[Federal Register Volume 72, Number 188 (Friday, September 28, 2007)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 55132-55139]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: E7-18987]


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DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY

Internal Revenue Service

26 CFR Part 1

[REG-143326-05]
RIN 1545-BE95


S Corporation Guidance Under AJCA of 2004 and GOZA of 2005

AGENCY: Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Treasury.

ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking and notice of public hearing.

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SUMMARY: This document contains proposed regulations that provide 
guidance regarding certain changes made to the rules governing S 
corporations under the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 and the Gulf 
Opportunity Zone Act of 2005. The proposed regulations are necessary to 
replace obsolete references in the current regulations and to allow 
taxpayers to make proper use of the provisions that made changes to 
prior law. In particular, the proposed regulations provide guidance on 
the S corporation family shareholder rules, the definitions of ``powers 
of appointment'' and ``potential current beneficiaries'' (PCBs) with 
regard to electing small business trusts (ESBTs), the allowance of 
suspended losses to the spouse or former spouse of an S corporation 
shareholder, and relief for inadvertently terminated or invalid 
qualified subchapter S subsidiary (QSub) elections. The proposed 
regulations will affect S corporations and their shareholders. This 
document also provides a notice of a public hearing on these proposed 
regulations.

DATES: Written or electronic comments must be received by December 27, 
2007. Outlines of topics to be discussed at the public hearing 
scheduled for January 16, 2008, at 10 a.m., must be received by 
December 27, 2007.

ADDRESSES: Send submissions to: CC:PA:LPD:PR (REG-143326-05), room 
5203, Internal Revenue Service, P.O. Box 7604, Ben Franklin Station, 
Washington, DC 20044. Submissions may be hand delivered Monday through 
Friday between the hours of 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. to: CC:PA:LPD:PR (REG-
143326-05), Courier's Desk, Internal Revenue Service, 1111 Constitution 
Avenue, NW., Washington, DC, or sent electronically via the Federal 
eRulemaking Portal at http://www.regulations.gov/ (indicate IRS REG-
143326-05). The public hearing will be held in the IRS Auditorium, 
Internal Revenue Building, 1111 Constitution Avenue, NW., Washington, 
DC.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Concerning the proposed regulations, 
Bradford R. Poston, (202) 622-3060; concerning submissions of comments, 
the hearing, or to be placed on the building access list to attend the 
hearing, Kelly Banks, (202) 622-7180 (not toll-free numbers).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Paperwork Reduction Act

    The collections of information contained in this notice of proposed 
rulemaking have been submitted to the Office of Management and Budget 
for review in accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 
U.S.C. 3507(d)). Comments on the collections of information should be 
sent to the Office of Management and Budget, Attn: Desk Officer for the 
Department of the Treasury, Office of Information and Regulatory 
Affairs, Washington, DC 20503, with copies to the Internal Revenue 
Service, Attn: IRS Reports Clearance Officer, SE:W:CAR:MP:T:T:SP, 
Washington, DC 20224. Comments on the collection of information should 
be received by November 27, 2007.
    Comments are specifically requested concerning:
    Whether the proposed collection of information is necessary for the 
proper performance of the functions of the Internal Revenue Service, 
including whether the information will have practical utility;
    The accuracy of the estimated burden associated with the proposed 
collection of information;
    How the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be 
collected may be enhanced;
    How the burden of complying with the proposed collection of 
information may be minimized, including through the application of 
automated collection techniques or other forms of information 
technology; and
    Estimates of capital or start-up costs and costs of operation, 
maintenance, and purchase of service to provide information.
    The reporting requirement in these proposed regulations is in Sec.  
1.1361-1(m)(2)(ii)(A). This information must be reported by the 
trustees of trusts electing to be ESBTs. This information will be used 
by the IRS to determine the number of shareholders of the corporation 
in which the trust holds stock and thus whether the corporation is an 
eligible S corporation. The respondents will be trusts making an ESBT 
election.
    The following estimates are an approximation of the average time 
expected to be necessary for a collection of information. They are 
based on the information that is available to the Internal Revenue 
Service. Individual respondents may require greater or less time, 
depending on their particular circumstances.
    Estimated total annual reporting burden: 26,000 hours.
    Estimated average annual burden: 1 hour.
    Estimated number of respondents: 26,000.
    Estimated annual frequency of response: On occasion.
    An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required 
to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a valid 
control number assigned by the Office of Management and Budget.
    Books or records relating to a collection of information must be 
retained as long as their contents may become material in the 
administration of any internal revenue law. Generally, tax returns and 
tax return information are confidential, as required by 26 U.S.C. 6103.

Background

    This document contains proposed amendments to the Income Tax 
Regulations (26 CFR part 1) concerning S corporations under sections 
1361, 1362, and 1366 of the Internal Revenue Code (Code). These Code 
sections were amended by sections 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 
238, and 239 of the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 (Pub. L. 108-
357, 118 Stat. 1418) (the 2004 Act) and sections 403 and 413 of the 
Gulf Opportunity Zone Act of 2005 (Pub. L. 109-135) (the 2005 Act). 
This document does not address other amendments made by the 2004 Act or 
the 2005 Act. In addition, this document contains additional proposed 
amendments to the regulations under Code section 1362 necessary to 
conform the regulations to the changes made by section 1305(a) of the 
Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996 (Pub. L. 104-188, 110 Stat. 
1755) (the 1996 Act).

[[Page 55133]]

Explanation of Provisions

Increase in Maximum Number of Shareholders

    Section 232 of the 2004 Act amends Code section 1361(b)(1)(A) by 
increasing the permitted number of shareholders from 75 to 100 for a 
small business corporation eligible to make an S election. This 
provision is effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 
2004. The proposed regulations remove or amend several references in 
the regulations under Code section 1361 that cite a specific number of 
permissible S corporation shareholders, except insofar as such 
references are necessary in an example. This change will accommodate 
any future statutory changes in the maximum number of permitted 
shareholders.

