[Federal Register Volume 74, Number 151 (Friday, August 7, 2009)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 39535-39540]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: E9-18852]


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CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION

16 CFR Part 1500


Children's Products Containing Lead; Interpretative Rule on 
Inaccessible Component Parts

AGENCY: Consumer Product Safety Commission.

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: The Consumer Product Safety Commission (``Commission'') is 
issuing a final rule providing guidance as to what product components 
or classes of components will be considered to be ``inaccessible.'' 
Section 101(b)(2)(A) of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act 
(``CPSIA'') provides that the lead limits shall not apply to any 
component part of a children's product that is not accessible to a 
child through normal and reasonably foreseeable use and abuse. Section 
101(b)(2)(B) of the CPSIA requires the Commission to issue, by August 
14, 2009, a rule providing guidance with respect to what product 
components, or classes of components, will be considered to be 
inaccessible. This final rule satisfies the Commission's statutory 
obligation.

DATES: Effective Date: This interpretative rule is effective on August 
14, 2009.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Kristina Hatlelid, PhD, M.P.H., 
Directorate for Health Sciences, Consumer Product Safety Commission, 
4330 East West Highway, Bethesda, Maryland 20814; e-mail 
[email protected]; telephone 301-504-7254.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

A. Background

    The CPSIA establishes specific lead limits in children's products. 
Section 101(a) of the CPSIA provides that, as of February 10, 2009, 
products designed or intended primarily for children 12 and younger may 
not contain more than 600 parts per million (ppm) of lead. After August 
14, 2009, products designed or intended primarily for children 12 and 
younger cannot contain more than 300 ppm of lead. On August 14, 2011, 
the limit may be further reduced to 100 ppm, unless the Commission 
determines that it is not technologically feasible to meet this lower 
limit. Section 3(a)(16) of the Consumer Product Safety Act, as amended 
by section 235(a) of the CPSIA, defines ``children's product'' as a 
``consumer product designed or intended primarily for children 12 years 
of age or younger.''

B. Statutory Authority

    Section 101(b)(2) of the CPSIA provides that the lead limits do not 
apply to component parts of a product that are not accessible to a 
child. This section specifies that a component part is not accessible 
if it is not physically exposed by reason of a sealed covering or 
casing and does not become physically exposed through reasonably 
foreseeable use and abuse of the product including swallowing, 
mouthing, breaking, or other children's activities, and the aging of 
the product, as determined by the Commission. Paint, coatings, or 
electroplating may not be considered to be a barrier that would render 
lead in the substrate to be inaccessible to a child under section 
101(b)(3) of the CPSIA.

C. Notice of Proposed Rulemaking

    In the Federal Register of January 15, 2009 (74 FR 2439), the 
Commission published a proposed interpretative rule providing guidance 
with respect to what product components or classes of components will 
be considered to be inaccessible. As stated in the preamble to the 
proposed interpretative rule (74 FR at 2440), the Commission 
preliminarily determined that:
     An accessible component part of a children's product is 
one that a child may touch;

[[Page 39536]]

     An inaccessible component part is one that is located 
inside the product and not capable of being touched or mouthed by a 
child, whether or not such part is visible to a user of the product;
     An inaccessible part is one that may be enclosed in any 
type of material, e.g., hard or soft plastic, rubber or metal. However, 
the Commission requested comments specifically on the use of fabric as 
a barrier, and the impact of aging on a children's product;
     To assess whether a part is inaccessible, the 
accessibility probes defined in the Commission's existing regulations 
for evaluating accessibility of sharp points or sharp metal or glass 
edges (16 CFR 1500.48 and 1500.49) could be used. An accessible lead-
containing component part would be defined as one that contacts any 
portion of the specified segment of the accessibility probe. An 
inaccessible lead-containing component part would be defined as one 
that cannot be contacted by any portion of the specified segment of the 
accessibility probe; and
     Use and abuse tests are appropriate for evaluating whether 
lead-containing component parts of a product become accessible to a 
child during normal and reasonably foreseeable use and abuse of the 
product by a child. The purpose of the tests is to simulate use and 
damage or abuse of a product by children and to expose potential 
hazards that might result from use and abuse. 16 CFR 1500.50-1500.53.

