to acoustic stimuli are difficult to 
estimate, NMFS is confident that the levels of take authorized herein 
are estimated based upon the best available scientific information and 
estimation methodology. The 160 dB zone used to estimate exposure are 
appropriate and sufficient for purposes of supporting NMFS's analysis 
and determinations required under section 101(a)(5)(D) of the MMPA and 
its implementing regulations.
    Comment 3: The Commission recommends that the NMFS specify in the 
authorization all conditions under which an 8 min period could be 
followed by a resumption of the airguns at full power.
    Response: In the instance of a power-down or shut-down based on the 
presence of a marine mammal in the EZ, USGS will restart the airgun 
array to the full operating source level (i.e., 36 airguns 6,600 cubic 
inches [in\3\]) only if the PSVO visually observes the marine mammal 
exiting the EZ for the full source level within an 8 min period of the 
shut-down or power-down. The 8 min period is based on the 180 dB radius 
for the 36 airgun subarray at a depth of 9 m in relation to the minimum 
planned speed of the Langseth while shooting (8.5 km/hr [4.6 kts]). In 
the event that a marine mammal would re-enter the EZ after reactivating 
the airguns, USGS would reinitiate a shut-down or power-down as 
required by the IHA.
    Should the airguns be inactive or powered-down for more than 8 min, 
and the PSVO does not observe the marine mammal leaving the EZ, then 
USGS must wait 15 min (for small odontocetes and pinnipeds) or 30 min 
(for mysticetes and large odontocetes) after the last sighting before 
USGS can initiate ramp-up procedures. However, ramp-up will not occur 
as long as a marine mammal is detected within the EZ, which provides 
more time for animals to leave the EZ, and accounts for the position, 
swim speed, and heading for marine mammals within the EZ.
    Finally, USGS may need to temporarily perform a shut-down due to 
equipment failure or maintenance. In this instance, USGS will restart 
the airgun array to the full source level within an 8 min period of the 
shut down only if the PSVOs do not observe marine mammals within the EZ 
for the full source level. If the airguns are inactive or powered-down 
for more than 8 min, then USGS would follow the ramp-up procedures 
required by the IHA. USGS would restart the airguns beginning with the 
smallest airgun in the array and add airguns in a sequence such that 
the source level of the array does not exceed approximately 6 decibels 
(dB) per 5 min period over a total duration of approximately 30 min. 
Again, the PSVOs would monitor the EZs for marine mammals during this 
time and would initiate a power-down or a shut-down, as required by the 
IHA.
    Comment 4: The Commission recommends that the NMFS extend the 30 
min period following a marine mammal sighting in the EZ to cover the 
full dive times of all species likely to be encountered.
    Response: NMFS recognizes that several species of deep-diving 
cetaceans are capable of remaining underwater for more than 30 min 
(e.g., sperm whales, Cuvier's beaked whales, Baird's beaked whales); 
however, for the following reasons NMFS believes that 30 min is an 
adequate length for the monitoring period prior to the ramp-up of 
airguns:
    (1) Because the Langseth is required to monitor before ramp-up of 
the airgun array, the time of monitoring prior to start-up of any but 
the smallest array is effectively longer than 30 min (ramp-up will 
begin with the smallest airgun in the array and airguns will be added 
in sequence such that the source level of the array will increase in 
steps not exceeding approximately 6 dB per 5 min period over a total 
duration of 20 to 30 min;
    (2) In many cases PSVOs are observing during times when USGS is not 
operating the seismic airguns and would observe the area prior to the 
30 min observation period;
    (3) The majority of the species that may be exposed do not stay 
underwater more than 30 min; and
    (4) All else being equal and if deep-diving individuals happened to 
be in the area in the short time immediately prior to the pre-ramp-up 
monitoring, if an animal's maximum underwater dive time is 45 min, then 
there is only a one in three chance that the last random surfacing 
would occur prior to the beginning of the required 30 min monitoring 
period and that the animal would not be seen during that 30 min period.
    Finally, seismic vessels are moving continuously (because of the 
long, towed array and streamer) and NMFS believes that unless the 
animal submerges and follows at the speed of the vessel (highly 
unlikely, especially when considering that a significant part of their 
movements is vertical [deep-diving]), the vessel will be far beyond the 
length of the EZ radii within 30 min, and therefore it will be safe to 
start the airguns again.
    The effectiveness of monitoring is science-based and the 
requirement is that monitoring and mitigation measures be 
``practicable.'' NMFS believes that the framework for visual monitoring 
will: (1) Be effective at spotting almost all species for which take is 
requested; and (2) that imposing additional requirements, such as those 
suggested by the Commission, would not meaningfully increase the 
effectiveness of observing marine mammals approaching or entering the 
EZs and thus further minimize the potential for take.
    Comment 5: The Commission recommends that the NMFS provide 
additional justification for its preliminary determination that the 
proposed monitoring program will be sufficient to detect, with a high 
level of confidence, all marine mammals within or entering the 
identified exclusion and buffer zones, which at a minimum should:
    (1) Identify those species that it believes can be detected with a 
high degree of confidence using visual monitoring only;
    (2) Describe detection probability as a function of distance from 
the vessel;
    (3) Describe changes in detection probability under various sea 
state and weather conditions and light levels; and
    (4) Explain how close to the vessel marine mammals must be for 
Protected Species Observers (PSOs) to achieve high nighttime detection 
rates.
    Response: NMFS believes that the planned monitoring program will be 
sufficient to detect (using visual monitoring and passive acoustic 
monitoring [PAM]), with reasonable certainty, marine mammals within or 
entering identified EZs. This monitoring, along with the required 
mitigation measures, will result in the least practicable adverse 
impact on the affected species or stocks and will result in a 
negligible impact on the affected species or stocks of marine mammals.

[[Page 33709]]