Family Shareholders

    Section 1361(c)(1), as amended by section 231(a) of the 2004 Act 
and section 403(b) of the 2005 Act, treats a husband and wife (and 
their estates), and all members of a family (and their estates) as one 
shareholder for purposes of the 100 shareholder limitation. Section 
403(b) of the 2005 Act eliminated the requirement of an election in 
order for a family to be treated as one shareholder, providing instead 
that members of a family would automatically be treated as one 
shareholder for purposes of Code section 1361(b)(1)(A). This amendment 
is effective as if included in section 231 of the 2004 Act for tax 
years beginning after December 31, 2004. Notice 2005-91 (2005-2 CB 
1164), see Sec.  601.601(d)(2)(ii)(b), issued prior to the enactment of 
section 403(b) of the 2005 Act, informed taxpayers that the Treasury 
Department and the IRS intended to issue guidance regarding the family 
shareholder election under section 1361(c) and provided that taxpayers 
could rely on the provisions of Notice 2005-91 until the issuance of 
that guidance. Although the portions of Notice 2005-91 addressing the 
manner of making the family shareholder election are no longer 
relevant, the proposed regulations retain the provisions of Notice 
2005-91 describing certain entities other than individuals that will be 
treated as members of the family.
    The family members are determined by reference to a common 
ancestor. Section 1361(c)(1)(B) defines ``members of a family'' as a 
common ancestor, any lineal descendant of the common ancestor, and any 
spouse or former spouse of the common ancestor or any such lineal 
descendant. Adopted and foster children are included among the lineal 
descendants as described in section 1361(c)(1)(C). An individual is not 
eligible to be the common ancestor for purposes of this provision if, 
on the applicable date, the individual is more than 6 generations 
removed from the youngest generation of shareholders who would 
otherwise be members of the family (without regard to the ``six 
generation'' test of Code section 1361(c)(1)(B)(ii)). Section 403(b) of 
the 2005 Act also changed the applicable date in section 
1361(c)(1)(B)(iii) on which a person will be tested for qualification 
as a ``common ancestor'' to the latest of (1) The date the S election 
is made, (2) the earliest date an individual who is a ``member of the 
family'' holds stock in the S corporation, or (3) October 22, 2004. The 
regulation clarifies that the ``six generation'' test is applied only 
at the date specified in Code section 1361(c)(1)(B)(iii) for 
determining whether an individual meets the definition of ``common 
ancestor,'' and has no continuing significance in limiting the number 
of generations of a family that may hold stock and be treated as a 
single shareholder. The regulation provides that there is no adverse 
consequence to a person being a member of two families.

Disregard of Unexercised Powers of Appointment in ESBTs

    Potential current beneficiaries (PCBs) are treated as shareholders 
of the corporation for purposes of Code section 1361(b)(1) (which 
addresses both shareholder eligibility and the permitted number of 
shareholders). Section 234 of the 2004 Act amended Code section 
1361(e)(2) by providing that in determining an ESBT's PCBs for any 
period, powers of appointment will be disregarded to the extent not 
exercised by the end of that period. The amended section also increases 
the period from 60 days to one year during which an ESBT may safely 
dispose of S corporation stock after an ineligible shareholder becomes 
a PCB. These amendments apply to taxable years beginning after December 
31, 2004.
    The amendment overrides current Sec.  1.1361-1(m)(4)(vi) and the 
illustrative example which provides that any person who may receive a 
distribution under a currently exercisable power of appointment is a 
PCB. Under Sec.  1.1361-1(m)(4)(vi), the broad powers of appointment 
commonly included in many trusts used for estate planning purposes 
would preclude those trusts from qualifying as ESBTs, because that 
power would cause the S corporation to have an excessive number of 
deemed shareholders or to have as deemed shareholders persons 
ineligible to hold S corporation stock. The proposed regulations remove 
and replace the sections of the regulation inconsistent with current 
law.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS have received inquiries 
concerning whether certain powers held by a trustee or any other person 
who is not a beneficiary will be considered to be powers of appointment 
for purposes of Code section 1361(e)(2), and thus be disregarded (to 
the extent not exercised) in determining the PCBs of the ESBT. In 
particular, there is concern about the powers to add persons to the 
class of current beneficiaries or to select from an unlimited class of 
charitable beneficiaries. Under the current regulations, such powers, 
regardless of the identity of the holder, could result in the 
termination of the S corporation election if the class of charities 
that could currently receive distributions or the class of persons who 
could be added as beneficiaries is sufficiently large to cause the 
corporation to have more than the number of shareholders allowed by 
Code section 1361(b)(1)(A).
    ``Power of appointment'' is not defined or described in either Code 
section 1361(e)(2) as amended or in current Sec.  1.1361-1(m). However, 
``power of appointment'' is described for estate tax purposes in Sec.  
20.2041-1(b) of the Estate Tax Regulations and for gift tax purposes in 
Sec.  25.2514-1(b) of the Gift Tax Regulations. For transfer tax 
purposes, a power of appointment generally includes the power to 
appropriate or consume the principal of the trust or the power to 
affect the beneficial enjoyment of trust property or its income by 
altering, amending, or revoking the trust instrument or terminating the 
trust.
    If the transfer tax descriptions are narrowly interpreted, powers 
held by fiduciaries (who are not also beneficiaries of the trust) to 
spray or sprinkle trust distributions would generally not be ``powers 
of appointment.'' Therefore, the relief provided by the amended 
provision of Code section 1361(e)(2) would not apply to prevent the 
possible creation of an excessive number of PCBs. These powers would 
continue to be treated under the general rule of current Sec.  1.1361-
1(m)(4)(i), which provides that a PCB ``is, with respect to any period, 
any person who at any time during such period is entitled to, or in the 
discretion of any person may receive, a distribution from the principal 
or income of the trust.'' Any sufficiently broad power to spray or 
sprinkle trust distributions would result in an excessive number of 
PCBs and thus