D. Discussion of Comments to the Proposed Rule and CPSC's Responses

    The Commission received comments from trade associations, testing 
services, consumer groups, electronic products associations, youth 
recreational vehicle companies, and textile groups. In general, most 
comments, particularly those from consumer groups, agreed with most of 
the proposed interpretative rule, whereas other comments, particularly 
those from industry, sought a narrower or different interpretation of 
``accessibility.''

1. Summary of the Law--Section 1500.87(a)

    Proposed Sec.  1500.87(a), in essence, summarized the lead limits 
in section 101 of the CPSIA and how, over time, the limits decrease 
from 600 ppm to 100 ppm by August 14, 2011 unless the Commission 
determines that it is not technologically feasible to meet this lower 
limit. Proposed Sec.  1500.87(a) also stated that, ``Paint, coatings or 
electroplating may not be considered a barrier that would make the lead 
content of a product inaccessible to a child.''
    We did not receive any comment on this provision. However, on our 
own initiative, we deleted the sentence regarding paint, coatings, and 
electroplating because the identical sentence appears in Sec.  
1500.87(b).

2. Physical Accessibility--Section 1500.87(b)

    Proposed Sec.  1500.87(b) explained that the lead limits do not 
apply to component parts of a product that are not accessible to a 
child. The proposal explained that a component part is not accessible 
if it is not physically exposed by reason of a sealed covering or 
casing and does not become physically exposed through reasonably 
foreseeable use and abuse of the product including swallowing, 
mouthing, breaking, or other children's activities, and the aging of 
the product, as determined by the Commission. It added that paint, 
coatings, or electroplating may not be considered to be a barrier that 
would render lead in the substrate to be inaccessible to a child.
    Some commenters agreed with the Commission's determination that 
accessibility is defined in the statute as physical access and stressed 
that exposure to lead such as through leaching is not what was 
intended.
    However, other commenters said the Commission should explore other 
inaccessibility scenarios, not just physical inaccessibility, including 
considering whether children using the product could be exposed to the 
lead that is present. Similarly, other commenters stated that the 
physical contact is only an example of accessibility and said that 
evaluations of accessibility focus on whether parts are ingestible or 
mouthable, or alternatively, consider whether a child will actually 
touch the part during foreseeable use or abuse of the product.
    We decline to revise the rule as suggested by the comments. The 
statute refers to physical accessibility of component parts of 
products, and this reference is not simply an example of how 
accessibility might be defined. The proposed interpretative rule 
followed the statutory language for determining inaccessibility. 
Section 101(b)(2)(A) of the CPSIA provides that, ``[a] component part 
is not accessible under this subparagraph if such component part is not 
physically exposed by reason of a sealed covering or casing and does 
not become physically exposed through reasonably foreseeable use and 
abuse of the product'' (emphasis added). The statute goes on to state, 
``[r]easonably foreseeable use and abuse shall include to, [sic] 
swallowing, mouthing, breaking, or other children's activities, and the 
aging of the product.'' Id. Swallowing and mouthing are examples of use 
and abuse actions to be considered, but the language of the statute 
does not limit consideration to ingestible or mouthable products. 
Courts have routinely found that use of the word ``including'' in a 
statute before a list of items demonstrates that the list is 
illustrative, and not meant to be exhaustive. See, e.g., West v Gibson, 
527 U.S. 212, 217 (1999) (holding that ``including'' in section 717(b) 
of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act which sets forth the EEOC's 
authority to enforce the antidiscrimination standard ``makes clear that 
the authorization is not limited to the specified remedies there 
mentioned * * *''); Federal Land Bank of St. Paul v Bismarck Lumbar 
Co., 314 U.S. 95, 99-100 (1941) (holding that ``the term `including' is 
not one of all-embracing definition, but connotes simply an 
illustrative application of the general principle.''); Puerto Rico 
Maritime Shipping Auth. v ICC, 645 F.2d 1102, 1112 n.26 (DC Cir. 1981) 
(``It is hornbook law that the use of the word `including' indicates 
that the specified list * * * that follows is illustrative, not 
exclusive.'' (internal citation omitted)).
    ``Other children's activities'' could reasonably include touching, 
grasping, and handling that can lead to physical exposure to the lead 
containing parts. Accordingly, the final rule construes accessibility 
to be physical contact with lead-containing component parts, and 
mouthing and swallowing, along with touching, among the children's 
activities that can result in contact with the lead-containing parts.

