[Federal Register Volume 75, Number 182 (Tuesday, September 21, 2010)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 57426-57431]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2010-23138]


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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17

[Docket No. FWS-R4-ES-2010-0067; 92220-1113-0000-C5]


Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; 90-Day Finding on 
a Petition To Reclassify the U.S. Breeding Population of Wood Storks 
From Endangered to Threatened

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION: Notice of 90-day petition finding and initiation of status 
review.

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SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), announce a 
90-day finding on a petition to reclassify the United States (U.S.) 
breeding population of the wood stork (Mycteria americana) from 
endangered to threatened under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as 
amended (Act). Based on our review, we find that the petition presents 
substantial scientific or commercial information indicating that 
reclassifying the U.S. breeding population of the wood stork to 
threatened may be warranted. Therefore, with the publication of this 
notice, we are initiating a review of the species' status to determine 
if reclassification is warranted. To ensure that this status review is 
comprehensive, we are requesting scientific and commercial data and 
other information regarding the U.S. breeding population of this 
species. Based on the status review, we will issue a 12-month finding 
on the petition, which will address whether the petitioned action is 
warranted, as provided in section 4(b)(3)(B) of the Act.

DATES: To allow us adequate time to conduct this review, we request 
that we receive information on or before November 22, 2010. After this 
date, you must submit information directly to the Jacksonville 
Ecological Services Field Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT 
section below). Please note that if you are using the Federal 
eRulemaking Portal (see ADDRESSES section, below), the deadline for 
submitting an electronic comment is Eastern Standard Time on this date. 
We may not be able to address or incorporate information that we 
receive after this date.

ADDRESSES: You may submit information by one of the following methods:
     Federal eRulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov. In 
the Keyword box, enter Docket No FWS-R4-ES-2010-0067, which is the 
docket number for this action. Then, in the Search panel on the left 
side of the screen under the Document Type heading, click on the 
Proposed Rules link to locate this document. You may submit a comment 
by clicking on ``Send a Comment or Submission.''
     By hard copy: Submit by U.S. mail or hand-delivery to: 
Public Comments Processing, Attn: FWS-R4-ES-2010-0067; Division of 
Policy and Directives Management; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; 4401 
N. Fairfax Drive, Suite 222; Arlington, VA 22203.
    We will post all information received on http://www.regulations.gov. This generally means that we will post any 
personal information you provide us (see the Request for Information 
section below for more details).

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: David L. Hankla, Field Supervisor, 
Jacksonville Ecological Services Field Office, 7915 Baymeadows Way, 
Suite 200, Jacksonville, FL 32256, by telephone (904) 731-3336, or by 
facsimile (904) 731-3045. If you use a telecommunications device for 
the deaf (TDD), please call the Federal Information Relay Service 
(FIRS) at 800-877-8339.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Request for Information

    When we make a finding that a petition presents substantial 
information indicating that reclassifying a species may be warranted, 
we are required to promptly review the status of the species (status 
review). For the status review to be complete and based on the best 
available scientific and commercial information, we request information 
from governmental agencies, Native American Tribes, the scientific 
community, industry, and any other interested parties concerning the 
status of the U.S. breeding population of the wood stork and other 
populations of wood storks breeding in Central and South America. We 
seek information on:
    (1) The historical and current status and distribution of the wood 
stork, its biology and ecology, and ongoing conservation measures for 
the species and its habitat;
    (2) The five factors that are the basis for making a listing/
delisting/

