[Federal Register Volume 72, Number 228 (Wednesday, November 28, 2007)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 67428-67522]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 07-5706]



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Part III





Department of the Interior





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Fish and Wildlife Service



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50 CFR Part 17



Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Revised Proposed 
Designation of Critical Habitat for 12 Species of Picture-Wing Flies 
From the Hawaiian Islands; Proposed Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / 
Proposed Rules  

[[Page 67428]]


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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17

RIN 1018-AU93


Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Revised Proposed 
Designation of Critical Habitat for 12 Species of Picture-Wing Flies 
From the Hawaiian Islands

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION: Proposed rule.

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SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), revise our 
August 15, 2006, proposal to designate critical habitat for 12 species 
of Hawaiian picture-wing flies (Drosophila aglaia, D. differens, D. 
hemipeza, D. heteroneura, D. montgomeryi, D. mulli, D. musaphilia, D. 
neoclavisetae, D. obatai, D. ochrobasis, D. substenoptera, and D. 
tarphytrichia) under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended 
(Act). In total, approximately 9,238 acres (ac) (3,738 hectares (ha)) 
fall within the boundaries of this revised proposed critical habitat 
designation. The revised proposed critical habitat is located in four 
counties (City and County of Honolulu, Hawaii, Maui, and Kauai) in 
Hawaii.

DATES: We will accept comments from all interested parties until 
January 28, 2008. We must receive requests for public hearings, in 
writing, at the address shown in the ADDRESSES section by January 14, 
2008.

ADDRESSES: If you wish to comment on this revised proposed rule, you 
may submit your comments and materials by any one of several methods:
    1. By mail or hand-delivery to: Patrick Leonard, Field Supervisor, 
Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife 
Service, 300 Ala Moana Boulevard, Room 3-122, P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, 
HI 96850.
    2. By electronic mail (e-mail) to: [email protected]. Please 
see the Public Comments Solicited section below for other information 
about electronic filing.
    3. By fax to: the attention of Patrick Leonard at 808-792-9581.
    4. Via the Federal eRulemaking Portal at: http://www.regulations.gov. Follow the instructions for submitting comments.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Patrick Leonard, Field Supervisor, 
Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, 300 Ala Moana Boulevard, Room 
3-122, P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850; telephone 808-792-9400; 
facsimile 808-792-9581. If you use a telecommunications device for the 
deaf (TDD), call the Federal Information Relay Service (FIRS) at 800-
877-8339.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Public Comments Solicited

    We intend that any final action resulting from this revised 
proposal will be as accurate and as effective as possible. Therefore, 
we request comments or suggestions on this revised proposed rule. We 
particularly seek comments concerning:
    (1) The reasons why we should or should not designate habitat as 
``critical habitat'' under section 4 of the Act, including whether the 
benefit of designation would outweigh threats to the species caused by 
the designation, such that the designation of critical habitat is 
prudent;
    (2) Specific information on:
     The amount and distribution of Drosophila aglaia, D. 
differens, D. hemipeza, D. heteroneura, D. montgomeryi, D. mulli, D. 
musaphilia, D. neoclavisetae, D. obatai, D. ochrobasis, D. 
substenoptera, and D. tarphytrichia habitat,
     What areas occupied at the time of listing and that 
contain the features essential for the conservation of the species we 
should include in the designation and why, and
     What areas not occupied at the time of listing are 
essential to the conservation of the species and why;
    (3) Land use designations and current or planned activities in the 
subject areas and their possible impacts on proposed critical habitat;
    (4) Any foreseeable economic, national security, or other potential 
impacts resulting from the proposed designation and, in particular, any 
impacts on small entities, and the benefits of including or excluding 
areas that exhibit these impacts;
    (5) Whether we could improve or modify our approach to designating 
critical habitat in any way to provide for greater public participation 
and understanding, or to better accommodate public concerns and 
comments; and
    (6) Our proposed exclusion of 78 acres (ac) (31 hectares (ha)) of 
lands currently managed under the U.S. Army's Oahu Integrated Natural 
Resources Management Plan (INRMP), and whether this INRMP provides a 
benefit to the species and should therefore exempt these lands from 
designation.
    You may submit your comments and materials concerning this revised 
proposal by any one of several methods (see ADDRESSES). If you use e-
mail to submit your comments, please include ``Attn: Hawaii picture-
wing flies critical habitat'' in your e-mail subject header, preferably 
with your name and return address in the body of your message. If you 
do not receive a confirmation from the system that we have received 
your e-mail, contact us directly by calling our Pacific Islands Fish 
and Wildlife Office at 808-792-9400. Please note that we must receive 
comments by the date specified in the DATES section in order to 
consider them in our final determination and that we will close out the 
e-mail address [email protected] at the termination of the public 
comment period.
    Before including your address, phone number, e-mail address, or 
other personal identifying information in your comment, you should be 
aware that your entire comment--including your personal identifying 
information--may be made publicly available at any time. While you can 
ask us in your comment to withhold your personal identifying 
information from public review, we cannot guarantee that we will be 
able to do so.
    Comments and materials we receive, as well as supporting 
documentation we used in preparing this revised proposed rule, will be 
available for public inspection, by appointment, during normal business 
hours at the Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, 300 Ala Moana 
Boulevard, Room 3-122, P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850, (telephone 
808-792-9400).

Background

    It is our intent to discuss only those topics directly relevant to 
the designation of critical habitat in this revised proposed rule. For 
additional information on the 12 species of Hawaiian picture-wing flies 
for which we are proposing to designate critical habitat, refer to the 
final listing rule for the 12 species of picture-wing flies published 
in the Federal Register on May 9, 2006 (71 FR 26835).
    This revised proposal replaces our original proposal to designate 
critical habitat for the 12 species of picture-wing flies published on 
August 15, 2006 (71 FR 46994). In that rule, we proposed to designate 
approximately 18 acres (ac) (7.3 hectares (ha)) as critical habitat for 
11 of the 12 species of Hawaiian picture-wing flies. In that same 
proposal we indicated our intent to exclude several areas from the 
critical habitat designation under section 4(b)(2) of the Act and not 
to include specific areas that we believed did not meet the definition 
of critical habitat under

[[Page 67429]]

section 3(5)(A) of the Act. We did not propose critical habitat for 
Drosophila neoclavisetae, a species endemic to Maui, because we did not 
believe that Maui Pineapple Company's Puu Kukui Watershed Management 
Area met the definition of critical habitat under section 3(5)(A) of 
the Act, based on ongoing conservation efforts. These were the only 
areas identified to be essential for the conservation of D. 
neoclavisetae. Under this revised proposed rule, we are proposing to 
designate critical habitat for D. neoclavisetae. Under this revised 
proposed rule, we are proposing to designate approximately 9,238 ac 
(3,738 ha) as critical habitat for 12 species of Hawaiian picture-wing 
flies. Of these lands, we are exempting 78 ac (31 ha) of land from this 
proposed critical habitat revision under section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the 
Act that are covered by the U.S. Army Garrison Hawaii Oahu Training 
Areas Natural Resource Management (Final Report, August 2000) and the 
Oahu Integrated Natural Resource Management Plan 2002-2006 (Army 2000).
    We are revising our original proposal because we received comments 
from peer reviewers in response to the original proposed rule 
questioning the methodology and lack of scientific basis. The current 
revised proposal is based on the best scientific data available, 
including defining suitable habitat based on distribution and density 
of host plants. The methods section of this notice presents the 
specific details and approach used to identify the revised proposed 
critical habitat unit boundaries.

Previous Federal Actions

    For more information on previous Federal actions concerning the 12 
species of Hawaiian picture-wing flies, refer to the final listing rule 
published in the Federal Register on May 9, 2006 (71 FR 26835), and the 
original proposed designation of critical habitat published in the 
Federal Register on August 15, 2006 (71 FR 46994).
    Under the terms of a settlement agreement approved by the U.S. 
District Court for the District of Hawaii on August 31, 2005 (CBD v. 
Allen, CV-05-274-HA), we were to (1) make a final listing decision for 
the 12 picture-wing flies by May 6, 2006; (2) propose to designate 
critical habitat by September 15, 2006; and (3) finalize a critical 
habitat rule by April 17, 2007. Our determination that the designation 
of critical habitat for the 12 species of Hawaiian picture-wing flies 
was prudent was included in the final listing rule, published in the 
Federal Register on May 9, 2006 (71 FR 26849).
    On August 15, 2006, we published a proposal to designate 18 ac (7.3 
ha) of critical habitat for 11 picture-wing fly species on the islands 
of Hawaii, Kauai, Molokai, and Oahu (71 FR 46994). Publication of this 
proposed rule opened a 60-day public comment period, which closed on 
October 16, 2006. On January 4, 2007, we published a notice announcing 
the availability of the draft economic analysis for the designation of 
critical habitat for 11 species of picture-wing flies and reopening the 
public comment period on the proposal until January 19, 2007 (72 FR 
321).
    We received comments from peer reviewers expressing concern with 
the biological adequacy of the proposed 18-acre (7.3-ha) designation, 
and the need to consider host plant density and distribution 
information in determining critical habitat boundaries. In addition, 
one of the peer reviewers presented new observation data for one of the 
species addressed in the proposed rule. On April 16, 2007, we submitted 
a joint stipulation with the Center for Biological Diversity (CBD) to 
the U.S. District Court to modify the timetable of the August 31, 2005, 
settlement agreement for the proposed and final critical habitat rules 
for the 12 Hawaiian picture-wing flies, citing the need to address 
comments received during the public comment periods and to conduct 
additional review of the proposal. A joint stipulation was approved by 
the Court on April 18, 2007, to allow additional time to reconsider the 
proposed rule in light of the comments received, and to provide an 
opportunity for additional public comment. Under the terms of the 
extension, we are required to submit a proposed critical habitat rule 
to the Federal Register by November 15, 2007, and a final critical 
habitat rule by November 15, 2008.

Critical Habitat

    Critical habitat is defined in section 3 of the Act as:
    (1) The specific areas within the geographical area occupied by a 
species, at the time it is listed in accordance with the Act, on which 
are found those physical or biological features:
    (a) essential to the conservation of the species and
    (b) that may require special management considerations or 
protection; and (2) specific areas outside the geographical area 
occupied by a species at the time it is listed, upon a determination 
that such areas are essential for the conservation of the species.
    Conservation, as defined under section 3 of the Act, means the use 
of all methods and procedures that are necessary to bring an endangered 
or threatened species to the point at which the measures provided under 
the Act are no longer necessary.
    Critical habitat receives protection under section 7 of the Act 
through the prohibition against Federal agencies carrying out, funding, 
or authorizing the destruction or adverse modification of critical 
habitat. Section 7 of the Act requires consultation on Federal actions 
that may affect critical habitat. The designation of critical habitat 
does not affect land ownership or establish a refuge, wilderness, 
reserve, preserve, or other conservation area. Such designation does 
not allow the government or public to access private lands. Such 
designation does not require implementation of restoration, recovery, 
or enhancement measures by the landowner.
    For inclusion in a critical habitat designation, habitat within the 
geographical area occupied by the species at the time it was listed 
must first contain features that are essential to the conservation of 
the species. Critical habitat designations identify, to the extent 
known using the best scientific data available, habitat areas that 
provide essential life cycle needs of the species (areas on which are 
found the primary constituent elements, as defined at 50 CFR 
424.12(b)).
    Occupied habitat that contains the features essential to the 
conservation of the species meets the definition of critical habitat 
only if those features may require special management considerations or 
protection.
    Under the Act, we can designate unoccupied areas as critical 
habitat only when we determine that the best available scientific data 
demonstrate that the designation of that area is essential to the 
conservation needs of the species.
    Section 4 of the Act requires that we designate critical habitat on 
the basis of the best scientific and commercial data available. 
Further, our Policy on Information Standards Under the Endangered 
Species Act (published in the Federal Register on July 1, 1994, (59 FR 
34271)), the Information Quality Act (section 515 of the Treasury and 
General Government Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2001 (Pub. L. 
106-554; H.R. 5658)), and our associated Information Quality 
Guidelines, provide criteria, establish procedures, and provide 
guidance to ensure that our decisions are based on the best scientific 
data available. They require our biologists, to the extent consistent 
with the Act and

[[Page 67430]]

with the use of the best scientific data available, to use primary and 
original sources of information as the basis for recommendations to 
designate critical habitat.
    When we are determining which areas should be proposed as critical 
habitat, our primary source of information is generally the information 
developed during the listing process for the species. Additional 
information sources include the recovery plan for the species, articles 
in peer-reviewed journals, conservation plans developed by States and 
counties, scientific status surveys and studies, biological 
assessments, or other unpublished materials and expert opinion or 
personal knowledge.
    Habitat is often dynamic, and species may move from one area to 
another over time. Furthermore, we recognize that designation of 
critical habitat may not include all of the habitat areas that may 
eventually be determined to be necessary for the recovery of the 
species, as additional scientific information may become available in 
the future. For these reasons, a critical habitat designation does not 
signal that habitat outside the designated area is unimportant or may 
not be required for recovery of the species.
    Areas that support populations, but are outside the critical 
habitat designation, will continue to be subject to conservation 
actions we implement under section 7(a)(1) of the Act. They are also 
subject to the regulatory protections afforded by the section 7(a)(2) 
jeopardy standard, as determined on the basis of the best available 
scientific information at the time of the agency action. Federally 
funded or permitted projects affecting listed species outside their 
designated critical habitat areas may still result in jeopardy findings 
in some cases. Similarly, critical habitat designations made on the 
basis of the best available information at the time of designation will 
not control the direction and substance of future recovery plans, 
habitat conservation plans (HCPs), or other species conservation 
planning efforts to the extent any new information available to these 
planning efforts calls for a different outcome.

Methods

    As required by section 4(b) of the Act, we used the best scientific 
data available in determining areas occupied at the time of listing 
that contain the features essential to the conservation of Drosophila 
aglaia, D. differens, D. hemipeza, D. heteroneura, D. montgomeryi, D. 
mulli, D. musaphilia, D. neoclavisetae, D. obatai, D. ochrobasis, D. 
substenoptera, and D. tarphytrichia, and areas unoccupied at the time 
of listing that are essential to their conservation. Based on the best 
available information, the units being proposed in this revised 
proposed rule as critical habitat represent the only geographical areas 
known to us that provide these essential conservation features. As a 
result, we are not proposing critical habitat in any areas outside the 
geographical areas presently occupied by each of the 12 species.
    We have also reviewed the available information that pertains to 
the habitat requirements for these species. The following geospatial, 
tabular data sets were used in preparing this revised proposed critical 
habitat: Occurrence data for all 12 species (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 
2005a, pp. 1-16); vegetation mapping data for the Hawaiian Islands (Gap 
Analysis Program (GAP) Data--Hawaiian Islands 2005); color mosaic 
1:19,000 scale digital aerial photographs for the Hawaiian Islands 
dated April to May 2005; and 1:24,000 scale digital raster graphics of 
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) topographic quadrangles. Land ownership 
was determined from geospatial data sets associated with parcel data 
from Oahu County (2006); Hawaii County (2005); Kauai County (2005); and 
Maui County (2004).
    We reviewed a variety of peer-reviewed and other articles for this 
revised proposal, which included background information on the biology 
of each of the 12 species, (e.g., Montgomery 1975, pp. 83, 94, 96-98, 
and 100; Foote and Carson 1995, pp. 1-4; Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, 
pp. 1-47); plant ecology and biology (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 45, 52-
53, 971, 1,314-1,315, and 1,351-1,352); and the ecology of the Hawaiian 
Islands and the areas being considered in this revised proposal (e.g., 
Smith 1985, pp. 227-233; Stone 1985, pp. 251-253, 256, and 260-263; 
Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 59-66, 73-76, and 88-94). Additional 
information reviewed included the October 29, 1991, final rule listing 
the plant species Urera kaalae (a host plant for two of the fly 
species) as endangered (56 FR 55770); the May 9, 2006, final listing 
rule for the 12 species of picture-wing flies (71 FR 26835); the August 
15, 2006, proposed critical habitat designation for 11 species of 
picture-wing flies (71 FR 46994); unpublished reports by TNCH; and 
aerial photographs and satellite imagery of the Hawaiian Islands.
    We obtained additional information through personal communications 
with landowners, scientists, and land managers familiar with the 12 
species and their habitats, including individuals affiliated with the 
University of Hawaii, University of California at Berkeley, the U.S. 
Geological Survey, the Bishop Museum, Hawaii State Department of Land 
and Natural Resources, TNCH, and the U.S Army. Specific information 
from these sources included estimates of historic and current 
distribution, abundance, and territory sizes for the 12 species, as 
well as data on resources and habitat requirements.
    As described in the final listing rule (May 9, 2006, 71 FR 26835), 
each species of Hawaiian picture-wing fly addressed in this revised 
proposal is found only on a single island, and the larvae of each 
species is dependant upon only a single or a few related species of 
plants (host plant(s)) (summarized in Table 1).

   Table 1.--Distribution of 12 Hawaiian Picture-Wing Flies by Island, General Habitat Type, and Primary Host
                                                    Plant(s)
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                                                                        General habitat
            Species                    Island        Elevation range          type          Primary host plants
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Oahu Species
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Drosophila aglaia..............  Oahu.............  1,400-2,900 feet   Mesic forest.....  Urera glabra.
                                                     (ft) (425-885
                                                     meters (m)).
D. hemipeza....................  Oahu.............  1,500-2,900 ft     Mesic forest.....  Cyanea sp., Lobelia
                                                     (460-885 m).                          sp., Urera kaalae
                                                                                           (E).
D. montgomeryi.................  Oahu.............  1,900-2,900 ft     Mesic forest.....  Urera kaalae (E).
                                                     (580-885 m).
D. obatai......................  Oahu.............  1,500-2,500 ft     Dry to mesic       Pleomele forbesii.
                                                     (460-760 m).       forest.

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D. substenoptera...............  Oahu.............  1,300-4,000 ft     Wet forest.......  Cheirodendron
                                                     (395-1,220 m).                        platyphyllum, C.
                                                                                           trigynum,
                                                                                           Tetraplasandra
                                                                                           kavaiensis, T.
                                                                                           oahuensis.
D. tarphytrichia...............  Oahu.............  1,900-2,900 ft     Mesic forest.....  Charpentiera obovata.
                                                     (580-885 m).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                           Hawaii (Big Island) Species
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
D. heteroneura.................  Big Island.......  3,000-6,000 ft     Mesic to wet       Cheirodendron
                                                     (915-1,830 m).     forest.            trigynum, Clermontia
                                                                                           sp., Delissea
                                                                                           parviflora.
D. mulli.......................  Big Island.......  2,150-3,250 ft     Wet forest.......  Pritchardia
                                                     (655-990 m).                          beccariana.
D. ochrobasis..................  Big Island.......  3,400-5,400 ft     Mesic to wet       Clermontia sp.,
                                                     (1,035-1,645 m).   forest.            Marattia douglasii,
                                                                                           Myrsine sp.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 Molokai Species
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
D. differens...................  Molokai..........  3,650-4,500 ft     Wet forest.......  Clermontia sp.
                                                     (1,115-1,370 m).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Kauai Species
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
D. musaphilia..................  Kauai............  2,600-3,700 ft     Mesic forest.....  Acacia koa.
                                                     (790-1,130 m).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Maui Species
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
D. neoclavisetae...............  Maui.............  3,400-4,600 ft     Wet forest.......  Cyanea kunthiana, C.
                                                     (1,040-1,400 m).                      macrostegia ssp.,
                                                                                           macrostegia.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Oahu Species

Drosophila aglaia

    Drosophila aglaia is historically known from five localities within 
the Waianae Mountains of Oahu between 1,400-2,900 feet (ft) (425-885 
meters (m)) above sea level. Drosophila aglaia is restricted to the 
natural distribution of its larval stage host plant, Urera glabra 
(family Urticaceae), which is a small shrub-like endemic tree found 
within dry to mesic, lowland, Diospyros sp., ohia and koa forest. The 
larvae of D. aglaia feed within the decomposing bark and stem of U. 
glabra. This plant does not form large stands, and is infrequently 
scattered throughout slopes and gulches within mesic forest habitat in 
the Waianae Mountains on Oahu.

Drosophila hemipeza

    Drosophila hemipeza is restricted to the island of Oahu where it is 
historically known from seven localities between 1,500-2,900 ft (460-
885 m) above sea level (not including the Pupukea site, which is 
considered an extirpated population). Montgomery (1975, p. 96) 
determined that D. hemipeza larvae feed within the decomposing portions 
of several different mesic forest plants, including the decomposing 
stems of Lobelia sp. (family Campanulaceae), and the decomposing bark 
and stems of Cyanea sp. (family Campanulaceae), on steep ridges and 
gulches within dry to mesic, lowland, ohia and koa forest (Kaneshiro 
and Kaneshiro 1995, p. 17; Science Panel 2005, p. 16). The larvae also 
feed within the decomposing bark of Urera kaalae (family Urticaceae), a 
federally endangered plant (Service 1995, pp. 81-83; October 29, 1991, 
56 FR 55770) that grows on slopes and in gulches of diverse mesic 
forest (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 1,314-1,315). In 2004, only 41 
individuals of U. kaalae were known to remain in the wild (USFWS 2004, 
p. 9). In 2005, TNCH outplanted many seedlings of this species at 
several locations within D. hemipeza's historic range (TNCH 2005, p. 
6).

Drosophila montgomeryi

    Drosophila montgomeryi is historically known from three localities 
within the Waianae Mountains on western Oahu between 1,900-2,900 ft 
(580-885 m) above sea level. Montgomery (1975, p. 97) reported that the 
larvae of this species feed within the decaying bark of Urera kaalae, a 
federally endangered plant (USFWS 1995, pp. 81-83; October 29, 1991, 56 
FR 55770) that grows on slopes and in gulches within mesic, lowland, 
diverse ohia and koa forest (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 1,314-1,315). As 
stated earlier, in 2004, only 41 individuals of U. kaalae were known to 
remain in the wild (USFWS 2004, p. 9). In 2005, TNCH outplanted many 
seedlings of this species at several locations within D. montgomeryi's 
historic range (TNCH 2005, p. 6).

