[Federal Register Volume 73, Number 214 (Tuesday, November 4, 2008)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 65514-65516]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: E8-26199]


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COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION

17 CFR Part 190


Interpretative Statement Regarding Funds Related to Cleared-Only 
Contracts Determined To Be Included in a Customer's Net Equity

AGENCY: Commodity Futures Trading Commission.

ACTION: Interpretative Statement; correction.

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SUMMARY: This interpretation by the Commodity Futures Trading 
Commission (``Commission'') is issued to clarify the appropriate 
treatment under the commodity broker provisions of the Bankruptcy Code 
and Part 190 of the Commission's Regulations of claims arising from 
contracts (``cleared-only contracts'') that, although not executed or 
traded on a Designated Contract Market or a Derivatives Transaction 
Execution Facility, are subsequently submitted for clearing through a 
Futures Commission Merchant (``FCM'') to a Derivatives Clearing 
Organization (``DCO''). The Commission first published this 
interpretation in the Federal Register of October 2, 2008 (73 FR 
57235). A statement of concurrence on a different matter was printed at 
the end of the interpretation, in error. The Commission is republishing 
the interpretation to clarify that the statement of concurrence is not 
related to the interpretation.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Robert B. Wasserman, Associate 
Director, [email protected], (202) 418-5092, or Amanda Olear, 
Attorney-Advisor, Division of Clearing and Intermediary Oversight, 
[email protected], (202) 418-5283, Commodity Futures Trading Commission, 
Three Lafayette Centre, 1155 21st Street, NW., Washington, DC 20581.
    Section 20 of the Commodity Exchange Act \1\ (Act) empowers the 
Commission to provide how the net equity of a customer is to be 
determined:

    \1\ 7 U.S.C. 24.
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    The Commission may provide, with respect to a commodity broker 
that is a debtor under chapter 7 of title 11 of the United States 
Code, by rule or regulation--(1) that certain cash, securities, 
other property, or commodity contracts are to be included in or 
excluded from customer property or member property; * * * and (5) 
how the net equity of a customer is to be determined.

Subchapter IV of Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code, governing commodity 
brokers, has the same effect, explicitly basing the definition of ``net 
equity'' on

[[Page 65515]]

``such rules and regulations as the Commission promulgates under the 
Act.'' \2\
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    \2\ 11 U.S.C. 761(17).
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    The Commission has exercised this power in promulgating Part 190 of 
its regulations.\3\ In particular, the term ``net equity'' is defined 
by Commission Regulation 190.07 \4\ as:
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    \3\ 17 CFR Part 190.
    \4\ 17 CFR 190.07.

    The total claim of a customer against the estate of the debtor 
based on the commodity contracts held by the debtor for or on behalf 
of such customer less any indebtedness of the customer to the 
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debtor.

Therefore, the determination of whether claims relating to cleared-only 
contracts in section 4d accounts are properly includable within the 
meaning of ``net equity'' is dependent upon whether an entity holding 
such claims is properly considered a ``customer.'' This, in turn, as 
discussed below, requires an analysis of whether such claims are 
derived from ``commodity contracts.''

Cleared-Only Transactions as Commodity Contracts

    Commission Regulation 190.01(k) defines ``customer'' through 
incorporation by reference of the definition of the term appearing in 
section 761(9) of the Bankruptcy Code, which provides, in relevant 
part:

    (9) ``Customer'' means--
    (A) With respect to a futures commission merchant--
    (i) Entity for or with whom such futures commission merchant 
deals and holds a claim against such futures commission merchant on 
account of a commodity contract made, received, acquired, or held by 
or through such futures commission merchant in the ordinary course 
of such future commission merchant's business as a futures 
commission merchant from or for the commodity futures account of 
such entity; or
    (ii) Entity that holds a claim against such futures commission 
merchant arising out of--
    (I) The making, liquidation, or change in the value of a 
commodity contract of a kind specified in clause (i) of this 
subparagraph;
    (II) A deposit or payment of cash, a security, or other property 
with such futures commission merchant for the purpose of making or 
margining such a commodity contract; or
    (III) The making or taking of delivery on such a commodity 
contract [.] \5\
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    \5\ 11 U.S.C. 761(9) (emphasis added).

Therefore, for an entity to be considered a ``customer'' of an FCM, 
such entity's claim must arise out of a ``commodity contract.'' \6\
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    \6\ A similar analysis would apply to a customer of a clearing 
organization (i.e., a clearing member).
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    A ``commodity contract,'' as the term appears within the context of 
section 761(9), is defined in section 761(4) of the Bankruptcy Code, 
which states, in pertinent part:

    (4) ``Commodity Contract'' means--
    (A) With respect to a futures commission merchant, contract for 
the purchase or sale of a commodity for future delivery on, or 
subject to the rules of, a contract market or board of trade[.] \7\
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    \7\ 11 U.S.C. 761(4).