3. Testing and Certification Requirements for Inaccessible Component 
Parts

    Some commenters recommended that the rule explicitly state that 
inaccessible component parts are relieved of the testing requirement of 
section 102 of the CPSIA. One commenter said that the rule should state 
clearly that no certificate is required when no provision of CPSIA or 
any other rule or standard applies. In addition, the commenters 
requested that the rule provide that third-party testing is not 
required to demonstrate compliance with section 101 of the CPSIA when 
the lead in the product is deemed to be inaccessible.
    In general, inaccessible component parts do not have to comply with 
the lead content limits or be tested and certified as to lead content. 
The accessible portions of a product, unless specifically excluded from 
lead content

[[Page 39537]]

requirements or the testing requirements, would require testing and 
certification to the lead content limits.
    Currently, third-party testing and certification is required for 
toys and children's products under the small parts regulations (16 CFR 
Part 1501 and 1500.50-53 and 16 CFR 1500(18)(a)(9)), as well as under 
the toy safety standard, ASTM-F963. Accordingly, some of the tests 
proposed for evaluating accessibility are already being conducted by 
manufacturers for small parts evaluations. In addition, toys and games 
that are or contain small parts that are intended for use by children 
from 3 to 6 years old are subject to the labeling requirements of 16 
CFR 1500.19. With respect to other children's products that do not fall 
within the scope of the small parts regulations, but that contain 
inaccessible parts, the manufacturer currently is not required to 
provide third-party testing to demonstrate inaccessibility. The 
Commission intends to address certification requirements and the 
establishment of protocols and standards for ensuring that children's 
products are tested for compliance with applicable children's products 
safety rules in a separate rulemaking.

4. Rulemaking Authority--Section 1500.87(c)

    Proposed Sec.  1500.87(c) cited section 101(b)(2)(B) of the CPSIA 
as the legal authority to promulgate the interpretative rule and stated 
that the rulemaking is to be conducted by August 14, 2009.
    We received no comments on this provision and have finalized it 
without change.

5. Use of Accessibility Probes--Section 1500.87(d)

    Proposed Sec.  1500.87(d) stated that:

    The accessibility probes specified for sharp points or edges 
under the Commission's regulations at 16 CFR 1500.48-1500.49 will be 
used to assess the accessibility of lead-component parts of a 
children's product. A lead-containing component part would be 
considered accessible if it contacts any portion of the specified 
segment of the accessibility probe. A lead-containing component part 
would be considered inaccessible if it cannot be contacted by any 
portion of the specified segment of the accessibility probe.