[[Page 57427]]

downlisting determination for a species under section 4(a) of the Act 
(16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), which are:
    (a) The present or threatened destruction, modification, or 
curtailment of the species' habitat or range;
    (b) Overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or 
educational purposes;
    (c) Disease or predation;
    (d) The inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms; or
    (e) Other natural or manmade factors affecting its continued 
existence;
    (3) The genetics and taxonomy of the wood stork throughout its 
entire range, including the range of the federally listed U.S. breeding 
population of the wood stork; and
    (4) Discreteness and significance of the wood stork in the 
southeastern United States in light of our distinct population segment 
(DPS) policy (61 FR 4722; February 7, 1996).
    (5) Discreteness, significance, and status of the wood stork in 
other portions of its range.
    (6) Differences or similarities in regulatory protection for the 
wood stork outside of the southeastern United States.
    (7) Whether or not climate change is a threat to the species, what 
regional climate change models are available, and whether they are 
reliable and credible to use as step-down models for assessing the 
effect of climate change on the species and its habitat.
    (8) Anything else that would assist us in determining whether the 
wood stork is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant 
portion of its range, or likely to become endangered within the 
foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its 
range.
    Please include sufficient information with your submission (such as 
full references) to allow us to verify any scientific or commercial 
information you include.
    Please note that submissions merely stating support for or 
opposition to the action under consideration without providing 
supporting information, although noted, will not be considered in 
making a determination, as section 4(b)(1)(A) of the Act directs that 
determinations as to whether any species is a threatened or endangered 
species must be made ``solely on the basis of the best scientific and 
commercial data available.''
    You may submit your information concerning this finding by one of 
the methods listed in the ADDRESSES section. If you submit information 
via http://www.regulations.gov/, your entire submission--including any 
personal identifying information--will be posted on the Web site. If 
you submit a hardcopy that includes personal identifying information, 
you may request at the top of your document that we withhold this 
personal identifying information from public review. However, we cannot 
guarantee that we will be able to do so. We will post all hardcopy 
submissions on http://www.regulations.gov/.
    Information and supporting documentation that we received and used 
in preparing this finding, will be available for public inspection at 
http://www.regulations.gov/, or by appointment, during normal business 
hours, at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Jacksonville Ecological 
Services Field Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).

Background

    Section 4(b)(3)(A) of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1533(b)(3)(A)) requires 
that we make a finding on whether a petition to list, delist, or 
reclassify a species presents substantial scientific or commercial 
information indicating that the petitioned action may be warranted. We 
are to base this finding on information provided in the petition, 
supporting information submitted with the petition, and information 
otherwise available in our files. To the maximum extent practicable, we 
are to make this finding within 90 days of our receipt of the petition, 
and publish our notice of the finding promptly in the Federal Register.
    Our standard for ``substantial scientific or commercial 
information'' within the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) with regard 
to a 90-day petition finding is ``that amount of information that would 
lead a reasonable person to believe that the measure proposed in the 
petition may be warranted'' (50 CFR 424.14(b)). If we find that 
substantial scientific or commercial information was presented, we are 
required to promptly commence a review of the status of the species, 
which is subsequently summarized in our 12-month finding.

Petition History

    On May 28, 2009, we received a petition, dated May 27, 2009, from 
the Pacific Legal Foundation on behalf of the Florida Homebuilders 
Association, requesting that the southeastern U.S. population of the 
wood stork be reclassified as threatened under the Act as recommended 
in our 2007 5-year status review. The petition clearly identified 
itself as such and included the requisite identification information 
for the petitioner, as required by 50 CFR 424.14(a).
    The petition presented, as sole supporting evidence, the 2007 5-
year status review as its supporting information. The petition 
incorporated the status review by reference and summarized the five-
factor analysis contained in the status review. On July 9, 2009, we 
sent a letter to the Pacific Legal Foundation informing them that we 
received the petition.
    On July 8, 2010, we received a letter, dated July 1, 2010, from the 
Pacific Legal Foundation, notifying the Service of the Pacific Legal 
Foundation's intent to commence civil litigation after 60 days if we 
did not respond to the petition. This notice constitutes our initial 
finding on the petition.

