[Federal Register Volume 72, Number 104 (Thursday, May 31, 2007)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 30326-30331]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: E7-10476]


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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17

RIN 1018-AU48


Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Revised 
Designation of Critical Habitat for the Wintering Population of the 
Piping Plover

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION: Proposed rule; reopening of comment period, notice of 
availability of draft economic analysis and draft environmental 
assessment, and announcement of public hearing.

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SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), announce the 
availability of the draft economic analysis and draft environmental 
assessment, the reopening of the public comment period, and a public 
hearing on the proposed revised designation of critical habitat for the 
wintering population of the piping plover (Charadrius melodus) under 
the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act). We are reopening 
the public comment period to allow all interested parties an 
opportunity to comment simultaneously on the proposed rule and the 
associated draft economic analysis and draft environmental assessment. 
The draft economic analysis finds that costs associated with 
conservation activities for the wintering population of the piping 
plover in North Carolina are forecasted to range from $0 to $12.2 
million in lost consumer surplus and $0 to $21.1 million in lost trip 
expenditures in undiscounted dollars over the next 20 years, with an 
additional $32,000 to $79,000 in administrative costs. Discounted 
impacts are estimated to range from $0 to $6.2 million in lost consumer 
surplus and $0 to $10.6 million in lost trip expenditures over 20 years 
using a real rate of seven percent, with an additional $17,000 to 
$42,000 in administrative costs. This amounts to $0 to $503,000 in lost 
consumer surplus and $0 to $861,000 in lost trip expenditures, 
annually. Using a real rate of three percent, discounted impacts are 
estimated at $0 to $8.9 million in lost consumer surplus and $0 to 
$15.4 million in lost trip expenditures over the next 20 years, with an 
additional $24,000 to $59,000 in administrative costs. This amounts to 
$2,000 to $600,000 in lost consumer surplus and $0 to $1.0 million in 
lost trip expenditures, annually. The draft environmental assessment 
finds that designation of critical habitat would not impose any 
physical alteration of the physical or biological communities used by 
the wintering population of the piping plover, nor would it alter any 
social, cultural, or recreational resources or the use of such 
resources beyond current conditions or existing management strategies. 
Comments previously submitted need not be resubmitted as they will be 
incorporated into the public record and fully considered in preparation 
of the final rule.

DATES: Written comments: We will accept public comments until July 30, 
2007.
    Public hearing: We will hold a public hearing on the proposed 
revised designation of critical habitat, and the draft economic 
analysis and draft environmental assessment, from 5 p.m. to 7 p.m. on 
June 20, 2007. The public hearing will be preceded by a public 
information session from 4 p.m. to 5 p.m. at the same location (see 
Public hearing under ADDRESSES).

ADDRESSES: Written comments: If you wish to comment, you may submit 
your comments and information concerning this proposal, identified by 
``Attn: Wintering Piping Plover Critical Habitat,'' by any one of the 
following methods:
    1. Mail to Pete Benjamin, Field Supervisor, U.S. Fish and Wildlife 
Service, Raleigh Field Office, P.O. Box 33726, Raleigh, NC 27636-3726.

[[Page 30327]]

    2. Hand-deliver to Raleigh Field Office, 551-F Pylon Drive, 
Raleigh, NC 27606.
    3. Electronic mail (e-mail) to [email protected]. Please see 
the ``Public Comments Solicited'' section under SUPPLEMENTARY 
INFORMATION for file format and other information about electronic 
filing.
    4. Fax to 919-856-4556.
    5. Federal eRulemaking Portal at: http://www.regulations.gov. 
Follow the instructions for submitting comments.
    Public hearing: The public hearing on the proposed revised critical 
habitat designation, draft economic analysis, and draft environmental 
assessment will take place at the Fessenden Center, 46830 Highway 12, 
Buxton, Dare County, North Carolina. Maps of the proposal and other 
materials will be available for public review.
    Availability of supporting documentation: Comments and materials 
received, as well as supporting documentation used in the preparation 
of the proposed rule, will be available for public inspection by 
appointment during normal business hours at the Raleigh Field Office 
(see addresses above).

