[Federal Register Volume 73, Number 245 (Friday, December 19, 2008)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 78104-78130]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: E8-30094]



[[Page 78103]]

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Part VII





Department of Homeland Security





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8 CFR Parts 204, 214 and 215



Changes to Requirements Affecting H-2B Nonimmigrants and Their 
Employers; Final Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 245 / Friday, December 19, 2008 / 
Rules and Regulations  

[[Page 78104]]


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DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY

8 CFR Parts 204, 214 and 215

[CIS No. 2432-07; Docket No. USCIS-2007-0058]
RIN 1615-AB67


Changes to Requirements Affecting H-2B Nonimmigrants and Their 
Employers

AGENCY: U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, U.S. Customs and 
Border Protection, DHS.

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: This final rule amends Department of Homeland Security (DHS) 
regulations regarding temporary nonagricultural workers, and their U.S. 
employers, within the H-2B nonimmigrant classification. The final rule 
removes certain limitations on H-2B employers and adopts streamlining 
measures in order to facilitate the lawful employment of foreign 
temporary nonagricultural workers. The final rule also addresses 
concerns regarding the integrity of the H-2B program and sets forth 
several conditions to prevent fraud and protect laborers' rights. The 
final rule will benefit U.S. businesses by facilitating a timely flow 
of legal workers while ensuring the integrity of the program.
    The rule generally removes the requirement for H-2B petitioners to 
state on petitions the names of prospective H-2B workers who are 
outside the United States and reduces the existing obligatory waiting 
period from 6 months to 3 months for an H-2B worker who has reached his 
or her maximum three-year period of stay in H-2B nonimmigrant status 
before such person may seek an extension of nonimmigrant stay, change 
of status, or readmission to the United States in any H or L 
nonimmigrant status. The rule provides a more flexible definition of 
``temporary services or labor,'' which is generally defined as a period 
of one year but could be for a specific one-time need of up to 3 years.
    To better ensure the integrity of the H-2B program, this rule 
eliminates DHS's current practice of adjudicating H-2B petitions where 
the Secretary of Labor or the Governor of Guam has not granted a 
temporary labor certification. The rule also prohibits H-2B petitioners 
from requesting an employment start date on the Form I-129, Petition 
for a Nonimmigrant Worker, that is different than the date of need 
listed on the approved temporary labor certification. The final rule 
requires H-2B petitioners to notify DHS when the H-2B worker fails to 
report for work, is terminated prior to the completion of the work for 
which he was hired, or absconds from the worksite. This rule also 
precludes employers from passing the cost of recruiter fees charged by 
a petitioner, agent, facilitator, recruiter, or similar employment 
service to prospective H-2B workers as a condition of an offer of H-2B 
employment. Under this rule, employers and H-2B workers may agree that 
certain transportation costs and government-imposed fees be borne by H-
2B workers, if the passing of such costs to these workers is not 
prohibited under the Fair Labor Standards Act or any other statute. 
Moreover, the rule enforces the existing penalties at section 
214(c)(14) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) in the case of 
an employer who fails to meet any of the conditions of the H-2B 
petition, or who willfully misrepresented a material fact in the H-2B 
petition. Employers who fail to meet the H-2B conditions or who 
willfully make material misrepresentations on an H-2B petition may, 
under the statute, be precluded from approval for a period of up to 5 
years of any H (except H-1B1), L, O, or P-1 nonimmigrant visa petition, 
or any immigrant visa petition described in section 204 of the INA, 
they may file with DHS.
    This rule also provides that DHS will publish in a notice in the 
Federal Register a list of countries that the Secretary of Homeland 
Security has designated, with the concurrence of the Secretary of 
State, as eligible for its nationals to participate in the H-2B 
program. Finally, this rule establishes a pilot exit control program 
for certain H-2B workers, by requiring them to report their departure 
at designated ports of entry. U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) 
will publish a notice in the Federal Register describing the procedures 
and requirements for participation in this pilot program.

DATES: This rule is effective January 18, 2009.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Hiroko Witherow, Service Center 
Operations, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, Department of 
Homeland Security, 20 Massachusetts Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20529-
2060, telephone (202) 272-8410.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: This supplementary information section is 
organized as follows:

Table of Contents

I. Background
    A. Proposed Rule
    B. Discussion of the Final Rule
II. Public Comments on the Proposed Rule
    A. Summary of Comments
    B. General Comments
    C. Specific Comments
III. Regulatory Requirements
    A. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995
    B. Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996
    C. Executive Order 12866
    D. Regulatory Flexibility Act
    E. Executive Order 13132
    F. Executive Order 12988
    G. Paperwork Reduction Act

I. Background

A. Proposed Rule

    The H-2B nonimmigrant classification applies to aliens seeking to 
perform nonagricultural labor or services of a temporary nature in the 
United States. Immigration and Nationality Act (the Act or INA) sec. 
101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(b), 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(b); see 8 CFR 
214.1(a)(2) (designation for H-2B classification). The H-2B program is 
most frequently used by businesses in seasonal industries that have a 
difficult time locating temporary workers. DHS is aware, however, that 
the current H-2B program regulations do not effectively accommodate the 
needs of U.S. employers and alien workers who use, or want to use, the 
H-2B program. Therefore, on August 20, 2008, DHS published a notice of 
proposed rulemaking seeking to amend its H-2B regulations. 73 FR 49109. 
On May 20, 2008, the Department of Labor (DOL) also published a notice 
of proposed rulemaking to amend its regulations regarding the temporary 
labor certification process and enforcement for temporary employment in 
occupations other than agriculture or registered nursing in the United 
States. 73 FR 29942.
    Some of the changes that DHS proposed in its rule included 
provisions that:
     Relax the limitations on naming beneficiaries on the H-2B 
petition, if such beneficiaries are outside of the United States;
     Require DHS to deny or revoke any H-2B petition if DHS 
determines that the petitioner knows, or reasonably should know, that 
the alien beneficiary paid, or agreed to pay, any fee or other form of 
compensation to the petitioner, the petitioner's agent, or to any 
facilitator, recruiter, or similar employment service, in connection 
with the H-2B employment;
     Require H-2B petitioners: (a) To attest that they will not 
materially change the facts as represented on the Form I-129 and the 
approved temporary labor certification; (b) to attest that they have 
not received and do not intend to

[[Page 78105]]

receive any fee, compensation, or any other form of remuneration from 
prospective H-2B workers; and (c) to identify any facilitator, 
recruiter, or other similar employment service that the petitioner used 
to locate foreign workers;
     Require H-2B petitioners to provide written notification 
to DHS within 48 hours if: (a) An H-2B worker fails to report to work 
within 5 days of the date of the employment start date on the H-2B 
petition or within 5 days of the start date established by his or her 
employer, whichever is later; (b) the nonagricultural labor or services 
for which H-2B workers were hired is completed more than 30 days early; 
or (c) an H-2B worker absconds from the worksite or is terminated prior 
to the completion of the nonagricultural labor or services for which he 
or she was hired;
     Clarify that any violation of a condition of H-2B 
nonimmigrant status, within the previous 5 years, will preclude an 
alien from being accorded H-2B nonimmigrant status, unless the alien 
can establish that such violation occurred through no fault of the 
alien;
     Discontinue DHS's current practice of accepting and 
adjudicating an H-2B petition that lacks an approved temporary labor 
certification from DOL;
     Preclude the employer from using a different employment 
start date on the H-2B petition than the date of need stated on the 
temporary labor certification approved by DOL;
     Preclude DHS from approving H-2B petitions filed on behalf 
of beneficiaries from countries determined by DHS to consistently deny 
or unreasonably delay the prompt return of their citizens, subjects, 
nationals, or residents;
     Set forth the minimum period spent outside of the United 
States that will stop the H-2B worker from accruing time towards the 3-
year overall limit on H-2B status;
     Reduce the period that an individual who has held H-2B 
status for a total of 3 years must remain outside of the United States 
before he or she may be granted H-2B nonimmigrant status again from 6 
to 3 months;
     Amend the current definition of ``temporary services or 
labor'' by defining them to be services or labor that will be needed by 
the employer for a limited period of time, i.e., where the job will end 
in the near, definable future; and
     Authorize the establishment of a temporary worker exit 
program on a pilot basis that would require certain H-2B workers to 
register with DHS at the time of departure from the United States.
    DHS provided a 30-day comment period in the proposed rule, which 
ended on September 19, 2008. During this comment period, DHS received 
119 comments. DHS received comments from a broad spectrum of 
individuals and organizations, including: Business owners in the 
hospitality industry; landscape companies; agents that work with H-2B 
employers; job placement companies; trade associations; labor 
organizations; an H-2B worker; Chambers of Commerce; a political group; 
private attorneys; state government agencies; an independent office to 
a federal government agency; members of Congress; and other interested 
organizations and individuals.
    DHS considered the comments received and all other materials 
contained in the docket in preparing this final rule. The final rule 
does not address comments seeking changes in regulations unrelated to, 
or not addressed by, the proposed rule; changes in procedures of other 
components within DHS or other agencies; or the resolution of any other 
issues not within the scope of the rulemaking or the authority of DHS.
    All comments and other docket materials may be viewed at the 
Federal Docket Management System (FDMS) at http://www.regulations.gov, 
docket number USCIS-2007-0058.

B. Discussion of the Final Rule

    The final rule adopts many of the changes set forth in the proposed 
rule. The rationale for the proposed rule and the reasoning provided in 
the preamble remain valid, and DHS adopts such reasoning in support of 
the promulgation of this final rule. Based on the public comments 
received in response to the proposed rule, however, DHS has modified 
some of the proposed changes for the final rule.
1. Payment of Fees by Aliens To Obtain H-2B Employment
    To address some commenters' concerns about the proposed provisions 
related to the payment of fees by beneficiaries to obtain H-2B 
employment, the final rule makes several changes.
    First, the final rule offers petitioners a means by which to avoid 
denial or revocation (following notice to the petitioner) of the H-2B 
petition in cases where DHS determines that the petitioner knows or 
should reasonably know that the worker has paid or agreed to pay 
prohibited fees as a condition of an offer of H-2B employment. In cases 
where prohibited fees were collected prior to the petition filing date 
and in cases where prohibited fees were collected by the labor 
recruiter or agent after petition filing, DHS will not deny or revoke 
the petition if the petitioner demonstrates that:
     The beneficiary has been reimbursed in full for fees paid 
or,
     The agreement for the beneficiary to pay such fees has 
been terminated, if the fees have not yet been paid. New 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(1) and (2).
    Additionally, as an alternative to reimbursement where the 
prohibition is violated by the recruiter or agent after the petition is 
filed, the petitioner may avoid denial or revocation of the petition by 
notifying DHS of the improper payments, or agreement to make such 
payments, within two work days of learning of them. New 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(4). Where the beneficiary has paid the petitioner the 
prohibited fees after the filing of the H-2B petition, the petition 
will be denied or revoked. New 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(3). If DHS 
revokes or denies an H-2B petition as a result of the collection of 
prohibited fees, then, as a condition of approval of future H-2B 
petitions filed within one year of the denial or revocation, the 
petitioner must demonstrate that the beneficiary of the denied or 
revoked petition from whom prohibited fees were collected has been 
reimbursed or that the beneficiary cannot be located despite the 
petitioner's reasonable efforts. New 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(D).
    Further, the final rule does not include the proposed requirement 
that the petitioner make a separate attestation regarding the reliance 
upon employment services to locate H-2B workers and the acceptance or 
knowledge of the beneficiary's payment of prohibited recruitment fees. 
DHS is not including a separate attestation requirement in the final 
rule, because it has determined that would increase petitioners' 
administrative burdens and be duplicative. DHS will instead amend the 
Form I-129 to include the attestation requirement.
2. H-2B No-Show, Termination, or Abscondment Notification Requirements
    The final rule requires petitioners to provide notification to DHS, 
within two work days, beginning on a date and in a manner specified in 
a notice published in the Federal Register, in the following instances: 
(a) When an H-2B worker fails to report to work within 5 work days of 
the employment start date on the H-2B petition; (b) when the temporary 
labor or services for which H-2B workers were hired is completed more 
than 30 days earlier than the date

[[Page 78106]]

specified by the petitioner in its H-2B petition; or (c) when the H-2B 
worker absconds from the worksite or is terminated prior to the 
completion of the temporary nonagricultural labor or services for which 
he or she was hired. 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(E). The final rule clarifies 
that the H-2B worker must report to work within 5 ``work days'' of the 
employment start date, rather than the proposed 5 days. The H-2B 
petitioner must report a violation to DHS within two work days, rather 
than the proposed 48 hours. The final rule adopts the term ``work 
days'' to ensure that the reporting deadlines are clear to H-2B 
petitioners. ``Work day,'' in general, means the period between the 
time on any particular day when such employee commences his or her 
principal activity or activities and the time on that day at which he 
or she ceases such principal activity or activities. Also, for purposes 
of clarity, the final rule amends 8 CFR 214.2(h)(11)(i)(A) to cross-
reference the notification provision.
    In addition, the final rule does not include the proposal that the 
employer may establish an employment start date that is different from 
the start date stated on the H-2B petition for purposes of determining 
when the notification requirement is triggered where the H-2B worker 
fails to report for work. See new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(F)(1). This 
ability to change the employment start date is inconsistent with the 
requirement from the proposed rule, adopted by this final rule, that 
the employment start date must be the same as the date of need stated 
on the temporary labor certification approved by the Secretary of 
Labor, and therefore, cannot be changed thereafter by the petitioner. 
The final rule corrects this inconsistency.
3. Petition Filing Period
    This final rule modifies the current regulations governing the 
filing period for H petitions to provide for a separate filing period 
for H-2B petitions. See 8 CFR 214.2(h)(9)(i)(B). This procedural change 
is necessary to ensure parity between DHS and related DOL regulations. 
Under the new DOL regulations, an employer cannot start recruiting 
(initiate advertising) for the nonagricultural positions any earlier 
than 120 days ahead of the date of stated employment need. However, 
under current DHS regulations, an employer must file an H-2B petition 
along with a DOL-approved temporary labor certification, yet may file 
the petition up to 6 months ahead of the date of actual employment 
need. 8 CFR 214.2(h)(9)(i)(B). This final rule adopts the proposed 
requirement that an H-2B petition identify an employment start date 
that is the same as the date of employment need stated on the approved 
temporary labor certification. New 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(iv)(D). 
Considering this requirement, it would be procedurally impossible for a 
petitioner to file an H-2B petition any sooner than the earliest date 
upon which it is able to start recruiting for a nonagricultural 
position. Therefore, this final rule modifies 8 CFR 214.2(h)(9)(i)(B) 
to provide that an employer may not file, and USCIS may not approve, an 
H-2B petition more than 120 days before the date of the employer's 
actual need for the beneficiary's temporary nonagricultural worker 
services, as identified on the temporary labor certification.
4. Naming Beneficiaries Exempt From the Numerical Limits
    The final rule retains the proposal to allow certain H-2B 
petitioners to specify only the number of positions sought, without 
naming individual H-2B workers, unless they are already in the United 
States. A few commenters were concerned about how the provision 
allowing petitioners to include unnamed beneficiaries in the H-2B 
petition would be impacted by a possible reauthorization of the 
``returning worker'' provisions. New 8 CFR 214.2(h)(2)(iii) and 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(vi)(C). The returning worker provisions expired September 
30, 2007. INA sec. 214(g)(9), 8 U.S.C. 1184(g)(9) (2007). Under these 
provisions, H-2B aliens who were already counted towards the H-2B 
numerical limit during one of the 3 fiscal years preceding the fiscal 
year of the requested employment start date were not counted again 
against the numerical limit. While the returning worker provisions have 
expired, their future reauthorization is possible. To ensure that DHS 
is able to implement any future reauthorization of these provisions, 
this final rule provides DHS the flexibility to collect information 
needed about the alien beneficiary to establish eligibility as a 
returning worker.
5. Numerical Limits and Petition Extensions or Extension of an Alien's 
Stay
    The final rule adopts the proposed modifications to 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(8)(ii)(A), which provide for the application of the annual 
numerical limitations on H nonimmigrant classifications. However, the 
proposed rule inadvertently omitted a sentence that is in the current 
regulations. This sentence provides that requests for petition 
extension or extension of an alien's stay may not be counted towards 
the annual numerical limits on H nonimmigrant classifications. DHS 
acknowledges this error made in the proposed rule and retains the 
sentence in the provision. See new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(8)(ii)(A).
6. Effect of Violations of H-2B Status
    The final rule does not adopt the proposed addition of a new 
provision that would have precluded an alien from being accorded H-2B 
status if USCIS finds that the alien has, at any time during the past 5 
years, violated any of the terms or conditions of the current or 
previously accorded H-2B status, other than through no fault of the 
alien. Several commenters opposed the addition of the proposed 
provision. DHS has determined that it is not necessary to add the 
proposed provision to the regulations at this time given the remaining 
improvements that this rule makes to the H-2B program. DHS may revisit 
this issue in a future rulemaking if necessary to further enhance the 
integrity of the H-2B program. DHS notes, however, that the fact that 
the proposed provision is not adopted in the final rule does not change 
existing requirements for change of status, extension of stay, or any 
other immigration benefit requiring proper maintenance of status, nor 
would it preclude a consular officer from exercising his or her 
authority with respect to the issuance or validity of visas under the 
immigration laws.
7. Permitting H-2B Petitions for Nationals of Participating Countries
    The final rule modifies the proposal to preclude DHS from approving 
an H-2B petition filed on behalf of aliens from countries that 
consistently deny or unreasonable delay the prompt return of their 
citizens, subjects, nationals, or residents who are subject to a final 
order of removal from the United States. Instead of publishing a list 
of countries that refuse repatriation, DHS will publish in a notice in 
the Federal Register a list of countries that the Secretary of Homeland 
Security has designated, with the concurrence of the Secretary of 
State, as eligible for its nationals to participate in the H-2B 
program. In designating countries to allow the participation of their 
nationals in the H-2B program, DHS, with the concurrence of the 
Department of State, will take into account factors including, but not 
limited to, the following: (1) The country's cooperation with respect 
to the issuance of travel documents for citizens, subjects, nationals, 
and

[[Page 78107]]

residents of that country who are subject to a final order of removal; 
(2) the number of final and unexecuted orders of removal against 
citizens, subjects, nationals, and residents of that country; (3) the 
number of orders of removal executed against citizens, subjects, 
nationals, and residents of that country; and (4) such other factors as 
may serve the U.S. interest. Initially, the list will be composed of 
countries that are important for the operation of the H-2B program and 
are cooperative in the repatriation of their nationals. The countries 
included on the list are the countries whose nationals contributed the 
vast majority of the total beneficiaries of the H-2B program during the 
last three fiscal years. Additional details on how this list will be 
administered are included in the discussion in response to comments 
received on this proposed provision below.
8. Employment Start Date
    The final rule retains the provision in the proposed rule 
prohibiting the employer from requesting an employment start date on 
Form I-129 that is different from the date of need listed on the 
accompanying approved temporary labor certification. See new 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(iv)(D). As noted below, to ease the initial difficulties in 
administering this provision, it will take effect starting with the 
filing period for the first half of fiscal year (FY) 2010.
9. Conforming Amendments and Non-Substantive Changes
    The final rule includes non-substantive structural or wording 
changes from the proposed rule for purposes of clarity and readability.

II. Public Comments on the Proposed Rule

A. Summary of Comments

    DHS received 119 comments on the proposed rule. Most commenters 
generally supported the streamlining measures in the proposed rule, 
such as: Removing the requirement to name the beneficiaries who are 
outside of the United States; reducing the required time abroad once an 
H-2B worker has reached the maximum period of stay before filing for an 
extension, change of status, or readmission to the United States in the 
H or L nonimmigrant status; and clarification of the process for 
substituting beneficiaries. Many commenters, however, were opposed to 
several changes that they believe will create additional burdens on and 
costs to U.S. businesses. They suggested that some of the proposed 
changes would prevent certain U.S. businesses from utilizing the H-2B 
program, such as: Prohibiting the current practice of approving H-2B 
petitions that are filed with denied temporary labor certifications; 
prohibiting a change of the employment start date on the Form I-129 
from what is stated on the approved temporary labor certification; 
providing DHS with the authority to deny or revoke on notice any H-2B 
petition if it determines that the petitioner knows or reasonably 
should know that the alien beneficiary has paid or has agreed to pay 
any fee to the petitioner or the petitioner's agent, or to any 
facilitator, recruiter, or similar employment service, in connection 
with obtaining the H-2B employment; and requiring petitioners to notify 
DHS of H-2B workers' no-show, early completion of work, termination, or 
abscondment. Many commenters also were concerned about the proposal to 
preclude DHS from approving a petition filed on behalf of one or more 
aliens from countries that the Secretary of Homeland Security has found 
to have consistently refused to accept or unreasonably delayed the 
prompt return of their citizens, subjects, nationals, or residents who 
are subject to a final order of removal from the United States. 
Commenters also objected to the proposed amendment to the definition of 
``temporary services or labor.''
    The concerns of the commenters are addressed below organized by 
subject area.