Previous Federal Actions

    On February 28, 1984, we published a final rule in the Federal 
Register listing the U.S. breeding population of the wood stork as 
endangered under the Act due primarily to the loss of suitable feeding 
habitat, particularly in south Florida (49 FR 7332). The endangered 
status covered wood storks in the States of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, 
and South Carolina, the breeding range of the species at that time. At 
the time of listing, critical habitat was considered but not designated 
for this species (49 FR 7332). We developed a September 9, 1986, 
recovery plan for the U.S. breeding population. The recovery plan was 
revised on January 27, 1997, and addressed new threats and species' 
needs.
    On November 6, 1991 (56 FR 56882), we published a notice in the 
Federal Register that we were conducting a 5-year review for all 
endangered and threatened species listed before January 1, 1991, 
including the wood stork. In this review, we simultaneously evaluated 
the status of many species, with no in-depth assessment of the five 
threat factors under section 4(a)(1) of the Act as they pertain to the 
individual species. The notice stated that we were seeking any new or 
additional information reflecting the necessity of a change in the 
status of any of the species under review. The notice indicated that if 
significant data were available warranting a change in a species' 
classification, we would propose a rule to modify the species' status. 
We did not find a change in the wood stork's listing classification 
under the Act to be warranted at that time.
    On September 27, 2006 (71 FR 56545), we published a notice in the 
Federal Register that we were initiating a 5-year status review of 37 
southeastern U.S. species, including the wood stork. We

[[Page 57428]]

solicited information from the public concerning the status of the 
species, including the status and trends of species threats under 
section 4(a)(1) of the Act. We completed the 5-year status review for 
the wood stork on September 27, 2007. The 5-year status review, 
completed in accordance with section 4(c)(2) of the Act, contains a 
detailed description of the species' natural history and status, 
including information on distribution and movements, behavior, 
population status and trends, and factors contributing to the status of 
the U.S. breeding population. It also presents a detailed analysis of 
the five factors that are the basis for determination of a species' 
status under section 4(a) of the Act. A copy of the 5-year status 
review is available on our Web site at http://www.fws.gov/ecos/ajax/docs/five_year_review/doc1115.pdf.

Species Information

    The wood stork is a large, long-legged wading bird, with a head-to-
tail length of 85-115 centimeters (cm) (33-45 inches (in)) and a 
wingspread of 150-165 cm (59-65 in). The plumage is white, except for 
iridescent black primary and secondary wing feathers and a short black 
tail. Storks fly with their necks and legs extended. On adults, the 
rough, scaly skin of the head and neck is unfeathered and blackish in 
color, the legs are dark, and the feet are dull pink. The bill color is 
also blackish. Immature storks, up to the age of about 3 years, differ 
from adults in that their bills are yellowish or strap colored and 
there are varying amounts of dusky feathers on the head and neck. 
During courtship and early nesting season, adults have pale salmon 
coloring under the wings, fluffy undertail coverts that are longer than 
the tail, and toes that brighten to a vivid pink.
    Wood storks feed almost entirely on fish between 2 and 25 cm (1 and 
10 in) in length (Kahl 1964, pp.107-108; Ogden et al. 1976, pp. 325-
327). They also occasionally consume crustaceans, amphibians, reptiles, 
mammals, birds, and arthropods. Fish populations reach high numbers 
during the wet season, but become concentrated in increasingly 
restricted habitats as drying occurs. Consumers such as the wood stork 
are able to exploit high concentrations of fish in drying ponds and 
sloughs.

