[Federal Register Volume 72, Number 110 (Friday, June 8, 2007)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 31904-31941]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: E7-10477]



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Part II





Department of Energy





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10 CFR Parts 820 and 835



Procedural Rules for DOE Nuclear Activities and Occupational Radiation 
Protection; Final Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 110 / Friday, June 8, 2007 / Rules 
and Regulations  

[[Page 31904]]


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DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

10 CFR Parts 820 and 835

[Docket No. EH-RM-02-835]
RIN 1901-AA95


Procedural Rules for DOE Nuclear Activities and Occupational 
Radiation Protection

AGENCY: Office of Health, Safety and Security, Department of Energy.

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: The Department of Energy (DOE) today amends its Procedural 
Rules for DOE Nuclear Activities, and its Occupational Radiation 
Protection requirements. The amendments to 10 CFR part 820, the 
Procedural Rules for DOE Nuclear Activities, update its provisions to 
take into account the establishment of the National Nuclear Security 
Administration (NNSA). The amendments to 10 CFR part 835, the 
Occupational Radiation Protection requirements, update its provisions 
to account for lessons learned since the initial adoption of these 
regulations, comments from the Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board 
(DNFSB) and members of the public, new recommendations from the 
International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), and the 
establishment of the NNSA.

DATES: This rule is effective July 9, 2007.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Mr. Peter V. O'Connell, U. S. 
Department of Energy, Office of Worker Safety and Health Policy (HS-
11), 1000 Independence Avenue, SW., Washington, DC 20585; (301) 903-
5641.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

I. Background of 10 CFR Part 820
II. Discussion of Changes to 10 CFR Part 820
III. Background of 10 CFR Part 835
IV. Discussion of Changes to 10 CFR Part 835
V. Regulatory Review
    A. Review Under Executive Order 12866
    B. Review Under Executive Order 12988
    C. Review Under Executive Order 13132
    D. Review Under Regulatory Flexibility Act
    E. Review Under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995
    F. Review Under the National Environmental Policy Act
    G. Review Under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act
    H. Review Under Executive Order 13211
    I. Review Under the Treasury and General Government 
Appropriations Act, 1999
    J. Review Under the Treasury and General Government 
Appropriations Act, 2001
    K. Congressional Notification
VI. Approval of the Office of the Secretary

I. Background of 10 CFR Part 820

    Part 820 sets forth the procedural rules relating to DOE nuclear 
safety requirements. Among other matters, 10 CFR part 820 sets forth 
the process for granting exemptions from nuclear safety requirements 
and the process for issuing civil penalties for violations of nuclear 
safety requirements. DOE proposed 10 CFR part 820 on December 9, 1991 
(56 FR 64290) and issued a clarification on May 15, 1992 (57 FR 20796). 
DOE published 10 CFR part 820 as a final rule on August 17, 1993 (58 FR 
43680) and amended it on October 8, 1997 (62 FR 52479), on March 22, 
2000 (65 FR 15218), and on November 28, 2006 (71 FR 68727).
    DOE proposed its latest amendments to 10 CFR part 820 on August 10, 
2006 (71 FR 45996). Today's final rule modifies 10 CFR part 820 by:
    (1) Formalizing the use of enforcement letters; and
    (2) Making explicit the role of NNSA in giving direction to NNSA 
contractors pursuant to 10 CFR part 820.
    As discussed in this notice of final rulemaking, this final rule 
was developed after consideration of comments received during a public 
hearing and through written and electronic public comments on the 
notice of proposed rulemaking (NOPR).

II. Discussion of Changes to 10 CFR Part 820

    The National Nuclear Safety Administration Act (NNSA Act) (Title 
XXXII of Pub. L. 106-65, 50 U.S.C. 2401 et seq.) established the NNSA. 
The Act contains provisions that affect 10 CFR part 820. In particular, 
non-NNSA DOE personnel, other than the Secretary and Deputy Secretary, 
are prohibited from giving direction to NNSA contractors. On November 
28, 2006, DOE published a final rule that amended the Code of Federal 
Regulations to address the fact that several Assistant Secretaries and 
the Deputy Assistant Secretary for Naval Reactors positions were 
converted into NNSA Deputy Administrator positions by the NNSA Act (71 
FR 68727-38).

A. Definition of ``Secretarial Officer''

    The November 28, 2006 final rule revised the definition of 
``Secretarial Officer'' in 10 CFR 820.2 to mean an individual who is 
appointed to a position in the Department of Energy by the President of 
the United States with the advice and consent of the Senate or the head 
of a departmental element who is primarily responsible for the conduct 
of an activity under the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended. The 
revised definition in the final rule also states that with regard to 
activities and facilities covered under E.O. 12344, 42 U.S.C. 7158 
note, pertaining to Naval nuclear propulsion, Secretarial Officer means 
the Deputy Administrator for Naval Reactors.

B. Investigations

    DOE adds two new subsections to Sec.  820.21 to codify current 
practices. The final rule adds section 820.21(g), which recognizes the 
use of enforcement letters to communicate expectations during an 
investigation into a possible violation of a nuclear safety 
requirement. It also adds section 820.21(h), which provides that the 
Director may sign, issue and serve subpoenas during an investigation. 
These changes were in the proposal and DOE received no comments on 
them.

C. Direction of NNSA Contractors

    The NNSA Act provides at 50 U.S.C 2410(b) that non-NNSA DOE 
personnel (other than the Secretary and Deputy Secretary) are 
prohibited from giving direction to NNSA contractors. Since the 
establishment of the NNSA, the NNSA and other elements of DOE, 
including the Office of Enforcement, have worked together to ensure 10 
CFR part 820 operates in a manner consistent with section 2410(b). New 
Sec.  820.13 codifies current practices and makes clear that NNSA is 
responsible for signing, issuing and serving actions that give 
direction to NNSA contractors. These changes were in the proposal and 
DOE received no comments on them.

D. Appendix on Enforcement Policy

    DOE updates the Appendix on Enforcement Policy to reflect the 
changes this final rule makes to 10 CFR part 820. These changes were in 
the proposal and DOE received no comments on them.

III. Background of 10 CFR Part 835

    Part 835 of title 10 of the CFR sets forth the nuclear safety 
requirements that provide radiological protection for DOE workers and 
members of the public in a controlled area at a DOE facility. DOE 
proposed 10 CFR part 835 on December 9, 1991 (56 FR 64334) and 
published it as final on December 14, 1993 (58 FR 65458). DOE amended 
10 CFR part 835 on November 4, 1998 (63 FR 59662) and on November 28, 
2006 (71 FR 68727).
    DOE proposed its latest amendment to 10 CFR part 835 on August 10, 
2006 (71 FR 45996). Today's final rule amends 10 CFR part 835 by:
    (1) Clarifying those requirements in 10 CFR part 835 which apply to 
radioactive material transportation;

[[Page 31905]]

    (2) Excluding from the scope of 10 CFR part 835 material, 
equipment, and real property approved for release in accordance with 
DOE approved authorized limits which have been approved by a 
Secretarial Officer in consultation with the Chief Health, Safety and 
Security Officer. (Note: At the time of DOE's proposed amendment, 
August 10, 2006, this function was to be accomplished by the Office of 
the Assistant Secretary for Environment, Safety and Health. After 
publication of the NOPR, DOE reorganized the Office of Environment, 
Safety and Health into the Office of Health, Safety and Security. Under 
this reorganization the Secretarial Officer responsible for 
environment, safety and health matters is the Chief Health, Safety and 
Security Officer);
    (3) Updating the dosimetric models and dose terms to be consistent 
with newer recommendations from ICRP, including use of updated tissue 
and radiation weighting factors and updated derived air concentration 
(DAC) values;
    (4) Establishing DAC values for Special Tritium Compounds (STCs);
    (5) Lowering the maximum amount of radioactive material which need 
not be labeled;
    (6) Allowing use of thresholds for recording occupational 
exposures;
    (7) Establishing DAC default values for radionuclides not listed in 
the rule; and
    (8) Revising values in Appendix E to be consistent with newer 
dosimetric models and adding values for STCs.
    These final amendments were developed after consideration of input 
received during a public hearing and through written and electronic 
public comments on the NOPR.
    The schedule for achieving compliance with the amendments to 10 CFR 
part 835 is as follows. As provided at Sec.  835.101(g)(3), updated 
radiation protection programs must be submitted to DOE within 180 days 
following the effective date of this final rule or January 4, 2008. 
Changes that do not decrease the effectiveness of the radiation 
protection program (RPP) may be implemented prior to DOE approval. 
Changes that decrease the effectiveness of the RPP require DOE approval 
prior to implementation. As provided at Sec.  835.101(i), an update of 
the RPP shall be considered approved 180 days after its initial 
submission unless rejected by DOE at an earlier date. Consistent with 
the proposal, today's final rule, at Sec.  835.101(f), requires that 
RPPs include plans, schedules, and other measures for achieving 
compliance with regulations of this part such that full compliance with 
the regulatory changes is achieved within three years of the effective 
date of the final rule, which is July 9, 2007.

IV. Discussion of Changes to 10 CFR Part 835

    DOE is amending 10 CFR part 835 for a number of reasons. In some 
cases, an analysis of the operating experience with 10 CFR part 835 
indicated that DOE's needs could be met more effectively if there was a 
change. In other cases, the DNFSB staff or members of the public have 
suggested changes. In addition, the ICRP has issued newer 
recommendations on areas covered by 10 CFR part 835.
    DOE received several comments proposing new changes, not related to 
proposed changes in the NOPR. DOE has decided there is no need to 
consider these proposed changes now and, if it were to do so, it would 
be required by section 553 of the Administrative Procedures Act (5 
U.S.C. 553) to engage in further notice and comment proceedings. DOE is 
not making any new changes that are unrelated to the proposed changes 
in the NOPR.

A. Scope of 10 CFR Part 835

    1. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Regulated Activity 
Exclusion. One comment noted that the exclusion in 10 CFR 835.1(b)(1) 
refers to activities regulated through a license by the NRC, or a State 
under an agreement with the NRC, including activities certified by the 
NRC under section 1701 of the Atomic Energy Act. The exclusion is 
limited by 10 CFR 835.1(c) which indicates that occupational doses 
received as a result of excluded activities shall be considered when 
determining compliance with DOE's occupational dose limits. The 
preamble to the proposed rule indicates that ICRP Publication 68, Dose 
Coefficients for Intakes of Radionuclides by Workers, will be the basis 
for the rule's terminology and methodology. Under certain 
circumstances, when a DOE worker conducts multiple activities involving 
both excluded and un-excluded activities under 10 CFR 835.1(b)(1), 
clarification is needed as to how the rule would be applied when using 
different dose coefficients and weighting factors to calculate the 
overall cumulative total effective dose for the worker. DOE agrees with 
this comment and will provide guidance (see discussion of 10 CFR part 
835.2).
    2. Material, Equipment, and Real Property Exclusion. DOE proposed 
to amend Sec.  835.1 (Scope) by inserting a new paragraph (b)(6) which 
would exclude radioactive material on or within material, equipment, 
and real property that is approved for release when the radiological 
conditions of the material, equipment, and real property have been 
documented to comply with the criteria for release set forth in a DOE 
authorized limit that has been approved by a Secretarial Officer in 
consultation with the Office of the Assistant Secretary for 
Environment, Safety and Health. The NOPR explained that under DOE O 
5400.5, Radiation Protection of the Public and the Environment, real 
property on a DOE site and material and equipment from a DOE site may 
be released for unrestricted or restricted use by members of the public 
in accordance with a process to determine the risk to an individual 
from the residual radioactive material remaining on or within the 
material, equipment, or property. Such material, equipment, or real 
property may sometimes contain contaminated surfaces which exceed the 
surface contamination levels in 10 CFR part 835 appendix D. The 
appendix D values trigger application of occupational radiological 
controls for contaminated areas.
    Accordingly, prior to today's final rule, even though DOE may have 
determined that this material, equipment, or property posed a minimal 
risk to individuals, if DOE activities were still associated with the 
material, equipment, or property, then certain radiological controls in 
10 CFR part 835, such as those for access control, posting and 
training, would apply to portions of this material, equipment, or 
property.
    To eliminate this potential inconsistency, DOE proposed a new Sec.  
835.1(b)(6) that would exclude from the scope of 10 CFR part 835 
radioactive material on or within material, equipment, and real 
property which has been approved by DOE for release.
    In this final rule, DOE modifies the language in the new Sec.  
835.1(b)(6) to exclude radioactive material on or within material, 
equipment, and real property which is approved for release when the 
radiological conditions of the material, equipment, and real property 
have been documented to comply with the criteria for release set forth 
in a DOE authorized limit which has been approved by a Secretarial 
Officer in consultation with the Chief Health, Safety and Security 
Officer. As previously noted, the functions of the Office of the 
Assistant Secretary for Environment, Safety and Health have been 
transferred to the Chief Health, Safety and Security Officer and the 
final rule reflects that change.
    DOE recognizes that, depending on the potential exposure, requiring 
approval at the Secretarial Officer, level may be a higher level of 
approval than required by DOE O 5400.5. However,

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this level of approval is consistent with other provisions of 10 CFR 
part 835 for which there are alternative means of compliance, such as 
alternatives to the DOELAP, use of planned special exposures, and 
exemptions from specified provisions of 10 CFR part 835. The 
requirement for consultation with the Chief Health, Safety and Security 
Officer would be satisfied by providing copies of a Secretarial 
Officer's approved authorized limits and supporting documentation to 
the cognizant office within the Office of Health, Safety and Security 
(currently the Office of Nuclear Safety and Environment (HS-20)) for 
review and comment. The Office of Nuclear Safety and Environment will 
coordinate the review and comment with the Office of Worker Safety and 
Health Policy (HS-11). After comments have been resolved, the 
consultation process is complete. The intent for this change is to 
allow for the exclusion to apply for material, equipment, or real 
property regardless of whether the property has been released from DOE 
control. The Department also expects the material, equipment, or real 
property to which this exclusion is applied will be released from DOE 
control according to a specified time interval.
    DOE received several comments that the proposed change would be 
beneficial and may promote better harmony between DOE occupational 
radiation protection and environmental protection requirements.
    DOE also received a comment requesting clarification of the 
applicability of this exclusion to real property which has been 
remediated under the criteria and conditions specified in an approved 
Record of Decision under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, 
Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA). The process for 
determining CERCLA remediation criteria and conditions is analogous to 
the process for determining an authorized limit pursuant to the 
requirements of DOE O 5400.5. Accordingly, for the purpose of excluding 
real property from the scope of 10 CFR part 835, approved CERCLA 
remediation criteria may be considered equivalent to an authorized 
limit if the DOE site office has determined that the criteria meet DOE 
requirements for authorized limits and provided that the use of these 
criteria as DOE authorized limits is documented and approved as would 
be an authorized limit, i.e., by a Secretarial Officer or designee in 
consultation with the Chief Office of Health, Safety, and Security 
Officer.
    3. Radioactive Material Transportation. DOE proposed revising Sec.  
835.1 to clarify which requirements in 10 CFR part 835 apply to the 
transportation of radioactive material by or on behalf of the DOE. 
Specifically, DOE proposed to delete existing Sec.  835.1(b)(4) and 
replace it with a new Sec.  835.1(d) that would state clearly that 
subparts F (Entry Control Program) and G (Posting and Labeling) do not 
apply to radioactive material transportation conducted by a DOE 
individual or DOE contractor, when the radioactive material is under 
the continuous observation and control of an individual who is 
knowledgeable of and implements required exposure control measures. 
This proposed change was not intended to affect the application of 
requirements to radioactive material transportation in the other 
subparts of 10 CFR part 835.
    The proposal stated that DOE did not intend 10 CFR part 835 to 
apply to transportation by the U. S. Postal Service or a commercial 
carrier, such as Fedex or UPS, which transport radioactive material as 
part of their normal operations. A company or subsidiary of a 
corporation that operates a DOE facility would not be considered a 
commercial carrier--even if such an organization transports radioactive 
material as part of its contractual agreement with DOE. This position 
is consistent with NRC practice. See, for example, 10 CFR 30.13, 40.12, 
and 70.12. DOE requested comments as to whether there should be an 
explicit exclusion of these carriers from the scope of 10 CFR part 835.
    DOE also proposed changes to the definition of ``radioactive 
material transportation'' in Sec.  835.2(a) to improve the regulatory 
language. The NOPR stated that these proposed changes were not intended 
to affect the existing scope of this definition, which excludes 
activities related to transportation such as the preparation of 
material or packagings for transportation, storage of material awaiting 
transportation, or application of markings and labels required for 
transportation.
    DOE received comments requesting guidance on the new exclusion, 
particularly the proposed ``continuous observation'' provision. One 
commenter noted that, if the radioactive material ceases to be under 
``continuous observation'' the requirements of subparts F and G should 
apply because to do otherwise, could result in potential exposure of 
workers or the public. DOE agrees with this comment. However, DOE 
recognizes that there are some cases when it may be impractical to 
maintain ``continuous observation.'' To address this situation and 
still provide adequate warning to workers and members of the public, 
DOE adds a provision to Sec.  835.1(d) to allow exception from subparts 
F and G for transportation by DOE and DOE contactors for radioactive 
material transportation conducted in accordance with Department of 
Transportation (DOT) regulations or DOE orders that govern such 
movements. For radioactive material transportation that is not subject 
to DOT regulations or DOE transportation orders (for situations where 
DOE and a contractor had not included such orders in the contract), the 
conditions for the exception from subparts F and G would be met by 
conducting the transportation activity per DOT regulations or DOE 
orders whether or not these are regulatory or contractually required 
for the transportation activity. DOE believes that the provisions at 
Sec.  835.1(d) fulfill its intentions with regard to protection of 
workers and the public.
    Another commenter noted that material staged for some period on DOE 
property was still technically in transit and requested guidance for 
continuous observation for such material. DOE disagrees with this 
comment, and the definition of ``radioactive material transportation'' 
does not include preparation of material or packagings for 
transportation or storage of material awaiting transportation such as 
what might occur when material is staged on DOE property. In accordance 
with the definition of ``radioactive material transportation,'' the 
exclusion applies while the material is in the process of undergoing 
movement, including nominal stoppages such as for traffic 
considerations or refueling activities.
    Another commenter stated that this change should lead to cost 
savings for DOE laboratories. A commenter also requested a definition 
of ``radioactive material'' be added to the rule.
    DOE also received a comment that there should be a specific 
exclusion for a ``company or subsidiary of a corporation that operates 
a DOE facility.'' At most DOE facilities the prime contractor 
transports radioactive materials as part of routine facility 
operations. DOE disagrees with the comment that its contractors 
conducting radioactive material transportation should be excluded from 
all the provisions of 10 CFR part 835. While DOE agrees that, at most 
DOE facilities, the prime contractor commonly transports radioactive 
materials as part of routine facility operations, it is the 
Department's position that all DOE occupational exposures to ionizing 
radiation to DOE and DOE contractor employees should, to the extent 
practicable, be subject to the provisions

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of 10 CFR part 835. For example, provisions in 10 CFR part 835 that 
should apply to workers involved in radioactive material 
transportation, are qualification and training requirements, necessary 
radiation exposure monitoring, and As Low As is Reasonably Achievable 
(ALARA) requirements.
    The NOPR stated DOE's intention that 10 CFR part 835 not apply to 
transportation by the U.S. Postal Service or a commercial carrier, such 
as Fedex or UPS, which transport radioactive material as part of their 
normal operations. DOE adds a provision to Sec.  835.1(b) explicitly 
excluding all radioactive material transportation from the scope of 10 
CFR part 835 that is not performed by DOE or a DOE contractor. This 
change clarifies the applicability of the transportation exclusion by 
making it an explicit regulatory provision.
    There may be situations where DOE or DOE contractor personnel also 
perform radioactive material transportation activities for other than 
DOE related purposes (such as DOE or DOE contractor personnel 
performing work for a commercial transportation company after normal 
work hours). This situation is comparable to that where a DOE 
individual or a DOE contractor works part-time at an NRC regulated 
facility. Occupational exposure resulting from working at a NRC 
regulated facility (i.e., an excluded activity) is considered when 
evaluating compliance with the dose limits. Accordingly, DOE is 
including in 10 CFR 835.1(c) a provision that occupational doses 
received as a result of radioactive material transportation performed 
by other than the DOE or a DOE contractor, be considered to the extent 
practicable when determining compliance with the occupational dose 
limits.
    One commenter suggested imposing a time limit on the radioactive 
material transportation exclusion. The commenter noted that there is 
already a time-based exception for posting radiological areas when 
there is a knowledgeable person controlling access to the area, for up 
to eight hours (Sec.  835.604(a)). A comparable approach was suggested 
for radioactive material transportation. DOE believes this is an 
impractical approach for the radioactive material transportation 
exclusion due to the wide variation in shipment circumstances 
(including variable time periods) expected to be encountered across the 
DOE complex.
    This final rule includes the changes to the radioactive material 
transportation provisions in the NOPR with the following additional 
changes: Section 835.1(b)(7) is added excluding radioactive material 
transportation not performed by the DOE or a DOE contractor. Section 
835.1(c) is modified such that occupational doses received as a result 
of radioactive material transportation performed by other than the DOE 
or a DOE contractor, must be considered to the extent practicable when 
determining compliance with the occupational dose limits.
    Section 835.1(4) is added excluding radioactive material 
transportation not performed by the DOE or a DOE contractor. Section 
835.1(d) is modified to exclude DOE and DOE contractors performing 
radioactive material transportation from subpart G and F if such 
transportation is conducted under the continuous observation and 
control of an individual who is knowledgeable of and implements 
required exposure control measures or if the transportation is 
conducted in accordance with DOT regulations or DOE orders that govern 
such movements.

B. Definitions in 10 CFR Part 835

    DOE proposed to change most of the dosimetric terms used in 10 CFR 
part 835 to reflect the recommendations for assessing dose and 
associated terminology from ICRP Publication 60, 1990 Recommendations 
of the ICRP on Radiological Protection, and ICRP Publication 68, Dose 
Coefficients for Intakes of Radionuclides by Workers. DOE proposed this 
change mainly because these recommendations are based on updated 
scientific models and more accurately reflect the occupational doses to 
workers than the models currently used by DOE. DOE currently uses 
models that were used in developing Radiation Protection Guidance to 
Federal Agencies for Occupational Exposures, published by the 
Environmental Protection Agency (52 FR 2822, January 27, 1987), which 
are based upon 1977 recommendations from the ICRP. In the NOPR, DOE 
noted that other federal agencies, including the Environmental 
Protection Agency (EPA), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and 
the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), have 
already adopted parts of the current ICRP recommendations related to 
dosimetry in recent guidance documents and requirements. NIOSH uses the 
newer recommendations in performing DOE worker dose assessments under 
the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 
2000, which is contained in the Floyd D. Spence National Defense 
Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2001 (Pub. L. 106-398). EPA has 
adopted the recommendations in Federal Guidance Report Number 13, 
Cancer Risk Coefficients for Environmental Exposure to Radionuclides. 
In addition, recommendations published by the National Council on 
Radiation Protection and Measurements for the past several years, as 
well as several standards issued by the American National Standards 
Institute, have used the newer dosimetric quantities and units endorsed 
by the ICRP.
    Internal doses would still be calculated based on a 50-year 
committed dose. The following ``cross-walk'' was provided in the NOPR 
to show the new terms DOE proposed and the terms that would be 
replaced:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
         Current dosimetric terms             Proposed dosimetric terms
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Committed effective dose equivalent.......  Committed effective dose.
Committed dose equivalent.................  Committed equivalent dose.
Cumulative total effective dose equivalent  Cumulative total effective
                                             dose.
Deep dose equivalent......................  Deep equivalent dose.
Dose equivalent...........................  Equivalent dose.
Effective dose equivalent.................  Effective dose.
Lens of the eye dose equivalent...........  Lens of the eye equivalent
                                             dose.
Quality factor............................  Radiation weighting factor.
Shallow dose equivalent...................  Shallow equivalent dose.
Weighting factor..........................  Tissue weighting factor.
Total effective dose equivalent...........  Total effective dose.
------------------------------------------------------------------------


    Note: Throughout the text of the NOPR, the above terms were 
proposed to be revised.

    In addition, DOE proposed revising the following definitions: 
Annual limit on intake, Derived air concentration, Radiation area, 
Radiological worker, Dose, External dose or exposure, and Internal dose 
or exposure. Also, consistent with ICRP Publication 60, the table of 
weighting factors for neutrons would no longer list a column for 
neutron flux density.
    DOE recognized that the proposed changes to most of the dosimetric 
terms used in 10 CFR part 835 to reflect the recommendations for 
assessing dose and associated terminology from ICRP Publications 60 and 
68 would require revising many site documents and updating training 
materials. Although in June 2004 and again in June 2006, the ICRP 
released a draft of updated recommendations, which included some 
adjustment of Tissue Weighting Factors and Radiation Weighting Factors, 
DOE expressed its belief that

[[Page 31908]]

this was still an opportune time to make these changes rather than 
waiting for the draft recommendations to be finalized. It may be 
several years before the ICRP finalizes and issues the revised 
recommendations and accompanying dose conversion factors. DOE evaluated 
the effect of the June 2004 proposed revisions to Tissue Weighting 
Factors on derivation of dose conversion factors used in ICRP 
Publication 68. The evaluation found, for radionuclides of most 
interest to DOE, that the ICRP proposed Tissue Weighting Factors 
revisions would have minimal impact on the ICRP Publication 68 derived 
secondary limits (i.e., the DACs and Sealed Radioactive Source 
Accountability values). The ICRP's June 2006 proposed revisions to 
Tissue Weighting Factors will also have minimal impact. Any future need 
by DOE to revise weighting factors should have minimal administrative 
impact for such activities as revising procedures and training 
materials. It is envisioned that, over time, updated recommendations to 
make revisions to dosimetry calculation models will periodically be 
made by national and international consensus groups. Given that fact, 
and the significant financial and resource impact, DOE recognizes that 
historical doses, recorded and reported to individuals prior to the 
effective implementation date of this proposed amendment, should still 
be considered to be the official doses of record. Barring some 
unforeseen reason or factor (e.g., discovery of a site or vendor 
specific miscalculation in assigned doses), DOE would not require the 
updating of historical doses to reflect these changes. DOE considered 
several options for amending part 835 including:
     Allowing sites to choose either converting to the newer 
dosimetric terminology and Tissue and Radiation Weighting Factors or 
retaining the existing requirements;
     Not specifying in part 835 a specific set of Tissue and 
Radiation Weighting Factors, but requiring sites to specify in their 
DOE approved Radiation Protection Program the weighting factors to be 
used and the technical basis for that determination;
     Updating the Tissue and Radiation Weighting Factors to 
reflect the newer research without revising the dose terminology;
     Updating the Tissue and Radiation Weighting Factors to 
reflect the newer research and revising the dose terminology; and
     Converting to the newer dosimetric terminology and Tissue 
and Radiation Weighting Factors and not updating the DAC values 
(appendices A and C to part 835) and appendix E to part 835 values.
    DOE considered the best approach, which it proposed, was to convert 
all terminology and methodology, including the appendices A, C and E to 
part 835 values, to reflect ICRP Publications 60 and 68. DOE solicited 
comments on all of these different options.
    DOE recognized in the NOPR that the proposed dosimetric changes 
would result in the need to update numerous site documents and proposed 
a three-year implementation schedule to alleviate the burden of making 
the changes. Therefore, DOE considered that many of the changes can be 
made during the regularly scheduled document updating processing. An 
extended implementation date also was proposed because DOE recognized 
that the benefit of updating documents to reflect the dosimetric 
changes may not justify the cost at sites nearing closure. The NOPR 
stated that DOE would allow sites to use the exemption process in 10 
CFR part 820 to request relief, if appropriate, for closure sites which 
are scheduled to continue operation beyond the implementation date for 
the proposed changes. In the proposal, DOE requested input on any other 
constructive ways to reduce the costs of implementing this proposed 
change.
    DOE received several comments supporting DOE's proposed changes to 
reflect the recommendations for assessing dose and associated 
terminology from ICRP Publications 60 and 68. Comments noted that there 
would be associated costs and appreciated DOE's three-year 
implementation schedule to meeting this change. The same comments 
applied to the updates to appendices A, C and E to part 835 to reflect 
ICRP Publications 60 and 68 methodologies.
    One commenter stated that DOE should be aware that some 
difficulties in communications with radiation workers and perhaps even 
members of the public will likely linger for many years, and there did 
not appear to be an identifiable benefit in terms of worker protection 
to be gained from this change.
    Comments were also received stating that DOE should not incorporate 
draft ICRP recommendations into this revision of 10 CFR part 835. DOE 
is not incorporating draft ICRP recommendations into this revision of 
10 CFR part 835. DOE agrees that this action would be premature.
    DOE agrees that these changes will have some impact on site 
operations, particularly in updating site documents and training of 
workers on the new terminology. Accordingly, to lessen the impact, DOE 
proposed and is adopting in Sec.  835.101 a three-year implementation 
schedule. DOE intends to provide revised guidance documents during this 
time period to facilitate site implementation of these changes.
    Comments were received that DOE should consult with the NRC and 
other federal agencies and not make these changes unless the NRC makes 
these changes. In preparing the NOPR, DOE did consult with the NRC and, 
as a member of the Interagency Scientific Committee on Radiation 
Standards, consulted with other federal agencies having radiation 
protection responsibilities. No significant objections were raised 
prior to publication of the proposed rule. Other federal agencies, 
including EPA, FDA, and NIOSH, have already adopted dosimetric aspects 
of the current ICRP recommendations in recent guidance documents and 
requirements. The NRC was the only federal agency who submitted public 
comments on the proposed rule. The NRC recommended postponing updating 
the dosimetric models and terms.
    A review of significant unplanned radiation exposures at DOE 
facilities over the past several years reflects that, at DOE 
facilities, significant unplanned radiation exposures have been from 
internal exposures, resulting from intakes of radioactive material. As 
the owner and regulator of these facilities, DOE believes it is prudent 
and warranted to assess these exposures using dose assessment methods 
more current than those in the current rule. DOE notes that the NRC has 
authorized selected fuel cycle facilities to use this approach. DOE 
continues to believe that, for DOE facilities, these changes are an 
improvement.
    DOE received a comment that, under certain circumstances, when an 
individual conducts multiple activities involving both activities under 
10 CFR 835.1(b)(1) and excluded activities (e.g., activities involving 
NRC licensed activities) it is ambiguous as to how the rule would be 
applied when using different dose coefficients and weighting factors to 
calculate the total effective dose for the worker from both activities. 
DOE agrees that guidance is needed for this provision. For the purpose 
of compliance with 10 CFR 835.1(b)(1), DOE considers the following 
terms to be equivalent:

[[Page 31909]]



------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Dosimetric term as defined by excluded
       activity cognizant regulator          DOE amended dosimetric term
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Committed effective dose equivalent.......  Committed effective dose.
Committed dose equivalent.................  Committed equivalent dose.
Cumulative total effective dose equivalent  Cumulative total effective
                                             dose.
Deep dose equivalent......................  Equivalent dose to the whole
                                             body.
Dose equivalent...........................  Equivalent dose.
Effective dose equivalent.................  Effective dose.
Lens of the eye dose equivalent...........  Equivalent dose to the lens
                                             of the eye.
Quality factor............................  Radiation weighting factor.
Shallow dose equivalent...................  Equivalent dose to the skin
                                             or
                                            Equivalent dose to any
                                             extremity.
Weighting factor..........................  Tissue weighting factor.
Total effective dose equivalent...........  Total effective dose.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In response to another comment, DOE replaces the term 
``nonstochastic'' with the term ``deterministic.''
    One commenter stated that there did not appear to be significant 
benefit to changing the dosimetric methodologies. DOE disagrees with 
the comment and, to the contrary, believes that using more up-to-date 
models for assessing worker dose is beneficial. Under the 10 CFR part 
820 exemption process, DOE already authorizes the Y-12 and Savannah 
River Site facility to use ICRP Publications 60 and 68 methodologies 
for assessing doses. The contractors requested the change and noted 
that the improved accuracy in determining worker doses would be 
beneficial. Similarly, as noted previously, the NRC authorized selected 
fuel cycle facilities to use this approach.
    DOE also received a comment that DOE should move the phrase ``(1 
rem = 0.01 sieverts)'' to the end of the definition for ``annual limit 
on intake,'' rather than with the definition of ``committed equivalent 
dose,'' because this would be the first use of the term ``Sievert.''
    DOE makes these editorial changes, with the exception that the 
phrase ``(1 rem = 0.01 Sv)'' is included in the definition of ``annual 
limit on intake,'' the first usage of the term ``Sievert'' in 10 CFR 
part 835.
    One commenter noted that the definition of ``absorbed dose'' should 
refer to energy imparted and not energy absorbed. DOE agrees with this 
comment and changes the definition. One commenter requested the 
addition of several additional dosimetric terms/operational quantities 
in the rule such as ``ambient dose'' and ``personal dose equivalent.'' 
DOE agrees that these quantities are important because they are the 
operational quantities that have been recommended by ICRP for use in 
assessing compliance with the numerical dose criteria for external 
exposure specified in this part. However, DOE does not believe it is 
necessary to define or revise additional dosimetric terms, such as 
``ambient dose,'' and ``personal dose equivalent.'' Definitions of such 
terms are best left in supporting documents, such as implementation 
guides for 10 CFR part 835 and the technical standards for the DOELAP. 
For clarification, DOE provides a discussion of this topic in section U 
of this part.
    One commenter requested that DOE not use the terms ``deep 
equivalent dose,'' ``lens of the eye equivalent dose'' and ``shallow 
equivalent dose'' because these terms are not defined in the referenced 
ICRP publications. DOE agrees with this comment and replaces these 
terms with ``equivalent dose to the whole body,'' ``equivalent dose to 
the lens of the eye,'' ``equivalent dose to the skin,'' or ``equivalent 
dose to the extremity,'' as appropriate, in Sec. Sec.  835.202, 
835.205, 835.402, 835.502, and 835.702. DOE adds the following sentence 
to the definition of ``equivalent dose'' in Sec.  835.2(b) ``For 
external dose, the equivalent dose to the whole body is assessed at a 
depth of 1 cm in tissue; the equivalent dose to the lens of the eye is 
assessed at a depth of 0.3 cm in tissue, and the equivalent dose to the 
extremity and skin is assessed at a depth of 0.007 cm in tissue.''
    DOE received a comment that it should clarify the definition of 
``committed effective dose'' to assure consistency with the equations 
of Section 6 of ICRP Publication 68 and the methodology for calculating 
the ``remainder'' dose. DOE agrees with these comments and revises the 
definition of ``committed effective dose'' and footnote number 1 under 
the table of Tissue Weighting Factors to be consistent with ICRP 
Publication 68.
    One commenter pointed out that footnote 2 to the table on radiation 
weighting factors in the definition of ``radiation weighting factor'' 
in Sec.  835.2(b) did not provide information on the radiation 
weighting factor for Auger electrons emitted by radioactive atoms 
incorporated into DNA and requested either deletion of the exclusion or 
clarification on the appropriate radiation weighting factor.
    After reevaluation of this topic, DOE has determined that from a 
regulatory perspective, the benefits of this footnote to worker health 
and safety may be outweighed by difficulties in complying with the 
footnote. The reasons are: (1) This footnote only applies to dose 
received by the DNA of a cell and, thus, is a very small fraction of 
the dose received by the entire tissue; (2) assessment of doses and 
risks will require information on the distribution of radionuclides 
within tissues and cells which may not be readily available, and which 
will depend on the chemical form involved; and (3) except for 
accidents, most exposures of this type are therapeutic and would not be 
covered by provisions of 10 CFR part 835. Accordingly, footnote 2 to 
the table on radiation weighting factors in Sec.  835.2(b) from the 
proposed rule is not included in the final rule and DOE will develop 
guidance to address the infrequent situations and complex dosimetry 
resulting from incorporation of Auger electron emitters in DNA.
    DOE received a comment recommending DOE permit sites to choose to 
either convert to the newer tissue and radiation weighting factors or 
remain with the existing requirements. Another option suggested by the 
commenter was for DOE to not include tissue weighting factors, 
radiation weighting factors, and DACs in the rule. Rather, this 
information may be placed into a set of guidance documents and 
incorporated by reference in the rule. After considering all the 
comments DOE has received, DOE still considers the best approach to be 
to convert all terminology and methodology, including the appendices A, 
C and E values, to reflect ICRP Publications 60 and 68. DOE did not 
propose excluding tissue weighting factors, radiation weighting 
factors, and DACs from the rule and is not making this change.
    DOE received a comment that the dose methodology in the proposed 10 
CFR part 835 is not consistent with DOE's requirements for the 
protection of the public. The commenter believed that the standards for 
the public and environment and the standard for DOE workers should be 
revised at the same time to avoid situations where some DOE standards 
are based on new ICRP recommendations and some standards are based on 
older ICRP recommendations. DOE does not agree with this comment. DOE 
has already initiated adoption of the more recent ICRP recommendations 
as demonstrated by its guidance on radiation risk estimation (endorsing 
Federal Guidance Report Number 13, which is consistent with ICRP 
Publication 60). DOE sees no conflict in making this change at this 
time and no benefit in waiting until all

[[Page 31910]]

of its environmental policy and guidance is updated.
    As part of DOE's response to a comment regarding application of 
appendix D surface contamination values to areas of fixed contamination 
consisting of special tritium compounds (STCs), DOE is adding a 
definition of ``special tritium compound.'' The definition is from DOE 
technical standard, Radiological Control Programs for Special Tritium 
Compounds, DOE-HDBK-1184-2004.
    One commenter requested clarification of the term ``personal 
property'' which is used in the definition of ``real property.'' DOE 
revised the definition of ``real property'' to not include the term 
``personal property.''
    DOE received a comment that a definition of ``activity median 
aerodynamic diameter'' (AMAD) should be included in the rule. DOE 
agrees with is comment and has added a definition, based on ICRP 
Publication 66, Human Respiratory Tract Model for Radiological 
Protection, for AMAD. DOE also clarifies, in the appendix A notes, that 
AMAD is the appropriate particle size value.
    DOE received a comment that, because of the uncertainties in the 
biological effect of high energy radiation and difficulties in 
measuring radiation at such levels, DOE should insert a binding 
statement in 10 CFR part 835 requiring DOE contractors to evaluate and 
justify the radiation weighting factors used for photon and particle 
energies above 10 MeV.
    DOE agrees that at high energies, such as those above 10 MeV, the 
biological impact of particles on human tissue may be more uncertain 
than at other energies and that monitoring of workplaces and 
individuals exposed to particles with these energies may be very 
challenging. However, other challenging radiological conditions exist 
in the DOE complex that are not explicitly addressed in 10 CFR part 
835. Moreover, radiation fields consisting of particles greater than 10 
MeV do not occur extensively within the DOE complex. When such 
conditions are identified, efforts should be focused on significantly 
limiting exposure to these types of radiation fields through the 
application of engineered and administrative controls. If doses to 
workers result from exposure to such radiation fields, provisions in 
subpart E of 10 CFR part 835 require that instruments and equipment 
used for monitoring individuals and workplaces be appropriate for the 
types, levels and energies of the radiations encountered, and that 
monitoring be performed to detect changes in radiological conditions. 
Finally, DOE notes that the purpose of radiation weighting factors is 
to establish dose limits, set up other dose dependent criteria for 
protection purposes, and plan radiological work. They are not for the 
purpose of measuring radiation fields and individual doses. 
Accordingly, DOE does not believe there is a need to include a specific 
provision in the final rule specifying evaluation and justification of 
the radiation weighting factors used for photon and particle energies 
above 10 MeV. DOE, however, will include in guidance a recommendation 
to evaluate and document the technical bases for the equivalent dose 
response of instruments and equipment used to monitor workplaces and 
individuals exposed to photon and particle energies above 10 MeV.
    A commenter proposed that neutron flux to dose conversion factors 
be added as conversion factors in 10 CFR part 835 and that DOE sites be 
permitted to use different values if they could defend their position.
    DOE believes that if the neutron energy spectrum is known in 
sufficient detail to permit the use of more radiation weighting factors 
than are currently provided in the proposed amendment to 10 CFR part 
835, a more detailed set of radiation weighting factors would be 
appropriate. Such an approach was used in the previous versions of 10 
CFR part 835 which included a table containing mean quality factors for 
21 values of neutron energy. Accordingly, the formula recommended in 
ICRP Publication 60 relating to neutron energy and radiation weighting 
factors is added to footnote 3 of the radiation weighting factors table 
in the definition of ``radiation weighing factor.''
    DOE will not provide neutron fluence to dose conversion factors, as 
proposed by the commenter, because they are a function of many more 
factors than the relationship between neutron energy and radiation 
weighting factors and would not be as widely applicable throughout the 
DOE complex.
    Regarding a comment to permit DOE sites to use different neutron 
fluence to dose conversion factors, DOE's decision to include the 
formula relating neutron energy and radiation weighting factors 
obviates the need for such a change to the final rule. As long as the 
neutron fluence to dose conversion factors incorporate the radiation 
weighting factors permitted by 10 CFR part 835, DOE sites may use 
conversion factors appropriate to local conditions to relate neutron 
fluence to equivalent dose and effective dose.
    Note that the radiation weighting factors are only for use in 
calculating equivalent dose, effective dose, committed effective dose, 
and total effective dose. The operational radiation dose quantities 
used in the measurement of radiation dose use other modifiers of 
absorbed dose, such as quality factors, to account for the biological 
impact of the radiation type. However, to ensure compliance with the 
dose quantities specified in 10 CFR part 835, the operational radiation 
dose quantities must provide a dose estimate equal to or greater than 
the dose quantities specified in 10 CFR part 835.
    In summary, DOE makes the proposed changes to the dosimetric terms 
used in 10 CFR part 835 to reflect the recommendations for assessing 
dose and associated terminology from ICRP Publications 60 and 68. DOE 
revises the definition ``nonstochastic effects'' to read 
``deterministic effects.'' As previously discussed, DOE revises the 
definitions of ``committed effective dose,'' ``committed equivalent 
dose,'' and ``absorbed dose.'' DOE adds definitions for ``activity 
median aerodynamic diameter'' and ``special tritium compound.'' DOE 
deletes the proposed definitions of ``deep equivalent dose,'' ``lens of 
the eye equivalent dose,'' ``shallow equivalent dose,'' and footnote 2 
to the table on radiation weighting factors in Sec.  835.2(b) that 
addresses the radiation weighting factor for Auger electrons emitted by 
radioactive atoms incorporated into DNA.
    DOE adds the following formula to the definition of ``radiation 
weighting factor (wR):''
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR08JN07.000


[[Page 31911]]


    DOE revises 10 CFR 835.2(c) to state that terms defined in the 
Atomic Energy Act of 1954 or in 10 CFR part 820 and not defined in this 
part are used consistent with the meanings given in the Atomic Energy 
Act of 1954 or in 10 CFR part 820. Accordingly DOE removes the 
definitions of ``Contractor'' and ``Secretarial Officer'' from 10 CFR 
part 835 and uses the terms as defined in 10 CFR part 820.

C. Radiological Units in 10 CFR Part 835

    DOE proposed to revise the text of Sec.  835.4 to allow use of 
additional units, such as dpm, mass units, [mu]Ci/cc, and dpm/100cm\2\ 
in records required by this part. The original intent of this provision 
was to preclude the exclusive use of the SI units of becquerel, gray 
(Gy) and sievert (Sv). As stated in the NOPR, the intent was not to 
preclude use of other conventional units, such as those previously 
listed. The proposed change was intended to achieve the original intent 
of this section. DOE received comments that the allowance for the 
additional units of measurement should prove to be beneficial and the 
continued preclusion of the exclusive use of the SI units is beneficial 
and appreciated. The final rule makes the changes as proposed in the 
NOPR.

D. Radiation Protection Programs

    DOE proposed to add a new sentence at the end of Sec.  835.101(f) 
that would provide that unless otherwise specified in part 835, 
compliance with the amendments made by this final rule shall be 
achieved no later than three years following the effective date of the 
final rule. The reasons DOE proposed an extended implementation date 
are the same as those discussed in connection with the changes to the 
dosimetric terms.
    DOE received several comments that given the extensive changes 
proposed, the proposed three-year implementation period would be 
beneficial. One commenter believed that the three-year implementation 
period was excessive and could cause confusion at sites with multiple 
contractors where each contractor may implement the amendments at 
different times. DOE will provide guidance for this situation. One 
commenter believed that the three-year implementation time period may 
not be adequate for all sites. DOE believes that the three-year period 
is reasonable. Contractors still have the option of requesting an 
extension of the implementation date through the 10 CFR part 820 
exemption process, on a case by case basis. The final rule makes the 
changes as proposed in the NOPR.

E. Occupational Dose Limits for General Employees

    DOE proposed amending Sec.  835.202 by revising the dosimetric 
terms to be consistent with the revised definitions. One commenter 
noted that the phrase ``for external exposures'' was redundant because 
that phrase was already included in the definitions of ``deep 
equivalent dose' and ``shallow equivalent dose.'' As discussed 
previously, DOE is not including in the final rule definitions for 
``deep equivalent dose'' or ``shallow equivalent dose.'' The term ``for 
external exposures'' is no longer redundant in Sec.  835.202(a)(2). DOE 
makes the following changes: Sec.  835.202(a)(2) is rewritten as ``The 
sum of the equivalent dose to the whole body for external exposures and 
the committed equivalent dose to any organ or tissue other than the 
skin or the lens of the eye''; Sec.  835.202(a)(3) is rewritten as an 
``equivalent dose to the lens of the eye''; and Sec.  835.202(a)(4) is 
rewritten as ``The sum of the equivalent dose to the skin or to any 
extremity for external exposures and the committed equivalent dose to 
the skin or to any extremity.''

F. Combining Internal and External Equivalent Doses

    DOE proposed amending Sec.  835.203 by revising the dosimetric 
terms to be consistent with the revised definitions. DOE received a 
comment requesting clarification on the proposed change to Sec.  
835.203(b) by specifying that the radiation weighting factor values, in 
addition to the tissue weighting factor values, provided in Sec.  835.2 
shall be used in determining effective dose. Although the definition of 
``radiation weighting factor'' already specifies the factors to be 
used, DOE agrees that the additional words in Sec.  835.203(b) will 
clarify the requirement. DOE makes the changes as proposed in the NOPR 
with the exception that the phrase ``radiation and'' is added before 
the phrase ``tissue weighting factor.''

G. Occupational Dose Limits for Minors

    DOE proposed amending Sec.  835.207 by revising the dosimetric 
terms to be consistent with the revised definitions. DOE received a 
comment that the term ``equivalent'' in the first line on the proposed 
change to section 835.207 was incorrect. As stated, the sentence 
contradicts the revised definitions in the NOPR. DOE agrees and makes 
the changes as proposed in the NOPR with the exception that the word 
``equivalent'' is deleted from the first sentence.

H. General Requirements for Monitoring Individuals and Areas in 10 CFR 
Part 835

    DOE proposed amending Sec.  835.401(a)(5) by revising the text 
``engineering and process controls'' to read ``engineering and 
administrative controls.'' This change was proposed in order to make 
the use of the terms consistent with DOE Policy 450.4 ``Safety 
Management System Policy.'' DOE considered the terms to be equivalent. 
DOE received comments that the proposed change to Sec.  835.401(a)(5) 
was a beneficial clarification. One commenter recommended that wherever 
the term ``engineering control(s)'' is used in the rule that it be 
changed to ``engineered control(s).'' This is primarily a matter of 
clarity in meaning. ``Engineering control'' can have several meanings. 
``Engineered control'' is less ambiguous. DOE agrees with this 
editorial comment and makes this change throughout the rule.

I. Monitoring of Packages Containing Radioactive Material in 10 CFR 
Part 835

    DOE proposed amending Sec.  835.405(c)(2) by changing ``unless the 
package contains less than a Type A quantity'' to ``if the package 
contains a Type B quantity.'' DOE received comments that the proposed 
change in the requirements pertaining to Type A quantities is a useful 
clarification and should have insignificant associated costs. DOE 
received a comment that its proposed change to the definition of 
``radioactive material transportation,'' by removing the text ``when 
such movement is subject to DOT regulations or DOE orders that govern 
such movements,'' creates ambiguity as to when receipt surveys are 
required under Sec.  835.405. The commenter provided an example: If 
material is transported on-site via a cart, receipt surveys would not 
be required; however, if the same package was transported in a truck 
(i.e., a ``highway vehicle''), surveys would be required. While DOE 
agrees that there is ambiguity in the requirement, DOE does not agree 
that keeping the text ``when such movement is subject to Department of 
Transportation regulations or DOE orders that govern such movements'' 
in the rule addresses this ambiguity.
    Section 835.405(d) requires, in part, that packages received from 
radioactive material transportation, which meet the criteria of Sec.  
835.405(b), be monitored as soon as practicable following receipt of 
the package. The purpose of this monitoring is to verify the 
radiological condition of the package (e.g., contamination levels and/
or radiation

[[Page 31912]]

levels). The verification is needed because, other than the visual 
indications listed in Sec.  835.405(b)(3), the recipient typically has 
no knowledge of the physical rigors the package was subject to while in 
transit. Monitoring is needed to ensure protective actions for 
subsequent package handlers as well as notifying the transporter if 
unexpected radiological conditions are identified.
    The exclusion in Sec.  835.1(d) applies to radioactive material 
transportation conducted by a DOE employee or DOE contractor employee, 
when the radioactive material is under the continuous observation and 
control of an individual who is knowledgeable of and implements 
required exposure control measures. For situations meeting this 
exclusion, DOE sees no benefit in post-transit monitoring of the 
packages to verify the radiological condition of the package (e.g., 
contamination levels and/or radiation levels). The verification is not 
needed because a DOE employee or DOE contractor employee had the 
package under continuous observation and is knowledgeable of the 
physical rigors the package was subject to while in transit.
    Accordingly, DOE adds a new Sec.  835.405(e) to reflect that 
receipt monitoring is not required for packages transported on a DOE 
site which have remained under the continuous observation and control 
of a DOE employee or DOE contractor employee who is knowledgeable of 
and implements required exposure control measures. The final rule makes 
the other changes as proposed in the NOPR.

J. Exception for Labeling Requirements in 10 CFR Part 835

    DOE proposed to establish an upper limit of 0.1 Ci for a quantity 
of radioactive material which would be excepted from the labeling 
requirement in Sec.  835.606(a)(2). After the establishment of the 
radioactive material labeling requirements in the 1998 amendment to 10 
CFR part 835, DOE noted that the exception to labeling requirements for 
radioactive materials appeared excessive for certain isotopes. DOE 
currently exempts from labeling items and containers if a quantity of 
radioactive material is less than one tenth of the values specified in 
appendix E of 10 CFR part 835. For some isotopes this quantity is 
significant. For example, a container of tritiated water need not be 
labeled ``Caution, Radioactive Material'' as long as there is less than 
16 Ci of tritiated water in the container. While the basis for this 
exception, as discussed in the preamble to the 1998 amendment to 10 CFR 
part 835, is technically defensible, DOE believes that it is prudent to 
establish an upper limit for the labeling exception. The approach DOE 
proposed is similar to that taken by the NRC, except that the NRC upper 
limit is 0.001 Ci. DOE believes that the proposed 0.1 Ci upper limit in 
Sec.  835.606 would provide an acceptable level of protection, based on 
the exposure scenario discussed in the preamble to the 1998 amendment 
(63 FR 59672-73, November 4, 1998), and still provides for sufficient 
operational flexibility in not being overly restrictive in the labeling 
requirements.
    DOE received comments that the proposed change to establish an 
upper limit of 0.1 Ci for a quantity of radioactive material which 
would be excepted from the labeling requirement provides an acceptable 
level of protection in harmony with operational flexibility. 
Anticipated costs for compliance would be negligible.
    The final rule makes the changes as proposed in the NOPR.

K. Individual Monitoring Records Requirements in 10 CFR Part 835

    DOE proposed to revise Sec.  835.702(b) to give sites the option of 
not assessing and recording any internal dose monitoring result 
estimated to be less than 10 millirems committed equivalent dose. This 
change was proposed in response to concerns that, under the current 
requirements, there is no threshold for positive internal dose 
monitoring results which need not be assessed and a dose recorded. DOE 
stated in the NOPR that this flexibility would likely be of most 
benefit for routine bioassay results from tritium and uranium 
operations. For tritium, under the current rule, positive bioassay 
results could result in the need to determine and record doses that are 
less than one millirem. DOE proposed the revision to allow some relief 
from the need to perform a dose assessment and to record these very 
small doses. DOE envisioned that this would most easily be achieved 
through the development and use of default values, below which no 
further dose assessment or recording would be required. Establishing a 
dose threshold for any single bioassay and/or air monitoring result 
would make the DOE requirements consistent with nationally accepted 
standards as discussed in ``American National Standard for Design of 
Internal Dosimetry Programs'' (ANSI/HPS N13.39-2000). The proposed 
provision would still require the maintenance of bioassay and/or air 
monitoring results in case they are needed by DOE in the future.
    The NOPR also stated that DOE's policy has been that the current 
monitoring threshold of 100 millirems should not be interpreted as an 
objective for internal dose monitoring. DOE fully recognizes that 
routine internal dose monitoring is not capable of detecting doses at 
the monitoring threshold for some radionuclides. Consistent with that 
policy, DOE stated that the proposed threshold values for assessing 
internal dose should not be construed as the establishment of 
thresholds for internal dose monitoring.
    As stated in the NOPR, the proposed revision would provide 
flexibility for assessing and recording doses for any single bioassay 
and/or air monitoring result. It also included an annual limit for 
doses that need not be assessed or recorded based on 50 percent of the 
applicable monitoring threshold at Sec.  835.402(c)(1) through (4). DOE 
recognized that sites wishing to invoke the flexibility offered by this 
proposed change would need to develop and implement a program to track 
bioassay results to ensure that dose constraints are not exceeded 
without recording the doses. DOE stated its intention to provide 
guidance on acceptable implementation methods.
    DOE received several comments supportive of the proposed change. 
DOE also received a comment recommending changing Sec.  835.702(b) such 
that the annual threshold dose which must be assessed and recorded as a 
result of internal monitoring be increased from 50 percent to 100 
percent of the applicable monitoring threshold. DOE agrees with this 
comment and adopts this recommendation.
    A few commenters were opposed to the proposed change to 10 CFR 
835.702(b). Reasons stated included: A belief that any dose should be 
assessed when there is monitoring data available; the change would 
cause more trouble than relief; DOE might be accused of making the 
change in order to lower DOE's collective dose; not reporting dose when 
bioassay samples have been taken may lead to litigation and require 
dose reconstruction for former workers; and a more effective change 
might be to raise the monitoring threshold to 500 millirems instead of 
100 millirems. One commenter suggested an alternative approach of 
assigning a minimum dose to all non-monitored workers.
    DOE believes that, consistent with ANSI/HPS N13.39-2000 
recommendations, it is acceptable to only assess and record doses 
exceeding 10 millirems, provided that the monitoring data are 
maintained. DOE continues to believe that the change is beneficial, and 
the change is supported

[[Page 31913]]

by several commenters. DOE anticipates a slight drop in the collective 
dose as a result of this change. According to DOE's 2004 REMS Report, 
approximately 31 rems collective dose was from individual exposures of 
less than 100 millirems. This is approximately 3 percent of the 
collective dose. As DOE has done in the past, DOE will ensure that the 
reason for this slight decrease is clearly explained in DOE's REMS 
report. DOE does not believe that this change will lead to extensive 
litigation because the individual monitoring results must still be 
maintained, and they will be available. DOE already conservatively 
maintains an internal exposure monitoring threshold of 100 millirems, 
which contrasts with the NRC's value of 500 millirems, and requires 
maintenance of the individual monitoring results. DOE believes this 
approach should suffice to avoid future expensive dose reconstruction 
efforts and supports DOE's continuance of the 100 millirems monitoring 
threshold. DOE sees no benefit in assigning a minimum dose to all 
workers, monitored or not.
    One comment stated that, in order to be consistent with ANSI/HPS 
N13.39-2000, one of the stated objectives for making the change 
discussed in the NOPR, the value for not requiring the assessing and 
recording of an internal dose monitoring result should be 10 millirems 
committed effective dose, rather than 10 millirems committed equivalent 
dose. DOE received another comment that this change may not provide 
significant relief because there are requirements to assess and record 
both whole body internal doses (committed effective doses) and organ or 
tissue internal doses (committed equivalent doses). The commenter 
suggested that a threshold for not requiring assessing and recording of 
an internal dose be applied to both whole body and organ or tissue 
internal doses. DOE agrees with these comments. The intent of the 
proposed change was to provide relief from having to assess and record 
all internal doses which are well below DOE's conservative internal 
dose monitoring threshold. To meet this intent, DOE revises the 
provision to not require recording of whole body internal doses 
(committed effective doses) and organ or tissue internal doses 
(committed equivalent doses) as long as the monitoring data are 
estimated to correspond to an individual receiving less than 10 
millirems committed effective dose. For radionuclides of most concern 
to DOE, the 10 millirems committed effective dose threshold is suitable 
to ensure adequate evaluation of organ or tissue doses as well.
    In summary, DOE revises Sec.  835.702(b) to not require recording 
of whole body internal doses (committed effective doses) and organ or 
tissue internal doses (committed equivalent doses) as long as the 
monitoring data are estimated to correspond to an individual receiving 
less than 10 millirems committed effective dose. DOE revises the value 
for unrecorded internal dose estimated for any individual in a year to 
be the applicable monitoring threshold at Sec.  835.402(c).