Drosophila obatai

    Drosophila obatai is historically known from two localities between 
1,500-2,500 ft (460-760 m) above sea level on the island of Oahu. 
Drosophila obatai larvae feed within decomposing portions of Pleomele 
forbesii (family Agavaceae), a candidate for Federal listing (May 11, 
2005, 70 FR 24883) (Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, p. 27; Montgomery 
1975, p. 98). These host plants grow on slopes within dry to mesic, 
lowland, ohia and koa forest, and occur singly or in small clusters, 
rarely forming large stands (Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 1,351-1,352).

Drosophila substenoptera

    Drosophila substenoptera is historically known from seven 
localities in both the Koolau and Waianae Mountains on the island of 
Oahu at elevations between 1,300-4,000 ft (395-1,220 m) above sea 
level. Montgomery (1975, p. 100) determined that D. substenoptera 
larvae feed within the decomposing bark of Cheirodendron platyphllum 
and C. trigynum trees (family Araliaceae), and Tetraplasandra 
kavaiensis and T. oahuensis trees

[[Page 67432]]

(family Araliaceae) in localized patches within mesic to wet, lowland 
to montane, ohia and koa forest.

Drosophila tarphytrichia

    Drosophila tarphytrichia was historically known from both the 
Koolau and the Waianae Mountains between 1,900-2,900 ft (580- to 885 m) 
above sea level on the island of Oahu. Drosophila tarphytrichia is now 
apparently extirpated from the Koolau range, where it was originally 
discovered near Manoa Falls, and is presently known from four 
localities in the Waianae Mountains (Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995; 
Hawaii Biodiversity and Mapping Program (HBMP), in litt. 2005; K. 
Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a). The larvae of D. tarphytrichia feed on the 
decomposing portions of the stems and branches of Charpentiera obovata 
trees (family Amaranthaceae) within dry to mesic, lowland, ohia and koa 
forest (Montgomery 1975, p. 100).

Hawaii (Big Island) Species

Drosophila heteroneura

    Drosophila heteroneura has been the most intensely studied of the 
12 species discussed in this revised proposed rule (Kaneshiro and 
Kaneshiro 1995, p. 19). This species is restricted to the island of 
Hawaii, where historically it was known to be widely distributed 
between 3,000-6,000 ft (915-1,830 m) above sea level. Drosophila 
heteroneura has been recorded from 24 localities on 4 of the island's 5 
volcanoes (Hualalai, Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, and Kilauea) within mesic to 
wet, montane, ohia and koa forest (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, pp. 4-
8). D. heteroneura larvae primarily feed within the decomposing bark 
and stems of Clermontia sp. (family Campanulaceae), including C. 
clermontioides, and Delissea parviflora (family Campanulaceae), but it 
is also known to feed within decomposing portions of Cheirodendron 
trigynum (family Araliaceae) (Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, p. 19).

Drosophila mulli

    Drosophila mulli is restricted to the island of Hawaii and is 
historically known from three localities between 2,150-3,250 ft (655-
990 m) above sea level. Only adult flies of these species have ever 
been observed, and only on the leaf undersides of the endemic fan palm, 
Pritchardia beccariana (family Arecaceae), occurring within wet, 
montane, ohia forest. This is the only known association of a 
Drosophila species with a native Hawaiian palm species. The exact 
larval feeding site on this host plant remains unknown because attempts 
to rear D. mulli from decaying parts of P. beccariana have thus far 
been unsuccessful (W. P. Mull, Biologist, pers. comm. 1994, p. 1; 
Science Panel 2005, p. 21).

Drosophila ochrobasis

    Historically, Drosophila ochrobasis was widely distributed between 
3,400-5,400 ft (1,035-1,645 m) above sea level on the island of Hawaii. 
D. ochrobasis has been recorded from 11 localities on 4 of the island's 
5 volcanoes (Hualalai, Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, and the Kohala mountains) 
(K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, p. 8; K. Magnacca, University of 
California at Berkley, in litt. 2006). The larvae of this species have 
been reported to feed within decomposing portions of three different 
host plant groups, Myrsine sp. (family Myrsinaceae), Clermontia sp. 
(family Campanulaceae), and Marattia douglasii (family Marattiaceae) 
within mesic to wet, montane, ohia, koa, and Cheirodendron sp. forest 
(Montgomery 1975, p. 98; Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, p. 29).

Kauai Species

Drosophila musaphilia

    Drosophila musaphilia is historically known from only four sites, 
one at 1,900 ft (579 m) above sea level, and three sites between 2,600-
3,700 ft (790-1,130 m) above sea level on the island of Kauai. 
Montgomery (1975, p. 97) determined that the host plant for D. 
musaphilia is Acacia koa (koa) occurring within mesic, montane, ohia 
and koa forest. The females lay their eggs on, and the larvae develop 
in, the moldy slime flux (seep) that occasionally appears on certain 
trees with injured plant tissue and seeping sap. Understanding the full 
range of D. musaphilia is difficult because its host plant is fairly 
common and stable within and surrounding its known range on Kauai; 
however, the frequency of suitable slime fluxes occurring on the host 
plant appears to be much more restricted and temporally unpredictable 
(Science Panel 2005, pp. 23-24).

Maui Species

Drosophila neoclavisetae

    Two populations of Drosophila neoclavisetae were found historically 
along the Puu Kukui Trail within montane wet Metrosideros polymorpha 
(ohia) forests on West Maui. One habitat site was discovered in 1969 at 
4,500 ft (1,370 m) and the other in 1975 at 3,500 ft (1,070 m) above 
sea level (Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, p. 26; K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 
2005a, p. 11). The larval stage host plant of D. neoclavisetae has not 
yet been confirmed, although it is likely to be one or both of the two 
Cyanea sp. (Cyanea kunthiana and C. macrostegia ssp. macrostegia) 
(family Campanulaceae) present within its range and occurring within 
wet, montane, ohia forest. Because both collections of this fly 
occurred within a small patch of Cyanea sp., and many other species in 
the Drosophila adiastola species group use plant species in this genus 
and other plants in the family Campanulaceae, researchers believe that 
one or both of the two Cyanea sp. found at Puu Kukui are the correct 
larval stage host plants for D. neoclavisetae (Science Panel 2005, pp. 
19-20; Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, p. 26).

Molokai Species

Drosophila differens

    Drosophila differens is historically known from three sites between 
3,650-4,500 ft (1,115-1,370 m) above sea level, within montane wet ohia 
forest (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, p. 2) on the island of Molokai. 
Montgomery (1975, p. 83) found that D. differens larvae feed within the 
decomposing bark and stems of Clermontia sp. (family Campanulaceae) 
within wet, montane, ohia forest (Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, p. 16).

Primary Constituent Elements

    In accordance with section 3(5)(A)(i) of the Act and the 
regulations at 50 CFR 424.12, in determining which areas occupied at 
the time of listing to propose as critical habitat, we consider the 
primary constituent elements (PCEs) to be those physical and biological 
features that are essential to the conservation of the species and that 
may require special management considerations or protection. These 
include, but are not limited to:
    (1) Space for individual and population growth and for normal 
behavior;
    (2) Food, water, air, light, minerals, or other nutritional or 
physiological requirements;
    (3) Cover or shelter;
    (4) Sites for breeding, reproduction, or rearing (or development) 
of offspring; and
    (5) Habitats that are protected from disturbance or are 
representative of the historic geographical and ecological 
distributions of a species.
    We derived the specific primary constituent elements (PCEs) 
required for these 12 picture-wing flies from the biological needs of 
each species as described in the listing rule, published in the Federal 
Register on May 9, 2006 (71 FR 26835), and the August 15, 2006,

[[Page 67433]]

proposed critical habitat designation for 11 picture-wing flies (71 FR 
46994).

Space for Individual and Population Growth and for Normal Behavior

    The general life cycle of Hawaiian Drosophilidae is typical of that 
of most flies: After mating, females lay eggs from which larvae 
(immature stage) hatch; as larvae grow, they molt (shed their skin) 
through three successive stages (instars); and when fully grown, the 
larvae change into pupae (a transitional form) in which they 
metamorphose and emerge as adults.
    Breeding for all 12 species of flies included in this revised 
proposal generally occurs year-round, but egg laying and larval 
development increase following the rainy season as the availability of 
decaying matter, upon which the flies feed, increases in response to 
the heavy rains (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005b, pp. 1-2). In general, 
Drosophila lay between 50 and 200 eggs at a single time. Eggs develop 
into adults in about a month, and adults generally become sexually 
mature one month later. Adults generally live for one to two months.
    It is unknown how much space is needed for these flies to engage in 
courtship and territorial displays, and mating activities. Adult 
behavior may be disrupted or modified by less than ideal conditions, 
such as decreased forest cover or loss of suitable food material (K. 
Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005b, pp. 1-2). Additionally, adult behavior may 
be disrupted and the flies themselves may be susceptible to the hunting 
activities of nonnative hymenoptera including yellow jacket wasps and 
ants (Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, pp. 41-42). The larvae generally 
pupate within the soil located below their host plant material, and it 
is presumed that they require relatively undisturbed and unmodified 
soil conditions to complete this stage before reaching adulthood 
(Science Panel 2005, p. 5). Lastly, it is well-known that these 12 
species and most picture-wing flies are susceptible to even slight 
temperature increases, an issue that may be exacerbated by loss of 
suitable forest cover or the impacts from global warming (K. Kaneshiro, 
in litt. 2005b, pp. 1-2).

Food

    Each species of Hawaiian picture-wing fly described in this 
document is found only on a single island, and the larvae of each are 
dependent upon only a single or a few related species of plants 
(summarized in Table 1). The adult flies feed on a variety of 
decomposing plant matter. The water or moisture requirements for all 12 
of these species is unknown; however, during drier seasons or during 
times of drought, it is expected that available adult and larval stage 
food material in the form of decaying plant matter may decrease (K. 
Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005b, pp. 1-2).

Primary Constituent Elements for Drosophila aglaia, D. differens, D. 
hemipeza, D. heteroneura, D. montgomeryi, D. mulli, D. musaphilia, D. 
neoclavisetae, D. obatai, D. ochrobasis, D. substenoptera, and D. 
tarphytrichia

    Within the geographical areas occupied by each Drosophila aglaia, 
D. differens, D. hemipeza, D. heteroneura, D. montgomeryi, D. mulli, D. 
musaphilia, D. neoclavisetae, D. obatai, D. ochrobasis, D. 
substenoptera, and D. tarphytrichia, we must identify the PCEs that may 
require special management considerations or protections.
    Based on the requisites for each species discussed above and our 
current knowledge of the life history, biology, and ecology of each 
species, and the requirements to sustain the essential life history 
functions of the 12 species, the following PCEs for larval and adult 
life stages of Drosophila aglaia, D. differens, D. hemipeza, D. 
heteroneura, D. montgomeryi, D. mulli, D. musaphilia, D. neoclavisetae, 
D. obatai, D. ochrobasis, D. substenoptera, and D. tarphytrichia are:

Oahu Species

    The PCEs for Drosophila aglaia are: (1) Dry to mesic, lowland, 
Diospyros sp., ohia and koa forest between the elevations of 1,400-
2,900 ft (425-885 m); and (2) the larval host plant Urera glabra.
    The PCEs for Drosophila hemipeza are: (1) Dry to mesic, lowland, 
ohia and koa forest between the elevations of 1,500-2,900 ft (460-885 
m); and (2) the larval host plants Cyanea angustifolia, C. calycina, C. 
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C. grimesiana ssp. obatae, C. membranacea, 
C. pinnatifida, C. superba ssp. superba, Lobelia hypoleuca, L. 
niihauensis, L. yuccoides, and Urera kaalae.
    The PCEs for Drosophila montgomeryi are: (1) Mesic, lowland, 
diverse ohia and koa forest between the elevations of 1,900-2,900 ft 
(580-885 m); and (2) the larval host plant Urera kaalae.
    The PCEs for Drosophila obatai are: (1) Dry to mesic, lowland, ohia 
and koa forest between the elevations of 1,500-2,500 ft (460-760 m); 
and (2) the larval host plant Pleomele forbesii.
    The PCEs for Drosophila substenoptera are: (1) Mesic to wet, 
lowland to montane, ohia and koa forest between the elevations of 
1,300-4,000 ft (395-1,220 m); and (2) the larval host plants 
Cheirodendron platyphyllum ssp. platyphyllum, C. trigynum ssp. 
trigynum, Tetraplasandra kavaiensis, and T. oahuensis.
    The PCEs for Drosophila tarphytrichia are: (1) Dry to mesic, 
lowland, ohia and koa forest between the elevations of 1,900-2,900 ft 
(580-885 m); and (2) the larval host plant Charpentiera obovata.

Hawaii (Big Island) Species

    The PCEs for Drosophila heteroneura are: (1) Mesic to wet, montane, 
ohia and koa forest between the elevations of 3,000-6,000 ft (915-1,830 
m); and (2) the larval host plants Cheirodendron trigynum ssp. 
trigynum, Clermontia clermontioides, C. clermontioides ssp. rockiana, 
C. hawaiiensis, C. kohalae, C. lindseyana, C. montis-loa, C. 
parviflora, C. peleana, C. pyrularia, and Delissea parviflora.
    The PCEs for Drosophila mulli are: (1) Wet, montane, ohia forest 
between the elevations of 3,150-3,250 ft (960-990 m); and (2) the 
larval host plant Pritchardia beccariana.
    The PCEs for Drosophila ochrobasis are: (1) Mesic to wet, montane, 
ohia, koa, and Cheirodendron sp. forest between the elevations of 
3,400-5,400 ft (1,035-1,645 m); and (2) the larval host plants 
Clermontia calophylla, C. clermontioides, C. clermontioides ssp. 
rockiana, C. drepanomorpha, C. hawaiiensis, C. kohalae, C. lindseyana, 
C. montis-loa, C. parviflora, C. peleana, C. pyrularia, C. waimeae, 
Marattia douglasii, Myrsine lanaiensis, M. lessertiana, and M. 
sandwicensis.

Kauai Species

    The PCEs for Drosophila musaphilia are: (1) Mesic, montane, ohia 
and koa forest between the elevations of 2,600-3,700 ft (790-1,130 m); 
and (2) the larval host plant Acacia koa.

Maui Species

    The PCEs for Drosophila neoclavisetae are: (1) Wet, montane, ohia 
forest between the elevations of 3,400-4,600 ft (1,040-1,400 m), and 
(2) the larval host plants Cyanea kunthiana and C. macrostegia ssp. 
macrostegia.

Molokai Species

    The PCEs for Drosophila differens are: (1) Wet, montane, ohia 
forest between the elevations of 3,650-4,500 ft (1,115-1,370 m); and 
(2) the larval host plants Clermontia arborescens ssp. waihiae, C. 
granidiflora ssp. munroi, C. kakeana, C. oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, 
and C. pallida.
    We propose units for designation based on sufficient PCEs being 
present

[[Page 67434]]

to support at least one of each of the 12 species' life history 
functions. Each of the areas proposed in this revised proposed rule 
have been determined to contain sufficient PCEs to provide for both the 
larval and adult life stage for Drosophila aglaia, D. differens, D. 
hemipeza, D. heteroneura, D. montgomeryi, D. mulli, D. musaphilia, D. 
neoclavisetae, D. obatai, D. ochrobasis, D. substenoptera, and D. 
tarphytrichia.

Special Management Considerations or Protections

    When designating critical habitat, we assess whether the occupied 
areas contain features essential to the conservation of the species 
that may require special management considerations or protections.
    Nonnative plants and animals pose the greatest threats to these 12 
picture-wing flies. In order to counter the ongoing degradation and 
loss of habitat caused by feral ungulates and invasive nonnative 
plants, active management or control of nonnative species is necessary 
for the conservation of all populations of the 12 picture-wing flies 
(Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, pp. 37-38). Without active management or 
control, native habitat containing the features that are essential for 
the conservation of the 12 picture-wing flies will continue to be 
degraded or destroyed. In addition, habitat degradation and destruction 
as a result of fire, competition with nonnative insects, and predation 
by nonnative insects, such as the western yellow-jacket wasp (Vespula 
pensylvanica), may significantly threaten many of the populations of 
the 12 picture-wing flies.
    In this revised proposed rule, all of the proposed critical habitat 
units for the 12 picture-wing flies may require special management to 
address feral ungulates, invasive nonnative plants, and yellow-jacket 
wasps. In addition, the units in dry or mesic habitats (see Table 1 
above) may also require special management to address fire and ants. 
These threats are discussed below.

Feral Ungulates

    Feral ungulates have devastated native vegetation in many areas of 
the Hawaiian Islands (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 60-66). Because the 
endemic Hawaiian flora evolved without the presence of browsing and 
grazing ungulates, many plant groups have lost their adaptive defenses 
such as spines, thorns, stinging hairs, and defensive chemicals 
(University of Hawaii Department of Geography 1998, p. 138). Pigs (Sus 
scrofa), goats (Capra hircus), and cattle (Bos taurus) disturb the 
soil, and readily eat native plants (including the native host plants 
for 1 or more of the 12 picture-wing flies), and distribute nonnative 
plant seeds that can alter the ecosystem. In addition, browsing and 
grazing by feral ungulates in steep and remote terrain causes severe 
erosion of entire watersheds due to foraging and trampling behaviors 
(Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 60-64 and 66).
Feral Pigs (Sus scrofa)
    Feral pigs threaten all populations of the 12 picture-wing flies. 
Feral pigs are found from dry coastal grasslands through rain forests 
and into the subalpine zone on all of the main Hawaiian Islands 
(Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 64-65). An increase in pig densities and 
expansion of their distribution has caused widespread damage to native 
vegetation (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 64-65). Feral pigs create open 
areas within forest habitat by digging up, eating, and trampling native 
species (Stone 1985, pp. 262-263). These open areas become fertile 
ground for nonnative plant seeds spread through their excrement and by 
transport in their hair (Stone 1985, pp. 262-263). In nitrogen-poor 
soils, feral pig excrement increases nutrient availability, enhancing 
establishment of nonnative weeds that are more adapted to richer soils 
than are native plants (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 64-65). In this 
manner, largely nonnative forests replace native forest habitat 
(Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 64-65).
    Foote and Carson (1995, pp. 2-4) found that pig exclosures on the 
island of Hawaii supported significantly higher relative frequencies of 
picture-wing flies compared to other native and nonnative Drosophila 
species (7 percent of all observations outside of the exclosure and 18 
percent of all observations inside the exclosure), and their native 
host plants. Loope et al. (1991, pp. 9-10 and 19) demonstrated that 
excluding pigs from a montane bog on northeastern Haleakala, Maui, 
resulted in an increase in native plant cover from 6 to 95 percent 
after 6 years of protection.
Feral Goats (Capra hircus)
    Feral goats threaten populations of the picture-wing flies on Oahu 
(Drosophila aglaia and D. obatai), Hawaii (D. heteroneura), and Kauai 
(D. musaphilia). Feral goats occupy a wide variety of habitats on 
Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii, from lowland dry forests to 
montane grasslands where they consume native vegetation, trample roots 
and seedlings, accelerate erosion, and promote invasion of nonnative 
plants (van Riper and van Riper 1982, pp. 34-35; Stone 1985, p. 261). 
On Oahu, goat populations are increasing and spreading in the dry upper 
slopes of the Waianae Mountains, becoming an even greater threat to the 
native habitat (K. Kawelo, U.S. Army Environmental Division, pers. 
comm. 2005, p. 1).
Feral Cattle (Bos taurus)
    Feral cattle threaten populations of Drosophila heteroneura on the 
island of Hawaii. Large-scale ranching of cattle began in the 19th 
century on the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii (Cuddihy and 
Stone 1990, pp. 59-62). Large ranches, tens of thousands of acres in 
size, still exist on the islands of Maui and Hawaii (Cuddihy and Stone 
1990, pp. 59-62). In addition, the grazing of cattle continues in 
several lowland regions in the northern portion of the Waianae 
Mountains of Oahu. Degradation of native forests used for ranching 
activities is evident. Feral cattle occupy a wide variety of habitats 
from lowland dry forests to montane grasslands, where they consume 
native vegetation, trample roots and seedlings, accelerate erosion, and 
promote the invasion of nonnative plants (van Riper and van Riper 1982, 
p. 36; Stone 1985, pp. 256 and 260).

Nonnative Plants

    The invasion of nonnative plants contributes to the degradation of 
native forests and the host plants of picture-wing flies (Kaneshiro and 
Kaneshiro 1995, pp. 38-39; Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 52-53 and 971; 
Science Panel 2005, p. 28), and threatens all populations of the 12 
picture-wing flies. Some nonnative plants form dense stands, thickets, 
or mats that shade or out-compete native plants. Nonnative vines cause 
damage or death to native trees by overloading branches, causing 
breakage, or forming a dense canopy cover that intercepts sunlight and 
shades out native plants below. Nonnative grasses readily burn and 
often grow at the border of forests, and carry fire into areas with 
woody native plants (Smith 1985, pp. 228-229; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, 
pp. 88-94). The nonnative grasses are more fire-adapted and can spread 
prolifically after a fire, ultimately creating a stand of nonnative 
grasses where native forest once existed. Some nonnative plant species 
produce chemicals that inhibit the growth of other plant species (Smith 
1985, p. 228; Wagner et al. 1999, p. 971).

Fire

    Fire threatens habitat of the Hawaiian picture-wing flies in dry to 
mesic grassland, shrubland, and forests on the islands of Kauai 
(Drosophila musaphilia), Oahu (D. aglaia, D.

[[Page 67435]]

hemipeza, D. mongomeryi, D. obatai, and D. tarphytrichia), and Hawaii 
(D. heteroneura). Dry and mesic regions in Hawaii have been altered in 
the past 200 years by an increase in fire frequency, a condition to 
which the native flora is not adapted. The invasion of fire-adapted 
alien plants, facilitated by ungulate disturbance, has contributed to 
wildfire frequency. This change in fire regime has reduced the amount 
of forest cover for native species (Hughes et al. 1991, p. 743; 
Blackmore and Vitousek 2000, p. 625) and resulted in an intensification 
of feral ungulate herbivory in the remaining native forest areas. 
Habitat damaged or destroyed by fire is more likely to be revegetated 
by nonnative plants that cannot be used as host plants by these 
picture-wing flies (Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, p. 47).