Mating and Reproduction

    Wood storks are seasonally monogamous, probably forming a new pair 
bond every season. There is documented first breeding at 3 and 4 years 
old, but the average age at first breeding is unknown. Nest initiation 
varies geographically. Wood storks lay eggs as early as October and as 
late as June in Florida (Rodgers 1990, pp. 48-51). In general, earlier 
nesting occurs in the southern portion of Florida (< 27 [deg]N). Wood 
storks in Georgia and South Carolina initiate nesting on a seasonal 
basis regardless of environmental conditions. They lay eggs from March 
to late May, with fledging occurring in July and August. In response to 
deteriorating habitat conditions in south Florida, wood storks nesting 
in Everglades National Park and in the Big Cypress region of Florida 
delayed initiation of nesting to February or March in most years since 
the 1970s. Colonies that start after January in south Florida risk 
having young in the nests when May-June rains flood marshes and 
disperse fish.
    Females lay a single clutch of two to five eggs per breeding 
season, but the average is three eggs. Females sometimes lay a second 
clutch if nest failure occurs early in the season (Coulter et al. 1999, 
p.11). Average clutch size may increase during years of favorable water 
levels and food resources. Incubation requires about 30 days, and 
begins after the female lays the first one or two eggs; the eggs 
therefore hatch at different times and young nestlings in a single nest 
vary in size. Nestlings require about 9 weeks for fledging, but the 
young return to the nest for an additional 3 to 4 weeks to be fed. 
Actual colony production measurements are difficult to determine 
because of the prolonged fledging period, during which time the young 
return daily to the colony to be fed. It appears that colonies 
experience considerable variation in production among years and 
locations, apparently in response to differences in food availability.

Range and Distribution

    The wood stork is one of 17 species of storks occurring worldwide, 
and is the only stork regularly occurring in the United States. It 
occurs from northern Argentina, eastern Peru, and western Ecuador, 
north to Central America, Mexico, Cuba, Hispaniola, and the 
southeastern United States. The breeding range of the species extends 
from the southeastern United States south through Mexico and Central 
America, Cuba and Hispaniola, and through South America to western 
Ecuador, eastern Peru, Bolivia, and northern Argentina (Coulter et al. 
1999, p. 2). The species uses a variety of freshwater and estuarine 
wetlands for nesting, feeding, and roosting. Throughout its range in 
the southeastern United States, the wood stork is dependent upon 
wetlands for breeding and foraging. Winter foraging habitat is also 
important to the recovery of the species, as it may determine the 
carrying capacity of the U.S. breeding population.
    Wood storks select patches of medium-to-tall trees as nesting 
sites, which are located either in standing water such as swamps, or on 
islands surrounded by relatively broad expanses of open water (Ogden 
1991, p. 43). Colony sites located in standing water must remain 
inundated throughout the nesting cycle to protect against predation and 
nest abandonment. A wood stork tends to use the same colony site over 
many years, as long as the site remains undisturbed, and sufficient 
feeding habitat remains in the surrounding wetlands. Wood storks may 
abandon traditional wetland sites once local or regional drainage 
schemes remove surface water from beneath the colony trees.

Population Demographics

    Alterations in the quality and amount of foraging habitats in the 
Florida Everglades and extensive drainage and land conversions 
throughout South Florida led to the initial decline of the wood stork 
nesting population. Since listing under the Act, wood stork nesting has 
increased in South Florida and the Everglades, but the timing and 
location of nesting have changed in response to alterations in 
hydrology and habitat. The overall distribution of the breeding 
population of wood storks is also in transition. The wood stork appears 
to have adapted to changes in habitat in South Florida in part by 
expanding its breeding range north into Georgia, South Carolina, and 
North Carolina.
    The estimated total population of nesting wood storks throughout 
the southeastern United States declined from 15,000-20,000 pairs during 
the 1930s, to about 10,000 pairs in 1960, to a low of 4,500-5,700 pairs 
in most years during the period between 1977-1980 (Ogden et al. 1987, 
p. 752). In the 23-year period from the time of listing (1984) to 2006, 
13 surveys of the entire breeding range were completed. Eight of those 
resulted in counts exceeding 6,000 pairs. Five of those higher counts 
occurred during the past 8 years. In summary, annual nest counts have 
increased significantly, from 6,245 pairs to 11,279 pairs in 2006 
(Brooks and Dean, 2008, pp. 53-54), indicating the population is stable 
or increasing across the southeastern United States (Borkhataria et al. 
2008, p. 48).
    The recovery plan's population objectives are 6,000 nesting pairs

[[Page 57429]]