This definition contains two elements: (1) The nature of the contract; 
and (2) the nature of the venue whose rules govern the contract.
    With regard to the first element, over-the-counter contracts that 
are cleared-only contracts are contracts for the purchase or sale of a 
commodity for future delivery within the meaning of this section of the 
Bankruptcy Code. When cleared, they are subject to performance bond 
requirements, daily variation settlement, the potential for offset, and 
final settlement procedures that are substantially similar, and often 
identical, to those applicable to exchange-traded products at the same 
clearinghouse. Cf. 11 U.S.C. 761(4)(F). Although the creation and 
trading of these products is outside the Commission's jurisdiction, the 
clearing of these products by FCMs and DCOs is within the Commission's 
jurisdiction.
    With regard to the second element, section 761(7) of the Bankruptcy 
Code states that a `` `contract market' means a registered entity,'' 
and section 761(8), in turn, provides that a `` `registered entity' * * 
* ha[s] the meaning[ ] assigned to [that] term[ ] in the [Commodity 
Exchange] Act.'' \8\ Section 1a(29)(C) of the Act defines the term 
``registered entity'' as including ``a derivatives clearing 
organization registered under section 5b'' of the Act.\9\
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    \8\ 11 U.S.C. 761(7) and (8).
    \9\ 7 U.S.C. 1a(29)(C).
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    Thus, when a contract is cleared through a DCO, such a contract 
would be considered a ``commodity contract'' under section 761(4) of 
the Bankruptcy Code.\10\ Therefore, an entity with a claim based on a 
cleared-only contract would be a ``customer'' within the meaning of 
section 761 of the Bankruptcy Code. Further, because Part 190 of the 
Commission's Regulations defines ``customer'' as having the meaning set 
forth in section 761, such entity with a claim based on a cleared-only 
contract would also be a ``customer'' for the purposes of Part 190 of 
the Commission's Regulations. Based on the foregoing, such claims 
arising out of cleared-only contracts are properly included within the 
meaning of ``net equity'' for the purposes of Subchapter IV of the 
Bankruptcy Code and Part 190 of the Commission's Regulations.
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    \10\ Cf. H.R. Rep. No. 109-31(I) (2005) (emphasizing distinction 
between definitions for purposes of Bankruptcy Code and for purposes 
of other statutes).
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Portfolio Performance Bond as Net Equity

    There is an alternative path to reach the same conclusion. In cases 
where cleared-only contracts are held in a commodity futures account at 
an FCM and margined as a portfolio with exchange-traded futures (i.e., 
where the Commission has issued an order pursuant to section 4d(a)(2) 
of the Commodity Exchange Act), assets margining that portfolio are 
likely to be includable within ``net equity'' even if cleared-only 
contracts were found not to be ``commodity contracts'' within the 
meaning of the Bankruptcy Code and Part 190 of the Commission's 
Regulations.
    Where the assets in an entity's account margin (i.e., 
collateralize) both cleared-only contracts and exchange-traded futures, 
the entirety of those assets serves as performance bond for each of the 
exchange-traded futures and the cleared-only contracts. Therefore, (a) 
a claim for those assets constitutes a claim ``on account of a 
commodity contract made, received, acquired, or held by or through such 
futures commission merchant in the ordinary course of such future 
commission merchant's business as a futures commission merchant from or 
for the commodity futures account of such entity;'' \11\ (b) the entity 
qualifies as a ``customer'' within the meaning of the Bankruptcy Code 
as a result of that claim; and (c) those margin assets are properly 
included within that entity's net equity.
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    \11\ Section 761(9)(A) of the Bankruptcy Code provides that an 
entity holding such a claim is a ``customer.'' 11 U.S.C. 761(9)(A).
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    The dynamics of futures trading render it unwise to distinguish 
between an account that currently is portfolio margined and one that 
was at one time or is intended to be so in the future. Indeed, 
Subchapter IV of the Bankruptcy Code includes as customers entities 
with certain claims arising out of property that is not currently 
margining a commodity contract. Specifically, section 761(9)(A)(ii) 
provides that an entity can qualify as a ``customer'' based on claims 
arising out of any of the following: (I) The ``liquidation, or change 
in the value of a commodity contract;'' (II) a deposit of property 
``for the purpose of making or margining * * * a commodity contract;'' 
or (III) ``the making or taking of delivery of a commodity contract.''

[[Page 65516]]

Accordingly, there is no requirement that the customer's assets be 
margining commodity contracts on the day that the bankruptcy petition 
is filed. Therefore, all assets contained in such an account are 
properly included within the customer's net equity.

Account Classes

    Part 190 of the Commission's Regulations divides accounts into 
several classes, specifically: Futures accounts, foreign futures 
accounts, leverage accounts, commodity option accounts, and delivery 
accounts.\12\
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    \12\ See 17 CFR 190.01.
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    In October 2004, the Commission issued an interpretation regarding 
the appropriate account class for funds attributable to contracts 
traded on non-domestic boards of trade, and the assets margining such 
contracts, that are included in accounts segregated in accordance with 
Section 4d of the Act pursuant to Commission Order.\13\ In that 
context, the Commission concluded that the claim is properly against 
the Section 4d account class because customers whose assets are 
deposited in such an account pursuant to Commission Order should 
benefit from that pool of assets. The same rationale supports the 
Commission's conclusion that a claim arising out of a cleared-only 
contract, or the property margining such a contract, would be 
includable in the futures account class where, pursuant to Commission 
Order, the contract or property is included in an account segregated in 
accordance with Section 4d of the Act.
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    \13\ See Interpretative Statement Regarding Funds Determined To 
Be Held in the Futures Account Type of Customer Account Class, 69 FR 
69510 (Nov. 30, 2004).
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* * * * *


    Issued in Washington, DC, on September 26, 2008, by the 
Commodity Futures Trading Commission.
David Stawick,
Secretary of the Commission.
 [FR Doc. E8-26199 Filed 11-3-08; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6351-01-P