Nonnative Insect Competitors

Tipulid Flies
    The Hawaiian Islands now support several established species of 
nonnative insects which compete with some of the 12 picture-wing flies 
within their larval stage host plants. The most important group of 
nonnative insect competitors includes tipulid flies (crane flies, 
family Tipulidae). The larvae of some species within this group feed 
within the decomposing bark of some of the host plants utilized by 
picture-wing flies, including Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, Clermontia, 
and Pleomele spp. (Science Panel 2005, p. 11; K. Magnacca, U.S. 
Geological Survey, in litt. 2005, p. 1; S. Montgomery, in litt. 2005a, 
p. 1). Therefore, all of the picture-wing flies addressed in this rule, 
except for Drosophila mulli, D. musaphilia, and D. neoclavisetae face 
larval-stage competition from nonnative tipulid flies. The tipulid 
larvae feed within the same portion of the decomposing host plant area 
normally occupied by the picture-wing fly larvae. The likely effect of 
this competition is a reduction in available host plant material for 
picture-wing fly larvae (Science Panel 2005, p. 11). In laboratory 
studies, Grimaldi and Jaenike (1984, p. 1) demonstrated that 
competition between Drosophila spp. larvae and other fly larvae can 
exhaust food resources, which affects both the probability of larval 
survival and the body size of adults, resulting in reduced adult 
fitness, fecundity, and lifespan.
Scolytid Beetles
    Additionally, the Hawaiian Islands now support several species of 
nonnative beetles (family Scolytidae, genus Coccotrypes), a few of 
which bore into and feed on the nuts produced by certain native plant 
species including Pritchardia beccariana, the host plant of Drosophila 
mulli. Affected Pritchardia spp., including P. beccariana, drop their 
fruit before the nuts reach maturity due to the boring action of the 
scolytid beetles. Little natural regeneration of this host plant 
species has been observed in the wild since the arrival of this 
scolytid beetle (K. Magnacca, in litt. 2005, p. 1; Science Panel 2005, 
p. 11). Compared to the host plants of the other picture-wing flies, P. 
beccariana is long lived (up to 100 years), but over time scolytid 
beetles may have a significant impact on the availability of habitat 
for D. mulli.

Nonnative Insect Predators

    Nonnative arthropods pose a serious threat to Hawaii's native 
Drosophila, both through direct predation or parasitism as well as 
competition for food or space (Howarth and Medeiros 1989, pp. 82-83; 
Howarth and Ramsay 1991, pp. 80-83; Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, pp. 
40-45 and 47; Staples and Cowie 2001, pp. 41, 54-57). Due to their 
large colony sizes and systematic foraging habits, species of social 
Hymenoptera (ants and some wasps) and parasitic wasps pose the greatest 
predation threat to the Hawaiian picture-wing flies (Carson 1982, p. 1, 
1986, p. 7; Gambino et al. 1987, pp. 169-170; Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 
1995, pp. 40-45 and 47).
Ants
    Ants are believed to threaten populations of picture-wing flies in 
mesic areas on Oahu (Drosophila aglaia, D. hemipeza, D. mongomeryi, D. 
obatai, and D. tarphytrichia) and Hawaii (D. heteroneura) (Kaneshiro 
and Kaneshiro 1995, p. 43; Science Panel 2005, p. 28). At least 44 
species of ants are known to be established on the Hawaiian Islands 
(Hawaii Ecosystems at Risk Project (HEAR) database, in litt. 2005, p. 
2) and 4 particularly aggressive ant species have severely affected the 
native insect fauna (Zimmerman 1948, p. 173; HEAR database, in litt. 
2005, p. 4). Ants are not a natural component of Hawaii's arthropod 
fauna, and native species evolved in the absence of predation pressure 
from ants. Ants can be particularly destructive predators because of 
their high densities, recruitment behavior, aggressiveness, and broad 
range of diet (Reimer 1993, pp. 14-15, 17). The threat to picture-wing 
flies is amplified by the fact that most ant species have winged 
reproductive adults (Borror 1989, pp. 737-738) and can quickly 
establish new colonies, spreading throughout suitable habitats (Staples 
and Cowie 2001, pp. 55-57). These attributes and the lack of native 
species' defenses to ants allow some ant species to destroy isolated 
prey populations (Nafus 1993, p. 151). Hawaiian picture-wing flies 
pupate in the ground where they are exposed to predation by ants. Newly 
emerging adults have been observed with ants attached to their legs 
(Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, p. 43).
Western Yellow-Jacket Wasp
    An aggressive race of the western yellow-jacket wasp became 
established in the State of Hawaii in 1978, and this species is now 
abundant between 1,969-3,445 ft (600-1,050 m) in elevation (Gambino et 
al. 1990, p. 1,088). On Maui, yellow-jackets have been observed 
carrying and feeding upon recently captured adult Hawaiian Drosophila 
(Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, p. 41). While there is no documentation 
that conclusively ties the decrease in picture-wing fly observations at 
historical sites with the establishment of yellow-jacket wasps within 
their habitats, the concurrent arrival of wasps and decline of picture-
wing fly observations for all 12 picture-wing flies on several of the 
islands (Kauai, Maui, Molokai, and Hawaii) suggests that the wasps may 
have played a significant role in the decline of some picture-wing fly 
populations (Carson 1982, p. 1, 1986, p. 7; Foote and Carson 1995, p. 
3; Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995; Science Panel 2005, p. 28).

Criteria Used To Identify Critical Habitat

    In this revised proposed rule, we are proposing to designate 
critical habitat on lands with documented occurrences and that contain 
the primary constituent elements for these 12 Hawaiian picture-wing 
flies. The primary dataset we used to document observations of these 12 
picture-wing flies spans the years 1965-1999 (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 
2005a, pp. 1-16). Additional data were obtained from individuals 
familiar with particular species and locations, and other sources of 
information as described in the above ``Methods'' section. Many sites 
were surveyed infrequently or have not been surveyed for a substantial 
period of time, while other sites have relatively complete records from 
1966-1999. It is important to note that the traditional methods used to 
survey for the 12 species locate only adult flies. The adult flies of 
all of these species are generalist microbivores; in contrast, the 
larval stage typically requires a very specific host plant species (in 
some cases, several species or genera) for successful development. The 
primary constituent elements of the revised proposed critical

[[Page 67436]]

habitat include both the host plants used by the larvae, as well as the 
native forest components used by foraging adults. We used known adult 
location data to identify each critical habitat unit, and included the 
surrounding area encompassing the physical and biological features 
essential to the conservation of the species.
    While there has been considerable survey work conducted for 
Hawaiian picture-wing flies overall, some areas where these 12 species 
are found have not been surveyed in many years. We used the results of 
the best available, recent survey information to develop the revised, 
initial working draft critical habitat unit maps for each species. In 
addition, one peer reviewer identified a population of Drosophila 
ochrobasis that was previously unknown to us in an area containing the 
features essential to the conservation of this species (K. Magnacca, in 
litt. 2006). This area has been included in this revised proposal (see 
Unit 19--West Kohala Mountains--Drosophila ochrobasis).
    We used the best available, recent survey data for adult flies to 
determine which sites we would identify as occupied and which sites we 
would identify as unoccupied. Additionally, we did not include in this 
revised proposal some sites where a given species had been observed 
according to the most recent survey data if the area had either become 
degraded (e.g., due to loss or degradation of native vegetation, 
increase in nonnative vegetation, or documented presence of yellow-
jacket wasps) and lacked PCEs, or if multiple surveys at a particular 
site over the course of several years failed to detect a species. 
However, we did not use the presence of yellow-jacket wasps alone to 
conclusively determine a site as being unoccupied, unless the habitat 
was also degraded in other respects. Lastly, it is important to point 
out that because of the time that has elapsed since some surveys were 
conducted, it is possible that some sites identified as unoccupied (and 
thus not included in this revised proposed critical habitat) have since 
been re-occupied by the species. Conversely, we recognize it may be 
possible that some sites that we have identified as occupied according 
to the most recent survey data may now be unoccupied. However, we 
believe that using the most recent survey results, in conjunction with 
information on existing habitat conditions, reflects the best available 
information for determining occupancy.
    After identifying occupied sites for each of the 12 species on a 
series of maps, we added a Geographic Information System (GIS) layer of 
the known elevation range of a species in a given area. This elevation 
range was based upon the lowest and the highest elevation at which an 
adult fly of a given species was observed during surveys. After this 
step, GIS data points showing known locations of many of the flies' 
host plant species were added to the map series. Most of these plant 
data points were established during botanical surveys unrelated to the 
historic studies of the picture-wing flies. The larval stages for 
several of the 12 picture-wing flies are known to feed upon host plant 
species that are federally listed as endangered or threatened, 
identified as candidate species for listing under the Act, or 
identified as Federal species of concern. The data points for the 
listed and candidate host plant species were available to us from the 
State's Hawaii Biodiversity and Mapping Program (HBMP), and from survey 
information compiled from field biologists. For areas lacking host 
plant data points, we consulted HBMP literature regarding other plant 
species and/or queried Drosophila researchers and field biologists to 
determine which native host plants were present in those areas.
    After generating multilayered GIS maps showing the occupied fly 
population sites, the known elevation range for each species, and the 
known host plant locations or habitat types, we prepared preliminary 
critical habitat unit maps. These preliminary unit maps were then 
overlaid on a series of satellite imagery and aerial photographs, and 
examined closely to identify the best quality areas containing 
contiguous forest and essential features. We then met individually with 
several Drosophila researchers (see the ``Methods'' section above) to 
review the different series of maps for each species and to confirm 
whether the preliminary unit maps included PCEs essential to both life 
stages (larval and adult) of each fly species. Based on these 
discussions, we adjusted the preliminary unit map boundaries by adding 
areas identified by the researchers that contain features essential to 
the conservation of the species, or by removing areas unlikely to 
contain these features. The critical habitat unit boundaries shown in 
the maps included in this revised proposed rule reflect the results of 
this analysis, after taking into account the presence of known 
developed areas, as described below.
    In summary, we identified proposed critical habitat units that: 
Contain occupied population sites based on the most recent survey 
information; are known to contain the PCEs essential to both the larval 
and adult fly life stage for each species; and contain relatively 
contiguous native or functional native forest.
    Lastly, when determining proposed critical habitat boundaries 
within this revised proposed rule, we made every effort to avoid 
including developed areas such as buildings, paved areas, and other 
structures that lack PCEs for Drosophila aglaia, D. differens, D. 
hemipeza, D. heteroneura, D. montgomeryi, D. mulli, D. musaphilia, D. 
neoclavisetae, D. obatai, D. ochrobasis, D. substenoptera, and D. 
tarphytrichia. The scale of the maps we prepared under the parameters 
for publication within the Code of Federal Regulations may not reflect 
the exclusion of such developed areas. Any such structures and the land 
under them inadvertently left inside critical habitat boundaries shown 
on the maps published with this proposed rule have been excluded by 
text in this revised proposed rule and are not proposed for designation 
as critical habitat. Therefore, Federal actions involving these areas 
would not trigger section 7 consultation with respect to critical 
habitat and the requirement of no adverse modification unless the 
specific action would affect the primary constituent elements in the 
adjacent critical habitat.

Revised Proposed Critical Habitat Designation

    We are proposing 32 units as critical habitat for Drosophila 
aglaia, D. differens, D. hemipeza, D. heteroneura, D. montgomeryi, D. 
mulli, D. musaphilia, D. neoclavisetae, D. obatai, D. ochrobasis, D. 
substenoptera, and D. tarphytrichia. In total, approximately 9,238 ac 
(3,738 ha) fall within the boundaries of this revised proposed critical 
habitat designation. The critical habitat areas we describe below 
constitute our current best assessment of areas that meet the 
definition of critical habitat for the 12 Hawaiian picture-wing flies.
    The areas we propose as critical habitat are:
    (1) Island of Oahu: Drosophila aglaia--Unit 1--Palikea; Drosophila 
aglaia--Unit 2--Puu Kaua; Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 1--Kaluaa Gulch; 
Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 2--Makaha Valley; Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 
3--Palikea; Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 4--Puu Kaua; Drosophila 
montgomeryi--Unit 1--Kaluaa Gulch; Drosophila montgomeryi--Unit 2--
Palikea; Drosophila montgomeryi--Unit 3--Puu Kaua; Drosophila obatai--
Unit 1--Puu Pane; Drosophila obatai--Unit 2--Wailupe; Drosophila 
substenoptera--Unit 1--Mt. Kaala; Drosophila substenoptera--Unit 2--
Palikea;

[[Page 67437]]

Drosophila tarphytrichia--Unit 1--Kaluaa Gulch; Drosophila 
tarphytrichia--Unit 2--Palikea; and Drosophila tarphytrichia--Unit 3--
Puu Kaua;
    (2) Hawaii (Big Island): Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 1--Kau 
Forest; Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 2--Kona Refuge; Drosophila 
heteroneura--Unit 3--Lower Kahuku; Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 4--Pit 
Crater; Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 5--Waihaka Gulch; Drosphila 
mulli--Unit 1--Olaa Forest; Drosphila mulli--Unit 2--Stainback Forest; 
Drosphila mulli--Unit 3--Waiakea Forest; Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 
1--Kipuka 9; Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 2--Kipuka 14; Drosophila 
ochrobasis--Unit 3--Kohala Mountains East; Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 
4--Kohala Mountains West; and Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 5--Upper 
Kahuku;
    (3) Island of Kauai: Drosophila musaphilia--Unit 1--Kokee;
    (4) Island of Maui: Drosophila neoclavisetae--Unit 1--Puu Kukui;
    (5) Island of Molokai: Drosophila differens--Unit 1--Puu Kolekole.
    The areas identified as containing the features essential to the 
conservation of each of the 12 Hawaiian picture-wing flies for which we 
are proposing critical habitat include a variety of undeveloped, 
forested areas that are used for larval stage development and adult fly 
stage foraging. Proposed critical habitat includes land under Federal, 
State, City and County, and private ownership. The approximate area and 
land ownership of each proposed critical habitat unit are shown in 
Table 2.

 Table 2.--Proposed Critical Habitat Units for Drosophila aglaia, D. differens, D. hemipeza, D. heteroneura, D.
   montgomeryi, D. mulli, D. musaphilia, D. neoclavisetae, D. obatai, D. ochrobasis, D. substenoptera, and D.
                                                  tarphytrichia
                   [Area estimates reflect all land within critical habitat unit boundaries.]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                               Land ownership (acres)
                                              Size of     Size of  ---------------------------------------------
      Proposed critical habitat unit          unit in     unit in                            City &
                                               acres     hectares    Federal      State      Co. of     Private
                                                                                            Honolulu
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                   Oahu Units
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Drosophila aglaia--Unit 1--Palikea........        208          84           0          4           0        204
Drosophila aglaia--Unit 2--Puu Kaua.......         87          35           0          0           0         87
Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 1--Kaluaa Gulch.        527         213           0          0           0        527
Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 2--Makaha Valley        111          45           0         40          71          0
Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 3--Palikea......       (208)        (84)          0         (4)          0       (204)
Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 4--Puu Kaua.....        (87)        (35)          0          0           0        (87)
Drosophila montgomeryi--Unit 1--Kaluaa           (527)       (213)          0          0           0       (527)
 Gulch....................................
Drosophila montgomeryi--Unit 2--Palikea...       (208)        (84)          0         (4)          0       (204)
Drosophila montgomeryi--Unit 3--Puu Kaua..        (87)        (35)          0          0           0        (87)
Drosophila obatai--Unit 1--Puu Pane.......         33          13           0         33           0          0
Drosophila obatai--Unit 2--Wailupe........         77          31           0         45           0         32
Drosophila substenoptera--Unit 1--Mt.             116          47           0         59          57          0
 Kaala....................................
Drosophila substenoptera--Unit 2--Palikea.       (208)        (84)          0         (4)          0       (204)
Drosophila tarphytrichia--Unit 1--Kaluaa         (527)       (213)          0          0           0       (527)
 Gulch....................................
Drosophila tarphytrichia--Unit 2--Palikea.       (208)        (84)          0         (4)          0       (204)
Drosophila tarphytrichia--Unit 3--Puu Kaua        (87)        (35)          0          0           0        (87)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                            Hawaii (Big Island) Units
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 1--Kau Forest        125          51           0        125           0          0
Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 2--Kona            3,604       1,459       3,604          0           0          0
 Refuge...................................
Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 3--Lower             687         278         687          0           0          0
 Kahuku...................................
Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 4--Pit Crater         46          18           0          0           0         46
Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 5--Waihaka           120          49           0        120           0          0
 Gulch....................................
Drosophila mulli--Unit 1--Olaa Forest.....        244          99           0        244           0          0
Drosophila mulli--Unit 2--Stainback Forest         76          31           0         76           0          0
Drosophila mulli--Unit 3--Waiakea Forest..        373         151           0        373           0          0
Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 1--Kipuka 9...          9           4           0          9           0          0
Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 2--Kipuka 14..         15           6           0         15           9          0
Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 3--Kohala             193          78           0        193           0          0
 Mountains East...........................
Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 4--Kohala             132          54           0         41           0         91
 Mountains West...........................
Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 5--Upper               88          36          64         24           0          0
 Kahuku...................................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                   Kauai Unit
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Drosophila musaphilia--Unit 1--Kokee......        794         321           0        794           0          0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                    Maui Unit
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Drosophila neoclavisetae--Unit 1--Puu             584         237           0        134           0        450
 Kukui....................................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Molokai Unit
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Drosophila differens--Unit 1--Puu Kolekole        988         400           0          0           0        988
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 67438]]

 
    Total (32 units)......................      9,238       3,738       4,356      2,331         128     2,424
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Key: Unit areas in parentheses overlap with other units. Therefore, the total area being proposed as critical
  habitat for each species will not equal the total area being proposed for the 12 species combined because of
  this overlap.

    We present brief descriptions of all units, and reasons why they 
meet the definition of critical habitat for the 12 picture-wing flies, 
below. All of the proposed critical habitat units for the 12 Hawaiian 
picture-wing flies were occupied by the species at the time of listing. 
Each unit contains sufficient PCEs to provide for both the larval and 
adult life stage of one or more of the 12 species of picture-wing 
flies, and may require special management considerations or protection 
(see Table 3).

 Table 3.--Critical Habitat Units Proposed for Drosophila aglaia, D. differens, D. hemipeza, D. heteroneura, D. montgomeryi, D. mulli, D. musaphilia, D.
    neoclavisetae, D. obatai, D. ochrobasis, D. substenoptera, and D. tarphytrichia and Potential Threats to the Species Primary Constituent Elements
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                   Threats
                                                   -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
          Proposed critical habitat unit                                Nonnative      Yellow-jacket                       Nonnative
                                                    Feral ungulates       plants           wasps             Ants         competitors          Fire
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Drosophila aglaia--Unit 1--Palikea................               X                X   ...............               X                X                X
Drosophila aglaia--Unit 2--Puu Kaua...............               X                X   ...............               X                X                X
Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 1--Kaluaa Gulch.........               X                X   ...............               X                X                X
Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 2--Makaha Valley........               X                X   ...............               X                X                X
Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 3--Palikea..............               X                X   ...............               X                X                X
Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 4--Puu Kaua.............               X                X   ...............               X                X                X
Drosophila montgomeryi--Unit 1--Kaluaa Gulch......               X                X   ...............               X                X                X
Drosophila montgomeryi--Unit 2--Palikea...........               X                X   ...............               X                X                X
Drosophila montgomeryi--Unit 3--Puu Kaua..........               X                X   ...............               X                X                X
Drosophila obatai--Unit 1--Puu Pane...............               X                X   ...............               X                X                X
Drosophila obatai--Unit 2--Wailupe................               X                X   ...............               X                X                X
Drosophila substenoptera--Unit 1--Mt. Kaala.......               X                X   ...............  ...............               X   ...............
Drosophila substenoptera--Unit 2--Palikea.........               X                X   ...............  ...............               X   ...............
Drosophila tarphytrichia--Unit 1--Kaluaa Gulch....               X                X   ...............               X                X                X
Drosophila tarphytrichia--Unit 2--Palikea.........               X                X   ...............               X                X                X
Drosophila tarphytrichia--Unit 3--Puu Kaua........               X                X   ...............               X                X                X
Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 1--Kau Forest........               X                X                X                X                X   ...............
Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 2--Kona Refuge.......               X                X                X                X                X   ...............
Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 3--Lower Kahuku......               X                X                X                X                X   ...............
Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 4--Pit Crater........               X                X                X                X                X                X
Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 5--Waihaka Gulch.....               X                X                X                X                X   ...............
Drosophila mulli--Unit 1--Olaa Forest.............               X                X                X   ...............               X   ...............
Drosophila mulli--Unit 2--Stainback Forest........               X                X                X   ...............               X   ...............
Drosophila mulli--Unit 3--Waiakea Forest..........               X                X                X                X                X   ...............
Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 1--Kipuka 9...........               X                X                X   ...............               X   ...............
Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 2--Kipuka 14..........               X                X                X   ...............               X   ...............

[[Page 67439]]

 
Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 3--Kohala Mountains                  X                X                X   ...............               X   ...............
 East.............................................
Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 4--Kohala Mountains                  X                X                X   ...............               X   ...............
 West.............................................
Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 5--Upper Kahuku.......               X                X                X   ...............               X   ...............
Drosophila musaphilia--Unit 1--Kokee..............               X                X                X                X   ...............               X
Drosophila neoclavisetae--Unit 1--Puu Kukui.......               X                X                X   ...............  ...............  ...............
Drosophila differens--Unit 1--Puu Kolekole........               X                X                X   ...............               X   ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As provided under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, these units may be 
considered for exclusion from critical habitat when this rule is 
finalized. Exclusions are considered based on the relative costs and 
benefits of designating critical habitat, including information 
contained in the forthcoming economic analysis.