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Pete Benjamin, Field Supervisor, U.S. 
Fish and Wildlife Service, Raleigh Field Office, telephone 919-856-4520 
extension 11, fax 919-856-4556. Persons who use a telecommunications 
device for the deaf (TDD) may call the Federal Information Relay 
Service (FIRS) at 800-877-8339.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

Public Comments Solicited

    We intend that any final action resulting from the proposal will be 
as accurate and as effective as possible. Therefore, comments or 
suggestions from the public, other concerned governmental agencies, the 
scientific community, industry, or any other interested party 
concerning the proposed rule, draft economic analysis, and draft 
environmental assessment are hereby solicited. Comments particularly 
are sought concerning:
    (1) The reasons any habitat should or should not be determined to 
be critical habitat as provided by section 4 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1531 
et seq.), including whether the benefit of designation would outweigh 
any threats to the species due to designation;
    (2) Specific information on the amount and distribution of 
wintering piping plover habitat in North Carolina, and what areas 
should be included in the designation that were occupied at the time of 
listing that contain the features that are essential for the 
conservation of the species and why, and what areas that were not 
occupied at the time of listing are essential to the conservation of 
the species and why;
    (3) Land use designations and current or planned activities in the 
subject areas and their possible impacts on proposed revised critical 
habitat;
    (4) Any foreseeable economic, national security, or other potential 
impacts resulting from the proposed revised designation and, in 
particular, any impacts on small entities;
    (5) Any foreseeable environmental impacts directly or indirectly 
resulting from the proposed revised designation of critical habitat;
    (6) Whether our approach to designating critical habitat could be 
improved or modified in any way to provide for greater public 
participation and understanding or to assist us in accommodating public 
concerns and comments;
    (7) Whether our determination of areas identified as not being in 
need of special management is accurate;
    (8) Information to assist the Secretary of the Interior in 
evaluating habitat with physical and biological features essential to 
the conservation of the piping plover on Cape Hatteras National 
Seashore, administered by the National Park Service, based on any 
benefit provided by the Interim Protected Species Management Strategy/
Environmental Assessment to the conservation of the wintering piping 
plover;
    (9) Whether the draft economic analysis identifies all State and 
local costs attributable to the proposed revised critical habitat 
designation, and information on any costs that have been inadvertently 
overlooked;
    (10) Whether the draft economic analysis makes appropriate 
assumptions regarding current practices and likely regulatory changes 
that would be imposed as a result of the designation of revised 
critical habitat;
    (11) Whether the draft economic analysis correctly assesses the 
effect on regional costs associated with any land use controls that may 
derive from the designation of the proposed revised critical habitat;
    (12) Whether the draft economic analysis appropriately identifies 
all costs and benefits that could result from the proposed revised 
designation; and
    (13) Whether there is any information to suggest that beach 
recreation might increase as a result of this designation, and whether 
the effects of any such increased visitation can be quantified.
    If you wish to comment, you may submit your comments and materials 
concerning the proposal by any one of several methods (see ADDRESSES). 
Please note that comments merely stating support or opposition to the 
actions under consideration without providing supporting information, 
although noted, will not be considered in making a determination, as 
section 4(b)(1)(A) of the Act directs that determinations to be made 
``solely on the basis of the best scientific and commercial data 
available.'' If you submit comments electronically, include ``Attn: 
Wintering Piping Plover Critical Habitat'' in your e-mail subject 
header and your name and return address in the body of your message. If 
you do not receive a confirmation from the system that we have received 
your electronic message, contact us directly by calling the Raleigh 
Field Office at 919-856-4520. Please note that the e-mail address 
[email protected] will be closed at the termination of the 
public comment period.
    Before including your address, phone number, e-mail address, or 
other personal identifying information in your comment, you should be 
aware that your entire comment--including your personal identifying 
information--may be made publicly available at any time. While you can 
ask us in your comment to withhold your personal identifying 
information from public review, we cannot guarantee that we will be 
able to do so.
    Copies of the draft economic analysis and draft environmental 
assessment and the revised proposed rule for critical habitat 
designation are available on the Internet at http://www.fws.gov/nc-es 
or from the Raleigh Field Office at the address and contact numbers 
above.
    Our final determination on the designation of revised critical 
habitat will take into consideration all comments and any additional 
information we received during both comment periods. Previous comments 
and information submitted during the initial comment period on the June 
12, 2006, proposed rule (71 FR 33703) need not be resubmitted. On the 
basis of information received during the public comment periods, we 
may, during the development of our final revised critical habitat 
determination, find that areas proposed are not essential, are 
appropriate for exclusion under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, or are not 
appropriate for exclusion. An area may be excluded from critical 
habitat if it is determined that the benefits of such exclusion 
outweigh the benefits of including a particular area as critical 
habitat, unless the failure to designate such area as critical habitat 
will result in the extinction of the species. We may