B. General Comments

1. Comments About the Congressionally Mandated Numerical Limit for the 
H-2B Program
    Comment: The majority of commenters stated that the biggest problem 
with the H-2B program is the lack of Congressional action to increase 
the numerical limit or to reauthorize the returning worker provisions. 
They believed that all the proposals that DHS suggested would not be 
necessary if the numerical limit were lifted. Many U.S. businesses also 
expressed their frustration with the fact that they are not able to use 
the program because the program is oversubscribed.
    Response: DHS is fully aware that the H-2B program is 
oversubscribed. However, as many commenters pointed out, the numerical 
limit and the authorization of the returning worker provisions are a 
matter entirely within the discretion of Congress and cannot be altered 
by DHS. DHS has thus made no change to the final rule to reflect these 
comments. Additionally, the value of and necessity for the streamlining 
and other improvements to the H-2B program included in this final rule 
would not be vitiated by any change in the number of H-2B workers 
Congress allows to be admitted each year.
2. Protections for U.S. Workers
    Comment: DHS received some comments that urged the withdrawal of 
the proposed rule, questioning the need for the H-2B program and the 
need to streamline the program at a time when the nation is 
experiencing such a high unemployment rate.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the proposed rule should be withdrawn. 
DHS is aware of its responsibility to help maintain the careful balance 
between protecting U.S. workers from adverse affect and administering 
nonimmigrant programs designed to invite foreign workers to the United 
States. The Department of Labor's temporary labor certification 
process, which requires employers to perform a labor market test, is 
the principal means by which U.S. workers are protected from adverse 
affect due to foreign competition for temporary jobs with U.S. 
employers. Only if the labor market test establishes the unavailability 
of U.S. workers and that there is no adverse affect will DOL approve 
the H-2B employer's application for temporary labor certification. The 
final rule contains two major revisions to the regulations designed to 
further protect U.S. workers while at the same time provide a 
streamlined petitioning process: (1) Precluding DHS from approving H-2B 
petitions filed without an approved temporary labor certification 
issued by DOL, thus avoiding the current need for DHS in certain cases 
to delve into the merits of the sufficiency of the employer's market 
test; and (2) prohibiting employers from changing the employment start 
date identified on the Form I-129 from that identified on the DOL-
approved temporary labor certification. Both of these changes help 
strengthen the integrity of the DOL temporary labor certification 
process Furthermore, the streamlining measures provided in the proposed 
rule (which allows employers to file for unnamed beneficiaries outside 
of the United States and more easily substitute workers who are already 
in the United States) occur toward the end of the H-2B process, only 
after the DOL has certified that U.S. workers are not available and 
will not be harmed by the employment of workers using the H-2B program.

[[Page 78108]]

3. Lack of Enforcement Against the Employment of Unauthorized Aliens
    Comment: A few commenters criticized this proposed rule for 
imposing stiffer requirements and increased costs on employers who are 
trying to hire a legal workforce through the H-2B program, while at the 
same time failing to provide a sound method for strong enforcement 
against employers that hire unauthorized aliens.
    Response: DHS recognizes these concerns; however, compliance 
measures included in this rulemaking are necessary to ensure the 
integrity of the H-2B program and to protect workers' rights. The 
purpose of this rule is to strengthen the integrity and efficiency of 
the H-2B program so that employers will be encouraged to obtain 
temporary workers through the program, rather than resort to unlawful 
means.

C. Specific Comments

1. Allowing Unnamed Beneficiaries
    Comment: Twenty-seven out of 36 commenters supported the proposal 
to allow H-2B petitioners to specify only the number of positions 
sought and not name the individual alien(s), except where the alien is 
already present in the United States. They agreed that the proposal 
would give employers far greater flexibility to recruit workers who are 
interested and available to start on the date needed but were unsure of 
how this proposal would be affected by a possible re-authorization of 
the returning worker provisions.
    Response: Based on the support from the commenters, the final rule 
adopts the proposal to allow certain unnamed beneficiaries on the H-2B 
petition. New 8 CFR 214.2(h)(2)(iii). As discussed below, there is also 
a change concerning the naming of beneficiaries from countries that 
have not been designated as participating countries. In response to 
comments, however, the final rule provides the flexibility to require 
H-2B petitioners to name beneficiaries, if located outside the United 
States, in the event that Congress re-authorizes the returning worker 
provisions or enacts similar legislation exempting certain H 
nonimmigrants from the numerical limits. The adjudication of an H-2B 
petition for such workers would require DHS to identify eligible aliens 
and verify their previous status. Inclusion in this rule of the 
requirement to name affected workers in H-2B petitions, even though not 
currently applicable, would facilitate implementation of the returning 
worker provisions or similar amendments should they be enacted.
    The final rule retains the requirement that the petition include 
the names of those beneficiaries who are present in the United States. 
The granting of an H-2B petition on behalf of beneficiaries in the 
United States will serve to either confer a new immigration status or 
extend the status of a particular alien immediately upon approval. 
Since such an approval, unlike a nonimmigrant admission from outside 
the country, does not afford, as in the case of alien beneficiaries 
abroad, the United States Government the opportunity to first inspect 
and/or interview the H-2B beneficiary (either by the State Department 
at a consular office abroad or by CBP at a U.S. port of entry) before 
the granting of H-2B nonimmigrant status to the alien, it is essential 
that DHS have the names of the beneficiaries already present in the 
United States.
    Comment: Some commenters suggested that DHS will need to establish 
a mechanism for calculating the number of new workers, as opposed to 
the number of returning workers when the returning worker provisions 
are reauthorized. Another commenter stated that this provision should 
be extended further to capture returning workers.
    Response: As stated above, the final rule gives DHS the flexibility 
to require the names of ``returning worker'' as that term is currently 
defined in section 214(g)(9)(A) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1184(g)(9)(A), 
whether or not such workers would be in the United States, should 
Congress choose to enact special provisions once again exempting such 
H-2B returning workers from the numerical limits. Although Congress has 
not, to date, extended section 214(g)(9) to cover H-2B returning 
workers beyond fiscal year 2007, or enacted similar legislation to 
cover such persons beyond that date, the final rule would ensure an 
accurate count of workers exempt from the cap if Congress were to enact 
such legislation.
    Comment: Several commenters opposed this provision allowing unnamed 
beneficiaries, because it will make it easier for some employers to 
inflate the number of workers they need, and that as a result, 
employers requesting the legitimate number of workers would be unable 
to secure a legal workforce through the H-2B program.
    Response: DHS disagrees with these commenters' concerns. Prior to 
filing an H-2B petition with DHS, a prospective employer must obtain a 
temporary labor certification from DOL. When it deems necessary, DOL 
will verify the employer's need for the number of temporary workers 
requested at the time it adjudicates the temporary labor certification 
application or thereafter on a post audit basis. Once an employer 
obtains an approved temporary labor certification and files an H-2B 
petition with DHS, DHS evaluates whether there is an actual need for 
the work itself and whether there is a genuine job offer. This 
evaluation would include verifying, based on the petition and 
accompanying documentation, whether the employer, as a matter of fact, 
has a need for the number of temporary workers described on the 
approved temporary labor certification. In short, both DHS and DOL must 
ensure compliance with the statutory requirements for the H-2B 
classification, including shared responsibility for assessing the 
temporary nature of the services or labor to be performed. INA sec. 
101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(b), 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(b); INA sec. 
214(c)(1), 8 U.S.C. 1184(c)(1); 8 CFR 103.2(b)(1); 20 CFR 655.6. DHS 
may request additional evidence from the petitioner in those cases 
where questions arise regarding the legitimate number of H-2B workers 
requested on the H-2B petition.
    Comment: One commenter further asked how the unnamed beneficiaries 
will be tracked to ensure that they will not exceed the 3-year limit on 
H-2B status.
    Response: The final rule removes the requirement to name 
beneficiaries, but only if they are outside of the United States or H-
2B returning workers. Upon approval of the H-2B petition, these 
prospective beneficiaries must generally undergo a visa interview at a 
U.S. consulate, unless they are visa exempt (e.g., Canadians). All 
individuals seeking admission to the United States must undergo 
inspection by a U.S. Customs and Border Protection officer upon arrival 
at a U.S. port of entry. During this visa application and/or admission 
process, the necessary screening will be conducted to ensure that the 
H-2B worker will not be granted any benefit exceeding the 3-year 
ceiling.
    Comment: One commenter further asked how the unnamed beneficiaries 
will be tracked in case the petitioner must request substitutions of 
beneficiaries.
    Response: DHS tracks the number of H-2B workers approved for the H-
2B employer. As a result, DHS will know how many substitutions the 
petitioner has requested.
2. Post H-2B Waiting Period
    Comment: Sixteen out of 22 commenters supported the proposed rule 
suggesting the reduction of the waiting period from 6 months to 3

[[Page 78109]]

months for an H-2B worker who has reached the 3-year maximum period of 
stay on H-2B nonimmigrant status prior to seeking an application for 
extension of nonimmigrant stay, change of status, or readmission to the 
United States in H-2B status or other nonimmigrant status under section 
101(a)(15)(H) or (L) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(15)(H) or (L). These 
commenters supported this proposal stating that it will make the H-2B 
process more efficient for the users.
    Response: DHS finds that the adoption of this proposal will reduce 
the amount of time employers would be required to be without the 
services of needed workers while not offending the fundamentally 
temporary nature of employment under the H-2B program. Accordingly, the 
final rule adopts the proposed reduction in waiting time without 
change. New 8 CFR 214.2(h)(13)(iv).
    Comment: Several commenters argued that the post-H-2B waiting 
period provisions contained in the proposed rule may harm domestic 
workers in seasonal industries that may slow down or come to a stop 
during the winter months. A commenter suggested that this change gives 
an advantage to employers in the construction markets, as it gives them 
the ability to address their hiring needs with H-2B workers throughout 
the seasons, which in turn, reduces the incentives to train and recruit 
domestic workers. Another commenter stated that this proposed rule 
offends the fundamentally temporary nature of employment under the H-2B 
program.
    Response: DHS disagrees that a reduction in the waiting period will 
result in the displacement of domestic workers. The law requires H-2B 
employers to obtain a temporary labor certification certifying that 
there are insufficient U.S. workers who are able, willing, qualified, 
and available to perform the nonagricultural temporary labor or 
services required by the employer, and that the H-2B employment will 
not adversely affect the wages and working conditions of similarly 
employed U.S. workers. Whether the prospective worker is a first-time 
H-2B worker or an H-2B worker who has previously worked in the United 
States but is eligible to receive H-2B status anew, the requirement 
that the unavailability of U.S. workers be established, as determined 
by DOL, remains unchanged by this rule. When filing the application for 
temporary labor certification with DOL, H-2B employers are required to 
establish that the temporary job for which the H-2B workers are sought 
is not permanent and ongoing.
    Comment: Those who opposed this provision expressed concern that it 
will allow employers to create a long-term workforce comprising H-2B 
workers who reside in the U.S. for 3 years and then take a relatively 
short trip to their home country before re-entering to resume 
employment.
    Response: USCIS disagrees that this provision will undermine the 
U.S. workforce. The H-2B program requires employers to obtain temporary 
labor certification from DOL to cover the period of employment need. 
This process requires a labor market test, which certifies that no U.S. 
workers are available for employment or will be harmed by the 
employment of nonimmigrant workers.
3. Prohibiting H-2B Petitions or Admissions for Nationals of Countries 
That Consistently Refuse or Delay Repatriation
    Comment: Five out of 14 commenters supported the proposal to 
include a new provision at 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(E) precluding DHS from 
approving an H-2B petition filed on behalf of one or more aliens from a 
country that the Secretary of Homeland Security has found to have 
consistently refused to accept or unreasonably delayed the prompt 
return of its citizens, subjects, nationals, or residents. They thought 
that this would be a fair and logical provision. One commenter 
supported this provision, stating that it will help limit the problem 
of H-2B workers who overstay their visas.
    Response: After reviewing all comments, DHS has modified this 
proposal in the final rule for the reasons and in the manner discussed 
below.
    Instead of publishing a list of countries that consistently deny or 
unreasonably delay the prompt return of their citizens, subjects, 
nationals, or residents who are subject to a final removal order, DHS 
is publishing in a notice in the Federal Register a list of countries 
that the Secretary of Homeland Security has designated, with the 
concurrence of the Secretary of State, as eligible for its nationals to 
participate in the H-2B temporary nonagricultural worker program. DHS 
is making this modification to the rule in consideration of public 
comments received recommending DHS rework the proposal in order to make 
the process more positive and to encourage countries to improve 
cooperation in the repatriation of their nationals.
    In designating countries to allow the participation of their 
nationals in the H-2B program, DHS, with the concurrence of the 
Department of State, will take into account factors including, but not 
limited to, the following: (1) The country's cooperation with respect 
to the issuance of travel documents for citizens, subjects, nationals, 
and residents of that country who are subject to a final order of 
removal; (2) the number of final and unexecuted orders of removal 
against citizens, subjects, nationals, and residents of that country; 
(3) the number of orders of removal executed against citizens, 
subjects, nationals, and residents of that country; and (4) such other 
factors as may serve the U.S. interest.
    Designation of countries on the list of eligible countries will be 
valid for one year from publication. The designation shall be without 
effect at the end of that one-year period. The Secretary, with the 
concurrence of the Secretary of State, expects to publish a new list 
prior to the expiration of the previous designation by publication of a 
notice in the Federal Register, considering a variety of factors 
including, but not limited to the four described above.
    Initially, the list will be composed of countries that are 
important for the operation of the H-2A and H-2B programs and are 
cooperative in the repatriation of their nationals. The countries 
included on the list are the countries whose nationals contributed the 
vast majority of the total beneficiaries of the H-2B program during the 
last three fiscal years.
    The Secretary of Homeland Security may allow a national from a 
country not on the list to be named as a beneficiary on an H-2B 
petition and to participate in the H-2B program based on a 
determination that such participation is in the U.S. interest. The 
Secretary's determination of such a U.S. interest will take into 
account a variety of factors, including but not limited to 
consideration of: (1) Evidence from the petitioner demonstrating that a 
worker with the required skills is not available either from among U.S. 
workers or from among workers from a country currently on the list of 
eligible countries for participation in the program; (2) evidence that 
the beneficiary has been admitted to the United States previously in H-
2B status; (3) the potential for abuse, fraud, or other harm to the 
integrity of the H-2B visa program through the potential admission of a 
beneficiary from a country not currently on the list of eligible 
countries for participation in the program; and (4) such other factors 
as may serve the U.S. interest. Therefore, DHS is requiring petitioners 
for beneficiaries who are nationals of countries not designated as 
participating countries to name each beneficiary. New 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(2)(iii). In addition, petitions for beneficiaries

[[Page 78110]]

from designated countries and undesignated countries are to be filed 
separately. 8 CFR 214.2(h)(2)(ii). These changes will permit DHS to 
more easily adjudicate H-2B petitions involving nationals of countries 
not named on the list by permitting DHS to properly evaluate the 
factors used to make a determination of U.S. interest, discussed above, 
without slowing the adjudication of petitions on behalf of nationals of 
designated countries.
    As discussed in the proposed rule, DHS expects that the provisions 
in this rule intended to increase the flexibility of the H-2B program, 
complemented by the streamlining proposals the Department of Labor is 
making in its H-2B rule, will increase the appeal of the H-2B program 
with U.S. employers. While the statutory maximum number of H-2B workers 
will remain 66,000, the program is enhanced by countries accepting the 
return of their nationals.
    This rule provides that petitions may only be filed and approved on 
behalf of beneficiaries who are nationals of a country that is included 
in the list of participating countries published by notice in the 
Federal Register or, in the case of an individual beneficiary, an alien 
whose participation in the H-2B program has been determined by the 
Secretary of Homeland Security to be in the U.S. interest. See new 8 
CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(E). Likewise, in order to be admitted as an H-2B, 
aliens must be nationals of countries included on the list of 
participating countries or, in the case of an individual beneficiary, 
an alien whose participation in the H-2B program has been determined by 
the Secretary of Homeland Security to be in the U.S. interest. To 
ensure program integrity, such petitioners must state the nationality 
of all beneficiaries on the petition, even if there are beneficiaries 
from more than one country. See new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(2)(iii).
    Comment: Several commenters argued that this provision would 
unnecessarily penalize potential H-2B workers who are seeking to 
improve their standard of living, due to the actions of their 
government. These commenters also stated that it is not fair to U.S. 
employers who will be denied willing and able workers.
    Response: Though it appreciates these concerns, DHS notes that all 
nonimmigrants, including H-2B temporary workers, must abide by the 
terms and conditions of their nonimmigrant admission. This final rule 
will encourage countries to work collaboratively with the United States 
to ensure the timely return of their nationals who have been subject to 
a final order of removal, in order to ensure that the H-2B program will 
be available to other nationals of their countries in the future.
    Comment: A few commenters also stated that they would not support 
any provisions that restrict eligibility to nationals of countries that 
provide the most cooperation to the United States in administering the 
program. They stated that such preference could harm the effectiveness 
of the H-2B program and adversely impact industries that rely heavily 
on workers from particular countries.
    Response: DHS strongly believes the success of the program is 
enhanced by countries accepting the return of their nationals. However, 
as discussed in response to the comment above, this rule provides an 
alternative approach to address the repatriation problem. DHS will 
publish a list of participating countries based on factors which 
include, but are not limited to, the country's cooperation in the 
repatriation of its nationals, citizens, subjects, or residents who are 
subject to a final removal order. Therefore, the commenters' suggestion 
is not adopted.
    Comment: One commenter objected to this proposal, stating that this 
provision may cause H-2B aliens from such countries who are already 
present in the United States (knowing that they would not be able to 
obtain an H-2B visa again) to overstay their visas if/when their 
requests for an extension are denied, with the full knowledge that they 
would not be eligible for any subsequent H-2B visa issuance, and 
therefore, if they overstayed, DHS would not have the means to remove 
them.
    Response: Each alien is required to depart the United States once 
his or her authorized period of stay has expired. Additionally, this 
proposal, as modified in this final rule, will create an incentive for 
countries to better cooperate with the United States regarding the 
timely repatriation of aliens who are subject to a final order of 
removal.
    Comments: Two commenters stated that this regulatory provision is 
unnecessary because the authority to deny visa issuance to nationals of 
these countries already exists in the statute.
    Response: DHS finds that this change as modified in this final rule 
is needed in order to preclude DHS from approving a petition filed on 
behalf of one or more aliens from such countries at the start of the 
process. Adopting this change will save DHS from the unnecessary 
allotment of the limited number of H-2B visas to aliens who will be 
found by the Department of State to be ineligible for H-2B visas 
pursuant to INA section 243(d), 8 U.S.C. 1253(d).
    Comment: A few commenters requested that a list of such countries 
should be provided to the public as it may impact some employers' 
ability to use the program.
    Response: DHS will publish a notice in the Federal Register listing 
eligible countries and expects to publish a new list prior to the 
expiration of the previous designation.
4. Temporary Labor Certifications
a. Consideration of Petitions Lacking an Approved Temporary Labor 
Certification
    Comment: Fifty-two out of 57 commenters objected to the elimination 
of DHS's current authority to adjudicate H-2B petitions where the 
Secretary of Labor or the Governor of Guam has not granted a temporary 
labor certification.
    Response: After considering the commenters' objections, DHS 
nevertheless retains this proposal in this final rule, as discussed in 
the comments and responses below. 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(iv)(D), (E), 
(h)(6)(v)(C), and (D).
    Comment: Some commenters suggested that the INA does not support 
this provision because the INA vests the authority for the admission of 
H-2B workers with DHS, not DOL, and only requires consultation with 
appropriate agencies of the Government.
    Response: DHS is vested with the statutory authority to approve a 
petition for H-2B workers after consultation with DOL. INA sec. 
214(c)(1), 8 U.S.C. 1184(c)(1). DHS, however, does not have the 
expertise needed to make any labor market determinations, independent 
of those already made by DOL. For this reason, DHS finds that it is in 
the best interests of U.S. workers and the public that DHS not approve 
H-2B petitions when DOL has denied an employer's application for 
temporary labor certification.
    Comment: Many commenters were concerned that this provision has the 
potential do serious harm to employers by barring recourse for them 
when human errors occur in the temporary labor certification process. 
They suggested that DHS should not eliminate the fundamental right to 
appeal.
    Response: In its final H-2B rule, DOL establishes an appeal process 
for an employer whose temporary labor certification is denied. DHS 
believes that this DOL provision addresses these commenters' concerns. 
Therefore, under this final rule, DHS removes the provisions allowing 
the approval of H-