Also, NMFS expects some animals to avoid areas around the airgun area 
ensonified at the level of the EZ.
    NMFS acknowledges that the detection probability for certain 
species of marine mammals varies depending on animal size and behavior 
as well as sea state and weather conditions and light levels. The 
detectability of marine mammals likely decreases in low light (i.e., 
darkness), higher Beaufort sea states and wind conditions, and poor 
weather (e.g., fog and/or rain). However, at present, NMFS views the 
combination of visual monitoring and PAM as the most effective 
monitoring and mitigation techniques available for detecting marine 
mammals within or entering the EZ. The final monitoring and mitigation 
measures are the most effective feasible measures and NMFS is not aware 
of any additional measures which could meaningfully increase the 
likelihood of detecting marine mammals in and around the EZ. Further, 
public comment has not revealed any additional monitoring or mitigation 
measures that could be feasibly implemented to increase the 
effectiveness of detection.
    USGS (the Federal funding agency for this survey), NSF, and L-DEO 
are receptive to incorporating proven technologies and techniques to 
enhance the current monitoring and mitigation program. Until proven 
technological advances are made, nighttime mitigation measures during 
operations include combinations of the use of Protected Species Visual 
Observers (PSVOs) for ramp-ups, PAM, night vision devices (NVDs), and 
continuous shooting of a mitigation airgun. Should the airgun array be 
powered-down, the operation of a single airgun would continue to serve 
as a sound source deterrent to marine mammals. In the event of a 
complete shut-down of the airgun array at night for mitigation or 
repairs, USGS suspends the data collection until one-half hour after 
nautical twilight-dawn (when PSVOs are able to clear the EZ). USGS will 
not activate the airguns until the entire EZ is visible for at least 30 
min.
    In cooperation with NMFS, L-DEO will be conducting efficacy 
experiments of NVDs during a future Langseth cruise. In addition, in 
response to a recommendation from NMFS, L-DEO is evaluating the use of 
handheld forward-looking thermal imaging cameras to supplement 
nighttime monitoring and mitigation practices. During other low power 
seismic and seafloor mapping surveys, USGS successfully used these 
devices while conducting nighttime seismic operations.
    Comment 6: The Commission recommends that the NMFS consult with the 
funding agency (i.e., NSF) and individual applicants (e.g., USGS and L-
DEO) to develop, validate, and implement a monitoring program that 
provides a scientifically sound, reasonably accurate assessment of the 
types of marine mammal taking and the number of marine mammals taken.
    Response: Numerous studies have reported on the abundance and 
distribution of marine mammals inhabiting the GOA, which overlaps with 
the seismic survey area, and USGS has incorporated this data into their 
analyses used to predict marine mammal take in their application. NMFS 
believes that USGS's current approach for estimating abundance in the 
survey area (prior to the survey) is the best available approach.
    There will be significant amounts of transit time during the 
cruise, and PSVOs will be on watch prior to and after the seismic 
portions of the survey, in addition to during the survey. The 
collection of this visual observational data by PSVOs may contribute to 
baseline data on marine mammals (presence/absence) and provide some 
generalized support for estimated take numbers, but it is unlikely that 
the information gathered from this single cruise alone would result in 
any statistically robust conclusions for any particular species because 
of the small number of animals typically observed.
    NMFS acknowledges the Commission's recommendations and is open to 
further coordination with the Commission, USGS (the Federal research 
funding agency for this cruise), NSF (the vessel owner), and L-DEO (the 
ship operator on behalf of NSF), to develop, validate, and implement a 
monitoring program that will provide or contribute towards a more 
scientifically sound and reasonably accurate assessment of the types of 
marine mammal taking and the number of marine mammals taken. However, 
the cruise's primary focus is marine geophysical research and the 
survey may be operationally limited due to considerations such as 
location, time, fuel, services, and other resources.
    Comment 7: The Commission recommends that NMFS require the 
applicant:
    (1) To report on the number of marine mammals that were detected 
acoustically and for which a power-down or shut-down of the airguns was 
initiated;
    (2) Specify if such animals also were detected visually; and
    (3) Compare the results from the two monitoring methods (visual 
versus acoustic) to help identify their respective strengths and 
weaknesses.
    Response: The IHA requires that PSAOs on the Langseth do and record 
the following when a marine mammal is detected by the PAM:
    (i) Notify the on-duty PSVO(s) immediately of a vocalizing marine 
mammal so a power-down or shut-down can be initiated, if required;
    (ii) Enter the information regarding the vocalization into a 
database. The data to be entered include an acoustic encounter 
identification number, whether it was linked with a visual sighting, 
date, time when first and last heard and whenever any additional 
information was recorded, position, and water depth when first 
detected, bearing if determinable, species or species group (e.g., 
unidentified dolphin, sperm whale), types and nature of sounds heard 
(e.g., clicks, continuous, sporadic, whistles, creaks, burst pulses, 
strength of signal, etc.), and any other notable information.
    USGS reports on the number of acoustic detections made by the PAM 
system within the post-cruise monitoring reports as required by the 
IHA. The report also includes a description of any acoustic detections 
that were concurrent with visual sightings, which allows for a 
comparison of acoustic and visual detection methods for each cruise.
    The post-cruise monitoring reports also include the following 
information: the total operational effort in daylight (hrs), the total 
operation effort at night (hrs), the total number of hours of visual 
observations conducted, the total number of sightings, and the total 
number of hours of acoustic detections conducted.
    LGL Ltd., Environmental Research Associates (LGL), a contractor for 
USGS, has processed sighting and density data, and their publications 
can be viewed online at: http://www.lgl.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemid=162⟨=en. Post-cruise monitoring 
reports are currently available on the NMFS's MMPA Incidental Take 
Program Web site and future reports will also be available on the NSF 
Web site should there be interest in further analysis of this data by 
the public.
    Comment 8: The Commission recommends that NMFS condition the 
authorization, if issued, to require the USGS to monitor, document, and 
report observations during all ramp-up procedures; this data will 
provide a stronger scientific basis for determining the effectiveness 
of and deciding when to implement this particular mitigation measure.

[[Page 33710]]

    Response: The IHA requires that PSVOs on the Langseth make 
observations for 30 min prior to ramp-up, during all ramp-ups, and 
during all daytime seismic operations and record the following 
information when a marine mammal is sighted:
    (i) Species, group size, age/size/sex categories (if determinable), 
behavior when first sighted and after initial sighting, heading (if 
consistent), bearing and distance from seismic vessel, sighting cue, 
apparent reaction of the airguns or vessel (e.g., none, avoidance, 
approach, paralleling, etc., and including responses to ramp-up), and 
behavioral pace; and
    (ii) Time, location, heading, speed, activity of the vessel 
(including number of airguns operating and whether in state of ramp-up 
or power-down), Beaufort wind force and sea state, visibility, and sun 
glare.
    Comment 9: The Commission recommends that NMFS in collaboration 
with the NSF, analyze these data to determine the effectiveness of 
ramp-up procedures as a mitigation measure for geophysical surveys.
    Response: One of the primary purposes of monitoring is to result in 
``increased knowledge of the species'' and the effectiveness of 
monitoring and mitigation measures; the effectiveness of ramp-up as a 
mitigation measure and marine mammal reaction to ramp-up would be 
useful information in this regard. NMFS has asked USGS, NSF, and L-DEO 
to gather all data that could potentially provide information regarding 
the effectiveness of ramp-ups as a mitigation measure. However, 
considering the low numbers of marine mammal sightings and low numbers 
of ramp-ups, it is unlikely that the information will result in any 
statistically robust conclusions for this particular seismic survey. 
Over the long term, these requirements may provide information 
regarding the effectiveness of ramp-up as a mitigation measure, 
provided animals are detected during ramp up.

Description of the Marine Mammals in the Area of the Proposed Specified 
Activity

    Twenty-five marine mammal species (18 cetacean, 6 pinniped, and the 
sea otter) are known to or could occur in the GOA. Several of these 
species are listed as endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act 
of 1973 (ESA; 16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), including the North Pacific 
right whale (Eubalaena japonica), humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae), 
sei (Balaenoptera borealis), fin (Balaenoptera physalus), blue 
(Balaenoptera musculus), and sperm (Physeter macrocephalus) whales, as 
well as the Cook Inlet distinct population segment (DPS) of beluga 
whales (Dephinapterus leucas) and the western stock of Steller sea 
lions (Eumetopias jubatus). The eastern stock of Steller sea lions is 
listed as threatened, as is the southwest Alaska DPS of the sea otter 
(Enhydra lutris).
    The marine mammals that occur in the survey area belong to four 
taxonomic groups: odontocetes (toothed cetaceans, such as dolphins), 
mysticetes (baleen whales), pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walrus), 
and fissipeds (sea otter). Cetaceans and pinnipeds are the subject of 
the IHA application to NMFS. Walrus sightings are rare in the GOA. Sea 
otters generally inhabit nearshore areas inside the 40 m (131.2 ft) 
depth contour (Riedman and Estes, 1990) and likely would not be 
encountered in the deep, offshore waters of the study area. The sea 
otter and Pacific walrus are two marine mammal species mentioned in 
this document that are managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 
(USFWS) and are not considered further in this analysis; all others are 
managed by NMFS. Coastal cetacean species (gray whales, beluga whales, 
and harbor porpoises) and pinniped species (California sea lions and 
harbor seals) likely would not be encountered in the deep, offshore 
waters of the survey area.
    Table 1 presents information on the abundance, distribution, 
population status, conservation status, and density of the marine 
mammals that may occur in the survey area during June, 2011.
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    Refer to Section III of USGS's application for detailed information 
regarding the abundance and distribution, population status, and life 
history and behavior of these species and their occurrence in the 
project area. The application also presents how USGS calculated the 
estimated densities for the marine mammals in the survey area. NMFS has 
reviewed these data and determined them to be the best available 
scientific information for the purposes of the IHA.