[[Page 55134]]

cause the termination of the S corporation election.
    Alternatively, if all fiduciary powers to spray or sprinkle trust 
distributions to a class of current beneficiaries or possible current 
beneficiaries were deemed to be ``powers of appointment'' for purposes 
of Code section 1361(e)(2), this would effectively result in the 
replacement of ``potential current beneficiaries'' as a measuring tool 
under Code section 1361(b)(1) with ``current beneficiaries,'' as only 
those actually receiving distributions would ever meet the PCB 
definition. The 2004 Act, however, did not replace ``potential current 
beneficiary'' with ``current beneficiary''.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS believe that the proper 
interpretation of the change made by the 2004 Act is that the provision 
avoids counting as PCBs an unlimited number of potential appointees who 
may never become permissible beneficiaries. In this manner, the 
legislative change prevents the mere presence of common estate planning 
powers in a trust instrument from resulting in a termination of the S 
corporation election because of an excessive number of PCBs. The power 
to select from among an unlimited class of charities within the class 
of beneficiaries who may receive current distributions from a trust in 
the discretion of a fiduciary is a common estate planning power.
    The proposed regulations amend the definition of ``potential 
current beneficiary'' to provide that all members of a class of unnamed 
charities permitted to receive distributions under a discretionary 
distribution power held by a fiduciary that is not a power of 
appointment, will be considered, collectively, to be a single PCB for 
purposes of determining the number of permissible shareholders under 
section 1361(b)(1)(A) unless the power is actually exercised, in which 
case each charity that actually receives distributions will also be a 
PCB. The ESBT election requirements under Sec.  1.1361-1(m)(2)(ii)(A) 
are amended to require a trust containing such a power to indicate the 
presence of the power in the election statement. This amended PCB 
definition applies only to powers to distribute to one or more members 
of a class of unnamed charities which is unlimited in number. The 
amended PCB definition does not apply to a power to make distributions 
to or among particular named charities.
    The proposed regulations further provide that a power to add 
beneficiaries, whether or not charitable, to a class of current 
permissible beneficiaries is generally a power of appointment and thus 
will be disregarded to the extent it is not exercised. However, if the 
power is exercised and an unlimited class of charitable beneficiaries 
is added to the class of current permissible beneficiaries, that class 
will count as a single PCB under the amended definition of PCB, and, to 
the extent distributions are actually made to one or more charities, 
those charities will each count as PCBs.

Transfer of Stock Between Spouses or Incident to Divorce

    Section 235 of the 2004 Act amended Code section 1366(d)(2) to 
provide that if the stock of an S corporation is transferred between 
spouses or incident to divorce under Code section 1041(a), any loss or 
deduction with respect to the transferred stock which cannot be taken 
into account by the transferring shareholder in the year of the 
transfer because of the basis limitation in section 1366(d)(1) shall be 
treated as incurred by the corporation in the succeeding taxable year 
with regard to the transferee. Prior to this amendment, any losses or 
deductions disallowed under section 1366(d) were personal to the 
shareholder and did not transfer upon the transfer of the S corporation 
stock to another person. Section 1366(d)(2) is effective for transfers 
after December 31, 2004.
    The proposed regulations amend the provisions of Sec.  1.1366-
2(a)(5) to include this exception to the general rule of 
nontransferability of losses and deductions. Losses and deductions 
allocable to the transferor spouse for the taxable year immediately 
preceding the year of transfer that are subject to the basis limitation 
rule of section 1366(d) will be treated as incurred by the corporation 
with respect to the transferor spouse in the taxable year of the 
transfer. The transferor spouse may use all losses and deductions 
carried over to the year of transfer if the transferor spouse has 
sufficient basis in the transferor's adjusted basis in stock or 
adjusted basis in the indebtedness of the corporation to the 
transferor. Under Sec.  1.1366-2(a)(4), if the transferor's pro rata 
share of the losses and deductions in the year of transfer exceeds the 
transferor's basis in stock or the indebtedness of the corporation to 
the transferor, then the limitation must be allocated among the 
transferor spouse's pro rata share of each loss or deduction, including 
disallowed losses and deductions carried over from the prior year. 
Under the proposed regulations, losses and deductions carried over to 
the year of transfer that are not used by the transferor spouse in such 
year will be prorated between the transferor spouse and the transferee 
spouse based on their stock ownership at the beginning of the 
succeeding taxable year. The proposed regulations include examples 
illustrating these rules. The Treasury Department and IRS request 
comments on the best methods to ensure that losses are properly 
allocated between the transferor and transferee spouses, including 
whether a notification requirement should be imposed on the transferor 
spouse.

Passive Activity Losses and At-risk Amounts of Qualified Subchapter S 
Trusts

    Section 236 of the 2004 Act amends Code section 1361(d)(1) to 
provide that, for purposes of applying Code sections 465 and 469 to the 
beneficiary of a qualified subchapter S trust (QSST) with respect to 
which the beneficiary has made an election under Code section 
1361(d)(2), the disposition of S corporation stock by the QSST shall be 
treated as a disposition by the beneficiary. This creates an exception 
to the general rule of Sec.  1.1361-1(j)(8), which provides that the 
trust, rather than the beneficiary, is treated as the owner of the S 
corporation stock in determining the income tax consequences of a 
disposition of the stock. The proposed regulations add conforming 
language to Sec.  1.1361-1(j)(8).

Qualified Subchapter S Subsidiary Relief and Inadvertent Invalid 
Elections or Terminations

    Section 238 of the 2004 Act amends Code section 1362(f) to provide 
that QSubs are eligible for relief for an inadvertent invalid QSub 
election or termination under the same standards applied to an 
inadvertent invalid S corporation election or termination. This 
provision is effective for elections made and terminations occurring 
after December 31, 2004. The proposed regulations make conforming 
changes to Sec.  1.1362-4. The proposed regulations make additional 
changes to Sec.  1.1362-4 addressing the change to Code section 1362(f) 
made by section 1305(a) of the 1996 Act, which provided relief for 
corporations with inadvertently invalid S corporation elections, in 
addition to the relief already available for inadvertent terminations 
of valid S corporation elections.