L. Radiation Safety Training

    DOE proposed amending Sec.  835.901(b) by adding the text ``applied 
training,'' after ``by successful completion of,'' in the introductory 
language of that paragraph. The training and applied training is to be 
commensurate with the hazards in the area and the required controls. 
DOE already requires that each individual demonstrate knowledge of the 
radiation safety training topics listed in Sec.  835.901(c) by 
successful completion of an examination and performance demonstrations. 
The current requirement for performance demonstration implies that the 
training will include practical factors or ``applied training.'' 
Accordingly, DOE considered the proposed change to be only editorial.
    DOE considered comments on options for adding a provision for 
retention testing in 10 CFR part 835. DOE specifically noted in the 
NOPR that DOE-HDBK-1131-98 includes an attachment ``Evaluating the 
Effectiveness of Radiological Training.'' This attachment discusses a 
recommended approach to implementing a retention testing program.
    DOE also solicited comments on adding a provision, in subpart J, 
for radiological control technician (RCT) training. The NOPR noted that 
10 CFR part 835 already requires individuals responsible for developing 
and implementing measures necessary for ensuring compliance with the 
requirements of 10 part CFR 835 (including RCTs) to have the 
appropriate education, training, and skills. The NOPR referenced DOE 
guidance which details DOE's expectations for the appropriate level of 
training, retraining, testing and qualifications of RCTs. DOE, however, 
solicited comments on whether DOE should specifically include 
requirements for RCT training, retraining, testing, and qualifications 
in 10 CFR part 835.
    DOE received a comment that several changes need to be made in the 
area of radiation safety training. Specifically, the commenter 
requested that DOE:
     Add a requirement for applied training and performance 
demonstrations for the periodic requalification;
     Add a requirement for retention testing;
     Make changes to the testing process to ensure that 
computer-based training does not allow the trainee to pass the 
examination based on trial and error;
     Reinstate the training requirements for RCTs.
    Regarding the comment to add a requirement for applied training and 
performance demonstrations for periodic requalification, 10 CFR 
835.901(e) currently specifies the training requirements for 
requalification. DOE has had no indication that the lack of performance 
demonstration requirements for requalification has created a radiation 
protection concern. DOE searched its occurrence reporting data, and 
could not identify significant examples of radiological occurrences 
resulting from improper radiological work practices due to lack of 
performance demonstrations during requalification training. Although 
DOE is not amending 10 CFR part 835 as requested by the commenter, it 
may update its implementation guide to recommend that sites 
periodically evaluate individuals' abilities to perform acceptable 
radiological work practices (such as donning and doffing protective 
clothing) and include, as necessary, performance demonstrations during 
the requalification training.
    Regarding the comment that DOE should add a requirement for 
retention testing, as discussed in the NOPR, DOE provides, and 
maintains several guidance documents which address retention testing. 
Several other comments stated that there is no need for a retention 
testing requirement in 10 CFR part 835. DOE has searched its occurrence 
reporting data and found no significant examples of radiological 
occurrences resulting from lack of retaining information from 
radiological worker training or equivalent training. Consequently, at 
this time, DOE is not adding a requirement for retention testing for 
radiation safety training. DOE continues to support retention testing 
as a good practice and is willing to work with DOE sites to improve 
previously discussed guidance documents relating to retention testing.
    Regarding the comment to make changes to the testing process to 
ensure that computer-based training does not

[[Page 31914]]

allow the trainee to pass the examination based on trial and error, DOE 
believes that permitting a trainee to pass by trial and error would be 
inconsistent with the requirement that individuals demonstrate an 
acceptable baseline knowledge level of radiation protection 
fundamentals and practices. DOE may update its implementation guide to 
clearly indicate that this practice is not consistent with the 
requirement.
    Regarding the comment to reinstate the training requirements for 
RCTs, DOE explained its basis for specifying the training and 
qualification requirements for individuals responsible for implementing 
10 CFR part 835 requirements, which include RCTs, when DOE amended 10 
CFR part 835 on November 4, 1998 (63 FR 59662).
    Under the original rule, published on December 14, 1993 (58 FR 
65458), DOE specified training and retraining requirements for RCTs in 
Sec.  835.903. To address a number of shortcomings in its provisions 
for training RCTs, DOE proposed, in its December 23, 1996, NOPR, to 
amend 10 CFR part 835 by codifying the definition of ``radiological 
control technician'' at Sec.  835.2(a). DOE also solicited comments on 
four alternative approaches. Alternative Approach 4 included specifying 
the training and qualification requirements for individuals responsible 
for implementing 10 CFR part 835 requirements, including RCTs, under a 
new Sec.  835.103. Public comments indicated that DOE's proposed 
definition of the term ``radiological control technician'' did not 
adequately describe the roles and responsibilities of individuals 
filling this position. DOE received comments endorsing each of the 
proposed alternative approaches, with the majority of the comments 
endorsing Alternative Approach 4. DOE subsequently chose this approach 
because it provided the flexibility necessary to cover the wide range 
of individuals involved in developing and implementing measures 
necessary for ensuring compliance with 10 CFR part 835, including 
cognizant managers, supervisors, auditors, engineers, clerks, and 
technicians. DOE has decided that the current approach in Sec.  835.103 
is the optimal approach for specifying training requirements for RCTs. 
DOE received several comments supporting this position.
    DOE has searched its occurrence reporting data, and could not 
identify significant examples of radiological occurrences resulting 
from inadequate training or qualifications of RCTs. Consequently, DOE 
is not making any revisions to the training requirements for RCTs at 
this time.
    DOE will, however, continue to assist sites in meeting Sec.  
835.103 by improving and maintaining those previously discussed 
guidance documents relating to the training, retraining, and 
qualifications of RCTs.
    DOE also received comments that the proposed change to Sec.  
835.901(b) was confusing. DOE proposed to specify that each individual 
shall demonstrate knowledge of the radiation safety training topics 
established in Sec.  835.901(c), commensurate with the hazards in the 
area and required controls, by successful completion of applied 
training. There were questions concerning the new term ``applied 
training'' and requests for DOE to either delete this change or make 
revisions to clarify the intent. DOE provides the following 
clarification in response to these comments. DOE believes that 
radiation safety training should include appropriate theoretical 
training (such as radiological fundamentals, limits, and controls) as 
well as applied training (such as reading and understanding work 
permits and donning and doffing protective clothing). DOE recognizes 
that there are different training methods available to effectively 
provide this training, including classroom instruction, computer-based 
training, on-the-job mentoring, or combinations of these methods. 
Successful completion of such training is demonstrated by completion of 
an examination and performance demonstrations. As DOE stated in the 
NOPR, the current requirement for performance demonstration already 
implies that the training includes applied training. DOE has decided, 
after considering the comments, that the proposed addition of the term 
``applied training'' to the training requirements does not clarify or 
improve the requirement. Consequently, DOE does not make the proposed 
change to Sec.  835.901(c) in today's rule. In summary, DOE makes no 
revisions to subpart J as part of this final rule.

M. Design and Control Requirements in 10 CFR Part 835

    DOE proposed to amend Sec.  835.1001(a) by replacing the text 
``physical design features and administrative control'' with 
``engineering and administrative controls.'' DOE also proposed to amend 
Sec.  835.1001(b) by replacing the text ``physical design features'' 
with ``engineering controls'' and proposed to amend Sec.  835.1003 by 
replacing the text ``physical design features and administrative 
controls'' with ``engineering and administrative controls.'' These 
changes were proposed in order to make the terms used in 10 CFR part 
835 consistent with those in DOE Policy 450.4, ``Safety Management 
System Policy.'' DOE considered the terms to be equivalent.
    DOE received a comment that the proposed changes to Sec.  
835.1001(a) will clarify the text and will be beneficial. DOE makes the 
changes as proposed in the NOPR with exception that the term 
``engineering'' will be replaced with the term ``engineered.'' See 
discussion in section IV. H. of this preamble.

N. General Provisions to Emergency Exposure Situations in 10 CFR Part 
835

    DOE proposed to amend the general provisions to emergency exposure 
situations to clarify that the resumption of operations, pursuant to 
Sec.  835.1301(d), only applies to operations which have been suspended 
as a result of a dose in excess of the limits specified in Sec.  
835.202. DOE considered the proposed change to be only editorial.
    DOE received a comment that Sec.  835.1301(d) should also require 
operations which have resulted in a dose in excess of the limits 
specified in Sec.  835.202, except those received in accordance with 
Sec.  835.204, to be suspended. DOE does not agree with this comment. 
Implementing a requirement such as this would be problematic. Past DOE 
experience with exposures in excess of the limits have involved 
situations where the exposure was not determined for a considerable 
time period after the operation causing the exposure. Sometimes the 
operation causing the exposure had already ceased by the time the 
exposure was assessed. Other times the operation causing the exposure 
was never determined. The rule is not the appropriate vehicle for such 
management of DOE operations.
    DOE received another comment that the proposed clarification of 
Sec.  835.1301(d) will be beneficial. The final rule makes the changes 
as proposed in the NOPR.

O. DAC Values, Introductory Paragraph, and Footnotes in Appendix A in 
10 CFR Part 835

    There is discussion earlier in this preamble of DOE's adoption in 
this final rule of the system of dosimetry for intake of radioactive 
materials set forth in more recent ICRP Publications. DOE also proposed 
to modify the DAC values contained in appendix A to part 835 to reflect 
the previously mentioned ICRP publications. The salient changes 
proposed were:
     The use of updated dose per unit intake conversion factors 
(dose coefficients) specified in ICRP

[[Page 31915]]

Publication 68 instead of the dose per unit intake conversion factors 
in the EPA Federal Guidance Report Number 11, Limiting Values of 
Radionuclide Intake and Air Concentration and Dose Conversion Factors 
for Inhalation, Submersion, and Ingestion, which is the basis for the 
current appendix A values. ICRP Publication 68 lists committed 
effective dose coefficients which are used in deriving the DAC limit 
based on the stochastic limit of 5 rem. In order to determine if the 
non-stochastic (organ) limit of 50 rems to any organ or tissue is more 
limiting, DOE used the ICRP computer program, The ICRP Database of Dose 
Coefficients: Workers and Members of the Public, ISBN 0 08 043 8768. As 
in the current set of DAC values, the more limiting value (stochastic 
or non-stochastic) is used.
     The use of the ICRP Publication 66, Human Respiratory 
Tract Model for Radiological Protection, classification of radioactive 
material by absorption type [F(fast), M(medium), and S(slow)] instead 
of by lung clearance classes [D(days), W(weeks), and Y(years)] as 
specified in ICRP Publication 30. Values were calculated in units of 
Bq/m\3\ and converted to units of [mu]Ci/mL. The table presents both 
units, each truncated to one significant figure.
     The use of default particle size distribution of 5 
micrometers instead of a default particle size distribution of 1 
micrometer, if the actual particle size distribution is not known.
    In addition to the changes in the dosimetric models used to 
calculate the DACs in appendix A, several other changes to this 
appendix were proposed. One proposed change was to establish DAC values 
for tritiated particulate aerosols and insoluble organically bound 
tritium and default values for radionuclides not listed in the 
appendix.
    Subsequent to the November 4, 1998 amendment to 10 CFR part 835, 
Occupational Radiation Protection (63 FR 59662), the Department 
developed guidance for controlling individual exposures to tritiated 
particulate aerosols and insoluble organically bound tritium. In 2001, 
the DOE Office of Worker Protection Policy and Programs (EH-52) issued 
Radiological Control Technical Position RCTP 2001-02, Acceptable 
Approach for Developing Air Concentration Values for Controlling 
Exposures to Tritiated Particulate Aerosols and Organically Bound 
Tritium, which provided guidance on the use of acceptable air 
concentration values. In 2004, EH-52 also published a technical 
standard, Radiological Control Programs for Special Tritium Compounds, 
DOE-HDBK-1184-2004, which provided additional guidance on use of 
acceptable air concentration values. DOE proposed including DAC values 
for tritiated particulate aerosols based on the methodology described 
in DOE-HDBK-1184-2004, adjusted to use the ICRP 60 dosimetric 
quantities and adjusted to use a default 5 micron particle size. This 
handbook is available for review at: http://www.hss.energy.gov/HealthSafety/WSHP/radiation/ts.html.
    Appendix A of 10 CFR part 835 does not include default values for 
radionuclides not listed in the appendices. Consistent with the NRC 
practice, DOE proposed to establish default values for radionuclides 
not listed in appendix A. One default value would apply to any isotope 
not already listed with a decay mode other than alpha emission or 
spontaneous fission and with a radioactive half-life greater than two 
hours. The default value would be the most restrictive applicable DAC 
value already listed in appendix A for that type of decay, i.e., 4 E-11 
[mu]Ci/mL (1 Bq/m3). The second default value would apply to 
any isotope not already listed with a decay mode of alpha emission or 
spontaneous fission. The second default value would also apply to any 
mixture for which the identity or the concentration of any radionuclide 
in the mixture is not known. The default value would likewise be the 
most restrictive applicable DAC value already listed in appendix A, 
i.e., 2 E-13 [mu]Ci/mL (8 E-03 Bq/m3).
    DOE received a comment that the proposed note at the end of 
appendix A which states that a DAC value for ``any mixture for which 
the identity or the concentration of any radionuclide in the mixture is 
not known'' conflicted with the existing note at the beginning of 
appendix A which states that for ``unknown radionuclides, the most 
restrictive DAC (lowest value) for those isotopes not known to be 
absent shall be used.'' DOE agrees with this comment and, in the final 
rule, omits the text regarding ``any mixture for which the identity or 
the concentration of any radionuclide in the mixture is not known.'' 
DOE also moves the two notes at the end of appendix A, pertaining to 
default values for any single radionuclide not listed in the appendix, 
to the beginning of appendix A.
    DOE received a comment that, for amendment items pertaining to 
STCs, consideration be given to recent ICRP and published information 
regarding STCs, such as the October 2004 Health Physics Society Journal 
paper, Application of the ICRP Clarification of the Tritium Metabolic 
Model. DOE reviewed updated published information regarding STCs, 
including the Health Physics Society Journal paper referenced. DOE 
believes that the methodology and values in DOE-HDBK-1184-2004 continue 
to provide the best approaches to developing acceptable controls such 
as DAC values and the posting and labeling criteria for STCs, which are 
adjusted to use the ICRP Publication 60 dosimetric quantities and a 
default 5 micron particle size. Accordingly, in today's final rule, DOE 
makes the proposed changes to DAC values for tritiated particulate 
aerosols and organically bound tritium. For consistency with 
terminology in DOE-HDBK-1184-2004, the revised footnote to appendix D, 
and the definition of ``special tritium compound'' in Sec.  835.2, DOE 
replaces the terms ``tritiated particulate aerosol and organically 
bound H-3 (insoluble)'' and ``organically bound H-3 (soluble)'' with 
``STCs (insoluble )'' and ``STCs (soluble).''
    DOE received a comment that a single set of DACs, based only on 
committed effective dose values (i.e. no DAC values based on the non-
stochastic limit to an organ or tissue), would provide a much simpler 
framework, which still would provide adequate protection to the worker. 
DOE does not believe that this change would significantly simplify the 
regulatory framework and does not make this change.
    DOE received a comment that the definition of ``derived air 
concentration'' should include reference to the ICRP computer program, 
The ICRP Database of Dose Coefficients: Workers and Members of the 
Public, ISBN 0 08 043 8768. This program was referenced in the NOPR 
preamble as being a source for calculation of appendix A values. DOE 
agrees with this comment and makes this change.
    DOE received two comments that DOE should allow sites to derive 
their own DAC values. The commenters stated that DOE should allow sites 
to derive default DAC values for nuclides not listed in appendix A, and 
that DOE should allow use of alternate self-absorption factors for 
determining DACs for STCs. DOE does not agree with these comments. DOE 
believes it is beneficial for DOE to use a consistent set of DACs 
across the complex, with variation permitted for particle size as 
specified in appendix A. The need for use of site-specific DACs may be 
addressed through the 10 CFR part 820 exemption process.

[[Page 31916]]

P. DAC Values, Introductory Paragraph, and Footnotes in Appendix C in 
10 CFR Part 835

    DOE proposed to amend appendix C of 10 CFR part 835 by changing the 
term ``contaminated atmospheric cloud'' to ``cloud of airborne 
radioactive material.'' DOE considered this proposed change to be only 
editorial. Consistent with DOE's proposal to adopt the system of 
dosimetry for intake of radioactive materials set forth in more recent 
ICRP publications, DOE proposed to replace the air immersion DAC values 
in appendix C with new values which were determined using ICRP 
Publication 68 methodology. Specifically, the proposed values were 
derived from the dose conversion factors in Annex D of ICRP publication 
68 and assumed 250 days (50 weeks times 5 days per week) exposure per 
year to get an effective dose of 5 rems in a year. Consistent with the 
NRC, DOE also proposed to establish a default value for any single 
radionuclide not listed in appendix C to part 835. The default value 
would apply to any isotope not already listed with a decay mode other 
than alpha emission or spontaneous fission and with a radioactive half-
life less than two hours. The DAC would be the most restrictive value 
already listed, i.e., 6 E-06 [mu]Ci/mL (2 E+04 Bq/m3).
    DOE received a comment that the change in terminology proposed for 
appendix C to part 835 would be welcomed, especially at accelerator 
facilities. The final rule makes the changes as proposed in the NOPR.

Q. Text and Footnotes in Appendix D in 10 CFR Part 835

    Several changes to appendix D were proposed in order to codify 
guidance issued by the Department in Radiological Control Technical 
Positions (RCTP) and to enhance the clarity of this section. In 10 Code 
of Federal Regulations Part 835 Appendix D--Surface Radioactivity 
Values, RCTP 96-02, DOE provided guidance on the application of 
footnote 5 to appendix D to part 835 that addresses surface 
contamination values for mixed fission products containing Sr-90. Based 
on this guidance, DOE proposed to revise appendix D to part 835 as 
follows: In the second group of nuclides (total surface radioactivity 
value-1000 dpm/100 cm2; removable surface radioactivity 
value-200 dpm/100 cm2), DOE proposed to insert the 
parenthetical phrase ``including mixed fission products where the Sr-90 
fraction is 90 percent or more of the total activity.'' DOE proposed to 
add a new group to appendix D to part 835 (between the existing second 
and third groups) that would consist of mixed fission products where 
the Sr-90 fraction is more than 50 percent but less than 90 percent of 
the total activity. For this proposed group, the total surface 
radioactivity value would be 3000 dpm/100 cm2 and the 
removable surface radioactivity value would be 600 dpm/100 
cm2.
    In addition, DOE proposed to clarify footnote seven to appendix D 
by replacing the term ``(alpha)'' with the sentence ``These limits 
apply only to the alpha emitters within the respective decay series.''
    DOE did not propose additional changes to the surface radioactivity 
values in appendix D to part 835. DOE is aware of newly developed 
surface radioactivity criteria (see American National Standard--Surface 
and Volume Radioactivity Standards for Clearance (ANSI/HPS N13.12-
1999)), for the release of property and other items, which are more 
clearly based on potential risks than the surface contamination values 
in appendix D to part 835. However, to maintain a consistent 
application in the use of surface radioactivity values for the 
protection of workers; the public; and the environment, DOE has decided 
to continue evaluation of appendix D to part 835 surface contamination 
values as a coordinated project that addresses both occupational and 
environmental aspects of this topic.
    DOE-HDBK-1184-2004 recommends applying the 10 CFR part 835 subpart 
L provisions if the contamination levels from insoluble tritiated 
particles fixed to a surface exceed the removable tritium limit. DOE 
solicited comments on the need to revise the rule to reflect this 
recommendation.
    DOE received comments opposed to codifying the guidance issued by 
RCTP 96-02 into appendix D to part 835. Although the change was 
proposed with the intent of clarifying the requirements, some 
commenters stated that they believed that the revised text would 
increase costs and make compliance much more difficult. More 
specifically, they claimed that application of the more conservative 
contamination values for some Sr-90 mixtures could create a significant 
challenge because of the difficulty in detecting those values 
consistently in a field setting with current techniques and available 
instrumentation. Moreover, implementation of the proposed three-tiered 
Sr-90 contamination values would be complex due to the need to 
determine the relative abundance of Sr-90 in the specific mixture being 
dealt with, in order to determine which contamination value to apply. 
Commenters suggested that DOE adopt the ANSI N 13.12 groupings.
    DOE's intent with the proposed change to appendix D to part 835 was 
to provide clearer requirements. Under the current appendix D to part 
835, footnote 5, the higher limit (total surface radioactivity value -
5000 dpm/100 cm\2\; removable surface radioactivity value-1000 dpm/100 
cm\2\) does not apply to Sr-90 which has been separated from the other 
fission products or mixtures where the Sr-90 has been enriched. This 
footnote applies to mixed fission products which, through the passage 
of time, have resulted in mixtures where the Sr-90 is enriched. There 
had been questions regarding the applicability of this footnote to 
specific site operations, especially where mixed fission products had 
been stored for extended time periods. The intent of the proposed 
change to appendix D to part 835 was to clarify requirements for 
application of the surface radioactivity values for these mixtures, so 
as to not always require the lower limit (total surface radioactivity 
value -1000 dpm/100 cm\2\; removable surface radioactivity value-200 
dpm/100 cm\2\) that applied to pure or enriched Sr-90.
    In view of the negative comments on this proposed change, DOE 
questions whether the proposed change would simplify radiological 
operations or enhance radiological safety. Accordingly, DOE does not 
make the proposed changes that address surface contamination values for 
mixed fission products containing Sr-90. However, DOE will retain the 
guidance in this area.
    DOE also received a comment that Pu-241 should not be included 
within the ``transuranic'' category. This category should only apply to 
alpha emitters. As noted in the NOPR preamble, DOE agrees that 
eventually DOE should move toward a risk-based, consensus value for 
surface contamination values such as the ANSI/HPS N13.12 values. DOE 
will continue to evaluate application of surface radioactivity values 
for protection of workers, the public, and the environment as a 
coordinated project that addresses both occupational and environmental 
aspects of this topic.
    DOE received a comment that appendix D to part 835 should be 
updated to include recommendations regarding STCs as provided in DOE-
HDBK-1184-2004, Section 3.2.1.1. Specifically, the commenter suggested 
that Section 3.2.1.1 implies that removable surface contamination 
values for STCs should be 1,000 dpm/100 cm\2\. The handbook explains 
that if surface contamination levels are less than one tenth of the 10 
CFR part 835 appendix

[[Page 31917]]

D value, (i.e., < 1,000 dpm/100 cm\2\) it may be appropriate to assume 
that there are no significant levels of STC contamination and 
additional controls such as posting, access control, and personnel 
monitoring are not required. The commenter suggests that a value of 
1,000 dpm/100 cm\2\ for removable surface contamination from STCs be 
added to appendix D to part 835, and the reference to tritiated 
compounds be deleted from footnote 6.
    Based on both the intent of DOE HDBK 1184-2004 and consideration of 
the estimated dose consequence associated with surfaces contaminated by 
STCs, DOE has determined that it is unnecessary to decrease the surface 
radioactivity value for removable contamination in appendix D to part 
835 that applies to tritiated compounds. However, DOE has added a 
footnote to appendix D to part 835 to address other situations 
involving surfaces contaminated by insoluble tritiated particles.
    With regard to DOE HDBK 1184-2004, DOE notes that the guidance to 
initiate some radiological controls for STCs at a level of one tenth of 
the appendix D to 10 CFR part 835 value is based on the relative 
uncertainty associated with the activity-to-dose conversion factor for 
these compounds, the difficulties performing surface contamination 
measurements of these compounds, and the possibility that STCs may be 
located in areas where surveys are difficult to conduct. The factor of 
one tenth was estimated by assuming a three-to four-fold uncertainty in 
the activity-to-dose conversion factor and a two-to three-fold 
uncertainty in the measurement of surface contamination. Because the 
potential dose from STCs is related to the activity-to-dose conversion 
factor and the surface contamination measurement, the uncertainty in 
the potential dose from STCs could range from four- to five-fold. That 
is, the estimated potential dose from STCs could be only up to one 
fifth (0.2) of the actual potential dose from STCs. Thus, DOE believes 
that a factor of one tenth should reasonably account for uncertainties 
associated with determining the potential dose from STCs.
    Establishing criteria for certain types of radiological controls at 
a factor of 0.1 of the normal surface radioactivity values for STCs is 
a way to account for uncertainties, reduce the chance of significant 
STC exposure to workers, and ensure compliance with the regulatory 
value for surface contamination. Because of the conservatism of this 
approach, the types of radiological controls recommended (performance 
of more surveys and evaluations to make sure that sources of STCs are 
comprehensively identified) are less stringent than those triggered by 
the appendix D to part 835 values (e.g. posting, personal monitoring 
and the use of personal protective equipment).
    With regard to the dose consequence associated with surfaces 
contaminated by STCs, calculations (performed using RESRAD BUILD 
Version 3.0) indicate that exposure to a surface contaminated by 
insoluble tritiated particles at levels of 10,000 dpm/100 cm\2\ will 
result in a yearly dose of 1.18 x 10-4 millirems. This value is four 
orders of magnitude below the criterion of 1 millirem/year generally 
accepted as the criterion for unrestricted release of materials. Thus, 
DOE believes there is no significant health benefit to be gained by 
lowering the appendix D to part 835 value for removable surface 
contamination that applies to tritiated compounds.
    DOE also received a comment that appendix D to part 835 should be 
updated to include recommendations regarding STCs as provided in DOE-
HDBK-1184-2004, Section 3.2.1.2. which addresses fixed surface 
contamination. This section of the handbook addresses the possibility 
that there may be cases where tritium binds tightly to the matrix into 
which it has diffused, and removable contamination levels are below the 
values in 10 CFR part 835 (i.e., 10,000 dpm/100 cm\2\), and recommends 
that provisions of part 835, subpart L, Radioactive Contamination 
Control, pertaining to total surface contamination values be applied 
when total contamination exceeds 10,000 dpm/100 cm\2\. The commenter 
suggests that appendix D to part 835, Table and footnotes, be revised 
to address fixed surface contamination from STCs.
    Consideration of the properties of STCs suggests that there may be 
cases where tritium binds tightly to a material into which it has 
diffused, and the removable contamination level on the surface of this 
material is below the value in 10 CFR part 835. Such cases could occur 
when a class of STCs called insoluble tritiated particles (ITPs) are 
fixed to a surface or from tritium exposure to bulk quantities of 
metals of the types from which ITPs are formed. Although this situation 
is not expected to occur often, DOE addresses it by modifying 10 CFR 
part 835 appendix D footnote 6, to indicate that there is a situation 
where tritium may exist in a form that can be considered to be fixed 
surface contamination. DOE also addresses it by specifying a total 
surface contamination value of 10,000 dpm/100 cm\2\ as the value above 
which the appropriate requirements in 10 CFR part 835 are triggered. 
Because the definitions of insoluble metal tritides and insoluble 
tritiated particle are imprecise, it may be necessary to perform a 
technical evaluation of metals that have been exposed to tritium in 
order to determine if fixed surface contamination exists. DOE-HDBK-
1184-2004 provides guidance to help in making such a determination.
    In summary, the final rule revised appendix D to 10 CFR part 835 as 
follows. In the last row of the first column, the entry is changed to 
``Tritium and STCs.'' In the last row of column three of 10 CFR part 
835 appendix D, ``N/A'' is replaced with ``See Footnote 6.'' The 
following text is added to footnote 6, ``In certain cases, a `Total' 
value of 10,000 dpm/100 cm\2\ may be applicable either to metals, of 
the types which form insoluble special tritium compounds, that have 
been exposed to tritium; or to bulk materials to which particles of 
insoluble special tritium compound are fixed to a surface.'' Footnote 7 
is revised to read ``These limits only apply to the alpha emitters 
within the respective decay series.''

R. Text and Footnote in Appendix E in 10 CFR Part 835

    As discussed earlier, DOE proposed to adopt the system of dosimetry 
for intake of radioactive materials set forth in more recent ICRP 
publications. DOE proposed to revise the appendix E to part 835 values 
using the ICRP Publication 60 methodology and the same exposure 
scenarios discussed in the 1998 amendment to 10 CFR part 835. In 
summary, the values were based on the more limiting of the quantity of 
radioactive material which results in either an external or internal 
whole body dose, from either inhalation or ingestion, of 100 millirems. 
The external exposure scenario assumed a photon exposure for 12 hours a 
day for 365 days with the source distance being at 1 meter. The 
internal exposure scenario assumed an instantaneous intake of 0.001% of 
the material by an individual. Consistent with the other proposed 
changes, the values in appendix E to part 835 were recalculated to 
reflect the previously mentioned ICRP publications. DOE also proposed 
to reorder the entries in accordance with atomic weight rather than 
alphabetically.
    DOE also proposed to add a footnote to appendix E to part 835 
specifying a value of 10 Ci for any type of STC. This proposed change 
would be made to keep appendix E to part 835 consistent with the 
proposed change to appendix

[[Page 31918]]

A which includes the addition of STCs. The value of 10 Ci was derived 
using the same method as the other proposed values in appendix E to 
part 835, i.e., they were based on the exposure scenario discussed in 
the preamble to the 1998 amendment. Specifically, the inhalation 
exposure scenario used to derive the 10 Ci value assumed a 100 
millirems dose from a Type S hafnium tritide particle (the most 
restrictive STC) with a release fraction to be inhaled of 0.001%. A 
dose conversion value of 2.6 E-10 Sv/Bq, was determined by using the 
methodology from DOE-HDBK-1184-2004 and adjusted using the ICRP 
Publication 60 dosimetric quantities.
    In addition, DOE proposed revising the value for Californium-252 in 
appendix E to part 835 calculated for an external neutron exposure 
situation, which was more limiting than the photon exposure. More 
specifically, DOE calculated the proposed appendix E to part 835 value 
for Californium-252 by substituting a neutron exposure for the photon 
exposure in the external exposure scenario using values from Reference 
Neutron Radiations--Part 1: Characteristics and Methods of Production, 
ISO/CD, 8529-1.
    As mentioned in the appendix A to part 835 discussion, DOE received 
a comment that for amendment items pertaining to STCs, consideration 
should be given to recent ICRP publications and published information 
regarding STCs, such as the October 2004 Health Physics Society Journal 
paper, Application of the ICRP Clarification of the Tritium Metabolic 
Model. DOE reviewed updated published information regarding STCs, 
including the Health Physics Society Journal paper referenced. DOE 
believes that the methodology and values in DOE-HDBK-1184-2004 continue 
to provide the best approaches to developing acceptable controls such 
as DAC values and the posting and labeling criteria for STCs, adjusted 
to use the ICRP Publication 60 dosimetric quantities and a default 5 
micron particle size. Accordingly, the final rule makes the changes to 
appendix E to part 835 values for tritiated particulates or 
organically-bound tritiated compounds as proposed. For consistency with 
the revised footnote to appendix D to part 835 and the added definition 
of STCs, DOE replaces the term ``tritiated particulate or organically-
bound tritiated compound'' with ``STC.''
    DOE also received a comment that the table appeared to be intended 
to be arranged in order of increasing atomic number, with all isotopes 
of the same element included together. The commenter thought this was a 
good approach that expedites finding the values for a given 
radionuclide. The commenter noted some ordering inconsistencies. DOE 
agrees with this comment and revises the table in appendix E to part 
835 so that the order is by increasing atomic number with all isotopes 
of the same element included together.
    DOE also received a comment that the basis for the appendix E to 
part 835 values in the NOPR is well-stated and if DOE decides to make 
this transition, this rationale should be retained in a footnote to the 
appendix or some other readily traceable reference. The comment stated 
that in practical radiation protection work, it is often useful to 
track down the origin of the values found in such tables. To do that, 
one needs clear traceability to their original derivation. DOE agrees 
with this comment and intends to add a discussion of this issue in the 
updated implementation guide for 10 CFR part 835.
    DOE received a comment that the proposed change would likely result 
in many more sources exceeding the appendix E threshold. DOE does not 
agree with this comment. DOE compared proposed appendix E to part 835 
values with the existing values for 22 representative radionuclides. 
The comparison showed that only six of the proposed values were more 
restrictive than the existing values and those values were only 
slightly more restrictive.
    In summary, the final rule makes the changes as proposed in the 
NOPR, with the exception that DOE replaces the term ``tritiated 
particulate or organically-bound tritiated compound'' with ``STC.'' DOE 
revises the order to be in increasing atomic number with all isotopes 
of the same element included together.