Oahu Units

    Drosophila aglaia--Unit 1--Palikea consists of 208 ac (84 ha) of 
lowland, mesic, koa, and ohia forest within the southern Waianae 
Mountains of Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 1,920-2,985 ft (585-910 
m), this unit is privately and State-owned, and is part of a larger 
area called the Honouliuli Preserve, administered and managed by TNCH. 
According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, 
pp. 1-10), this unit was occupied by D. aglaia at the time of listing. 
This unit includes the known elevation range, moisture regime, and the 
native forest components used by foraging adults and identified as the 
PCEs for this species. This unit also encompasses the larval stage host 
plant associated with this species, Urera glabra.
    Drosophila aglaia--Unit 2--Puu Kaua consists of 87 ac (35 ha) of 
lowland, diverse mesic, koa, and ohia forest within the southern 
Waianae Mountains of Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 1,865-2,855 ft 
(570-870 m), this unit is privately owned and is part of a larger area 
called the Honouliuli Preserve, administered and managed by TNCH. 
According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, 
pp. 1-10), this unit was occupied by D. aglaia at the time of listing. 
This unit includes the known elevation range, moisture regime, and the 
native forest components used by foraging adults and identified as the 
PCEs for this species. This unit also encompasses the larval stage host 
plant associated with this species, Urera glabra.
    Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 1--Kaluaa Gulch consists of 527 ac (213 
ha) of diverse, mesic forest within the southern Waianae Mountains of 
Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 1,720-2,785 ft (525-850 m), this 
unit is privately owned and is part of a larger area called the 
Honouliuli Preserve, administered and managed by TNCH. According to the 
most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, pp. 1-10), this 
unit was occupied by D. hemipeza at the time of listing. This unit 
includes the known elevation range, moisture regime, and the native 
forest components used by foraging adults and identified as the PCEs 
for this species. This unit also encompasses the larval stage host 
plants associated with this species, Urera kaalae, Cyanea sp., and 
Lobelia sp.
    Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 2--Makaha Valley consists of 111 ac (45 
ha) of lowland, mesic, koa, and ohia forest within the southern Waianae 
Mountains of Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 1,995-3,005 ft (610-915 
m), this unit is owned by the City and County of Honolulu and the 
State, and is largely managed as a State forest reserve. According to 
the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, pp. 4-5), 
this unit was occupied by D. hemipeza at the time of listing. This unit 
includes the known elevation range, moisture regime, and the native 
forest components used by foraging adults and identified as the PCEs 
for this species. This unit also encompasses the larval stage host 
plants associated with this species, Urera kaalae, Cyanea sp., and 
Lobelia sp.
    Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 3--Palikea consists of 208 ac (84 ha) of 
lowland, mesic, koa, and ohia forest within the southern Waianae 
Mountains of Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 1,920-2,985 ft (585-910 
m), this unit is privately and State-owned, and is part of a larger 
area called the Honouliuli Preserve, administered and managed by TNCH. 
According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, 
pp. 1-10), this unit was occupied by D. hemipeza at the time of 
listing. This unit includes the known elevation range, moisture regime, 
and the native forest components used by foraging adults and identified 
as the PCEs for this species. This unit also encompasses the larval 
stage host plants associated with this species, Urera kaalae, Cyanea 
sp., and Lobelia sp.
    Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 4--Puu Kaua consists of 87 ac (35 ha) of 
lowland, diverse mesic, koa, and ohia forest within the southern 
Waianae Mountains of Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 1,865-2,855 ft 
(570-870 m), this unit is privately owned and is part of a larger area 
called the Honouliuli Preserve, administered and managed by TNCH. 
According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, 
pp. 1-10), this unit was occupied by D. hemipeza at the time of 
listing. This unit includes the known elevation range, moisture regime, 
and the native forest components used by foraging adults and identified 
as the PCEs for this species. This unit also encompasses the larval 
stage host plants associated with this species, Urera kaalae, Cyanea 
sp., and Lobelia sp.
    Drosophila montgomeryi--Unit 1--Kaluaa Gulch consists of 527 ac 
(213 ha) of diverse, mesic forest within the southern Waianae Mountains 
of Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 1,720-2,785 ft (525-850 m), this 
unit is privately owned and is part of a larger area called the 
Honouliuli Preserve, administered and managed by TNCH.

[[Page 67440]]

According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, 
pp. 1-10), this unit was occupied by D. montgomeryi at the time of 
listing. This unit includes the known elevation range, moisture regime, 
and the native forest components used by foraging adults and identified 
as the PCEs for this species. This unit also encompasses the larval 
stage host plant associated with this species, Urera kaalae.
    Drosophila montgomeryi--Unit 2--Palikea consists of 208 ac (84 ha) 
of lowland, mesic, koa, and ohia forest within the southern Waianae 
Mountains of Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 1,920-2,985 ft (585-910 
m), this unit is both privately and State-owned, and is part of a 
larger area called the Honouliuli Preserve, administered and managed by 
TNCH. According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 
2005a, pp. 1-10), this unit was occupied by D. montgomeryi at the time 
of listing. This unit includes the known elevation range, moisture 
regime, and the native forest components used by foraging adults and 
identified as the PCEs for this species. This unit also encompasses the 
larval stage host plant associated with this species, Urera kaalae.
    Drosophila montgomeryi--Unit 3--Puu Kaua consists of 87 ac (35 ha) 
of lowland, diverse mesic, koa, and ohia forest within the southern 
Waianae Mountains of Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 1,865-2,855 ft 
(570-870 m), this unit is privately owned and is part of a larger area 
called the Honouliuli Preserve, administered and managed by TNCH. 
According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, 
pp. 1-10), this unit was occupied by D. montgomeryi at the time of 
listing. This unit includes the known elevation range, moisture regime, 
and the native forest components used by foraging adults and identified 
as the PCEs for this species. This unit also encompasses the larval 
stage host plant associated with this species, Urera kaalae.
    Drosophila obatai--Unit 1--Puu Pane consists of 33 ac (13 ha) of 
lowland, mesic, koa, and ohia forest within the northeastern Waianae 
Mountains of Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 1,760-2,535 ft (535-770 
m), this unit is owned by the State and is largely managed as part of a 
State forest reserve. According to the most recent survey data (K. 
Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, p. 6), this unit was occupied by D. obatai 
at the time of listing. This unit includes the known elevation range, 
moisture regime, and the native forest components used by foraging 
adults and identified as the PCEs for this species.
    This unit also encompasses the larval stage host plant associated 
with this species, Pleomele forbesii.
    Drosophila obatai--Unit 2--Wailupe consists of 77 ac (31 ha) of 
lowland, mesic, koa, and ohia forest within the southeastern Koolau 
Mountains of Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 1,475-2,155 ft (445-655 
m), this unit is privately and State-owned, and is largely managed as 
part of a State forest reserve. According to the most recent survey 
data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, p. 6), this unit was occupied by D. 
obatai at the time of listing. This unit includes the known elevation 
range, moisture regime, and the native forest components used by 
foraging adults and identified as the PCEs for this species. This unit 
also encompasses the larval stage host plant associated with this 
species, Pleomele forbesii.
    Drosophila substenoptera--Unit 1--Mt. Kaala consists of 116 ac (47 
ha) of montane, wet, ohia forest within the northern Waianae Mountains 
of Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 2,750-4,030 ft (840-1,230 m), 
this unit is owned by the City and County of Honolulu and the State, 
and is largely managed as part of a State forest reserve and natural 
area reserve. According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, 
in litt. 2005a, p. 7), this unit was occupied by D. substenoptera at 
the time of listing. This unit includes the known elevation range, 
moisture regime, and the native forest components used by foraging 
adults and identified as the PCEs for this species. This unit also 
encompasses the larval stage host plants associated with this species, 
Cheirodendron sp. and Tetraplasandra sp.
    Drosophila substenoptera--Unit 2--Palikea consists of 208 ac (84 
ha) of lowland, mesic, koa, and ohia forest within the southern Waianae 
Mountains of Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 1,920-2,985 ft (585-910 
m), this unit is privately and State-owned, and is part of a larger 
area called the Honouliuli Preserve, administered and managed by TNCH. 
According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, 
pp. 1-10), this unit was occupied by D. substenoptera at the time of 
listing. This unit includes the known elevation range, moisture regime, 
and the native forest components used by foraging adults and identified 
as the PCEs for this species. This unit also encompasses the larval 
stage host plants associated with this species, Cheirodendron sp. and 
Tetraplasandra sp.
    Drosophila tarphytrichia--Unit 1--Kaluaa Gulch consists of 527 ac 
(213 ha) of diverse, mesic forest within the southern Waianae Mountains 
of Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 1,720-2,785 ft (525-850 m), this 
unit is privately owned and is part of a larger area called the 
Honouliuli Preserve, administered and managed by TNCH. According to the 
most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, pp. 1-10), this 
unit was occupied by D. tarphytrichia at the time of listing. This unit 
includes the known elevation range, moisture regime, and the native 
forest components used by foraging adults and identified as the PCEs 
for this species. This unit also encompasses the larval stage host 
plant associated with this species, Charpenteira obovata.
    Drosophila tarphytrichia--Unit 2--Palikea consists of 208 ac (84 
ha) of lowland, mesic, koa, and ohia forest within the southern Waianae 
Mountains of Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 1,920-2,985 ft (585-910 
m), this unit is privately and State-owned, and is part of a larger 
area called the Honouliuli Preserve, administered and managed by TNCH. 
According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, 
pp. 1-10), this unit was occupied by D. tarphytrichia at the time of 
listing. This unit includes the known elevation range, moisture regime, 
and the native forest components used by foraging adults and identified 
as the PCEs for this species. This unit also encompasses the larval 
stage host plant associated with this species, Charpenteira obovata.
    Drosophila tarphytrichia--Unit 3--Puu Kaua consists of 87 ac (35 
ha) of lowland, diverse mesic, koa, and ohia forest within the southern 
Waianae Mountains of Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 1,865-2,855 ft 
(570-870 m), this unit is privately owned and is part of a larger area 
called the Honouliuli Preserve, administered and managed by TNCH. 
According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, 
pp. 1-10), this unit was occupied by D. tarphytrichia at the time of 
listing. This unit includes the known elevation range, moisture regime, 
and the native forest components used by foraging adults and identified 
as the PCEs for this species. This unit also encompasses the larval 
stage host plant associated with this species, Charpenteira obovata.

Hawaii (Big Island) Units

    Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 1--Kau Forest consists of 125 ac (51 
ha) of montane, wet, ohia forest, and is located on the southern flank 
of Mauna Loa on the island of Hawaii. Ranging in elevation between 
5,215-5,510 ft (1,590-1,680 m), the unit is owned by the State, and is 
largely managed as part of a State forest reserve. According to the 
most recent survey data (K.

[[Page 67441]]

Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, p. 8), this unit was occupied by D. 
heteroneura at the time of listing. This unit includes the known 
elevation range, moisture regime, and the native forest components used 
by foraging adults and identified as the PCEs for this species. This 
unit also encompasses the larval stage host plants associated with this 
species, Cheirodendron trigynum, Clermontia sp., and Delissea 
parviflora.
    Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 2--Kona Refuge consists of 3,604 ac 
(1,459 ha) of montane, mesic, closed koa and ohia forest, and is 
located on the western flank of Mauna Loa on the island of Hawaii. 
Ranging in elevation between 2,980-5,755 (910-1,755 m), this unit is 
owned by the Service, and is managed as part of the Kona Unit of the 
Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge. According to the most recent 
survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, p. 8), this unit was 
occupied by D. heteroneura at the time of listing.
    This unit includes the known elevation range, moisture regime, and 
the native forest components used by foraging adults and identified as 
the PCEs for this species. This unit also encompasses the larval stage 
host plants associated with this species, Cheirodendron trigynum, 
Clermontia sp., and Delissea parviflora.
    Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 3--Lower Kahuku consists of 687 ac 
(278 ha) of montane, mesic to wet, ohia forest, and is located on the 
southern flank of Mauna Loa on the island of Hawaii. Ranging in 
elevation between 3,705-4,685 ft (1,130-1,430 m), this unit is owned 
and managed by the National Park Service (NPS) (Hawaii Volcanoes 
National Park). According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, 
in litt. 2005a, p. 8), this unit was occupied by D. heteroneura at the 
time of listing. This unit includes the known elevation range, moisture 
regime, and the native forest components used by foraging adults and 
identified as the PCEs for this species. This unit also encompasses the 
larval stage host plants associated with this species, Cheirodendron 
trigynum, Clermontia sp., and Delissea parviflora.
    Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 4--Pit Crater consists of 46 ac (18 
ha) of montane, mesic, open ohia forest with mixed grass species, and 
is located on the western flank of Hualalai and south of the Kaupulehu 
lava flow on the island of Hawaii. Ranging in elevation between 3,835-
4,525 ft (1,170-1,380 m), this unit is privately owned and managed. 
According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, 
p. 8), this unit was occupied by D. heteroneura at the time of listing. 
This unit includes the known elevation range, moisture regime, and the 
native forest components used by foraging adults and identified as the 
PCEs for this species. This unit also encompasses the larval stage host 
plants associated with this species, Cheirodendron trigynum, Clermontia 
sp., and Delissea parviflora.
    Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 5--Waihaka Gulch consists of 120 ac 
(49 ha) of montane, wet, koa and ohia forest, and is located on the 
southern flank of Mauna Loa on the island of Hawaii. Ranging in 
elevation between 4,065-4,390 ft (1,240-1,340 m), the unit is owned by 
the State, and is largely managed as part of a State forest reserve. 
According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, 
p. 8), this unit was occupied by D. heteroneura at the time of listing. 
This unit includes the known elevation range, moisture regime, and the 
native forest components used by foraging adults and identified as the 
PCEs for this species. This unit also encompasses the larval stage host 
plants associated with this species, Cheirodendron trigynum, Clermontia 
sp., and Delissea parviflora.
    Drosophila mulli--Unit 1--Olaa Forest consists of 244 ac (99 ha) of 
montane, wet, ohia forest and is located to the northeast of Kilauea 
Caldera on the southeastern flank of Mauna Loa on the island of Hawaii. 
Ranging in elevation between 3,120-3,300 ft (950-1,005 m), this unit is 
owned by the State, and is largely managed as part of a State forest 
reserve. According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in 
litt. 2005a, p. 10), this unit was occupied by D. mulli at the time of 
listing. This unit includes the known elevation range, moisture regime, 
and the native forest components used by foraging adults and identified 
as the PCEs for this species. This unit also encompasses the larval 
stage host plant associated with this species, Pritchardia beccariana.
    Drosophila mulli--Unit 2--Stainback Forest consists of 76 ac (31 
ha) of montane, wet, ohia forest, and is located to the northeast of 
Kilauea Caldera on the southeastern flank of Mauna Loa on the island of 
Hawaii. Ranging in elevation between 1,955-2,165 ft (595-660 m), this 
unit is owned by the State and is largely managed as part of a State 
forest reserve. According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, 
in litt. 2005a, p. 10), this unit was occupied by D. mulli at the time 
of listing. This unit includes the known elevation range, moisture 
regime, and the native forest components used by foraging adults and 
identified as the PCEs for this species. This unit also encompasses the 
larval stage host plant associated with this species, Pritchardia 
beccariana.
    Drosophila mulli--Unit 3--Waiakea Forest consists of 373 ac (151 
ha) of montane, wet, ohia forest, and is located to the northeast of 
Kilauea Caldera on the southeastern flank of Mauna Loa on the island of 
Hawaii. Ranging in elevation between 3,130-3,585 ft (955-1,095 m), this 
unit is owned by the State and is largely managed as part of a State 
forest reserve. According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, 
in litt. 2005a, p. 10), this unit was occupied by D. mulli at the time 
of listing. This unit includes the known elevation range, moisture 
regime, and the native forest components used by foraging adults and 
identified as the PCEs for this species. This unit also encompasses the 
larval stage host plant associated with this species, Pritchardia 
beccariana.
    Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 1--Kipuka 9 consists of 9 ac (4 ha) of 
montane, wet, ohia forest with native shrubs, and is located within the 
saddle road area on the northeastern flank of Mauna Loa on the island 
of Hawaii. Ranging in elevation between 5,075-5,125 ft (1,545-1,560 m), 
this unit is owned by the State and is largely managed as part of a 
State forest reserve. According to the most recent survey data (K. 
Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, p. 10), this unit was occupied by D. 
ochrobasis at the time of listing. This unit includes the known 
elevation range, moisture regime, and the native forest components used 
by foraging adults and identified as the PCEs for this species. This 
unit also encompasses the larval stage host plants associated with this 
species, Clermontia sp., Marattia douglasii, and Myrsine sp.
    Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 2--Kipuka 14 consists of 15 ac (6 ha) 
of montane, wet, ohia forest with native shrubs, and is located within 
the saddle road area on the northeastern flank of Mauna Loa on the 
island of Hawaii. Ranging in elevation between 5,105-5,145 ft (1,555-
1,570 m), this unit is owned by the State and is largely managed as 
part of a State forest reserve. According to the most recent survey 
data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, pp. 12-13), this unit was occupied 
by D. ochrobasis at the time of listing. This unit includes the known 
elevation range, moisture regime, and the native forest components used 
by foraging adults and identified as the PCEs for this species. This 
unit also encompasses the larval stage host plants associated with this 
species, Clermontia sp., Marattia douglasii, and Myrsine sp.
    Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 3--Kohala Mountains East consists of 
193

[[Page 67442]]

ac (78 ha) of montane, wet, ohia forest with native shrubs and mixed 
grass species, and is located on the southeastern flank of the Kohala 
Mountains on the island of Hawaii. Ranging in elevation between 3,850-
4,140 ft (1,175-1,260 m), this unit is owned by the State and is 
largely managed as part of a State forest reserve. According to the 
most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, pp. 12-13), this 
unit was occupied by D. ochrobasis at the time of listing. This unit 
includes the known elevation range, moisture regime, and the native 
forest components used by foraging adults and identified as the PCEs 
for this species. This unit also encompasses the larval stage host 
plants associated with this species, Clermontia sp., Marattia 
douglasii, and Myrsine sp.
    Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 4--Kohala Mountains West consists of 
132 ac (54 ha) of montane, wet, ohia forest with native shrubs and 
mixed grass species, and is located on the southwestern flank of the 
Kohala Mountains on the island of Hawaii. Ranging in elevation between 
4,945-5,325 ft (1,510-1,625 m), this unit is privately and State-owned, 
and is largely managed as part of a State forest reserve. Drosophila 
ochrobasis was not historically known from this area, but was first 
observed here during field surveys in 2006 (K. Magnacca, in litt. 2006, 
p. 1). Based upon those positive observations and the relatively 
intact, closed-canopy, native forest, including the fly's host plant 
species found within this unit, we have determined that it was occupied 
by D. ochrobasis at the time of the listing. This unit includes the 
known elevation range, moisture regime, and the native forest 
components used by foraging adults and identified as the PCEs for this 
species. This unit also encompasses the larval stage host plants 
associated with this species, Clermontia sp., Marattia douglasii, and 
Myrsine sp.
    Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 5--Upper Kahuku consists of 88 ac (36 
ha) of montane, wet, ohia forest, and is located on the southern flank 
of Mauna Loa on the island of Hawaii. Ranging in elevation between 
5,235-5,390 ft (1,595-1,645 m), the unit is owned by the State and the 
National Park Service (Hawaii Volcanoes National Park). The area within 
this unit is largely managed as part of a State forest reserve and as a 
national park. According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, 
in litt. 2005a, pp. 12-13), this unit was occupied by D. ochrobasis at 
the time of listing. This unit includes the known elevation range, 
moisture regime, and the native forest components used by foraging 
adults and identified as the PCEs for this species. This unit also 
encompasses the larval stage host plants associated with this species, 
Clermontia sp., Marattia douglasii, and Myrsine sp.

Kauai Unit

    Drosophila musaphilia--Unit 1--Kokee consists of 794 ac (321 ha) of 
montane, mesic koa and ohia forest, and is located in the Kokee region 
of northwestern Kauai. Ranging in elevation between 3,310-3,740 ft 
(1,010-1,140 m), this unit is owned by the State and occurs on lands 
managed as part of a State park, forest reserve, and natural area 
reserve. According to the most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in 
litt. 2005a, p. 11), this unit was occupied by D. musaphilia at the 
time of listing. This unit includes the known elevation range, moisture 
regime, and the native forest components used by foraging adults and 
identified as the PCEs for this species. This unit also encompasses the 
larval stage host plant associated with this species, Acacia koa.

Maui Unit

    Drosophila neoclavisetae--Unit 1--Puu Kukui consists of 584 ac (237 
ha) of montane, wet, ohia forest within the west Maui mountains on the 
island of Maui. Ranging in elevation between 3,405-4,590 ft (1,040-
1,400 m), this unit is both privately and State-owned. Much of the area 
within this unit occurs within the boundary of the Puu Kukui Watershed 
Preserve, lands jointly managed by TNCH, the State, and the Maui Land 
and Pineapple Company. According to the most recent survey data (K. 
Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, p. 11), this unit was occupied by D. 
neoclavisetae at the time of listing. This unit includes the known 
elevation range, moisture regime, and the native forest components used 
by foraging adults and identified as the PCEs for this species. This 
unit also encompasses the larval stage host plant associated with this 
species, Cyanea kunthiana, C. macrostegia ssp. macrostegia.

Molokai Unit

    Drosophila differens--Unit 1--Puu Kolekole consists of 988 ac (400 
ha) of montane, wet, ohia forest within the eastern Molokai mountains 
on the island of Molokai. Ranging in elevation between 3,645-4,495 ft 
(1,110-1,370 m), this unit is privately owned and is managed by TNCH as 
part of the Kamakou and Pelekunu preserves. According to the most 
recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, p. 11), this unit was 
occupied by D. differens at the time of listing. This unit includes the 
known elevation range, moisture regime, and the native forest 
components used by foraging adults and identified as the PCEs for this 
species. This unit also encompasses the larval stage host plant 
associated with this species, Clermontia sp.