Effect on Other Documents

    The following publication is proposed to be obsoleted as of the 
date of publication of the Treasury decision adopting these rules as 
final regulations in the Federal Register:
    Notice 2005-91 (2005-2 CB 1164).

[[Page 55135]]

Proposed Effective Date

    These regulations are proposed to be effective on the date of 
publication of the Treasury decision adopting these rules as final 
regulations in the Federal Register.

Special Analyses

    It has been determined that this notice of proposed rulemaking is 
not a significant regulatory action as defined in Executive Order 
12866. Therefore, a regulatory assessment is not required. It has also 
been determined that section 553(b) of the Administrative Procedure Act 
(5 U.S.C. chapter 5) does not apply to these regulations. Further, it 
has been determined that these regulations are not subject to the 
Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. chapter 6) because the collection 
of information required by these regulations is imposed on electing 
small business trusts and such entities are not ``small entities'' for 
purposes of the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. chapter 6). 
Additionally, the information collection burden imposed on the electing 
small business trusts is minimal. Pursuant to section 7805(f) of the 
Internal Revenue Code, this regulation has been submitted to the Chief 
Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business Administration for comment 
on its impact on small business.

Comments and Public Hearing

    Before these proposed regulations are adopted as final regulations, 
consideration will be given to any written (a signed original and eight 
(8) copies) or electronic comments that are submitted timely to the 
IRS. The IRS and Treasury Department request comments on the clarity of 
the proposed rules and how they can be made easier to understand. All 
comments will be available for public inspection and copying.
    A public hearing has been scheduled for January 16, 2008, beginning 
at 10 a.m. in the auditorium of the Internal Revenue Building, 1111 
Constitution Avenue, NW., Washington, DC. Due to building security 
procedures, visitors must enter at the Constitution Avenue entrance. In 
addition, all visitors must present photo identification to enter the 
building. Because of access restrictions, visitors will not be admitted 
beyond the immediate entrance area more than 30 minutes before the 
hearing starts. For information about having your name placed on the 
building access list to attend the hearing, see the FOR FURTHER 
INFORMATION CONTACT section of this preamble.
    The rules of 26 CFR 601.601(a)(3) apply to the hearing. Persons who 
wish to present oral comments at the hearing must submit written or 
electronic comments and an outline of the topics to be discussed and 
the time to be devoted to each topic (signed original and eight (8) 
copies) by December 27, 2007. A period of 10 minutes will be allotted 
to each person for making comments. An agenda showing the schedule of 
speakers will be prepared after the deadline for receiving outlines has 
passed. Copies of the agenda will be available free of charge at the 
hearing.

Drafting Information

    The principal author of these proposed regulations is Bradford R. 
Poston of the Office of Associate Chief Counsel (Passthroughs and 
Special Industries).

List of Subjects in 26 CFR Part 1

    Income taxes, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

Proposed Amendment to the Regulations

    Accordingly, 26 CFR part 1 is proposed to be amended as follows:

PART 1--INCOME TAXES

    Paragraph 1. The authority citation for part 1 continues to read in 
part as follows:

    Authority: 26 U.S.C. 7805 * * *

    Par. 2. Section 1.1361-0 is amended by adding a new entry in the 
table of contents for Sec.  1.1361-1(e)(3) to read as follows:


Sec.  1.1361-0  Table of contents.

* * * * *
Sec.  1.1361-1 S Corporation defined.
* * * * *
    (e) * * *
    (3) Special rules relating to stock owned by members of a 
family.

    Par. 3. Section 1.1361-1 is amended by:
    1. Revising paragraphs (b)(1)(i) and (e)(1).
    2. Adding paragraphs (e)(3), (h)(1)(vii), and (h)(3)(i)(G).
    3. Adding a new sentence to the end of paragraph (j)(8).
    4. Adding a new sentence to the end of paragraph (k)(2)(i).
    5. Revising paragraphs (m)(2)(ii)(A), (m)(4)(iii), and (m)(4)(vi).
    6. Revising paragraph (m)(8), Example 2.
    7. Revising the seventh sentence of paragraph (m)(8), Example 5.
    8. Revising paragraph (m)(8), Example 7.
    9. Adding paragraph (m)(8), Example 8.
    10. Adding paragraph (m)(8), Example 9.
    11. Adding a sentence to the end of paragraph (m)(9).
    The revisions and additions read as follows:


Sec.  1.1361-1  S Corporation defined.

* * * * *
    (b) * * * (1) * * *
    (i) More than the number of shareholders provided in section 
1361(b)(1)(A);
* * * * *
    (e) Number of shareholders--(1) General rule. A corporation does 
not qualify as a small business corporation if it has more than the 
number of shareholders provided in section 1361(b)(1)(A). Ordinarily, 
the person who would have to include in gross income dividends 
distributed with respect to the stock of the corporation (if the 
corporation were a C corporation) is considered to be the shareholder 
of the corporation. For example, if stock (owned other than by a 
husband and wife or members of a family described in section 
1361(c)(1)) is owned by tenants in common or joint tenants, each tenant 
in common or joint tenant is generally considered to be a shareholder 
of the corporation. (For special rules relating to stock owned by 
husband and wife or members of a family, see paragraphs (e)(2) and (3) 
of this section, respectively; for special rules relating to restricted 
stock, see paragraphs (b)(3) and (6) of this section.) The person for 
whom stock of a corporation is held by a nominee, guardian, custodian, 
or an agent is considered to be the shareholder of the corporation for 
purposes of this paragraph (e) and paragraphs (f) and (g) of this 
section. For example, a partnership may be a nominee of S corporation 
stock for a person who qualifies as a shareholder of an S corporation. 
However, if the partnership is the beneficial owner of the stock, then 
the partnership is the shareholder, and the corporation does not 
qualify as a small business corporation. In addition, in the case of 
stock held for a minor under a uniform transfers to minors or similar 
statute, the minor and not the custodian is the shareholder. Except as 
otherwise provided in paragraphs (h) and (j) of this section, and for 
purposes of this paragraph (e) and paragraphs (f) and (g) of this 
section, if stock is held by a decedent's estate or a trust described 
in section 1361(c)(2)(A)(ii) or (iii), the estate or trust (and not the 
beneficiaries of the estate or trust) is considered to be the 
shareholder; however, if stock is held by a subpart E trust (which 
includes a voting trust) or an electing QSST described in section 
1361(d)(1), the deemed owner of the