    In general, most commenters agree with the proposed approach of 
using accessibility probes to evaluate whether certain parts of a 
product might be accessible to a child. However, one commenter stated 
that probes should be unnecessary for products that are sealed and have 
no accessible cavities.
    The Commission agrees that, for products that are effectively 
sealed so that there is no point of entry to any internal parts that 
contain lead, use of the probes would not be necessary to demonstrate 
that the parts are not accessible. However, it would be necessary to 
test the material which encases or encloses the inaccessible lead-
containing part, unless it is a material that the Commission has 
specifically determined falls below the lead content limits of the 
CPSIA. The Commission established procedures for a Commission 
determination that a specific material or product does not exceed the 
lead content limits specified under section 101(a) of the CPSIA (74 FR 
10475 (March 11, 2009)). In addition, the Commission has issued a 
notice of proposed rulemaking regarding lead content limits on certain 
materials or products which have been preliminarily determined to fall 
below the lead content limits of the CPSIA (74 FR 2433 (January 15, 
2009)).
    Some commenters stated that accessibility probes could be used to 
evaluate products, but they questioned whether existing test fixtures 
are appropriate for the entire age range of children's products. The 
commenters argued that older children have developed their motor skills 
and have increased agility compared to younger children for which the 
probes were designed.
    In considering reasonably foreseeable use and abuse, the Commission 
finds that the accessibility probes are appropriate for testing the 
wider range of products for children through age twelve years. The 
probes are used to evaluate possible gaps or holes in a product through 
which a young child's finger might physically contact a lead-containing 
component part. Because older children's larger fingers generally would 
have more limited access to gaps that would be accessible to smaller 
children, the Commission believes that, in most cases, the probes will 
indicate whether access is possible.
    Some commenters claimed that the use of accessibility probes for 
evaluating accessibility is inappropriate; these commenters said that 
the proper method for determining inaccessibility would evaluate 
mouthing and swallowing behaviors. The commenters argued that the 
possibility of simple physical contact with a lead-containing component 
part does not necessarily lead to mouthing or swallowing, or that the 
lead-containing component parts are not touched during normal and 
reasonably foreseeable use and abuse of the component part.
    We disagree with the comments. The statute provides for 
inaccessibility of component parts based on physical exposure to the 
part. Therefore, the Commission must assess accessibility based on 
whether a child may touch a component part that contains lead above the 
lead limits, not simply on whether a child might ingest or mouth a part 
of a product. In addition, we have deemed that, in the context of an 
exclusion request for all-terrain vehicles, the normal and reasonably 
foreseeable contact with lead-containing parts by children using 
motorized recreational vehicles would not be extensive but would occur. 
For example, in the regular use of the product, users will have to 
touch the brake and clutch levers and the throttle controls. It is 
reasonable to assume that children will not be washing their hands 
immediately after touching these parts. Average users (6-12 year olds) 
do not typically engage in hand-to-mouth behavior; however, it is not 
unreasonable to assume they may wipe their mouth or face with their 
hands while using or right after using the recreational vehicle. (See 
Human Factors Response to Request for Motorized Recreational Vehicles 
Group Request for Exclusion from Lead Limits under Section 101(b)(1) of 
the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act dated April, 2009.) 
Accordingly, the Commission finds that the accessibility probes provide 
an objective means for evaluating accessibility based on such physical 
access.
    Some commenters asked that we clarify that access to a component 
containing smaller components that may, themselves, contain lead-
containing parts does not mean that a lead-containing component is 
accessible if the lead is fully enclosed within the larger component 
which can be touched by an accessibility probe.
    The Commission interprets a lead-containing component part to mean 
the material used to construct the part includes lead in its 
formulation, not that the part contains smaller parts that contain 
lead. For example, assume that the product is a sealed ball made of 
plastic and that the sealed ball has a lead content that complies with 
the CPSIA lead limits. Inside the sealed ball are metal beads that 
contain lead. In this example, the metal beads are lead-containing 
component parts, but the ball is not. If the sealed ball does not 
provide access to the beads inside it, through a hole or a crevice, or 
after being subject to use and abuse testing, then the lead-containing 
parts would be deemed inaccessible. The Commission also notes that, for 
certain electronic devices that contain accessible lead-containing

[[Page 39538]]

parts, there is an interim final rule which provides exemptions for 
such parts for which it is not technologically feasible to comply with 
the lead content limits (74 FR 6990 (February 12, 2009)).