(calculated over a 3-year average) for consideration to reclassify from 
endangered to threatened. The 1993-1995 surveys averaged 6,783 nesting 
pairs. The 3-year averages from 2001 through 2006 also exceeded 6,000 
pairs for all combined years.
    Three-year averages calculated from nesting data from 2001 through 
2006 indicate that the total nesting population has been consistently 
above the threshold of 6,000 nesting pairs and productivity of 1.5 
chicks per nest per year (2004-2006) required before the species can be 
reclassified to threatened. The average number of nesting pairs has 
ranged from 7,400 to over 8,700. The first wood stork colony in North 
Carolina was documented in 2005, with 32 nesting pairs. In 2006, the 
same North Carolina colony increased to 132 nesting pairs.
    The 2006 nesting totals indicated that the wood stork population 
reached over 11,000 nesting pairs documented in Florida, Georgia, South 
Carolina, and North Carolina during the 2006 breeding season. 
Information in our files indicates that fewer than 6,000 nesting pairs 
were documented in 2007 and 2008. These lower nesting numbers were 
likely related to severe drought conditions in Florida. In 2009, the 
number of nesting pairs once again surpassed 10,000, with over 12,000 
nesting pairs recorded.
    Since the time that the species was listed as endangered under the 
Act, the number of nesting pairs in the United States is increasing 
overall, the number of nesting colonies in the United States is 
increasing, and the nesting range in the United States is growing.

Evaluation of Listable Entities

    Under section 3(16) of the Act, we may consider for listing any 
species, including subspecies, of fish, wildlife, or plants, or any DPS 
of vertebrate fish or wildlife that interbreeds when mature (16 U.S.C. 
1532(16)). Such entities are considered eligible for listing under the 
Act (and, therefore, are referred to as listable entities), should we 
determine that they meet the definition of an endangered or threatened 
species.

Distinct Vertebrate Population Segment

    The Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service (National 
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration--Fisheries) developed a joint 
policy that addresses the recognition of DPSes of vertebrate species 
for potential listing actions (61 FR 4722, February 7, 1996). To 
determine whether a population qualifies as a DPS; this requires a 
finding that the population is both: (1) Discrete in relation to the 
remainder of the species to which it belongs; and (2) biologically and 
ecologically significant to the species to which it belongs. If the 
population meets these criteria, we then proceed to evaluate the 
population segment's conservation status in relation to the Act's 
standards for listing as an endangered or threatened species. These 
three elements are applied similarly for additions to or removals from 
the Federal Lists of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants.
    Our evaluation of significance is made in light of Congressional 
guidance (see Senate Report 151 of the 96th Congress, 1st Session) that 
the authority to list DPSes be used ``sparingly,'' while encouraging 
the conservation of genetic diversity. If we determine that a 
population segment meets the discreteness and significance standards, 
then the level of threat to that population segment is evaluated based 
on the five listing factors established by the Act to determine whether 
listing the DPS as either endangered or threatened is warranted.
    In this case, the petitioners attached our 5-year status review of 
the species, and incorporated it by reference into the petition. The 
U.S. breeding population of the wood stork was listed in 1984 under the 
Act, 12 years prior to the DPS policy. The 5-year status review did not 
include a DPS analysis. However, it indicates that we believe the 
original listing of the U.S. breeding population of wood storks likely 
meets the current standards of the DPS policy for the following 
reasons: The population is physically separated from the adjacent 
populations that breed in southern Mexico. The loss of the U.S. 
breeding population would result in a significant gap in the range of 
the species, as there would no longer be wood storks breeding in the 
United States. As applied to information contained in the petition and 
available in our files, we will conduct a DPS analysis for the wood 
stork as part of the status review process initiated under this 90-day 
petition finding.