[[Page 55136]]

trust is considered to be the shareholder. If stock is held by an ESBT 
described in section 1361(c)(2)(A)(v), each potential current 
beneficiary of the trust shall be treated as a shareholder, except that 
the trust shall be treated as the shareholder during any period in 
which there is no potential current beneficiary of the trust. If stock 
is held by a trust described in section 1361(c)(2)(A)(vi), the 
individual for whose benefit the trust was created shall be treated as 
the shareholder. See paragraph (h) of this section for special rules 
relating to trusts.
* * * * *
    (3) Special rules relating to stock owned by members of a family--
(i) In general. For purposes of paragraph (e)(1) of this section, stock 
owned by members of a family is treated as owned by one shareholder. 
Members of a family include a common ancestor, any lineal descendant of 
the common ancestor, and any spouse (or former spouse) of the common 
ancestor or of any lineal descendants of the common ancestor. An 
individual shall not be considered to be a common ancestor if, on the 
applicable date, the individual is more than six generations removed 
from the youngest generation of shareholders who would (but for this 
six-generation test) be members of the family. For purposes of this 
test, a spouse (or former spouse) is treated as being of the same 
generation as the individual to whom the spouse is or was married. This 
test is applied on the latest of the date the election under section 
1362(a) is made for the corporation, the earliest date that a member of 
the family holds stock in the corporation, or October 22, 2004. For 
this purpose, the date the election under section 1362(a) is made for 
the corporation is the effective date of the election, not the date it 
is signed or received by any person. The test is only applied as of the 
applicable date, and lineal descendants (and spouses) more than six 
generations removed from the common ancestor will be treated as members 
of the family even if they acquire stock in the corporation after that 
date. The members of a family are treated as one shareholder under this 
paragraph (e)(3) solely for purposes of section 1361(b)(1)(A), and not 
for any other purpose, whether under section 1361 or any other 
provision. Specifically, each member of the family who owns or is 
deemed to own stock must meet the requirements of sections 
1361(b)(1)(B) and (C) (regarding permissible shareholders) and section 
1362(a)(2) (regarding shareholder consents to an S corporation 
election). Although a person may be a member of more than one family 
under this paragraph (e)(3), each family (not all of whose members are 
also members of the other family) will be treated as one shareholder. 
For purposes of this paragraph (e)(3), any legally adopted child of an 
individual, any child who is lawfully placed with an individual for 
legal adoption by that individual, and any eligible foster child of an 
individual (within the meaning of section 152(f)(1)(C)), shall be 
treated as a child of such individual by blood.
    (ii) Certain entities treated as members of a family. For purposes 
of this paragraph (e)(3), the estate or trust (described in section 
1361(c)(2)(A)(ii) or (iii)) of a deceased member of the family will be 
considered to be a member of the family during the period in which the 
estate or such trust (if the trust is described in section 
1361(c)(2)(A)(ii) or (iii)), holds stock in the S corporation. The 
members of the family also will include--
    (A) In the case of an ESBT, each potential current beneficiary who 
is a member of the family;
    (B) In the case of a QSST, the income beneficiary who makes the 
QSST election, if that income beneficiary is a member of the family;
    (C) In the case of a trust created primarily to exercise the voting 
power of stock transferred to it, each beneficiary who is a member of 
the family;
    (D) The individual for whose benefit a trust described in section 
1361(c)(2)(A)(vi) was created, if that individual is a member of the 
family;
    (E) The deemed owner of a trust described in section 
1361(c)(2)(A)(i) if that deemed owner is a member of the family; and
    (F) The owner of an entity disregarded as an entity separate from 
its owner under Sec.  301.7701-3 of the Procedure and Administration 
Regulations, if that owner is a member of the family.
* * * * *
    (h) * * * (1) * * *
    (vii) Individual retirement accounts. In the case of a corporation 
which is a bank (as defined in section 581) or a depository institution 
holding company (as defined in section 3(w)(1) of the Federal Deposit 
Insurance Act (12 U.S.C. 1813(w)(1)), a trust which constitutes an 
individual retirement account under section 408(a), including one 
designated as a Roth IRA under section 408A, but only to the extent of 
the stock held by such trust in such bank or company as of October 22, 
2004. Individual retirement accounts (including Roth IRAs) are not 
otherwise eligible S corporation shareholders.
* * * * *
    (3) * * * (i) * * *
    (G) If stock in an S corporation bank or depository institution 
holding company is held by an individual retirement account (including 
a Roth IRA) described in paragraph (h)(1)(vii) of this section, the 
individual for whose benefit the trust was created shall be treated as 
the shareholder.
* * * * *
    (j) * * *
    (8) * * * However, solely for purposes of applying sections 465 and 
469 to the income beneficiary, a disposition of S corporation stock by 
a QSST shall be treated as a disposition by the income beneficiary.
* * * * *
    (k) * * * (2) * * *
    (i) * * * Paragraphs (b)(1)(i), (e)(1), (e)(3), (h)(1)(vii), 
(h)(3)(i)(G), and the fifth sentence of paragraph (j)(8) are effective 
on and after the date of publication of the Treasury decision adopting 
these rules as final regulations in the Federal Register.
* * * * *
    (m) * * * (2) * * *
    (ii) * * *
    (A) The name, address, and taxpayer identification number of the 
trust, the potential current beneficiaries, and the S corporations in 
which the trust currently holds stock. If the trust includes a power 
described in paragraph (m)(4)(vi)(B) of this section, then the election 
statement must include a statement that such a power is included in the 
instrument, but does not need to include the name, address, or taxpayer 
identification number of any particular charity or any other 
information regarding the power.
* * * * *
    (4) * * *
    (iii) Special rule for dispositions of stock. Notwithstanding the 
provisions of paragraph (m)(4)(i) of this section, if a trust disposes 
of all of the stock which it holds in an S corporation, then, with 
respect to that corporation, any person who first met the definition of 
a potential current beneficiary during the 1-year period ending on the 
date of such disposition is not a potential current beneficiary and 
thus is not a shareholder of that corporation.
* * * * *
    (vi) Currently exercisable powers of appointment and other powers--
(A) Powers of appointment. A person to whom a distribution may be made 
during any period pursuant to a power of appointment (as described for 
transfer tax purposes in section 2041 and Sec.  20.2041-1(b) of this 
chapter and section 2514 and Sec.  25.2514-1(b) of this chapter) is not 
a potential current