[[Page 78111]]

2B petitions that are filed with denied temporary labor certifications.
    Comment: A few commenters suggested that DHS should accept and 
process petitions for H-2B workers based upon an appealed temporary 
labor certification with the U.S. Department of Labor, whether the 
current statutory limitation on H-2B visas has been met or not.
    Response: The final rule does not adopt this suggestion because DHS 
cannot accept H-2B petitions once the statutory limitation on H-2B 
visas has been reached. INA sec. 214(g)(1)(B) and 214(g)(10), 8 U.S.C. 
1184(g)(1)(B) and 8 U.S.C. 1184(g)(10). Petitioners would derive no 
advantage by filing an H-2B petition with a pending DOL appeal, as 
there are no provisions authorizing DHS to set aside an H-2B visa 
number. Moreover, all applicants and petitioners must establish 
eligibility at the time of filing. 8 CFR 103.2(b)(1). USCIS has also 
determined that it would be an inappropriate intrusion into the DOL 
appeal process if DHS were to accept petitions before that process is 
complete.
b. Employment Start Date
    Comment: Sixty-four out of 69 commenters opposed the proposal to 
prohibit H-2B petitioners from requesting an employment start date on 
the Form I-129 that is different from the date of need listed on the 
approved temporary labor certification. Many commenters stated that 
start dates have become problematic due to an unrealistic numeric cap 
imposed by Congress. Of those, the majority of commenters stated that 
this change would allow only employers who have a need for temporary H-
2B workers beginning on October 1 or April 1 to obtain H-2B visas due 
to the fact that, in recent years, allocation of the 66,000 annual H-2B 
visas has become increasingly competitive, causing the numeric cap of 
33,000 visas in each half of the fiscal year to be reached within a few 
weeks of each filing period. Employers, particularly small business 
owners, with seasonal needs beginning in later months expressed concern 
that this change will effectively leave them ``shut out'' of the H-2B 
visa program. Furthermore, a number of commenters stated that the only 
way the proposed regulation can be fair to all employers is if the 
66,000 H-2B visas are allocated evenly each month.
    Four commenters expressed support for this proposed change. One 
commenter who supported this change expressed concern that the practice 
of altering the employment start date for H-2B workers would result in 
depriving recently unemployed domestic workers of job opportunities.
    Response: The final rule retains the provision prohibiting the 
employer from requesting an employment start date on Form I-129 that is 
different from the date of need listed on the accompanying approved 
temporary labor certification. See new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(iv)(D). 
However, H-2B employers who have already started the labor 
certification process as of the date of publication of this rule and 
wish to change their stated employment start dates would be required to 
apply for new temporary labor certifications using a new employment 
start date to comply with this change. Further, DHS believes it would 
be confusing to employers if DHS implemented this new process to reject 
petitions that do not comply with this provision during the anticipated 
surge in the number of petitions for the second half of FY 2009. 
Therefore, DHS has determined that this provision will take effect for 
the FY 2010 filing and will not apply to H-2B petitions that are being 
filed for the second half of the FY 2009 cap.
    DHS recognizes the concerns of the commenters that requiring the 
petition start date to reflect that of the temporary labor 
certification may have the effect of disadvantaging certain filers 
whose employment start date begins more than four months after the 
beginning of the first or second half of the fiscal year. Congress's 
intent in requiring the biannual allocation of the H-2B annual 
numerical limitation (see section 214(g)(10) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 
1184(g)(10)) was to provide relief to seasonal employers who might not 
otherwise be able to use the H-2B program. With respect to the comments 
urging that DHS change its method of allocating H-2B numbers to address 
this concern, we note, preliminarily that it is unclear whether 
Congress, in enacting section 214(g)(10) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 
1184(g)(10), contemplated further divisions of allocations during 
specific periods of the year (such as on a monthly or quarterly basis), 
or that such allocations would adequately address the problem 
identified by the commenters. However, DHS did not provide for any such 
allocation in its proposed rule. The public, therefore, has not had an 
adequate opportunity to express its views as to the desirability of 
changing to a monthly or other type of H-2B number allocation system, 
as suggested by these commenters. DHS recognizes, however, that even if 
certain seasonal employers might derive benefit from a change in the 
current allocation methodology, there nevertheless exists the 
possibility that, given the lack of sufficient numbers in previous 
years based on high demand for H-2B numbers, other seasonal employers 
would still face being cut.
    In any event, there are strong arguments in favor of adopting the 
same employment start date requirement in this final rule. As noted in 
the Supplementary Information section of the proposed rule, the purpose 
of this requirement is to preclude certain petitioners from competing 
unfairly with other prospective employers for the limited number of H-
2B visa numbers available by using a fictitious employment start date 
in order to be considered in the semi-annual allocation process. 
Additionally, the proposed rule is intended to ensure compliance with 
section 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(b) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 
1101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(b), regarding unavailability of U.S. workers. 
Requiring that an employer adhere to the start date stated in the 
approved temporary labor certification will ensure that U.S. workers 
are able to make an informed decision as to their availability to fill 
the position in question on the actual employment start date. For these 
reasons, the final rule retains the same employment start date 
requirement. See new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(iv)(D).
    Comment: Many commenters expressed concern that the provision to 
prohibit the employer from changing the employment start date will have 
a severe negative effect on employers who have made every effort to 
comply with H-2B visa requirements. Under this provision, employers 
unable to obtain H-2B workers for the first half of the fiscal year 
(due to the numeric cap), will need to begin an entirely new 
recruitment process by filing a new temporary labor certification with 
DOL 120 days prior to the filing period for the second half of the 
fiscal year.
    Response: The final rule retains the provision prohibiting the 
employer from requesting an employment start date on Form I-129 that is 
different from the date of need listed on the accompanying approved 
temporary labor certification. See new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(iv)(D). DHS 
recognizes the efforts employers make to file H-2B petitions in a 
timely manner and the frustration experienced by the lack of available 
visa numbers. The commenters should be aware, however, that such 
unavailability of visa numbers is a result of the statutorily-imposed 
numerical limitations on the H-2B category and the heavy demand for 
such numbers by prospective employers rather than any action on the 
part of DHS. Moreover, in administering the H-2B program, DHS is under 
a mandate to ensure compliance with section

[[Page 78112]]

101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(b) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(15)(ii)(b), which 
requires that willing U.S. workers be unavailable to fill the position 
in question. As discussed above, the only way DHS can satisfy itself 
that there has been a fair and accurate labor market test and that 
there is in fact a shortage of U.S. workers is by receiving a temporary 
labor certification from DOL covering the employment period set forth 
in the petition, including the same employment start date. Accordingly, 
if an employer is not able to obtain the needed number of H-2B workers 
in the first half of the fiscal year, and remains eligible to file a 
petition in the second half of the year, then that employer must submit 
a new approved temporary labor certification from DOL covering the new 
employment period.
    Comment: Some commenters asked for clarification regarding the one 
exception to the prohibition on the change of the employment start 
date.
    Response: The exception is described in new 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(viii)(B). The sole exception is designed to be used by 
employers when they need to substitute beneficiaries who were 
previously approved for consular processing but not admitted with 
aliens who are currently in the United States. As new 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(viii)(B) provides, such an amended petition must retain a 
period of employment within the same half of the fiscal year as the 
original petition.
    Comment: Several commenters stated that employers need the 
flexibility to write a different start date in the petition when 
unforeseen circumstances occur. Although employers prefer that their 
petitions reflect the full period of need, since the allocation of the 
66,000 annual H-2B visas has become increasingly competitive, the fact 
that employers can salvage at least part of the period of H-2B 
employment authorized on the temporary labor certification is important 
for companies. For example, if an H-2B employer is unable to receive 
the H-2B workers authorized by the Secretary of Labor at the start date 
specified on its temporary labor certification and there are no more H-
2B visas available, the employer would need the flexibility to apply 
again for H-2B workers for the second half of the year. If denied an H-
2B visa during the first filing period, the employer will unfairly have 
to restart the entire filing process from the beginning. Another 
commenter similarly responded that the ability of the program to cover 
graduated increases in workload is important and that it is imperative 
that employers be able to manage the start date of their H-2B 
employees.
    Response: As the ability to change the date of employment on the 
Form I-129 from that of the temporary labor certification has been 
exploited, DHS finds that this change is needed to curtail abuses and 
ensure the integrity of the H-2B temporary worker program. While there 
may be rare instances when an employer would need flexibility to change 
the date of employment due to an unforeseen circumstance, DHS finds 
that, in practice, an increasingly disproportionate number of H-2B 
employers have changed the date of H-2B employment on the Form I-129 in 
order to gain an unfair advantage in obtaining H-2B visas from the 
limited pool of 66,000 available H-2B visas.
5. Payment of Fees by Beneficiaries To Obtain H-2B Employment
a. Grounds for Denial or Revocation on Notice
    Comment: Forty-seven out of 57 commenters opposed the proposal to 
authorize the denial or revocation of an H-2B petition if DHS 
determines that the petitioner knows or should know that the alien 
beneficiary has paid or has agreed to pay any fee or other form of 
compensation, whether directly or indirectly, to the petitioner, to the 
petitioner's agent, or to any facilitator, recruiter, or similar 
employment service in connection with obtaining H-2B employment.
    Response: After carefully considering these comments, for the 
reasons stated in the paragraphs below, the final rule retains the 
proposal. DHS has the authority to deny or revoke an H-2B petition 
(following notice and an opportunity to respond) if DHS determines that 
the petitioner has collected, or entered into an agreement to collect, 
a fee or compensation as a condition of obtaining the offer of H-2B 
employment, or that the petitioner knows or should know that the 
beneficiary has paid or agreed to pay any facilitator, recruiter, or 
similar employment service to obtain H-2B employment. See new 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(B). However, the final rule includes provisions to allow 
H-2B employers to avoid denial or revocation if one of 3 exceptions 
applies: (1) Prior to the filing of the petition, the alien beneficiary 
has been reimbursed for any prohibited fees the alien paid; (2) before 
the filing of the petition and payment of any prohibited fees, the 
agreement for the alien to pay such fees has been terminated; or (3) 
where an agent or recruiter violates the prohibition on collecting or 
agreeing to collect a fee without the petitioner's knowledge or reason 
to know, the petitioner notifies DHS of the prohibited payments or 
agreement within two work days of learning of such payments or 
agreement. A petitioner will not be able to avoid denial or revocation 
of the petition if DHS determines that the beneficiary paid the 
petitioner the prohibited fees after the petition was filed. It is 
contemplated that a petitioner who avoids denial or revocation of a 
petition based on timely notification of a recruiter or agent violation 
will be on notice to take precautions to ensure that its workers will 
not be required to make such prohibited payments in the future.
    DHS has determined that a prohibition on any payment made by a 
foreign worker in connection with the offer of H-2B employment is more 
restrictive than necessary to address the problem of worker 
exploitation by unscrupulous employers, recruiters, or facilitators 
imposing costs on workers as a condition of selection for the offer of 
H-2B employment. Accordingly, DHS has not included in the final rule 
the prohibition on payments made in connection with the offer of H-2B 
employment, but retains the prohibition on payments made to an 
employer, recruiter, facilitator, or other employment service by the 
foreign worker that are a condition of obtaining the offer of H-B 
employment.
    Comment: Some commenters who supported this proposal recognized 
this provision as an important step to deter petition padding, visa 
selling, and human trafficking schemes that lead to the effective 
indenture of H-2B workers. Another commenter stated that, rather than 
attestation from employers, DHS should instead propose meaningful 
enforcement measures that will empower guest workers. This commenter 
further suggested that the violation of this provision should result in 
debarment from the H-2B and other visa programs.
    Response: DHS has reached agreement with DOL regarding the 
delegation by DHS of statutory authority to DOL to establish an 
enforcement process to investigate compliance with the H-2B 
requirements and to remedy violations uncovered as a result by imposing 
fines or debarment. INA sec. 214(c)(14), 8 U.S.C. 1184(c)(14)(A). DHS 
and DOL have reached a mutually agreeable delegation of such 
enforcement authority. Appropriate debarment procedures will be 
instituted to implement new 8 CFR 204.5(o) and 214.1(k). Specifically, 
upon a debarment determination by DOL under 20 CFR 655.31, and 
exhaustion of an employer's administrative remedies provided under

[[Page 78113]]

DOL's H-2B regulations challenging such a DOL debarment determination, 
DHS may, under the authority provided DHS in section 214(a)(14)(A)(ii) 
of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1184(a)(14)(A)(ii), deny both immigrant and 
nonimmigrant visa petitions for a period of one to five years, 
depending on the severity of the employer's violation leading to such 
DOL-debarment action. With regard to the H-2B program on Guam, it 
should be noted that, although the Governor of Guam, as opposed to DOL, 
continues to have the authority under 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(iii)(D) to 
establish procedures for administering the H-2B temporary labor 
certification program in the Territory of Guam, DHS retains its 
ultimate authority to invalidate a temporary labor certification issued 
by the Governor of Guam. 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(v)(H). Further, the 
authority of the Governor of Guam to issue temporary labor 
certifications in that territory does not in any way limit the 
authority of DHS to take any action it deems necessary under section 
214(a)(14)(A)(i) or (ii) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1184(a)(14)(A)(i) or 
(ii).
    Comment: One commenter, stating that small businesses can do little 
to curb malicious behavior/practice in foreign countries, requested 
that DHS change the legal standard so that an employer would only be 
liable for actually ``knowing'' that a worker paid a recruiter or labor 
contractor, which may decrease employer confusion and liability.
    Response: DHS does not believe that including ``should know'' in 
addition to the ``knowing'' standard that was contained in the proposed 
rule imposes excessive risks of a violation or liability on the 
employer. The employer is responsible for initiating the recruitment 
process and chooses whom it will use to obtain foreign labor. The U.S. 
employer has control over whether to use recruiters and the terms and 
conditions of any recruitment arrangement, including the costs of such 
services. The employer can comply with this requirement by making 
reasonable arrangements and inquiries as to whether its employees have 
paid or will be required to pay a fee.
    Comment: Many commenters argued that this proposal is unreasonable 
and that it does not afford any protections to the employer. They 
stated that overseas recruiters are engaged in actions beyond the 
employer's control and that the employer is not involved in, and has no 
knowledge of, any agreements made between an overseas recruiter and the 
temporary worker. Some commenters also raised concerns about workers 
who may abandon their employment after making a false claim about the 
payment of prohibited fees, resulting in reimbursement by the employer.
    Response: DHS recognizes this concern and notes that it will serve 
notice of intent to revoke on a petitioner before revoking an H-2B 
petition. The employer will be provided with an opportunity to respond 
and submit documentation responding to the notice. To protect a 
petitioner who discovers, after the filing of the petition, that the 
alien worker paid or agreed to pay an employment service the prohibited 
fees, the final rule provides that the petitioner can avoid denial or 
revocation by notifying DHS within two work days of obtaining this 
knowledge as an alternative to reimbursing the alien or terminating the 
agreement. New 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(4). DHS will publish a notice in 
the Federal Register to describe the manner in which the notification 
must be provided.
    DHS does not believe that it is appropriate to impose the same 
adverse consequence on petitioners who discover a post-filing violation 
by a labor recruiter that is imposed on more culpable petitioners who 
themselves violate the prohibition on collection of fees from H-2B 
workers, nor should petitioners have to pay for the recruiter's 
violation by reimbursing the alien. Petitioners should be encouraged to 
report information about post-filing wrongdoing by labor recruiters, 
even if reimbursement is not possible. In this way, DHS can help 
provide further protections to H-2B workers against unscrupulous 
recruiter practices.
    Further, where the petitioner does not reimburse the beneficiary 
and DHS denies or revokes the H-2B petition, the final rule provides 
that a condition of approval of subsequent H-2B petitions filed within 
one year of the denial or revocation is reimbursement to the 
beneficiary of the denied or revoked petition or a demonstration that 
the petitioner could not locate the beneficiary despite reasonable 
efforts to do so. New 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(D)(1). This requirement is 
intended to balance the commenters' concerns that an H-2B alien worker 
should not be required to pay fees as a condition of the offer of 
obtaining H-2B employment with the legitimate concern that petitioners 
who run afoul of new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B) but have attempted in good 
faith to remedy their noncompliance continue to have access to the H-2B 
program. The question of whether a petitioner will be able to 
demonstrate to DHS that it has exercised reasonable efforts to locate 
the alien worker will depend on the specific facts and circumstances 
presented. In this regard, DHS will take into consideration the amount 
of time and effort the petitioner expended in attempting to locate the 
beneficiary and will require, at a minimum, that the petitioner have 
attempted to locate the worker at all of the alien's known addresses. 
The final rule also clarifies that the one-year condition on petition 
approval will apply anew each time an H-2B petition is denied or 
revoked on the basis of new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(D)(2).
    Comment: A few commenters suggested that DHS should target its 
foreign worker abuse provisions toward foreign labor contractors and 
recruiters that are responsible for the abuses of the H-2B program. 
Another commenter suggested that DHS work with the Department of State 
to develop a list of good and bad foreign recruiters and foreign labor 
contractors so that those that have been found to engage in undesirable 
practices with regard to H-2B workers would not be allowed to continue 
recruiting workers from abroad.
    Response: DHS has no authority to enforce the labor laws of any 
foreign country nor can it specifically regulate the business practices 
of recruiters in any foreign country. Since no program for foreign 
recruiter accreditation was proposed, the establishment of such a 
program exceeds what can be provided for in this final rule. Also, DHS 
cannot limit the use of recruiters and facilitators for H-2B purposes 
to those that maintain an office in the United States and have a 
license to do business in the United States according to Federal and 
State laws. However, DHS finds merit in the suggestion and will discuss 
this matter with the Department of State in the future to determine the 
feasibility of monitoring foreign recruiters so as to be able to 
provide information on recruiters and their practices to the affected 
public.
    Comment: Many commenters who objected to this proposal suggested 
that it increases the burden on U.S. employers and makes the cost of 
the program, which is already expensive, more prohibitive.
    Response: While DHS understands that this rule requires employers 
to bear these costs, this provision is necessary to ensure that the 
actual wages specified on the temporary labor certification will, in 
fact, be paid to the H-2B worker, thereby ensuring the validity of the 
labor market test and compliance with section 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(B) of 
the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(B). The choice whether to use 
recruiters or facilitators and the terms and costs for such services is 
left entirely to the employer.