S. Guidance Documents

    The primary implementation guide which defines DOE's expectations 
for the existing rule is DOE's implementation guide G 441.1-1B, 
Radiation Protection Programs Guide for Use with Title 10, Code of 
Federal Regulations, Part 835, Occupational Radiation Protection. This 
guide is available through the DOE radiation protection Web page on 
http://www.hss.energy.gov/HealthSafety/WSHP/radiation/regs.html.
    DOE plans on updating this guide to reflect the amended 
requirements. DOE also plans to review and, as necessary, incorporate 
the DOE Radiological Control Technical Positions issued by the DOE 
Office of Worker Safety and Health Policy into the guide. DOE Technical 
Standards developed by the DOE Office of Worker Safety and Health 
Policy will also be updated. In particular, these Technical Standards 
include: DOE-STD-1098-99 Radiological Control, DOE-STD-1121-98 Internal 
Dosimetry and the series of handbooks relating to radiation protection 
training. DOE plans to have all guidance documents updated and 
available in sufficient time to be of use in meeting the amended 10 CFR 
part 835 implementation date.

T. Submitting Documents for DOE Approval

    Part 835.101(g) requires contractors to update their Radiation 
Protection Program (RPP) and submit it to DOE within 180 days of the 
effective date of any modifications to part 835. In accordance with 10 
CFR 835.101(f), the RPP shall include plans, schedules, and other 
measures for achieving compliance no later than three years following 
the effective date of the amendment. DOE issued guidance on submittal 
of RPPs in DOE G 441.1-1B, Radiation Protection Programs Guide for Use 
with Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 835, Occupational 
Radiation Protection. 

U. Protection and Operational Quantities

    The ICRP Publication 60 dosimetric quantities adopted in 10 CFR 
part 835 have been designated by ICRP as ``protection quantities'' that 
are intended for defining and calculating the numerical limits and 
action levels used in radiation protection standards such as 10 CFR 
part 835. Protection quantities provide a way to relate the magnitude 
of a radiation exposure to the risk of a health effect that is 
applicable to an individual and that is largely independent of the type 
and source (internal or external) of the radiation. In addition the 
protection quantities can be easily calculated for use in planning 
radiological work.
    These goals are achieved using a combination of theoretical and 
practical considerations. For example, absorbed dose is assumed to be 
averaged over a tissue or organ. Radiation weighting factors are used 
to account for the biological effectiveness of various types and 
energies of radiation and tissue weighting factors are used to account 
for the sensitivity of various tissues to radiation induced cancer. The 
tissue and radiation weighting factors are based on both biological and 
epidemiological studies and have been updated as new research becomes 
available. Nevertheless, the values of these weighting factors are

[[Page 31919]]

approximations that account for both uncertainty in the underlying data 
and the need to ensure that the protection quantities do not 
underestimate the true dose and hence the risk. Protection quantities 
used in 10 CFR part 835 include: equivalent dose, effective dose, 
committed equivalent dose, committed effective dose, total effective 
dose, and cumulative total effective dose.
    Because protection quantities were developed to provide an index of 
the risk resulting from energy imparted to tissue by radiation, they 
are theoretical and not measurable. Fortunately, it is possible to use 
the measurable properties of radiation fields and radioactive materials 
associated with exposure to external radiation sources or intake of 
radioactive materials to estimate and demonstrate compliance with the 
protection quantities. These measurable quantities are called 
operational quantities.
    Although many types of operational quantities are possible, a well 
characterized set of operational quantities for assessing doses 
received from external exposure have been selected by the International 
Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) in Report 51, 
Quantities and Units in Radiation Protection Dosimetry. These 
operational quantities have been adopted in recommendations of the ICRP 
and in the standards implementing the ICRP recommendations written by 
the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the European Union 
(EU). In addition, the ICRP, in Publication 74, Conversion Coefficients 
for Use in Radiological Protection Against External Radiation, compared 
and contrasted doses determined using the ICRP system of protection 
quantities with doses determined using the ICRU based operational 
quantities. For almost all situations considered, doses determined with 
the operational quantities were greater or equal to the doses 
determined using protection quantities. These operational quantities 
and their relation to the protection quantities listed in the final 
version of 10 CFR part 835 are listed below.

  Relation Between Protection Quantities and Operational Quantities for
               Individual Monitoring of External Exposure
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                            Operational
                                                             quantity
                   Protection quantity                     (depth [d] in
                                                           tissue [mm])
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Equivalent dose to the whole body from external sources*         Hp(10).
Equivalent dose to the lens of the eye from external              Hp(3).
 sources................................................
Equivalent dose to the extremity or skin from external         Hp(0.07).
 sources................................................
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Where:

Hp(d) is the personal dose equivalent at depth d in 
tissue
See ICRU Report 51 for the definition of Hp(d)
*Same as effective dose from external sources.

    For doses resulting from intakes of radioactive materials 
operational quantities have been published in ICRP, IAEA and EU 
documents.
    Relation between protection quantities and operational quantities 
for individual monitoring of doses from intakes of radioactive material
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR08JN07.001

Where:

hj,eff,50,inh is the committed effective dose per unit of 
radioactivity intake by inhalation (inh)
hj,eff,50,ing is the committed effective dose per unit of 
radioactivity intake by ingestion (ing)
hj,T,50,inh is the committed equivalent dose to a tissue 
(T) per unit of radioactivity intake by inhalation
hj,T,50,ing is the committed equivalent dose to a tissue 
(T) per unit of radioactivity intake by ingestion
Ij,inh is an intake by inhalation
Ij,inh is an intake by ingestion
j is a radionuclide

    For the total effective dose, the following operational quantity is 
suggested.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR08JN07.002


[[Page 31920]]


    In addition to the operational quantities used for individual 
monitoring, the following table contains operational quantities that 
may be measured to characterize certain aspects of radiation fields in 
the workplace.

  Operational Quantities for Use in Characterizing Workplace Radiation
                                 Fields
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                             Suggested
                  Workplace measurement                     operational
                                                             quantity
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Control of effective dose...............................        H *(10).
Control of dose to the skin, the extremities and the           H '(0.07,
 lens of the eye........................................       [Omega]).
Control of dose to the lens of the eye..................          H '(3,
                                                               [Omega]).
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Where:

H*(10) is the ambient dose equivalent at a depth of 10 mm in tissue
H'(0.007, [Omega]) is the directional dose equivalent at a depth of 
0.07mm in the ICRU sphere
H'(3, [Omega]) is the directional dose equivalent at a depth of 3 mm 
in the ICRU sphere
[Omega] defines the direction of the radiation field

    See ICRU Report 51 for the definitions of ambient dose equivalent 
and directional dose equivalent.
    To summarize the above discussion, protection quantities have been 
developed for use in radiation protection standards to establish dose 
limits and action levels that reflect the risk associated with 
radiation exposure and are directly applicable to all members of the 
population being protected. Measurable operational quantities have been 
selected that permit measurements which show compliance with protection 
quantities specified in 10 CFR part 835. Additional guidance will be 
provided in the implementation guide for 10 CFR part 835.

V. Regulatory Review

A. Review Under Executive Order 12866

    Today's final rule has been determined not to be a ``significant 
regulatory action'' within the scope of section 3(f) of Executive Order 
12866, ``Regulatory Planning and Review,'' 58 FR 51735 (October 4, 
1993), as amended by Executive Order 13258, 67 FR 9385 (February 26, 
2002) and Executive Order 13422 (January 18, 2007). Accordingly, this 
rule was not reviewed under the Executive Order by the Office of 
Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) in the Office of Management 
and Budget (OMB).

B. Review Under Executive Order 12988

    With respect to the review of existing regulations and the 
promulgation of new regulations, section 3 of Executive Order 12988, 
``Civil Justice Reform,'' 61 FR 4729 (February 7, 1996), imposes on 
Executive agencies the general duty to eliminate drafting errors and 
ambiguity, write regulations to minimize litigation, provide a clear 
legal standard for affected conduct rather than a general standard, and 
promote simplification and burden reduction. Section 3(c) of Executive 
Order 12988 requires Executive agencies to review regulations in light 
of applicable standards in section 3(a) and section 3(b) to determine 
whether they are met. DOE has completed the required review and 
determined that, to the extent permitted by law, this final rule meets 
the relevant standards of Executive Order 12988.

C. Review Under Executive Order 13132

    Executive Order 13132, ``Federalism,'' 64 FR 43255 (August 10, 
1999), requires agencies to develop an accountable process to ensure 
meaningful and timely input by State and local officials in the 
development of regulatory policies that have ``federalism 
implications.'' Policies that have federalism implications are defined 
in the Executive Order to include regulations that have substantial 
direct effects on the States, on the relationship between the national 
government and the States, or on the distribution of power and 
responsibilities among the various levels of government.
    Today's regulatory action has been determined not to be a ``policy 
that has federalism implications;'' that is, it does not have 
substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship between 
the national government and the States, nor on the distribution of 
power and responsibilities among various levels of government under 
Executive Order 13132, 64 FR 43255 (August 10, 1999).

D. Reviews Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.) requires that 
a federal agency prepare an initial regulatory flexibility analysis for 
any regulation for which a general NOPR is required, unless the agency 
certifies that the rule, if promulgated, will not have a significant 
economic impact on a substantial number of small entities (5 U.S.C. 
605(b)).
    Today's regulation establishes DOE amended requirements for nuclear 
safety and occupational radiation protection at DOE sites. The 
contractors who manage and operate DOE facilities are principally 
responsible for implementing the rule requirements. DOE considered 
whether these contractors are ''small businesses,'' as that term is 
defined in the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601(3)). The 
Regulatory Flexibility Act's definition incorporates the definition of 
''small business concern'' in the Small Business Act, which the Small 
Business Administration (SBA) has developed through size standards in 
13 CFR part 121. The DOE contractors subject to this rule exceed the 
SBA's size standards for small businesses. In addition, DOE expects 
that any potential economic impact of this rule on small businesses 
would be minimal because DOE sites perform work under contracts to DOE 
or the prime contractor at the site. DOE contractors are reimbursed 
through their contracts with DOE for the costs of complying with DOE 
nuclear safety and radiation protection requirements. They would not, 
therefore, be adversely impacted by the requirements in this rule. For 
these reasons, DOE certifies that today's regulatory action does not 
have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small 
entities and, therefore, no regulatory flexibility analysis has been 
prepared. DOE's certification and supporting statement of factual basis 
will be provided to the Chief Counsel of Advocacy of the SBA pursuant 
to 5 U.S.C. 605(b).

E. Review Under the Paperwork Reduction Act

    The information collection provisions of this final rule are not 
substantially different from those contained in DOE contracts with DOE 
prime contractors covered by this rule. The information collection was 
previously approved by OMB and assigned OMB Control No. 1910-0300. 
Accordingly, no additional OMB clearance is required by the Paperwork 
Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.).

F. Review Under the National Environmental Policy Act

    DOE has reviewed these amendments to 10 CFR parts 820 and 835 under 
the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et 
seq.), the Council on Environmental Quality's regulations (40 CFR parts 
1500-08), and DOE's implementing regulations (10 CFR part 1021). 
Categorical Exclusion A5 in appendix A to Subpart D of 10 CFR part 1021 
(rulemaking that amends an existing rule without changing the 
environmental effect of the amended rule) applies to this rulemaking. 
Accordingly, DOE has not prepared an environmental impact statement or 
an

[[Page 31921]]

environmental assessment pursuant to NEPA.

G. Review Under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act

    Title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995, (2 U.S.C. 
1531 et seq.), requires each Federal agency, to the extent permitted by 
law to prepare a written assessment of the effects of any Federal 
mandate in an agency rule that may result in the expenditure by State, 
tribal, or local governments, in the aggregate, or by the private 
sector, of $100 million or more (adjusted annually for inflation) in 
any one year. The Act also requires a Federal agency to develop an 
effective process to permit timely input by elected officials of State, 
tribal, or local governments on a proposed ''significant 
intergovernmental mandate,'' and requires an agency plan for giving 
notice and opportunity to provide timely input to potentially affected 
small governments before establishing any requirements that might 
significantly or uniquely affect small governments. DOE has determined 
that today's final rule does not contain any Federal mandates affecting 
small governments, so these requirements do not apply.

H. Review Under Executive Order 13211

    Executive Order 13211, ``Actions Concerning Regulations That 
Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use,'' 66 FR 28355 
(May 22, 2001) requires Federal agencies to prepare and submit to the 
OMB, a Statement of Energy Effects for any proposed significant energy 
action. A ``significant energy action'' is defined as any action by an 
agency that promulgated or is expected to lead to promulgation of a 
final rule, and that: (1) Is a significant regulatory action under 
Executive Order 12866, or any successor order; and (2) is likely to 
have a significant adverse effect on the supply, distribution, or use 
of energy, or (3) is designated by the Administrator of OIRA as a 
significant energy action. For any proposed significant energy action, 
the agency must give a detailed statement of any adverse effects on 
energy supply, distribution, or use should the proposal be implemented, 
and of reasonable alternatives to the action and their expected 
benefits on energy supply, distribution, and use. Today's regulatory 
action would not have a significant adverse effect on the supply, 
distribution, or use of energy and is, therefore, not a significant 
energy action. Accordingly, DOE has not prepared a Statement of Energy 
Effects.

I. Review Under the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act, 
1999

    Section 654 of the Treasury and General Government Appropriations 
Act, 1999 (Pub. L. 105-277) requires Federal agencies to issue a 
''Family Policymaking Assessment'' for any rule that may affect family 
well-being. Today's regulatory action has no impact on the autonomy or 
integrity of the family as an institution. Accordingly, DOE has not 
prepared a Family Policymaking Assessment.

J. Review Under the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act, 
2001

    The Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act, 2001 (44 
U.S.C. 3516, note) provides for agencies to review most dissemination 
of information to the public under guidelines established by each 
agency pursuant to general guidelines issued by OMB. OMB's guidelines 
were published at 67 FR 8452 (Feb. 22, 2002), and DOE's guidelines were 
published at 67 FR 62446 (Oct. 7, 2002). DOE has reviewed today's 
regulatory action under the OMB and DOE guidelines, and has concluded 
that it is consistent with applicable policies in those guidelines.

K. Congressional Notification

    As required by 5 U.S.C. 801, DOE will submit to Congress a report 
regarding the issuance of today's regulatory action rule prior to the 
effective date set forth at the outset of this notice. The report will 
state that it has been determined that the rule is not a ''major rule'' 
as defined by 5 U.S.C. 804(2).

VI. Approval of the Office of the Secretary

    The Secretary of Energy has approved publication of this final 
rule.

List of Subjects

10 CFR Part 820

    Administrative practice and procedure, Federal buildings and 
facilities, Government contracts, Nuclear energy, Nuclear materials, 
Nuclear power plants and reactors, Nuclear safety, Penalties, Public 
health, and Radiation protection.

 10 CFR Part 835

    Federal buildings and facilities, Nuclear energy, Nuclear 
materials, Nuclear power plants and reactors, Nuclear safety, 
Occupational safety and health, Radiation protection, and Reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements.

    Issued in Washington, DC on May 22, 2007.
Glenn Podonsky,
Chief, Office of Health, Safety and Security.

0
For the reasons set forth in the preamble, Parts 820 and 835 of Chapter 
III, Title 10, of the Code of Federal Regulations are amended as set 
forth below.

PART 820--PROCEDURAL RULES FOR DOE NUCLEAR ACTIVITIES

0
1. The authority citation for part 820 is revised to read as follows:

    Authority: 42 U.S.C. 2201; 2282(a); 7191; 28 U.S.C. 2461 note; 
50 U.S.C. 2410.


0
2. In Sec.  820.2 add a new definition for ``NNSA'' to read as follows:


Sec.  820.2  Definitions.

* * * * *
    NNSA means the National Nuclear Security Administration.
* * * * *

0
3. Section 820.13 is added to read as follows:


Sec.  820.13  Direction to NNSA contractors.

    (a) Notwithstanding any other provision of this part, and pursuant 
to section 3213 of Pub. L. 106-65, as amended (codified at 50 U.S.C. 
2403), the NNSA, rather than the Director, signs, issues and serves the 
following actions that direct NNSA contractors:
    (1) Subpoenas;
    (2) Orders to compel attendance;
    (3) Disclosures of information or documents obtained during an 
investigation or inspection;
    (4) Preliminary notices of violations; and
    (5) Final notices of violations.
    (b) The NNSA Administrator shall act after consideration of the 
Director's recommendation.

0
4. In Sec.  820.21, paragraphs (g) and (h) are added to read as 
follows:


Sec.  820.21  Investigations.

* * * * *
    (g) The Director may issue enforcement letters that communicate 
DOE's expectations with respect to any aspect of the requirements of 
DOE's Nuclear Safety Requirements, including identification and 
reporting of issues, corrective actions, and implementation of DOE's 
Nuclear Safety Requirements, provided that an enforcement letter may 
not create the basis for any legally enforceable requirement pursuant 
to this part.
    (h) The Director may sign, issue and serve subpoenas.

0
5. In Appendix A to part 820, revise sections IV and VIII to read as 
follows:

[[Page 31922]]

Appendix A to Part 820--General Statement of Enforcement Policy

* * * * *

IV. Responsibilities

    (a) The Director, as the principal enforcement officer of DOE, 
has been delegated the authority to:
    (1) Conduct enforcement inspections, investigations, and 
conferences;
    (2) Issue Notices of Violations and proposed civil penalties, 
Enforcement Letters, Consent Orders, and subpoenas; and
    (3) Issue orders to compel attendance and disclosure of 
information or documents obtained during an investigation or 
inspection.
    (b) The NNSA Administrator, pursuant to section 3212 (b)(9) of 
Public Law 106-65 (codified at 50 U.S.C. 2402 (b)(9)), as amended, 
has authority over and responsibility for environment, safety and 
health operations within NNSA and is authorized to sign, issue and 
serve the following actions that direct NNSA contractors:
    (1) Subpoenas;
    (2) Orders to compel attendance;
    (3) Disclosure of information or documents obtained during an 
investigation or inspection;
    (4) Preliminary Notices of Violations; and
    (5) Final Notices of Violations.
    The NNSA Administrator acts after consideration of the 
Director's recommendation.
* * * * *

VIII. Enforcement Letter

    (a) In cases where DOE has decided not to conduct an 
investigation or inspection or issue a Preliminary Notice of 
Violation (PNOV), DOE may send an Enforcement Letter to the 
contractor, signed by the Director. Enforcement Letters issued to 
NNSA contractors will be coordinated with the Principal Deputy 
Administrator of the NNSA prior to issuance. The Enforcement Letter 
is intended to communicate the basis of the decision not to pursue 
enforcement action for a noncompliance. The Enforcement Letter is 
intended to inform contractors of the desired level of nuclear 
safety performance. It may be used when DOE concludes the specific 
noncompliance at issue is not of the level of significance warranted 
to conduct an investigation or inspection or for issuance of a PNOV. 
Even where a noncompliance may be significant, the Enforcement 
Letter recognizes that the contractor's actions may have attenuated 
the need for enforcement action. The Enforcement Letter will 
typically recognize how the contractor handled the circumstances 
surrounding the noncompliance, address additional areas requiring 
the contractor's attention, and address DOE's expectations for 
corrective action.
    (b) In general, Enforcement Letters communicate DOE's 
expectations with respect to any aspect of the requirements 
contained in the Department's nuclear safety rules, including 
identification and reporting of issues, corrective actions, and 
implementation of the contractor's nuclear safety program. DOE 
might, for example, wish to recognize some action of the contractor 
that is of particular benefit to nuclear safety performance that is 
a candidate for emulation by other contractors. On the other hand, 
DOE may wish to bring a program shortcoming to the attention of the 
contractor that, but for the lack of nuclear safety significance of 
the immediate issue, might have resulted in the issuance of a PNOV. 
An Enforcement Letter is not an enforcement action.
    (c) With respect to many noncompliances, DOE may decide not to 
send an Enforcement Letter. When DOE decides that a contractor has 
appropriately corrected a noncompliance or that the significance of 
the noncompliance is sufficiently low, it may close out its review 
simply through an annotation in the DOE Noncompliance Tracking 
System (NTS). A closeout of a noncompliance with or without an 
Enforcement Letter may only take place after DOE has confirmed that 
corrective actions have been completed. Closeout of any NNSA 
contractor noncompliance will be coordinated with NNSA prior to 
closeout.
* * * * *

PART 835--OCCUPATIONAL RADIATION PROTECTION

0
6. The authority citation for part 835 is revised to read as follows:

    Authority: 42 U.S.C. 2201, 7191; 50 U.S.C. 2410.

0
7. Section 835.1 is amended:
0
a. In the introductory text of paragraph (b), remove the word 
``discussed'' and insert in its place ``provided.''
0
b. Paragraph (b)(2) is revised.
0
c. Paragraph (b)(4) is removed.
0
d. Paragraph (b)(5) is redesignated as paragraph (b)(4) and the word 
``or'' at the end of the paragraph is removed.
0
e. Paragraph (b)(6) is redesignated as paragraph (b)(5) and the 
punctuation at the end of the paragraph is replaced with the 
punctuation ``;'' and the word ``or'' is added at the end of the 
paragraph.
0
f. A new paragraph (b)(6) is added.
0
g. A new paragraph (b)(7) is added.
0
h. Paragraph (c) is revised.
0
i. A new paragraph (d) is added.
    The revisions and additions specified above read as follows:


Sec.  835.1  Scope.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (2) Activities conducted under the authority of the Deputy 
Administrator for Naval Reactors, as described in Pub. L. 98-525 and 
106-65;
* * * * *
    (6) Radioactive material on or within material, equipment, and real 
property which is approved for release when the radiological conditions 
of the material, equipment, and real property have been documented to 
comply with the criteria for release set forth in a DOE authorized 
limit which has been approved by a Secretarial Officer in consultation 
with the Chief Health, Safety and Security Officer.
    (7) Radioactive material transportation not performed by DOE or a 
DOE contractor.
    (c) Occupational doses received as a result of excluded activities 
and radioactive material transportation listed in paragraphs (b)(1) 
through (b)(4) and (b)(7) of this section, shall be included to the 
extent practicable when determining compliance with the occupational 
dose limits at Sec. Sec.  835.202 and 835.207, and with the limits for 
the embryo/fetus at Sec.  835.206. Occupational doses resulting from 
authorized emergency exposures and planned special exposures shall not 
be considered when determining compliance with the dose limits at 
Sec. Sec.  835.202 and 835.207.
    (d) The requirements in subparts F and G of this part do not apply 
to radioactive material transportation by DOE or a DOE contractor 
conducted:
    (1) Under the continuous observation and control of an individual 
who is knowledgeable of and implements required exposure control 
measures, or
    (2) In accordance with Department of Transportation regulations or 
DOE orders that govern such movements.

0
8. Section 835.2 is revised to read as follows:


Sec.  835.2  Definitions.

    (a) As used in this part:
    Accountable sealed radioactive source means a sealed radioactive 
source having a half-life equal to or greater than 30 days and an 
isotopic activity equal to or greater than the corresponding value 
provided in appendix E of this part.
    Activity Median Aerodynamic Diameter (AMAD) means a particle size 
in an aerosol where fifty percent of the activity in the aerosol is 
associated with particles of aerodynamic diameter greater than the 
AMAD.
    Airborne radioactive material or airborne radioactivity means 
radioactive material dispersed in the air in the form of dusts, fumes, 
particulates, mists, vapors, or gases.
    Airborne radioactivity area means any area, accessible to 
individuals, where:
    (1) The concentration of airborne radioactivity, above natural 
background, exceeds or is likely to exceed the derived air 
concentration (DAC) values listed in appendix A or appendix C of this 
part; or
    (2) An individual present in the area without respiratory 
protection could

[[Page 31923]]

receive an intake exceeding 12 DAC-hours in a week.
    ALARA means ``As Low As is Reasonably Achievable,'' which is the 
approach to radiation protection to manage and control exposures (both 
individual and collective) to the work force and to the general public 
to as low as is reasonable, taking into account social, technical, 
economic, practical, and public policy considerations. As used in this 
part, ALARA is not a dose limit but a process which has the objective 
of attaining doses as far below the applicable limits of this part as 
is reasonably achievable.
    Annual limit on intake (ALI) means the derived limit for the amount 
of radioactive material taken into the body of an adult worker by 
inhalation or ingestion in a year. ALI is the smaller value of intake 
of a given radionuclide in a year by the reference man (ICRP 
Publication 23) that would result in a committed effective dose of 5 
rems (0.05 sieverts (Sv)) (1 rem = 0.01 Sv) or a committed equivalent 
dose of 50 rems (0.5 Sv) to any individual organ or tissue. ALI values 
for intake by ingestion and inhalation of selected radionuclides are 
based on International Commission on Radiological Protection 
Publication 68, Dose Coefficients for Intakes of Radionuclides by 
Workers, published July, 1994 (ISBN 0 08 042651 4). This document is 
available from Elsevier Science Inc., Tarrytown, NY.
    Authorized limit means a limit on the concentration of residual 
radioactive material on the surfaces or within the property that has 
been derived consistent with DOE directives including the as low as is 
reasonably achievable (ALARA) process requirements, given the 
anticipated use of the property and has been authorized by DOE to 
permit the release of the property from DOE radiological control.
    Background means radiation from:
    (1) Naturally occurring radioactive materials which have not been 
technologically enhanced;
    (2) Cosmic sources;
    (3) Global fallout as it exists in the environment (such as from 
the testing of nuclear explosive devices);
    (4) Radon and its progeny in concentrations or levels existing in 
buildings or the environment which have not been elevated as a result 
of current or prior activities; and
    (5) Consumer products containing nominal amounts of radioactive 
material or producing nominal amounts of radiation.
    Bioassay means the determination of kinds, quantities, or 
concentrations, and, in some cases, locations of radioactive material 
in the human body, whether by direct measurement or by analysis and 
evaluation of radioactive materials excreted or removed from the human 
body.
    Calibration means to adjust and/or determine either:
    (1) The response or reading of an instrument relative to a standard 
(e.g., primary, secondary, or tertiary) or to a series of 
conventionally true values; or
    (2) The strength of a radiation source relative to a standard 
(e.g., primary, secondary, or tertiary) or conventionally true value.
    Contamination area means any area, accessible to individuals, where 
removable surface contamination levels exceed or are likely to exceed 
the removable surface contamination values specified in appendix D of 
this part, but do not exceed 100 times those values.
    Controlled area means any area to which access is managed by or for 
DOE to protect individuals from exposure to radiation and/or 
radioactive material.
    Declared pregnant worker means a woman who has voluntarily declared 
to her employer, in writing, her pregnancy for the purpose of being 
subject to the occupational dose limits to the embryo/fetus as provided 
in Sec.  835.206. This declaration may be revoked, in writing, at any 
time by the declared pregnant worker.
    Derived air concentration (DAC) means, for the radionuclides listed 
in appendix A of this part, the airborne concentration that equals the 
ALI divided by the volume of air breathed by an average worker for a 
working year of 2000 hours (assuming a breathing volume of 2400 m\3\). 
For the radionuclides listed in appendix C of this part, the air 
immersion DACs were calculated for a continuous, non-shielded exposure 
via immersion in a semi-infinite cloud of radioactive material. Except 
as noted in the footnotes to appendix A of this part, the values are 
based on dose coefficients from International Commission on 
Radiological Protection Publication 68, Dose Coefficients for Intakes 
of Radionuclides by Workers, published July, 1994 (ISBN 0 08 042651 4) 
and the associated ICRP computer program, The ICRP Database of Dose 
Coefficients: Workers and Members of the Public, (ISBN 0 08 043 8768). 
These materials are available from Elsevier Science Inc., Tarrytown, 
NY.
    Derived air concentration-hour (DAC-hour) means the product of the 
concentration of radioactive material in air (expressed as a fraction 
or multiple of the DAC for each radionuclide) and the time of exposure 
to that radionuclide, in hours.
    Deterministic effects means effects due to radiation exposure for 
which the severity varies with the dose and for which a threshold 
normally exists (e.g., radiation-induced opacities within the lens of 
the eye).
    DOE means the United States Department of Energy.
    DOE activity means an activity taken for or by DOE in a DOE 
operation or facility that has the potential to result in the 
occupational exposure of an individual to radiation or radioactive 
material. The activity may be, but is not limited to, design, 
construction, operation, or decommissioning. To the extent appropriate, 
the activity may involve a single DOE facility or operation or a 
combination of facilities and operations, possibly including an entire 
site or multiple DOE sites.
    Entrance or access point means any location through which an 
individual could gain access to areas controlled for the purpose of 
radiation protection. This includes entry or exit portals of sufficient 
size to permit human entry, irrespective of their intended use.
    General employee means an individual who is either a DOE or DOE 
contractor employee; an employee of a subcontractor to a DOE 
contractor; or an individual who performs work for or in conjunction 
with DOE or utilizes DOE facilities.
    High contamination area means any area, accessible to individuals, 
where removable surface contamination levels exceed or are likely to 
exceed 100 times the removable surface contamination values specified 
in appendix D of this part.
    High radiation area means any area, accessible to individuals, in 
which radiation levels could result in an individual receiving an 
equivalent dose to the whole body in excess of 0.1 rems (0.001 Sv) in 1 
hour at 30 centimeters from the radiation source or from any surface 
that the radiation penetrates.
    Individual means any human being.
    Member of the public means an individual who is not a general 
employee. An individual is not a ``member of the public'' during any 
period in which the individual receives an occupational dose.
    Minor means an individual less than 18 years of age.
    Monitoring means the measurement of radiation levels, airborne 
radioactivity concentrations, radioactive contamination levels, 
quantities of radioactive material, or individual doses and the use of 
the results of these measurements to evaluate radiological hazards or 
potential and actual doses resulting from exposures to ionizing 
radiation.