Evaluation of Information for This Finding

    Section 4 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1533) and its implementing 
regulations at 50 CFR 424 set forth the procedures for adding a species 
to, or removing a species from, the Federal Lists of Endangered and 
Threatened Wildlife and Plants. A species may be determined to be an 
endangered or threatened species due to one or more of the five factors 
described in section 4(a)(1) of the Act:
    (A) The present or threatened destruction, modification, or 
curtailment of its habitat or range;
    (B) Overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or 
educational purposes;
    (C) Disease or predation;
    (D) The inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms; or
    (E) Other natural or manmade factors affecting its continued 
existence.
    In making this 90-day finding, we evaluated whether information 
regarding threats to the southeastern U.S. population of the wood 
stork, as presented in the petition and other information available in 
our files, is substantial, thereby indicating that the petitioned 
action may be warranted. Our evaluation of this information is 
presented below. On pp. 2-3 of the petition, the petitioner summarized 
the five-factor analysis contained in our 2007 5-year review of the 
species, which was also included as an attachment to the petition.

A. The Present or Threatened Destruction, Modification, or Curtailment 
of Its Habitat or Range

Evaluation of Information Provided in the Petition and Available in 
Service Files
    Factor A. is discussed on p. 2 of the petition and on pp. 14-16 in 
our 5-year review of the species. Please refer to the 5-year review 
document for additional information.
    The petition and our 5-year review of the species presented 
information regarding the threats to the wood stork from the loss, 
fragmentation, and modification of wetland habitats. We found the 
petition and information in our files presented substantial information 
that activities that destroy or modify wetland habitat continue to 
threaten the wood stork. Habitat loss, fragmentation, and modification 
are known to impact the species, but the significance of these threats 
cannot be quantified. The overall threat to the species is reduced, not 
necessarily because of habitat conservation programs, but rather due to 
an increase in wood storks and expansion of the range of the species. 
Historically, the core of the wood stork breeding population in the 
southeastern United States was located in the Everglades of south 
Florida. Populations there had diminished because of deterioration of 
the habitat. However, the breeding range has now almost doubled in 
extent and shifted northward along the Atlantic coast as far as 
southeastern North Carolina. Therefore, dependence of

[[Page 57430]]

wood storks on any specific wetland complex has been reduced.
    In summary, we evaluated the petition and information in our files 
and find that substantial information has been presented in the 
petition or is available in our files to indicate that reclassifying 
the U.S. breeding population of the wood stork to threatened may be 
warranted due to the present or threatened destruction, modification, 
or curtailment of the species' habitat or range.

B. Overutilization for Commercial, Recreational, Scientific, or 
Educational Purposes

Evaluation of Information Provided in the Petition and Available in 
Service Files
    Factor B. is discussed on p. 2 of the petition and on pp. 16-17 in 
our 5-year review of the species. Please refer to the 5-year review 
document for additional information.
    As described in our 5-year review, a small number of scientific 
research permits with potential to harm individual wood storks have 
been issued. This level of take/harm is not expected to adversely 
impact wood stork recovery. Wading birds can impact production at fish 
farms. To minimize the impacts, the Service issues depredation permits 
to aquaculture facilities for herons, egrets and other water bird 
species. It is likely that wood stork take at aquaculture facilities 
occurs. To what extent this type of take occurs is unknown.
    After a review of information in our files and in the petition, we 
do not find substantial information to indicate that overutilization 
for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes is a 
threat to the wood stork.

C. Disease or Predation

Evaluation of Information Provided in the Petition and Available in 
Service Files
    Factor C. is discussed on p. 3 of the petition and on pp. 17-18 in 
our 5-year review of the species. Please refer to the 5-year review 
document for additional information.
    Colonies with adequate water levels under nesting trees or 
surrounding nesting islands deter raccoon predation. If the water level 
remains too low or alligators are removed from the nesting site, this 
could facilitate raccoon predation. Human disturbance may cause adults 
to leave nests, exposing eggs and nestlings to predators. A breeding 
population of Burmese pythons has been documented in the Florida 
Everglades. If this snake becomes established, it could pose a threat 
to nesting water bird populations, including the wood stork. However, 
there has been limited documentation of predation and disease in wood 
storks.
    After a review of information in our files and in the petition, we 
find substantial information to indicate that disease or predation is a 
threat to the wood stork, but that the threat is localized and not 
occurring at significant levels.