[[Page 78114]]

    Comment: A number of commenters stated that they could not 
effectively run their businesses if they did not use their 
international agents and recruiters. Similarly, a few commenters 
objected, stating that there is no statutory authority in the INA for 
DHS to prohibit prospective workers from paying a recruiter or 
facilitator. They stated that it is a longstanding practice that 
foreign agents collect fees from those who wish to find work in the 
United States and who need assistance with their visa applications and/
or the admission process, and in fact, such services have become 
essential with constant changes in the visa application procedures at 
U.S. consulates abroad. A few commenters expressed concerns that this 
provision will disadvantage workers who need help with the process 
(e.g., who are illiterate, unable to use computers, etc.).
    Response: DHS believes that these comments misinterpret the 
proposed change. The proposal would neither prohibit the use of such 
recruiters or facilitators during the recruitment or visa application 
process nor the collection of fees that have been paid by the 
petitioner. Instead, the proposal would prohibit the imposition of fees 
on prospective workers. It would not preclude the payment of any 
finder's or similar fee by the prospective employer to a recruiter or 
similar service, provided that such payment is not assessed directly or 
indirectly against the alien worker. Under section 214(a) of the INA, 8 
U.S.C. 1184(a), DHS has plenary authority to determine the conditions 
of all nonimmigrants' admission to the United States, including H-2B 
workers. It is thus within the authority of DHS to bar the payment by 
prospective workers of recruitment-related fees as a condition of an 
alien worker's admission to this country in H-2B classification. This 
provision does not prevent disadvantaged workers from seeking 
assistance from accredited representatives duly recognized by DHS.
    Comment: Several commenters asked DHS to distinguish between fees 
for recruitment, and DOL and DHS processes with fees, imposed by the 
employer or a third party, associated with helping prospective workers 
to complete visa application forms. They further stated that a fee of 
$60 should be allowed to be paid by the potential worker to gain 
assistance. A commenter suggested that DHS should initiate a reasonable 
cap on what fees can be charged to the prospective workers. Another 
commenter stated that the term ``indirect fees'' is of particular 
concern, as it is overly broad and will likely increase litigation.
    Response: The types of fees that petitioners and recruiters will be 
prohibited from passing onto H-2B workers include recruitment fees, 
attorneys' fees, and fees for preparation of visa applications. The 
final rule does not provide a list of prohibited fees, so that the 
prohibition against impermissible fees remains general, covering any 
money paid by the beneficiary to a third party as a condition of the 
offer of H-2B employment. However, the final rule provides that 
prohibited fees do not include the lower of the fair market value of or 
actual costs for transportation to the United States, or payment of any 
government-specified fees required of persons seeking to travel to the 
United States, such as fees required by a foreign government for 
issuance of passports and by the U.S. Department of State for the 
issuance of visas, to the extent that the passing of such costs to the 
worker is not prohibited by statute. As such costs would have to be 
assumed by any alien intending to travel to the United States, DHS 
believes that each alien should be responsible for them, (except where 
the passing of such costs to the worker is prohibited by statute). New 
8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(B)(3).
    Comment: Some commenters found that this provision is unclear as to 
how, in practice, employers will be able to demonstrate reimbursement 
of any fees, compensation, or other remuneration not related to 
transportation costs or government-specific fees, particularly for H-2B 
workers who are only present in the United States for short periods of 
time and may work at remote worksites.
    Response: DHS finds that there can be many ways that proof of 
payment can be established, regardless of the location of a worksite or 
the length of an employment, with evidence such as copies of receipts, 
signed contracts, etc. Where a worker is only present for a short 
period of time, the petitioner may be able to reach the alien by using 
the alien's known address abroad, etc. As such, DHS finds that any 
further clarification is unnecessary in the final rule.
    Comment: One commenter stated that foreign workers should not be 
given more labor protections than U.S. workers. Since employers are not 
currently required to pay for U.S. employees' relocation costs or job 
search costs, they should not be expected to cover such costs for H-2B 
workers. Another commenter stated that it is not the place of DHS or 
DOL to dictate the terms and conditions of foreign worker recruitment.
    Response: DHS has a responsibility not only to protect U.S. 
workers, but also the foreign workers who are admitted into the H-2B 
program. As discussed above, DHS will retain in this final rule a 
provision eliminating the current practice of approving, in certain 
circumstances, H-2B petitions that are filed with denied or non-
determination temporary labor certifications. This significant change 
will ensure that no H-2B petition is ever approved without a 
certification from the Department of Labor that an employer has 
performed adequate recruitment for U.S. workers to fill the temporary 
positions. The H-2B temporary nonimmigrant program often is a place of 
last resort for U.S. employers who cannot find sufficient U.S. workers. 
As such, use of this program may incur additional burdens on the 
employer. As the agency granted the authority to oversee the H-2B visa 
program, it is the duty and responsibility of DHS to prevent and 
protect H-2B workers from improper labor practices and abuse. DHS finds 
that this provision is necessary in order to ensure that H-2B workers 
are not charged excessive fees.
    Comment: One commenter suggested that the definition of the term 
``agent'' be modified to exclude attorneys and other representatives as 
defined in 8 CFR 292.2, arguing that DHS should more directly target 
abusive recruiters, facilitators, or similar employment facilitators 
without unintentionally impacting the attorney-client relationship or 
inhibiting an employer's and H-2B worker's rights to seek counsel.
    Response: DHS disagrees with the commenter's concern that, with 
respect to the collection of fees from H-2B workers, the current 
definition of ``agent'' should exclude attorneys and other 
representatives. This rule is intended to prohibit the collection of 
fees or other compensation from a prospective or actual H-2B worker by 
anyone or any entity as a condition of an offer or condition of H-2B 
employment. The rule is not intended to limit the employer's or H-2B 
worker's right to seek counsel, but would prohibit imposition of 
petitioner's agent/attorney fees on an alien. Furthermore, it is not 
intended to have any impact on the attorney-client relationship or on 
an alien's ability to secure his or her own counsel at his or her own 
volition and not as an express or implicit condition to securing the H-
2B employment. DHS believes that it is appropriate to consider an 
attorney to be an agent, as it does in other

[[Page 78115]]

circumstances. 8 CFR 214.2(h)(2)(i)(F). When an attorney or other 
representative files a petition, it stands in the shoes of the employer 
and appropriately is charged with ensuring compliance with that the 
statements made in the petition, and the responsibilities assigned to 
petitioners and employers, including regarding the alien worker 
reimbursement provisions of the regulations.
b. Employer Attestation
    Comment: Eight out of 13 commenters opposed the attestation 
requirement for H-2B petitioners. One commenter suggested that the 
employer's attestation should be added as part of the Form I-129. A few 
commenters were concerned about the undue burdens being placed on the 
H-2B employer by this additional requirement.
    Response: DHS has carefully considered the attestation requirement 
and has determined that a separate attestation requirement is not 
necessary. A proposed separate attestation requirement in the 
regulations would be duplicative. However, an attestation relates to 
eligibility requirements that the petitioner must demonstrate on the H-
2B petition that the petitioner must sign as being true and correct. 
DHS will amend the Form I-129 to include the attestation requirements 
to minimize the burdens on the H-2B petitioner.
    Comment: Six commenters responded negatively to this proposal, 
questioning the effectiveness of the employer's attestation. A few 
commenters also stated that the employer's attestation would have only 
a marginal impact if DHS enters into an agreement to delegate auditing 
and enforcement of petitions to DOL. Another commenter suggested that a 
certain degree of employer attestation in the current regulations is 
seldom verified by DHS.
    Response: DHS has reached agreement with DOL concerning the 
delegation of authority under section 214(c)(14) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 
1184(c)(14), to establish an enforcement process to investigate 
compliance with H-2B petition requirements, including violations of the 
requirements of the temporary labor certification process, and to 
impose certain administrative sanctions for violations disclosed by any 
resulting investigations. DHS notes that the attestations made by 
petitioners, under penalty of perjury, would not be rendered 
superfluous by the delegation of authority under section 214(c)(14) of 
the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1184(c), as the information would be of use to DHS in 
its own investigations of petition violations.
6. Denial of Petition and Revocation of Approval of Petition
    Comment: DHS received seven comments on the proposal to amend 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(10)(ii) and (h)(11)(iii)(A)(2) to provide for the denial or 
revocation of petitions on notice where statements on the petition (or 
temporary labor certification in the case of revocation) are untrue, 
inaccurate, fraudulent or misrepresented a material fact. Five out of 
seven comments opposed the provision. A couple of commenters 
recommended that the rule allow for an appeals process within DHS.
    Response: After considering the comments, the final rule adopts the 
proposal. DHS already has in place procedures which provide petitioners 
with the opportunity to appeal the denial or revocation of a petition 
for this nonimmigrant classification. See 8 CFR 103.3(a)(1)(ii).
    Comment: Commenters questioned DHS's authority to make 
determinations on whether the facts were inaccurate, fraudulent, or 
misrepresented on a previously approved temporary labor certification.
    Response: In reviewing whether a petition is approvable, DHS 
reviews all of the necessary documentation that is required to be 
submitted with the petition, including the underlying temporary labor 
certification and any accompanying documentation. In so doing, DHS may 
examine elements that are presented not only on the petition, but on 
the temporary labor certification as well for consistency such as 
stated wages, the nature of the job offered, the location, and other 
factors common to both petition and temporary labor certification. It 
is not new to DHS to make determinations, often upon further inquiry, 
as to misrepresentations, material omissions, discrepancies and the 
like. While DHS will not go into the merits of the determination 
previously made by DOL, DHS is responsible for ensuring the integrity 
of the H-2B program, that the facts presented in the entire petition 
package are true and verifiable. Where it is established on notice and 
with opportunity to respond, that the statement of facts contained in 
the petition or on the application for a temporary labor certification 
was inaccurate, fraudulent, or misrepresented, DHS acts completely 
within its authority to deny or revoke a petition. In other words, DHS 
disagrees with the commenters that it must simply ignore 
misrepresentation or fraud solely because such appears more prevalently 
on the temporary labor certification document. It is inevitable that 
any material misrepresentations or fraud at any stage of the H-2B 
process will taint the entire process.
7. Employer Notifications to DHS of H-2B No-Shows, Terminations, or 
Abscondments
    Comment: Eight out of 20 commenters objected to the requirement of 
notifying DHS in three instances within 48 hours for a variety of 
reasons as explained fully below.
    Response: After careful consideration of the comments, the final 
rule adopts this provision with minor modifications. The final rule 
requires H-2B petitioners to notify DHS within two work days in the 
following instances: Where an H-2B worker fails to report to work 
within 5 work days of the date of the employment start date on the H-2B 
petition; where the nonagricultural labor or services for which H-2B 
workers were hired were completed more than 30 days early; or where an 
H-2B worker absconds from the worksite or is terminated prior to the 
completion of nonagricultural labor or services for which he or she was 
hired. New 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(F)(1). The final rule clarifies that 
the H-2B worker must report to work within 5 ``work days'' of the 
employment start date, rather than the proposed 5 days. The H-2B 
employer must report a violation to DHS within two work days, rather 
than the proposed 48 hours. The final rule adopts the term ``work 
days'' to clarify the reporting deadlines for H-2B employers. As 
discussed previously, the final rule does not include the proposal that 
the employer may establish an employment start date that is different 
than the start date stated on the H-2B petition for purposes of 
determining when the notification requirement is triggered where the H-
2B worker fails to report for work. This change from the proposed rule 
is necessary to be consistent with the requirement in this rule that 
petitioners retain the same employment start date on the H-2B petition 
as the date of employment need stated on the temporary labor 
certification approved by the Secretary of Labor.
    Comment: Several commenters suggested that this provision 
represents a significant administrative burden on employers. They 
stated that a notification within 48 hours would be burdensome because 
it may be impossible for the employer to know with certainty that the 
H-2B worker absconded from the worksite.
    Response: DHS disagrees with the commenters' concerns on these 
points, because the proposed rule defined the circumstances causing an 
H-2B worker

[[Page 78116]]

to be an absconder. An absconder is defined as a worker who has not 
reported to work for 5 consecutive work days without the consent of the 
employer. New 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(F)(2). Therefore, the employer will 
know whether the H-2B worker has absconded, and whether the regulatory 
requirement to report this incident to DHS has been triggered. Once the 
H-2B worker is deemed to be an absconder in accordance with the 
regulatory definition of absconder, the employer has two additional 
work days to report this event to DHS.
    Comment: Some commenters requested that DHS create a simple 
reporting method via the Internet and/or over the phone to comply with 
the notification requirements.
    Response: A notice outlining the notification requirements will be 
published in the Federal Register. In that notice, DHS will provide a 
designated e-mail address and alternate mail address for employers to 
send notifications. DHS believes that establishing a dedicated e-mail 
address for notification purposes will reduce the burden on employers. 
As H-2B petitioners are required to retain evidence of notifications 
and make such evidence available for inspection by DHS officers for a 
one-year period, the final rule does not adopt the suggestion that 
notification be available by telephone, because that suggestion would 
interfere with the retention requirement.
    Comment: One commenter asked how the employer is expected to handle 
the situation where an H-2B worker is hospitalized due to an accidental 
injury and is unable to communicate, then at a later date contacts the 
employer and returns to work upon completion of the treatment for the 
injury.
    Response: In the event that an H-2B employer encounters a situation 
where it chooses to reinstate an absconded employee who has been 
reported, DHS strongly suggests that the employer notify DHS in the 
same manner as the original notification. The information will be 
updated accordingly; however, the employer should document such an 
incident to support a claim during any future inspection.
    Comment: A few commenters were concerned that, together with the 
new provision to preclude a new grant of H-2B status where the alien 
worker violated the conditions of H-2B status within the 5 years prior 
to adjudication of the new H-2B petition, this notification is not fair 
to a worker who absconds but returns home promptly and to a worker who 
is reported as having absconded but really has left to pursue other H-
2B employment.
    Response: Once an employee absconds, there is no truly effective 
way for the employer or DHS to verify such employee's whereabouts. The 
employee could have left the country or could have been working for 
another employer. If the employee left the United States, he or she 
should have evidence to establish he or she departed the United States. 
If an employee is approved and does work for another U.S. employer, he 
or she should be able to present such documentation to DHS in case of 
an inspection. This provision is intended to ensure that all H-2B 
workers maintain legal immigration status. DHS has no intention of 
imposing adverse consequences on workers who leave the United States or 
start working for another employer as long as they do so legally.
    Comment: A few commenters stated that it is a complex legal issue 
to determine an alien's status and the reporting requirements will 
force H-2B employers to make such a determination and thus potentially 
expose them to legal liability from the employees.
    Response: DHS disagrees with the commenter because DHS does not 
expect an H-2B employer to make any determination on any alien worker's 
legal status outside of the requirements to verify employment 
eligibility pursuant to section 274A of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1324a. Once 
DHS receives a notification from the employer that an alien has not 
shown up, has been terminated, or has absconded, DHS will review the 
notification, make a determination regarding the alien worker's status, 
and decide on any further action, as appropriate. DHS, not the 
employer, will make any determination regarding the alien worker's 
status.
    Comment: One commenter suggested that DHS should allow standard 
arbitration language as part of the foreign worker placement process 
and the employee should be allowed to agree to mediation or arbitration 
of any issues. The employer should be relieved of further 
responsibility to the worker if he or she disappears without attempting 
arbitration.
    Response: DHS does not specifically regulate the business practices 
between private parties under existing authorities. Thus, the final 
rule does not adopt this suggestion, as it is beyond the scope of this 
rulemaking.
    Comment: One commenter recommended that DHS reconcile its 
requirements for employers to notify DHS of an H-2B worker no-show, 
termination, or abscondment with those proposed by DOL for their H-2B 
regulations.
    Response: DHS shares the commenter's concerns that employers should 
not be confused by inconsistencies between the two agencies' reporting 
requirements. Therefore, in developing the final rule DHS has worked 
with DOL to ensure that the agencies' requirements for reporting H-2B 
employee no-shows, early terminations, and abscondments are consistent 
with each other.
    Comment: There were several comments that pointed out the lack of 
resources at DHS and therefore the lack of enforcement. They suggested 
that, given the fact that DHS is unlikely to use its limited resources 
to pursue these reported alien workers, the notification requirements 
will accomplish little while imposing burdens on employers.
    Response: DHS disagrees with the commenters' concerns. All 
notifications will be reviewed and enforcement actions will be taken, 
as appropriate.
    Comment: One commenter opposed this provision, stating that H-2B 
employers will likely abuse the reporting process to threaten workers, 
such as workers who leave their jobs because of unlawful conditions, 
because promised work is not available to them, or because they have 
been injured on the job.
    Response: The purpose of the reporting requirement is to enable DHS 
to keep track of H-2B workers while they are in the United States and 
take appropriate enforcement action where DHS determines that the H-2B 
workers have violated the terms and conditions of their nonimmigrant 
stay. The reporting requirement is not, however, intended to be used by 
employers as a threat against their alien workers to keep them in an 
abusive work situation. Allegations of improper reporting, abuse and/or 
intimidation are subject to investigation and enforcement action by DHS 
and other government agencies. If DHS determines that an employer is 
engaging in worker intimidation or other abuses, such employer will be, 
at a minimum, in violation of the terms and conditions of its H-2B 
petition and therefore subject to having its petition revoked on notice 
under 8 CFR 214.2(h)(11)(iii)(A)(3). For this reason, DHS disagrees 
with the commenter's concerns and will adopt the proposed provision.
8. Violations of H-2B Status
    Comment: Four out of seven commenters opposed the proposal to add a 
new provision to the regulations (proposed 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(ix)) that 
would preclude a new grant of H-2B

[[Page 78117]]

status within five years of an alien worker's having violated the 
conditions of H-2B status, other than through no fault of his or her 
own. One commenter argued that DHS lacks the authority to impose 
additional or more restrictive grounds of inadmissibility on 
applicants. Another commenter stated that although DHS justifies the 
proposed 5-year bar for H-2B workers by comparing it to the existing 
bar in the H-2A agricultural temporary worker program, there are 
multiple disparities between the H-2A and H-2B programs. The commenter 
noted that the H-2B program does not require the H-2A program's Adverse 
Effect Wage Rate, worker's compensation insurance, free housing, free 
transportation, free tools, 75 percent work guarantee, 50 percent U.S.-
worker hiring rule, and other benefits and protections, all of which 
could be promulgated by regulation in the H-2B program. Moreover, H-2A 
workers qualify for Legal Services Corporation (LSC)-funded legal 
representation whereas H-2B workers do not.
    Response: DHS carefully considered the comments and has decided not 
to adopt the proposed provision to preclude a new grant of H-2B status 
where the alien worker violated the conditions of H-2B status, other 
than through no fault of his or her own, within the 5 years prior to 
adjudication of the new H-2B petition by DHS. In light of the comments 
opposing the proposal, DHS finds that the provisions it has adopted in 
this final rule that are intended to enforce the terms and conditions 
of an alien's admission and compliance with H-2B program requirements 
are sufficient at this time. However, DHS may consider the proposal in 
the future. Note that DHS's decision not to impose the 5-year bar does 
not alter existing requirements regarding maintenance of status.
    Comment: A few commenters suggested that there should be a process 
whereby a worker can request a review and reinstatement based on 
previous experience where the workers were improperly detained and 
deported by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) while they 
were actually in status.
    Response: ICE is charged with enforcing the laws against the 
employment of unauthorized aliens and with detaining and removing 
aliens. ICE's policies and authorities are outside of the scope of this 
rulemaking.
9. Temporary Worker Visa Exit Program Pilot
    Comment: Five out of thirteen commenters expressed support for the 
proposal to add a new provision at 8 CFR 215.9 that establishes the 
Temporary Worker Visa Exit Program Pilot. The commenters are in favor 
of the Temporary Worker Visa Exit Program Pilot because it will improve 
the exit control system at the U.S. border and will also provide data 
that accurately reflects the number of H-2B workers that remain in the 
U.S. illegally.
    Response: DHS carefully considered all of the comments and 
appreciates those that are in favor of the Temporary Worker Visa Exit 
Program Pilot and adopts the proposed provision at 8 CFR 215.9. Those 
comments that are not favorable or express concerns about the program 
are discussed more fully below.
    Comment: Several commenters requested additional information 
regarding the Temporary Worker Visa Exit Program Pilot and the ports of 
entry that will participate in the program.
    Response: CBP will publish a notice in the Federal Register to 
provide further details about the program pilot including the ports of 
entry that will participate in the pilot. The notice will also provide 
the biographic and biometric information that will need to be provided 
by those H-2B workers and the means by which they can provide the 
information upon departure.
    Comment: Some commenters expressed concern that it is currently 
very difficult for H-2B workers to submit the Form I-94, Arrival-
Departure Record, to CBP and have the CBP agent note they are leaving 
the United States. These commenters note that this is especially true 
if the H-2B workers leave the United States at a land port via bus. The 
commenters suggest that CBP make it a rule that all buses need to stop 
and allow the passengers to cancel their I-94 when they leave the 
United States.
    Response: The Temporary Worker Visa Exit Program Pilot will 
facilitate the exit process by providing kiosks that allow for easy 
scanning of H-2B workers' travel documents and the deposit of their I-
94. While the commenters' suggestion that CBP should require all buses 
that travel across the border to stop for immigration purposes is 
appreciated, the comment is beyond the scope of this rule.
    Comment: Some commenters expressed concerns regarding the re-
admission of H-2B workers who depart the United States during their 
term of admission in the United States.
    Response: The implementation of the Temporary Worker Visa Exit 
Program Pilot does not change the documentary requirements or the terms 
of admission or re-admission to the United States after a brief 
departure for H-2B workers admitted under H-2B classifications. 
Additionally, the requirement that an H-2B worker depart through one of 
the participating ports of entry and present designated biographic and 
biometric information applies only to the alien's final departure, at 
the end of his or her authorized period of stay.
    Comment: Several commenters expressed concern that, if there are 
insufficient ports of entry participating in the program (e.g., there 
are no participating ports in the geographical vicinity of the H-2B 
employer), it will impose an undue burden on those H-2B workers that 
must depart through a port participating in the program.
    Response: The Temporary Worker Visa Exit Program Pilot is being 
initiated at two ports of entry. Only those H-2B workers that enter the 
United States at one of the two ports participating in the program 
pilot will be required to depart from one of the participating ports. 
Moreover, most H-2B workers generally are admitted at the port of entry 
that is most convenient to their residence. Therefore, it would 
generally be expected that H-2B workers would depart from the port of 
entry that is most convenient to their residence in their home country. 
By initially conducting the program pilot at two ports, CBP is 
minimizing the impact of the program pilot while at the same time 
collecting the data and information necessary to make determinations 
regarding expansion of the program in the future.
    Comment: One commenter suggested that when H-2B workers leave their 
employers early, DHS should be informed so that DHS can stay in contact 
with the H-2B workers and the Temporary Worker Visa Exit Program can 
know which H-2B workers have left the country.
    Response: Pursuant to 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(i)(F), employers are 
required to notify DHS if an H-2B worker fails to report for work 
within 5 work days of the employment start date stated on the petition, 
absconds from the worksite, or is terminated prior to the completion of 
the services for which he or she was hired.
    Comment: Some commenters questioned whether H-2B workers would be 
allowed to depart only through ports of entry participating in the 
program.
    Response: Only those H-2B workers who enter the United States at 
one of the two ports participating in the program pilot will be 
required to depart at the end of their authorized period of stay from 
either one of the participating ports.