Potential Effects on Marine Mammals

    Acoustic stimuli generated by the operation of the airguns, which 
introduce sound into the marine environment, may have the potential to 
cause Level B harassment of marine mammals in the survey area. The 
effects of sounds from airgun operations might include one or more of 
the following: tolerance, masking of natural sounds, behavioral 
disturbance, temporary or permanent hearing impairment, or non-auditory 
physical or physiological effects (Richardson et al., 1995; Gordon et 
al., 2004; Nowacek et al., 2007; Southall et al., 2007).
    Permanent hearing impairment, in the unlikely event that it 
occurred, would constitute injury, but temporary threshold shift (TTS) 
is not an injury (Southall et al., 2007). Although the possibility 
cannot be entirely excluded, it is unlikely that the project would 
result in any cases of temporary or permanent hearing impairment, or 
any significant non-auditory physical or physiological effects. Based 
on the available data and studies described here, some behavioral 
disturbance is expected, but NMFS expects the disturbance to be 
localized and short-term.
    The notice of the proposed IHA (76 FR 18167, April 1, 2011) 
included a discussion of the effects of sounds from airguns on 
mysticetes, odontocetes, and pinnipeds including tolerance, masking, 
behavioral disturbance, hearing impairment, and other non-auditory 
physical effects. NMFS refers the reader to USGS's application, and EA 
for additional information on the behavioral reactions (or lack 
thereof) by all types of marine mammals to seismic vessels.

Anticipated Effects on Marine Mammal Habitat, Fish, and Invertebrates

    NMFS included a detailed discussion of the potential effects of 
this action on marine mammal habitat, including physiological and 
behavioral effects on marine fish and invertebrates in the notice of 
the proposed IHA (76 FR 18167, April 1, 2011). While NMFS anticipates 
that the specified activity may result in marine mammals avoiding 
certain areas due to temporary ensonification, this impact to habitat 
is temporary and reversible which NMFS considered in further detail in 
the notice of the proposed IHA (76 FR 18167, April 1, 2011) as 
behavioral modification. The main impact associated with the activity 
would be temporarily elevated noise levels and the associated direct 
effects on marine mammals.
    Recent work by Andre et al. (2011) purports to present the first 
morphological and ultrastructural evidence of massive acoustic trauma 
(i.e., permanent and substantial alterations of statocyst sensory hair 
cells) in four cephalopod species subjected to low-frequency sound. The 
cephalopods, primarily cuttlefish, were exposed to continuous 40 to 400 
Hz sinusoidal wave sweeps (100% duty cycle and 1 s sweep period) for 
two hours while captive in relatively small tanks (one 2,000 liter [L, 
2 m \3\] and one 200 L [0.2 m \3\] tank). The received SPL was reported 
as 1575 dB re 1 [micro]Pa, with peak levels at 175 dB re 1 
[micro]Pa. As in the McCauley et al. (2003) paper on sensory hair cell 
damage in pink snapper as a result of exposure to seismic sound, the 
cephalopods were subjected to higher sound levels than they would be 
under natural conditions, and they were

[[Page 33714]]

unable to swim away from the sound source.

Mitigation

    In order to issue an ITA under section 101(a)(5)(D) of the MMPA, 
NMFS must set forth the permissible methods of taking pursuant to such 
activity, and other means of effecting the least practicable adverse 
impact on such species or stock and its habitat, paying particular 
attention to rookeries, mating grounds, and areas of similar 
significance, and the availability of such species or stock for taking 
for certain subsistence uses.
    USGS has based the mitigation measures described herein, to be 
implemented for the seismic survey, on the following:
    (1) Protocols used during previous USGS and L-DEO seismic research 
cruises as approved by NMFS;
    (2) Previous IHA applications and IHAs approved and authorized by 
NMFS; and
    (3) Recommended best practices in Richardson et al. (1995), Pierson 
et al. (1998), and Weir and Dolman, (2007).
    To reduce the potential for disturbance from acoustic stimuli 
associated with the activities, USGS and/or its designees will 
implement the following mitigation measures for marine mammals:
    (1) EZs;
    (2) Power-down procedures;
    (3) Shut-down procedures;
    (4) Ramp-up procedures; and
    (5) Special procedures for situations and species of concern.
    Planning Phase--In designing the seismic survey, USGS has 
considered potential environmental impacts including seasonal, 
biological, and weather factors; ship schedules; and equipment 
availability. Part of the considerations was whether the research 
objectives could be met with a smaller source; tests will be conducted 
to determine whether the two-string sub-array (3,300 in \3\) will be 
satisfactory to accomplish the geophysical objectives. If so, the 
smaller array will be used to minimize environmental impact. Also, the 
array will be powered-down to a single airgun during turns, and the 
array will be shut down during OBS deployment and retrieval.
    EZs--Received sound levels have been determined by corrected 
empirical measurements for the 36 airgun array, and an L-DEO model was 
used to predict the EZs for the single 1900LL 40 in \3\ airgun, which 
will be used during power-downs. Results were recently reported for 
propagation measurements of pulses from the 36 airgun array in two 
water depths (approximately 1,600 m and 50 m [5,249 to 164 ft]) in the 
Gulf of Mexico (GOM) in 2007 to 2008 (Tolstoy et al., 2009). It would 
be prudent to use the empirical values that resulted to determine EZs 
for the airgun array. Results of the propagation measurements (Tolstoy 
et al., 2009) showed that radii around the airguns for various received 
levels varied with water depth. During the study, all survey effort 
will take place in deep (greater than 1,000 m) water, so propagation in 
shallow water is not relevant here. The depth of the array was 
different in the GOM calibration study (6 m [19.7 ft]) than in the 
survey (9 m); thus, correction factors have been applied to the 
distances reported by Tolstoy et al. (2009). The correction factors 
used were the ratios of the 160, 180, and 190 dB distances from the 
modeled results for the 6,600 in \3\ airgun array towed at 6 m versus 9 
m. Based on the propagation measurements and modeling, the distances 
from the source where sound levels are predicted to be 190, 180, and 
160 dB re 1 [micro]Pa (rms) were determined (see Table 1 above). The 
180 and 190 dB radii are to 940 m and 400 m, respectively, as specified 
by NMFS (2000); these levels were used to establish the EZs.
    If the PSVO detects marine mammal(s) within or about to enter the 
appropriate EZ, the airguns will be powered-down (or shut-down, if 
necessary) immediately.
    Table 2 summarizes the predicted distances at which sound levels 
(160, 180, and 190 dB [rms]) are expected to be received from the 36 
airgun array and a single airgun operating in deep water depths.

 Table 2--Measured (Array) or Predicted (Single Airgun) Distances to Which Sound Levels >= 190, 180, and 160 dB
 [Re: 1 [mu]Pa (rms) could be received in water depths >1,000 m during the survey in the central GOA, June 5 to
                                                    25, 2011]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                       Predicted RMS distances (m)
        Source and volume               Water depth     --------------------------------------------------------
                                                               190 dB             180 dB             160 dB
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Single Bolt airgun (40 in \3\)...  Deep > 1,000 m......                 12                 40                385
4 Strings 36 airguns (6,600        Deep > 1,000 m......                400                940              3,850
 in\3\).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Power-Down Procedures--A power-down involves decreasing the number 
of airguns in use such that the radius of the 180 dB (or 190 dB) zone 
is decreased to the extent that marine mammals are no longer in or 
about to enter the EZ. A power-down of the airgun array can also occur 
when the vessel is moving from one seismic line to another. During a 
power-down for mitigation, USGS will operate one airgun. The continued 
operation of one airgun is intended to alert marine mammals to the 
presence of the seismic vessel in the area. In contrast, a shut-down 
occurs when the Langseth suspends all airgun activity.
    If the PSVO detects a marine mammal outside the EZ, but it is 
likely to enter the EZ, USGS will power-down the airguns before the 
animal is within the EZ. Likewise, if a mammal is already within the 
EZ, when first detected USGS will power-down the airguns immediately. 
During a power-down of the airgun array, USGS will also operate the 40 
in\3\ airgun. If a marine mammal is detected within or near the smaller 
EZ around that single airgun (Table 1), USGS will shut-down the airgun 
(see next section).
    Following a power-down, USGS will not resume airgun activity until 
the marine mammal has cleared the EZ. USGS will consider the animal to 
have cleared the EZ if:
     A PSVO has visually observed the animal leave the EZ, or
     A PSVO has not sighted the animal within the EZ for 15 min 
for species with shorter dive durations (i.e., small odontocetes or 
pinnipeds), or 30 min for species with longer dive durations (i.e., 
mysticetes and large odontocetes, including sperm, pygmy sperm, dwarf 
sperm, killer, and beaked whales).
    During airgun operations following a power-down (or shut-down) 
whose duration has exceeded the time limits specified previously, USGS 
will ramp-up the airgun array gradually (see Shut-down and Ramp-up 
Procedures).
    Shut-Down Procedures--USGS will shut down the operating airgun(s) 
if a