Effects of Critical Habitat Designation

Section 7 Consultation

    Section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires Federal agencies, including the 
Service, to ensure that actions they fund, authorize, or carry out are 
not likely to destroy or adversely modify critical habitat. Decisions 
by the 5th and 9th Circuit Court of Appeals have invalidated our 
definition of ``destruction or adverse modification'' (50 CFR 402.02) 
(see Gifford Pinchot Task Force v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 378 
F. 3d 1059 (9th Cir. 2004) and Sierra Club v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife 
Service et al., 245 F.3d 434, 442F (5th Cir. 2001)), and we do not rely 
on this regulatory definition when analyzing whether an action is 
likely to destroy or adversely modify critical habitat. Under the 
statutory provisions of the Act, we determine destruction or adverse 
modification on the basis of whether, with implementation of the 
proposed Federal action, the affected critical habitat would remain 
functional (or retain the current ability for the PCEs to be 
functionally established) to serve its intended conservation role for 
the species.
    If a species is listed or critical habitat is designated, section 
7(a)(2) of the Act requires Federal agencies to ensure that activities 
they authorize, fund, or carry out are not likely to jeopardize the 
continued existence of the species or to destroy or adversely modify 
its critical habitat. If a Federal action may affect a listed species 
or its critical habitat, the responsible Federal agency (action agency) 
must enter into consultation with us. As a result of this consultation, 
we document compliance with the requirements of section 7(a)(2) through 
our issuance of:
    (1) A concurrence letter for Federal actions that may affect, but 
are not likely to adversely affect, listed species or critical habitat; 
or
    (2) A biological opinion for Federal actions that may affect, and 
are likely to adversely affect, listed species or critical habitat.
    When we issue a biological opinion concluding that a project is 
likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a listed species or 
destroy or adversely modify critical habitat, we also provide 
reasonable and prudent alternatives to the project, if any are 
identifiable. We

[[Page 67443]]

define ``Reasonable and prudent alternatives'' at 50 CFR 402.02 as 
alternative actions identified during consultation that:
     Can be implemented in a manner consistent with the 
intended purpose of the action,
     Can be implemented consistent with the scope of the 
Federal agency's legal authority and jurisdiction,
     Are economically and technologically feasible, and
     Would, in the Director's opinion, avoid jeopardizing the 
continued existence of the listed species or destroying or adversely 
modifying critical habitat.
    Reasonable and prudent alternatives can vary from slight project 
modifications to extensive redesign or relocation of the project. Costs 
associated with implementing a reasonable and prudent alternative are 
similarly variable.
    Regulations at 50 CFR 402.16 require Federal agencies to reinitiate 
consultation on previously reviewed actions in instances where we have 
listed a new species or subsequently designated critical habitat that 
may be affected and the Federal agency has retained discretionary 
involvement or control over the action (or the agency's discretionary 
involvement or control is authorized by law). Consequently, Federal 
agencies may sometimes need to request reinitiation of consultation 
with us on actions for which formal consultation has been completed, if 
those actions with discretionary involvement or control may affect 
subsequently listed species or designated critical habitat.
    Federal activities that may affect Drosophila aglaia, D. differens, 
D. hemipeza, D. heteroneura, D. montgomeryi, D. mulli, D. musaphilia, 
D. neoclavisetae, D. obatai, D. ochrobasis, D. substenoptera, and D. 
tarphytrichia or their designated critical habitat will require section 
7 consultation under the Act. Activities on State, Tribal, local, or 
private lands requiring a Federal permit (such as a permit from the 
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers under section 404 of the Clean Water Act 
(33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.) or a permit from us under section 10 of the 
Act) or involving some other Federal action (such as funding from the 
Federal Highway Administration, Federal Aviation Administration, or the 
Federal Emergency Management Agency) are also be subject to the section 
7 consultation process. Federal actions not affecting listed species or 
critical habitat, and actions on State, Tribal, local, or private lands 
that are not federally funded, authorized, or permitted, do not require 
section 7 consultations.

Application of the ``Adverse Modification'' Standard

    The key factor related to the adverse modification determination is 
whether, with implementation of the proposed Federal action, the 
affected critical habitat would continue to serve its intended 
conservation role for the species, or would retain its current ability 
for the primary constituent elements to be functionally established. 
Activities that may destroy or adversely modify critical habitat are 
those that alter the PCEs to an extent that appreciably reduces the 
conservation value of critical habitat for Drosophila aglaia, D. 
differens, D. hemipeza, D. heteroneura, D. montgomeryi, D. mulli, D. 
musaphilia, D. neoclavisetae, D. obatai, D. ochrobasis, D. 
substenoptera, and D. tarphytrichia. Generally, the conservation role 
of the critical habitat units is to support the populations of these 
species as identified in this revised proposed rule.
    Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires us to briefly evaluate and 
describe, in any proposed or final regulation that designates critical 
habitat, activities involving a Federal action that may destroy or 
adversely modify such habitat, or that may be affected by such 
designation.
    Activities that, when carried out, funded, or authorized by a 
Federal agency, may affect critical habitat and therefore should result 
in consultation for Drosophila aglaia, D. differens, D. hemipeza, D. 
heteroneura, D. montgomeryi, D. mulli, D. musaphilia, D. neoclavisetae, 
D. obatai, D. ochrobasis, D. substenoptera, and D. tarphytrichia 
include, but are not limited to:
    (1) The following activities may result in adverse modification if 
they are likely to affect the PCEs of the 12 picture-wing flies: 
Overgrazing; control of feral ungulates; clearing or cutting of native 
live trees and shrubs, whether by burning or mechanical, chemical, or 
other means (e.g., woodcutting, bulldozing, construction, road 
building, mining, herbicide application); introducing or enabling the 
spread of nonnative species (e.g., nonnative plant species that may 
compete with native host plants, or nonnative arthropod pests that prey 
upon native host plants); and taking actions that pose a risk of fire.
    (2) Construction where a permit under section 404 of the Clean 
Water Act would be required by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 
Construction in wetlands, where a 404 permit would be required, could 
affect the habitat of Drosophila heteroneura.
    (3) Recreational activities that appreciably degrade vegetation.
    (4) The purposeful release or augmentation of any dipteran predator 
or parasitoid.

Exemptions and Exclusions

Application of Section 4(a)(3)(B) of the Act

    The Sikes Act Improvement Act of 1997 (Sikes Act) (16 U.S.C. 670a) 
required each military installation that includes land and water 
suitable for the conservation and management of natural resources to 
complete an integrated natural resource management plan (INRMP) by 
November 17, 2001. An INRMP integrates implementation of the military 
mission of the installation with stewardship of the natural resources 
found on the base. Each INRMP includes:
     An assessment of the ecological needs on the installation, 
including the need to provide for the conservation of listed species;
     A statement of goals and priorities;
     A detailed description of management actions to be 
implemented to provide for these ecological needs; and
     A monitoring and adaptive management plan.
    Among other things, each INRMP must, to the extent appropriate and 
applicable, provide for fish and wildlife management; fish and wildlife 
habitat enhancement or modification; wetland protection, enhancement, 
and restoration where necessary to support fish and wildlife; and 
enforcement of applicable natural resource laws.
    The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004 (Pub. 
L. 108-136) amended the Act to limit areas eligible for designation as 
critical habitat. Specifically, section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act (16 
U.S.C. 1533(a)(3)(B)(i)) now provides: ``The Secretary shall not 
designate as critical habitat any lands or other geographical areas 
owned or controlled by the Department of Defense, or designated for its 
use, that are subject to an integrated natural resources management 
plan prepared under section 101 of the Sikes Act (16 U.S.C. 670a), if 
the Secretary determines in writing that such plan provides a benefit 
to the species for which critical habitat is proposed for 
designation.''
    We consult with the military on the development and implementation 
of INRMPs for installations with listed species. INRMPs developed by 
military installations located within the range of this revised 
proposed critical habitat

[[Page 67444]]

designation for Drosophila aglaia and D. substenoptera were analyzed 
for exemption under the authority of section 4(a)(3) of the Act.

Approved INRMPs

West Range of Schofield Barracks Military Reservation
    The U.S. Army completed its Oahu INRMP in 2000, and the INRMP was 
approved by the Service in 2001. Conservation measures included in the 
INRMP that benefit Drosophila aglaia and D. substenoptera include (1) 
outplanting of native plants which provides for the natural forest 
conditions necessary for adult fly foraging by both species; (2) feral 
ungulate control which prevents both direct loss of the larval stage 
host plants and adult foraging substrate of both species and prevents 
habitat alteration by feral ungulates; (3) wildland fire control which 
prevents both loss and alteration of habitat for D. aglaia; and (4) 
nonnative plant control which prevents habitat alteration for both 
species.
    Based on the above considerations, and in accordance with section 
4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act, we have determined that conservation efforts 
identified in the U.S. Army Garrison Hawaii Oahu Training Areas Natural 
Resource Management (Final Report August 2000) and the Oahu INRMP 2002-
2006 (Army 2000) will provide benefits to Drosophila aglaia and D. 
substenoptera occurring in habitats within or adjacent to the West 
Range of Schofield Barracks Military Reservation. The other 10 species 
of picture-wing flies do not occur on Army land. Therefore, this 
installation is exempt from critical habitat designation under section 
4(a)(3) of the Act. We are not including approximately 78 ac (31 ha) of 
habitat on Oahu in this revised proposed critical habitat designation 
because of this exemption.

Application of Section 4(b)(2) of the Act

    Section 4(b)(2) of the Act states that the Secretary must designate 
and revise critical habitat on the basis of the best available 
scientific data after taking into consideration the economic impact, 
national security impact, and any other relevant impact of specifying 
any particular area as critical habitat. The Secretary may exclude an 
area from critical habitat if he determines that the benefits of such 
exclusion outweigh the benefits of specifying such area as part of the 
critical habitat, unless he determines, based on the best scientific 
data available, that the failure to designate such area as critical 
habitat will result in the extinction of the species. In making that 
determination, the legislative history is clear that the Secretary has 
broad discretion regarding which factor(s) to use and how much weight 
to give to any factor.
    Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, in considering whether to exclude 
a particular area from the designation, we must identify the benefits 
of including the area in the designation, identify the benefits of 
excluding the area from the designation, and determine whether the 
benefits of exclusion outweigh the benefits of inclusion. If we 
consider an exclusion, then we must determine whether excluding the 
area would result in the extinction of the species.
    We are conducting an economic analysis of the impacts of this 
revised proposed critical habitat designation and related factors, 
which will be available for public review and comment when it is 
complete. Based on public comment on that document, this revised 
proposed designation itself, and the information in the final economic 
analysis, the Secretary may exclude from critical habitat additional 
areas beyond those identified in this assessment under the provisions 
of section 4(b)(2) of the Act. This is also addressed in our 
implementing regulations at 50 CFR 424.19.
    Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we must consider all relevant 
impacts, including economic impacts. We consider a number of factors in 
a section 4(b)(2) analysis. For example, we consider whether there are 
lands owned or managed by the Department of Defense (DOD) where a 
national security impact might exist. We also consider whether the 
landowners have developed any conservation plans for the area, or 
whether there are conservation partnerships that would be encouraged by 
designation of, or exclusion from, critical habitat. In addition, we 
look at any Tribal issues, and consider the government-to-government 
relationship of the United States with tribal entities. We also 
consider any social impacts that might occur because of the 
designation.
    In preparing this revised proposal, we have determined that the 
lands within the revised proposed designation of critical habitat for 
the 12 picture-wing flies are not owned or managed by the Department of 
Defense, there are currently no HCPs for these species, and the 
proposed designation does not include any Tribal lands or trust 
resources.
    We anticipate no impact to national security, Tribal lands, 
partnerships, or HCPs from this revised proposed critical habitat 
designation. Based on the best available information, we believe that 
all of these units contain the features essential to the species. 
Therefore, we are not proposing to exclude any areas under section 
4(b)(2) of the Act at this time. However, based on public comment on 
this revised proposed critical habitat designation and the economic 
analysis, and the information in the economic analysis itself, we may 
exclude areas from the final critical habitat designation under section 
4(b)(2) of the Act.

Economic Analysis

    We are preparing an analysis of the economic impacts of this 
revised proposed critical habitat for the 12 picture-wing flies from 
the Hawaiian Islands. We will announce the availability of the draft 
economic analysis as soon as it is completed, at which time we will 
seek public review and comment. At that time, copies of the draft 
economic analysis will be available for downloading from the Internet 
at http://www.fws.gov/pacificislands, or by contacting the Pacific 
Islands Fish and Wildlife Office directly (see ADDRESSES). The draft 
economic analysis prepared for this revised proposed critical habitat 
designation will replace the draft economic analysis that was prepared 
for the original proposal and announced in the Federal Register on 
January 4, 2007 (72 FR 321). We may exclude areas from the final rule 
based on information in the new draft economic analysis.

Peer Review

    In accordance with our joint policy published in the Federal 
Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34270), we are obtaining the expert 
opinions of at least three appropriate independent specialists 
regarding this revised proposed rule. The purpose of peer review is to 
ensure that our critical habitat designation is based on scientifically 
sound data, assumptions, and analyses. We have posted our proposed peer 
review plan on our Web site at http://www.fws.gov/pacific/informationquality/index.htm. We will send these peer reviewers copies 
of this revised proposed rule, immediately following publication in the 
Federal Register. We have invited these peer reviewers to comment 
during a public comment period on our specific assumptions and 
conclusions in this revised proposed designation of critical habitat.
    We will consider all comments and information we receive during the 
comment period on this revised proposed rule during our preparation of 
a final determination. Accordingly, our final decision may differ from 
this proposal.

[[Page 67445]]

Public Hearings

    The Act provides for one or more public hearings on this proposal, 
if we receive any requests for hearings. We must receive your request 
for a public hearing within 45 days after the date of this Federal 
Register publication. Send your request to the person named in FOR 
FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT. We will schedule public hearings on this 
proposal, if any are requested, and announce the dates, times, and 
places of those hearings, as well as how to obtain reasonable 
accommodations, in the Federal Register and local newspapers at least 
15 days before the first hearing.
    Persons needing reasonable accommodations to attend and participate 
in the public hearings should contact the Pacific Islands Fish and 
Wildlife Office at 808-792-9400 as soon as possible. To allow 
sufficient time to process requests, please call no later than one week 
before the hearing date. Information regarding this revised proposal is 
available in alternative formats upon request.

Required Determinations

Regulatory Planning and Review

    In accordance with Executive Order (E.O.) 12866, this document is a 
significant rule in that it may raise novel legal and policy issues, 
but we do not anticipate that it will have an annual effect on the 
economy of $100 million or more or affect the economy in a material 
way. To determine the economic consequences of designating the specific 
area as critical habitat, we are preparing a draft economic analysis of 
this proposed action, which will be available for public comment. This 
economic analysis also will be used to determine compliance with E.O. 
12866, the Regulatory Flexibility Act, the Small Business Regulatory 
Enforcement Fairness Act, E.O. 12630, and E.O. 13211. Due to the tight 
timeline for publication in the Federal Register, the Office of 
Management and Budget (OMB) has not formally reviewed this rule.
    Further, E.O. 12866 directs Federal agencies promulgating 
regulations to evaluate regulatory alternatives (OMB Circular A-4, 
September 17, 2003). Under Circular A-4, once an agency determines that 
the Federal regulatory action is appropriate, the agency must consider 
alternative regulatory approaches. Because the determination of 
critical habitat is a statutory requirement under the Act, we must 
evaluate alternative regulatory approaches, where feasible, when 
promulgating a designation of critical habitat.
    In developing our designations of critical habitat, we consider 
economic impacts, impacts to national security, and other relevant 
impacts under section 4(b)(2) of the Act. Based on the discretion 
allowable under this provision, we may exclude any particular area from 
the designation of critical habitat providing that the benefits of such 
exclusion outweigh the benefits of specifying the area as critical 
habitat and that such exclusion would not result in the extinction of 
the species. As such, we believe that the evaluation of the inclusion 
or exclusion of particular areas, or a combination of both, constitutes 
our regulatory alternative analysis for designations.
    We will announce the availability of the draft economic analysis in 
the Federal Register and in local newspapers so that it is available 
for public review and comments. The draft economic analysis will also 
be available on the Internet at www.fws.gov/pacificislands or by 
contacting the Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office directly (see 
ADDRESSES).

Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.)

    Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA; 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as 
amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act 
(SBREFA) of 1996), whenever an agency must publish a notice of 
rulemaking for any proposed or final rule, it must prepare and make 
available for public comment a regulatory flexibility analysis that 
describes the effects of the rule on small entities (small businesses, 
small organizations, and small government jurisdictions). However, no 
regulatory flexibility analysis is required if the head of the agency 
certifies the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small entities. SBREFA amended RFA to require 
Federal agencies to provide a statement of the factual basis for 
certifying that the rule will not have a significant economic impact on 
a substantial number of small entities.
    At this time, we lack the available economic information necessary 
to provide an adequate factual basis for the required RFA finding. 
Therefore, we defer the RFA finding until completion of the draft 
economic analysis prepared under section 4(b)(2) of the Act and E.O. 
12866. This draft economic analysis will provide the required factual 
basis for the RFA finding. Upon completion of the draft economic 
analysis, we will announce availability of the draft economic analysis 
of this revised proposed designation in the Federal Register and reopen 
the public comment period for this revised proposed designation. We 
will include with this announcement, as appropriate, an initial 
regulatory flexibility analysis or a certification that the rule will 
not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small 
entities accompanied by the factual basis for that determination. We 
have concluded that deferring the RFA finding until completion of the 
draft economic analysis is necessary to meet the purposes and 
requirements of the RFA. Deferring the RFA finding in this manner will 
ensure that we make a sufficiently informed determination based on 
adequate economic information and provide the necessary opportunity for 
public comment.

Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.)

    In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 
et seq.), we make the following findings:
    (a) This rule will not produce a Federal mandate. In general, a 
Federal mandate is a provision in legislation, statute, or regulation 
that would impose an enforceable duty upon State, local, or Tribal 
governments, or the private sector, and includes both ``Federal 
intergovernmental mandates'' and ``Federal private sector mandates.'' 
These terms are defined in 2 U.S.C. 658(5)-(7). ``Federal 
intergovernmental mandate'' includes a regulation that ``would impose 
an enforceable duty upon State, local, or [T]ribal governments'' with 
two exceptions. It excludes ``a condition of Federal assistance.'' It 
also excludes ``a duty arising from participation in a voluntary 
Federal program,'' unless the regulation ``relates to a then-existing 
Federal program under which $500,000,000 or more is provided annually 
to State, local, and [T]ribal governments under entitlement 
authority,'' if the provision would ``increase the stringency of 
conditions of assistance'' or ``place caps upon, or otherwise decrease, 
the Federal Government's responsibility to provide funding,'' and the 
State, local, or Tribal governments ``lack authority'' to adjust 
accordingly. At the time of enactment, these entitlement programs were: 
Medicaid; AFDC work programs; Child Nutrition; Food Stamps; Social 
Services Block Grants; Vocational Rehabilitation State Grants; Foster 
Care, Adoption Assistance, and Independent Living; Family Support 
Welfare Services; and Child Support Enforcement. ``Federal private 
sector mandate'' includes a regulation that ``would impose an 
enforceable duty upon the private sector, except (i) a condition of 
Federal assistance or (ii) a duty arising from

[[Page 67446]]

participation in a voluntary Federal program.''
    The designation of critical habitat does not impose a legally 
binding duty on non-Federal Government entities or private parties. 
Under the Act, the only regulatory effect is that Federal agencies must 
ensure that their actions do not destroy or adversely modify critical 
habitat under section 7. While non-Federal entities that receive 
Federal funding, assistance, or permits, or that otherwise require 
approval or authorization from a Federal agency for an action, may be 
indirectly impacted by the designation of critical habitat, the legally 
binding duty to avoid destruction or adverse modification of critical 
habitat rests squarely on the Federal agency. Furthermore, to the 
extent that non-Federal entities are indirectly impacted because they 
receive Federal assistance or participate in a voluntary Federal aid 
program, the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act would not apply, nor would 
critical habitat shift the costs of the large entitlement programs 
listed above onto State governments.
    (2) We do not believe that this rule will significantly or uniquely 
affect small governments. The lands being proposed for critical habitat 
designation are owned by the State of Hawaii, City and County of 
Honolulu, private citizens, and the National Park Service and U.S. Fish 
and Wildlife Service. None of these entities fit the definition of 
``small governmental jurisdiction.'' Therefore, a Small Government 
Agency Plan is not required. However, as we conduct our economic 
analysis, we will further evaluate this issue and revise this 
assessment if appropriate.

Takings

    In accordance with E.O. 12630 (Government Actions and Interference 
with Constitutionally Protected Private Property Rights), we have 
analyzed the potential takings implications of designating critical 
habitat for the 12 picture-wing flies in a takings implications 
assessment. The takings implications assessment concludes that this 
designation of critical habitat for the 12 picture-wing flies does not 
pose significant takings implications for lands within or affected by 
the proposed designation.

Federalism

    In accordance with E.O. 13132 (Federalism), this revised proposed 
rule does not have significant Federalism effects. A Federalism 
assessment is not required. In keeping with Department of the Interior 
and Department of Commerce policy, we requested information from, and 
coordinated development of, this revised proposed critical habitat 
designation with appropriate State resource agencies in Hawaii. The 
designation of critical habitat in areas currently occupied by 12 
species of picture-wing flies imposes no additional restrictions to 
those currently in place and, therefore, has little incremental impact 
on State and local governments and their activities. The designation 
may have some benefit to these governments because the areas that 
contain the features essential to the conservation of the species are 
more clearly defined, and the primary constituent elements of the 
habitat necessary to the conservation of the species are specifically 
identified. This information does not alter where and what federally 
sponsored activities may occur. However, it may assist local 
governments in long[pi]range planning (rather than having them wait for 
case-by-case section 7 consultations to occur).

Civil Justice Reform

    This regulation meets the applicable standards set forth in 
sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of Executive Order  12988 (Civil 
Justice Reform). We have issued this revised proposed critical habitat 
designation in accordance with the provisions of the Act. This proposed 
rule uses standard property descriptions and identifies the primary 
constituent elements within the designated areas to assist the public 
in understanding the habitat needs of the 12 species of Hawaiian 
picture-wing flies.

Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995

    This rule does not contain any new collections of information that 
require approval by OMB under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 
U.S.C. 3501 et seq.). This rule will not impose recordkeeping or 
reporting requirements on State or local governments, individuals, 
businesses, or organizations. An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and 
a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information 
unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number.

National Environmental Policy Act

    It is our position that, outside the jurisdiction of the United 
States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, we do not need to 
prepare environmental analyses as defined by NEPA (42 U.S.C. 4321 et 
seq.) in connection with designating critical habitat under the Act. We 
published a notice outlining our reasons for this determination in the 
Federal Register on October 25, 1983 (48 FR 49244). This position was 
upheld by the Circuit Court of the United States for the Ninth Circuit 
(Douglas County v. Babbitt, 48 F.3d 1495 (9th Cir. 1995), cert. denied 
516 U.S. 1042 (1996)).