[[Page 78118]]

    Comment: One commenter requested the opportunity to have 
stakeholder input through notice and comment on the implementation 
process for the Temporary Worker Visa Exit Program Pilot.
    Response: DHS believes that stakeholders have been given the 
opportunity to provide input on the program pilot through this 
rulemaking.
    Comment: One commenter expressed concern that H-2B workers will not 
receive sufficient notice of their responsibilities under the Temporary 
Worker Visa Exit Program Pilot.
    Response: DHS agrees that H-2B workers must be given sufficient 
notice of their responsibilities under the program. Accordingly, CBP 
will publish a Federal Register notice that will provide further 
details about the program pilot including the ports of entry that will 
participate in the pilot. The notice will also provide the biographic 
and biometric information that will need to be provided by those H-2B 
workers and the means by which they can provide the information upon 
departure. Additionally, upon admission into the United States, CBP 
will explain their obligations under this program, which is to register 
their final departure from the United States before or upon expiration 
of their work authorization. This explanation will include both verbal 
instructions and written walk-away materials (in both English and 
Spanish) to fully explain the pilot program to the participants.
    Comment: One commenter expressed concern that the Temporary Worker 
Visa Exit Program Pilot will facilitate illegal immigration. 
Specifically, the commenter expresses concern that unless biographic 
and biometric information are collected at arrival, departure 
procedures will not be effective.
    Response: The Temporary Worker Visa Exit Program Pilot will 
increase the ability of CBP to monitor the departure of workers 
admitted on H-2B visas. Currently, as part of the arrival process for 
most aliens, H-2B workers must submit both biographical (passport/visa) 
and biometric (fingerprints) information. The pilot program is designed 
to positively record the departure of H-2B workers by utilizing the 
biographic and biometric information submitted at the time of entry and 
departure. Thus, the pilot program is designed to reduce, not 
facilitate, illegal immigration.
    Comment: One commenter expressed concern that the proposed rule 
does not state the consequences for H-2B workers who fail to comply 
with the exit requirements. The commenter further states that if non-
compliance with the pilot program requirements results in H-2B workers 
being denied H-2B status in the future, then the sanction would be 
unduly severe and would have a negative impact on employers who would 
be prevented from utilizing the services of H-2B workers in future 
years.
    Response: DHS recognizes these concerns. As discussed above, the 
final rule does not include the proposed provision to preclude aliens 
from being granted H-2B status based on a prior violation of the 
conditions of H-2B status, other than through no fault of their own, 
within the 5 years prior to adjudication of the new H-2B petition by 
DHS.
10. Temporary Need
    Comment: Seven out of 26 commenters supported the proposed rule 
amending the current definition of ``temporary services or labor.'' 
Under the proposed rule, a job would be defined as temporary where the 
employer needs a worker to fill a specific need that will end in the 
near definable future. The proposed rule would eliminate the 
``extraordinary circumstances'' restriction for validity periods of 
more than one year and explicitly provided that such a validity period 
could last up to 3 years. A few commenters indicated that they 
supported these provisions without any additional changes.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments received from the public in 
favor of the modified and more flexible definition of ``temporary,'' 
which is generally defined as a period of duration of one year, but 
could be for a specific one-time need of up to 3 years. This more 
flexible definition of ``temporary'' will allow U.S. employers and 
eligible foreign workers the maximum flexibility allowed under this 
program to complete projects with a definable end that require H-2B 
workers when U.S. workers are otherwise unavailable. For this and the 
other reasons stated in the proposed rule, DHS is retaining the 
proposed rule's amendment to the current definition of ``temporary 
services or labor.'' While a petitioner need no longer demonstrate 
``extraordinary circumstances'' to justify an H-2B petition validity 
period of longer than one year, the 3-year maximum validity period is 
not intended to be a default, but would be available only where the 
petitioner can demonstrate a specific and typically one-time need for 
the worker's services for that period of time. Under the final rule, 
the validity period of an H-2B petition will therefore be tied to the 
nature and period of the employer's temporary need and not to any 
specific period of time.
    Comment: Several commenters stated that the amended definition of 
``temporary services or labor,'' which could be for as long as 3 years 
based on a one-time need, will have a disproportionately adverse impact 
on domestic workers in the construction industry, which DHS singled out 
as the illustrative example justifying the changes. These commenters 
further stated that the requirement that employers must re-test the 
labor market each year does not represent a meaningful safeguard for 
current and future domestic construction workers, if DOL adopts the 
attestation-based system it proposed in their corresponding proposed 
rule. These commenters also proposed that DHS keep the H-2B program 
congruent with the H-2A program, which defines temporary to be a 
duration of generally one year or less.
    Response: DHS recognizes these concerns regarding the amended 
definition of ``temporary services or labor,'' but notes the following. 
First, while a ``temporary period of time'' is defined in the proposed 
rule as a period of up to 3 years, H-2B status will not necessarily be 
granted for the maximum 3-year period in every case. Three years is the 
maximum period of time permissible, but not necessarily the actual 
period of time needed for the specific job described on the temporary 
labor certification and in the H-2B petition. Therefore, each 
application for temporary labor certification will be evaluated on a 
case-by-case basis, considering the nature and specific needs of the 
job to be performed to determine if it is temporary. In cases where the 
H-2B employer requires the services of H-2B workers for more than one 
year, the H-2B employer is required to each year apply for and receive 
an approved temporary labor certification from DOL that re-tests the 
labor market and contains an accurate and current prevailing wage 
determination. DOL only grants another temporary labor certification to 
enable an extension of stay for the H-2B workers if that labor market 
test has been satisfied, and there are no able and qualified U.S. 
workers available to fill the positions in question and the employment 
of the foreign workers will not adversely affect the wage and working 
conditions of similarly employed U.S. workers. Lastly, in response to 
the comment that DHS keep the H-2B program congruent with the H-2A 
program, there are many similarities between the H-2A and H-2B 
programs; however, the H-2A program is specifically geared towards

[[Page 78119]]

the agricultural industry. Typically, an agricultural growing season 
is, by its very nature, a duration of less than one year. By contrast, 
the H-2B program covers a broad spectrum of industries, each 
representing divergent circumstances. An H-2B petitioner might be able 
to provide verifiable evidence of a one-time need for workers to 
complete a particular project within a specific period of time not to 
exceed 3 years. Therefore, DHS will retain without change the 
definition of ``temporary,'' as stated in the proposed H-2B rule.
    Comment: Several commenters stated that the period of time 
described in the proposed rule, longer than one year but shorter than 
the maximum 3-year period, would allow employers to bypass the former 
requirement that employers show extraordinary circumstances justifying 
a one-time need, and that it appears to coincide with the length of 
time required to complete most domestic construction projects.
    Response: DHS appreciates the concerns raised; however, the amended 
definition of ``temporary,'' which is generally one year but could last 
as long as 3 years based on a one-time need, is not geared to any one 
industry, nor is it intended to change the basic requirement that an 
employer's need in fact be temporary--rather than permanent--in nature. 
While it is true, therefore, that a petitioner need not establish the 
existence of extraordinary circumstances justifying a one-time need of 
duration longer than one year, this amended definition of the term 
temporary is still tied to an employer's specific needs, and is not 
intended to create as a default a validity period of greater than one 
year in duration. Instead, this amended definition of ``temporary'' 
accounts for circumstances that may necessitate the need for H-2B 
temporary workers for a period of more than one year. As a further 
protection for U.S. workers, this regulation also requires that, in 
cases where the employer's need exceeds one year, the employer submit 
to DHS a petition extension request, together with a newly approved 
labor certification issued by DOL covering the requested extension 
period.
    Comment: A few commenters inquired about how this rule could 
justify H-2B visas lasting up to a period of 3 years, noting that a job 
of 3 years is not temporary.
    Response: This rule defines the term ``temporary service or labor'' 
to be employment for which there is a need lasting a finite, specific 
period, generally defined as one year, but possibly as long as 3 years 
if there is a specific one-time need. The employer must establish that 
the need for the employee will end in the near, definable future. H-2B 
petitions will be granted for the period authorized on the temporary 
labor certification. As noted, each petition must be evaluated on its 
own merits, on a case-by-case basis. In this regard, the regulation 
contemplates a double-check system to ensure that the job in question 
is in fact temporary in nature. First, when seeking a temporary labor 
certification with DOL, the employer must not only describe to DOL the 
nature, scope, and duration of the temporary job, but also justify the 
need for temporary workers to fill those jobs for which U.S. workers 
are not available. USCIS will approve the H-2B petition for the 
validity period endorsed by the DOL on the approved temporary labor 
certification. If the temporary labor certification is not endorsed for 
the full validity period requested by the employer on the H-2B 
petition, USCIS will require an extension petition to be filed with a 
current temporary labor certification covering the extended validity 
period.
    Second, DHS retains the authority, even after DOL approves the 
temporary labor certification, to determine, at the time it adjudicates 
the H-2B petition, whether the petitioner's need is in fact temporary, 
that is, of a limited, finite nature. Similarly, DHS has the authority 
to revoke such a petition if it determines that the job is in fact not 
temporary in nature.
    Finally, it is important to understand that the changes in this 
rule to the definition of ``temporary labor or services'' do not alter 
what have always been the outer limits of permissible H-2B employment; 
even under current regulations it would be possible to demonstrate a 
temporary need of more than one year and possibly up to 3 years in 
duration, provided extraordinary circumstances were demonstrated.
    Comment: Two commenters opposed this provision, concerned that the 
change would allow employers in industries that in the past have relied 
heavily on the H-1B specialty occupation worker program (including the 
high-tech and construction industries) to now be eligible for the H-2B 
program (for types of employment for which the H-2B program was never 
intended) and overrun the limited supply of H-2B visas. One such 
commenter was concerned that H-1B employers and lawyers will seize upon 
this change and instantly ruin this program for employers in industries 
that have traditionally relied upon the H-2B visa program.
    Response: While DHS appreciates the concerns regarding numerical 
limitations on the H-1B and H-2B nonimmigrant programs, DHS believes 
that the requirement that H-2B employers establish that both the nature 
of the employment and the job itself are temporary sufficiently reduces 
the likelihood that foreign workers who would otherwise apply for H-1B 
visas will consume all the H-2B visas. Many types of H-1B employment do 
not satisfy the first requirement that the job itself be temporary. DHS 
disagrees with the commenters that admission of greater numbers of 
higher skilled qualified workers in the H-2B classification would 
``instantly ruin'' the program for traditional H-2B petitioners. First, 
other than providing that the H-2B category be available to temporary 
nonagricultural workers, Congress generally did not specify or limit 
the types of jobs which an alien might fill in H-2B classification. The 
H-2B category is available to both professional and nonprofessional 
workers, provided that such persons meet the other requirements for H-
2B classification. That said, unlike the H-2B category, which requires 
that the employer's need be temporary in nature, the H-1B category 
allows petitioners to fill, on a temporary basis, specialty occupation 
positions that themselves are permanent in nature, that is, jobs for 
which the H-1B employer has a permanent need. For this reason, many 
persons who might qualify for H-1B classification would not be able to 
obtain H-2B status. Second, as an additional safeguard, Congress 
established numerical limitations on the total numbers of persons who 
may be granted H-2B status each year; those limitations do not favor 
any one industry over another. In short, in situations where the H-2B 
petitioner could in fact establish that its need for a worker is 
temporary in nature in a profession common to the H-1B classification 
(e.g., programmer analyst), that the alien would in fact be coming to 
the United States as an H-2B temporarily, and that all other 
requirements for H-2B classification have been satisfied, there is 
nothing in existing law that would preclude DHS from approving an H-2B 
petition on such a person's behalf.
    Comment: A few commenters expressed concern with requiring 
employers to retest the labor market for prevailing wage rates. These 
commenters indicated that this process was not only burdensome, but 
also time-consuming and expensive for employers, costing anywhere 
between

[[Page 78120]]

$500 and $1850. They also mentioned the concern that an H-2B worker 
employed on a multi-year visa might have to be fired if the labor test 
results in the employer being prevented from employing some or all of 
the previously approved H-2B workers (even if the U.S. Government 
approved such workers for H-2B classification erroneously). Finally, 
one commenter mentioned that re-testing the labor market for prevailing 
wage rates did not represent a meaningful safeguard for current and 
future construction workers if DOL were to adopt the attestation based 
system described in its proposed rule.
    Response: The requirement for employers to retest the labor market 
provides the safeguards needed to ensure that the amended definition of 
temporary work, which is generally one year, but potentially up to 3 
years if there is a specific one-time need, and does not adversely 
impact the U.S. job market. Notwithstanding the costs of retesting the 
labor market each year, this system is geared towards ensuring that the 
employer is offering the prevailing wage rate, which is an inherent 
requirement mandated by section 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(b) of the INA, 8 
U.S.C. 1101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(b), and therefore, a legitimate cost of 
participating in the H-2B program.
    Comment: One commenter suggested that a new visa classification be 
created for skilled workers and workers who are coming to jobs that 
will last longer than one year to facilitate more specific and far 
reaching tests of the U.S. labor market, thereby ensuring that 
temporary foreign workers filling these longer term jobs are not 
displacing U.S. workers.
    Response: DHS appreciates this suggestion for a new and more 
flexible visa classification, but only Congress has the authority to 
create new or to modify existing visa classifications. Absent a 
statutory amendment, DHS lacks the authority to create a classification 
for the types of workers referred to by the commenter. We note, 
however, that some of these workers might be eligible for H-2B 
classification under this rule, while others might be eligible for 
classification in other nonimmigrant visa categories.
    Comment: One commenter asked whether DHS will count a 3-year visa 
against the cap for 3 consecutive years.
    Response: This provision provides no change to the way that H-2B 
aliens are currently counted against the H-2B visa cap. An alien is 
counted against the cap when an initial H-2B petition for consular 
notification or change of status is filed on his or her behalf. H-2B 
aliens requesting an extension of stay, for up to their total period of 
stay of 3 years, are exempt from the numerical limitations.
11. Interruptions in Accrual Towards 3-Year Maximum Period of Stay
    Comment: Two out of four commenters supported the proposed rule 
exempt certain periods of time spent outside the United States from 
being counted toward the 3-year maximum period of stay in H-2B 
nonimmigrant status.
    Response: The final rule adopts the proposed revision, reducing the 
minimum period spent outside the United States that would be considered 
interruptive of accrual of time toward the 3-year limit, where the 
accumulated stay is 18 months or less, to 45 days. If the accumulated 
stay is longer than 18 months, the required interruptive period will be 
2 months. See new 8 CFR 214.2(h)(13)(v).
    Comment: Two commenters requested clarification of this proposal.
    Response: An alien worker's total period of stay in H-2B 
nonimmigrant status may not exceed three years. 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(15)(ii)(C). In order to clarify what constitutes continuous 
presence in H-2B status, DHS determined to apply the same standard to 
the H-2B status as is used for H-2A ``temporary agricultural worker'' 
nonimmigrant classification. In the H-2A nonimmigrant visa 
classification, certain periods of time spent outside the United States 
are deemed to ``stop the clock'' toward the accrual of the 3-year limit 
on the total period of stay in that status. 8 CFR 214.2(h)(5)(viii)(C). 
In other words, if an alien who has been in the United States in H-2A 
status for a certain period of time that counts towards his or her 3-
year maximum period of stay, then leaves the United States for one of 
the ``interruptive'' periods proposed in this rule, that time spent 
outside of the United States will not count towards the exhaustion of 
that alien's 3-year maximum period of stay in the United States. DHS 
recently revised these periods for the H-2A classification to 
streamline the program. Similarly, for H-2B nonimmigrants, the minimum 
period spent outside the United States that would be considered 
interruptive of accrual of time toward the 3-year limit, where the 
accumulated period of time the worker has physically been present in 
the United States H-2B status is 18 months or less, is 45 days. If the 
accumulated period of time the worker has been physically present in 
the United States in H-2B status is longer than 18 months, the required 
interruptive period is two months.
12. Substitution of Beneficiaries
    Comment: Seven out of 11 commenters supported the provisions 
allowing the substitution of beneficiaries who were previously approved 
with aliens either inside or outside of the United States. Some 
commenters indicated that they felt as though the provision would be 
very helpful and would provide employers greater flexibility to meet 
their staffing needs.
    Response: DHS appreciates these comments and agrees that this would 
make the H-2B program more user-friendly. Accordingly, the final rule 
adopts this provision. To ensure the integrity of the congressionally-
mandated H-2B semi-annual numerical limitations, the final rule 
contains the caveat that the amended petition filed on the substituted 
beneficiaries' behalf must retain a period of employment within the 
same half of the same fiscal year as the original petition. Otherwise, 
a new petition, together with a new temporary labor certification, must 
be filed in order to effect the substitution.
    Comment: One commenter indicated that the fees should not be 
required for second or amended petitions.
    Response: DHS understands the concern but does not adopt the 
commenters' suggestion, because there will be additional labor and 
material costs incurred by USCIS in processing and adjudicating 
petitions for substituted beneficiaries. Section 286(m) of the INA, 8 
U.S.C. 1356(m), allows USCIS to recover the costs incurred in providing 
these services.
    Comment: One commenter indicated that when seeking to substitute 
beneficiaries, the petitioner should be able to file on behalf of 
beneficiaries outside the United States and inside the United States on 
the same petition.
    Response: It is not operationally feasible for DHS to adopt this 
suggestion, as petition approvals on behalf of aliens who will be 
seeking consular processing abroad and petition approvals on behalf of 
aliens who will be applying within the United States for a change of 
status or extension of stay are generated and documented differently, 
as separate and distinct actions. This suggestion would require USCIS 
to take two separate actions (consular notification for aliens abroad 
and adjudication of the alien's application for change of status/
extension of stay for aliens in the United States) on one petition. DHS 
will not adopt the suggestion.
    Comment: With respect to the issue of substitution, one commenter 
inquired whether once the first half cap is

[[Page 78121]]

reached, substituted workers would be counted against the cap, and 
whether an amended petition could be filed to allow substituted workers 
to be used during the second half of the fiscal year.
    Response: The proposed rule specified that the amended petition to 
substitute workers must retain a period of employment within the same 
half of the fiscal year as the original petition. The purpose of this 
restriction is to ensure that employers who are substituting workers do 
not gain an unfair advantage with respect to obtaining cap numbers over 
others seeking H-2B numbers by gaining access to new workers during the 
second cap period, which is from April 1 through September 30 of each 
fiscal year. For example, if the employer, whose original petition was 
approved for an employment that starts on October 1, could not find all 
of the workers abroad, he or she is allowed to file an amended petition 
to substitute vacant positions with aliens who are already in the 
United States as long as the employment of the substituted worker 
starts prior to April 1 of the following year.
    Comment: One commenter opposed the proposed rule, stating that its 
adoption would severely harm prospective H-2B workers who frequently 
spend tremendous resources and leave employment in their home countries 
in order to enter the H-2B program.
    Response: DHS disagrees that adoption of the proposed rule will 
harm prospective H-2B workers abroad. The annual cap of 66,000 H-2B 
visas is reached earlier every year. The changes in this final rule 
will allow employers to maximize the number of approved H-2B workers 
available for employment regardless of their location. It will also 
allow H-2B workers to maximize their 3 years of H-2B visa eligibility, 
since employers can more easily apply for them. Further, DOL has 
provided protections, including the payment of return transportation, 
for aliens who are terminated.
13. Employer Sanctions
    Comment: Ten out of 20 commenters expressed support concerning the 
employer sanctions provisions. Some commenters found this provision to 
be misguided because it would specifically target employers who hire 
workers legally through the H-2B program instead of employers who hire 
falsely documented workers and/or undocumented workers. One commenter 
suggested that, along with this provision, an appeals process should be 
established for employers found to be in violation. Of those opposed to 
this provision, most found that these regulations do not go far enough 
to protect H-2B workers against exploitation and abuse or to prevent 
employers and recruiters from violating immigration and labor laws. One 
commenter stated, in particular, that the rule does not provide 
protection for workers from retaliation by employers and recruiters who 
violate the law.
    Response: After carefully considering the comments received on this 
provision, the final rule adopts the employer sanctions provisions. New 
8 CFR 204.5(o) and 214.1(k). As such, DHS has delegated to the 
Department of Labor the authority to impose the administrative 
penalties described in section 214(c)(14)(A) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 
1184(c)(14)(A).
14. Miscellaneous Changes
    DHS proposed to amend 8 CFR 214.2(h)(6)(iii)(B), 
214.2(h)(6)(v)(E)(2)(iii), and 214.2(h)(6)(vii) to correct 
typographical errors. DHS also proposed to amend 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(8)(ii)(A) to codify the current numerical counting procedures 
for the H-2B classification. No comments were received on these 
proposals, and they will be adopted as final without change.