[[Page 31924]]

    Occupational dose means an individual's ionizing radiation dose 
(external and internal) as a result of that individual's work 
assignment. Occupational dose does not include doses received as a 
medical patient or doses resulting from background radiation or 
participation as a subject in medical research programs.
    Person means any individual, corporation, partnership, firm, 
association, trust, estate, public or private institution, group, 
Government agency, any State or political subdivision of, or any 
political entity within a State, any foreign government or nation or 
other entity, and any legal successor, representative, agent or agency 
of the foregoing; provided that person does not include DOE or the 
United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
    Radiation means ionizing radiation: alpha particles, beta 
particles, gamma rays, X-rays, neutrons, high-speed electrons, high-
speed protons, and other particles capable of producing ions. 
Radiation, as used in this part, does not include non-ionizing 
radiation, such as radio waves or microwaves, or visible, infrared, or 
ultraviolet light.
    Radiation area means any area, accessible to individuals, in which 
radiation levels could result in an individual receiving an equivalent 
dose to the whole body in excess of 0.005 rem (0.05 mSv) in 1 hour at 
30 centimeters from the source or from any surface that the radiation 
penetrates.
    Radioactive material area means any area within a controlled area, 
accessible to individuals, in which items or containers of radioactive 
material exist and the total activity of radioactive material exceeds 
the applicable values provided in appendix E of this part.
    Radioactive material transportation means the movement of 
radioactive material by aircraft, rail, vessel, or highway vehicle. 
Radioactive material transportation does not include preparation of 
material or packagings for transportation, storage of material awaiting 
transportation, or application of markings and labels required for 
transportation.
    Radiological area means any area within a controlled area defined 
in this section as a ``radiation area,'' ``high radiation area,'' 
``very high radiation area,'' ``contamination area,'' ``high 
contamination area,'' or ``airborne radioactivity area.''
    Radiological worker means a general employee whose job assignment 
involves operation of radiation producing devices or working with 
radioactive materials, or who is likely to be routinely occupationally 
exposed above 0.1 rem (0.001 Sv) per year total effective dose.
    Real property means land and anything permanently affixed to the 
land such as buildings, fences and those things attached to the 
buildings, such as light fixtures, plumbing and heating fixtures.
    Real-time air monitoring means measurement of the concentrations or 
quantities of airborne radioactive materials on a continuous basis.
    Respiratory protective device means an apparatus, such as a 
respirator, worn by an individual for the purpose of reducing the 
individual's intake of airborne radioactive materials.
    Sealed radioactive source means a radioactive source manufactured, 
obtained, or retained for the purpose of utilizing the emitted 
radiation. The sealed radioactive source consists of a known or 
estimated quantity of radioactive material contained within a sealed 
capsule, sealed between layer(s) of non-radioactive material, or firmly 
fixed to a non-radioactive surface by electroplating or other means 
intended to prevent leakage or escape of the radioactive material. 
Sealed radioactive sources do not include reactor fuel elements, 
nuclear explosive devices, and radioisotope thermoelectric generators.
    Source leak test means a test to determine if a sealed radioactive 
source is leaking radioactive material.
    Special tritium compound (STC) means any compound, except for 
H2O, that contains tritium, either intentionally (e.g., by 
synthesis) or inadvertently (e.g., by contamination mechanisms).
    Stochastic effects means malignant and hereditary diseases for 
which the probability of an effect occurring, rather than its severity, 
is regarded as a function of dose without a threshold, for radiation 
protection purposes.
    Very high radiation area means any area, accessible to individuals, 
in which radiation levels could result in an individual receiving an 
absorbed dose in excess of 500 rads (5 grays) in one hour at 1 meter 
from a radiation source or from any surface that the radiation 
penetrates.
    Week means a period of seven consecutive days.
    Year means the period of time beginning on or near January 1 and 
ending on or near December 31 of that same year used to determine 
compliance with the provisions of this part. The starting and ending 
date of the year used to determine compliance may be changed, provided 
that the change is made at the beginning of the year and that no day is 
omitted or duplicated in consecutive years.
    (b) As used in this part to describe various aspects of radiation 
dose:
    Absorbed dose (D) means the average energy imparted by ionizing 
radiation to the matter in a volume element. The absorbed dose is 
expressed in units of rad (or gray) (1 rad = 0.01 grays).
    Committed effective dose (E50) means the sum of the 
committed equivalent doses to various tissues or organs in the body 
(HT,50), each multiplied by the appropriate tissue weighting 
factor (wT)--that is, E50 = 
[Sigma]wTHT,50 + 
wRemainderHRemainder,50. Where 
wRemainder is the tissue weighting factor assigned to the 
remainder organs and tissues and HRemainder,50 is the 
committed equivalent dose to the remainder organs and tissues. 
Committed effective dose is expressed in units of rem (or Sv).
    Committed equivalent dose (HT,50) means the equivalent 
dose calculated to be received by a tissue or organ over a 50-year 
period after the intake of a radionuclide into the body. It does not 
include contributions from radiation sources external to the body. 
Committed equivalent dose is expressed in units of rem (or Sv).
    Cumulative total effective dose means the sum of all total 
effective dose values recorded for an individual plus, for occupational 
exposures received before the implementation date of this amendment, 
the cumulative total effective dose equivalent (as defined in the 
November 4, 1998 amendment to this rule) values recorded for an 
individual, where available, for each year occupational dose was 
received, beginning January 1, 1989.
    Dose is a general term for absorbed dose, equivalent dose, 
effective dose, committed equivalent dose, committed effective dose, or 
total effective dose as defined in this part.
    Effective dose (E) means the summation of the products of the 
equivalent dose received by specified tissues or organs of the body 
(HT) and the appropriate tissue weighting factor 
(wT)--that is, E = [Sigma]wTHT. It 
includes the dose from radiation sources internal and/or external to 
the body. For purposes of compliance with this part, equivalent dose to 
the whole body may be used as effective dose for external exposures. 
The effective dose is expressed in units of rem (or Sv).
    Equivalent dose (HT) means the product of average 
absorbed dose (DT,R) in rad (or gray) in a tissue or organ 
(T) and a radiation (R) weighting factor (wR). For external 
dose, the equivalent dose to the whole body is assessed at a depth of 1 
cm in tissue; the equivalent dose to the lens of the eye is assessed

[[Page 31925]]

at a depth of 0.3 cm in tissue, and the equivalent dose to the 
extremity and skin is assessed at a depth of 0.007 cm in tissue. 
Equivalent dose is expressed in units of rem (or Sv).
    External dose or exposure means that portion of the equivalent dose 
received from radiation sources outside the body (i.e., ``external 
sources'').
    Extremity means hands and arms below the elbow or feet and legs 
below the knee.
    Internal dose or exposure means that portion of the equivalent dose 
received from radioactive material taken into the body (i.e., 
``internal sources'').
    Radiation weighting factor (wR) means the modifying 
factor used to calculate the equivalent dose from the average tissue or 
organ absorbed dose; the absorbed dose (expressed in rad or gray) is 
multiplied by the appropriate radiation weighting factor. The radiation 
weighting factors to be used for determining equivalent dose in rem are 
as follows:

                   Radiation Weighting Factors \1\, wR
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                             Radiation
                  Type and energy range                      weighting
                                                              factor
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Photons, electrons and muons, all energies..............               1
Neutrons, energy < 10 keV2, 3...........................               5
Neutrons, energy 10 keV to 100 keV2, 3..................              10
Neutrons, energy > 100 keV to 2 MeV2, 3.................              20
Neutrons, energy > 2 MeV to 20 MeV2, 3..................              10
Neutrons, energy > 20 MeV2, 3...........................               5
Protons, other than recoil protons, energy > 2 MeV......               5
Alpha particles, fission fragments, heavy nuclei........             20
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ All values relate to the radiation incident on the body or, for
  internal sources, emitted from the source.
\2\ When spectral data are insufficient to identify the energy of the
  neutrons, a radiation weighting factor of 20 shall be used.
\3\ When spectral data are sufficient to identify the energy of the
  neutrons, the following equation may be used to determine a neutron
  radiation weighting factor value:

  [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR08JN07.003
  
    Tissue weighting factor (wT) means the fraction of the 
overall health risk, resulting from uniform, whole body irradiation, 
attributable to specific tissue (T). The equivalent dose to tissue, 
(HT), is multiplied by the appropriate tissue weighting 
factor to obtain the effective dose (E) contribution from that tissue. 
The tissue weighting factors are as follows:

         Tissue Weighting Factors for Various Organs and Tissues
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                Tissue
                    Organs or tissues, T                       weighting
                                                              factor, wT
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gonads......................................................        0.20
Red bone marrow.............................................        0.12
Colon.......................................................        0.12
Lungs.......................................................        0.12
Stomach.....................................................        0.12
Bladder.....................................................        0.05
Breast......................................................        0.05
Liver.......................................................        0.05
Esophagus...................................................        0.05
Thyroid.....................................................        0.05
Skin........................................................        0.01
Bone surfaces...............................................        0.01
Remainder \1\...............................................        0.05
Whole body \2\..............................................       1.00
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ ``Remainder'' means the following additional tissues and organs and
  their masses, in grams, following parenthetically: adrenals (14),
  brain (1400), extrathoracic airways (15), small intestine (640),
  kidneys (310), muscle (28,000), pancreas (100), spleen (180), thymus
  (20), and uterus (80). The equivalent dose to the remainder tissues
  (Hremainder), is normally calculated as the mass-weighted mean dose to
  the preceeding ten organs and tissues. In those cases in which the
  most highly irradiated remainder tissue or organ receives the highest
  equivalent dose of all the organs, a weighting factor of 0.025 (half
  of remainder) is applied to that tissue or organ and 0.025 (half of
  remainder) to the mass-weighted equivalent dose in the rest of the
  remainder tissues and organs to give the remainder equivalent dose.
\2\ For the case of uniform external irradiation of the whole body, a
  tissue weighting factor (wT) equal to 1 may be used in determination
  of the effective dose.

    Total effective dose (TED) means the sum of the effective dose (for 
external exposures) and the committed effective dose.
    Whole body means, for the purposes of external exposure, head, 
trunk (including male gonads), arms above and including the elbow, or 
legs above and including the knee.
    (c) Terms defined in the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 or in 10 CFR 
part 820 and not defined in this part are used consistent with their 
meanings given in the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 or in 10 CFR part 820.

0
9. Section 835.4 is revised to read as follows:


Sec.  835.4  Radiological units.

    Unless otherwise specified, the quantities used in the records 
required by this part shall be clearly indicated in special units of 
curie, rad, roentgen, or rem, including multiples and subdivisions of 
these units, or other conventional units, such as, dpm, dpm/100 cm\2\ 
or mass units. The SI units, becquerel (Bq), gray (Gy), and sievert 
(Sv), may be provided parenthetically for reference with scientific 
standards.

0
10. Section 835.101(f) is revised to read as follows:


Sec.  835.101  Radiation protection programs.

* * * * *
    (f) The RPP shall include plans, schedules, and other measures for 
achieving compliance with regulations of this part. Unless otherwise 
specified in this part, compliance with the amendments to this part 
published on

[[Page 31926]]

June 8, 2007 shall be achieved no later than July 9, 2010.
* * * * *

0
11. Section 835.202 is amended by revising paragraphs (a)(1) through 
(a)(4) to read as follows:


Sec.  835.202  Occupational dose limits for general employees.

    (a) * * *
    (1) A total effective dose of 5 rems (0.05 Sv);
    (2) The sum of the equivalent dose to the whole body for external 
exposures and the committed equivalent dose to any organ or tissue 
other than the skin or the lens of the eye of 50 rems (0.5 Sv);
    (3) An equivalent dose to the lens of the eye of 15 rems (0.15 Sv); 
and
    (4) The sum of the equivalent dose to the skin or to any extremity 
for external exposures and the committed equivalent dose to the skin or 
to any extremity of 50 rems (0.5 Sv).
* * * * *

0
12. Section 835.203 is revised to read as follows:


Sec.  835.203  Combining internal and external equivalent doses.

    (a) The total effective dose during a year shall be determined by 
summing the effective dose from external exposures and the committed 
effective dose from intakes during the year.
    (b) Determinations of the effective dose shall be made using the 
radiation and tissue weighting factor values provided in Sec.  835.2.

0
13. In Sec.  835.205 paragraphs (b)(1), (b)(2), (b)(3) introductory 
text, and (b)(3)(ii) are revised to read as follows:


Sec.  835.205  Determination of compliance for non-uniform exposure of 
the skin.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (1) Area of skin irradiated is 100 cm 2 or more. The non-uniform 
equivalent dose received during the year shall be averaged over the 100 
cm \2\ of the skin receiving the maximum dose, added to any uniform 
equivalent dose also received by the skin, and recorded as the 
equivalent dose to any extremity or skin for the year.
    (2) Area of skin irradiated is 10 cm2 or more, but is less than 100 
cm2. The non-uniform equivalent dose (H) to the irradiated area 
received during the year shall be added to any uniform equivalent dose 
also received by the skin and recorded as the equivalent dose to any 
extremity or skin for the year. H is the equivalent dose averaged over 
the 1 cm\2\ of skin receiving the maximum absorbed dose, D, reduced by 
the fraction f, which is the irradiated area in cm\2\ divided by 100 
cm\2\ (i.e., H = fD). In no case shall a value of f less than 0.1 be 
used.
    (3) Area of skin irradiated is less than 10 cm2. The non-uniform 
equivalent dose shall be averaged over the 1 cm\2\ of skin receiving 
the maximum dose. This equivalent dose shall:
    (i) * * *
    (ii) Not be added to any other equivalent dose to any extremity or 
skin for the year.

0
14. In Sec.  835.206 paragraphs (a) and (c) are revised to read as 
follows:


Sec.  835.206  Limits for the embryo/fetus.

    (a) The equivalent dose limit for the embryo/fetus from the period 
of conception to birth, as a result of occupational exposure of a 
declared pregnant worker, is 0.5 rem (0.005 Sv).
* * * * *
    (c) If the equivalent dose to the embryo/fetus is determined to 
have already exceeded 0.5 rem (0.005 Sv) by the time a worker declares 
her pregnancy, the declared pregnant worker shall not be assigned to 
tasks where additional occupational exposure is likely during the 
remaining gestation period.

0
15. Section 835.207 is revised to read as follows:


Sec.  835.207  Occupational dose limits for minors.

    The dose limits for minors occupationally exposed to radiation and/
or radioactive materials at a DOE activity are 0.1 rem (0.001 Sv) total 
effective dose in a year and 10 percent of the occupational dose limits 
specified at Sec.  835.202(a)(3) and (a)(4).

0
16. Section 835.208 is revised to read as follows:


Sec.  835.208  Limits for members of the public entering a controlled 
area.

    The total effective dose limit for members of the public exposed to 
radiation and/or radioactive material during access to a controlled 
area is 0.1 rem (0.001 Sv) in a year.

0
17. In Sec.  835.401, paragraph (a)(5) is revised to read as follows:


Sec.  835.401  General requirements.

    (a) * * *
    (5) Verify the effectiveness of engineered and administrative 
controls in containing radioactive material and reducing radiation 
exposure; and
* * * * *

0
18. Section 835.402 is amended:
0
a. Paragraphs (a)(1)(i), (ii), and (iii) are revised.
0
b. Paragraph (a)(2) is revised.
0
c. Paragraphs (c)(1) and (c)(2) are revised.
    The revisions read as follows:


Sec.  835.402  Individual monitoring.

    (a) * * *
    (1) * * *
    (i) An effective dose of 0.1 rem (0.001 Sv) or more in a year;
    (ii) An equivalent dose to the skin or to any extremity of 5 rems 
(0.05 Sv) or more in a year;
    (iii) An equivalent dose to the lens of the eye of 1.5 rems (0.015 
Sv) or more in a year;
    (2) Declared pregnant workers who are likely to receive from 
external sources an equivalent dose to the embryo/fetus in excess of 10 
percent of the applicable limit at Sec.  835.206(a);
* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (1) Radiological workers who, under typical conditions, are likely 
to receive a committed effective dose of 0.1 rem (0.001 Sv) or more 
from all occupational radionuclide intakes in a year;
    (2) Declared pregnant workers likely to receive an intake or 
intakes resulting in an equivalent dose to the embryo/fetus in excess 
of 10 percent of the limit stated at Sec.  835.206(a);
* * * * *

0
19. Section 835.405 is amended by revising paragraph (c)(2) and adding 
paragraph (e) to read as follows:


Sec.  835.405  Receipt of packages containing radioactive material.

* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (1) * * *
    (2) Measurements of the radiation levels, if the package contains a 
Type B quantity (as defined at 10 CFR 71.4) of radioactive material.
    (d) * * *
    (e) Monitoring pursuant to Sec.  835.405(b) is not required for 
packages transported on a DOE site which have remained under the 
continuous observation and control of a DOE employee or DOE contractor 
employee who is knowledgeable of and implements required exposure 
control measures.


Sec.  835.502  [Amended]

0
20. Section 835.502 is amended in paragraph (a)(2) by removing the 
words ``deep dose equivalent'' and replacing it with ``equivalent dose 
to the whole body'' and in introductory paragraph (b) by removing the 
words ``a deep dose equivalent'' and replacing it with ``an equivalent 
dose.''


Sec.  835.602  [Amended]

0
21. Section 835.602 is amended in paragraph (a) by removing the 
word``equivalent.''

[[Page 31927]]

Sec.  835.606  [Amended]

0
22. Section 835.606 is amended in paragraph (a)(2) by adding ``and less 
than 0.1 Ci'' after the word ``part'' and before the punctuation.

0
23. Section 835.702 is amended:
0
a. Paragraph (a) is revised.
0
b. Paragraph (b) is revised.
0
c. Paragraph (c)(3) is revised.
0
d. Paragraphs (c)(4)(i) and (ii) are revised.
0
e. Paragraph (c)(5)(i), (ii) and (iii) are revised.
0
f. Paragraph (c)(6) is revised.
    The revisions read as follows:


Sec.  835.702  Individual monitoring records.

    (a) Except as authorized by Sec.  835.702(b), records shall be 
maintained to document doses received by all individuals for whom 
monitoring was conducted and to document doses received during planned 
special exposures, unplanned doses exceeding the monitoring thresholds 
of Sec.  835.402, and authorized emergency exposures.
    (b) Recording of the non-uniform equivalent dose to the skin is not 
required if the dose is less than 2 percent of the limit specified for 
the skin at Sec.  835.202(a)(4). Recording of internal dose (committed 
effective dose or committed equivalent dose) is not required for any 
monitoring result estimated to correspond to an individual receiving 
less than 0.01 rem (0.1 mSv) committed effective dose. The bioassay or 
air monitoring result used to make the estimate shall be maintained in 
accordance with Sec.  835.703(b) and the unrecorded internal dose 
estimated for any individual in a year shall not exceed the applicable 
monitoring threshold at Sec.  835.402(c).
    (c) * * *
    (3) Include the results of monitoring used to assess the following 
quantities for external dose received during the year:
    (i) The effective dose from external sources of radiation 
(equivalent dose to the whole body may be used as effective dose for 
external exposure);
    (ii) The equivalent dose to the lens of the eye;
    (iii) The equivalent dose to the skin; and
    (iv) The equivalent dose to the extremities.
    (4) * * *
    (i) Committed effective dose;
    (ii) Committed equivalent dose to any organ or tissue of concern; 
and
* * * * *
    (5) * * *
    (i) Total effective dose in a year;
    (ii) For any organ or tissue assigned an internal dose during the 
year, the sum of the equivalent dose to the whole body from external 
exposures and the committed equivalent dose to that organ or tissue; 
and
    (iii) Cumulative total effective dose.
    (6) Include the equivalent dose to the embryo/fetus of a declared 
pregnant worker.
* * * * *


Sec.  835.1001  [Amended]

0
24. Section 835.1001 is amended:
0
a. In paragraph (a), first sentence, remove ``physical design features 
and administrative control'' and add in its place ``engineered and 
administrative controls.''
0
b. In paragraph (b), remove ``physical design features'' and add in its 
place ``engineered controls.''


Sec.  835.1002  [Amended]

0
25. In Sec.  835.1002, in the first sentence of paragraph (b), remove 
``0.5 mrem (5 microsieverts)'' and add in its place ``0.5 millirem (5 
[mu]Sv).''


Sec.  835.1003  [Amended]

0
26. Section 835.1003 is amended in the introductory text by removing 
``physical design features and administrative controls'' and adding in 
its place ``engineered and administrative controls.''


Sec.  835.1202  [Amended]

0
27. In Sec.  835.1202, paragraph (b) is amended by removing 
``microcurie'' and adding in its place ``[mu]Ci.''


Sec.  835.1301  [Amended]

0
28. In Sec.  835.1301, paragraph (d) is amended by removing ``after a 
dose was received'' and adding in its place ``which have been suspended 
as a result of a dose.''

0
29. Appendix A of part 835 is revised to read as follows:

Appendix A to Part 835--Derived Air Concentrations (DAC) for 
Controlling Radiation Exposure to Workers at DOE Facilities

    The data presented in appendix A are to be used for controlling 
individual internal doses in accordance with Sec.  835.209, 
identifying the need for air monitoring in accordance with Sec.  
835.403, and identifying and posting airborne radioactivity areas in 
accordance with Sec.  835.603(d).
    The DAC values are given for individual radionuclides. For known 
mixtures of radionuclides, determine the sum of the ratio of the 
observed concentration of a particular radionuclide and its 
corresponding DAC for all radionuclides in the mixture. If this sum 
exceeds unity (1), then the DAC has been exceeded. For unknown 
radionuclides, the most restrictive DAC (lowest value) for those 
isotopes not known to be absent shall be used. For any single 
radionuclide not listed in appendix A with decay mode other than 
alpha emission or spontaneous fission and with radioactive half-life 
greater than two hours, the DAC value shall be 4 E-11 [mu]Ci/mL (1 
Bq/m\3\). For any single radionuclide not listed in appendix A that 
decays by alpha emission or spontaneous fission the DAC value shall 
be 2 E-13 [mu]Ci/mL (8 E-03 Bq/m\3\).
    The DACs for limiting radiation exposures through inhalation of 
radionuclides by workers are listed in this appendix. The values are 
based on either a stochastic (committed effective dose) dose limit 
of 5 rems (0.05 Sv) or a deterministic (organ or tissue) dose limit 
of 50 rems (0.5 Sv) per year, whichever is more limiting.

    Note: the 15 rems (0.15 Sv) dose limit for the lens of the eye 
does not appear as a critical organ dose limit.

    The columns in this appendix contain the following information: 
(1) Radionuclide; (2) inhaled air DAC for type F (fast), type M 
(moderate), and type S (slow) materials in units of [mu]Ci/mL; (3) 
inhaled air DAC for type F (fast), type M (moderate), and type S 
(slow) materials in units of Bq/m\3\; (4) an indication of whether 
or not the DAC for each class is controlled by the stochastic 
(effective dose) or deterministic (organ or tissue) dose. The 
absorption types (F, M, and S) have been established to describe the 
absorption type of the materials from the respiratory tract into the 
blood. The range of half-times for the absorption types correspond 
to: Type F, 100% at 10 minutes; Type M, 10% at 10 minutes and 90% at 
140 days; and Type S 0.1% at 10 minutes and 99.9% at 7000 days. The 
DACs are listed by radionuclide, in order of increasing atomic mass, 
and are based on the assumption that the particle size distribution 
of 5 micrometers AMAD is used. For situations where the particle 
size distribution is known to differ significantly from 5 
micrometers AMAD, appropriate corrections may be made to both the 
estimated dose to workers and the DACs.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                Absorption type \3\                                Absorption type \3\                   Stochastic or
                                ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  organ or tissue
          Radionuclide                               [mu]Ci/mL                                           Bq/m \3\                             \1\
                                ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                        F                M                S                F                M                S              (F/M/S)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
H-3 (Water) \2\................  2 E-05           2 E-05           2 E-05           7 E+05           7 E+05           7 E+05           St/St/St

[[Page 31928]]

 
H-3 (Elemental) \2\............  2 E-01           2 E-01           2 E-01           9 E+09           9 E+09           9 E+09           St/St/St
STCs (Insoluble) \4\...........  1 E-05           6 E-06           2 E-06           3 E+05           2 E+05           8 E+04           St/St/St
STCs (Soluble).................  1 E-05           1 E-05           1 E-05           5 E+05           5 E+05           5 E+05           St/St/St
Be-7...........................   -               1 E-05           1 E-05            -               4 E+05           4 E+05           /St/St
Be-10..........................   -               8 E-08           2 E-08            -               3 E+03           1 E+03           /St/St
C-11 (Vapor) \2\...............   -               1 E-04            -                -               6 E+06            -               /St/
C-11 (CO) \2\..................  4 E-04           4 E-04           4 E-04           1 E+07           1 E+07           1 E+07           St/St/St
C-11 (CO2) \2\.................  2 E-04           2 E-04           2 E-04           9 E+06           9 E+06           9 E+06           St/St/St
C-14 (Vapor) \2\...............   -               9 E-07            -                -               3 E+04            -               /St/
C-14 (CO) \2\..................  7 E-04           7 E-04           7 E-04           2 E+07           2 E+07           2 E+07           St/St/St
C-14 (CO2) \2\.................  8 E-05           8 E-05           8 E-05           3 E+06           3 E+06           3 E+06           St/St/St
F-18...........................  4 E-06           3 E-06           3 E-06           1 E+05           1 E+05           1 E+05           ET/ET/ET
Na-22..........................  2 E-07            -                -               1 E+04            -                -               E/ /
Na-24..........................  4 E-07            -                -               1 E+04            -                -               ET/ /
Mg-28..........................  3 E-07           3 E-07            -               1 E+04           1 E+04            -               ET/St/
Al-26..........................  4 E-08           4 E-08            -               1 E+03           1 E+03            -               St/St/
Si-31..........................  9 E-06           5 E-06           5 E-06           3 E+05           1 E+05           1 E+05           ET/St/St
Si-32..........................  1 E-07           5 E-08           1 E-08           5 E+03           2 E+03           3 E+02           St/St/St
P-32...........................  5 E-07           1 E-07            -               1 E+04           7 E+03            -               St/St/
P-33...........................  4 E-06           4 E-07            -               1 E+05           1 E+04            -               St/St/
S-35 (Vapor)...................   -               4 E-06            -                -               1 E+05            -               /St/
S-35...........................  7 E-06           5 E-07            -               2 E+05           1 E+04            -               St/St/
Cl-36..........................  1 E-06           1 E-07            -               4 E+04           4 E+03            -               St/St/
Cl-38..........................  7 E-06           5 E-06            -               2 E+05           2 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Cl-39..........................  2 E-06           4 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05            -               ET/ET/
K-40...........................  1 E-07            -                -               6 E+03            -                -               St/ /
K-42...........................  2 E-06            -                -               1 E+05            -                -               E/ /
K-43...........................  9 E-07            -                -               3 E+04            -                -               ET/ /
K-44...........................  8 E-06            -                -               2 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
K-45...........................  9 E-06            -                -               3 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
Ca-41..........................   -               2 E-06            -                -               8 E+04            -               /BS/
Ca-45..........................   -               2 E-07            -                -               9 E+03            -               /St/
Ca-47..........................   -               2 E-07            -                -               9 E+03            -               /St/
Sc-43..........................   -                -               2 E-06            -                -               7 E+04           / /ET
Sc-44m.........................   -                -               2 E-07            -                -               1 E+04           / /St
Sc-44..........................   -                -               1 E-06            -                -               4 E+04           / /ET
Sc-46..........................   -                -               1 E-07            -                -               4 E+03           / /St
Sc-47..........................   -                -               7 E-07            -                -               2 E+04           / /St
Sc-48..........................   -                -               2 E-07            -                -               1 E+04           / /ET
Sc-49..........................   -                -               8 E-06            -                -               3 E+05           / /ET
Ti-44..........................  7 E-09           2 E-08           9 E-09           2 E+02           7 E+02           3 E+02           St/St/St
Ti-45..........................  3 E-06           2 E-06           2 E-06           1 E+05           1 E+05           1 E+05           ET/ET/ET
V-47...........................  8 E-06           6 E-06            -               3 E+05           2 E+05            -               ET/ET/
V-48...........................  2 E-07           2 E-07            -               9 E+03           7 E+03            -               ET/St/
V-49...........................  1 E-05           2 E-05            -               7 E+05           9 E+05            -               BS/St/
Cr-48..........................  2 E-06           2 E-06           2 E-06           8 E+04           8 E+04           8 E+04           ET/ET/ET
Cr-49..........................  7 E-06           5 E-06           5 E-06           2 E+05           2 E+05           2 E+05           ET/ET/ET
Cr-51..........................  1 E-05           1 E-05           1 E-05           6 E+05           6 E+05           5 E+05           St/St/St
Mn-51..........................  7 E-06           5 E-06            -               2 E+05           2 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Mn-52m.........................  7 E-06           5 E-06            -               2 E+05           2 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Mn-52..........................  2 E-07           2 E-07            -               8 E+03           8 E+03            -               ET/ET/
Mn-53..........................  5 E-06           1 E-05            -               2 E+05           5 E+05            -               BS/St/
Mn-54..........................  5 E-07           4 E-07            -               1 E+04           1 E+04            -               St/St/
Mn-56..........................  2 E-06           2 E-06            -               9 E+04           8 E+04            -               ET/ET/
Fe-52..........................  6 E-07           5 E-07            -               2 E+04           2 E+04            -               ET/E/
Fe-55..........................  6 E-07           1 E-06            -               2 E+04           6 E+04            -               St/St/
Fe-59..........................  1 E-07           1 E-07            -               6 E+03           6 E+03            -               St/St/
Fe-60..........................  1 E-09           4 E-09            -               6 E+01           1 E+02            -               St/St/
Co-55..........................   -               5 E-07           5 E-07            -               2 E+04           2 E+04           /ET/ET
Co-56..........................   -               1 E-07           1 E-07            -               5 E+03           4 E+03           /St/St
Co-57..........................   -               1 E-06           9 E-07            -               5 E+04           3 E+04           /St/St
Co-58m.........................   -               3 E-05           3 E-05            -               1 E+06           1 E+06           /St/St
Co-58..........................   -               4 E-07           3 E-07            -               1 E+04           1 E+04           /St/St
Co-60m.........................   -               4 E-04           4 E-04            -               1 E+07           1 E+07           /St/St
Co-60..........................   -               7 E-08           3 E-08            -               2 E+03           1 E+03           /St/St
Co-61..........................   -               6 E-06           6 E-06            -               2 E+05           2 E+05           /ET/ET
Co-62m.........................   -               7 E-06           6 E-06            -               2 E+05           2 E+05           /ET/ET
Ni-56 (Inorg)..................  4 E-07           4 E-07            -               1 E+04           1 E+04            -               ET/ET/
Ni-56 (Carbonyl)...............   -               4 E-07            -                -               1 E+04            -               /St/
Ni-57 (Inorg)..................  5 E-07           5 E-07            -               2 E+04           2 E+04            -               ET/ET/