D. The Inadequacy of Existing Regulatory Mechanisms

Evaluation of Information Provided in the Petition and Available in 
Service Files
    Factor D. is discussed on p. 3 of the petition and on pp. 18-19 in 
our 5-year review of the species. Please refer to the 5-year review 
document for additional information.
    There are a number of regulatory mechanisms implemented by Federal 
and State agencies to protect wood storks and conserve their habitat. 
Recent trends indicate that the range of the wood stork is expanding 
and breeding populations have increased, suggesting that the current 
conservation measures are sufficient to allow population growth.
    We evaluated the petition and information in our files and find 
that substantial information has been presented in the petition or is 
available in our files to indicate that the existing regulatory 
mechanisms appear to be adequate based on the increasing number of 
nesting pairs and nesting colonies in the United States, and the 
expanding nesting range in the United States. However, we cannot 
determine whether regulatory mechanisms are adequate until the habitat 
base is shown to be either sufficient or insufficient to minimize risk 
of extinction in all or a significant portion of the range of wood 
storks in the southeastern United States.

E. Other Natural or Manmade Factors Affecting Its Continued Existence

Evaluation of Information Provided in the Petition and Available in 
Service Files
    Factor E. is discussed on p. 3 of the petition and on pp. 19-21 in 
our 5-year review of the species. Please refer to the 5-year review 
document for additional information.
    The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that 
evidence of warming of the climate system is unequivocal (IPCC 2007a, 
p. 30). Numerous long-term changes have been observed, including 
changes in arctic temperatures and ice, widespread changes in 
precipitation amounts, ocean salinity, wind patterns, and aspects of 
extreme weather, including droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves, 
and the intensity of tropical cyclones (IPCC 2007b, p. 7). Species that 
are dependent on specialized habitat types, are limited in 
distribution, or are located in the extreme periphery of their range 
will be most susceptible to the impacts of climate change. Such species 
would currently be found at high elevations, extreme northern/southern 
latitudes, or are dependent on delicate ecological interactions or 
sensitive to nonnative competitors. While continued change is certain, 
the magnitude and rate of change is unknown in many cases.
    The petition did not present specific information on whether global 
climate change has affected or is likely to affect the wood stork. 
Additionally, information on the subject of climate change in our files 
is not specific to the wood stork. While predictions of increased 
drought frequency, intensity, and duration suggest that nestling 
survival could be a limiting factor for the wood stork due to increased 
predation, the species possesses other biological traits (i.e., 
adaptability to changing habitat conditions) to provide resilience to 
this threat. We have no evidence that climate changes observed to date 
have had any adverse impact on the wood stork or its habitat. Without 
additional information, the effect of long-term climate change on the 
wood stork is unclear. However, we will seek additional information 
regarding any potential effects of climate change during the status 
review process initiated under this 90-day petition finding.
    Contaminants, harmful algal blooms such as red tide events, 
electrocution mortalities from power lines, road kill, invasion of 
exotic plants and animals, human disturbance, and stochastic events 
such as severe thunderstorms and hurricanes may affect the wood stork, 
but are not significant.
    After a review of information in our files and in the petition, we 
find substantial information to indicate that other natural or manmade 
factors are a threat to the wood stork, but that the threat is not 
significant, except that without additional information, the effect of 
long-term climate change on the wood stork is unclear. However, we will 
seek additional information regarding any potential effects of climate 
change during the status review process.