IV. Rulemaking Requirements

A. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995

    This rule will not result in the expenditure by State, local and 
tribal governments, in the aggregate, or by the private sector, of $100 
million or more in any one year, and it will not significantly or 
uniquely affect small governments. Therefore, no actions were deemed 
necessary under the provisions of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 
1995.

B. Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996

    This rule is not a major rule as defined by section 804 of the 
Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Act of 1996. This rule will not 
result in an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more; a 
major increase in costs or prices; or significant adverse effects on 
competition, employment, investment, productivity, innovation, or on 
the ability of United States-based companies to compete with foreign-
based companies in domestic and export markets.

C. Executive Order 12866

    This rule has been designated as significant under Executive Order 
12866. Thus, under section 6(a)(3)(C) of the Executive Order, USCIS is 
required to prepare an assessment of the benefits and costs anticipated 
to occur as a result of this regulatory action. A complete analysis of 
the costs and benefits of this rule is available in the docket for this 
rule at http://www.regulations.gov in rulemaking Docket No. USCIS-2007-
0058.
1. Comments From the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), Office 
of Advocacy
    In addition to the public comments received on the proposed rule, 
DHS received a comment from SBA, Office of Advocacy (Advocacy). The 
comment letter from Advocacy summarized the concerns that they heard 
from small business owners and representatives of the small business 
community. Advocacy's comments on the substance of the rule are 
addressed in the rule's preamble along with other comments received on 
the proposed rule, and their comments on the rule's estimated costs and 
benefits are summarized and addressed as follows:
    (i). DHS must disclose how it estimated the cost of $500 per 
employee for job placement fees, because the State Department has 
reported that applicants have paid foreign recruiters from $2000 to 
$20,000. 
    The regulatory impact analysis for the final rule indicates that 
recruiting practices vary widely among employers and industries, and 
provides an explanation for how the estimate of $500 was determined. 
Also, as stated in the cost benefit analysis for the proposed rule, a 
detailed breakdown of what services were being provided in return for 
the $500 payment was not obtained, and none was provided in a comment 
on the rule. DHS included the entire $500 in its calculation of the 
costs of this change on employers so that the estimated costs would be 
at the highest point in the range of costs that would actually be 
imposed. Even using those liberal cost estimates, as shown below, the 
costs imposed by this rule do not result in a significant economic 
impact on the affected entities.
    (ii). DHS should quantify the costs to employers for the payment of 
the worker's indirect fees, such as attorney's fees, travel agent fees, 
and fees for assistance to prepare visa application forms. Advocacy 
indicated that the proposed rule stated that the prospective employer 
would be responsible for the payment of indirect fees, attorneys fees, 
travel agent fees, and fees for assistance to prepare visa application 
forms.
    The $500 estimated cost per employee that will result from this ban 
on fees is

[[Page 78122]]

intended to include incidental attorney's fees, travel agent fees, and 
fees for assistance to prepare visa application forms. Therefore they 
have been quantified. This provision will require an employer to ask 
the employee about any fees the employee may have paid. The fee 
allowable is dependent on: (a) What is paid after the employee 
establishes meaningful contact with the agent or recruiter and (b) 
whether the alien has an independent choice with respect to such 
payment. For example, if a Mexican national hears that a recruiter will 
be in Pueblo on Tuesday looking for landscapers he or she may, for 
example, pay bus fare to Pueblo, and the associated lodging and meals. 
However, once the Mexican national establishes meaningful contact with 
the recruiter, any fee that the recruiter makes the person pay (except 
for the limited exceptions specified) must be borne by the employer, 
otherwise that person is not eligible for H-2B status. Some of those 
fees, may, in fact be indirect fees that the recruiter is requiring as 
a condition for the recruitment. If the worker decides on his or her 
own to hire an attorney, for personal legal assistance unrelated to 
obtaining their H-2B job, or a travel agent for arrangement of personal 
travel, and the amounts paid are reasonable and not an obvious effort 
to get around this prohibition, or are not otherwise incurred at the 
behest or urging of the recruiter (such as an implied promise or other 
commitment to engage the alien if the alien presents himself or herself 
at a specific location or perform certain preliminary actions), then 
the employer need not reimburse the alien for such fees. Likewise, 
amounts for purely personal items or actions paid by the alien at the 
suggestion of the recruiter, such as, grooming or wearing freshly 
washed clothing, that might increase the worker's chances of getting 
the job, would not be required to be reimbursed. Ultimately, the 
determination of what may or may not be reimbursed to the employer is 
necessarily dependent on the specific facts surrounding the alien's 
engagement in or recruitment for the H-2B position.
    (iii). DHS should quantify the costs to employers to pay for 
transportation expenses for workers to return to their last place of 
foreign residence. 
    DOL regulations make employers liable for return transportation if 
the employee is dismissed early by the employer. As stated above, this 
rule simply reinforces the DOL requirement. Even so, very few employers 
are expected to take the actions necessary to be subject to this 
sanction.
    (iv). DHS should attribute recordkeeping costs for employers that 
have to complete reasonable inquiries pursuant to the prohibition on 
fees. 
    The final rule removes the separate attestation requirement that 
was proposed regarding use of employment services to locate H-2B 
workers, and knowledge of the beneficiary's payment of prohibited 
recruitment fees. DHS has determined that the attestation increased a 
petitioner's burdens, and duplicated information that petitioners must 
provide on the H-2B petition to establish benefit eligibility. In 
conjunction with the final rule, DHS has amended the H Supplement to 
Form I-129 to explicitly ask the employer if they used a recruiting 
firm, how much they paid the recruiting firm, the name of the 
recruiting firm, and if the beneficiary employee has paid a fee to 
anyone. This replaces the need to attest to any knowledge and provides 
space for employers to expressly indicate such knowledge. These 
questions will apply to petitions for both H-2A and H-2B workers. This 
method for obtaining this information is superior to asking the 
petitioner to attest to whether it knows or does not know about a fee. 
By asking the question, the employer may answer yes, no, or do not 
know, rather than attesting to that knowledge, and USCIS will have the 
name of the recruiter they used for future reference. As stated in the 
Paperwork Reduction Act section of this rule, USCIS estimates that the 
public reporting burden for each Form I-129 at 2 hours and 45 minutes 
per response is sufficient to encompass the questions added to the 
forms to address this requirement. Thus, the current OMB approved 
inventory of the costs imposed by this information collection includes 
sufficient leeway to account for these additional questions.
    As for the burden for a firm to complete reasonable inquiries 
pursuant to the prohibition on fees, there are no additional costs. DHS 
agrees that this rule may require reasonable inquiries as part of the 
``due diligence'' requirement imposed on prospective recruiters. 
However, after this rule takes effect, employers should notify 
recruiters upfront that no fees may be collected from a prospective 
recruit. Interviews and inquiries will provide opportunities for the 
employer to quite easily and quickly ask the employee, ``Did you pay 
anyone a fee to get this job (or interview).'' If the answer is yes, 
they may ask, ``Who and how much did you pay, what services were 
provided for the fee, and were you provided with an itemized bill?'' 
The answers may have significant ramifications for the employee by 
rendering him ineligible unless any fee he or she identifies is only 
for allowable transportation costs and/or government fees. The employer 
that is informed by its potential employee that a particular recruiter 
has charged fees should keep a record of such firms or agents and 
either continue to deal with those firms in the future or not. However, 
asking the straightforward question does not impose a substantial 
record keeping or information collection burden.
    If an employer determines that its workers have been charged or 
will be charged a fee, they may incur costs in reimbursing such 
persons. If a fee payment is discovered prior to the commencement of 
the work, the employer may replace that worker with a worker who did 
not pay fees or reimburse those it intends to hire. In any event, it 
cannot be predicted in advance the amount a prospective employer might 
have to pay to go forward with planned work, as this will depend on how 
much the alien has paid or if the employer would seek other workers in 
lieu of those it originally intended to hire. In the end, though, it is 
the employer's responsibility to set the terms and conditions of any 
recruitment contract, and the employer will be in a position to 
require, as a condition of any such contract, that the domestic 
recruiter and agent working in the worker's home country do not charge 
any fee of prospective alien workers.
    (v). DHS should quantify the costs to employers for the opportunity 
costs of losing potential employees and scheduled contracts.
    This comment relates to workers lost by the employer as a result of 
the prohibition on employee-paid placement fees. The comment does not 
explain how such employees would be lost, could not be readily 
replaced, or how a contract may be lost by application of the no-fee 
requirement of this rule. As a result of this rule, an employer must 
consider the availability of an alternative employee and the costs of 
any delays if the employer determines the employee paid a fee that is 
larger than the employer wants to reimburse. The discovery that an 
employee paid a fee may be large enough to result in the employer 
choosing not to hire that employee and finding a replacement employee 
who paid no fee that must be reimbursed, if there is an adequate supply 
of replacement workers readily available. That is a business decision 
that is up to the employer. As stated above, the cost that an employer 
would expend per employee as a result of this ban on fees has been 
quantified as about $500.

[[Page 78123]]

Delays caused by an employer's discovery of such a fee payment by a 
prospective employee may result from the employer's decision to not 
incur that expense, but they do not result directly from this rule.
    (vi). DHS should quantify the costs and fees to notify DHS within 
48 hours if: (1) An H-2B worker fails to report for work within 5 days 
after the employment start date, (2) the services for which H-2B 
workers were hired is completed more than 30 days early, (3) an H-2B 
worker leaves the worksite (for a period of 5 consecutive work days 
without the consent of the employer), or (4) an H-2B worker is 
terminated prior to the completion of the services for which he or she 
was hired.
    These costs have been quantified in the regulatory impact analysis 
of the final rule in the discussion of the paperwork reduction act 
impacts of this rule. DHS has estimated the costs of this new report to 
amount to $8,123 per year. This cost will be incurred only by a few 
employers that have employees abscond, so the cost per petition and per 
H-2B worker are not appropriate for comparison, because affected firms 
will not bear these costs equally.
    (vii). There are opportunity costs to employers that are debarred 
from the H-2B program for a notification failure.
    This rule does not provide that an employer that fails to report 
abscondment will be debarred. The costs of the absconder reporting 
requirement have been discussed above. The costs imposed as a result of 
violations of H-2B regulations petitions and to impose administrative 
penalties, fines, and debarment are enforcement provisions and not 
regulatory compliance costs. Should DOL determine that a petitioner 
substantially failed to meet any of the conditions of the H-2B petition 
or willfully misrepresented a material fact in such petition, then DHS 
may debar the petitioner. However, DHS and DOL have authority 
notwithstanding this rule to investigate violations of H-2B petitions 
and to impose administrative penalties including debarment An employer 
will want to consider that possibility before it decides to not report 
an abscondment or to not meet any other requirement of the H-2B 
program. An employer who was unable to hire an H-2B employee as a 
result of being debarred from participation in the program may be 
harmed, but only because of their failure to report the abscondment of 
an employee as required by this rule, not as a direct result of this 
rule. If the employer chooses to comply with the rule they would not 
incur any additional cost.
    (viii). DHS should quantify the additional costs to small business 
to pay a premium processing fee of $1000 for their application to be 
considered in time.
    USCIS' Premium Processing Program is a program by which certain 
petitioners and applicants may request USCIS to expedite handling of 
those petitions and applications and approve or deny them within 15 
days. The comment assumes that, in order to be assured that they will 
receive one of the 66,000 limited slots for an H-2B employee, the 
petitioner must request premium processing for their petition because 
normal processing times are too lengthy to ensure they will obtain 
approval for the number of employees needed. This assumption is 
incorrect. It is true that most petitioners request premium processing 
for their petitions because they think that normal processing times are 
too long to ensure they will obtain approval for the number of 
employees needed. In fiscal year 2007, 10,481 of the 13,561 H-2B 
petitions filed, or 77 percent, were accompanied by Form I-907, Request 
for Premium Processing Service, and the required $1,000 fee. While 
processing times may improve as a result of this rule, the proportion 
of petitioners requesting premium processing is not expected to 
increase or decrease. USCIS average processing time for an H-2B 
petition is less than 60 days and most petitions are filed with USCIS 
more than 60 days, and often up to 120 days, before start of the 
employment. Premium processing is not required except for the time 
pressure that employers feel to have their petitions approved before 
other employers and before the number of annual H-2B workers approved 
reaches the 66,000 limitation imposed by law. That limitation is not 
imposed or addressed by this rule; thus, this rule does not require 
petitioners to request premium processing.
2. Comments From the Public on the Regulatory Cost Benefit Analysis
    (i) The add-on of incidental recruiting costs to employers is 
counterproductive and the estimates used to justify this move are not 
accurately documented.
    As commenters on the rule acknowledged, the documented abuses of H-
2B workers are serious and must be addressed. In fact, DHS has now 
learned that some aliens have paid as much as $80,000 to recruiters and 
others in order to obtain H-2B employment in this country. Further, the 
practice of passing fees to the alien has resulted in a number of 
serious abuses, including, but not limited to, visa sales, petition 
padding, and extortionate practices directed at aliens and their family 
members. While it is true that DHS lacks jurisdiction to regulate the 
activities of recruiters and other facilitators abroad, DHS has, under 
section 214(a)(1) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1184(a)(1), the authority to 
determine, by regulation, the terms and conditions of H-2B nonimmigrant 
status and petition approval within the United States. It is 
inequitable to extract fees from economically disadvantaged foreign 
workers by passing on costs to an alien by reducing the alien's net 
wages. Recruiting costs may be factored into the initial wage offer and 
reflected in the temporary labor certification. Thus, these new 
requirements are not ``counterproductive.'' The estimates used in 
calculating the costs were the best available in light of the lack of 
detailed records on the practice.
    (ii) This rule imposes significant, unspecified and uncapped 
financial liability on employers making them liable for related 
indirect and other fees associated with H-2B employees' travel.
    DHS is unclear as to what uncertain and unspecified costs the 
comment is referring. This rule provides that an alien will not bear 
the cost to use a job placement service or prepare the H-2B petition. 
Any costs incurred by the employee because the recruiter requires it as 
a condition of employment will have to be borne by the employer. 
However, this rule will not require an employer to bear the cost if the 
alien chooses to hire a lawyer on his or her own volition. The employer 
will not have to pay what the employee paid for transportation or 
government fees, unless required to do so by statute.
    (iii) DHS does not calculate the cost of an employer having to do 
research on foreign labor recruiters so that employers are able to feel 
they met the standard of ``having reasonably known'' that their 
employees did not pay a recruiter.
    The prospective employer has a number of means of ascertaining 
whether the alien has paid or may be under an obligation to pay fees. 
It is the employer who chooses to contract with a recruiter or job 
placement service. That provides them with the ability to negotiate the 
terms and conditions of the contract, including a prohibition on 
workers paying fees. This may require switching from one foreign labor 
recruiter to another until one is found that does not charge alien's 
fees. There is no way to calculate the cost, if any, of that 
potentiality.
    (iv) The DHS analysis does not take into account the increased 
costs from having to file multiple temporary labor