Clarity of the Rule

    We are required by Executive Orders 12866 and 12988 and by the 
Presidential Memorandum of June 1, 1998, to write all rules in plain 
language. This means that each rule we publish must:
    (a) Be logically organized;
    (b) Use the active voice to address readers directly;
    (c) Use clear language rather than jargon;
    (d) Be divided into short sections and sentences; and
    (e) Use lists and tables wherever possible.
    If you feel that we have not met these requirements, send us 
comments by one of the methods listed in the ADDRESSES section. To 
better help us revise the rule, your comments should be as specific as 
possible. For example, you should tell us the numbers of the sections 
or paragraphs that are unclearly written, which sections or sentences 
are too long, the sections where you feel lists or tables would be 
useful, etc.

Government-to-Government Relationship With Tribes

    In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994, 
Government-to-Government Relations with Native American Tribal 
Governments (59 FR 22951), E.O. 13175, and the Department of the 
Interior's manual at 512 DM 2, we readily acknowledge our 
responsibility to communicate meaningfully with recognized Federal 
Tribes on a government-to-government basis. In accordance with 
Secretarial Order 3206 of June 5, 1997 (American Indian Tribal Rights, 
Federal-Tribal Trust Responsibilities, and the Endangered Species Act), 
we readily acknowledge our responsibilities to work directly with 
Tribes in developing programs for healthy ecosystems, to acknowledge 
that tribal lands are not subject to the same controls as Federal 
public lands, to remain sensitive to Indian culture, and to make 
information available to Tribes. We have determined that there are no 
Tribal lands occupied at the time of listing that contain the features 
essential for the conservation, and no Tribal lands that are essential 
for the conservation, of the 12 picture-wing flies within the State of 
Hawaii. Therefore, we have not proposed designation of critical habitat 
for any of these species on Tribal lands.

[[Page 67447]]

Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use

    On May 18, 2001, the President issued an Executive Order (E.O. 
13211; Actions Concerning Regulations That Significantly Affect Energy 
Supply, Distribution, or Use) on regulations that significantly affect 
energy supply, distribution, and use. E.O. 13211 requires agencies to 
prepare Statements of Energy Effects when undertaking certain actions. 
While this revised proposed rule to designate critical habitat for 12 
species of Hawaiian picture-wing flies is a significant regulatory 
action under E.O. 12866 in that it may raise novel legal and policy 
issues, we do not expect it to significantly affect energy supplies, 
distribution, or use because these areas are not presently used for 
energy production and we are unaware of any future plans in this 
regard. Therefore, this action is not a significant energy action, and 
no Statement of Energy Effects is required. However, we will further 
evaluate this issue as we conduct our economic analysis, and review and 
revise this assessment as warranted.

References Cited

    A complete list of all references cited in this rule is available 
upon request from the Field Supervisor, Pacific Islands Fish and 
Wildlife Office (see ADDRESSES).

Author(s)

    The primary author of this document is staff of the Fish and 
Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office.

List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17

    Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, Reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements, Transportation.

Proposed Regulation Promulgation

    Accordingly, we propose to amend part 17, subchapter B of chapter 
I, title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations, as set forth below:

PART 17--[AMENDED]

    1. The authority citation for part 17 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361-1407; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1544; 16 U.S.C. 
4201-4245; Pub. L. 99-625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted.

    2. In Sec.  17.11(h), revise the entries for ``Fly, Hawaiian 
picture-wing'' (Drosophila aglaia), ``Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing'' 
(Drosophila differens), ``Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing'' (Drosophila 
hemipeza), ``Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing'' (Drosophila heteroneura), 
``Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing'' (Drosophila montgomeryi), ``Fly, 
Hawaiian picture-wing'' (Drosophila mulli), ``Fly, Hawaiian picture-
wing'' (Drosophila musaphilia), ``Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing'' 
(Drosophila neoclavisetae), ``Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing'' (Drosophila 
obatai), ``Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing'' (Drosophila ochrobasis), ``Fly, 
Hawaiian picture-wing'' (Drosophila substenoptera), and ``Fly, Hawaiian 
picture-wing'' (Drosophila tarphytrichia), under INSECTS in the List of 
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife, to read as follows:


Sec.  17.11  Endangered and threatened wildlife.

* * * * *
    (h) * * *

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        Species                                                     Vertebrate
--------------------------------------------------------                         population where                         When     Critical    Special
                                                            Historic range         endangered or          Status         listed     habitat     rules
           Common name                Scientific name                               threatened
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Insects
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing.......  Drosophila aglaia...  U.S.A. (HI).........  NA..................  E                        756  17.95(i)           NA
Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing.......  Drosophila differens  U.S.A. (HI).........  NA..................  E                        756  17.95(i)           NA
Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing.......  Drosophila hemipeza.  U.S.A. (HI).........  NA..................  E                        756  17.95(i)           NA
Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing.......  Drosophila            U.S.A. (HI).........  NA..................  E                        756  17.95(i)           NA
                                    heteroneura.
Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing.......  Drosophila            U.S.A. (HI).........  NA..................  E                        756  17.95(i)           NA
                                    montgomeryi.
Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing.......  Drosophila mulli....  U.S.A. (HI).........  NA..................  T                        756  17.95(i)           NA
Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing.......  Drosophila            U.S.A. (HI).........  NA..................  E                        756  17.95(i)           NA
                                    musaphilia.
Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing.......  Drosophila            U.S.A. (HI).........  NA..................  E                        756  17.95(i)           NA
                                    neoclavisetae.
Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing.......  Drosophila obatai...  U.S.A. (HI).........  NA..................  E                        756  17.95(i)           NA
Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing.......  Drosophila            U.S.A. (HI).........  NA..................  E                        756  17.95(i)           NA
                                    ochrobasis.
Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing.......  Drosophila            U.S.A. (HI).........  NA..................  E                        756  17.95(i)           NA
                                    substenoptera.
Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing.......  Drosophila            U.S.A. (HI).........  NA..................  E                        756  17.95(i)           NA
                                    tarphytrichia.
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    3. In Sec.  17.95, amend paragraph (i) by adding entries for 
``Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila aglaia),'' ``Hawaiian picture-
wing fly (Drosophila differens),'' ``Hawaiian picture-wing fly 
(Drosophila hemipeza),'' ``Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila 
heteroneura),'' ``Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila montgomeryi),''

[[Page 67448]]

``Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila mulli),'' ``Hawaiian picture-
wing fly (Drosophila musaphilia),'' ``Hawaiian picture-wing fly 
(Drosophila neoclavisetae),'' ``Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila 
obatai),'' ``Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila ochrobasis),'' 
``Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila substenoptera),'' and 
``Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila tarphytrichia),'' in the same 
alphabetical order in which these species appear in that table at Sec.  
17.11(h), to read as follows:


Sec.  17.95  Critical habitat--fish and wildlife.

* * * * *
    (i) Insects.
* * * * *
Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila aglaia)
    (1) Critical habitat units are depicted for County of Honolulu, 
island of Oahu, Hawaii, on the maps below.
    (2) The primary constituent elements of critical habitat for 
Drosophila aglaia are:
    (i) Dry to mesic, lowland, Diospyros sp., ohia and koa forest 
between the elevations of 1,400-2,900 ft (425-885 m); and
    (ii) The larval host plant Urera glabra.
    (3) Critical habitat does not include manmade structures (such as 
buildings, aqueducts, airports, and roads) and the land on which they 
are located existing within the legal boundaries on the effective date 
of this rule.
    (4) Critical habitat map units. Coordinates are in Universal 
Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 with units in meters using North 
American Datum of 1983 (NAD83).
    (5) Note: Index map of critical habitat units for Drosophila aglaia 
follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.000

    (6) Drosophila aglaia--Unit 1--Palikea, City and County of 
Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii.
    (i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 593529, 2367854; 
593448, 2367801; 593302, 2367874; 593242, 2367927; 593193, 2367967; 
593165, 2368065; 593217, 2368150; 593314, 2368283; 593399, 2368425; 
593448, 2368578; 593505, 2368716; 593622, 2368833; 593703, 2368906; 
593764, 2368963; 593832, 2369044; 593901, 2369145; 594002, 2369262; 
594079, 2369331; 594104, 2369396; 594120, 2369485; 594124, 2369521; 
594148, 2369525; 594213, 2369525; 594310, 2369497; 594395, 2369473; 
594399, 2369392; 594396, 2369356; 594417, 2369313; 594461, 2369290; 
594551, 2369278; 594579, 2369250; 594559, 2369197; 594472, 2369183; 
594391, 2369179; 594354, 2369153; 594302, 2369072; 594257, 2369015; 
594213, 2368914; 594136, 2368809; 594083, 2368672; 594035, 2368550; 
593966, 2368417; 593966, 2368324; 593909, 2368259; 593792, 2368105; 
593675, 2368000.
    (ii) Note: Map of Drosophila aglaia--Unit 1--Palikea follows:

[[Page 67449]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.001


[[Page 67450]]


    (7) Drosophila aglaia--Unit 2--Puu Kaua, City and County of 
Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii.
    (i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 594166, 2370854; 
594166, 2370853; 594164, 2370854; 594122, 2370843; 594090, 2370815; 
594040, 2370789; 593996, 2370789; 593930, 2370827; 593852, 2370875; 
593778, 2370907; 593716, 2370947; 593642, 2370999; 593602, 2371041; 
593574, 2371067; 593558, 2371095; 593539, 2371118; 593531, 2371121; 
593534, 2371173; 593519, 2371375; 593533, 2371375; 593552, 2371390; 
593628, 2371404; 593716, 2371426; 593794, 2371431; 593876, 2371437; 
593974, 2371435; 594036, 2371431; 594138, 2371415; 594190, 2371399; 
594232, 2371385; 594246, 2371359; 594239, 2371354; 594170, 2370879; 
594172, 2370877; 594170, 2370855.
    (ii) Note: Map of Drosophila aglaia--Unit 2--Puu Kaua follows:

[[Page 67451]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.002


[[Page 67452]]


BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila differens)
    (1) Critical habitat is depicted for County of Maui, island of 
Molokai, Hawaii, on the map below.
    (2) The primary constituent elements of critical habitat for 
Drosophila differens are:
    (i) Wet, montane, ohia forest between the elevations of 3,650-4,500 
ft (1,115-1,370 m); and
    (ii) The larval host plants Clermontia arborescens ssp. waihiae, C. 
granidiflora ssp. munroi, C. oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, C. kakeana, 
and C. pallida.
    (3) Critical habitat does not include manmade structures (such as 
buildings, aqueducts, airports, and roads) and the land on which they 
are located existing within the legal boundaries on the effective date 
of this rule.
    (4) Critical habitat map unit. Coordinates are in Universal 
Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 with units in meters using North 
American Datum of 1983 (NAD83).
    (5) Drosophila differens--Unit 1--Puu Kolekole, Maui County, island 
of Molokai, Hawaii.
    (i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 718527, 2337536; 
718533, 2337451; 718538, 2337370; 718543, 2337298; 718547, 2337236; 
718551, 2337182; 718555, 2337138; 718560, 2337098; 718571, 2337055; 
718586, 2337010; 718607, 2336962; 718632, 2336912; 718662, 2336860; 
718698, 2336807; 718739, 2336754; 718784, 2336700; 718835, 2336646; 
718892, 2336593; 718958, 2336551; 719034, 2336520; 719119, 2336502; 
719215, 2336497; 719320, 2336503; 719420, 2336509; 719506, 2336508; 
719579, 2336500; 719639, 2336484; 719685, 2336462; 719675, 2336394; 
719613, 2336327; 718980, 2335781; 718332, 2335236; 718002, 2334953; 
717930, 2334932; 717877, 2334988; 717855, 2335060; 717846, 2335123; 
717848, 2335175; 717862, 2335217; 717888, 2335249; 717921, 2335272; 
717946, 2335291; 717961, 2335308; 717965, 2335322; 717958, 2335333; 
717942, 2335342; 717928, 2335356; 717919, 2335377; 717915, 2335404; 
717916, 2335438; 717923, 2335478; 717935, 2335515; 717952, 2335542; 
717974, 2335558; 718001, 2335564; 718034, 2335559; 718070, 2335550; 
718107, 2335553; 718144, 2335567; 718182, 2335593; 718221, 2335630; 
718257, 2335675; 718280, 2335710; 718286, 2335733; 718277, 2335745; 
718253, 2335744; 718213, 2335731; 718166, 2335721; 718115, 2335717; 
718060, 2335719; 718001, 2335728; 717937, 2335742; 717873, 2335764; 
717812, 2335793; 717753, 2335829; 717697, 2335873; 717643, 2335924; 
717591, 2335977; 717543, 2336020; 717499, 2336052; 717458, 2336073; 
717420, 2336083; 717385, 2336085; 717351, 2336089; 717319, 2336098; 
717288, 2336110; 717258, 2336127; 717230, 2336148; 717204, 2336180; 
717183, 2336223; 717165, 2336280; 717151, 2336348; 717140, 2336429; 
717130, 2336510; 717118, 2336579; 717103, 2336636; 717085, 2336680; 
717065, 2336713; 717041, 2336739; 717009, 2336769; 716968, 2336806; 
716919, 2336847; 716862, 2336894; 716800, 2336946; 716745, 2337000; 
716702, 2337055; 716669, 2337112; 716647, 2337171; 716635, 2337231; 
716632, 2337289; 716634, 2337341; 716644, 2337388; 716660, 2337430; 
716683, 2337468; 716713, 2337497; 716751, 2337516; 716797, 2337523; 
716850, 2337520; 716912, 2337507; 716976, 2337488; 717031, 2337481; 
717077, 2337486; 717126, 2337542; 717183, 2337585; 718403, 2337817; 
718484, 2337833; 718487, 2337824; 718499, 2337760; 718510, 2337691; 
718519, 2337616.
    (ii) Note: Map of Drosophila differens--Unit 1--Puu Kolekole 
follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P

[[Page 67453]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.003


[[Page 67454]]


Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila hemipeza)
    (1) Critical habitat units are depicted for County of Honolulu, 
island of Oahu, Hawaii, on the maps below.
    (2) The primary constituent elements of critical habitat for 
Drosophila hemipeza are:
    (i) Dry to mesic, lowland, ohia and koa forest between the 
elevations of 1,500-2,900 ft (460-885 m); and
    (ii) The larval host plants Cyanea angustifolia, C. calycina, C. 
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, C. grimesiana ssp. obatae, C. membranacea, 
C. pinnatifida, C. superba ssp. superba, Lobelia hypoleuca, L. 
niihauensis, L. yuccoides, and Urera kaalae.
    (3) Critical habitat does not include manmade structures (such as 
buildings, aqueducts, airports, and roads) and the land on which they 
are located existing within the legal boundaries on the effective date 
of this rule.
    (4) Critical habitat map units. Coordinates are in Universal 
Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 with units in meters using North 
American Datum of 1983 (NAD83).
    (5) Note: Index map of critical habitat units for Drosophila 
hemipeza follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.004

    (6) Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 1--Kaluaa Gulch, City and County of 
Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii.
    (i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 593240, 2374436; 
593231, 2374371; 593281, 2374410; 593315, 2374385; 593612, 2374173; 
593656, 2374138; 593621, 2374096; 593641, 2374077; 593676, 2374072; 
593703, 2374057; 593734, 2374039; 593758, 2374058; 593793, 2374029; 
593779, 2373964; 593731, 2373894; 593660, 2373784; 593609, 2373702; 
593592, 2373648; 593592, 2373594; 593598, 2373553; 593657, 2373561; 
593770, 2373549; 593792, 2373496; 593797, 2373417; 593842, 2373411; 
593842, 2373326; 593905, 2373404; 594053, 2373383; 594103, 2373292; 
594134, 2373228; 594156, 2373250; 594194, 2373256; 594178, 2373323; 
594196, 2373386; 594229, 2373390; 594312, 2373340; 594341, 2373350; 
594339, 2373421; 594383, 2373487; 594381, 2373513; 594460, 2373552; 
594496, 2373553; 594497, 2373518; 594526, 2373509; 594572, 2373460; 
594632, 2373519; 594649, 2373523; 594699, 2373475; 594728, 2373476; 
594762, 2373532; 594791, 2373529; 594828, 2373501; 594852, 2373465; 
594903, 2373501; 594933, 2373500; 594952, 2373489; 594974, 2373334; 
594800, 2373150; 594718, 2373120; 594718, 2373102; 594744, 2373091; 
594710, 2372721; 594720, 2372686; 594716, 2372633; 594678, 2372623; 
594566, 2372651; 594536, 2372666; 594506, 2372663; 594467, 2372672; 
594395, 2372663; 594406, 2372650; 594546, 2372567; 594558, 2372553; 
594551, 2372535; 594389, 2372452; 594395, 2372434; 594415, 2372428; 
594511, 2372449; 594603, 2372437; 594614, 2372421; 594607, 2372385; 
594593, 2372353; 594591, 2372317; 594618, 2372322; 594661, 2372357; 
594700, 2372384; 594696, 2372334; 594697, 2372333; 594697, 2372283; 
594652, 2372257; 594541, 2372266; 594454, 2372294; 594400, 2372294; 
594293, 2372267; 594231, 2372261; 594168, 2372241; 594126, 2372258; 
594075, 2372267; 594030, 2372303; 593999,

[[Page 67455]]

2372354; 593948, 2372388; 593889, 2372397; 593812, 2372413; 593781, 
2372425; 593756, 2372442; 593742, 2372467; 593742, 2372490; 593736, 
2372521; 593736, 2372560; 593757, 2372587; 593790, 2372662; 593663, 
2372772; 593543, 2372859; 593558, 2372894; 593555, 2372910; 593526, 
2372928; 593476, 2372912; 593422, 2372953; 593420, 2372976; 593403, 
2372997; 593400, 2373025; 593373, 2373016; 593352, 2373044; 593328, 
2373025; 593215, 2373118; 593230, 2373171; 593214, 2373176; 593163, 
2373154; 593095, 2373213; 593091, 2373238; 593064, 2373243; 593019, 
2373295; 592937, 2373388; 592889, 2373462; 592897, 2373535; 592908, 
2373597; 592923, 2373668; 592914, 2373772; 592889, 2373866; 592868, 
2373941; 592867, 2373950; 592894, 2374029; 592908, 2374120; 592894, 
2374162; 592860, 2374213; 592854, 2374216; 593151, 2374494.
    (ii) Note: Map of Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 1--Kaluaa Gulch 
follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P

[[Page 67456]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.005


[[Page 67457]]


    (7) Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 2--Makaha Valley, City and County of 
Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii.
    (i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 586712, 2378108; 
586877, 2378091; 587049, 2378091; 587173, 2378087; 587333, 2378079; 
587506, 2378079; 587592, 2378075; 587641, 2378046; 587641, 2378038; 
587666, 2377980; 587543, 2377935; 587399, 2377931; 587243, 2377919; 
587090, 2377906; 586794, 2377943; 586696, 2377943; 586597, 2377869; 
586507, 2377767; 586449, 2377684; 586449, 2377458; 586408, 2377397; 
586305, 2377368; 586206, 2377405; 586054, 2377643; 585968, 2377726; 
585869, 2377775; 585803, 2377849; 585803, 2377915; 585869, 2377952; 
585894, 2377956; 585956, 2377952; 586050, 2377923; 586120, 2377869; 
586194, 2377824; 586317, 2377828; 586383, 2377878; 586391, 2377956; 
586420, 2378034; 586461, 2378116; 586482, 2378174; 586552, 2378190; 
586630, 2378149; 586655, 2378128.
    (ii) Note: Map of Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 2--Makaha Valley 
follows:

[[Page 67458]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.006


[[Page 67459]]


    (8) Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 3--Palikea, City and County of 
Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii.
    (i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 593529, 2367854; 
593448, 2367801; 593302, 2367874; 593242, 2367927; 593193, 2367967; 
593165, 2368065; 593217, 2368150; 593314, 2368283; 593399, 2368425; 
593448, 2368578; 593505, 2368716; 593622, 2368833; 593703, 2368906; 
593764, 2368963; 593832, 2369044; 593901, 2369145; 594002, 2369262; 
594079, 2369331; 594104, 2369396; 594120, 2369485; 594124, 2369521; 
594148, 2369525; 594213, 2369525; 594310, 2369497; 594395, 2369473; 
594399, 2369392; 594396, 2369356; 594417, 2369313; 594461, 2369290; 
594551, 2369278; 594579, 2369250; 594559, 2369197; 594472, 2369183; 
594391, 2369179; 594354, 2369153; 594302, 2369072; 594257, 2369015; 
594213, 2368914; 594136, 2368809; 594083, 2368672; 594035, 2368550; 
593966, 2368417; 593966, 2368324; 593909, 2368259; 593792, 2368105; 
593675, 2368000.
    (ii) Note: Map of Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 3--Palikea follows:

[[Page 67460]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.007


[[Page 67461]]


    (9) Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 4--Puu Kaua, City and County of 
Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii.
    (i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 594166, 2370854; 
594166, 2370853; 594164, 2370854; 594122, 2370843; 594090, 2370815; 
594040, 2370789; 593996, 2370789; 593930, 2370827; 593852, 2370875; 
593778, 2370907; 593716, 2370947; 593642, 2370999; 593602, 2371041; 
593574, 2371067; 593558, 2371095; 593539, 2371118; 593531, 2371121; 
593534, 2371173; 593519, 2371375; 593533, 2371375; 593552, 2371390; 
593628, 2371404; 593716, 2371426; 593794, 2371431; 593876, 2371437; 
593974, 2371435; 594036, 2371431; 594138, 2371415; 594190, 2371399; 
594232, 2371385; 594246, 2371359; 594239, 2371354; 594170, 2370879; 
594172, 2370877; 594170, 2370855.
    (ii) Note: Map of Drosophila hemipeza--Unit 4--Puu Kaua follows:

[[Page 67462]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.008


[[Page 67463]]


Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila heteroneura)
    (1) Critical habitat units are depicted for County of Hawaii, 
island of Hawaii, Hawaii, on the maps below.
    (2) The primary constituent elements of critical habitat for 
Drosophila heteroneura are:
    (i) Mesic to wet, montane, ohia and koa forest between the 
elevations of 3,000--6,000 ft (915-1,830 m); and
    (ii) The larval host plants Cheirodendron trigynum ssp. trigynum, 
Clermontia clermontioides, C. clermontioides ssp. rockiana, C. 
hawaiiensis, C. kohalae, C. lindseyana, C. montis-loa, C. parviflora, 
C. peleana, C. pyrularia, and Delissea parviflora.
    (3) Critical habitat does not include manmade structures (such as 
buildings, aqueducts, airports, and roads) and the land on which they 
are located existing within the legal boundaries on the effective date 
of this rule.
    (4) Critical habitat map units. Coordinates are in Universal 
Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 with units in meters using North 
American Datum of 1983 (NAD83).
    (5) Note: Index map of critical habitat units for Drosophila 
heteroneura follows:

[[Page 67464]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.009


[[Page 67465]]


    (6) Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 1--Kau Forest, Hawaii County, 
island of Hawaii, Hawaii.
    (i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 859357, 2130685; 
859117, 2130401; 858810, 2130412; 858577, 2130667; 858596, 2130918; 
858800, 2131167; 858976, 2131240; 859117, 2131196; 859416, 2130970.
    (ii) Note: Map of Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 1--Kau Forest 
follows:

[[Page 67466]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.010


[[Page 67467]]


    (7) Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 2--Kona Refuge, Hawaii County, 
island of Hawaii, Hawaii.
    (i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 836880, 2145492; 
836927, 2144316; 836473, 2144373; 835378, 2144516; 831663, 2144980; 
831685, 2145029; 831718, 2145184; 831669, 2145289; 831669, 2145387; 
831694, 2145557; 831685, 2145727; 831685, 2145882; 831677, 2146020; 
831710, 2146149; 831767, 2146247; 831685, 2146482; 831572, 2146766; 
831572, 2146953; 831515, 2147156; 831442, 2147391; 831438, 2147486; 
837419, 2147183.
    (ii) Note: Map of Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 2--Kona Refuge 
follows:

[[Page 67468]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.011


[[Page 67469]]


    (8) Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 3--Lower Kahuku, Hawaii County, 
island of Hawaii, Hawaii.
    (i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 849578, 2119874; 
849925, 2117860; 849842, 2117726; 849716, 2117636; 849492, 2117618; 
849240, 2117726; 849114, 2118058; 848962, 2118723; 848953, 2119065; 
848845, 2119720; 848728, 2120187; 848701, 2120646; 848638, 2120870; 
848620, 2121095; 848692, 2121194; 848782, 2121292; 849007, 2121310; 
849177, 2121319; 849350, 2121233; 849475, 2120505; 849474, 2120484; 
849447, 2120250; 849528, 2120044.
    (ii) Note: Map of Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 3--Lower Kahuku 
follows:

[[Page 67470]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.012


[[Page 67471]]


    (9) Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 4--Pit Crater, Hawaii County, 
island of Hawaii, Hawaii.
    (i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 821660, 2184453; 
821670, 2184348; 821617, 2184279; 821490, 2184191; 821428, 2184164; 
821304, 2184150; 821131, 2184187; 821052, 2184187; 821012, 2184150; 
820889, 2184086; 820850, 2184076; 820824, 2184102; 820778, 2184164; 
820705, 2184193; 820626, 2184233; 820610, 2184289; 820657, 2184318; 
820673, 2184316; 820707, 2184310; 820723, 2184306; 820747, 2184293; 
820790, 2184269; 820818, 2184247; 820832, 2184215; 820861, 2184180; 
820905, 2184168; 820929, 2184191; 820939, 2184221; 820974, 2184255; 
821024, 2184261; 821109, 2184261; 821206, 2184261; 821264, 2184269; 
821282, 2184285; 821292, 2184322; 821254, 2184360; 821232, 2184396; 
821276, 2184404; 821341, 2184400; 821369, 2184431; 821363, 2184463; 
821333, 2184499; 821345, 2184528; 821426, 2184550; 821531, 2184554; 
821619, 2184513.
    (ii) Note: Map of Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 4--Pit Crater 
follows:

[[Page 67472]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.013


[[Page 67473]]


    (10) Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 5--Waihaka Gulch, Hawaii County, 
island of Hawaii, Hawaii.
    (i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 868924, 2138585; 
868686, 2138463; 868564, 2138464; 868434, 2138482; 868325, 2138598; 
868350, 2138841; 868378, 2138886; 868503, 2139088; 868720, 2139220; 
868946, 2139193; 869076, 2139167; 869160, 2139055; 869238, 2139018; 
869248, 2138892.
    (ii) Note: Map of Drosophila heteroneura--Unit 5--Waihaka Gulch 
follows:

[[Page 67474]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.014

BILLING CODE 4310-55-C

[[Page 67475]]

Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila montgomeryi)
    (1) Critical habitat units are depicted for County of Honolulu, 
Oahu, Hawaii, on the maps below.
    (2) The primary constituent elements of critical habitat for 
Drosophila montgomeryi are:
    (i) Mesic, lowland, diverse ohia and koa forest between the 
elevations of 1,900-2,900 ft (580-885 m); and
    (ii) The larval host plant Urera kaalae.
    (3) Critical habitat does not include manmade structures (such as 
buildings, aqueducts, airports, and roads) and the land on which they 
are located existing within the legal boundaries on the effective date 
of this rule.
    (4) Critical habitat map units. Coordinates are in Universal 
Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 with units in meters using North 
American Datum of 1983 (NAD83).
    (5) Note: Index map of critical habitat units for Drosophila 
montgomery i follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.015

    (6) Drosophila montgomeryi--Unit 1--Kaluaa Gulch, City and County 
of Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii.
    (i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 593240, 2374436; 
593231, 2374371; 593281, 2374410; 593315, 2374385; 593612, 2374173; 
593656, 2374138; 593621, 2374096; 593641, 2374077; 593676, 2374072; 
593703, 2374057; 593734, 2374039; 593758, 2374058; 593793, 2374029; 
593779, 2373964; 593731, 2373894; 593660, 2373784; 593609, 2373702; 
593592, 2373648; 593592, 2373594; 593598, 2373553; 593657, 2373561; 
593770, 2373549; 593792, 2373496; 593797, 2373417; 593842, 2373411; 
593842, 2373326; 593905, 2373404; 594053, 2373383; 594103, 2373292; 
594134, 2373228; 594156, 2373250; 594194, 2373256; 594178, 2373323; 
594196, 2373386; 594229, 2373390; 594312, 2373340; 594341, 2373350; 
594339, 2373421; 594383, 2373487; 594381, 2373513; 594460, 2373552; 
594496, 2373553; 594497, 2373518; 594526, 2373509; 594572, 2373460; 
594632, 2373519; 594649, 2373523; 594699, 2373475; 594728, 2373476; 
594762, 2373532; 594791, 2373529; 594828, 2373501; 594852, 2373465; 
594903, 2373501; 594933, 2373500; 594952, 2373489; 594974, 2373334; 
594800, 2373150; 594718, 2373120; 594718, 2373102; 594744, 2373091; 
594710, 2372721; 594720, 2372686; 594716, 2372633; 594678, 2372623; 
594566, 2372651; 594536, 2372666; 594506, 2372663; 594467, 2372672; 
594395, 2372663; 594406, 2372650; 594546, 2372567; 594558, 2372553; 
594551, 2372535; 594389, 2372452; 594395, 2372434; 594415, 2372428; 
594511, 2372449; 594603, 2372437; 594614, 2372421; 594607, 2372385; 
594593, 2372353; 594591, 2372317; 594618, 2372322; 594661, 2372357; 
594700, 2372384; 594696, 2372334; 594697, 2372333; 594697, 2372283; 
594652, 2372257; 594541, 2372266; 594454, 2372294; 594400, 2372294; 
594293, 2372267; 594231, 2372261; 594168, 2372241; 594126, 2372258; 
594075, 2372267; 594030, 2372303; 593999, 2372354; 593948, 2372388; 
593889, 2372397; 593812, 2372413; 593781, 2372425; 593756, 2372442; 
593742, 2372467; 593742, 2372490; 593736, 2372521; 593736, 2372560; 
593757, 2372587; 593790,

[[Page 67476]]

2372662; 593663, 2372772; 593543, 2372859; 593558, 2372894; 593555, 
2372910; 593526, 2372928; 593476, 2372912; 593422, 2372953; 593420, 
2372976; 593403, 2372997; 593400, 2373025; 593373, 2373016; 593352, 
2373044; 593328, 2373025; 593215, 2373118; 593230, 2373171; 593214, 
2373176; 593163, 2373154; 593095, 2373213; 593091, 2373238; 593064, 
2373243; 593019, 2373295; 592937, 2373388; 592889, 2373462; 592897, 
2373535; 592908, 2373597; 592923, 2373668; 592914, 2373772; 592889, 
2373866; 592868, 2373941; 592867, 2373950; 592894, 2374029; 592908, 
2374120; 592894, 2374162; 592860, 2374213; 592854, 2374216; 593151, 
2374494.
    (ii) Note: Map of Drosophila montgomeryi--Unit 1--Kaluaa Gulch 
follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P

[[Page 67477]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.016


[[Page 67478]]


    (7) Drosophila montgomeryi--Unit 2--Palikea, City and County of 
Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii.
    (i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 593529, 2367854; 
593448, 2367801; 593302, 2367874; 593242, 2367927; 593193, 2367967; 
593165, 2368065; 593217, 2368150; 593314, 2368283; 593399, 2368425; 
593448, 2368578; 593505, 2368716; 593622, 2368833; 593703, 2368906; 
593764, 2368963; 593832, 2369044; 593901, 2369145; 594002, 2369262; 
594079, 2369331; 594104, 2369396; 594120, 2369485; 594124, 2369521; 
594148, 2369525; 594213, 2369525; 594310, 2369497; 594395, 2369473; 
594399, 2369392; 594396, 2369356; 594417, 2369313; 594461, 2369290; 
594551, 2369278; 594579, 2369250; 594559, 2369197; 594472, 2369183; 
594391, 2369179; 594354, 2369153; 594302, 2369072; 594257, 2369015; 
594213, 2368914; 594136, 2368809; 594083, 2368672; 594035, 2368550; 
593966, 2368417; 593966, 2368324; 593909, 2368259; 593792, 2368105; 
593675, 2368000.
    (ii) Note: Map of Drosophila montgomeryi--Unit 2--Palikea follows:

[[Page 67479]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.017


[[Page 67480]]


    (8) Drosophila montgomeryi--Unit 3--Puu Kaua, City and County of 
Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii.
    (i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 594166, 2370854; 
594166, 2370853; 594164, 2370854; 594122, 2370843; 594090, 2370815; 
594040, 2370789; 593996, 2370789; 593930, 2370827; 593852, 2370875; 
593778, 2370907; 593716, 2370947; 593642, 2370999; 593602, 2371041; 
593574, 2371067; 593558, 2371095; 593539, 2371118; 593531, 2371121; 
593534, 2371173; 593519, 2371375; 593533, 2371375; 593552, 2371390; 
593628, 2371404; 593716, 2371426; 593794, 2371431; 593876, 2371437; 
593974, 2371435; 594036, 2371431; 594138, 2371415; 594190, 2371399; 
594232, 2371385; 594246, 2371359; 594239, 2371354; 594170, 2370879; 
594172, 2370877; 594170, 2370855.
    (ii) Note: Map of Drosophila montgomeryi--Unit 3--Puu Kaua follows:

[[Page 67481]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.018


[[Page 67482]]


Hawaiian Picture-Wing Fly (Drosophila Mulli)
    (1) Critical habitat units are depicted for County of Hawaii, 
island of Hawaii, Hawaii, on the maps below.
    (2) The primary constituent elements of critical habitat for 
Drosophila mulli are:
    (i) Wet, montane, ohia forest between the elevations of 2,150-3,250 
ft (655-990 m); and
    (ii) The larval host plant Pritchardia beccariana.
    (3) Critical habitat does not include manmade structures (such as 
buildings, aqueducts, airports, and roads) and the land on which they 
are located existing within the legal boundaries on the effective date 
of this rule.
    (4) Critical habitat map units. Coordinates are in Universal 
Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 with units in meters using North 
American Datum of 1983 (NAD83).
    (5) Note: Index map of critical habitat units for Drosophila mulli 
follows:

[[Page 67483]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.019


[[Page 67484]]


    (6) Drosophila mulli--Unit 1--Olaa Forest, Hawaii County, island of 
Hawaii, Hawaii.
    (i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 898754, 2154890; 
898225, 2154740; 898030, 2154878; 897846, 2155268; 897927, 2155578; 
898328, 2155910; 898508, 2155922; 899064, 2155498; 899064, 2155268.
    (ii) Note: Map of Drosophila mulli--Unit 1--Olaa Forest follows:

[[Page 67485]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.020


[[Page 67486]]


    (7) Drosophila mulli--Unit 2--Stainback Forest, Hawaii County, 
island of Hawaii, Hawaii.
    (i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 903259, 2169945; 
903159, 2169907; 903080, 2169965; 902974, 2170089; 902953, 2170247; 
903012, 2170346; 903101, 2170415; 903166, 2170439; 903245, 2170490; 
903324, 2170521; 903420, 2170603; 903509, 2170651; 903636, 2170699; 
903732, 2170771; 903849, 2170799; 903914, 2170789; 903955, 2170730; 
903869, 2170662; 903866, 2170658; 903718, 2170579; 903653, 2170521; 
903622, 2170487; 903441, 2170394; 903386, 2170322; 903399, 2170250; 
903451, 2170133; 903403, 2170058.
    (ii) Note: Map of Drosophila mulli--Unit 2--Stainback Forest 
follows:

[[Page 67487]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.021


[[Page 67488]]


    (8) Drosophila mulli--Unit 3--Waiakea Forest, Hawaii County, island 
of Hawaii, Hawaii.
    (i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 897021, 2168026; 
896225, 2167587; 895745, 2167704; 895687, 2167996; 895745, 2168207; 
896014, 2168335; 896480, 2168668; 896841, 2169108; 897302, 2169068; 
897522, 2168908; 897482, 2168607.
    (ii) Note: Map of Drosophila mulli--Unit 3--Waiakea Forest follows:

[[Page 67489]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.022

BILLING CODE 4310-55-C

[[Page 67490]]

Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila musaphilia)
    (1) Critical habitat is depicted for County of Kauai, island of 
Kauai, Hawaii, on the map below.
    (2) The primary constituent elements of critical habitat for 
Drosophila musaphilia are:
    (i) Mesic, montane, ohia and koa forest between the elevations of 
2,600-3,700 ft (790-1,130 m); and
    (ii) The larval host plant Acacia koa.
    (3) Critical habitat does not include manmade structures (such as 
buildings, aqueducts, airports, and roads) and the land on which they 
are located existing within the legal boundaries on the effective date 
of this rule.
    (4) Critical habitat map unit. Coordinates are in Universal 
Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 with units in meters using North 
American Datum of 1983 (NAD83).
    (5) Drosophila musaphilia--Unit 1--Kokee, Kauai County, island of 
Kauai, Hawaii.
    (i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 432035, 2448683; 
432126, 2448510; 432111, 2448312; 432111, 2448119; 432106, 2447977; 
432010, 2447906; 432025, 2447779; 431992, 2447749; 431962, 2447768; 
431938, 2447766; 431926, 2447752; 431895, 2447719; 431861, 2447686; 
431825, 2447651; 431786, 2447616; 431745, 2447581; 431701, 2447544; 
431658, 2447505; 431616, 2447462; 431575, 2447417; 431535, 2447368; 
431496, 2447318; 431457, 2447271; 431418, 2447231; 431379, 2447198; 
431339, 2447172; 431299, 2447153; 431267, 2447131; 431247, 2447103; 
431239, 2447068; 431244, 2447027; 431260, 2446979; 431278, 2446930; 
431292, 2446881; 431300, 2446834; 431303, 2446788; 431302, 2446743; 
431300, 2446700; 431301, 2446659; 431306, 2446621; 431252, 2446466; 
431186, 2446345; 431181, 2446332; 430955, 2445963; 430860, 2445709; 
430831, 2445664; 430760, 2445497; 430648, 2445441; 430416, 2445421; 
430405, 2445422; 430396, 2445420; 430159, 2445358; 430153, 2445371; 
430148, 2445402; 430150, 2445437; 430157, 2445475; 430170, 2445517; 
430188, 2445562; 430212, 2445610; 430240, 2445660; 430270, 2445707; 
430302, 2445754; 430335, 2445799; 430371, 2445842; 430407, 2445883; 
430441, 2445921; 430474, 2445956; 430506, 2445988; 430535, 2446017; 
430559, 2446044; 430567, 2446070; 430558, 2446095; 430533, 2446120; 
430492, 2446144; 430441, 2446167; 430398, 2446193; 430363, 2446221; 
430337, 2446252; 430320, 2446284; 430311, 2446319; 430309, 2446353; 
430315, 2446388; 430327, 2446423; 430347, 2446457; 430373, 2446492; 
430401, 2446525; 430430, 2446558; 430459, 2446589; 430489, 2446619; 
430518, 2446649; 430531, 2446681; 430524, 2446716; 430497, 2446755; 
430451, 2446797; 430387, 2446842; 430330, 2446887; 430288, 2446930; 
430262, 2446971; 430250, 2447010; 430253, 2447047; 430263, 2447083; 
430274, 2447118; 430288, 2447153; 430304, 2447187; 430323, 2447220; 
430339, 2447254; 430350, 2447291; 430356, 2447331; 430358, 2447373; 
430354, 2447418; 430351, 2447461; 430354, 2447496; 430361, 2447524; 
430374, 2447545; 430392, 2447558; 430416, 2447567; 430445, 2447573; 
430479, 2447576; 430518, 2447577; 430563, 2447574; 430609, 2447572; 
430649, 2447573; 430684, 2447578; 430714, 2447587; 430737, 2447599; 
430755, 2447616; 430767, 2447639; 430772,

2447667; 430772, 2447701; 430766, 2447740; 430756, 2447783; 430755, 
2447821; 430762, 2447853; 430778, 2447879; 430802, 2447900; 430834, 
2447916; 430864, 2447928; 430893, 2447937; 430920, 2447943; 430945, 
2447947; 430968, 2447947; 430989, 2447952; 431007, 2447961; 431022, 
2447974; 431035, 2447992; 431045, 2448014; 431049, 2448036; 431046, 
2448057; 431036, 2448077; 431019, 2448096; 430996, 2448113; 430971, 
2448128; 430946, 2448140; 430921, 2448149; 430896, 2448155; 430871, 
2448158; 430849, 2448165; 430830, 2448179; 430815, 2448200; 430804, 
2448228; 430796, 2448263; 430799, 2448299; 430816, 2448330; 430848, 
2448356; 430894, 2448377; 430956, 2448393; 431018, 2448407; 431064, 
2448423; 431094, 2448440; 431109, 2448459; 431107, 2448479; 431094, 
2448502; 431076, 2448530; 431054, 2448563; 431027, 2448601; 430996, 
2448643; 430967, 2448687; 430957, 2448722; 430966, 2448749; 430994, 
2448766; 431042, 2448775; 431103, 2448778; 431162, 2448779; 431218, 
2448779; 431269, 2448779; 431317, 2448777; 431361, 2448775; 431403, 
2448767; 431443, 2448754; 431480, 2448736; 431515, 2448712; 431548, 
2448685; 431579, 2448661; 431607, 2448643; 431633, 2448630; 431657, 
2448622; 431678, 2448620; 431692, 2448631; 431697, 2448656; 431694, 
2448695; 431683, 2448749; 431665, 2448816; 431657, 2448878; 431666, 
2448928; 431692, 2448967; 431735, 2448994; 431795, 2449009; 431857, 
2449019; 431913, 2449024; 431963, 2449027; 432008, 2449026; 432046, 
2449022; 432076, 2449012; 432094, 2448996; 432100, 2448974; 432095, 
2448945; 432078, 2448910; 432060, 2448872; 432053, 2448837; 432063, 
2448834; 432035, 2448784.
    (ii) Note: Map of Drosophila musaphilia--Unit 1--Kokee follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P

[[Page 67491]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.023


[[Page 67492]]


Hawaiian Picture-Wing Fly (Drosophila Neoclavisetae)
    (1) Critical habitat is depicted for County of Maui, island of 
Maui, Hawaii, on the map below.
    (2) The primary constituent elements of critical habitat for 
Drosophila neoclavisetae are:
    (i) Wet, montane, ohia forest between the elevations of 3,500-4,500 
ft (1,070-1,370 m); and
    (ii) The larval host plants Cyanea kunthiana and C. macrostegia 
ssp. macrostegia.
    (3) Critical habitat does not include manmade structures (such as 
buildings, aqueducts, airports, and roads) and the land on which they 
are located existing within the legal boundaries on the effective date 
of this rule.
    (4) Critical habitat map unit. Coordinates are in Universal 
Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 with units in meters using North 
American Datum of 1983 (NAD83).
    (5) Drosophila neoclavisetae--Unit 1--Puu Kukui, Maui County, 
island of Maui, Hawaii.
    (i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 750380, 2316357; 
750447, 2316239; 750554, 2316115; 750610, 2316104; 750638, 2315964; 
750593, 2315879; 750577, 2315666; 750593, 2315407; 750605, 2315295; 
750650, 2315205; 750711, 2315059; 750751, 2314806; 750762, 2314750; 
750734, 2314654; 750790, 2314615; 750829, 2314576; 750852, 2314452; 
750869, 2314300; 750869, 2314227; 750869, 2314115; 750925, 2313946; 
751049, 2313856; 751122, 2313789; 751122, 2313766; 751116, 2313643; 
751054, 2313598; 750981, 2313609; 750857, 2313637; 750695, 2313778; 
750650, 2313896; 750633, 2313974; 750565, 2314008; 750537, 2314137; 
750515, 2314194; 750481, 2314250; 750453, 2314261; 750402, 2314210; 
750397, 2314126; 750357, 2314098; 750329, 2314098; 750312, 2314143; 
750290, 2314227; 750239, 2314244; 750194, 2314227; 750133, 2314238; 
750076, 2314255; 750009, 2314238; 749885, 2314289; 749773, 2314435; 
749520, 2314710; 749515, 2314969; 749509, 2315036; 749509, 2315093; 
749565, 2315087; 749649, 2315036; 749739, 2314991; 749756, 2315031; 
749655, 2315132; 749599, 2315244; 749554, 2315340; 749458, 2315407; 
749368, 2315480; 749254, 2315543; 749183, 2315602; 749145, 2315636; 
749117, 2315676; 749197, 2315711; 749279, 2315683; 749363, 2315677; 
749430, 2315632; 749498, 2315536; 749571, 2315469; 749610, 2315469; 
749576, 2315610; 749548, 2315688; 749481, 2315801; 749481, 2315846; 
749582, 2315823; 749633, 2315862; 749627, 2315919; 749666, 2315986; 
749661, 2316076; 749633, 2316138; 749661, 2316216; 749722, 2316188; 
749767, 2316098; 749857, 2316070; 749897, 2316126; 749942, 2316121; 
750026, 2316065; 750043, 2315964; 750065, 2315840; 750099, 2315846; 
750116, 2315941; 750172, 2316076; 750088, 2316244; 750133, 2316301; 
750223, 2316289; 750239, 2316346; 750234, 2316436; 750279, 2316469; 
750318, 2316436.
    (ii) Note: Map of Drosophila neoclavisetae--Unit 1--Puu Kukui 
follows:

[[Page 67493]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.024

BILLING CODE 4310-55-C

[[Page 67494]]

Hawaiian Picture-Wing Fly (Drosophila Obatai)
    (1) Critical habitat is depicted for County of Honolulu, island of 
Oahu, Hawaii, on the maps below.
    (2) The primary constituent elements of critical habitat for 
Drosophila obatai are:
    (i) Dry to mesic, lowland, ohia and koa forest between the 
elevations of 1,500-2,500 ft (460-760 m); and
    (ii) The larval host plant Pleomele forbesii.
    (3) Critical habitat does not include manmade structures (such as 
buildings, aqueducts, airports, and roads) and the land on which they 
are located existing within the legal boundaries on the effective date 
of this rule.
    (4) Critical habitat map units. Coordinates are in Universal 
Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 with units in meters using North 
American Datum of 1983 (NAD83).
    (5) Note: Index map of the critical habitat units for Drosophila 
obatai follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.025

    (6) Drosophila obatai--Unit 1--Puu Pane, City and County of 
Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii.
    (i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 591489, 2379704; 
591662, 2379690; 591807, 2379704; 591822, 2379699; 591901, 2379571; 
591871, 2379579; 591830, 2379596; 591830, 2379596; 591830, 2379596; 
591830, 2379596; 591830, 2379596; 591830, 2379596; 591830, 2379596; 
591791, 2379600; 591791, 2379600; 591791, 2379601; 591791, 2379600; 
591791, 2379600; 591791, 2379600; 591766, 2379597; 591766, 2379597; 
591766, 2379597; 591766, 2379597; 591766, 2379597; 591766, 2379597; 
591766, 2379597; 591741, 2379583; 591741, 2379583; 591710, 2379565; 
591672, 2379554; 591672, 2379554; 591635, 2379542; 591614, 2379537; 
591614, 2379537; 591614, 2379537; 591582, 2379526; 591582, 2379526; 
591582, 2379526; 591582, 2379526; 591582, 2379526; 591545, 2379500; 
591523, 2379495; 591496, 2379495; 591461, 2379505; 591461, 2379505; 
591461, 2379505; 591461, 2379505; 591461, 2379505; 591461, 2379505; 
591461, 2379505; 591461, 2379505; 591461, 2379505; 591444, 2379502; 
591444, 2379502; 591444, 2379502; 591444, 2379502; 591444, 2379502; 
591432, 2379498; 591421, 2379497; 591421, 2379497; 591421, 2379497; 
591421, 2379497; 591421, 2379497; 591420, 2379497; 591420, 2379497; 
591420, 2379497; 591420, 2379497; 591420, 2379497; 591405, 2379487; 
591405, 2379487; 591405, 2379487; 591405, 2379486; 591405, 2379486; 
591405, 2379486; 591403, 2379483; 591354, 2379454; 591283, 2379460; 
591240, 2379449; 591113, 2379474; 591116, 2379531; 591169, 2379618; 
591284, 2379716; 591345, 2379723.
    (ii) Note: Map of Drosophila obatai--Unit 1--Puu Pane follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P

[[Page 67495]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.026


[[Page 67496]]


    (7) Drosophila obatai--Unit 2--Wailupe, City and County of 
Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii.
    (i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 629222, 2358352; 
629208, 2358307; 629199, 2358225; 629147, 2358205; 629100, 2358307; 
629048, 2358343; 629028, 2358316; 629023, 2358250; 629005, 2358174; 
628908, 2358169; 628890, 2358110; 628922, 2358034; 628883, 2358011; 
628795, 2358007; 628791, 2357939; 628753, 2357885; 628759, 2357799; 
628705, 2357743; 628676, 2357619; 628606, 2357592; 628536, 2357607; 
628552, 2357673; 628610, 2357731; 628574, 2357806; 628559, 2357874; 
628619, 2357932; 628637, 2357973; 628635, 2358074; 628660, 2358185; 
628735, 2358298; 628775, 2358411; 628936, 2358634; 629070, 2358711; 
629243, 2358647; 629307, 2358506.
    (ii) Note: Map of Drosophila obatai--Unit 2--Wailupe follows:

[[Page 67497]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.027


[[Page 67498]]


Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila ochrobasis)
    (1) Critical habitat units are depicted for County of Hawaii, 
island of Hawaii, Hawaii, on the maps below.
    (2) The primary constituent elements of critical habitat for 
Drosophila ochrobasis are:
    (i) Mesic to wet, montane, ohia, koa, and Cheirodendron sp. forest 
between the elevations of 3,400-5,400 ft (1,035-1,645 m); and
    (ii) The larval host plants Clermontia calophylla, C. 
clermontioides, C. clermontioides ssp. rockiana, C. drepanomorpha, C. 
hawaiiensis, C. kohalae, C. lindseyana, C. montis-loa, C. parviflora, 
C. peleana, C. pyrularia, C. waimeae, Marattia douglasii, Myrsine 
lanaiensis, M. lessertiana, and M. sandwicensis.
    (3) Critical habitat does not include manmade structures (such as 
buildings, aqueducts, airports, and roads) and the land on which they 
are located existing within the legal boundaries on the effective date 
of this rule.
    (4) Critical habitat map units. Coordinates are in Universal 
Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 with units in meters using North 
American Datum of 1983 (NAD83).
    (5) Note: Index map of critical habitat units for Drosophila 
ochrobasis follows:

[[Page 67499]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.028


[[Page 67500]]


    (6) Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 1--Kipuka 9, Hawaii County, island 
of Hawaii, Hawaii.
    (i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 884112, 2179392; 
884090, 2179333; 884069, 2179303; 884023, 2179281; 883971, 2179292; 
883936, 2179295; 883896, 2179273; 883855, 2179287; 883825, 2179319; 
883828, 2179335; 883861, 2179349; 883869, 2179346; 883885, 2179346; 
883888, 2179373; 883893, 2179409; 883896, 2179441; 883934, 2179473; 
883985, 2179484; 884036, 2179444; 884112, 2179409.
    (ii) Note: Map of Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 1--Kipuka 9 follows:

[[Page 67501]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.029


[[Page 67502]]


    (7) Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 2--Kipuka 14, Hawaii County, island 
of Hawaii, Hawaii.
    (i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 884379, 2179103; 
884375, 2179051; 884351, 2178992; 884320, 2178889; 884264, 2178832; 
884236, 2178818; 884211, 2178834; 884141, 2178891; 884099, 2178924; 
884064, 2178929; 884026, 2178959; 884026, 2178976; 884052, 2178983; 
884071, 2179008; 884101, 2179013; 884137, 2179021; 884160, 2179035; 
884148, 2179051; 884151, 2179065; 884210, 2179063; 884208, 2179084; 
884242, 2179101; 884280, 2179131; 884323, 2179146; 884365, 2179146.
    (ii) Note: Map of Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 2--Kipuka 14 follows:

[[Page 67503]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.030


[[Page 67504]]


    (8) Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 3--Kohala Mountains East, Hawaii 
County, island of Hawaii, Hawaii.
    (i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 848091, 2222077; 
847912, 2222077; 847578, 2222142; 847461, 2222323; 847396, 2222654; 
847508, 2222900; 847620, 2223146; 847773, 2223179; 848104, 2223079; 
848172, 2222934; 848235, 2222798; 848327, 2222764; 848361, 2222693; 
848350, 2222595; 848317, 2222476; 848177, 2222184.
    (ii) Note: Map of Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 3--Kohala Mountains 
East follows:

[[Page 67505]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.031


[[Page 67506]]


    (9) Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 4--Kohala Mountains West, Hawaii 
County, island of Hawaii, Hawaii.
    (i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 841990, 2224000; 
842156, 2223966; 842268, 2223966; 842486, 2223897; 842666, 2223757; 
842803, 2223586; 842840, 2223426; 842812, 2223314; 842758, 2223157; 
842584, 2223047; 842430, 2223096; 842355, 2223157; 842260, 2223278; 
842154, 2223345; 842020, 2223634; 841988, 2223746; 841967, 2223882.
    (ii) Note: Map of Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 4--Kohala Mountains 
West follows:

[[Page 67507]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.032


[[Page 67508]]


    (10) Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 5--Upper Kahuku, Hawaii County, 
island of Hawaii, Hawaii.
    (i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 850211, 2124185; 
849989, 2124179; 849874, 2124347; 849874, 2124516; 849975, 2124603; 
850177, 2124724; 850332, 2124866; 850474, 2124900; 850589, 2124832; 
850669, 2124785; 850690, 2124684; 850669, 2124549; 850508, 2124448; 
850339, 2124320.
    (ii) Note: Map of Drosophila ochrobasis--Unit 5--Upper Kahuku 
follows:

[[Page 67509]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.033

BILLING CODE 4310-55-C

[[Page 67510]]

Hawaiian picture-wing flies (Drosophila substenoptera)
    (1) Critical habitat is depicted for County of Honolulu, island of 
Oahu, Hawaii, on the maps below.
    (2) The primary constituent elements of critical habitat for 
Drosophila substenoptera are:
    (i) Mesic to wet, lowland to montane, ohia and koa forest between 
the elevations of 1,300-4,000 ft (395--1,220 m); and
    (ii) The larval host plants Cheirodendron platyphyllum ssp. 
platyphyllum, C. trigynum ssp. trigynum, Tetraplasandra kavaiensis, and 
T. oahuensis.
    (3) Critical habitat does not include manmade structures (such as 
buildings, aqueducts, airports, and roads) and the land on which they 
are located existing within the legal boundaries on the effective date 
of this rule.
    (4) Critical habitat map units. Coordinates are in Universal 
Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 with units in meters using North 
American Datum of 1983 (NAD83).
    (5) Note: Index map of critical habitat units for Drosophila 
substenoptera follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.034

    (6) Drosophila substenoptera--Unit 1--Mt. Kaala, City and County of 
Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii.
    (i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 588692, 2378661; 
588740, 2378622; 588806, 2378595; 588799, 2378573; 588790, 2378564; 
588785, 2378562; 588776, 2378565; 588776, 2378565; 588776, 2378565; 
588776, 2378565; 588776, 2378565; 588776, 2378565; 588776, 2378566; 
588766, 2378566; 588766, 2378566; 588766, 2378566; 588766, 2378566; 
588766, 2378566; 588766, 2378566; 588766, 2378566; 588766, 2378566; 
588766, 2378566; 588766, 2378566; 588766, 2378566; 588766, 2378566; 
588766, 2378566; 588765, 2378566; 588765, 2378566; 588765, 2378566; 
588753, 2378551; 588731, 2378529; 588722, 2378520; 588722, 2378520; 
588722, 2378520; 588714, 2378509; 588660, 2378470; 588660, 2378470; 
588660, 2378470; 588660, 2378470; 588617, 2378429; 588584, 2378412; 
588563, 2378405; 588530, 2378398; 588530, 2378398; 588484, 2378387; 
588466, 2378384; 588466, 2378384; 588466, 2378384; 588466, 2378384; 
588466, 2378384; 588466, 2378384; 588466, 2378384; 588466, 2378384; 
588459, 2378380; 588459, 2378380; 588459, 2378380; 588459, 2378380; 
588459, 2378379; 588459, 2378379; 588459, 2378379; 588459, 2378379; 
588395, 2378293; 588361, 2378254; 588361, 2378254; 588361, 2378254; 
588361, 2378254; 588361, 2378254; 588349, 2378234; 588349, 2378234; 
588349, 2378234; 588349, 2378234; 588349, 2378234; 588349, 2378234; 
588344, 2378210; 588344, 2378210; 588344, 2378210; 588344, 2378210; 
588344, 2378210; 588344, 2378210; 588344, 2378186; 588344, 2378186; 
588344, 2378186; 588344, 2378186; 588349, 2378161; 588349, 2378161; 
588349, 2378161; 588349, 2378161; 588373, 2378097; 588385, 2378041; 
588384, 2378026; 588380, 2378003; 588364, 2377972; 588364, 2377972; 
588364, 2377972; 588351, 2377941; 588351, 2377941; 588351, 2377941; 
588351, 2377941; 588351, 2377941; 588351, 2377941; 588351, 2377941; 
588351, 2377941; 588351, 2377941; 588351, 2377941; 588354, 2377924; 
588354,

[[Page 67511]]

2377924; 588354, 2377923; 588354, 2377923; 588354, 2377923; 588362, 
2377904; 588362, 2377904; 588362, 2377904; 588362, 2377904; 588362, 
2377904; 588369, 2377893; 588369, 2377893; 588369, 2377893; 588369, 
2377893; 588369, 2377893; 588369, 2377893; 588376, 2377888; 588308, 
2377906; 588255, 2377885; 588156, 2377924; 588103, 2377905; 588064, 
2377903; 587879, 2378062; 587792, 2378228; 587806, 2378342; 587939, 
2378515; 588067, 2378659; 588232, 2378655; 588363, 2378748; 588503, 
2378737; 588614, 2378668.
    (ii) Note: Map of Drosophila substenoptera--Unit 1--Mt. Kaala 
follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P

[[Page 67512]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.035


[[Page 67513]]


    (7) Drosophila substenoptera--Unit 2--Palikea, City and County of 
Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii.
    (i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 593529, 2367854; 
593448, 2367801; 593302, 2367874; 593242, 2367927; 593193, 2367967; 
593165, 2368065; 593217, 2368150; 593314, 2368283; 593399, 2368425; 
593448, 2368578; 593505, 2368716; 593622, 2368833; 593703, 2368906; 
593764, 2368963; 593832, 2369044; 593901, 2369145; 594002, 2369262; 
594079, 2369331; 594104, 2369396; 594120, 2369485; 594124, 2369521; 
594148, 2369525; 594213, 2369525; 594310, 2369497; 594395, 2369473; 
594399, 2369392; 594396, 2369356; 594417, 2369313; 594461, 2369290; 
594551, 2369278; 594579, 2369250; 594559, 2369197; 594472, 2369183; 
594391, 2369179; 594354, 2369153; 594302, 2369072; 594257, 2369015; 
594213, 2368914; 594136, 2368809; 594083, 2368672; 594035, 2368550; 
593966, 2368417; 593966, 2368324; 593909, 2368259; 593792, 2368105; 
593675, 2368000.
    (ii) Note: Map of Drosophila substenoptera--Unit 2--Palikea 
follows:

[[Page 67514]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.036

BILLING CODE 4310-55-C

[[Page 67515]]

Hawaiian Picture-Wing Fly (Drosophila Tarphytrichia)
    (1) Critical habitat units are depicted for County of Honolulu, 
island of Oahu, Hawaii, on the maps below.
    (2) The primary constituent elements of critical habitat for 
Drosophila tarphytrichia are:
    (i) Dry to mesic, lowland, ohia and koa forest between the 
elevations of 1,900 and 2,900 ft (580-885 m); and
    (ii) The larval host plant Charpentiera obovata.
    (3) Critical habitat does not include manmade structures (such as 
buildings, aqueducts, airports, and roads) and the land on which they 
are located existing within the legal boundaries on the effective date 
of this rule.
    (4) Critical habitat map units. Coordinates are in Universal 
Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 with units in meters using North 
American Datum of 1983 (NAD83).
    (5) Note: Index map of critical habitat units for Drosophila 
tarphytrichia follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.037

    (6) Drosophila tarphytrichia--Unit 1--Kaluaa Gulch, City and County 
of Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii.
    (i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 593240, 2374436; 
593231, 2374371; 593281, 2374410; 593315, 2374385; 593612, 2374173; 
593656, 2374138; 593621, 2374096; 593641, 2374077; 593676, 2374072; 
593703, 2374057; 593734, 2374039; 593758, 2374058; 593793, 2374029; 
593779, 2373964; 593731, 2373894; 593660, 2373784; 593609, 2373702; 
593592, 2373648; 593592, 2373594; 593598, 2373553; 593657, 2373561; 
593770, 2373549; 593792, 2373496; 593797, 2373417; 593842, 2373411; 
593842, 2373326; 593905, 2373404; 594053, 2373383; 594103, 2373292; 
594134, 2373228; 594156, 2373250; 594194, 2373256; 594178, 2373323; 
594196, 2373386; 594229, 2373390; 594312, 2373340; 594341, 2373350; 
594339, 2373421; 594383, 2373487; 594381, 2373513; 594460, 2373552; 
594496, 2373553; 594497, 2373518; 594526, 2373509; 594572, 2373460; 
594632, 2373519; 594649, 2373523; 594699, 2373475; 594728, 2373476; 
594762, 2373532; 594791, 2373529; 594828, 2373501; 594852, 2373465; 
594903, 2373501; 594933, 2373500; 594952, 2373489; 594974, 2373334; 
594800, 2373150; 594718, 2373120; 594718, 2373102; 594744, 2373091; 
594710, 2372721; 594720, 2372686; 594716, 2372633; 594678, 2372623; 
594566, 2372651; 594536, 2372666; 594506, 2372663; 594467, 2372672; 
594395, 2372663; 594406, 2372650; 594546, 2372567; 594558, 2372553; 
594551, 2372535; 594389, 2372452; 594395, 2372434; 594415, 2372428; 
594511, 2372449; 594603, 2372437; 594614, 2372421; 594607, 2372385; 
594593, 2372353; 594591, 2372317; 594618, 2372322; 594661, 2372357; 
594700, 2372384; 594696, 2372334; 594697, 2372333; 594697, 2372283; 
594652, 2372257; 594541, 2372266; 594454, 2372294; 594400, 2372294; 
594293, 2372267; 594231, 2372261; 594168, 2372241; 594126, 2372258; 
594075, 2372267; 594030, 2372303; 593999, 2372354; 593948, 2372388; 
593889, 2372397; 593812, 2372413; 593781, 2372425; 593756, 2372442; 
593742, 2372467; 593742, 2372490; 593736,

[[Page 67516]]

2372521; 593736, 2372560; 593757, 2372587; 593790, 2372662; 593663, 
2372772; 593543, 2372859; 593558, 2372894; 593555, 2372910; 593526, 
2372928; 593476, 2372912; 593422, 2372953; 593420, 2372976; 593403, 
2372997; 593400, 2373025; 593373, 2373016; 593352, 2373044; 593328, 
2373025; 593215, 2373118; 593230, 2373171; 593214, 2373176; 593163, 
2373154; 593095, 2373213; 593091, 2373238; 593064, 2373243; 593019, 
2373295; 592937, 2373388; 592889, 2373462; 592897, 2373535; 592908, 
2373597; 592923, 2373668; 592914, 2373772; 592889, 2373866; 592868, 
2373941; 592867, 2373950; 592894, 2374029; 592908, 2374120; 592894, 
2374162; 592860, 2374213; 592854, 2374216; 593151, 2374494.
    (ii) Note: Map of Drosophila tarphytrichia--Unit 1--Kaluaa Gulch 
follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P

[[Page 67517]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.038


[[Page 67518]]


    (7) Drosophila tarphytrichia--Unit 2--Palikea, City and County of 
Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii.
    (i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 593529, 2367854; 
593448, 2367801; 593302, 2367874; 593242, 2367927; 593193, 2367967; 
593165, 2368065; 593217, 2368150; 593314, 2368283; 593399, 2368425; 
593448, 2368578; 593505, 2368716; 593622, 2368833; 593703, 2368906; 
593764, 2368963; 593832, 2369044; 593901, 2369145; 594002, 2369262; 
594079, 2369331; 594104, 2369396; 594120, 2369485; 594124, 2369521; 
594148, 2369525; 594213, 2369525; 594310, 2369497; 594395, 2369473; 
594399, 2369392; 594396, 2369356; 594417, 2369313; 594461, 2369290; 
594551, 2369278; 594579, 2369250; 594559, 2369197; 594472, 2369183; 
594391, 2369179; 594354, 2369153; 594302, 2369072; 594257, 2369015; 
594213, 2368914; 594136, 2368809; 594083, 2368672; 594035, 2368550; 
593966, 2368417; 593966, 2368324; 593909, 2368259; 593792, 2368105; 
593675, 2368000.
    (ii) Note: Map of Drosophila tarphytrichia--Unit 2--Palikea 
follows:

[[Page 67519]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.039


[[Page 67520]]


    (8) Drosophila tarphytrichia--Unit 3--Puu Kaua, City and County of 
Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii.
    (i) Land bounded by the following coordinates: 594166, 2370854; 
594166, 2370853; 594164, 2370854; 594122, 2370843; 594090, 2370815; 
594040, 2370789; 593996, 2370789; 593930, 2370827; 593852, 2370875; 
593778, 2370907; 593716, 2370947; 593642, 2370999; 593602, 2371041; 
593574, 2371067; 593558, 2371095; 593539, 2371118; 593531, 2371121; 
593534, 2371173; 593519, 2371375; 593533, 2371375; 593552, 2371390; 
593628, 2371404; 593716, 2371426; 593794, 2371431; 593876, 2371437; 
593974, 2371435; 594036, 2371431; 594138, 2371415; 594190, 2371399; 
594232, 2371385; 594246, 2371359; 594239, 2371354; 594170, 2370879; 
594172, 2370877; 594170, 2370855.
    (ii) Note: Map of Drosophila tarphytrichia--Unit 3--Puu Kaua 
follows:

[[Page 67521]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28NO07.040


[[Page 67522]]


BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
* * * * *

    Dated: November 2, 2007.
David M. Verhey,
Acting Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks.
[FR Doc. 07-5706 Filed 11-27-07; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C