6. Use of Use and Abuse Tests--Section 1500.87(e) and (f)

    Proposed Sec.  1500.87(e) explained that the use and abuse tests at 
16 CFR 1500.50-1500.53 (excluding the bite tests of 1500.51(c) and 
1500.52(c)) will be used to evaluate accessibility of lead-containing 
component parts of a children's product as a result of normal and 
reasonably foreseeable use and abuse of the product by children that 
are 18 months of age or less, over 18 months but not over 36 months of 
age, and over 36 months but not over 96 months of age.
    Proposed Sec.  1500.87(f) was similar to proposed Sec.  1500.87(e), 
except that it referred to use and abuse tests at 16 CFR 1500.50-
1500.53 (excluding the bite tests of 1500.51(c) and 1500.52(c)) 
intended for children aged 37-96 months being used to evaluate 
accessibility of lead-containing component parts of a children's 
product as a result of normal and reasonably foreseeable use and abuse 
of the product by a child through 12 years of age.
    In general, most commenters agreed with the proposed approach of 
using existing use and abuse tests to evaluate the normal use of toys 
and other articles intended for use by children as well as the 
reasonably foreseeable damage or abuse to which the articles may be 
subjected.
    Some commenters agreed that the use and abuse tests are appropriate 
for evaluating whether ingestible or mouthable parts might come loose 
from a product, but said that intentional disassembly or destruction by 
older children, including use of tools, should not be considered in 
evaluating accessibility. Other commenters questioned whether the tests 
are appropriate for older children given their increased strength and 
dexterity.
    We acknowledge that older children have advanced motor skills 
compared to younger children. However, older children also have 
advanced cognitive skills and the ability to properly care for their 
belongings. For the purposes of evaluating product integrity, the 
Commission believes that the existing use and abuse tests are 
appropriate for revealing inherent characteristics or possible defects 
in products that could result in accessibility of components and will 
expose potential hazards that might result from use and abuse for most 
children's products.
    The test methods in 16 CFR 1500.50-1500.53 are used to simulate the 
normal and reasonably foreseeable use, damage, or abuse of toys and 
other articles intended for children in three separate age groups. 
Accordingly, revised Sec. Sec.  1500.87(e),(f), and (g) make clear that 
the use and abuse tests at 16 CFR 1500.50-1500.53 will be used to 
evaluate accessibility of lead-containing component parts of a 
children's product for the specific age group the product is intended. 
In addition, Sec.  1500.87(h) is revised to make clear that the test 
under Sec.  1500.87(g) will apply to products intended for children 
that are over 96 months through 12 years of age. Accordingly, we have 
revised Sec. Sec.  1500.87(e) through (h) to read as follows:
    (e) For products intended for children that are 18 months of age or 
less, the use and abuse tests set forth under the Commission's 
regulations at 16 CFR 1500.50 and 16 CFR 1500.51 (excluding the bite 
test of 1500.51(c)), will be used to evaluate accessibility of lead-
containing component parts of a children's product as a result of 
normal and reasonably foreseeable use and abuse of the product.
    (f) For products intended for children that are over 18 months but 
not over 36 months of age, the use and abuse tests set forth under the 
Commission's regulations at 16 CFR 1500.50 and 16 CFR 1500.52 
(excluding the bite test of 1500.52(c)), will be used to evaluate 
accessibility of lead-containing component parts of a children's 
product as a result of normal and reasonably foreseeable use and abuse 
of the product.
    (g) For products intended for children that are over 36 months but 
not over 96 months of age, the use and abuse tests set forth under the 
Commission's regulations at 16 CFR 1500.50 and 16 CFR 1500.53 
(excluding the bite test of 1500.53(c)), will be used to evaluate 
accessibility of lead-containing component parts of a children's 
product as a result of normal and reasonably foreseeable use and abuse 
of the product.
    (h) For products intended for children over 96 months through 12 
years of age, the use and abuse tests set forth under the Commission's 
regulations at 16 CFR 1500.50 and 16 CFR 1500.53 (excluding the bite 
test of 1500.53(c)) intended for children aged 37-96 months will be 
used to evaluate accessibility of lead-containing component parts of a 
children's product as a result of normal and reasonably foreseeable use 
and abuse of the product by a child through 12 years of age.

7. The Exclusion of the Bite Test From Use and Abuse Testing

    Proposed Sec.  1500.87(e) and (f) referred to the ``bite tests of 
1500.51(c) and 1500.52(c).''
    Some commenters requested an explanation for the exclusion of the 
bite test. One commenter pointed out that the proposed rule excludes 
the bite test from 16 CFR 1500.51 and 1500.52, but not Sec.  1500.53, 
and stated that the bite test from all three sections should be 
excluded.
    Currently, the Commission does not use the bite test specified in 
the three CFR sections, as a result of a court case (Clever Idea Co., 
Inc. v Consumer Products Safety Commission, 385 F. Supp. 688 (E.D. N.Y. 
1974)) that questioned the appropriateness of this test. This 
requirement may be modified in a future proceeding.
    Because the bite test currently is not applied as part of use and 
abuse testing in general, it will not be applied for the purposes of 
evaluating whether lead-containing component parts are accessible. 
Nevertheless, the inclusion of the bite test in 16 CFR 1500.53 was 
inadvertent in the proposed rule, and we have revised Sec. Sec.  
1500.87(g) and (h) to exclude the bite test of 16 CFR 1500.53(c).