[[Page 78124]]

certifications if an employer needs to change their employee's start 
date.
    This rule requires that the employment start date on the H-2B 
petition be the same as the dates on the temporary labor certification. 
An exception is made for the time needed to replace an unavailable 
worker. Some businesses stated that they list the actual date of need 
in their temporary labor certifications to DOL, but need to write a 
different start date in their DHS H-2B petitions when, for example, the 
H-2B cap is filled for the winter season and they need to re-apply for 
the summer season, or when employees arrive late due to delays at a 
foreign consulate or an illness. The commenters suggest that, by not 
allowing those employers to use a different start date, this rule adds 
the cost of obtaining a new DOL temporary labor certification when re-
applying for a petition.
    DHS recognizes that requiring the petition start date to be the 
same as that on the temporary labor certification may disadvantage 
filers whose employment start date begins more than four months after 
the beginning of the first or second half of the fiscal year. The fact 
that an employer may have to obtain a new temporary labor certification 
may be an indirect effect of this change, but it is not directly 
related. That result is, unfortunately, another by-product of the over 
subscription of the H-2B program. Nevertheless, this change ensures 
compliance with the law which requires the unavailability of U.S. 
workers. Requiring that an employer adhere to the start date stated in 
the temporary labor certification will ensure that U.S. workers were 
able to make an informed decision as to their availability to fill the 
position in question.
2. Summary of Final Rule Impacts
    The impacts of the changes in this rule are summarized as follows:
    The number of petitions filed by H-2B employers is expected to 
increase, but the annual volume of petitions processed will not change. 
More petitions will be returned without depositing their fee payment 
and reviewing the petition.
    The average USCIS processing time for an H-2B petition of around 60 
days will decrease as a result of petitioners not being required to 
name the individual alien on initial H-2B petitions. USCIS will not 
have to perform an Interagency Border Inspection System (IBIS) name 
check, removing the largest source of delays in the processing of H-2B 
petitions.
    By eliminating the ``extraordinary circumstances'' restriction on 
periods longer than a year and providing that such a period could last 
up to 3 years, this proposed rule would benefit employers who need 
workers for a specific project that will take longer than one year to 
complete.
    Because of the statutory maximum on the annual number of H-2B visas 
available, this rule will result in no increase in the availability of 
temporary seasonal workers. There may be some slight benefit from 
helping employers fill jobs and find workers in a more timely manner, 
but businesses will still be constrained by a limited labor supply.
    The administrative improvements proposed in this rule are intended 
to make employers more likely to participate in the program. This is 
expected to cause some employers who currently hire seasonal workers 
who are not properly authorized to replace those workers with lawful 
workers.
    By requiring an employer to notify USCIS quickly after the employer 
terminates an alien's employment, immigration authorities will be made 
more aware of the fact that an alien without legal immigration status 
may be in the United States, and determine his or her whereabouts for 
appropriate enforcement measures.
    The fee impacts of this rule are neutral. Only those petitions 
received before the maximum annual number is reached are adjudicated 
and the fee check deposited. Petitions not received before the maximum 
annual number is reached are rejected. Because the total number of H-2B 
visas available per year will not increase under this final rule and 
the total number of workers requested already greatly exceeds the 
number of H-2B visas available, fees will not increase because there 
will be no increase in Form I-129 filings that are processed.
    Most H-2B petitions filed, or about 77 percent, are accompanied by 
Form I-907, Request for Premium Processing Service, and the required 
$1,000 fee. While processing times may improve as a result of this 
rule, the proportion of petitioners requesting premium processing is 
not expected to increase or decrease.
    Paperwork Burden. The administrative improvements proposed by this 
rule are expected to result in more petitions for H-2B workers being 
submitted to USCIS. Therefore, the aggregate burden imposed on the 
public may increase in relation to the additional respondents who will 
file a Form I-129 as a result of this rule's proposed changes. However, 
since the total number of workers requested already greatly exceeds the 
number of H-2B visas available, more petitions will not be processed 
and or approved.
    Effect of repatriation provision. This rule will prohibit approval 
of an H-2B petition for a worker from a country that has not been 
designated, with the concurrence of the Secretary of State, as eligible 
for its nationals to participate in the H-2B program, unless DHS 
determines that participation of that worker in the H-2B program is in 
the U.S. interest. The actual impact of this proposed change is 
expected to be negligible, since very few H-2B workers are from 
countries DHS believes may see an impact from this provision. In 
addition, since the total number of workers requested exceeds the 
number of H-2B visas available, such small impacts as may occur would 
represent transfers from one country's workers to another.
    Costs of exit registration requirement. U.S. Customs and Border 
Protection (CBP) will establish a new land-border exit system for H-2 
temporary workers in San Luis, Arizona, or Douglas, Arizona. Aliens who 
entered through these ports must depart from either one of those ports 
and provide biometric information at one of the kiosks established for 
this purpose. CBP will collect biometrics under this pilot from all 
returning workers. This rule change will require an H-2B worker to 
incur opportunity costs of between thirty minutes and one hour as a 
result of having to go through the registration process. In its 
regulatory impact analysis prepared for this rule, DHS estimated that 
the total annual costs for the time required for aliens to comply what 
this exit registration process is around $2,424.
    Effects of proposed requirement for petitioners to reimburse 
workers for any fee or risk denial of their petition. By requiring a 
petitioner to demonstrate that the alien has paid no fees or show they 
have reimbursed the alien for such fees, this rule would effectively 
ban the payment of such fees by the alien beneficiary with limited 
exceptions for certain transportation costs and government-imposed 
fees, if the passing of such transportation costs and government-
imposed fees to the alien is not precluded by statute. Since the 
majority of H-2B employees are estimated to pay such fees, and such 
practices are expected to continue, this will result in a transfer of 
those costs to employers. DHS prepared an analysis of the costs of this 
rule in order to comply with the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) and 
Executive Order 12866. In that analysis DHS estimated that the cost of 
this requirement could be as high as about $4,500 per employer, based 
on

[[Page 78125]]

the average number of employees sponsored by each employer, if all of 
their H-2B workers were found to have paid a fee, or $33 million total, 
in the unlikely event that all 66,000 H-2B employees per year, every 
year, pay such a fee.
    Absconder reporting. This rule requires an employer to notify DHS 
within two work days if: (1) An H-2B worker fails to report for work 
within 5 days after the employment start date, (2) the services for 
which H-2B workers were hired is completed more than 30 days early, (3) 
an H-2B worker leaves the worksite (for a period of 5 consecutive work 
days without the consent of the employer), or (4) an H-2B worker is 
terminated prior to the completion of the services for which he or she 
was hired. Following publication of this rule, USCIS will publish a 
Federal Register Notice outlining the employer's requirements under 
this provision. DHS has estimated the total costs per year that will be 
imposed on the public for the absconder notification requirement are 
about $8,123.
    This rule is expected to reduce costs for the government by 
terminating mandatory H-2B review. Employees handling these appeals 
will then be able to focus on eliminating application and petition 
backlogs for other benefits.
    The exit pilot program being implemented in San Luis, Arizona, and 
Douglas, Arizona is expected to cost the Federal Government at least 
$27,201 for the DHS employees' time to carry out the registration 
process. These costs do not include the costs of setting up the 
biometrics collection kiosks and otherwise equipping these offices with 
the required staffing and technology, which may be additional.

D. Regulatory Flexibility Act

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980 (RFA), 5 U.S.C. 601-612, as 
amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 
1996 (Pub. L. 104-121), requires Federal agencies to conduct a 
regulatory flexibility analysis which describes the impact of a rule on 
small entities whenever an agency is publishing a notice of rulemaking. 
In accordance with the RFA, DHS certifies that this rule will not have 
a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small 
entities. The factual basis for that determination is as follows:
1. Number of Regulated Entities
    In FY06, an estimated 15,000 Form I-129 petitions were received by 
USCIS for H-2B workers; approximately 14,000 of those petitions were 
approved. In fiscal year 2007, USCIS received 13,561 petitions and 
approved 14,355. For fiscal year 2008, USCIS received 7,739 H-2B 
petitions and approved 7,755. In fiscal year 2008, the mean and median 
number of H-2B worker beneficiaries requested per petition were 19 and 
9 workers, respectively.
    Since the current volume of petitions already meets the statutory 
annual maximum of 66,000, the number of petitions processed will not 
change and USCIS will have to reject a higher number of petitions 
without depositing their fee payment or reviewing the petition. USCIS 
expects processing volume to continue along these lines in the near 
future, barring a major change to underlying legislation. Thus, an 
estimated 7,700 H-2B petitions are expected to be accepted per year.\1\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ For this analysis it is assumed that a firm will request all 
of the foreign workers they need in a given year on one petition. As 
a result of this assumption, the number of firms affected in this 
case is assumed to equal the number of petitions filed in a year, 
although some firms may file multiple petitions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Size Categories of Affected Entities
    Typical petitioner. The actual average or median revenue of the 
typical H-2B employer is unknown. However, DHS considered what was 
considered small for the typical firm in the industries that use most 
H-2B workers according to the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) 
Small Business Size Regulations at 13 CFR part 121. The SBA regulations 
provide that the annual gross revenue threshold for firms in the 
Landscape Architectural Services (NAICS code 541320 \2\) or a hotel 
industry (NAICS 721110) is $7.0 million. For Nursery and Tree 
Production (NAICS 111421) it is $750,000. For Construction, it is $33.5 
million. Based on these definitions, the U.S. Census Bureau's 2002 
Economic Census reported that approximately 99.9 percent of employers 
in the construction industry, 95 percent in the forestry and 
landscaping industry, and 90.8 percent of those in the accommodation 
and food services industry were small businesses.\3\ Assuming that the 
proportion of small employers participating in the H-2B program is 
similar to the overall market, more than 90 percent of H-2B petitions 
are filed by firms which are classified as small businesses. Thus, this 
rule will have an impact on about 7,000 small entities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \2\ The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) is 
the standard used by Federal statistical agencies in classifying 
business establishments for the purpose of collecting, analyzing, 
and publishing statistical data related to the U.S. business 
economy. See, http://www.census.gov/eos/www/naics/.
    \3\ U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics 
Administration, U.S. CENSUS BUREAU, at http://www.census.gov/prod/ec02/ec0223sg1t.pdf. Page 9.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Other Firms That May Be Affected by This Change
a. Employee Recruiters.
    DHS has no reliable data on the number of firms that recruit H-2B 
employees, but DHS research in this area indicates that the majority of 
new, and many returning, H-2B employees have utilized such a service in 
their home countries. This rule does not prohibit firms from charging 
nonimmigrant workers for some services, such as: preparation of the 
worker's income tax return; certain transportation costs (except where 
the passing of such costs to the worker is prohibited by statute); 
lodging; food; clothing; translation services; or other services for 
which the value is generally known based on an existing market or can 
be readily quantified, and which are not charged as a condition of the 
employee being referred to a petitioner.\4\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \4\ Notwithstanding that DOL may or may not prohibit such fees 
in some instances.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Employer Agents.
    The agent hired by the seasonal employer assists in completing 
applications and locating and processing worker applicants abroad. 
Agents usually charge a flat fee per employee to process the employer's 
DOL, the Department of State, and DHS certification, application, and 
petition. Some agents collect an initial retainer and then charge 
additional fees based on the number of workers, the application fees, 
the advertising costs required, and other expenses. The total charges 
an employer pays the agent per H-2B employee ranges from approximately 
$500 to $4,000, including travel expenses and all application and 
petition fees. The actual cost depends on the home country, the skills 
needed for the position, and the general complexity of the worker and 
employer's respective situations. DHS does not have any estimate of the 
number of employer agents who are active in the recruiting of H-2B 
employees. However, the relationship between employers and agents is 
not affected by this rule, except to the extent the agent may also be 
collecting a fee from the foreign worker.
4. Significance of Impact
    DHS has determined that this rule will require affected employers 
to pay between $150 and $500 per employee because recruiter fees that 
are now being paid by employees will be shifted by recruiters from 
employees to employers.

[[Page 78126]]

Also, the absconder notification requirements of this rule are 
estimated to cost $8,123 per year, for an average of $.12 per employee.
    Guidelines suggested by the SBA Office of Advocacy provide that, to 
illustrate the impact could be significant, the cost of the proposed 
regulation may exceed 1 percent of the gross revenues of the entities 
in a particular sector or 5 percent of the labor costs of the entities 
in the sector.
    In fiscal year 2008, the mean and median authorized duration of H-
2B employment were 219 and 231 days, respectively. Thus, a new H-2B 
employee in 2008 worked an average of 31.3 weeks. Assuming that the 
typical employee worked an 8 hour work day and took two days per week 
off from work, the employee would have worked 156 days and accrued 
1,251 hours. Using the U.S. Department of Labor hourly wage rate for an 
H-2B worker of $9.32 per hour,\5\ plus a multiplier of 1.4 to account 
for fringe benefits and incidental expenses, the average hourly wage 
compensation costs equal $13.05. Multiplying the hourly compensation 
costs by the hours worked provides an average compensation cost for an 
H-2B employee for the period he or she is in the United States of about 
$16,326. If the employer is required to pay a recruiter or reimburse 
the employee $500 for fees paid, and if that employee absconds, 
requiring the employer to file a report, the added cost of $501 is only 
3.1 percent of the $16,326 annual salary for only one H-2B worker. 
Since the cost increase per H-2B employee is less than 5 percent of the 
costs associated with hiring only one H-2B worker, the average cost 
increase imposed by this rule will not exceed 5 percent of the average 
labor costs of the entire sector.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ Average of the DOL required Level 1 salaries for a 
Landscaper in Memphis, a Food Server in DC, a Bellhop in Miami, a 
Tree Trimmer in Denver, and a Pesticide Applicator in Seattle. 
Available at: http://www.dol.gov/compliance/topics/wages-foreign-workers.htm.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Also, as stated above, guidelines provided by the SBA Office of 
Advocacy suggest that an added cost of more than one percent of the 
gross revenues of the affected entities in a particular sector may be a 
significant impact. USCIS believes that it is unlikely that an employer 
will incur costs of $4,501 due to this rulemaking, as it is the high 
end of the range of possible costs. Again, if each firm affected by 
this rule hires the average of 9 workers and all 9 are recruited by a 
firm that charges or causes the employer to reimburse all 9 employees 
$500, the additional cost of this rule could reach as high as $4,501 
per employer. While the actual revenue of the typical H-2B employer is 
unknown, DHS believes that the companies that use the H-2B program are 
likely to be on the upper bounds of the small business size standards 
for annual gross cash receipts. If an employer hires 9 employees and 
incurs recruiting costs of $500 for every one of them, the $4,500 added 
cost represents only 0.6 percent of $750,000 (the standard for Nursery 
and Tree Production). To further illustrate, for $4,500 to exceed one 
percent of annual revenues, sales would have to be $450,000 per year or 
less. While most H-2B petitioners are small entities, DHS believes that 
a firm with annual sales below $450,000 would be very unlikely to hire 
9 temporary seasonal employees and incur the $4,500 in added costs. 
Therefore, DHS believes that the costs of this rulemaking to small 
entities will not exceed one percent of annual revenues.
    Therefore, using both average annual labor costs and the percentage 
of the affected entities' annual revenue stream as guidelines, USCIS 
concludes that this rule will not have a significant economic impact on 
a substantial number of small entities.
5. Impact on U.S.-Based Recruiting Firms
    As outlined above, this rule affects recruiting firms' activities 
tangentially. Nonetheless, the effect of the fee prohibition on 
recruiting companies, staffing firms, or employment agents is not a new 
compliance requirement on regulated entities. Establishment of a non-
immigrant temporary worker program was intended to alleviate seasonal 
labor shortages. Demand from employers for foreign workers makes the 
66,000 H-2B slots significantly insufficient to meet the demand. This 
has created a market where the ``price'' for the scarce good, the 
nonimmigrant temporary worker visa, has increased. That employer demand 
and the demand from foreign workers to come to the U.S. have combined 
to result in a portion of the ``price'' being passed on to the workers. 
DHS views that trend and practice as undesirable and is attempting to 
take action in this rule to limit those costs. The formation of firms 
that recruit workers in foreign countries is an unintended consequence 
of nonimmigrant temporary worker programs since those firms are not the 
intended recipients of the benefits that are supposed to inure to 
participants in those programs. In any event, DHS does not believe the 
prohibition on charging aliens will cause a significant economic impact 
on the affected placement, recruiting, or staffing firms because they 
may, and are expected to, transfer those costs to the employers, as 
analyzed above.
6. Certification
    For these reasons, DHS certifies that this rule will not have a 
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.

E. Executive Order 13132

    This rule will not have substantial direct effects on the States, 
on the relationship between the National Government and the States, or 
on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various 
levels of government. Therefore, in accordance with section 6 of 
Executive Order 13132, it is determined that this rule does not have 
sufficient federalism implications to warrant the preparation of a 
federalism summary impact statement.

F. Executive Order 12988

    This rule meets the applicable standards set forth in sections 3(a) 
and 3(b)(2) of Executive Order 12988.

G. Paperwork Reduction Act

    This rule requires that a petitioner submit Form I-129, seeking to 
classify an alien as an H-2B nonimmigrant. This form has been 
previously approved for use by the Office of Management and Budget 
(OMB) under the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA). The OMB control number 
for this collection is 1615-0009. This rule requires under 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(6)(i)(F) that the petitioner notify DHS if:
     An H-2B worker fails to report for work;
     The services for which an H-2B worker is hired is 
completed 30 days early;
     An H-2B worker absconds from the worksite; or
     An H-2B worker is terminated prior to completion of 
services for which he or she is hired.
    This notification requirement is considered an information 
collection covered under the PRA. Accordingly, this information 
collection has been submitted and approved by OMB under the PRA.
    However, this rule requires that certain H-2B workers departing the 
United States participate in a temporary worker visa exit pilot 
program. This requirement will add to the number of respondents 
approved by OMB for the information collections in OMB control number 
1600-0006, U.S. Visitor Immigrant Status and Indicator Technology (US-
VISIT). DHS has submitted a request for a non-

[[Page 78127]]

substantive change to OMB to account for this requirement's added 
burden.

List of Subjects

8 CFR Part 204

    Administrative practice and procedure, Immigration, Reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements.

8 CFR Part 214

    Administrative practice and procedure, Aliens, Cultural exchange 
programs, Employment, Foreign officials, Health professions, Reporting 
and recordkeeping requirements.

8 CFR Part 215

    Administrative practice and procedure, Aliens, Travel restrictions.

0
Accordingly, chapter I of title 8 of the Code of Federal Regulations is 
amended as follows:

PART 204--IMMIGRANT PETITIONS

0
1. The authority citation for part 204 is revised to read as follows:

    Authority: 8 U.S.C. 1101, 1103, 1151, 1153, 1154, 1182, 1184, 
1186a, 1255, 1641; 8 CFR part 2.

0
2. Section 204.5 is amended by adding paragraph (o) to read as follows:


Sec.  204.5  Petitions for employment-based immigrants.

* * * * *
    (o) Denial of petitions under section 204 of the Act based on a 
finding by the Department of Labor. Upon debarment by the Department of 
Labor pursuant to 20 CFR 655.31, USCIS may deny any employment-based 
immigrant petition filed by that petitioner for a period of at least 1 
year but not more than 5 years. The time period of such bar to petition 
approval shall be based on the severity of the violation or violations. 
The decision to deny petitions, the time period for the bar to 
petitions, and the reasons for the time period will be explained in a 
written notice to the petitioner.

PART 214--NONIMMIGRANT CLASSES

0
3. The authority citation for part 214 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 8 U.S.C. 1101, 1102, 1103, 1182, 1184, 1185 (pursuant 
to Executive Order 13323, published January 2, 2004), 1186a, 1187, 
1221, 1281, 1282, 1301-1305; 1372; 1379; 1731-32; sec. 14006, Public 
Law 108-287; sec. 643, Public Law 104-208; 110 Stat. 3009-708; 
section 141 of the Compacts of Free Association with the Federated 
States of Micronesia and the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and 
with the Government of Palau, 48 U.S.C. 1901, note, and 1931, note, 
respectively.

0
4. Section 214.1 is amended by adding paragraph (k) to read as follows:


Sec.  214.1  Requirements for admission, extension, and maintenance of 
status.

* * * * *
    (k) Denial of petitions under section 214(c) of the Act based on a 
finding by the Department of Labor. Upon debarment by the Department of 
Labor pursuant to 20 CFR 655.31, USCIS may deny any petition filed by 
that petitioner for nonimmigrant status under section 101(a)(15)(H) 
(except for status under sections 101(a)(15)(H)(i)(b1)), (L), (O), and 
(P)(i) of the Act) for a period of at least 1 year but not more than 5 
years. The length of the period shall be based on the severity of the 
violation or violations. The decision to deny petitions, the time 
period for the bar to petitions, and the reasons for the time period 
will be explained in a written notice to the petitioner.

0
5. Section 214.2 is amended by:
0
a. Revising paragraph (h)(1)(ii)(D);
0
b. Adding a new sentence to the end of paragraph (h)(2)(ii);
0
c. Revising paragraph (h)(2)(iii);
0
d. Redesignating paragraph (h)(2)(iv) as paragraph (h)(6)(viii), and by 
reserving paragraph (h)(2)(iv);
0
e. Revising paragraph (h)(6)(i);
0
f. Revising paragraph (h)(6)(ii)(B) introductory text;
0
g. Revising the word ``amendable'' to read ``amenable'' in the second 
sentence in paragraph (h)(6)(iii)(B);
0
h. Adding the word ``favorable'' immediately after the phrase ``has 
obtained a'' in paragraph (h)(6)(iii)(C);
0
i. Adding the word ``favorable'' immediately after the phrase ``After 
obtaining a'' in paragraph (h)(6)(iii)(E);
0
j. Revising paragraph (h)(6)(iv)(A);
0
k. Revising paragraph (h)(6)(iv)(D);
0
l. Removing paragraph (h)(6)(iv)(E);
0
m. Revising paragraph (h)(6)(v)(A);
0
n. Removing and reserving paragraphs (h)(6)(v)(C) and (D);
0
o. Adding the word ``States'' immediately before ``and'' in the first 
sentence in paragraph (h)(6)(v)(E)(2)(iii);
0
p. Revising paragraph (h)(6)(vi)(A);
0
q. Removing and reserving paragraph (h)(6)(vi)(B);
0
r. Revising paragraph (h)(6)(vi)(C);
0
s. Removing the period at the end of paragraph (h)(6)(vi)(D), and 
adding a ``; or'' in its place;
0
t. Revising the word ``or'' to read ``to'' in the first sentence in 
paragraph (h)(6)(vii);
0
u. Revising newly designated paragraph (h)(6)(viii);
0
v. Adding new paragraph (h)(6)(ix);
0
w. Revising paragraph (h)(8)(ii)(A);
0
x. Revising paragraph (h)(9)(i)(B);
0
y. Revising paragraph (h)(9)(iii)(B)(1);
0
z. Revising paragraph (h)(10)(ii);
0
aa. Adding a new sentence to the end of paragraph (h)(11)(i)(A);
0
bb. Revising paragraph (h)(11)(iii)(A)(2);
0
cc. Revising paragraph (h)(13)(i)(B);
0
dd. Revising paragraph (h)(13)(iv); and by
0
ee. Revising paragraph (h)(13)(v).
    The revisions read as follows:


Sec.  214.2  Special requirements for admission, extension, and 
maintenance of status.