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exclude an area from designated critical habitat based on economic 
impacts, national security, or any other relevant impact.

Background

    We first designated critical habitat for the wintering population 
of the piping plover on July 10, 2001 (66 FR 36038). In 2004, the U.S. 
District Court for the District of Columbia remanded to us the 2001 
designation of four units located at the Cape Hatteras National 
Seashore in Dare and Hyde counties, North Carolina (Cape Hatteras 
Access Preservation Alliance v. U.S. Department of the Interior, 344 F. 
Supp 2d 108). On June 12, 2006, we published a proposed rule to 
designate revised critical habitat for the wintering population of the 
piping plover in North Carolina (71 FR 33703). That proposed rule 
describes four coastal areas (units), totaling approximately 1,827 
acres (ac) (739 hectares (ha)) within Cape Hatteras National Seashore, 
as critical habitat for the wintering population of the piping plover. 
These four units contain a contiguous mix of intertidal beaches and 
sand or mud flats (between annual low tide and annual high tide) with 
little or no emergent vegetation, and adjacent areas of unvegetated or 
sparsely vegetated dune systems and sand or mud flats above annual high 
tide.
    In our June 12, 2006, proposed rule, we also proposed excluding 
from the units the islands DR-005-05 and DR-005-06 (Dare County) and 
DR-009-03/04 (Dare and Hyde counties), owned by the State of North 
Carolina, and about 237 ac (96 ha) of Pea Island National Wildlife 
Refuge (Dare County). Based on a determination following our analysis 
under sections 4(b)(2) and 3(5)(A) of the Act, these areas were 
proposed for exclusion from critical habitat because they are either 
protected by existing habitat conservation plans or do not require 
special management considerations or protection.
    The four proposed revised units, combined with the areas proposed 
for exclusion, constitute our best assessment of those areas containing 
features essential to the conservation of the species. We will submit 
for publication in the Federal Register a final revised critical 
habitat designation for the wintering population of the piping plover 
on or before January 16, 2008.
    Critical habitat is defined in section 3 of the Act as the specific 
areas within the geographic area occupied by a species, at the time it 
is listed in accordance with the Act, on which are found those physical 
or biological features essential to the conservation of the species and 
that may require special management considerations or protection, and 
specific areas outside the geographic area occupied by a species at the 
time it is listed, upon a determination that such areas are essential 
for the conservation of the species. If the revised proposed rule is 
made final, section 7 of the Act will prohibit destruction or adverse 
modification of critical habitat by any activity funded, authorized, or 
carried out by any Federal agency. Federal agencies proposing actions 
affecting areas designated as critical habitat must consult with us on 
the effects of their proposed actions, pursuant to section 7(a)(2) of 
the Act.