[[Page 55137]]

beneficiary unless the power is exercised in favor of that person 
during the period. It is immaterial for purposes of this paragraph 
(m)(4)(vi)(A) whether such power of appointment is a ``general power of 
appointment'' for transfer tax purposes as described in Sec.  20.2041-
1(c) and Sec.  25.2514-1(c) of this chapter. The mere existence of one 
or more powers of appointment during the lifetime of a power holder 
that would permit current distributions from the trust to be made to 
more than the number of persons described in section 1361(b)(1)(A) or 
to a person described in section 1361(b)(1)(B) or (C), will not cause 
the S corporation election to terminate unless one or more of such 
powers are exercised, collectively, in favor of an excessive number of 
persons or in favor of a person who is ineligible to be an S 
corporation shareholder. For purposes of this paragraph (m)(4)(vi)(A), 
a ``power of appointment'' includes a power, regardless of by whom 
held, to add a beneficiary or class of beneficiaries to the class of 
potential current beneficiaries, but generally does not include a power 
held by a fiduciary who is not also a beneficiary of the trust to spray 
or sprinkle trust distributions among beneficiaries. Nothing in this 
paragraph (m)(4)(vi)(A) alters the definition of ``power of 
appointment'' for purposes of any provision of the Internal Revenue 
Code or the regulations.
    (B) Powers to distribute to certain organizations not pursuant to 
powers of appointment. If a trustee or other fiduciary has a power 
(that does not constitute a power of appointment for transfer tax 
purposes as described in Sec. Sec.  20.2041-1(b) and 25.2514-1(b) of 
this chapter) to make distributions from the trust to one or more 
members of a class of organizations described in section 1361(c)(6), 
such organizations will be counted collectively as only one potential 
current beneficiary for purposes of this paragraph (m), except that 
each organization receiving a distribution also will be counted as a 
potential current beneficiary. This paragraph (m)(4)(vi)(B) shall not 
apply to a power to currently distribute to one or more particular 
charitable organizations named in the instrument. Each of such 
organizations is a potential current beneficiary of the trust.
* * * * *

    (8) * * *
    Example 2. (i) Invalid potential current beneficiary. Effective 
January 1, 2005, Trust makes a valid ESBT election. On January 1, 
2006, A, a nonresident alien, becomes a potential current 
beneficiary of Trust. Trust does not dispose of all of its S 
corporation stock within one year after January 1, 2006. As of 
January 1, 2006, A is the potential current beneficiary of Trust and 
therefore is treated as a shareholder of the S corporation. Because 
A is not an eligible shareholder of an S corporation under section 
1361(b)(1), the S corporation election of any corporation in which 
Trust holds stock terminates effective January 1, 2006. Relief may 
be available under section 1362(f).
    (ii) Invalid potential current beneficiary and disposition of S 
stock. Assume the same facts as in Example 2 (i) except that within 
one year after January 1, 2006, trustee of Trust disposes of all 
Trust's S corporation stock. A is not considered a potential current 
beneficiary of Trust and therefore is not treated as a shareholder 
of any S corporation in which Trust previously held stock.
* * * * *
    Example 5.  * * * Trust-2 itself will not be counted toward the 
shareholder limit of section 1361(b)(1)(A). * * *
* * * * *
    Example 7. Potential current beneficiaries and powers of 
appointment. M creates Trust from which A has a right to all net 
income and funds it with S corporation stock. A also has a currently 
exercisable power to appoint income or principal to anyone except A, 
A's creditors, A's estate, and the creditors of A's estate. The 
potential current beneficiaries of Trust for any period will be A 
and each person who receives a distribution from Trust pursuant to 
A's exercise of A's power of appointment during that period.
    Example 8. Power to distribute to an unlimited class of 
charitable organizations not pursuant to a power of appointment. M 
creates Trust from which A has a right to all net income and funds 
it with S corporation stock. In addition, the trustee of Trust, who 
is not A or a descendant of M, has the power to make discretionary 
distributions of principal to the living descendants of M and to any 
organizations described in section 1361(c)(6). The potential current 
beneficiaries of Trust for any period will be A, each then-living 
descendant of M, and each exempt organization described in section 
1361(c)(6) that receives a distribution during that period. In 
addition, the class of exempt organizations will be counted as one 
potential current beneficiary.
    Example 9. Power to distribute to a class of named charitable 
organizations not pursuant to a power of appointment. M creates 
Trust from which A has a right to all net income and funds it with S 
corporation stock. In addition, the trustee of Trust, who is not A 
or a descendant of M, has the power to make discretionary 
distributions of principal to the living descendants of M and to X, 
Y, and Z, each of which is an organization described in section 
1361(c)(6). The potential current beneficiaries of Trust for any 
period will be A, X, Y, Z, and each living descendant of M.