* * * * *
    (h) * * *
    (1) * * *
    (ii) * * *
    (D) An H-2B classification applies to an alien who is coming 
temporarily to the United States to perform nonagricultural work of a 
temporary or seasonal nature, if there are not sufficient workers who 
are able, willing, qualified, and available at the time of application 
for a visa and admission to the United States and at the place where 
the alien is to perform such services or labor. This classification 
does not apply to graduates of medical schools coming to the United 
States to perform services as members of the medical profession. The 
temporary or permanent nature of the services or labor described on the 
approved temporary labor certification are subject to review by USCIS. 
This classification requires a temporary labor certification issued by 
the Secretary of Labor or the Governor of Guam prior to the filing of a 
petition with USCIS.
* * * * *
    (2) * * *
    (ii) * * * H-2A and H-2B petitions for workers from countries not 
designated in accordance with paragraph (h)(6)(i)(E) of this section 
should be filed separately.
    (iii) Naming beneficiaries. H-1B, H-1C, and H-3 petitions must 
include the name of each beneficiary. Except as provided in this 
paragraph (h), all H-2A and H-2B petitions must include the name of 
each beneficiary who is currently in the United States, but need not 
name any beneficiary who is not currently in the United States. Unnamed 
beneficiaries must be shown on the petition by total number. USCIS may 
require the petitioner to name H-2B beneficiaries where the name is 
needed to establish eligibility for H-2B nonimmigrant status. If all of 
the beneficiaries covered by an H-2A or H-2B temporary labor 
certification have not been identified at the time a petition is filed, 
multiple petitions for subsequent beneficiaries may be filed at 
different times but must include a copy

[[Page 78128]]

of the same temporary labor certification. Each petition must reference 
all previously filed petitions associated with that temporary labor 
certification. All H-2A and H-2B petitions on behalf of workers who are 
not from a country that has been designated as a participating country 
in accordance with paragraphs (h)(5)(i)(F)(1) or (h)(6)(i)(E)(1) of 
this section must name all the workers in the petition who fall within 
these categories. All H-2A and H-2B petitions must state the 
nationality of all beneficiaries, whether or not named, even if there 
are beneficiaries from more than one country.
    (iv) [Reserved]
* * * * *
    (6) * * *
    (i) Petition. (A) H-2B nonagricultural temporary worker. An H-2B 
nonagricultural temporary worker is an alien who is coming temporarily 
to the United States to perform temporary services or labor without 
displacing qualified United States workers available to perform such 
services or labor and whose employment is not adversely affecting the 
wages and working conditions of United States workers.
    (B) Denial or revocation of petition upon a determination that fees 
were collected from alien beneficiaries. As a condition of approval of 
an H-2B petition, no job placement fee or other compensation (either 
direct or indirect) may be collected at any time, including before or 
after the filing or approval of the petition, from a beneficiary of an 
H-2B petition by a petitioner, agent, facilitator, recruiter, or 
similar employment service as a condition of an offer or condition of 
H-2B employment (other than the lower of the actual cost or fair market 
value of transportation to such employment and any government-mandated 
passport, visa, or inspection fees, to the extent that the passing of 
such costs to the beneficiary is not prohibited by statute, unless the 
employer, agent, facilitator, recruiter, or similar employment service 
has agreed with the beneficiary that it will pay such costs and fees).
    (1) If USCIS determines that the petitioner has collected or 
entered into an agreement to collect such fee or compensation, the H-2B 
petition will be denied or revoked on notice, unless the petitioner 
demonstrates that, prior to the filing of the petition, either the 
petitioner reimbursed the beneficiary in full for such fees or 
compensation or the agreement to collect such fee or compensation was 
terminated before the fee or compensation was paid by the beneficiary.
    (2) If USCIS determines that the petitioner knew or should have 
known at the time of filing the petition that the beneficiary has paid 
or agreed to pay any agent, facilitator, recruiter, or similar 
employment service as a condition of an offer of the H-2B employment, 
the H-2B petition will be denied or revoked on notice unless the 
petitioner demonstrates that, prior to filing the petition, either the 
petitioner or the agent, facilitator, recruiter, or similar employment 
service reimbursed the beneficiary in full for such fees or 
compensation or the agreement to collect such fee or compensation was 
terminated before the fee or compensation was paid by the beneficiary.
    (3) If USCIS determines that the beneficiary paid the petitioner 
such fees or compensation as a condition of an offer of H-2B employment 
after the filing of the H-2B petition, the petition will be denied or 
revoked on notice.
    (4) If USCIS determines that the beneficiary paid or agreed to pay 
the agent, facilitator, recruiter, or similar employment service such 
fees or compensation after the filing of the H-2B petition and that the 
petitioner knew or had reason to know of the payment or agreement to 
pay, the petition will be denied or revoked unless the petitioner 
demonstrates that the petitioner or agent, facilitator, recruiter, or 
similar employment service reimbursed the beneficiary in full, that the 
parties terminated any agreement to pay before the beneficiary paid the 
fees or compensation, or that the petitioner has notified DHS within 2 
work days of obtaining knowledge, in a manner specified in a notice 
published in the Federal Register.
    (C) Effect of petition revocation Upon revocation of an employer's 
H-2B petition based upon paragraph (h)(6)(i)(B) of this section, the 
alien beneficiary's stay will be authorized and the beneficiary will 
not accrue any period of unlawful presence under section 212(a)(9) of 
the Act (8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(9)) for a 30-day period following the date of 
the revocation for the purpose of departure or extension of stay based 
upon a subsequent offer of employment. The employer shall be liable for 
the alien beneficiary's reasonable costs of return transportation to 
his or her last place of foreign residence abroad, unless such alien 
obtains an extension of stay based on an approved H-2B petition filed 
by a different employer.
    (D) Reimbursement as condition to approval of future H-2B 
petitions. (1) Filing subsequent H-2B petitions within 1 year of denial 
or revocation of previous H-2B petition. A petitioner filing an H-2B 
petition within 1 year after a decision denying or revoking on notice 
an H-2B petition filed by the same petitioner on the basis of paragraph 
(h)(6)(i)(B) of this section must demonstrate to the satisfaction of 
USCIS, as a condition of the approval of the later petition, that the 
petitioner or agent, facilitator, recruiter, or similar employment 
service reimbursed in full each beneficiary of the denied or revoked 
petition from whom a prohibited fee was collected or that the 
petitioner has failed to locate each such beneficiary despite the 
petitioner's reasonable efforts to locate them. If the petitioner 
demonstrates to the satisfaction of USCIS that each such beneficiary 
was reimbursed in full, such condition of approval shall be satisfied 
with respect to any subsequently filed H-2B petitions, except as 
provided in paragraph (h)(6)(i)(D)(2) of this section. If the 
petitioner demonstrates to the satisfaction of USCIS that it has made 
reasonable efforts to locate but has failed to locate each such 
beneficiary within 1 year after the decision denying or revoking the 
previous H-2B petition on the basis of paragraph (h)(6)(i)(B) of this 
section, such condition of approval shall be deemed satisfied with 
respect to any H-2B petition filed 1 year or more after the denial or 
revocation. Such reasonable efforts shall include contacting all of 
each such beneficiary's known addresses.
    (2) Effect of subsequent denied or revoked petitions. An H-2B 
petition filed by the same petitioner subsequent to a denial under 
paragraph (h)(6)(i)(B) of this section shall be subject to the 
condition of approval described in paragraph (h)(6)(i)(D)(1) of this 
section, regardless of prior satisfaction of such condition of approval 
with respect to a previously denied or revoked petition.
    (E) Eligible countries. (1) H-2B petitions may be approved for 
nationals of countries that the Secretary of Homeland Security has 
designated as participating countries, with the concurrence of the 
Secretary of State, in a notice published in the Federal Register, 
taking into account factors, including but not limited to:
    (i) The country's cooperation with respect to issuance of travel 
documents for citizens, subjects, nationals and residents of that 
country who are subject to a final order of removal;
    (ii) The number of final and unexecuted orders of removal against 
citizens, subjects, nationals, and residents of that country;
    (iii) The number of orders of removal executed against citizens, 
subjects,

[[Page 78129]]

nationals and residents of that country; and
    (iv) Such other factors as may serve the U.S. interest.
    (2) A national from a country not on the list described in 
paragraph (h)(6)(i)(E)(1) of this section may be a beneficiary of an 
approved H-2B petition upon the request of a petitioner or potential H-
2B petitioner, if the Secretary of Homeland Security, in his sole and 
unreviewable discretion, determines that it is in the U.S. interest for 
that alien to be a beneficiary of such petition. Determination of such 
a U.S. interest will take into account factors, including but not 
limited to:
    (i) Evidence from the petitioner demonstrating that a worker with 
the required skills is not available from among foreign workers from a 
country currently on the list described in paragraph (h)(6)(i)(E)(1) of 
this section;
    (ii) Evidence that the beneficiary has been admitted to the United 
States previously in H-2B status;
    (iii) The potential for abuse, fraud, or other harm to the 
integrity of the H-2B visa program through the potential admission of a 
beneficiary from a country not currently on the list; and
    (iv) Such other factors as may serve the U.S. interest.
    (3) Once published, any designation of participating countries 
pursuant to paragraph (h)(6)(i)(E)(1) of this section shall be 
effective for one year after the date of publication in the Federal 
Register and shall be without effect at the end of that one-year 
period.
    (F) Petitioner agreements and notification requirements. (1) 
Agreements. The petitioner agrees to notify DHS, within 2 work days, 
and beginning on a date and in a manner specified in a notice published 
in the Federal Register if: An H-2B worker fails to report for work 
within 5 work days after the employment start date stated on the 
petition; the nonagricultural labor or services for which H-2B workers 
were hired were completed more than 30 days early; or an H-2B worker 
absconds from the worksite or is terminated prior to the completion of 
the nonagricultural labor or services for which he or she was hired. 
The petitioner also agrees to retain evidence of such notification and 
make it available for inspection by DHS officers for a one-year period 
beginning on the date of the notification.
    (2) Abscondment. An H-2B worker has absconded if he or she has not 
reported for work for a period of 5 consecutive work days without the 
consent of the employer.
    (ii) * * *
    (B) Nature of petitioner's need. Employment is of a temporary 
nature when the employer needs a worker for a limited period of time. 
The employer must establish that the need for the employee will end in 
the near, definable future. Generally, that period of time will be 
limited to one year or less, but in the case of a one-time event could 
last up to 3 years. The petitioner's need for the services or labor 
shall be a one-time occurrence, a seasonal need, a peak load need, or 
an intermittent need.
* * * * *
    (iv) * * *
    (A) Secretary of Labor's determination. An H-2B petition for 
temporary employment in the United States, except for temporary 
employment on Guam, shall be accompanied by an approved temporary labor 
certification from the Secretary of Labor stating that qualified 
workers in the United States are not available and that the alien's 
employment will not adversely affect wages and working conditions of 
similarly employed United States workers.
* * * * *
    (D) Employment start date. Beginning with petitions filed for 
workers for fiscal year 2010, an H-2B petition must state an employment 
start date that is the same as the date of need stated on the approved 
temporary labor certification. A petitioner filing an amended H-2B 
petition due to the unavailability of originally requested workers may 
state an employment start date later than the date of need stated on 
the previously approved temporary labor certification accompanying the 
amended H-2B petition.
    (v) * * *
    (A) Governor of Guam's determination. An H-2B petition for 
temporary employment on Guam shall be accompanied by an approved 
temporary labor certification issued by the Governor of Guam stating 
that qualified workers in the United States are not available to 
perform the required services, and that the alien's employment will not 
adversely affect the wages and working conditions of United States 
resident workers who are similarly employed on Guam.
    (C) [Reserved]
    (D) [Reserved]
* * * * *
    (vi) * * *
    (A) Labor certification. An approved temporary labor certification 
issued by the Secretary of Labor or the Governor of Guam, as 
appropriate;
    (B) [Reserved]
    (C) Alien's qualifications. In petitions where the temporary labor 
certification application requires certain education, training, 
experience, or special requirements of the beneficiary who is present 
in the United States, documentation that the alien qualifies for the 
job offer as specified in the application for such temporary labor 
certification. This requirement also applies to the named beneficiary 
who is abroad on the basis of special provisions stated in paragraph 
(h)(2)(iii) of this section;
* * * * *
    (viii) Substitution of beneficiaries. Beneficiaries of H-2B 
petitions that are approved for named or unnamed beneficiaries who have 
not been admitted may be substituted only if the employer can 
demonstrate that the total number of beneficiaries will not exceed the 
number of beneficiaries certified in the original temporary labor 
certification. Beneficiaries who were admitted to the United States may 
not be substituted without a new petition accompanied by a newly 
approved temporary labor certification.
    (A) To substitute beneficiaries who were previously approved for 
consular processing but have not been admitted with aliens who are 
outside of the United States, the petitioner shall, by letter and a 
copy of the petition approval notice, notify the consular office at 
which the alien will apply for a visa or the port of entry where the 
alien will apply for admission. The petitioner shall also submit 
evidence of the qualifications of beneficiaries to the consular office 
or port of entry prior to issuance of a visa or admission, if 
applicable.
    (B) To substitute beneficiaries who were previously approved for 
consular processing but have not been admitted with aliens who are 
currently in the United States, the petitioner shall file an amended 
petition with fees at the USCIS Service Center where the original 
petition was filed, with a copy of the original petition approval 
notice, a statement explaining why the substitution is necessary, 
evidence of the qualifications of beneficiaries, if applicable, 
evidence of the beneficiaries' current status in the United States, and 
evidence that the number of beneficiaries will not exceed the number 
allocated on the approved temporary labor certification, such as 
employment records or other documentary evidence to establish that the 
number of visas sought in the amended petition were not already issued. 
The amended petition must retain a period of employment within the same 
half of the same fiscal year as the original petition. Otherwise, a new

[[Page 78130]]

temporary labor certification issued by DOL or the Governor of Guam and 
subsequent H-2B petition are required.
    (ix) Enforcement. The Secretary of Labor may investigate employers 
to enforce compliance with the conditions of a petition and Department 
of Labor-approved temporary labor certification to admit or otherwise 
provide status to an H-2B worker.
* * * * *
    (8) * * *
    (ii) * * *
    (A) Each alien issued a visa or otherwise provided nonimmigrant 
status under sections 101(a)(15)(H)(i)(b), 101(a)(15)(H)(i)(c), or 
101(a)(15)(H)(ii) of the Act shall be counted for purposes of any 
applicable numerical limit, unless otherwise exempt from such numerical 
limit. Requests for petition extension or extension of an alien's stay 
shall not be counted for the purpose of the numerical limit. The spouse 
and children of principal H aliens are classified as H-4 nonimmigrants 
and shall not be counted against numerical limits applicable to 
principals..
* * * * *
    (9) * * *
    (i) * * *
    (B) The petition may not be filed or approved earlier than 6 months 
before the date of actual need for the beneficiary's services or 
training, except that an H-2B petition for a temporary nonagricultural 
worker may not be filed or approved more than 120 days before the date 
of the actual need for the beneficiary's temporary nonagricultural 
services that is identified on the temporary labor certification.
    (iii) * * *
    (B) H-2B petition. (1) The approval of the petition to accord an 
alien a classification under section 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(b) of the Act 
shall be valid for the period of the approved temporary labor 
certification.
* * * * *
    (10) * * *
    (ii) Notice of denial. The petitioner shall be notified of the 
reasons for the denial and of the right to appeal the denial of the 
petition under 8 CFR part 103. The petition will be denied if it is 
determined that the statements on the petition were inaccurate, 
fraudulent, or misrepresented a material fact. There is no appeal from 
a decision to deny an extension of stay to the alien.
    (11) * * *
    (i) * * *
    (A) * * * However, H-2A and H-2B petitioners must send notification 
to DHS pursuant to paragraphs (h)(5)(vi) and (h)(6)(i)(F) of this 
section respectively.
* * * * *
    (iii) * * *
    (A) * * *
    (2) The statement of facts contained in the petition or on the 
application for a temporary labor certification was not true and 
correct, inaccurate, fraudulent, or misrepresented a material fact: or
* * * * *
    (13) * * *
    (i) * * *
    (B) When an alien in an H classification has spent the maximum 
allowable period of stay in the United States, a new petition under 
sections 101(a)(15)(H) or (L) of the Act may not be approved unless 
that alien has resided and been physically present outside the United 
States, except for brief trips for business or pleasure, for the time 
limit imposed on the particular H classification. Brief trips to the 
United States for business or pleasure during the required time abroad 
are not interruptive, but do not count towards fulfillment of the 
required time abroad. A certain period of absence from the United 
States of H-2A and H-2B aliens can interrupt the accrual of time spent 
in such status against the 3-year limit set forth in 8 CFR 
214.2(h)(13)(iv). The petitioner shall provide information about the 
alien's employment, place of residence, and the dates and purposes of 
any trips to the United States during the period that the alien was 
required to reside abroad.
* * * * *
    (iv) H-2B and H-3 limitation on admission. An H-2B alien who has 
spent 3 years in the United States under section 101(a)(15)(H) and/or 
(L) of the Act may not seek extension, change status, or be readmitted 
to the United States under sections 101(a)(15)(H) and/or (L) of the Act 
unless the alien has resided and been physically present outside the 
United States for the immediately preceding 3 months. An H-3 alien 
participant in a special education program who has spent 18 months in 
the United States under sections 101(a)(15)(H) and/or (L) of the Act; 
and an H-3 alien trainee who has spent 24 months in the United States 
under sections 101(a)(15)(H) and/or (L) of the Act may not seek 
extension, change status, or be readmitted to the United States under 
sections 101(a)(15)(H) and/or (L) of the Act unless the alien has 
resided and been physically present outside the United States for the 
immediate prior 6 months.
    (v) Exceptions. The limitations in paragraphs (h)(13)(iii) through 
(h)(13)(iv) of this section shall not apply to H-1B, H-2B, and H-3 
aliens who did not reside continually in the United States and whose 
employment in the United States was seasonal or intermittent or was for 
an aggregate of 6 months or less per year. In addition, the limitations 
shall not apply to aliens who reside abroad and regularly commute to 
the United States to engage in part-time employment. An absence from 
the United States can interrupt the accrual of time spent as an H-2B 
nonimmigrant against the 3-year limit. If the accumulated stay is 18 
months or less, an absence is interruptive if it lasts for at least 45 
days. If the accumulated stay is greater than 18 months, an absence is 
interruptive if it lasts for at least two months. To qualify for this 
exception, the petitioner and the alien must provide clear and 
convincing proof that the alien qualifies for such an exception. Such 
proof shall consist of evidence such as arrival and departure records, 
copies of tax returns, and records of employment abroad.
* * * * *

PART 215--CONTROLS OF ALIENS DEPARTING FROM THE UNITED STATES

0
6. The authority citation for part 215 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 8 U.S.C. 1104; 1184; 1185 (pursuant to Executive 
Order 13323, published January 2, 2004), 1365a note, 1379, 1731-32.

0
7. Section 215.9 is revised to read as follows:


Sec.  215.9  Temporary Worker Visa Exit Program.

    An alien admitted on certain temporary worker visas at a port of 
entry participating in the Temporary Worker Visa Exit Program must also 
depart at the end of his or her authorized period of stay through a 
port of entry participating in the program and must present designated 
biographic and/or biometric information upon departure. U.S. Customs 
and Border Protection will publish a Notice in the Federal Register 
designating which temporary workers must participate in the Temporary 
Worker Visa Exit Program, which ports of entry are participating in the 
program, which biographical and/or biometric information would be 
required, and the format for submission of that information by the 
departing designated temporary workers.

Paul A. Schneider,
Deputy Secretary.
 [FR Doc. E8-30094 Filed 12-18-08; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4410-10-P