8. Fabric Coverings Used as Barrier--Section 1500.87(g)

    Several commenters claimed that fabric coverings are appropriate 
barriers. Some commenters gave examples of a fabric-covered button or 
base of a zipper that would form a barrier to a lead-containing part, 
such as a metal button or zipper base, thus rendering it inaccessible 
to a child. The commenters said that such use of fabric must withstand 
wear and tear and remain intact through the life of a garment. In 
addition, the commenters noted that fabrics in footwear applications 
must be durable and able to withstand abrasion and other abuse and must 
not wear out over the expected life of a shoe. They asserted that 
fabrics are barriers especially given that the use of tools is not to 
be considered in an accessibility evaluation. Another commenter said 
that fabric coverings surrounding the inner parts of mattresses and 
foundations are barriers for which there is no point of entry and which 
must withstand normal use of these products.
    Conversely, other commenters stated that the Commission must 
evaluate the possibility that lead could leach from components that are 
fabric-covered and must evaluate the ability of fabric barriers to hold 
up to use and abuse.
    Although test data was not submitted that specifically address the 
possibility

[[Page 39539]]

of leaching of lead through fabric coverings, leaching involves a 
liquid dissolving a portion of a material or otherwise extracting a 
chemical from the material. Because fabrics, in general, cannot be 
considered to be impervious to liquids such as saliva and stomach acid, 
we believe that leaching of lead from an underlying material is 
possible. However, unlike other children's products that have lead-
containing components that are accessible, children will not touch the 
lead-containing component with the hands or fingers if the component is 
enclosed or encased in fabric. Thus, leaching of lead from such a 
product is not likely to occur except in the case of mouthing or 
swallowing an item that is completely encased or enclosed in fabric. 
Whether a fabric-covered product or a fabric-covered component part of 
a product can be mouthed or swallowed should be determined through 
appropriate testing.
    The Commission has reviewed section 108 of the CPSIA, which 
addresses phthalate content of certain products, for a definition for 
toys that can be placed in a child's mouth. Section 108(e)(2)(B) of the 
CPSIA provides that ``if a toy or part of toy in one dimension is 
smaller than 5 centimeters, it can be placed in the mouth.'' Although 
the CPSIA provisions for lead apply to all children's products, not 
just toys, the definition in section 108 of the CPSIA is helpful in 
assessing whether a part of any children's product can be placed in a 
child's mouth. Accordingly, fabric-covered components that are used in 
children's products, including toys, should be evaluated for the 
potential to be placed in the mouth according to this definition to 
assess whether the fabric-covered part is accessible.
    The Commission believes that, in general, fabric coverings may be 
considered barriers to physical contact with underlying materials for 
products such as mattresses because they cannot be mouthed or 
swallowed. However, the appropriate use and abuse tests, such as for 
the integrity of seams, should be used to evaluate the coverings. 
Smaller items or small components of children's products should be 
evaluated for the potential for mouthing or swallowing using the small 
parts test. For fabric-covered children's products, an additional test 
to determine whether any part in one dimension is smaller than 5 
centimeters should be performed to see if it can be placed in the 
mouth. If mouthing or swallowing of a component part could occur, the 
material beneath the fabric covering is considered to be accessible to 
a child. Therefore, the Commission has revised the final interpretative 
rule by adding a new Sec.  1500.87(i) to explain that a children's 
product that is or contains a lead-containing part which is enclosed, 
encased, or covered by fabric and passes the appropriate use and abuse 
tests on such covers, is inaccessible to a child unless the product or 
part of the product in one dimension is smaller than 5 centimeters. The 
Commission also has renumbered proposed Sec.  1500.87(g), which 
pertained to the intentional disassembly or destruction of products by 
children, as Sec.  1500.87(j).

9. Intentional Disassembly and Destruction--Section 1500.87(j) 
(Formerly Section 1500.87(g))

    Proposed Sec.  1500.87(g) (now renumbered as Sec.  1500.87(j)), 
explained that the intentional disassembly or destruction of products 
by children older than age 8 years by means or knowledge not generally 
available to younger children, including use of tools, will not be 
considered in evaluating products for accessibility of lead-containing 
components.
    For the reasons stated in section D.6 of this preamble, we have 
retained the text for this provision without change, but have 
renumbered the provision as Sec.  1500.87(j).