    (9) Effective/applicability date. * * * Paragraphs (m)(2)(ii)(A), 
(m)(4)(iii) and (vi), and (m)(8), Example 2, Example 5, Example 7, 
Example 8, and Example 9 are effective on and after the date of 
publication of the Treasury decision adopting these rules as final 
regulations is published in the Federal Register.
    Par. 4. Section 1.1361-4 is amended by revising paragraph (a)(1) 
and adding new paragraph (a)(9) to read as follows:


Sec.  1.1361-4  Effect of QSub Election.

    (a) Separate existence ignored--(1) In general. Except as otherwise 
provided in paragraphs (a)(3), (a)(6), (a)(7), (a)(8), and (a)(9) of 
this section, for Federal tax purposes--
    (i) A corporation which is a QSub shall not be treated as a 
separate corporation; and
    (ii) All assets, liabilities, and items of income, deduction, and 
credit of a QSub shall be treated as assets, liabilities, and items of 
income, deduction, and credit of the S corporation.
* * * * *
    (9) Information returns--(i) In general. Except to the extent 
provided by the Secretary, paragraph (a)(1) of this section shall not 
apply to part III of subchapter A of chapter 61, relating to 
information returns.
    (ii) Effective/applicability date. This paragraph (a)(9) is 
effective on and after the date of publication of the Treasury decision 
adopting these rules as final regulations in the Federal Register.
* * * * *
    Par. 5. Section 1.1361-6 is amended by revising the first sentence 
as follows:


Sec.  1.1361-6  Effective date.

    Except as provided in Sec. Sec.  1.1361-4(a)(3)(iii), 1.1361-
4(a)(5)(i), 1.1361-4(a)(6)(iii), 1.1361-4(a)(7)(ii), 1.1361-
4(a)(8)(ii), 1.1361-4(a)(9), and 1.1361-5(c)(2), the provisions of 
Sec. Sec.  1.1361-2 through 1.1361-5 apply to taxable years beginning 
on or after January 20, 2000; however, taxpayers may elect to apply the 
regulations in whole, but not in part (aside from those sections with 
special dates of applicability), for taxable years beginning on or 
after January 1, 2000, provided all affected taxpayers apply the 
regulations in a consistent manner. * * *
    Par. 6. Section 1.1362-0 is amended by revising the heading of the 
table of contents for Sec.  1.1362-4 to read as follows:


Sec.  1.1362-0  Table of contents.

* * * * *
Sec.  1.1362-4 Inadvertent terminations and inadvertently invalid 
elections.
* * * * *
    Par. 7. Section 1.1362-4 is amended by:
    1. Revising the section heading and paragraphs (a), (b), (c), (d), 
and (f).
    2. Adding paragraph (g).
    The addition and revisions read as follows:

[[Page 55138]]

Sec.  1.1362-4  Inadvertent terminations and inadvertently invalid 
elections.

    (a) In general. A corporation is treated as continuing to be an S 
corporation or a QSub (or, an invalid election to be either an S 
corporation or a QSub is treated as valid) during the period specified 
by the Commissioner if--
    (1) The corporation made a valid election under section 1362(a) or 
section 1361(b)(3) and the election terminated or the corporation made 
an election under section 1362(a) or section 1361(b)(3) that was 
invalid;
    (2) The Commissioner determines that the termination or invalidity 
was inadvertent;
    (3) Steps were taken by the corporation to return to or qualify for 
small business corporation or QSub status within a reasonable period 
after discovery of the terminating event or invalid election, or the 
required shareholder consents are acquired; and
    (4) The corporation and shareholders agree to adjustments that the 
Commissioner may require for the period.
    (b) Inadvertent termination or inadvertently invalid election. For 
purposes of paragraph (a) of this section, the determination of whether 
a termination or invalid election was inadvertent is made by the 
Commissioner. The corporation has the burden of establishing that under 
the relevant facts and circumstances the Commissioner should determine 
that the termination or invalid election was inadvertent. The fact that 
the terminating event or invalidity of the election was not reasonably 
within the control of the corporation and, in the case of a 
termination, was not part of a plan to terminate the election, or the 
fact that the terminating event or circumstance took place without the 
knowledge of the corporation, notwithstanding its due diligence to 
safeguard itself against such an event or circumstance, tends to 
establish that the termination or invalidity of the election was 
inadvertent.
    (c) Corporation's request for determination of an inadvertent 
termination or invalid election. A corporation that believes that the 
termination or invalidity of its election was inadvertent may request a 
determination from the Commissioner that the termination or invalidity 
of its election was inadvertent. The request is made in the form of a 
ruling request and should set forth all relevant facts pertaining to 
the event or circumstance including, but not limited to, the facts 
described in paragraph (b) of this section, the date of the 
corporation's election (or intended election) under section 1362(a) or 
1361(b)(3), a detailed explanation of the event or circumstance causing 
the termination or invalidity, when and how the event or circumstance 
was discovered, and the steps taken under paragraph (a)(3) of this 
section.
    (d) Adjustments. The Commissioner may require any adjustments that 
are appropriate. In general, the adjustments required should be 
consistent with the treatment of the corporation as an S corporation or 
QSub during the period specified by the Commissioner. In the case of 
stock held by an ineligible shareholder that causes an inadvertent 
termination or invalid election for an S corporation under section 
1362(f), the Commissioner may require the ineligible shareholder to be 
treated as a shareholder of the S corporation during the period the 
ineligible shareholder actually held stock in the corporation. 
Moreover, the Commissioner may require protective adjustments that 
prevent the loss of any revenue due to the holding of stock by an 
ineligible shareholder (for example, a nonresident alien).
* * * * *
    (f) Status of corporation. The status of the corporation after the 
terminating event or invalid election and before the determination of 
inadvertence is determined by the Commissioner. Inadvertent termination 
or inadvertent invalid election relief may be granted retroactively for 
all years for which the terminating event or circumstance giving rise 
to invalidity is effective, in which case the corporation is treated as 
if its election was valid or had not terminated. Alternatively, relief 
may be granted only for the period in which the corporation became 
eligible for subchapter S or QSub treatment, in which case the 
corporation is treated as a C corporation or, in the case of a QSub 
with an inadvertently terminated or invalid election, as a separate C 
corporation, during the period for which the corporation was not 
eligible for its intended status.
    (g) Effective/applicability date. Paragraphs (a), (b), (c), (d), 
and (f) of this section are effective on and after the date of 
publication of the Treasury decision adopting these rules as final 
regulations in the Federal Register.
    Par. 8. Section 1.1366-0 is amended by adding new entries in the 
table of contents for Sec.  1.1366-2(a)(5)(i) through (iii) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  1.1366-0  Table of contents.