[[Page 31929]]

 
Ni-57 (Carbonyl)...............   -               7 E-07            -                -               2 E+04            -               /ET/
Ni-59 (Inorg)..................  2 E-06           5 E-06            -               9 E+04           2 E+05            -               St/St/
Ni-59 (Carbonyl)...............   -               6 E-07            -                -               2 E+04            -               /St/
Ni-63 (Inorg)..................  1 E-06           1 E-06            -               4 E+04           6 E+04            -               St/St/
Ni-63 (Carbonyl)...............   -               2 E-07            -                -               1 E+04            -               /St/
Ni-65 (Inorg)..................  5 E-06           4 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Ni-65 (Carbonyl)...............   -               8 E-07            -                -               3 E+04            -               /ET/
Ni-66 (Inorg)..................  7 E-07           2 E-07            -               2 E+04           1 E+04            -               St/St/
Ni-66 (Carbonyl)...............   -               2 E-07            -                -               1 E+04            -               /ET/
Cu-60..........................  5 E-06           4 E-06           4 E-06           1 E+05           1 E+05           1 E+05           ET/ET/ET
Cu-61..........................  3 E-06           3 E-06           3 E-06           1 E+05           1 E+05           1 E+05           ET/ET/ET
Cu-64..........................  4 E-06           3 E-06           3 E-06           1 E+05           1 E+05           1 E+05           ET/E/E
Cu-67..........................  2 E-06           1 E-06           9 E-07           8 E+04           3 E+04           3 E+04           ET/St/St
Zn-62..........................   -                -               8 E-07            -                -               3 E+04           / /St
Zn-63..........................   -                -               5 E-06            -                -               2 E+05           / /ET
Zn-65..........................   -                -               2 E-07            -                -               7 E+03           / /St
Zn-69m.........................   -                -               1 E-06            -                -               6 E+04           / /St
Zn-69..........................   -                -               7 E-06            -                -               2 E+05           / /ET
Zn-71m.........................   -                -               1 E-06            -                -               5 E+04           / /ET
Zn-72..........................   -                -               3 E-07            -                -               1 E+04           / /St
Ga-65..........................  1 E-05           9 E-06            -               4 E+05           3 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Ga-66..........................  8 E-07           7 E-07            -               3 E+04           2 E+04            -               ET/St/
Ga-67..........................  3 E-06           2 E-06            -               1 E+05           7 E+04            -               ET/St/
Ga-68..........................  6 E-06           4 E-06            -               2 E+05           1 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Ga-70..........................  1 E-05           1 E-05            -               6 E+05           4 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Ga-72..........................  5 E-07           5 E-07            -               2 E+04           2 E+04            -               ET/ET/
Ga-73..........................  4 E-06           2 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05            -               ET/St/
Ge-66..........................  2 E-06           2 E-06            -               9 E+04           9 E+04            -               ET/ET/
Ge-67..........................  1 E-05           7 E-06            -               3 E+05           2 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Ge-68..........................  6 E-07           7 E-08            -               2 E+04           2 E+03            -               ET/St/
Ge-69..........................  1 E-06           1 E-06            -               3 E+04           3 E+04            -               ET/ET/
Ge-71..........................  5 E-05           5 E-05            -               2 E+06           1 E+06            -               ET/E/
Ge-75..........................  1 E-05           7 E-06            -               4 E+05           2 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Ge-77..........................  1 E-06           1 E-06            -               4 E+04           4 E+04            -               ET/ET/
Ge-78..........................  3 E-06           3 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05            -               ET/ET/
As-69..........................   -               9 E-06            -                -               3 E+05            -               /ET/
As-70..........................   -               2 E-06            -                -               8 E+04            -               /ET/
As-71..........................   -               1 E-06            -                -               4 E+04            -               /St/
As-72..........................   -               4 E-07            -                -               1 E+04            -               /St/
As-73..........................   -               8 E-07            -                -               3 E+04            -               /St/
As-74..........................   -               3 E-07            -                -               1 E+04            -               /St/
As-76..........................   -               6 E-07            -                -               2 E+04            -               /St/
As-77..........................   -               1 E-06            -                -               4 E+04            -               /St/
As-78..........................   -               3 E-06            -                -               1 E+05            -               /ET/
Se-70..........................  2 E-06           2 E-06            -               1 E+05           9 E+04            -               ET/ET/
Se-73m.........................  1 E-05           1 E-05            -               5 E+05           4 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Se-73..........................  1 E-06           1 E-06            -               6 E+04           5 E+04            -               ET/ET/
Se-75..........................  4 E-07           3 E-07            -               1 E+04           1 E+04            -               St/St/
Se-79..........................  3 E-07           1 E-07            -               1 E+04           6 E+03            -               K/St/
Se-81m.........................  1 E-05           6 E-06            -               3 E+05           2 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Se-81..........................  1 E-05           1 E-05            -               6 E+05           4 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Se-83..........................  6 E-06           5 E-06            -               2 E+05           1 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Br-74m.........................  3 E-06           2 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Br-74..........................  4 E-06           4 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Br-75..........................  4 E-06           3 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Br-76..........................  5 E-07           5 E-07            -               2 E+04           2 E+04            -               ET/ET/
Br-77..........................  2 E-06           2 E-06            -               7 E+04           7 E+04            -               ET/ET/
Br-80m.........................  6 E-06           5 E-06            -               2 E+05           2 E+05            -               ET/St/
Br-80..........................  3 E-05           2 E-05            -               1 E+06           7 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Br-82..........................  3 E-07           3 E-07            -               1 E+04           1 E+04            -               ET/ET/
Br-83..........................  9 E-06           6 E-06            -               3 E+05           2 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Br-84..........................  7 E-06           5 E-06            -               2 E+05           2 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Rb-79..........................  8 E-06            -                -               2 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
Rb-81m.........................  1 E-05            -                -               6 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
Rb-81..........................  2 E-06            -                -               1 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
Rb-82m.........................  8 E-07            -                -               3 E+04            -                -               ET/ /
Rb-83..........................  5 E-07            -                -               2 E+04            -                -               St/ /
Rb-84..........................  3 E-07            -                -               1 E+04            -                -               St/ /
Rb-86..........................  4 E-07            -                -               1 E+04            -                -               St/ /
Rb-87..........................  7 E-07            -                -               2 E+04            -                -               St/ /

[[Page 31930]]

 
Rb-88..........................  1 E-05            -                -               5 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
Rb-89..........................  1 E-05            -                -               3 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
Sr-80..........................  3 E-06            -               2 E-06           1 E+05            -               9 E+04           ET/ /St
Sr-81..........................  7 E-06            -               5 E-06           2 E+05            -               2 E+05           ET/ /ET
Sr-82..........................  1 E-07            -               7 E-08           6 E+03            -               2 E+03           St/ /St
Sr-83..........................  1 E-06            -               9 E-07           3 E+04            -               3 E+04           ET/ /ET
Sr-85m.........................  4 E-05            -               3 E-05           1 E+06            -               1 E+06           ET/ /ET
Sr-85..........................  1 E-06            -               8 E-07           3 E+04            -               3 E+04           St/ /St
Sr-87m.........................  1 E-05            -               9 E-06           4 E+05            -               3 E+05           ET/ /ET
Sr-89..........................  4 E-07            -               1 E-07           1 E+04            -               3 E+03           St/ /St
Sr-90..........................  1 E-08            -               7 E-09           4 E+02            -               2 E+02           BS/ /St
Sr-91..........................  1 E-06            -               9 E-07           5 E+04            -               3 E+04           ET/ /St
Sr-92..........................  2 E-06            -               1 E-06           8 E+04            -               6 E+04           ET/ /St
Y-86m..........................   -               7 E-06           6 E-06            -               2 E+05           2 E+05           /ET/ET
Y-86...........................   -               4 E-07           4 E-07            -               1 E+04           1 E+04           /ET/ET
Y-87...........................   -               9 E-07           8 E-07            -               3 E+04           3 E+04           /ET/ET
Y-88...........................   -               1 E-07           1 E-07            -               6 E+03           6 E+03           /St/St
Y-90m..........................   -               4 E-06           4 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05           /St/St
Y-90...........................   -               3 E-07           3 E-07            -               1 E+04           1 E+04           /St/St
Y-91m..........................   -               2 E-05           2 E-05            -               7 E+05           7 E+05           /ET/ET
Y-91...........................   -               1 E-07           9 E-08            -               4 E+03           3 E+03           /St/St
Y-92...........................   -               2 E-06           2 E-06            -               7 E+04           7 E+04           /St/St
Y-93...........................   -               9 E-07           9 E-07            -               3 E+04           3 E+04           /St/St
Y-94...........................   -               8 E-06           8 E-06            -               3 E+05           3 E+05           /ET/ET
Y-95...........................   -               1 E-05           1 E-05            -               4 E+05           4 E+05           /ET/ET
Zr-86..........................  5 E-07           5 E-07           5 E-07           2 E+04           2 E+04           2 E+04           ET/ET/ET
Zr-88..........................  1 E-07           3 E-07           3 E-07           5 E+03           1 E+04           1 E+04           St/St/St
Zr-89..........................  6 E-07           6 E-07           6 E-07           2 E+04           2 E+04           2 E+04           ET/ET/ET
Zr-93..........................  3 E-09           1 E-08           1 E-07           1 E+02           6 E+02           5 E+03           BS/BS/BS
Zr-95..........................  9 E-08           1 E-07           1 E-07           3 E+03           5 E+03           4 E+03           BS/St/St
Zr-97..........................  7 E-07           4 E-07           4 E-07           2 E+04           1 E+04           1 E+04           ET/St/St
Nb-88..........................   -               5 E-06           5 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05           /ET/ET
Nb-89 (66 min).................   -               3 E-06           3 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05           /ET/ET
Nb-89 (122 min)................   -               2 E-06           2 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05           /ET/ET
Nb-90..........................   -               3 E-07           3 E-07            -               1 E+04           1 E+04           /ET/ET
Nb-93m.........................   -               1 E-06           6 E-07            -               7 E+04           2 E+04           /St/St
Nb-94..........................   -               7 E-08           2 E-08            -               2 E+03           8 E+02           /St/St
Nb-95m.........................   -               7 E-07           6 E-07            -               2 E+04           2 E+04           /St/St
Nb-95..........................   -               4 E-07           4 E-07            -               1 E+04           1 E+04           /St/St
Nb-96..........................   -               4 E-07           4 E-07            -               1 E+04           1 E+04           /ET/ET
Nb-97..........................   -               5 E-06           5 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05           /ET/ET
Nb-98..........................   -               3 E-06           3 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05           /ET/ET
Mo-90..........................  8 E-07            -               7 E-07           3 E+04            -               2 E+04           ET/ /ET
Mo-93m.........................  1 E-06            -               1 E-06           3 E+04            -               3 E+04           ET/ /ET
Mo-93..........................  2 E-07            -               4 E-07           7 E+03            -               1 E+04           BS/ /St
Mo-99..........................  1 E-06            -               5 E-07           5 E+04            -               1 E+04           E/ /St
Mo-101.........................  8 E-06            -               6 E-06           3 E+05            -               2 E+05           ET/ /ET
Tc-93m.........................  8 E-06           7 E-06            -               3 E+05           2 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Tc-93..........................  3 E-06           3 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Tc-94m.........................  5 E-06           4 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Tc-94..........................  1 E-06           1 E-06            -               4 E+04           3 E+04            -               ET/ET/
Tc-95m.........................  8 E-07           6 E-07            -               3 E+04           2 E+04            -               ET/St/
Tc-95..........................  1 E-06           1 E-06            -               5 E+04           5 E+04            -               ET/ET/
Tc-96m.........................  2 E-05           2 E-05            -               1 E+06           1 E+06            -               ET/ET/
Tc-96..........................  3 E-07           3 E-07            -               1 E+04           1 E+04            -               ET/ET/
Tc-97m.........................  1 E-06           2 E-07            -               5 E+04           7 E+03            -               St/St/
Tc-97..........................  4 E-06           3 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05            -               ET/St/
Tc-98..........................  3 E-07           9 E-08            -               1 E+04           3 E+03            -               St/St/
Tc-99m.........................  1 E-05           1 E-05            -               5 E+05           4 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Tc-99..........................  1 E-06           1 E-07            -               5 E+04           6 E+03            -               St/St/
Tc-101.........................  1 E-05           1 E-05            -               6 E+05           4 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Tc-104.........................  9 E-06           7 E-06            -               3 E+05           2 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Ru-94..........................  5 E-06           5 E-06           5 E-06           2 E+05           1 E+05           1 E+05           ET/ET/ET
Ru-97..........................  2 E-06           2 E-06           2 E-06           8 E+04           8 E+04           8 E+04           ET/ET/ET
Ru-103.........................  8 E-07           2 E-07           2 E-07           3 E+04           1 E+04           9 E+03           St/St/St
Ru-105.........................  2 E-06           2 E-06           2 E-06           9 E+04           8 E+04           8 E+04           ET/ET/ET
Ru-106.........................  5 E-08           3 E-08           1 E-08           2 E+03           1 E+03           5 E+02           St/St/St
Rh-99m.........................  3 E-06           3 E-06           3 E-06           1 E+05           1 E+05           1 E+05           ET/ET/ET
Rh-99..........................  8 E-07           6 E-07           6 E-07           3 E+04           2 E+04           2 E+04           ET/St/St
Rh-100.........................  5 E-07           5 E-07           5 E-07           1 E+04           1 E+04           1 E+04           ET/ET/ET

[[Page 31931]]

 
Rh-101m........................  1 E-06           1 E-06           1 E-06           6 E+04           6 E+04           6 E+04           ET/ET/ET
Rh-101.........................  3 E-07           3 E-07           1 E-07           1 E+04           1 E+04           6 E+03           St/St/St
Rh-102m........................  2 E-07           2 E-07           1 E-07           1 E+04           7 E+03           4 E+03           St/St/St
Rh-102.........................  6 E-08           1 E-07           6 E-08           2 E+03           4 E+03           2 E+03           St/St/St
Rh-103m........................  4 E-04           2 E-04           2 E-04           1 E+07           8 E+06           8 E+06           St/St/St
Rh-105.........................  3 E-06           1 E-06           1 E-06           1 E+05           5 E+04           4 E+04           ET/St/St
Rh-106m........................  1 E-06           1 E-06           1 E-06           6 E+04           5 E+04           5 E+04           ET/ET/ET
Rh-107.........................  1 E-05           9 E-06           9 E-06           5 E+05           3 E+05           3 E+05           ET/ET/ET
Pd-100.........................  5 E-07           5 E-07           5 E-07           2 E+04           2 E+04           2 E+04           ET/ET/ET
Pd-101.........................  3 E-06           3 E-06           3 E-06           1 E+05           1 E+05           1 E+05           ET/ET/ET
Pd-103.........................  4 E-06           1 E-06           1 E-06           1 E+05           6 E+04           7 E+04           E/St/St
Pd-107.........................  1 E-05           1 E-05           1 E-06           5 E+05           4 E+05           7 E+04           K/St/St
Pd-109.........................  2 E-06           1 E-06           1 E-06           9 E+04           4 E+04           4 E+04           St/St/St
Ag-102.........................  9 E-06           7 E-06           7 E-06           3 E+05           2 E+05           2 E+05           ET/ET/ET
Ag-103.........................  8 E-06           7 E-06           7 E-06           3 E+05           2 E+05           2 E+05           ET/ET/ET
Ag-104m........................  8 E-06           6 E-06           6 E-06           2 E+05           2 E+05           2 E+05           ET/ET/ET
Ag-104.........................  3 E-06           3 E-06           3 E-06           1 E+05           1 E+05           1 E+05           ET/ET/ET
Ag-105.........................  7 E-07           8 E-07           7 E-07           2 E+04           2 E+04           2 E+04           St/St/St
Ag-106m........................  2 E-07           2 E-07           2 E-07           9 E+03           9 E+03           9 E+03           ET/ET/ET
Ag-106.........................  1 E-05           1 E-05           1 E-05           5 E+05           4 E+05           4 E+05           ET/ET/ET
Ag-108m........................  7 E-08           1 E-07           2 E-08           2 E+03           4 E+03           1 E+03           St/St/St
Ag-110m........................  8 E-08           9 E-08           7 E-08           3 E+03           3 E+03           2 E+03           St/St/St
Ag-111.........................  9 E-07           3 E-07           3 E-07           3 E+04           1 E+04           1 E+04           St/St/St
Ag-112.........................  4 E-06           2 E-06           2 E-06           1 E+05           8 E+04           8 E+04           E/St/St
Ag-115.........................  1 E-05           8 E-06           8 E-06           4 E+05           3 E+05           3 E+05           ET/ET/ET
Cd-104.........................  4 E-06           4 E-06           4 E-06           1 E+05           1 E+05           1 E+05           ET/ET/ET
Cd-107.........................  5 E-06           5 E-06           4 E-06           2 E+05           1 E+05           1 E+05           ET/ET/ET
Cd-109.........................  2 E-08           9 E-08           1 E-07           9 E+02           3 E+03           4 E+03           K/K/St
Cd-113m........................  1 E-09           6 E-09           1 E-08           6 E+01           2 E+02           6 E+02           K/K/K
Cd-113.........................  1 E-09           5 E-09           1 E-08           5 E+01           2 E+02           5 E+02           K/K/K
Cd-115m........................  3 E-08           1 E-07           1 E-07           1 E+03           3 E+03           3 E+03           K/St/St
Cd-115.........................  9 E-07           4 E-07           4 E-07           3 E+04           1 E+04           1 E+04           K/St/St
Cd-117m........................  1 E-06           1 E-06           1 E-06           4 E+04           4 E+04           4 E+04           ET/ET/ET
Cd-117.........................  2 E-06           2 E-06           2 E-06           8 E+04           7 E+04           7 E+04           ET/ET/ET
In-109.........................  4 E-06           4 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05            -               ET/ET/
In-110 (69 min)................  5 E-06           4 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05            -               ET/ET/
In-110 (5 h)...................  9 E-07           9 E-07            -               3 E+04           3 E+04            -               ET/ET/
In-111.........................  1 E-06           1 E-06            -               5 E+04           5 E+04            -               ET/ET/
In-112.........................  2 E-05           1 E-05            -               9 E+05           6 E+05            -               ET/ET/
In-113m........................  1 E-05           1 E-05            -               4 E+05           3 E+05            -               ET/ET/
In-114m........................  5 E-08           9 E-08            -               1 E+03           3 E+03            -               St/St/
In-115m........................  6 E-06           5 E-06            -               2 E+05           2 E+05            -               ET/ET/
In-115.........................  1 E-09           5 E-09            -               4 E+01           1 E+02            -               St/St/
In-116m........................  4 E-06           3 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05            -               ET/ET/
In-117m........................  5 E-06           4 E-06            -               2 E+05           1 E+05            -               ET/ET/
In-117.........................  7 E-06           5 E-06            -               2 E+05           2 E+05            -               ET/ET/
In-119m........................  1 E-05           1 E-05            -               6 E+05           4 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Sn-110.........................  1 E-06           1 E-06            -               6 E+04           6 E+04            -               ET/ET/
Sn-111.........................  1 E-05           1 E-05            -               6 E+05           5 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Sn-113.........................  7 E-07           2 E-07            -               2 E+04           1 E+04            -               St/St/
Sn-117m........................  8 E-07           2 E-07            -               3 E+04           9 E+03            -               BS/St/
Sn-119m........................  1 E-06           3 E-07            -               5 E+04           1 E+04            -               St/St/
Sn-121m........................  5 E-07           1 E-07            -               2 E+04           6 E+03            -               St/St/
Sn-121.........................  4 E-06           2 E-06            -               1 E+05           7 E+04            -               ET/St/
Sn-123m........................  1 E-05           7 E-06            -               4 E+05           2 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Sn-123.........................  3 E-07           1 E-07            -               1 E+04           3 E+03            -               St/St/
Sn-125.........................  4 E-07           2 E-07            -               1 E+04           7 E+03            -               St/St/
Sn-126.........................  4 E-08           3 E-08            -               1 E+03           1 E+03            -               St/St/
Sn-127.........................  2 E-06           2 E-06            -               9 E+04           7 E+04            -               ET/ET/
Sn-128.........................  2 E-06           2 E-06            -               1 E+05           8 E+04            -               ET/ET/
Sb-115.........................  1 E-05           1 E-05            -               5 E+05           4 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Sb-116m........................  3 E-06           2 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Sb-116.........................  1 E-05           1 E-05            -               4 E+05           3 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Sb-117.........................  1 E-05           1 E-05            -               4 E+05           3 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Sb-118m........................  1 E-06           1 E-06            -               4 E+04           4 E+04            -               ET/ET/
Sb-119.........................  6 E-06           6 E-06            -               2 E+05           2 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Sb-120 (16 min)................  2 E-05           2 E-05            -               1 E+06           7 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Sb-120 (6 d)...................  3 E-07           3 E-07            -               1 E+04           1 E+04            -               ET/ET/
Sb-122.........................  8 E-07           4 E-07            -               3 E+04           1 E+04            -               St/St/
Sb-124m........................  4 E-05           3 E-05            -               1 E+06           1 E+06            -               ET/ET/

[[Page 31932]]

 
Sb-124.........................  2 E-07           1 E-07            -               1 E+04           4 E+03            -               St/St/
Sb-125.........................  2 E-07           1 E-07            -               7 E+03           6 E+03            -               BS/St/
Sb-126m........................  1 E-05           7 E-06            -               3 E+05           2 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Sb-126.........................  2 E-07           1 E-07            -               9 E+03           6 E+03            -               ET/St/
Sb-127.........................  7 E-07           3 E-07            -               2 E+04           1 E+04            -               E/St/
Sb-128 (9 h)...................  5 E-07           5 E-07            -               2 E+04           2 E+04            -               ET/ET/
Sb-128 (10 min)................  1 E-05           9 E-06            -               4 E+05           3 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Sb-129.........................  1 E-06           1 E-06            -               6 E+04           5 E+04            -               ET/ET/
Sb-130.........................  3 E-06           2 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Sb-131.........................  6 E-06           4 E-06            -               2 E+05           1 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Te-116 (Vapor).................   -               6 E-06            -                -               2 E+05            -               /St /
Te-116.........................  2 E-06           2 E-06            -               8 E+04           7 E+04            -               ET/ET/
Te-121m (Vapor)................   -               4 E-08            -                -               1 E+03            -               /BS/
Te-121m........................  1 E-07           1 E-07            -               4 E+03           5 E+03            -               BS/St/
Te-121 (Vapor).................   -               1 E-06            -                -               4 E+04            -               /St /
Te-121.........................  1 E-06           1 E-06            -               3 E+04           3 E+04            -               ET/ET/
Te-123m (Vapor)................   -               5 E-08            -                -               2 E+03            -               /BS/
Te-123m........................  1 E-07           1 E-07            -               4 E+03           6 E+03            -               BS/St/
Te-123 (Vapor).................   -               1 E-08            -                -               4 E+02            -               /BS/
Te-123.........................  2 E-08           5 E-08            -               1 E+03           1 E+03            -               BS/BS/
Te-125m (Vapor)................   -               1 E-07            -                -               3 E+03            -               /BS/
Te-125m........................  2 E-07           1 E-07            -               9 E+03           7 E+03            -               BS/St/
Te-127m (Vapor)................   -               6 E-08            -                -               2 E+03            -               /BS/
Te-127m........................  1 E-07           9 E-08            -               5 E+03           3 E+03            -               BS/St/
Te-127 (Vapor).................   -               7 E-06            -                -               2 E+05            -               /St/
Te-127.........................  5 E-06           3 E-06            -               2 E+05           1 E+05            -               ET/St/
Te-129m (Vapor)................   -               1 E-07            -                -               5 E+03            -               /St/
Te-129m........................  3 E-07           1 E-07            -               1 E+04           3 E+03            -               St/St/
Te-129 (Vapor).................   -               1 E-05            -                -               5 E+05            -               /St/
Te-129.........................  1 E-05           7 E-06            -               4 E+05           2 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Te-131m (Vapor)................   -               1 E-07            -                -               5 E+03            -               /T/
Te-131m........................  3 E-07           3 E-07            -               1 E+04           1 E+04            -               T/St/
Te-131 (Vapor).................   -               6 E-06            -                -               2 E+05            -               /T/
Te-131.........................  1 E-05           7 E-06            -               4 E+05           2 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Te-132 (Vapor).................   -               7 E-08            -                -               2 E+03            -               /T/
Te-132.........................  1 E-07           1 E-07            -               6 E+03           6 E+03            -               T/St/
Te-133m (Vapor)................   -               1 E-06            -                -               6 E+04            -               /T/
Te-133m........................  3 E-06           2 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05            -               T/ET/
Te-133 (Vapor).................   -               7 E-06            -                -               2 E+05            -               /T/
Te-133.........................  1 E-05           9 E-06            -               4 E+05           3 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Te-134 (Vapor).................   -               6 E-06            -                -               2 E+05            -               /St/
Te-134.........................  3 E-06           2 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05            -               ET/ET/
I-120m (Methyl)................  4 E-06            -                -               1 E+05            -                -               T/ /
I-120m (Vapor).................   -               3 E-06            -                -               1 E+05            -               /St /
I-120m.........................  2 E-06            -                -               8 E+04            -                -               ET/ /
I-120 (Methyl).................  1 E-06            -                -               6 E+04            -                -               T/ /
I-120 (Vapor)..................   -               1 E-06            -                -               5 E+04            -               /T/
I-120..........................  2 E-06            -                -               1 E+05            -                -               E/ /
I-121 (Methyl).................  5 E-06            -                -               2 E+05            -                -               T/ /
I-121 (Vapor)..................   -               4 E-06            -                -               1 E+05            -               /T/
I-121..........................  8 E-06            -                -               3 E+05            -                -               T/ /
I-123 (Methyl).................  1 E-06            -                -               7 E+04            -                -               T/ /
I-123 (Vapor)..................   -               1 E-06            -                -               5 E+04            -               /T/
I-123..........................  2 E-06            -                -               1 E+05            -                -               T/ /
I-124 (Methyl).................  3 E-08            -                -               1 E+03            -                -               T/ /
I-124 (Vapor)..................   -               2 E-08            -                -               9 E+02            -               /T/
I-124..........................  4 E-08            -                -               1 E+03            -                -               T/ /
I-125 (Methyl).................  2 E-08            -                -               9 E+02            -                -               T/ /
I-125 (Vapor)..................   -               2 E-08            -                -               7 E+02            -               /T/
I-125..........................  3 E-08            -                -               1 E+03            -                -               T/ /
I-126 (Methyl).................  1 E-08            -                -               5 E+02            -                -               T/ /
I-126 (Vapor)..................   -               1 E-08            -                -               4 E+02            -               /T/
I-126..........................  2 E-08            -                -               7 E+02            -                -               T/ /
I-128 (Methyl).................  3 E-05            -                -               1 E+06            -                -               T/ /
I-128 (Vapor)..................   -               8 E-06            -                -               3 E+05            -               /St/
I-128..........................  1 E-05            -                -               6 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
I-129 (Methyl).................  3 E-09            -                -               1 E+02            -                -               T/ /
I-129 (Vapor)..................   -               2 E-09            -                -               1 E+02            -               /T/
I-129..........................  5 E-09            -                -               2 E+02            -                -               T/ /
I-130 (Methyl).................  2 E-07            -                -               7 E+03            -                -               T/ /