10. Miscellaneous Comments

    Some commenters said that, if aging and wear and tear exposes lead-
containing parts, the components should be considered accessible.
    Conversely, other commenters said that, with respect to textile 
products, the necessary durability of such products already 
incorporates consideration of aging and wear and tear. Another 
commenter claimed that additional testing to account for aging for 
their type of products does not need to be done, because the product 
lifespan of children's electronics is shorter than for other children's 
products, and aging leads to products becoming unusable.
    Section 101(b)(2)(A) of the CPSIA provides that aging of the 
product may be considered in the evaluation of the accessibility of 
component parts. However, because of the wide range of products and 
product types subject to the lead content requirements of the CPSIA, 
the Commission believes that such evaluations are necessarily specific 
to individual products or product types and may not be generalized. 
Currently, the Commission does not have specific requirements on the 
effects of aging on children's products. Testing for aging on 
children's products is similar to normal use testing. Section 8.5 of 
ASTM-F963 provides that normal use testing would entail tests intended 
to simulate normal use conditions so as to ensure that hazards are not 
generated through normal wear and deterioration of the product. Such 
tests would be used to uncover hazards rather than to demonstrate the 
reliability of the toy. However, ASTM-F963 does not specify 
requirements because it would not be possible to define such 
requirements in view of the wide range of children's products in the 
marketplace. Since any evaluation on the effects of aging on the 
integrity of product must be conducted on product by product basis, the 
Commission will continue to review the effects of aging of the 
integrity of the children's products and will issue further guidance on 
this issue in the future if it deems such guidance is necessary.

11. Compact Disks and DVDs

    One commenter specifically requested that the final interpretive 
rule address compact disks and DVDs. These products are composed of 
acrylic polymer layers that encase the data part of the product. 
Because the law does not allow for coatings to be used as a barrier 
that would render lead in the substrate inaccessible to a child, this 
commenter asked that the rule state that the acrylic part of a disk is 
not a ``coating.'' The commenter was concerned that if the acrylic 
polymer layer is not clearly determined to not be a coating, then 
manufacturers would have to test the layer of material within the 
polymer part of the product.
    Acrylic polymer layers of a compact disk or DVD are not considered 
to be a coating within the definition of section 1303 because the 
acrylic polymer layers are not a surface coating that is separable from 
the substrate through scraping. If the internal metallic layer of a 
disk is not accessible to a child, testing and certification would not 
be required. The Commission notes that the issue of whether there is 
any lead in compact disks or DVDs has been raised in various 
proceedings. However, we have not received any test data or information 
regarding lead content in CDs or DVDs and would require further 
information before we can evaluate these products properly. Moreover, 
given the very large numbers of children's products in the market, an 
interpretative rule on accessibility is not the appropriate forum for 
the Commission to address such product-specific issues. Rather, the 
interpretative rule is intended to provide guidance to allow 
manufacturers of children's products to assess whether their own 
products or component parts of their products are inaccessible for 
purposes of section 101(b)(2) of the CPSIA. Product-specific requests 
should be made under the rule

[[Page 39540]]

on procedures and requirements for a Commission determination or 
exclusion (74 FR 10475 (March 11, 2009)).

E. Effective Date

    The CPSIA requires the Commission to promulgate a rule providing 
guidance on inaccessible component parts by August 14, 2009. Although 
interpretative rules do not require a particular effective date under 
the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. 553(d)(2), the Commission 
recognizes the need for providing the guidance expeditiously. 
Accordingly, the interpretative rule will take effect on August 14, 
2009.

List of Subjects in 16 CFR Part 1500

    Consumer protection, Hazardous materials, Hazardous substances, 
Imports, Infants and children, Labeling, Law enforcement, and Toys.

F. Conclusion

0
For the reasons stated above, the Commission amends 16 CFR chapter II 
as follows:

PART 1500--HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES AND ARTICLES: ADMINISTRATION AND 
ENFORCEMENT REGULATIONS

0
1. The authority citation for part 1500 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 15 U.S.C. 1261-1278, 122 Stat. 3016.