[[Page 33715]]

marine mammal is seen within or approaching the EZ for the single 
airgun. USGS will implement a shut-down:
    (1) If an animal enters the EZ of the single airgun after USGS has 
initiated a power-down; or
    (2) If an animal is initially seen within the EZ of the single 
airgun when more than one airgun (typically the full airgun array) is 
operating.
    USGS will not resume airgun activity until the marine mammal has 
cleared the EZ, or until the PSVO is confident that the animal has left 
the vicinity of the vessel. Criteria for judging that the animal has 
cleared the EZ will be as described in the preceding section.
    Ramp-Up Procedures--USGS will follow a ramp-up procedure when the 
airgun array begins operating after a specified period without airgun 
operations or when a power-down has exceeded that period. USGS proposes 
that, for the present cruise, this period would be approximately eight 
min. This period is based on the 180 dB radius (940 m) for the 36 
airgun array towed at a depth of 9 m in relation to the minimum planned 
speed of the Langseth while shooting (7.4 km/hr). USGS and L-DEO have 
used similar periods (approximately 8 to 10 min) during previous L-DEO 
surveys.
    Ramp-up will begin with the smallest airgun in the array (40 
in\3\). Airguns will be added in a sequence such that the source level 
of the array will increase in steps not exceeding six dB per five min 
period over a total duration of approximately 35 min. During ramp-up, 
the PSOs will monitor the EZ, and if marine mammals are sighted, USGS 
will implement a power-down or shut-down as though the full airgun 
array were operational.
    If the complete EZ has not been visible for at least 30 min prior 
to the start of operations in either daylight or nighttime, USGS will 
not commence the ramp-up unless at least one airgun (40 in\3\ or 
similar) has been operating during the interruption of seismic survey 
operations. Given these provisions, it is likely that the airgun array 
will not be ramped-up from a complete shut-down at night or in thick 
fog, because the outer part of the EZ for that array will not be 
visible during those conditions. If one airgun has operated during a 
power-down period, ramp-up to full power will be permissible at night 
or in poor visibility, on the assumption that marine mammals will be 
alerted to the approaching seismic vessel by the sounds from the single 
airgun and could move away. USGS will not initiate a ramp-up of the 
airguns if a marine mammal is sighted within or near the applicable EZs 
during the day or close to the vessel at night.
    Special Procedures for Situations and Species of Concern--USGS will 
implement special mitigation procedures as follows:
     The airguns will be shut-down immediately if ESA-listed 
species for which no takes are being requested (i.e., North Pacific 
right, sei, blue, and beluga whales) are sighted at any distance from 
the vessel. Ramp-up will only begin if the whale has not been seen for 
30 min.
     Concentrations of humpback, fin, and/or killer whales will 
be avoided if possible, and the array will be powered-down if 
necessary. For purposes of this survey, a concentration or group of 
whales will consist of three or more individuals visually sighted that 
do not appear to be traveling (e.g., feeding, socializing, etc.).
    NMFS has carefully evaluated the applicant's mitigation measures 
and has considered a range of other measures in the context of ensuring 
that NMFS prescribes the means of effecting the least practicable 
adverse impact on the affected marine mammal species and stocks and 
their habitat. NMFS's evaluation of potential measures included 
consideration of the following factors in relation to one another:
    (1) The manner in which, and the degree to which, the successful 
implementation of the measure is expected to minimize adverse impacts 
to marine mammals;
    (2) The proven or likely efficacy of the specific measure to 
minimize adverse impacts as planned; and
    (3) The practicability of the measure for applicant implementation.
    Based on NMFS's evaluation of the applicant's measures, as well as 
other measures considered by NMFS or recommended by the public, NMFS 
has determined that the mitigation measures provide the means of 
effecting the least practicable adverse impacts on marine mammal 
species or stocks and their habitat, paying particular attention to 
rookeries, mating grounds, and areas of similar significance.

Monitoring and Reporting

    In order to issue an ITA for an activity, section 101(a)(5)(D) of 
the MMPA states that NMFS must set forth ``requirements pertaining to 
the monitoring and reporting of such taking.'' The MMPA implementing 
regulations at 50 CFR 216.104(a)(13) indicate that requests for IHAs 
must include the suggested means of accomplishing the necessary 
monitoring and reporting that will result in increased knowledge of the 
species and of the level of taking or impacts on populations of marine 
mammals that are expected to be present in the action area.

Monitoring

    USGS would sponsor marine mammal monitoring during the present 
project, in order to implement the mitigation measures that require 
real-time monitoring, and to satisfy the anticipated monitoring 
requirements of the IHA. USGS's Monitoring Plan is described below this 
section. The monitoring work described here has been planned as a self-
contained project independent of any other related monitoring projects 
that may be occurring simultaneously in the same regions. USGS is 
prepared to discuss coordination of its monitoring program with any 
related work that might be done by other groups insofar as this is 
practical and desirable.

Vessel-Based Visual Monitoring

    USGS's PSVOs will be based aboard the seismic source vessel and 
will watch for marine mammals near the vessel during daytime airgun 
operations and during any ramp-ups at night. PSVOs will also watch for 
marine mammals near the seismic vessel for at least 30 min prior to the 
start of airgun operations after an extended shut-down.
    PSVOs will conduct observations during daytime periods when the 
seismic system is not operating for comparison of sighting rates and 
behavior with and without airgun operations and between acquisition 
periods. Based on PSVO observations, the airguns will be powered-down 
or shut-down when marine mammals are observed within or about to enter 
a designated EZ.
    During seismic operations in the central GOA, at least four PSOs 
will be based aboard the Langseth. USGS will appoint the PSOs with 
NMFS's concurrence. Observations will take place during ongoing daytime 
operations and nighttime ramp-ups of the airguns. During the majority 
of seismic operations, two PSVOs will be on duty from the observation 
tower to monitor marine mammals near the seismic vessel. Use of two 
simultaneous PSVOs will increase the effectiveness of detecting animals 
near the source vessel. However, during meal times and bathroom breaks, 
it is sometimes difficult to have two PSVOs on effort, but at least one 
PSVO will be on duty. PSVO(s) will be on duty in shifts of duration no 
longer than 4 hr.
    Two PSVOs will also be on visual watch during all nighttime ramp-
ups of the seismic airguns. A third PSO (i.e., Protected Species 
Acoustic Observer

[[Page 33716]]

[PSAO]) will monitor the PAM equipment 24 hours a day to detect 
vocalizing marine mammals present in the action area. In summary, a 
typical daytime cruise would have scheduled two PSVOs on duty from the 
observation tower, and a third PSAO on PAM. Other crew will also be 
instructed to assist in detecting marine mammals and implementing 
mitigation requirements (if practical). Before the start of the seismic 
survey, the crew will be given additional instruction on how to do so.
    The Langseth is a suitable platform for marine mammal observations. 
When stationed on the observation platform, the eye level will be 
approximately 21.5 m (70.5 ft) above sea level, and the PSVO will have 
a good view around the entire vessel. During daytime, the PSVOs will 
scan the area around the vessel systematically with reticle binoculars 
(e.g., 7 x 50 Fujinon), Big-eye binoculars (25 x 150), and with the 
naked eye. During darkness, NVDs will be available (ITT F500 Series 
Generation 3 binocular-image intensifier or equivalent), when required. 
Laser range-finding binoculars (Leica LRF 1200 laser rangefinder or 
equivalent) will be available to assist with distance estimation. Those 
are useful in training observers to estimate distances visually, but 
are generally not useful in measuring distances to animals directly; 
that is done primarily with the reticles in the binoculars.
    When marine mammals are detected within or about to enter the 
designated EZ, the airguns will immediately be powered-down or shut-
down if necessary. The PSVO(s) will continue to maintain watch to 
determine when the animal(s) are outside the EZ by visual confirmation. 
Airgun operations will not resume until the animal is confirmed to have 
left the EZ, or if not observed after 15 min for species with shorter 
dive durations (small odontocetes and pinnipeds) or 30 min for species 
with longer dive durations (mysticetes and large odontocetes, including 
sperm, killer, and beaked whales).