[[Page 31933]]

 
I-130 (Vapor)..................   -               1 E-07            -                -               6 E+03            -               /T/
I-130..........................  3 E-07            -                -               1 E+04            -                -               T/ /
I-131 (Methyl).................  1 E-08            -                -               6 E+02            -                -               T/ /
I-131 (Vapor)..................   -               1 E-08            -                -               5 E+02            -               /T/
I-131..........................  2 E-08            -                -               9 E+02            -                -               T/ /
I-132m (Methyl)................  1 E-06            -                -               7 E+04            -                -               T/ /
I-132m (Vapor).................   -               1 E-06            -                -               6 E+04            -               /T/
I-132m.........................  3 E-06            -                -               1 E+05            -                -               T/ /
I-132 (Methyl).................  1 E-06            -                -               6 E+04            -                -               T/ /
I-132 (Vapor)..................   -               1 E-06            -                -               5 E+04            -               /T/
I-132..........................  2 E-06            -                -               7 E+04            -                -               T/ /
I-133 (Methyl).................  9 E-08            -                -               3 E+03            -                -               T/ /
I-133 (Vapor)..................   -               7 E-08            -                -               2 E+03            -               /T/
I-133..........................  1 E-07            -                -               5 E+03            -                -               T/ /
I-134 (Methyl).................  8 E-06            -                -               2 E+05            -                -               T/ /
I-134 (Vapor)..................   -               3 E-06            -                -               1 E+05            -               /St/
I-134..........................  3 E-06            -                -               1 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
I-135 (Methyl).................  4 E-07            -                -               1 E+04            -                -               T/ /
I-135 (Vapor)..................   -               3 E-07            -                -               1 E+04            -               /T/
I-135..........................  6 E-07            -                -               2 E+04            -                -               T/ /
Cs-125.........................  1 E-05            -                -               4 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
Cs-127.........................  4 E-06            -                -               1 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
Cs-129.........................  2 E-06            -                -               9 E+04            -                -               ET/ /
Cs-130.........................  1 E-05            -                -               6 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
Cs-131.........................  7 E-06            -                -               2 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
Cs-132.........................  9 E-07            -                -               3 E+04            -                -               ET/ /
Cs-134m........................  8 E-06            -                -               2 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
Cs-134.........................  5 E-08            -                -               2 E+03            -                -               St/ /
Cs-135m........................  8 E-06            -                -               2 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
Cs-135.........................  5 E-07            -                -               2 E+04            -                -               St/ /
Cs-136.........................  2 E-07            -                -               1 E+04            -                -               E/ /
Cs-137.........................  8 E-08            -                -               3 E+03            -                -               St/ /
Cs-138.........................  5 E-06            -                -               2 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
Ba-126.........................  4 E-06            -                -               1 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
Ba-128.........................  4 E-07            -                -               1 E+04            -                -               St/ /
Ba-131m........................  4 E-05            -                -               1 E+06            -                -               ET/ /
Ba-131.........................  1 E-06            -                -               4 E+04            -                -               ET/ /
Ba-133m........................  2 E-06            -                -               7 E+04            -                -               St/ /
Ba-133.........................  3 E-07            -                -               1 E+04            -                -               St/ /
Ba-135m........................  2 E-06            -                -               9 E+04            -                -               St/ /
Ba-139.........................  1 E-05            -                -               3 E+05            -                -               St/ /
Ba-140.........................  3 E-07            -                -               1 E+04            -                -               St/ /
Ba-141.........................  1 E-05            -                -               4 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
Ba-142.........................  9 E-06            -                -               3 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
La-131.........................  1 E-05           8 E-06            -               4 E+05           3 E+05            -               ET/ET/
La-132.........................  1 E-06           1 E-06            -               5 E+04           5 E+04            -               ET/ET/
La-135.........................  1 E-05           1 E-05            -               4 E+05           4 E+05            -               ET/ET/
La-137.........................  4 E-08           2 E-07            -               1 E+03           8 E+03            -               L/L/
La-138.........................  3 E-09           1 E-08            -               1 E+02           4 E+02            -               St/St/
La-140.........................  4 E-07           3 E-07            -               1 E+04           1 E+04            -               ET/St/
La-141.........................  5 E-06           2 E-06            -               1 E+05           9 E+04            -               St/St/
La-142.........................  2 E-06           2 E-06            -               9 E+04           8 E+04            -               ET/ET/
La-143.........................  1 E-05           1 E-05            -               6 E+05           4 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Ce-134.........................   -               3 E-07           3 E-07            -               1 E+04           1 E+04           /St/St
Ce-135.........................   -               5 E-07           5 E-07            -               2 E+04           2 E+04           /ET/ET
Ce-137m........................   -               1 E-06           9 E-07            -               3 E+04           3 E+04           /St/St
Ce-137.........................   -               1 E-05           1 E-05            -               7 E+05           7 E+05           /ET/ET
Ce-139.........................   -               4 E-07           4 E-07            -               1 E+04           1 E+04           /St/St
Ce-141.........................   -               2 E-07           1 E-07            -               7 E+03           6 E+03           /St/St
Ce-143.........................   -               5 E-07           5 E-07            -               2 E+04           2 E+04           /St/St
Ce-144.........................   -               2 E-08           1 E-08            -               9 E+02           7 E+02           /St/St
Pr-136.........................   -               1 E-05           1 E-05            -               3 E+05           3 E+05           /ET/ET
Pr-137.........................   -               9 E-06           9 E-06            -               3 E+05           3 E+05           /ET/ET
Pr-138m........................   -               2 E-06           2 E-06            -               7 E+04           7 E+04           /ET/ET
Pr-139.........................   -               1 E-05           1 E-05            -               5 E+05           5 E+05           /ET/ET
Pr-142m........................   -               6 E-05           5 E-05            -               2 E+06           2 E+06           /St/St
Pr-142.........................   -               8 E-07           7 E-07            -               2 E+04           2 E+04           /St/St
Pr-143.........................   -               2 E-07           2 E-07            -               1 E+04           9 E+03           /St/St
Pr-144.........................   -               1 E-05           1 E-05            -               4 E+05           4 E+05           /ET/ET
Pr-145.........................   -               2 E-06           2 E-06            -               8 E+04           8 E+04           /St/St

[[Page 31934]]

 
Pr-147.........................   -               9 E-06           9 E-06            -               3 E+05           3 E+05           /ET/ET
Nd-136.........................   -               4 E-06           4 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05           /ET/ET
Nd-138.........................   -               1 E-06           1 E-06            -               5 E+04           5 E+04           /St/St
Nd-139m........................   -               1 E-06           1 E-06            -               5 E+04           5 E+04           /ET/ET
Nd-139.........................   -               1 E-05           1 E-05            -               6 E+05           6 E+05           /ET/ET
Nd-141.........................   -               3 E-05           3 E-05            -               1 E+06           1 E+06           /ET/ET
Nd-147.........................   -               2 E-07           2 E-07            -               1 E+04           9 E+03           /St/St
Nd-149.........................   -               4 E-06           4 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05           /ET/ET
Nd-151.........................   -               9 E-06           9 E-06            -               3 E+05           3 E+05           /ET/ET
Pm-141.........................   -               1 E-05           1 E-05            -               4 E+05           4 E+05           /ET/ET
Pm-143.........................   -               5 E-07           6 E-07            -               2 E+04           2 E+04           /St/St
Pm-144.........................   -               1 E-07           1 E-07            -               3 E+03           5 E+03           /St/St
Pm-145.........................   -               1 E-07           4 E-07            -               5 E+03           1 E+04           /BS/St
Pm-146.........................   -               4 E-08           6 E-08            -               1 E+03           2 E+03           /St/St
Pm-147.........................   -               1 E-07           1 E-07            -               4 E+03           6 E+03           /BS/St
Pm-148m........................   -               1 E-07           1 E-07            -               5 E+03           4 E+03           /St/St
Pm-148.........................   -               2 E-07           2 E-07            -               9 E+03           9 E+03           /St/St
Pm-149.........................   -               7 E-07           6 E-07            -               2 E+04           2 E+04           /St/St
Pm-150.........................   -               2 E-06           2 E-06            -               8 E+04           8 E+04           /ET/ET
Pm-151.........................   -               9 E-07           8 E-07            -               3 E+04           3 E+04           /St/St
Sm-141m........................   -               5 E-06            -                -               2 E+05            -               /ET/
Sm-141.........................   -               1 E-05            -                -               4 E+05            -               /ET/
Sm-142.........................   -               4 E-06            -                -               1 E+05            -               /ET/
Sm-145.........................   -               4 E-07            -                -               1 E+04            -               /BS/
Sm-146.........................   -               2 E-11            -                -               1 E+00            -               /BS/
Sm-147.........................   -               2 E-11            -                -               1 E+00            -               /BS/
Sm-151.........................   -               7 E-08            -                -               2 E+03            -               /BS/
Sm-153.........................   -               8 E-07            -                -               3 E+04            -               /St/
Sm-155.........................   -               1 E-05            -                -               3 E+05            -               /ET/
Sm-156.........................   -               2 E-06            -                -               7 E+04            -               /St/
Eu-145.........................   -               5 E-07            -                -               2 E+04            -               /ET/
Eu-146.........................   -               3 E-07            -                -               1 E+04            -               /ET/
Eu-147.........................   -               5 E-07            -                -               2 E+04            -               /St/
Eu-148.........................   -               2 E-07            -                -               9 E+03            -               /St/
Eu-149.........................   -               2 E-06            -                -               9 E+04            -               /St/
Eu-150 (12 h)..................   -               2 E-06            -                -               7 E+04            -               /St/
Eu-150 (34 yr).................   -               1 E-08            -                -               6 E+02            -               /St/
Eu-152m........................   -               1 E-06            -                -               6 E+04            -               /St/
Eu-152.........................   -               2 E-08            -                -               7 E+02            -               /St/
Eu-154.........................   -               1 E-08            -                -               5 E+02            -               /St/
Eu-155.........................   -               7 E-08            -                -               2 E+03            -               /BS/
Eu-156.........................   -               1 E-07            -                -               6 E+03            -               /St/
Eu-157.........................   -               1 E-06            -                -               4 E+04            -               /St/
Eu-158.........................   -               5 E-6             -                -               1 E+05            -               /ET/
Gd-145.........................  9 E-06           7 E-06            -               3 E+05           2 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Gd-146.........................  1 E-07           1 E-07            -               4 E+03           4 E+03            -               St/St/
Gd-147.........................  7 E-07           6 E-07            -               2 E+04           2 E+04            -               ET/ET/
Gd-148.........................  5 E-12           2 E-11            -               2 E-01           9 E-01            -               BS/BS/
Gd-149.........................  1 E-06           7 E-07            -               4 E+04           2 E+04            -               St/St/
Gd-151.........................  2 E-07           8 E-07            -               9 E+03           3 E+04            -               BS/St/
Gd-152.........................  7 E-12           3 E-11            -               2 E-01           1 E+00            -               BS/BS/
Gd-153.........................  9 E-08           4 E-07            -               3 E+03           1 E+04            -               BS/St/
Gd-159.........................  3 E-06           1 E-06            -               1 E+05           5 E+04            -               St/St/
Tb-147.........................   -               2 E-06            -                -               1 E+05            -               /ET/
Tb-149.........................   -               1 E-07            -                -               6 E+03            -               /St/
Tb-150.........................   -               2 E-06            -                -               8 E+04            -               /ET/
Tb-151.........................   -               1 E-06            -                -               4 E+04            -               /ET/
Tb-153.........................   -               2 E-06            -                -               8 E+04            -               /St/
Tb-154.........................   -               5 E-07            -                -               2 E+04            -               /ET/
Tb-155.........................   -               2 E-06            -                -               8 E+04            -               /St/
Tb-156m (24 h).................   -               2 E-06            -                -               9 E+04            -               /St/
Tb-156m (5 h)..................   -               4 E-06            -                -               1 E+05            -               /St/
Tb-156.........................   -               4 E-07            -                -               1 E+04            -               /E/
Tb-157.........................   -               2 E-07            -                -               8 E+03            -               /BS/
Tb-158.........................   -               1 E-08            -                -               6 E+02            -               /BS/
Tb-160.........................   -               1 E-07            -                -               3 E+03            -               /St/
Tb-161.........................   -               4 E-07            -                -               1 E+04            -               /St/
Dy-155.........................   -               2 E-06            -                -               1 E+05            -               /ET/
Dy-157.........................   -               5 E-06            -                -               1 E+05            -               /ET/
Dy-159.........................   -               2 E-06            -                -               8 E+04            -               /BS/

[[Page 31935]]

 
Dy-165.........................   -               6 E-06            -                -               2 E+05            -               /ET/
Dy-166.........................   -               3 E-07            -                -               1 E+04            -               /St/
Ho-155.........................   -               1 E-05            -                -               4 E+05            -               /ET/
Ho-157.........................   -               2 E-05            -                -               1 E+06            -               /ET/
Ho-159.........................   -               2 E-05            -                -               9 E+05            -               /ET/
Ho-161.........................   -               3 E-05            -                -               1 E+06            -               /ET/
Ho-162m........................   -               9 E-06            -                -               3 E+05            -               /ET/
Ho-162.........................   -               5 E-05            -                -               2 E+06            -               /ET/
Ho-164m........................   -               3 E-05            -                -               1 E+06            -               /St/
Ho-164.........................   -               2 E-05            -                -               8 E+05            -               /ET/
Ho-166m........................   -               7 E-09            -                -               2 E+02            -               /St/
Ho-166.........................   -               6 E-07            -                -               2 E+04            -               /St/
Ho-167.........................   -               4 E-06            -                -               1 E+05            -               /ET/
Er-161.........................   -               3 E-06            -                -               1 E+05            -               /ET/
Er-165.........................   -               2 E-05            -                -               1 E+06            -               /ET/
Er-169.........................   -               6 E-07            -                -               2 E+04            -               /St/
Er-171.........................   -               1 E-06            -                -               6 E+04            -               /St/
Er-172.........................   -               4 E-07            -                -               1 E+04            -               /St/
Tm-162.........................   -               9 E-06            -                -               3E+05             -               /ET/
Tm-166.........................   -               1 E-06            -                -               4 E+04            -               /ET/
Tm-167.........................   -               5 E-07            -                -               2 E+04            -               /St/
Tm-170.........................   -               1 E-07            -                -               4 E+03            -               /St/
Tm-171.........................   -               2 E-07            -                -               9 E+03            -               /BS/
Tm-172.........................   -               4 E-07            -                -               1 E+04            -               /St/
Tm-173.........................   -               2 E-06            -                -               8 E+04            -               /St/
Tm-175.........................   -               8 E-06            -                -               2 E+05            -               /ET/
Yb-162.........................   -               1 E-05           1 E-05            -               5 E+05           5 E+05           /ET/ET
Yb-166.........................   -               6 E-07           5 E-07            -               2 E+04           2 E+04           /St/St
Yb-167.........................   -               3 E-05           3 E-05            -               1 E+06           1 E+06           /ET/ET
Yb-169.........................   -               2 E-07           2 E-07            -               9 E+03           8 E+03           /St/St
Yb-175.........................   -               8 E-07           8 E-07            -               3 E+04           2 E+04           /St/St
Yb-177.........................   -               6 E-06           5 E-06            -               2 E+05           2 E+05           /ET/ET
Yb-178.........................   -               5 E-06           5 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05           /ET/E
Lu-169.........................   -               9 E-07           9 E-07            -               3 E+04           3 E+04           /ET/ET
Lu-170.........................   -               4 E-07           4 E-07            -               1 E+04           1 E+04           /ET/ET
Lu-171.........................   -               6 E-07           6 E-07            -               2 E+04           2 E+04           /St/St
Lu-172.........................   -               3 E-07           3 E-07            -               1 E+04           1 E+04           /St/St
Lu-173.........................   -               2 E-07           4 E-07            -               8 E+03           1 E+04           /BS/St
Lu-174m........................   -               2 E-07           2 E-07            -               7 E+03           8 E+03           /BS/St
Lu-174.........................   -               9 E-08           2 E-07            -               3 E+03           8 E+03           /BS/St
Lu-176m........................   -               3 E-06           3 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05           /St/St
Lu-176.........................   -               3 E-09           1 E-08            -               1 E+02           6 E+02           /BS/St
Lu-177m........................   -               5 E-08           4 E-08            -               2 E+03           1 E+03           /St/St
Lu-177.........................   -               5 E-07           5 E-07            -               2 E+04           1 E+04           /St/St
Lu-178m........................   -               4 E-06           4 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05           /ET/ET
Lu-178.........................   -               8 E-06           8 E-06            -               3 E+05           3 E+05           /ET/ET
Lu-179.........................   -               3 E-06           3 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05           /St/St
Hf-170.........................  1 E-06           1 E-06            -               4 E+04           4 E+04            -               ET/ET/
Hf-172.........................  6 E-09           3 E-08            -               2 E+02           1 E+03            -               BS/BS/
Hf-173.........................  2 E-06           2 E-06            -               9 E+04           8 E+04            -               ET/ET/
Hf-175.........................  5 E-07           6 E-07            -               2 E+04           2 E+04            -               BS/St/
Hf-177m........................  2 E-06           1 E-06            -               9 E+04           6 E+04            -               ET/ET/
Hf-178m........................  8 E-10           4 E-09            -               3 E+01           1 E+02            -               BS/BS/
Hf-179m........................  2 E-07           1 E-07            -               8 E+03           6 E+03            -               BS/St/
Hf-180m........................  2 E-06           1 E-06            -               7 E+04           6 E+04            -               ET/ET/
Hf-181.........................  1 E-07           1 E-07            -               4 E+03           5 E+03            -               BS/St/
Hf-182m........................  5 E-06           4 E-06            -               2 E+05           1 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Hf-182.........................  5 E-10           2 E-09            -               2 E+01           9 E+01            -               BS/BS/
Hf-183.........................  6 E-06           4 E-06            -               2 E+05           1 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Hf-184.........................  1 E-06           1 E-06            -               5 E+04           4 E+04            -               ET/St/
Ta-172.........................   -               5 E-06           5 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05           /ET/ET
Ta-173.........................   -               3 E-06           3 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05           /E/E
Ta-174.........................   -               5 E-06           5 E-06            -               2 E+05           2 E+05           /ET/ET
Ta-175.........................   -               1 E-06           1 E-06            -               6 E+04           6 E+04           /ET/ET
Ta-176.........................   -               1 E-06           1 E-06            -               3 E+04           3 E+04           /ET/ET
Ta-177.........................   -               4 E-06           4 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05           /St/St
Ta-178.........................   -               3 E-06           3 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05           /ET/ET
Ta-179.........................   -               4 E-06           1 E-06            -               1 E+05           7 E+04           /St/St
Ta-180m........................   -               9 E-06           9 E-06            -               3 E+05           3 E+05           /St/St
Ta-180.........................   -               1 E-07           4 E-08            -               4 E+03           1 E+03           /St/St

[[Page 31936]]

 
Ta-182m........................   -               6 E-06           6 E-06            -               2 E+05           2 E+05           /ET/ET
Ta-182.........................   -               9 E-08           7 E-08            -               3 E+03           2 E+03           /St/St
Ta-183.........................   -               3 E-07           2 E-07            -               1 E+04           1 E+04           /St/St
Ta-184.........................   -               8 E-07           8 E-07            -               3 E+04           3 E+04           /ET/ET
Ta-185.........................   -               5 E-06           5 E-06            -               2 E+05           1 E+05           /ET/ET
Ta-186.........................   -               7 E-06           7 E-06            -               2 E+05           2 E+05           /ET/ET
W-176..........................  3 E-06            -                -               1 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
W-177..........................  5 E-06            -                -               2 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
W-178..........................  3 E-06            -                -               1 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
W-179..........................  1 E-04            -                -               5 E+06            -                -               ET/ /
W-181..........................  1 E-05            -                -               4 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
W-185..........................  2 E-06            -                -               9 E+04            -                -               St/ /
W-187..........................  1 E-06            -                -               5 E+04            -                -               ET/ /
W-188..........................  6 E-07            -                -               2 E+04            -                -               St/ /
Re-177.........................  1 E-05           1 E-05            -               6 E+05           4 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Re-178.........................  1 E-05           1 E-05            -               5 E+05           3 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Re-181.........................  1 E-06           1 E-06            -               5 E+04           4 E+04            -               ET/ET/
Re-182 (64 h)..................  4 E-07           3 E-07            -               1 E+04           1 E+04            -               ET/St/
Re-182 (12 h)..................  1 E-06           1 E-06            -               4 E+04           4 E+04            -               ET/ET/
Re-184m........................  6 E-07           1 E-07            -               2 E+04           4 E+03            -               St/St/
Re-184.........................  7 E-07           3 E-07            -               2 E+04           1 E+04            -               ET/St/
Re-186m........................  4 E-7            7 E-08            -               1 E+04           2 E+03            -               St/St/
Re-186.........................  7 E-07           4 E-07            -               2 E+04           1 E+04            -               St/St/
Re-187.........................  2 E-04           1 E-04            -               8 E+06           4 E+06            -               St/St/
Re-188m........................  3 E-05           2 E-05            -               1 E+06           1 E+06            -               St/St/
Re-188.........................  8 E-07           7 E-07            -               3 E+04           2 E+04            -               St/St/
Re-189.........................  1 E-06           9 E-07            -               4 E+04           3 E+04            -               St/St/
Os-180.........................  1 E-05           1 E-05           1 E-05           5 E+05           3 E+05           3 E+05           ET/ET/ET
Os-181.........................  3 E-06           3 E-06           3 E-06           1 E+05           1 E+05           1 E+05           ET/ET/ET
Os-182.........................  1 E-06           9 E-07           9 E-07           3 E+04           3 E+04           3 E+04           ET/ET/ET
Os-185.........................  4 E-07           5 E-07           5 E-07           1 E+04           2 E+04           1 E+04           St/St/St
Os-189m........................  1 E-04           7 E-05           7 E-05           4 E+06           2 E+06           2 E+06           St/St/St
Os-191m........................  1 E-05           4 E-06           4 E-06           5 E+05           1 E+05           1 E+05           St/St/St
Os-191.........................  1 E-06           4 E-07           3 E-07           5 E+04           1 E+04           1 E+04           St/St/St
Os-193.........................  2 E-06           8 E-07           8 E-07           7 E+04           3 E+04           3 E+04           St/St/St
Os-194.........................  4 E-08           4 E-08           1 E-08           1 E+03           1 E+03           4 E+02           St/St/St
Ir-182.........................  9 E-06           7 E-06           7 E-06           3 E+05           2 E+05           2 E+05           ET/ET/ET
Ir-184.........................  1 E-06           1 E-06           1 E-06           7 E+04           6 E+04           7 E+04           ET/ET/ET
Ir-185.........................  2 E-06           1 E-06           1 E-06           7 E+04           7 E+04           7 E+04           ET/ET/ET
Ir-186 (16 h)..................  8 E-07           7 E-07           7 E-07           2 E+04           2 E+04           2 E+04           ET/ET/ET
Ir-186 (2 h)...................  5 E-06           4 E-06           4 E-06           1 E+05           1 E+05           1 E+05           ET/ET/ET
Ir-187.........................  4 E-06           3 E-06           3 E-06           1 E+05           1 E+05           1 E+05           ET/ET/ET
Ir-188.........................  6 E-07           6 E-07           6 E-07           2 E+04           2 E+04           2 E+04           ET/ET/ET
Ir-189.........................  3 E-06           1 E-06           1 E-06           1 E+05           5 E+04           4 E+04           St/St/St
Ir-190m (3 h)..................  2 E-06           2 E-06           2 E-06           8 E+04           8 E+04           7 E+04           ET/ET/ET
Ir-190m (1 h)..................  9 E-05           5 E-05           5 E-05           3 E+06           2 E+06           1 E+06           ET/St/St
Ir-190.........................  4 E-07           2 E-07           2 E-07           1 E+04           9 E+03           8 E+03           ET/St/St
Ir-192m........................  1 E-07           1 E-07           2 E-08           3 E+03           6 E+03           1 E+03           St/St/St
Ir-192.........................  2 E-07           1 E-07           1 E-07           9 E+03           5 E+03           4 E+03           St/St/St
Ir-194m........................  8 E-08           8 E-08           6 E-08           3 E+03           3 E+03           2 E+03           St/St/St
Ir-194.........................  1 E-06           7 E-07           7 E-07           5 E+04           2 E+04           2 E+04           St/St/St
Ir-195m........................  2 E-06           2 E-06           2 E-06           9 E+04           7 E+04           7 E+04           ET/ET/ET
Ir-195.........................  7 E-06           5 E-06           4 E-06           2 E+05           1 E+05           1 E+05           ET/ET/ET
Pt-186.........................  3 E-06            -                -               1 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
Pt-188.........................  8 E-07            -                -               3 E+04            -                -               E/ /
Pt-189.........................  3 E-06            -                -               1 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
Pt-191.........................  1 E-06            -                -               7 E+04            -                -               ET/ /
Pt-193m........................  2 E-06            -                -               8 E+04            -                -               ET/ /
Pt-193.........................  2 E-05            -                -               7 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
Pt-195m........................  1 E-06            -                -               5 E+04            -                -               ET/ /
Pt-197m........................  7 E-06            -                -               2 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
Pt-197.........................  3 E-06            -                -               1 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
Pt-199.........................  1 E-05            -                -               4 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
Pt-200.........................  1 E-06            -                -               5 E+04            -                -               St/ /
Au-193.........................  4 E-06           3 E-06           3 E-06           1 E+05           1 E+05           1 E+05           ET/E/St
Au-194.........................  9 E-07           9 E-07           9 E-07           3 E+04           3 E+04           3 E+04           ET/ET/ET
Au-195.........................  3 E-06           7 E-07           4 E-07           1 E+05           2 E+04           1 E+04           ET/St/St
Au-198m........................  6 E-07           2 E-07           2 E-07           2 E+04           1 E+04           1 E+04           ET/St/St
Au-198.........................  1 E-06           5 E-07           5 E-07           4 E+04           2 E+04           1 E+04           ET/St/St
Au-199.........................  2 E-06           8 E-07           7 E-07           7 E+04           3 E+04           2 E+04           ET/St/St

[[Page 31937]]

 
Au-200m........................  5 E-07           4 E-07           4 E-07           1 E+04           1 E+04           1 E+04           ET/ET/ET
Au-200.........................  1 E-05           7 E-06           7 E-06           4 E+05           2 E+05           2 E+05           ET/ET/ET
Au-201.........................  1 E-05           1 E-05           9 E-06           5 E+05           3 E+05           3 E+05           ET/ET/ET
Hg-193m (Org)..................  1 E-06            -                -               4 E+04            -                -               ET/ /
Hg-193m........................  1 E-06           1 E-06            -               4 E+04           4 E+04            -               ET/ET/
Hg-193m (Vapor)................   -               1 E-07            -                -               6 E+03            -               /St/
Hg-193 (Org)...................  5 E-06            -                -               1 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
Hg-193.........................  5 E-06           4 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Hg-193 (Vapor).................   -               5 E-07            -                -               1 E+04            -               /St/
Hg-194 (Org)...................  2 E-08            -                -               1 E+03            -                -               St/ /
Hg-194.........................  3 E-08           1 E-07            -               1 E+03           3 E+03            -               St/St/
Hg-194 (Vapor).................   -               1 E-08            -                -               5 E+02            -               /St/
Hg-195m (Org)..................  1 E-06            -                -               5 E+04            -                -               ET/ /
Hg-195m........................  1 E-06           8 E-07            -               5 E+04           3 E+04            -               ET/St/
Hg-195m (Vapor)................   -               6 E-08            -                -               2 E+03            -               /St/
Hg-195 (Org)...................  6 E-06            -                -               2 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
Hg-195.........................  6 E-06           6 E-06            -               2 E+05           2 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Hg-195 (Vapor).................   -               4 E-07            -                -               1 E+04            -               /St/
Hg-197m (Org)..................  1 E-06            -                -               5 E+04            -                -               ET/ /
Hg-197m........................  1 E-06           8 E-07            -               5 E+04           3 E+04            -               ET/St/
Hg-197m (Vapor)................   -               9 E-08            -                -               3 E+03            -               /St/
Hg-197 (Org)...................  4 E-06            -                -               1 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
Hg-197.........................  4 E-06           2 E-06            -               1 E+05           7 E+04            -               ET/St/
Hg-197 (Vapor).................   -               1 E-07            -                -               4 E+03            -               /St/
Hg-199m (Org)..................  8 E-06            -                -               3 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
Hg-199m........................  8 E-06           5 E-06            -               3 E+05           1 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Hg-199m (Vapor)................   -               3 E-06            -                -               1 E+05            -               /St/
Hg-203 (Org)...................  7 E-07            -                -               2 E+04            -                -               St/ /
Hg-203.........................  9 E-07           2 E-07            -               3 E+04           1 E+04            -               St/St/
Hg-203 (Vapor).................   -               8 E-08            -                -               2 E+03            -               /St/
Tl-194m........................  5 E-06            -                -               2 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
Tl-194.........................  2 E-05            -                -               8 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
Tl-195.........................  6 E-06            -                -               2 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
Tl-197.........................  8 E-06            -                -               2 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
Tl-198m........................  2 E-06            -                -               9 E+04            -                -               ET/ /
Tl-198.........................  1 E-06            -                -               5 E+04            -                -               ET/ /
Tl-199.........................  5 E-06            -                -               2 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
Tl-200.........................  8 E-07            -                -               3 E+04            -                -               ET/ /
Tl-201.........................  4 E-06            -                -               1 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
Tl-202.........................  1 E-06            -                -               5 E+04            -                -               ET/ /
Tl-204.........................  9 E-07            -                -               3 E+04            -                -               St/ /
Pb-195m........................  7 E-06            -                -               2 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
Pb-198.........................  2 E-06            -                -               9 E+04            -                -               ET/ /
Pb-199.........................  4 E-06            -                -               1 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
Pb-200.........................  1 E-06            -                -               4 E+04            -                -               ET/ /
Pb-201.........................  2 E-06            -                -               7 E+04            -                -               ET/ /
Pb-202m........................  1 E-06            -                -               6 E+04            -                -               ET/ /
Pb-202.........................  4 E-08            -                -               1 E+03            -                -               St/ /
Pb-203.........................  2 E-06            -                -               7 E+04            -                -               ET/ /
Pb-205.........................  9 E-07            -                -               3 E+04            -                -               BS/ /
Pb-209.........................  9 E-06            -                -               3 E+05            -                -               ET/ /
Pb-210.........................  1 E-10            -                -               5 E+00            -                -               BS/ /
Pb-211.........................  4 E-08            -                -               1 E+03            -                -               ET/ /
Pb-212.........................  5 E-09            -                -               2 E+02            -                -               ET/ /
Pb-214.........................  4 E-08            -                -               1 E+03            -                -               ET/ /
Bi-200.........................  5 E-06           4 E-06            -               2 E+05           1 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Bi-201.........................  3 E-06           2 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Bi-202.........................  2 E-06           2 E-06            -               9 E+04           9 E+04            -               ET/ET/
Bi-203.........................  7 E-07           7 E-07            -               2 E+04           2 E+04            -               ET/ET/
Bi-205.........................  4 E-07           4 E-07            -               1 E+04           1 E+04            -               ET/ET/
Bi-206.........................  2 E-07           2 E-07            -               9 E+03           8 E+03            -               ET/ET/
Bi-207.........................  4 E-07           1 E-07            -               1 E+04           6 E+03            -               ET/St/
Bi-210m........................  3 E-09           2 E-10            -               1 E+02           9 E+00            -               K/St/
Bi-210.........................  1 E-07           9 E-09            -               6 E+03           3 E+02            -               K/St/
Bi-212.........................  1 E-08           8 E-09            -               4 E+02           3 E+02            -               ET/ET/
Bi-213.........................  1 E-08           7 E-09            -               4 E+02           2 E+02            -               ET/ET/
Bi-214.........................  1 E-08           1 E-08            -               6 E+02           4 E+02            -               ET/ET/
Po-203.........................  5 E-06           4 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Po-205.........................  4 E-06           3 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05            -               ET/ET/
Po-207.........................  1 E-06           1 E-06            -               7 E+04           6 E+04            -               ET/ET/