0
2. Add a new Sec.  1500.87 to read as follows:


Sec.  1500.87  Children's products containing lead: inaccessible 
component parts.

    (a) The Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act (CPSIA) provides 
for specific lead limits in children's products. Section 101(a) of the 
CPSIA provides that by February 10, 2009, products designed or intended 
primarily for children 12 and younger may not contain more than 600 ppm 
of lead. After August 14, 2009, products designed or intended primarily 
for children 12 and younger cannot contain more than 300 ppm of lead. 
On August 14, 2011, the limit may be further reduced to 100 ppm after 
three years, unless the Commission determines that it is not 
technologically feasible to have this lower limit.
    (b) Section 101 (b)(2) of the CPSIA provides that the lead limits 
do not apply to component parts of a product that are not accessible to 
a child. This section specifies that a component part is not accessible 
if it is not physically exposed by reason of a sealed covering or 
casing and does not become physically exposed through reasonably 
foreseeable use and abuse of the product including swallowing, 
mouthing, breaking, or other children's activities, and the aging of 
the product, as determined by the Commission. Paint, coatings, or 
electroplating may not be considered to be a barrier that would render 
lead in the substrate to be inaccessible to a child.
    (c) Section 101(b)(2)(B) of the CPSIA directs the Commission to 
promulgate by August 14, 2009, this interpretative rule to provide 
guidance with respect to what product components or classes of 
components will be considered to be inaccessible.
    (d) The accessibility probes specified for sharp points or edges 
under the Commissions' regulations at 16 CFR 1500.48-1500.49 will be 
used to assess the accessibility of lead-component parts of a 
children's product. A lead-containing component part would be 
considered accessible if it can be contacted by any portion of the 
specified segment of the accessibility probe. A lead-containing 
component part would be considered inaccessible if it cannot be 
contacted by any portion of the specified segment of the accessibility 
probe.
    (e) For products intended for children that are 18 months of age or 
less, the use and abuse tests set forth under the Commission's 
regulations at 16 CFR 1500.50 and 16 CFR 1500.51 (excluding the bite 
test of Sec.  1500.51(c)), will be used to evaluate accessibility of 
lead-containing component parts of a children's product as a result of 
normal and reasonably foreseeable use and abuse of the product.
    (f) For products intended for children that are over 18 months but 
not over 36 months of age, the use and abuse tests set forth under the 
Commission's regulations at 16 CFR 1500.50 and 16 CFR 1500.52 
(excluding the bite test of Sec.  1500.52(c)), will be used to evaluate 
accessibility of lead-containing component parts of a children's 
product as a result of normal and reasonably foreseeable use and abuse 
of the product.
    (g) For products intended for children that are over 36 months but 
not over 96 months of age, the use and abuse tests set forth under the 
Commission's regulations at 16 CFR 1500.50 and 16 CFR 1500.53 
(excluding the bite test of Sec.  1500.53(c)), will be used to evaluate 
accessibility of lead-containing component parts of a children's 
product as a result of normal and reasonably foreseeable use and abuse 
of the product.
    (h) For products intended for children over 96 months through 12 
years of age, the use and abuse tests set forth under the Commission's 
regulations at 16 CFR 1500.50 and 16 CFR 1500.53 (excluding the bite 
test of Sec.  1500.53(c)) intended for children aged 37-96 months will 
be used to evaluate accessibility of lead-containing component parts of 
a children's product as a result of normal and reasonably foreseeable 
use and abuse of the product.
    (i) A children's product that is or contains a lead-containing part 
which is enclosed, encased, or covered by fabric and passes the 
appropriate use and abuse tests on such covers, is inaccessible to a 
child unless the product or part of the product in one dimension is 
smaller than 5 centimeters.
    (j) The intentional disassembly or destruction of products by 
children older than age 8 years by means or knowledge not generally 
available to younger children, including use of tools, will not be 
considered in evaluating products for accessibility of lead-containing 
components.

    Dated: July 31, 2009.
Todd A. Stevenson,
Secretary, Consumer Product Safety Commission.
[FR Doc. E9-18852 Filed 8-6-09; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6335-01-P