PAM

    PAM will complement the visual monitoring program, when 
practicable. Visual monitoring typically is not effective during 
periods of poor visibility or at night, and even with good visibility, 
is unable to detect marine mammals when they are below the surface or 
beyond visual range.
    Besides the three PSVOs, an additional PSAO with primary 
responsibility for PAM will also be aboard the vessel. USGS can use 
acoustic monitoring in addition to visual observations to improve 
detection, identification, and localization of cetaceans. The acoustic 
monitoring will serve to alert visual observers (if on duty) when 
vocalizing cetaceans are detected. It is only useful when marine 
mammals call, but it can be effective either by day or by night, and 
does not depend on good visibility. It will be monitored in real time 
so that the PSVOs can be advised when cetaceans are detected. When 
bearings (primary and mirror-image) to calling cetacean(s) are 
determined, the bearings will be relayed to the visual observer to help 
him/her sight the calling animal(s).
    The PAM system consists of hardware (i.e., hydrophones) and 
software. The ``wet end'' of the system consists of a towed hydrophone 
array that is connected to the vessel by a cable. The array will be 
deployed from a winch located on the back deck. A deck cable will 
connect from the winch to the main computer laboratory where the 
acoustic station and signal conditioning and processing system will be 
located. The digitized signal and PAM system is monitored by PSAOs at a 
station in the main laboratory. The lead in from the hydrophone array 
is approximately 400 m (1,312 ft) long, the active section of the array 
is approximately 56 m (184 ft) long, and the hydrophone array is 
typically towed at depths of less than 20 m (66 ft).
    Ideally, the PSAO will monitor the towed hydrophones 24 hr per day 
at the seismic survey area during airgun operations, and during most 
periods when the Langseth is underway while the airguns are not 
operating. However, PAM may not be possible if damage occurs to both 
the primary and back-up hydrophone arrays during operations. The 
primary PAM streamer on the Langseth is a digital hydrophone streamer. 
Should the digital streamer fail, back-up systems should include an 
analog spare streamer and a hull-mounted hydrophone. Every effort would 
be made to have a working PAM system during the cruise. In the unlikely 
event that all three of these systems were to fail, USGS would continue 
science acquisition with the visual-based observer program. The PAM 
system is a supplementary enhancement to the visual monitoring program. 
If weather conditions were to prevent the use of PAM then conditions 
would also likely prevent the use of the airgun array.
    One PSAO will monitor the acoustic detection system at any one 
time, by listening to the signals from two channels via headphones and/
or speakers and watching the real-time spectrographic display for 
frequency ranges produced by cetaceans. PSAOs monitoring the acoustical 
data will be on shift for one to six hours at a time. Besides the PSVO, 
an additional PSAO with primary responsibility for PAM will also be 
aboard the source vessel. All PSVOs are expected to rotate through the 
PAM position, although the most experienced with acoustics will be on 
PAM duty more frequently.
    When a vocalization is detected while visual observations are in 
progress, the PSAO will contact the PSVO immediately, to alert him/her 
to the presence of cetaceans (if they have not already been seen), and 
to allow a power-down or shut-down to be initiated, if required. The 
information regarding the call will be entered into a database. Data 
entry will include an acoustic encounter identification number, whether 
it was linked with a visual sighting, date, time when first and last 
heard and whenever any additional information was recorded, position 
and water depth when first detected, bearing if determinable, species 
or species group (e.g., unidentified dolphin, sperm whale), types and 
nature of sounds heard (e.g., clicks, continuous, sporadic, whistles, 
creaks, burst pulses, strength of signal, etc.), and any other notable 
information. The acoustic detection can also be recorded for further 
analysis.

PSVO Data and Documentation

    PSVOs will record data to estimate the numbers of marine mammals 
exposed to various received sound levels and to document apparent 
disturbance reactions or lack thereof. Data will be used to estimate 
numbers of animals potentially ``taken'' by harassment (as defined in 
the MMPA). They will also provide information needed to order a power-
down or shut-down of the airguns when a marine mammal is within or near 
the EZ. Observations will also be made during daytime periods when the 
Langseth is underway without seismic operations. In addition to 
transits to, from, and through the study area, there will also be 
opportunities to collect baseline biological data during the deployment 
and recovery of OBSs.
    When a sighting is made, the following information about the 
sighting will be recorded:
    1. Species, group size, age/size/sex categories (if determinable), 
behavior when first sighted and after initial sighting, heading (if 
consistent), bearing and distance from seismic vessel, sighting cue, 
apparent reaction to the airguns or vessel (e.g., none, avoidance,

[[Page 33717]]

approach, paralleling, etc.), and behavioral pace.
    2. Time, location, heading, speed, activity of the vessel, sea 
state, visibility, and sun glare.
    The data listed under (2) will also be recorded at the start and 
end of each observation watch, and during a watch whenever there is a 
change in one or more of the variables.
    All observations and power-downs or shut-downs will be recorded in 
a standardized format. Data will be entered into an electronic 
database. The accuracy of the data entry will be verified by 
computerized data validity checks as the data are entered and by 
subsequent manual checking of the database. These procedures will allow 
initial summaries of data to be prepared during and shortly after the 
field program, and will facilitate transfer of the data to statistical, 
graphical, and other programs for further processing and archiving.
    Results from the vessel-based observations will provide:
    1. The basis for real-time mitigation (airgun power-down or shut-
down).
    2. Information needed to estimate the number of marine mammals 
potentially taken by harassment, which must be reported to NMFS.
    3. Data on the occurrence, distribution, and activities of marine 
mammals in the area where the seismic study is conducted.
    4. Information to compare the distance and distribution of marine 
mammals relative to the source vessel at times with and without seismic 
activity.
    5. Data on the behavior and movement patterns of marine mammals 
seen at times with and without seismic activity.
    USGS will submit a report to NMFS and NSF within 90 days after the 
end of the cruise. The report will describe the operations that were 
conducted and sightings of marine mammals near the operations. The 
report will provide full documentation of methods, results, and 
interpretation pertaining to all monitoring. The 90-day report will 
summarize the dates and locations of seismic operations, and all marine 
mammal sightings (dates, times, locations, activities, associated 
seismic survey activities). The report will also include estimates of 
the number and nature of exposures that could result in ``takes'' of 
marine mammals by harassment or in other ways.
    In the unanticipated event that the specified activity clearly 
causes the take of a marine mammal in a manner prohibited by this IHA, 
such as an injury (Level A harassment), serious injury or mortality 
(e.g., ship-strike, gear interaction, and/or entanglement), USGS will 
immediately cease the specified activities and immediately report the 
incident to the Chief of the Permits, Conservation, and Education 
Division, Office of Protected Resources, NMFS, at 301-713-2289 and/or 
by e-mail to [email protected] and [email protected], and 
the Alaska Regional Stranding Coordinators ([email protected] and 
[email protected]). The report must include the following 
information:
     Time, date, and location (latitude/longitude) of the 
incident;
     Name and type of vessel involved;
     Vessel's speed during and leading up to the incident;
     Description of the incident;
     Status of all sound source use in the 24 hours preceding 
the incident;
     Water depth;
     Environmental conditions (e.g., wind speed and direction, 
Beaufort sea state, cloud cover, and visibility);
     Description of all marine mammal observations in the 24 
hours preceding the incident;
     Species identification or description of the animal(s) 
involved;
     Fate of the animal(s); and
     Photographs or video footage of the animal(s) (if 
equipment is available).
    Activities will not resume until NMFS is able to review the 
circumstances of the prohibited take. NMFS will work with USGS to 
determine what is necessary to minimize the likelihood of further 
prohibited take and ensure MMPA compliance. USGS may not resume their 
activities until notified by NMFS via letter or e-mail, or telephone.
    In the event that USGS discovers an injured or dead marine mammal, 
and the lead PSO determines that the cause of the injury or death is 
unknown and the death is relatively recent (i.e., in less than a 
moderate state of decomposition as described in the next paragraph), 
USGS will immediately report the incident to the Chief of the Permits, 
Conservation, and Education Division, Office of Protected Resources, 
NMFS, at 301-713-2289, and/or by e-mail to [email protected] and 
[email protected], and the NMFS Alaska Stranding Hotline (1-
877-925-7773) and/or by e-mail to the Alaska Regional Stranding 
Coordinators ([email protected] and [email protected]). The 
report must include the same information identified in the paragraph 
above. Activities may continue while NMFS reviews the circumstances of 
the incident. NMFS will work with USGS to determine whether 
modifications in the activities are appropriate.
    In the event that USGS discovers an injured or dead marine mammal, 
and the lead PSO determines that the injury or death is not associated 
with or related to the activities authorized in the IHA (e.g., 
previously wounded animal, carcass with moderate to advanced 
decomposition, or scavenger damage), USGS will report the incident to 
the Chief of the Permits, Conservation, and Education Division, Office 
of Protected Resources, NMFS, at 301-713-2289, and/or by e-mail to 
[email protected] and [email protected], and the NMFS 
Alaska Stranding Hotline (1-877-925-7773) and/or by e-mail to the 
Alaska Regional Stranding Coordinators ([email protected] and 
[email protected]), within 24 hours of the discovery. USGS will 
provide photographs or video footage (if available) or other 
documentation of the stranded animal sighting to NMFS and the Marine 
Mammal Stranding Network.