[[Page 31938]]

 
Po-210.........................  7 E-10           2 E-10            -               2 E+01           9 E+00            -               K/St/
At-207.........................  1 E-06           2 E-07            -               4 E+04           1 E+04            -               St/St/
At-211.........................  7 E-09           5 E-09            -               2 E+02           1 E+02            -               ET/St/
Rn-220 \5\.....................  1 E-08            -                -               6 E+02            -                -                -
Rn-222 \5\.....................  8 E-08            -                -               3 E+03            -                -                -
Fr-222.........................  1 E-08            -                -               3 E+02            -                -               ET/ /
Fr-223.........................  4 E-07            -                -               1 E+04            -                -               St/ /
Ra-223.........................   -               9 E-11            -                -               3 E+00            -               /St/
Ra-224.........................   -               2 E-10            -                -               8 E+00            -               /St/
Ra-225.........................   -               1 E-10            -                -               4 E+00            -               /St/
Ra-226.........................   -               2 E-10            -                -               9 E+00            -               /St/
Ra-227.........................   -               8 E-07            -                -               3 E+04            -               /BS/
Ra-228.........................   -               1 E-10            -                -               5 E+00            -               /BS/
Ac-224.........................  1 E-08           6 E-09           5 E-09           6 E+02           2 E+02           2 E+02           BS/St/St
Ac-225.........................  2 E-10           9 E-11           8 E-11           7 E+00           3 E+00           3 E+00           BS/St/St
Ac-226.........................  1 E-09           6 E-10           5 E-10           4 E+01           2 E+01           2 E+01           ET/St/St
Ac-227.........................  2 E-13           1 E-12           1 E-11           1 E-02           5 E-02           4 E-01           BS/BS/St
Ac-228.........................  6 E-09           3 E-08           4 E-08           2 E+02           1 E+03           1 E+03           BS/BS/St
Th-226.........................   -               4 E-09           4 E-09            -               1 E+02           1 E+02           /ET/ET
Th-227.........................   -               9 E-11           7 E-11            -               3 E+00           2 E+00           /St/St
Th-228.........................   -               2 E-11           2 E-11            -               7 E-01           8 E-01           /BS/St
Th-229.........................   -               2 E-12           1 E-11            -               7 E-02           4 E-01           /BS/St
Th-230.........................   -               3 E-12           4 E-11            -               1 E-01           1 E+00           /BS/BS
Th-231.........................   -               1 E-06           1 E-06            -               5 E+04           5 E+04           /St/St
Th-232.........................   -               3 E-12           4 E-11            -               1 E-01           1 E+00           /BS/BS
Th-234.........................   -               1 E-07           9 E-08            -               3 E+03           3 E+03           /St/St
Pa-227.........................   -               4 E-09           4 E-09            -               1 E+02           1 E+02           /ET/ET
Pa-228.........................   -               1 E-08           1 E-08            -               3 E+02           4 E+02           /BS/St
Pa-230.........................   -               1 E-09           9 E-10            -               4 E+01           3 E+01           /St/St
Pa-231.........................   -               1 E-12           1 E-11            -               4 E-02           4 E-01           /BS/BS
Pa-232.........................   -               1 E-08           1 E-07            -               6 E+02           7 E+03           /BS/BS
Pa-233.........................   -               2 E-07           1 E-07            -               7 E+03           6 E+03           /St/St
Pa-234.........................   -               7 E-07           7 E-07            -               2 E+04           2 E+04           /ET/ET
U-230..........................  6 E-10           5 E-11           4 E-11           2 E+01           2 E+00           1 E+00           K/St/St
U-231..........................  2 E-06           1 E-06           1 E-06           8 E+04           4 E+04           4 E+04           ET/St/St
U-232..........................  5 E-11           1 E-10           2 E-11           2 E+00           4 E+00           7 E-01           BS/St/ET
U-233..........................  4 E-10           2 E-10           7 E-11           1 E+01           9 E+00           2 E+00           BS/St/ET
U-234..........................  5 E-10           2 E-10           7 E-11           1 E+01           9 E+00           2 E+00           BS/St/ET
U-235..........................  5 E-10           3 E-10           8 E-11           1 E+01           1 E+01           3 E+00           BS/St/ET
U-236..........................  5 E-10           2 E-10           7 E-11           1 E+01           1 E+01           2 E+00           BS/St/ET
U-237..........................  1 E-06           3 E-07           3 E-07           4 E+04           1 E+04           1 E+04           ET/St/St
U-238..........................  5 E-10           3 E-10           8 E-11           2 E+01           1 E+01           3 E+00           BS/St/ET
U-239..........................  1 E-05           9 E-06           9 E-06           5 E+05           3 E+05           3 E+05           ET/ET/ET
U-240..........................  1 E-06           7 E-07           6 E-07           5 E+04           2 E+04           2 E+04           ET/St/St
Np-232.........................   -               3 E-06            -                -               1 E+05            -               /BS/
Np-233.........................   -               7 E-05            -                -               2 E+06            -               /ET/
Np-234.........................   -               5 E-07            -                -               2 E+04            -               /ET/
Np-235.........................   -               1 E-06            -                -               4 E+04            -               /BS/
Np-236 (1 E+05 yr).............   -               4 E-11            -                -               1 E+00            -               /BS/
Np-236 (22 h)..................   -               5 E-08            -                -               1 E+03            -               /BS/
Np-237.........................   -               8 E-12            -                -               3 E-01            -               /BS/
Np-238.........................   -               1 E-07            -                -               4 E+03            -               /BS/
Np-239.........................   -               5 E-07            -                -               1 E+04            -               /St/
Np-240.........................   -               2 E-06            -                -               8 E+04            -               /ET/
Pu-234.........................   -               3 E-08           3 E-08            -               1 E+03           1 E+03           /St/St
Pu-235.........................   -               9 E-05           8 E-05            -               3 E+06           3 E+06           /ET/ET
Pu-236.........................   -               1 E-11           7 E-11            -               6 E-01           2 E+00           /BS/St
Pu-237.........................   -               1 E-06           1 E-06            -               7 E+04           6 E+04           /St/St
Pu-238.........................   -               6 E-12           5 E-11            -               2 E-01           1 E+00           /BS/St
Pu-239.........................   -               5 E-12           6 E-11            -               2 E-01           2 E+00           /BS/BS
Pu-240.........................   -               5 E-12           6 E-11            -               2 E-01           2 E+00           /BS/BS
Pu-241.........................   -               2 E-10           2 E-09            -               1 E+01           1 E+02           /BS/BS
Pu-242.........................   -               5 E-12           6 E-11            -               2 E-01           2 E+00           /BS/BS
Pu-243.........................   -               5 E-06           5 E-06            -               1 E+05           1 E+05           /E/E
Pu-244.........................   -               5 E-12           6 E-11            -               2 E-01           2 E+00           /BS/BS
Pu-245.........................   -               9 E-07           8 E-07            -               3 E+04           3 E+04           /St/St
Pu-246.........................   -               8 E-08           8 E-08            -               3 E+03           2 E+03           /St/St
Am-237.........................   -               8 E-06            -                -               3 E+05            -               /ET/
Am-238.........................   -               2 E-06            -                -               9 E+04            -               /BS/
Am-239.........................   -               1 E-06            -                -               6 E+04            -               /ET/

[[Page 31939]]

 
Am-240.........................   -               7 E-07            -                -               2 E+04            -               /ET/
Am-241.........................   -               5 E-12            -                -               1 E-01            -               /BS/
Am-242m........................   -               5 E-12            -                -               1 E-01            -               /BS/
Am-242.........................   -               4 E-08            -                -               1 E+03            -               /St/
Am-243.........................   -               5 E-12            -                -               1 E-01            -               /BS/
Am-244m........................   -               3 E-06            -                -               1 E+05            -               /BS/
Am-244.........................   -               1 E-07            -                -               5 E+03            -               /BS/
Am-245.........................   -               5 E-06            -                -               2 E+05            -               /ET/
Am-246m........................   -               6 E-06            -                -               2 E+05            -               /ET/
Am-246.........................   -               2 E-06            -                -               9 E+04            -               /ET/
Cm-238.........................   -               1 E-07            -                -               4 E+03            -               /St/
Cm-240.........................   -               2 E-10            -                -               7 E+00            -               /St/
Cm-241.........................   -               2 E-08            -                -               8 E+02            -               /St/
Cm-242.........................   -               1 E-10            -                -               5 E+00            -               /St/
Cm-243.........................   -               7 E-12            -                -               2 E-01            -               /BS/
Cm-244.........................   -               9 E-12            -                -               3 E-01            -               /BS/
Cm-245.........................   -               5 E-12            -                -               1 E-01            -               /BS/
Cm-246.........................   -               5 E-12            -                -               1 E-01            -               /BS/
Cm-247.........................   -               5 E-12            -                -               2 E-01            -               /BS/
Cm-248.........................   -               1 E-12            -                -               5 E-02            -               /BS/
Cm-249.........................   -               8 E-06            -                -               3 E+05            -               /ET/
Cm-250.........................   -               2 E-13            -                -               8 E-03            -               /BS/
Bk-245.........................   -               3 E-07            -                -               1 E+04            -               /St/
Bk-246.........................   -               8 E-07            -                -               3 E+04            -               /ET/
Bk-247.........................   -               3 E-12            -                -               1 E-01            -               /BS/
Bk-249.........................   -               1 E-09            -                -               5 E+01            -               /BS/
Bk-250.........................   -               2 E-07            -                -               9 E+03            -               /BS/
Cf-244.........................   -               1 E-08            -                -               5 E+02            -               /ET/
Cf-246.........................   -               1 E-09            -                -               5 E+01            -               /St/
Cf-248.........................   -               5 E-11            -                -               2 E+00            -               /BS/
Cf-249.........................   -               3 E-12            -                -               1 E-01            -               /BS/
Cf-250.........................   -               7 E-12            -                -               2 E-01            -               /BS/
Cf-251.........................   -               3 E-12            -                -               1 E-01            -               /BS/
Cf-252.........................   -               1 E-11            -                -               6 E-01            -               /BS/
Cf-253.........................   -               5 E-10            -                -               2 E+01            -               /St/
Cf-254.........................   -               2 E-11            -                -               8 E-01            -               /BS/
Es-250.........................   -               4 E-07            -                -               1 E+04            -               /BS/
Es-251.........................   -               3 E-07            -                -               1 E+04            -               /St/
Es-253.........................   -               2 E-10            -                -               9 E+00            -               /St/
Es-254m........................   -               1 E-09            -                -               5 E+01            -               /St/
Es-254.........................   -               6 E-11            -                -               2 E+00            -               /BS/
Fm-252.........................   -               2 E-09            -                -               8 E+01            -               /St/
Fm-253.........................   -               1 E-09            -                -               6 E+01            -               /St/
Fm-254.........................   -               6 E-09            -                -               2 E+02            -               /ET/
Fm-255.........................   -               2 E-09            -                -               8 E+01            -               /St/
Fm-257.........................   -               1 E-10            -                -               4 E+00            -               /St/
Md-257.........................   -               2 E-08            -                -               1 E+03            -               /St/
Md-258.........................   -               1 E-10            -                -               4 E+00            -               /St/
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Footnotes for Appendix A

    \1\ A determination of whether the DACs are controlled by 
stochastic (St) or deterministic (organ or tissue) dose, or if they 
both give the same result (E), for each absorption type, is given in 
this column. The key to the organ notation for deterministic dose 
is: BS = Bone surface, ET = Extrathoracic, K = Kidney, L = Liver, 
and T = Thyroid. A blank indicates that no calculations were 
performed for the absorption type shown.
    \2\ The ICRP identifies these materials as soluble or reactive 
gases and vapors or highly soluble or reactive gases and vapors. For 
tritiated water, the inhalation DAC values allow for an additional 
50% absorption through the skin, as described in ICRP Publication 
No. 68, Dose Coefficients for Intakes of Radionuclides by Workers. 
For elemental tritium, the DAC values include a factor that 
irradiation from gas within the lungs might increase the dose by 
20%.
    \3\ A dash indicates no values given for this data category.
    \4\ DAC values derived using hafnium tritide particle and are 
based on ``observed activity'' (i.e, only radiation emitted from the 
particle is considered). DAC values derived using methodology found 
in Radiological Control Programs for Special Tritium Compounds, DOE-
HDBK-1184-2004.
    \5\ These values are appropriate for protection from radon 
combined with its short-lived decay products and are based on 
information given in ICRP Publication 65: Protection Against Radon-
222 at Home and at Work and in DOE-STD-1121-98: Internal Dosimetry. 
The values given are for 100% equilibrium concentration conditions 
of the short-lived radon decay products with the parent. To allow 
for an actual measured equilibrium concentration or a demonstrated 
equilibrium concentration, the values given in this table should be 
multiplied by the ratio (100%/actual %) or (100%/demonstrated %), 
respectively. Alternatively, the DAC values for Rn-220 and Rn-222 
may be replaced by 2.5 working level (WL) and 0.83 WL, respectively, 
for appropriate limiting of decay product concentrations. A WL is 
any combination of short-lived radon decay products, in one liter of 
air without regard to the degree of equilibrium, that will result in 
the ultimate emission of 1.3 E+05 MeV of alpha energy.


[[Page 31940]]



0
30. Appendix C of part 835 is revised to read as follows:

Appendix C to Part 835--Derived Air Concentration (DAC) for Workers 
From External Exposure During Immersion in a Cloud of Airborne 
Radioactive Material

    a. The data presented in appendix C are to be used for 
controlling occupational exposures in accordance with Sec.  835.209, 
identifying the need for air monitoring in accordance with Sec.  
835.403 and identifying the need for posting of airborne 
radioactivity areas in accordance with Sec.  835.603(d).
    b. The air immersion DAC values shown in this appendix are based 
on a stochastic dose limit of 5 rems (0.05 Sv) per year. Four 
columns of information are presented: (1) Radionuclide; (2) half-
life in units of seconds (s), minutes (min), hours (h), days (d), or 
years (yr); (3) air immersion DAC in units of [mu]Ci/mL; and (4) air 
immersion DAC in units of Bq/m3. The data are listed by radionuclide 
in order of increasing atomic mass. The air immersion DACs were 
calculated for a continuous, nonshielded exposure via immersion in a 
semi-infinite cloud of airborne radioactive material. The DACs 
listed in this appendix may be modified to allow for submersion in a 
cloud of finite dimensions.
    c. The DAC values are given for individual radionuclides. For 
known mixtures of radionuclides, determine the sum of the ratio of 
the observed concentration of a particular radionuclide and its 
corresponding DAC for all radionuclides in the mixture. If this sum 
exceeds unity (1), then the DAC has been exceeded. For unknown 
radionuclides, the most restrictive DAC (lowest value) for those 
isotopes not known to be absent shall be used.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                Air immersion DAC
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             Radionuclide                       Half-Life                ([mu]Ci/mL)             (Bq/m\3\)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ar-37.................................  35.02 d..................  1 E+00                  4 E+10
Ar-39.................................  269 yr...................  4 E-04                  1 E+07
Ar-41.................................  1.827 h..................  1 E-06                  3 E+04
Kr-74.................................  11.5 min.................  1 E-06                  4 E+04
Kr-76.................................  14.8 h...................  3 E-06                  1 E+05
Kr-77.................................  74.7 h...................  1 E-06                  5 E+04
Kr-79.................................  35.04 h..................  5 E-06                  2 E+05
Kr-81.................................  2.1E+05 yr...............  2 E-04                  9 E+06
Kr-83m................................  1.83 h...................  2 E-02                  9 E+08
Kr-85.................................  10.72 yr.................  2 E-04                  9 E+06
Kr-85m................................  4.48 h...................  9 E-06                  3 E+05
Kr-87.................................  76.3 min.................  1 E-06                  5 E+04
Kr-88.................................  2.84 h...................  6 E-07                  2 E+04
Xe-120................................  40.0 min.................  3 E-06                  1 E+05
Xe-121................................  40.1 min.................  7 E-07                  2 E+04
Xe-122................................  20.1 h...................  2 E-05                  1 E+06
Xe-123................................  2.14 h...................  2 E-06                  8 E+04
Xe-125................................  16.8 h...................  5 E-06                  2 E+05
Xe-127................................  36.406 d.................  5 E-06                  2 E+05
Xe-129m...............................  8.89 d...................  6 E-05                  2 E+06
Xe-131m...............................  11.84 d..................  1 E-04                  6 E+06
Xe-133................................  5.245 d..................  4 E-05                  1 E+06
Xe-133m...............................  2.19 d...................  4 E-05                  1 E+06
Xe-135................................  9.11 h...................  5 E-06                  2 E+05
Xe-135m...............................  15.36 min................  3 E-06                  1 E+05
Xe-138................................  14.13 min................  1 E-06                  4 E+04
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For any single radionuclide not listed above with decay mode 
other than alpha emission or spontaneous fission and with 
radioactive half-life less than two hours, the DAC value shall be 6 
E-06 [mu]Ci/mL (2 E+04 Bq/m\3\).

Appendix E to Part 835--[Amended]

0
31. Appendix D is amended in the last row of the first column by 
revising the words ``Tritium and tritiated compounds \6\'' to read 
``Tritium and STCs \6\.'' The last row of column three is revised by 
replacing the term ``N/A'' with the words ``See Footnote 6.'' Footnote 
6 is revised by appending the following to the end of the footnote ``In 
certain cases, a ``Total'' value of 10,000 dpm/100 cm \2\ may be 
applicable either to metals, of the types which form insoluble special 
tritium compounds that have been exposed to tritium; or to bulk 
materials to which particles of insoluble special tritium compound are 
fixed to a surface.'' Footnote 7 is revised to read ``These limits only 
apply to the alpha emitters within the respective decay series.''

0
32. Appendix E of part 835 is revised to read as follows:

Appendix E to Part 835--Values for Establishing Sealed Radioactive 
Source Accountability and Radioactive Material Posting and Labeling 
Requirements

    The data presented in appendix E are to be used for identifying 
accountable sealed radioactive sources and radioactive material 
areas as those terms are defined at Sec.  835.2(a), establishing the 
need for radioactive material area posting in accordance with Sec.  
835.603(g), and establishing the need for radioactive material 
labeling in accordance with Sec.  835.605.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Nuclide                         Activity ([mu]Ci)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
H-3........................................  1.5E+08
Be-7.......................................  3.1E+03
Be-10......................................  1.4E+05
C-14.......................................  4.6E+06
Na-22......................................  1.9E+01
Al-26......................................  1.5E+01
Si-32......................................  4.9E+04
S-35.......................................  2.4E+06
Cl-36......................................  5.2E+05
K-40.......................................  2.7E+02
Ca-41......................................  9.3E+06
Ca-45......................................  1.1E+06
Sc-46......................................  6.2E+01
Ti-44......................................  1.5E+02
V-49.......................................  1.0E+08
Mn-53......................................  7.5E+07
Mn-54......................................  6.5E+01
Fe-55......................................  2.9E+06
Fe-59......................................  1.9E+02
Fe-60......................................  8.1E+03
Co-56......................................  3.9E+01
Co-57......................................  2.3E+02
Co-58......................................  1.3E+02
Co-60......................................  1.7E+01
Ni-59......................................  3.2E+06
Ni-63......................................  1.3E+06

[[Page 31941]]

 
Zn-65......................................  1.1E+02
Ge-68......................................  5.6E+02
As-73......................................  5.3E+02
Se-75......................................  6.3E+01
Se-79......................................  8.7E+05
Rb-83......................................  9.1E+01
Rb-84......................................  2.0E+02
Sr-85......................................  1.2E+02
Sr-89......................................  4.8E+05
Sr-90......................................  3.5E+04
Y-88.......................................  3.3E+01
Y-91.......................................  5.0E+04
Zr-88......................................  1.1E+02
Zr-93......................................  9.3E+04
Zr-95......................................  1.9E+02
Nb-91......................................  6.9E+01
Nb-91m.....................................  3.6E+02
Nb-92......................................  1.8E+01
Nb-93m.....................................  4.4E+02
Nb-94......................................  2.3E+01
Nb-95......................................  3.4E+02
Mo-93......................................  7.7E+01
Tc-95m.....................................  1.3E+02
Tc-97......................................  8.1E+01
Tc-97m.....................................  3.5E+02
Tc-98......................................  2.5E+01
Tc-99......................................  8.4E+05
Ru-103.....................................  4.4E+02
Ru-106.....................................  2.5E+02
Rh-101.....................................  8.7E+05
Rh-102.....................................  3.0E+05
Rh-102m....................................  6.4E+05
Pd-107.....................................  9.3E+06
Ag-105.....................................  3.3E+06
Ag-108m....................................  1.8E+01
Ag-110m....................................  2.2E+01
Cd-109.....................................  1.6E+02
Cd-113m....................................  2.0E+04
Cd-115m....................................  1.0E+04
In-114m....................................  7.7E+02
Sn-113.....................................  3.1E+02
Sn-119m....................................  3.3E+02
Sn-121m....................................  8.1E+05
Sn-123.....................................  1.3E+04
Sn-126.....................................  1.8E+02
Sb-124.....................................  9.1E+01
Sb-125.....................................  6.7E+01
Te-121m....................................  1.8E+02
Te-123m....................................  2.8E+02
Te-125m....................................  4.4E+02
Te-127m....................................  8.0E+02
Te-129m....................................  2.3E+03
I-125......................................  3.5E+02
I-129......................................  1.8E+02
Cs-134.....................................  2.6E+01
Cs-135.....................................  1.3E+06
Cs-137.....................................  6.0E+01
Ba-133.....................................  5.1E+01
La-137.....................................  2.7E+05
Ce-139.....................................  2.4E+02
Ce-141.....................................  2.4E+03
Ce-144.....................................  1.4E+03
Pm-143.....................................  1.3E+02
Pm-144.....................................  2.9E+01
Pm-145.....................................  2.6E+02
Pm-146.....................................  4.4E+01
Pm-147.....................................  7.7E+05
Pm-148m....................................  1.0E+02
Sm-145.....................................  2.4E+06
Sm-146.....................................  4.0E+02
Sm-151.....................................  2.5E+05
Eu-148.....................................  1.1E+06
Eu-149.....................................  1.1E+07
Eu-152.....................................  3.1E+01
Eu-154.....................................  3.1E+01
Eu-155.....................................  3.6E+02
Gd-146.....................................  5.1E+05
Gd-148.....................................  9.0E+01
Gd-151.....................................  2.9E+06
Gd-153.....................................  2.1E+02
Tb-157.....................................  2.5E+03
Tb-158.....................................  9.0E+04
Tb-160.....................................  1.2E+02
Dy-159.....................................  1.0E+07
Ho-166m....................................  2.1E+01
Tm-170.....................................  8.4E+03
Tm-171.....................................  2.8E+04
Yb-169.....................................  5.5E+02
Lu-173.....................................  1.8E+06
Lu-174.....................................  9.3E+05
Lu-174m....................................  1.0E+06
Lu-177m....................................  5.8E+01
Hf-172.....................................  7.3E+04
Hf-175.....................................  3.0E+06
Hf-178m....................................  8.7E+03
Hf-181.....................................  3.4E+02
Hf-182.....................................  7.5E+03
Ta-179.....................................  9.3E+06
Ta-182.....................................  7.3E+01
W-181......................................  1.0E+03
W-185......................................  3.9E+06
W-188......................................  6.3E+04
Re-183.....................................  5.3E+02
Re-184.....................................  2.6E+02
Re-184m....................................  1.5E+02
Re-186m....................................  3.4E+05
Os-185.....................................  1.3E+02
Os-194.....................................  6.4E+04
Ir-192.....................................  1.3E+02
Ir-192m....................................  1.4E+05
Ir-194m....................................  2.7E+01
Pt-193.....................................  8.7E+07
Au-195.....................................  4.8E+02
Hg-194.....................................  5.2E+04
Hg-203.....................................  4.9E+02
Tl-204.....................................  2.2E+04
Pb-202.....................................  1.9E+05
Pb-205.....................................  9.0E+01
Pb-210.....................................  9.2E+01
Bi-207.....................................  1.7E+01
Bi-208.....................................  1.5E+01
Bi-210m....................................  1.2E+03
Po-209.....................................  6.3E+03
Po-210.....................................  1.2E+03
Ra-226.....................................  2.2E+02
Ra-228.....................................  1.5E+03
Ac-227.....................................  4.2E+00
Th-228.....................................  8.4E+01
Th-229.....................................  3.1E+01
Th-230.....................................  5.4E+00
Th-232.....................................  9.3E+01
Pa-231.....................................  3.0E+01
U-232......................................  1.0E+02
U-233......................................  3.9E+02
U-234......................................  2.9E+02
U-235......................................  6.7E+01
U-236......................................  3.1E+02
U-238......................................  3.5E+02
Np-235.....................................  1.1E+02
Np-236.....................................  2.1E+01
Np-237.....................................  4.9E+01
Pu-236.....................................  2.0E+02
Pu-237.....................................  3.3E+02
Pu-238.....................................  9.0E+01
Pu-239.....................................  8.4E+01
Pu-240.....................................  8.4E+01
Pu-241.....................................  4.6E+03
Pu-242.....................................  8.7E+01
Pu-244.....................................  9.0E+01
Am-241.....................................  7.2E+01
Am-242m....................................  1.1E+02
Am-243.....................................  7.3E+01
Cm-241.....................................  1.0E+05
Cm-242.....................................  6.2E+02
Cm-243.....................................  4.8E+01
Cm-244.....................................  1.5E+02
Cm-245.....................................  5.0E+01
Cm-246.....................................  1.0E+02
Cm-247.....................................  8.5E+01
Cm-248.....................................  2.8E+01
Cm-250.....................................  5.4E+00
Bk-247.....................................  6.0E+01
Bk-249.....................................  2.7E+04
Cf-248.....................................  4.4E+02
Cf-249.....................................  5.5E+01
Cf-250.....................................  1.2E+02
Cf-251.....................................  5.3E+01
Cf-252.....................................  5.2E+00
Cf-254.....................................  1.2E+02
Es-254.....................................  6.3E+01
Es-255.....................................  8.8E+03
Fm-257.....................................  5.1E+02
Md-258.....................................  6.1E+02
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Any alpha emitting radionuclide not listed in appendix E and 
mixtures of alpha emitters of unknown composition have a value of 10 
[mu]Ci.
    With the exception that any type of STC has a value of 10 Ci, 
any radionuclide other than alpha emitting radionuclides not listed 
in appendix E and mixtures of beta emitters of unknown composition 
have a value of 100 [mu]Ci.

    Note: Where there is involved a mixture of radionuclides in 
known amounts, derive the value for the mixture as follows: 
determine, for each radionuclide in the mixture, the ratio between 
the quantity present in the mixture and the value otherwise 
established for the specific radionuclide when not in the mixture. 
If the sum of such ratios for all radionuclides in the mixture 
exceeds unity (1), then the accountability criterion has been 
exceeded.

 [FR Doc. E7-10477 Filed 6-7-07; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6450-01-P