* * * * *
Sec.  1.1366-2 Limitations on deduction of passthrough items of an S 
corporation to its shareholders.
    (a) * * *
    (5) * * * (i) In general.
    (ii) Exceptions for transfers of stock under section 1041(a).
    (iii) Examples.

    Par. 9. Section 1.1366-2(a)(5) is amended by:
    1. Adding the heading and revising the first sentence of paragraph 
(a)(5)(i).
    2. Adding paragraphs (a)(5)(ii) and (a)(5)(iii).
    The revisions and additions read as follows:


Sec.  1.1366-2  Limitations on deduction of passthrough items of an S 
corporation to its shareholders.

    (a) In general. * * *
    (5) Nontransferability of losses and deductions--(i) In general. 
Except as provided in paragraph (a)(5)(ii) of this section, any loss or 
deduction disallowed under paragraph (a)(1) of this section is personal 
to the shareholder and cannot in any manner be transferred to another 
person. * * *
    (ii) Exceptions for transfers of stock under section 1041(a). If a 
shareholder transfers stock of an S corporation after December 31, 
2004, in a transfer described in section 1041(a), any loss or deduction 
with respect to the transferred stock that is disallowed to the 
transferring shareholder under paragraph (a)(1) of this section shall 
be treated as incurred by the corporation in the following taxable year 
with respect to the transferee spouse or former spouse. The amount of 
any loss or deduction with respect to the stock transferred shall be 
determined by prorating any losses or deductions disallowed under 
paragraph (a)(1) for the year of the transfer between the transferor 
and the spouse or former spouse based on the stock ownership at the 
beginning of the following taxable year. If a transferor claims a 
deduction for losses in the taxable year of transfer, then under 
paragraph (a)(4) of this section, if the transferor's pro rata share of 
the losses and deductions in the year of transfer exceeds the 
transferor's basis in stock or the indebtedness of the corporation to 
the transferor, then the limitation must be allocated among the 
transferor spouse's pro rata share of each loss or deduction, including 
disallowed losses and deductions carried over from the prior year.
    (iii) Examples. The following examples illustrates the provisions 
of paragraph (a)(5)(ii) of this section:

    Example 1. A owns all 100 shares in X, a calendar year S 
corporation. For X's taxable year ending December 31, 2006, A has 
zero basis in the shares and X does not have any indebtedness to A. 
For the 2006 taxable year, X had $100 in losses which A cannot use

[[Page 55139]]

because of the basis limitation in section 1366(d)(1) and which are 
treated as incurred by the corporation with respect to A in the 
following taxable year. Halfway through the 2007 taxable year, A 
transfers 50 shares to B, A's former spouse in a transfer to which 
section 1041(a) applies. In the 2007 taxable year, X has $80 in 
losses. On A's 2007 individual income tax return, A may use the 
entire $100 carryover loss from 2006, as well as A's share of the 
$80 2007 loss determined under section 1377(a) ($60), assuming A 
acquires sufficient basis in the X stock. On B's 2007 individual 
income tax return, B may use B's share of the $80 2007 loss 
determined under section 1377(a) ($20), assuming B has sufficient 
basis in the X stock. If any disallowed 2006 loss is disallowed to A 
under section 1366(d)(1) in 2007, that loss is prorated between A 
and B based on their stock ownership at the beginning of 2008. On 
B's 2008 individual income tax return, B may use that loss, assuming 
B acquires sufficient basis in the X stock. If neither A nor B 
acquires any basis during the 2007 taxable year, then as of the 
beginning of 2008, the corporation will be treated as incurring $50 
of loss with respect to A and $50 of loss with respect to B for the 
$100 of disallowed 2006 loss, and the corporation will be treated as 
incurring $60 of loss with respect to A and $20 with respect to B 
for the $80 of disallowed 2007 loss.
    Example 2. Assume the same facts as Example 1, except that 
during the 2007 taxable year, A acquires $10 of basis in A's shares 
in X. For the 2007 taxable year, A may claim a $10 loss deduction, 
which represents $6.25 of the disallowed 2006 loss of $100 and $3.75 
of A's 2007 loss of $60. The disallowed 2006 loss is reduced to 
$93.75. As of the beginning of 2008, the corporation will be treated 
as incurring half of the remaining $93.75 of loss with respect to A 
and half of that loss with respect to B for the remaining $93.75 of 
disallowed 2006 loss, and if B does not acquire any basis during 
2007, the corporation will be treated as incurring $56.25 of loss 
with respect to A and $20 with respect to B for the remaining 
disallowed 2007 loss.
* * * * *
    Par. 10. Section 1.1366-5 is amended by adding a new sentence at 
the end.
    The addition reads as follows:


Sec.  1.1366-5  Effective/applicability date.

    * * * Paragraphs 1.1366-2(a)(5)(i), (ii) and (iii) are effective on 
and after the date of publication of the Treasury decision adopting 
these rules as final regulations in the Federal Register.

Kevin M. Brown,
Deputy Commissioner for Services and Enforcement.
 [FR Doc. E7-18987 Filed 9-27-07; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4830-01-P