Estimated Take by Incidental Harassment

    Except with respect to certain activities not pertinent here, the 
MMPA defines ``harassment'' as:

any act of pursuit, torment, or annoyance which (i) has the 
potential to injure a marine mammal or marine mammal stock in the 
wild [Level A harassment]; or (ii) has the potential to disturb a 
marine mammal or marine mammal stock in the wild by causing 
disruption of behavioral patterns, including, but not limited to, 
migration, breathing, nursing, breeding, feeding, or sheltering 
[Level B harassment].

    Only take by Level B harassment is anticipated and authorized as a 
result of the marine seismic survey in the central GOA. Acoustic 
stimuli (i.e., increased underwater sound) generated during the 
operation of the seismic airgun array may have the potential to cause 
marine mammals in the survey area to be exposed to sounds at or greater 
than 160 dB or cause temporary, short-term changes in behavior. There 
is no evidence that the planned activities could result in injury, 
serious injury, or mortality within the specified geographic area for 
which NMFS has issued the IHA. Take by injury, serious injury, or 
mortality is thus neither anticipated nor authorized. NMFS has 
determined that the required mitigation and monitoring measures will 
minimize any potential risk for injury, serious injury, or mortality.
    The following sections describe USGS's methods to estimate take by 
incidental harassment and present the applicant's estimates of the 
numbers of marine mammals that could be affected during the seismic 
program. The

[[Page 33718]]

estimates are based on a consideration of the number of marine mammals 
that could be harassed by operations with the 36 airgun array to be 
used during approximately 3,300 km (1,782 nmi) of survey lines in the 
central GOA.
    USGS assumes that, during simultaneous operations of the airgun 
array and the other sources, any marine mammals close enough to be 
affected by the MBES and SBP would already be affected by the airguns. 
However, whether or not the airguns are operating simultaneously with 
the other sources, marine mammals are expected to exhibit no more than 
short-term and inconsequential responses to the MBES and SBP given 
their characteristics (e.g., narrow, downward-directed beam) and other 
considerations described previously. Such reactions are not considered 
to constitute ``taking'' (NMFS, 2001). Therefore, USGS provides no 
additional allowance for animals that could be affected by sound 
sources other than airguns.
    There are several sources of systematic data on the numbers and 
distributions of marine mammals in the coastal and nearshore areas of 
the GOA, but there are fewer data for offshore areas. Vessel-based 
surveys in the northern and western GOA from the Kenai Peninsula to the 
central Aleutian Islands during July to August, 2001 to 2003 (Zerbini 
et al., 2003, 2006, 2007) and in the northern and western GOA from 
Prince William Sound to approximately 160[deg] West off the Alaska 
Peninsula during June 26 to July 15, 2003 (Waite, 2003) were confined 
to waters less than 1,000 m deep, and most effort was in depths less 
than 100 m. Similarly, Dahlheim et al. (2000) conducted aerial surveys 
of the nearshore waters from Bristol Bay to Dixon Entrance for harbor 
porpoises during 1993, and Dahlheim and Towell (1994) conducted vessel-
based surveys of Pacific white-sided dolphins in the inland waterways 
of southeast Alaska during April to May, June or July, and September to 
early October of 1991 to 1993.
    Deeper water was included in several surveys. In a report on a 
seismic cruise in southeast Alaska from Dixon Entrance to Kodiak Island 
during August to September, 2004, MacLean and Koski (2005) included 
density estimates of cetaceans and pinnipeds for each of three depth 
ranges (less than 100 m, 100 to 1,000 m, and greater than 1,000 m) 
during non-seismic periods. Hauser and Holst (2009) reported density 
estimates during non-seismic periods for all marine mammals sighted 
during a September to early October seismic cruise in southeast Alaska 
for each of the same three depth ranges as MacLean and Koski (2005). 
Rone et al. (2010) conducted surveys of nearshore and offshore strata 
in the GOA during April, 2009, with much of their survey effort in 
water depths greater than 1,000 m. The Department of the Navy (DON, 
2009) estimated densities of several species of marine mammals in the 
offshore GOA based on surveys by other researchers.
    Table 2 (Table 3 of the IHA application) gives the estimated 
average (best) and maximum densities of marine mammals expected to 
occur in the deep, offshore waters of the survey area. USGS used the 
densities reported by MacLean and Koski (2005) and Hauser and Holst 
(2009) for greater than 1,000 m, which were corrected for both 
trackline detection probability and availability biases. USGS 
calculated density estimates from effort and sightings in water depths 
greater than 1,000 m in Rone et al. (2010) for humpback, fin, and 
killer whales and Dall's porpoise, and in 500 to 1,000 m depths of 
Waite (2003) for Cuvier's and Baird's beaked whales, using values for 
[fnof](0) and g(0) from Barlow and Forney (2007). Finally, USGS used 
seasonal densities for pinnipeds from DON (2009), which were based on 
counts at haul-out sites and biological (mostly breeding) information 
to estimate in-water densities.
    There is some uncertainty about the representativeness of the data 
and the assumptions used in the calculations below for two main 
reasons: (1) the surveys from which densities were derived were at 
different times of year: April (Rone et al., 2010), June to July 
(Waite, 2003), August to September (MacLean and Koski, 2005), and 
September to October (Hauser and Holst, 2009); and (2) the MacLean and 
Koski (2005) and Hauser and Holst (2009) surveys were conducted 
primarily in southeast Alaska (east of the study area). However, the 
approach used here is believed to be the best available approach.
    Also, to provide some allowance for these uncertainties, ``maximum 
estimates'' as well as ``best estimates'' of the densities present and 
numbers potentially affected have been derived. Best estimates of 
cetacean density are effort-weighted mean densities from the various 
surveys, whereas maximum estimates of density come from the individual 
survey that provided the highest density. For marine mammals where only 
one density estimate was available, the maximum is 1.5 times the best 
estimate.
    For one species, the Dall's porpoise, density estimates in the 
original reports are much higher than densities expected during the 
survey, because this porpoise is attracted to vessels. USGS estimates 
for Dall's porpoises are from vessel-based surveys without seismic 
activity; they are overestimates possibly by a factor of 5 times, given 
the tendency of this species to approach vessels (Turnock and Quinn, 
1991). Noise from the airgun array during the survey is expected to at 
least reduce and possibly eliminate the tendency of this porpoise to 
approach the vessel. Dall's porpoises are tolerant of small airgun 
sources (MacLean and Koski, 2005) and tolerated higher sound levels 
than other species during a large-array survey (Bain and Williams, 
2006); however, they did respond to that and another large airgun array 
by moving away (Calambokidis and Osmek, 1998; Bain and Williams, 2006). 
Because of the probable overestimates, the best and maximum estimates 
for Dall's porpoises shown in Table 2 (Table 3 of the IHA application) 
are one-quarter of the reported densities. In fact, actual densities 
are probably slightly lower than that.
    USGS's estimates of exposures to various sound levels assume that 
the surveys will be fully completed including the contingency line; in 
fact, the ensonified areas calculated using the planned number of line-
km have been increased by 25% to accommodate lines that may need to be 
repeated, equipment testing, etc. As is typical during offshore ship 
surveys, inclement weather and equipment malfunctions are likely to 
cause delays and may limit the number of useful line-kilometers of 
seismic operations that can be undertaken. Furthermore, any marine 
mammal sightings within or near the designated EZs will result in the 
power-down or shut-down of seismic operations as a mitigation measure. 
Thus, the following estimates of the numbers of marine mammals 
potentially exposed to sound levels of 160 dB re 1 [mu]Pa (rms) are 
precautionary and probably overestimate the actual numbers of marine 
mammals that might be involved. These estimates also assume that there 
will be no weather, equipment, or mitigation delays, which is highly 
unlikely.
    USGS estimated the number of different individuals that may be 
exposed to airgun sounds with received levels greater than or equal to 
160 dB re 1 [mu]Pa (rms) on one or more occasions by considering the 
total marine area that would be within the 160 dB radius around the 
operating airgun array on at least one occasion and the expected 
density of marine mammals. The number of possible exposures (including 
repeated exposures of the