Finding

    The petition and supporting information in our files presents

[[Page 57431]]

substantial information on several factors affecting wood storks in the 
southeastern United States, including: Impacts of habitat modification 
and disruption of water regimes (Factor A); predation (Factor C); and 
contaminants, harmful algal blooms such as red tide events, 
electrocution mortalities from power lines, road kill, invasion of 
exotic plants and animals, human disturbance, and stochastic events 
(Factor E).
    Of the five listing factors, Factor A (habitat destruction and 
modification) continues to be the leading threat to wood stork 
recovery. However, magnitude of this threat may be reduced due to the 
increase in wood storks and expansion of the breeding range from 
Florida into Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina. There are a 
number of regulatory mechanisms implemented by Federal and State 
agencies to protect wood storks and conserve their habitat. Whether 
habitat protection and conservation regulatory mechanisms are 
inadequate can only be assessed in terms of the wood stork population, 
and recent trends indicate that the range is still expanding and the 
breeding population has increased, suggesting that current conservation 
measures are sufficient to allow population growth. Other threats such 
as disease and predation and other natural or man-made factors (i.e., 
contaminants, electrocution, road kill, invasion of exotic plants and 
animals, disturbance, and stochastic events) are known to occur but are 
not significant. We believe that the conclusions of the 5-year review 
regarding the listing factors and the recommended change in status of 
the species from endangered to threatened, as presented in the petition 
and as modified by any information in our files, still apply.
    In considering what factors might constitute threats, we must look 
beyond the mere exposure of the species to the factor to determine 
whether the species responds to the factor in a way that causes actual 
impacts to the species. If there is exposure to a factor, but no 
response, or only a positive response, that factor is not a threat. If 
there is exposure to a factor and the species responds negatively, the 
factor may be a threat and we then attempt to determine how significant 
a threat it is. If the threat is significant, it may drive or 
contribute to the risk of extinction of the species such that the 
species may warrant listing as threatened or endangered as those terms 
are defined by the Act. This does not necessarily require empirical 
proof of a threat. The combination of exposure and some corroborating 
evidence of how the species is likely impacted could suffice. The mere 
identification of factors that could impact a species negatively may 
not be sufficient to compel a finding that listing may be warranted. 
The information must contain evidence sufficient to suggest that these 
factors may be operative threats that act on the species to the point 
that the species may meet the definition of threatened or endangered 
under the Act.
    Because we have found that the petition, as well as other 
information in our files, presents substantial scientific or commercial 
information indicating that reclassifying the wood stork in the 
southeastern United States to threatened may be warranted, we are 
initiating a status review to determine whether reclassifying the wood 
stork in the southeastern United States to threatened under the Act is 
warranted. We will issue a 12-month finding as to whether the 
petitioned action is warranted. As part of our status review, we will 
examine newly available information on the threats to the species and 
make a final determination on a 12-month finding on whether the species 
should be listed as endangered or threatened under the Act. To ensure 
the status review is complete, we are requesting scientific and 
commercial information regarding the wood stork throughout its entire 
range (as described under the Request for Information section).
    The ``substantial information'' standard for a 90-day finding 
differs from the Act's ``best scientific and commercial data'' standard 
that applies to a status review to determine whether a petitioned 
action is warranted. A 90-day finding does not constitute a status 
review under the Act. In a 12-month finding, we will determine whether 
a petitioned action is warranted after we have completed a thorough 
status review of the species, which is conducted following a 
substantial 90-day finding. Because the Act's standards for 90-day and 
12-month findings are different, as described above, a substantial 90-
day finding does not mean that the 12-month finding will result in a 
warranted finding.

References Cited

    A complete list of references cited is available on the Internet at 
http://www.regulations.gov and upon request from the U.S. Fish and 
Wildlife Service, Jacksonville Ecological Services Field Office (see 
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).

Author

    The primary authors of this notice are staff of the Jacksonville 
Ecological Services Field Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).

Authority

    The authority for this action is the Endangered Species Act of 
1973, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.).

    Dated: August 23, 2010.
Wendi Weber,
Acting Deputy Director, Fish and Wildlife Service.
[FR Doc. 2010-23138 Filed 9-20-10; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P