[[Page 33719]]

same individuals) can be estimated by considering the total marine area 
that would be within the 160 dB radius around the operating airguns, 
including areas of overlap. In the survey, the seismic lines are widely 
spaced in the survey area, so few individual marine mammals would be 
exposed more than once during the survey. The area including overlap is 
only 1.13 times the area excluding overlap. Moreover, it is unlikely 
that a particular animal would stay in the area during the entire 
survey. The number of different individuals potentially exposed to 
received levels greater than or equal to 160 re 1 [mu]Pa was calculated 
by multiplying:
    (1) The expected species density, either ``mean'' (i.e., best 
estimate) or ``maximum'', times
    (2) The anticipated area to be ensonified to that level during 
airgun operations excluding overlap.
    The area expected to be ensonified was determined by entering the 
planned survey lines into a MapInfo GIS, using the GIS to identify the 
relevant areas by ``drawing'' the applicable 160 dB buffer (see Table 1 
of the IHA application) around each seismic line, and then calculating 
the total area within the buffers. Areas of overlap (because of lines 
being closer together than the 160 dB radius) were limited and included 
only once when estimating the number of individuals exposed. Before 
calculating numbers of individuals exposed, the areas were increased by 
25% as a precautionary measure.
    Table 2 (Table 4 of the IHA application) shows the best and maximum 
estimates of the number of different individual marine mammals that 
potentially could be exposed to greater than or equal to 160 dB re 1 
[mu]Pa (rms) during the seismic survey if no animals moved away from 
the survey vessel. The requested take authorization, given in Table 3 
(the far right column of Table 4 of the IHA application), is based on 
the maximum estimates rather than the best estimates of the numbers of 
individuals exposed, because of uncertainties about the 
representativeness of the density data discussed previously. For 
cetacean species not listed under the ESA that could occur in the study 
area but were not sighted in the surveys from which density estimates 
were calculated--Pacific white-sided dolphins, Risso's dolphins, short-
finned pilot whales, and Stejneger's beaked whales--the average group 
size has been used to request take authorization. For ESA-listed 
cetacean species unlikely to be encountered during the study (i.e., 
North Pacific right, sei, and blue whales), the requested takes are 
zero.
    Applying the approach described above, approximately 20,933 km \2\ 
(6,103.1 nmi \2\) (approximately 26,166 km \2\ [7,628.8 nmi \2\] 
including the 25% contingency) would be within the 160 dB isopleths on 
one or more occasions during the survey, assuming that the contingency 
line is completed. Because this approach does not allow for turnover in 
the marine mammal populations in the study area during the course of 
the survey, the actual number of individuals exposed could be 
underestimated in some cases. However, the approach assumes that no 
cetaceans will move away from or toward the trackline as the Langseth 
approaches in response to increasing sound levels prior to the time the 
levels reach 160 dB, which will result in overestimates for those 
species known to avoid seismic vessels.
    The ``best estimate'' of the number of individual cetaceans that 
could be exposed to seismic sounds with greater than or equal to 160 dB 
re 1 [mu]Pa (rms) during the survey is 973 (see Table 4 of the IHA 
application). That total includes 68 humpback, 76 fin, 10 sperm, 37 
Cuvier's beaked, 11 Baird's beaked, and 99 killer whales, which would 
represent 0.3%, 0.5%, less than 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.2%, and 1.2% of the 
regional populations, respectively. Dall's porpoises are expected to be 
the most common species in the study area; the best estimate of the 
number of Dall's porpoises that could be exposed is 672 or less than 
0.1% of the regional population. This may be a slight overestimate 
because the estimated densities are slight overestimates. Estimates for 
other species are lower. The ``maximum estimates'' total 2,539 
cetaceans. ``Best estimates'' of 256 Steller sea lions and 2,771 
northern fur seals could be exposed to airgun sounds with received 
levels greater than or equal to 160 dB re 1 [mu]Pa (rms). These 
estimates represent 0.6% of the Steller sea lion regional population 
and less than 0.1% of the northern fur seal regional population. The 
estimated numbers of pinnipeds that could be exposed to received levels 
greater than or equal to 160 dB re 1 [mu]Pa (rms) are probably 
overestimates of the actual numbers that will be affected. During the 
June survey period, the Steller sea lion is in its breeding season, 
with males staying on land and females with pups generally staying 
close to the rookeries in shallow water. Male northern fur seals are at 
their rookeries in June, and adult females are either there or 
migrating there, possibly through the survey area. No take has been 
requested for North Pacific right, minke, sei, and blue whales, beluga 
whales, harbor porpoises, Northern elephant and harbor seals, and 
California sea lions.

 Table 3--Estimates of the Possible Numbers of Marine Mammals Exposed to Different Sound Levels >=160 dB During
                           USGS's Seismic Survey in the Central GOA During June, 2011
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                      Estimated No. of individuals exposed
                                                 to sound levels                                  Approximate
                                     --------------------------------------                        percent of
               Species                 [gteqt]160 dB re   [gteqt]160 dB re   Take authorized        regional
                                       1 [mu]Pa  (Best        1 [mu]Pa                           population \2\
                                             \1\)          (Maximum \1\)                             (Best)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mysticetes:
    North Pacific right whale.......                  0                  0                  0                  0
    Gray whale......................                 NA                 NA                 NA                 NA
    Humpback whale..................                 68                171                 68                0.3
    Minke whale.....................                  0                  0                  0                  0
    Sei whale.......................                  0                  0                  0                  0
    Fin whale.......................                 76                272                 76               0.47
    Blue whale......................                  0                  0                  0                  0
Physeteridae:
    Sperm whale.....................                 10                 44                 10               <0.1
Ziphidae:
    Cuvier's beaked whale...........                 37                 47                 37                0.2
    Baird's beaked whale............                 11                 16                 11                0.2
    Stejneger's beaked whale........                  0                  0                 15                  0

[[Page 33720]]

 
Delphinidae:
    Beluga whale....................                 NA                 NA                 NA                 NA
    Pacific white-sided dolphin.....                  0                  0                 90                 NA
    Risso's dolphin.................                  0                  0                 33                 NA
    Killer whale....................                 99                354                 99               1.17
    Short-finned pilot whale........                  0                  0                 50                 NA
Phocoenidae:
    Harbor porpoise.................                 NA                 NA                 NA                 NA
    Dall's porpoise.................                672              1,635                672               <0.1
Pinnipeds:
    Northern fur seal...............              2,771              4,157              2,771               <0.1
    Steller sea lion................                256                385                256                0.6
    California sea lion.............                 NA                 NA                 NA                 NA
    Harbor seal.....................                 NA                 NA                 NA                 NA
    Northern elephant seal..........                  0                  0                  0                 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[sup1] Best and maximum estimates are based on densities from Table 3 and ensonified areas (including 25%
  contingency) of 26,166.25 km \2\ for 160 dB.
[sup2] Regional population size estimates are from Table 2 (see Table 2 of the IHA application); NA means not
  available.

Encouraging and Coordinating Research

    USGS will coordinate the planned marine mammal monitoring program 
associated with the seismic survey in the central GOA with other 
parties that may have an interest in the area and/or be conducting 
marine mammal studies in the same region during the seismic survey. 
USGS will coordinate with applicable U.S. agencies (e.g., NMFS), and 
will comply with their requirements.

Negligible Impact and Small Numbers Analysis and Determination

    NMFS has defined ``negligible impact'' in 50 CFR 216.103 as ``* * * 
an impact resulting from the specified activity that cannot be 
reasonably expected to, and is not reasonably likely to, adversely 
affect the species or stock through effects on annual rates of 
recruitment or survival.'' In making a negligible impact determination, 
NMFS evaluated factors such as:
    (1) The number of anticipated injuries, serious injuries, or 
mortalities;
    (2) The number, nature, intensity, and duration of Level B 
harassment (all relatively limited); and
    (3) The context in which the takes occur (i.e., impacts to areas of 
significance, impacts to local populations, and cumulative impacts when 
taking into account successive/contemporaneous actions when added to 
baseline data);
    (4) The status of stock or species of marine mammals (i.e., 
depleted, not depleted, decreasing, increasing, stable, and impact 
relative to the size of the population);
    (5) Impacts on habitat affecting rates of recruitment or survival; 
and
    (6) The effectiveness of monitoring and mitigation measures (i.e., 
the manner and degree in which the measure is likely to reduce adverse 
impacts to marine mammals, the likely effectiveness of measures, and 
the practicability of implementation).
    For reasons stated previously in this document, and in the proposed 
notice of an IHA (76 FR 18167, April 1, 2011), the specified activities 
associated with the marine seismic survey are not likely to cause PTS, 
or other non-auditory injury, serious injury, or death because:
    (1) The likelihood that, given sufficient notice through relatively 
slow ship speed, marine mammals are expected to move away from a noise 
source that is annoying prior to its becoming potentially injurious;
    (2) The potential for temporary or permanent hearing impairment is 
very low and would likely be avoided through the incorporation of the 
monitoring and mitigation measures;
    (3) The fact that pinnipeds and cetaceans would have to be closer 
than 400 m (1,312.3 ft) and 940 m (3,084 ft) in deep water when the 36 
airgun array and 12 m (39.4 ft) and 40 m (131.2 ft) when the single 
airgun is in use at 9 m (29.5 ft) tow depth from the vessel to be 
exposed to levels of sound believed to have even a minimal chance of 
causing permanent threshold shift; and
    (4) The likelihood that marine mammal detection ability by trained 
PSOs is high at close proximity to the vessel.
    No injuries, serious injuries, or mortalities are anticipated to 
occur as a result of the USGS's planned marine seismic survey, and none 
are authorized. Only short-term behavioral disturbance is anticipated 
to occur due to the brief and sporadic duration of the survey 
activities. Due to the nature, degree, and context of behavioral 
harassment anticipated, the activity is not expected to impact rates of 
recruitment or survival for any affected species or stock.
    As mentioned previously, NMFS estimates that nine species of marine 
mammals under its jurisdiction could be potentially affected by Level B 
harassment over the course of the IHA. For each species, these numbers 
are small (each, one percent or less) relative to the population size. 
NMFS has determined, provided that the aforementioned mitigation and 
monitoring measures are implemented, that the impact of conducting a 
marine seismic survey in the central GOA, June 2011, may result, at 
worst, in a temporary modification in behavior and/or low-level 
physiological effects (Level B harassment) of small numbers of certain 
species of marine mammals.
    While behavioral modifications, including temporarily vacating the 
area during the operation of the airgun(s), may be made by these 
species to avoid the resultant acoustic disturbance, the availability 
of alternate areas within these areas and the short and sporadic 
duration of the research activities, have led NMFS to determine that 
this action

[[Page 33721]]

will have a negligible impact on the species in the specified 
geographic region.
    Based on the analysis contained herein of the likely effects of the 
specified activity on marine mammals and their habitat, and taking into 
consideration the implementation of the mitigation and monitoring 
measures, NMFS finds that USGS's planned research activities will 
result in the incidental take of small numbers of marine mammals, by 
Level B harassment only, and that the total taking from the marine 
seismic survey will have a negligible impact on the affected species or 
stocks of marine mammals; and that impacts to affected species or 
stocks of marine mammals have been mitigated to the lowest level 
practicable.

Impact on Availability of Affected Species or Stock for Taking for 
Subsistence Uses

    Section 101(a)(5)(D) also requires NMFS to determine that the 
authorization will not have an unmitigable adverse effect on the 
availability of marine mammal species or stocks for subsistence use. 
There are no relevant subsistence uses of marine mammals in the study 
area (deep, offshore waters of the central GOA) that implicate MMPA 
section 101(a)(5)(D).

Endangered Species Act

    Of the species of marine mammals that may occur in the survey area, 
several are listed as endangered under the ESA, including the North 
Pacific right, humpback, sei, fin, blue, and sperm whales, as well as 
the Cook Inlet DPS of beluga whales and the western stock of Steller 
sea lions. The eastern stock of Steller sea lions is listed as 
threatened, as is the southwest Alaska DPS of the sea otter. Under 
section 7 of the ESA, USGS initiated formal consultation with the NMFS, 
Office of Protected Resources, Endangered Species Division, on this 
seismic survey. NMFS's Office of Protected Resources, Permits, 
Conservation and Education Division, also initiated formal consultation 
under section 7 of the ESA with NMFS's Office of Protected Resources, 
Endangered Species Division, to obtain a Biological Opinion (BiOp) 
evaluating the effects of issuing the IHA on threatened and endangered 
marine mammals and, if appropriate, authorizing incidental take. In 
June 2011, NMFS issued a BiOp and concluded that the action and 
issuance of the IHA are not likely to jeopardize the continued 
existence of the North Pacific right, humpback, sei, fin, blue, and 
sperm whales, Cook Inlet DPS of beluga whales, and Steller sea lions. 
The BiOp also concluded that designated critical habitat for these 
species does not occur in the action area and would not be affected by 
the survey. USGS must comply with the Relevant Terms and Conditions of 
the Incidental Take Statement (ITS) corresponding to NMFS's BiOp issued 
to both USGS and NMFS's Office of Protected Resources. USGS must also 
comply with the mitigation and monitoring requirements included in the 
IHA in order to be exempt under the ITS in the BiOp from the 
prohibition on take of listed endangered marine mammal species 
otherwise prohibited by section 9 of the ESA.

NEPA

    With its complete application, USGS provided NMFS an EA analyzing 
the direct, indirect, and cumulative environmental impacts of the 
specified activities on marine mammals including those listed as 
threatened or endangered under the ESA. The EA, prepared by LGL on 
behalf of USGS, is entitled ``Environmental Assessment of a Marine 
Geophysical Survey by the R/V Marcus G. Langseth in the central Gulf of 
Alaska, June 2011.'' After NMFS reviewed and evaluated the USGS EA for 
consistency with the regulations published by the Council of 
Environmental Quality (CEQ) and NOAA Administrative Order 216-6, 
Environmental Review Procedures for Implementing the National 
Environmental Policy Act, NMFS adopted the USGS EA and issued a Finding 
of No Significant Impact (FONSI).

Authorization

    NMFS has issued an IHA to USGS for the take, by Level B harassment, 
of small numbers of marine mammals incidental to conducting a marine 
geophysical survey in the central GOA, June 2011, provided the 
previously mentioned mitigation, monitoring, and reporting requirements 
are incorporated.

    Dated: June 3, 2011.
Helen M. Golde,
Deputy Director, Office of Protected Resources, National Marine 
Fisheries Service.
[FR Doc. 2011-14331 Filed 6-8-11; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 3510-22-P