Economic Analysis

    Section 4(b)(2) of the Act requires that we designate or revise 
critical habitat based upon the best scientific and commercial data 
available, after taking into consideration the economic or any other 
relevant impact of specifying any particular area as critical habitat. 
We have prepared a draft economic analysis based on the June 12, 2006, 
proposed rule (71 FR 33703) to revise critical habitat for the 
wintering population of the piping plover.
    The draft economic analysis estimates the foreseeable economic 
impacts of conservation measures for the wintering population of the 
piping plover within the proposed revised critical habitat designation 
on government agencies and private businesses and individuals. 
Specifically, the analysis measures how management activities 
undertaken by the National Park Service to protect wintering piping 
plover habitat against the threat of off-road vehicle (ORV) use may 
affect the value of the beaches to ORV users and the region. In this 
analysis, it is assumed that the primary management tool employed for 
wintering piping plover conservation could be the implementation of 
closures of certain portions of the beach. The Service believes, 
however, that additional closures due to wintering piping plovers are 
unlikely. These closures are considered as reducing the opportunity for 
recreational activities, such as ORV use. At this time, the National 
Park Service is not undertaking any other activities on which it 
expects to be required to consult in the future. Other than 
recreational activities, the Park Service also does not know of any 
projects or activities, such as U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dredging, 
that could potentially be affected by critical habitat. The analysis, 
therefore, focuses on the effect of public closures of beaches on ORV 
use and the potential administrative costs to the National Park Service 
resulting from additional section 7 consultations and other 
administrative duties caused by designation of critical habitat. Our 
analysis reflects that recreation may be affected under one of two 
possible scenarios: The high-end scenario estimates a percentage of ORV 
trips to proposed revised designated critical habitat areas would be 
lost, and the low-end scenario assumes no trips would be lost.
    The draft economic analysis forecasts that costs associated with 
conservation activities for the wintering population of the piping 
plover in North Carolina would range from $0 to $12.2 million in lost 
consumer surplus and $0 to $21.1 million in lost trip expenditures in 
undiscounted dollars over the next 20 years, with an additional $32,000 
to $79,000 in administrative costs. Discounted forecast impacts are 
estimated to range from $0 to $6.2 million in lost consumer surplus and 
$0 to $10.6 million in lost trip expenditures over 20 years using a 
real rate of seven percent, with an additional $17,000 to $42,000 in 
administrative costs. This amounts to $0 to $503,000 in lost consumer 
surplus and $0 to $861,000 in lost trip expenditures, annually. Using a 
real rate of three percent, discounted forecast impacts are estimated 
at $0 to $8.9 million in lost consumer surplus and $0 to $15.4 million 
in lost trip expenditures over the next 20 years, with an additional 
$24,000 to $59,000 in administrative costs. This amounts to $2,000 to 
$600,000 in lost consumer surplus and $0 to $1.0 million in lost trip 
expenditures, annually. Of the four units proposed as critical habitat, 
unit NC-2 is calculated to experience the highest estimated costs 
(about 40 percent) in both lost consumer surplus ($0 to $4.9 million, 
undiscounted) and lost trip expenditures ($0 to $8.4 million, 
undiscounted). Units NC-4, NC-5, and NC-1 account for about 26, 20, and 
14 percent, respectively, of the total potential impacts.
    The draft economic analysis considers the potential economic 
effects of all actions relating to the conservation of the wintering 
population of the piping plover, including costs associated with 
section 7 of the Act and those costs attributable to designating 
critical habitat. It further considers the economic effects of 
protective measures taken as a result of other Federal, State, and 
local laws that aid habitat conservation for the wintering population 
of the piping plover in proposed revised critical habitat areas. The 
draft analysis considers both

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economic efficiency and distributional effects. In the case of habitat 
conservation, efficiency effects generally reflect lost economic 
opportunities associated with restrictions on land use (opportunity 
costs). This analysis also addresses how potential economic impacts are 
likely to be distributed, including an assessment of any local or 
regional impacts of habitat conservation and the potential effects of 
conservation activities on small entities and the energy industry. This 
information can be used by decision-makers to assess whether the 
effects of the designation might unduly burden a particular group or 
economic sector. Finally, this draft analysis looks retrospectively at 
costs that have been incurred since the date the species was listed as 
threatened and considers those costs that may occur in the 20 years 
following the revision of critical habitat.
    As stated earlier, we solicit data and comments from the public on 
this draft economic analysis, as well as on all aspects of the 
proposal. We may revise the proposal, or its supporting documents, to 
incorporate or address new information received during the comment 
period.

National Environmental Policy Act

    The court decision ordering us to revise the critical habitat 
designation also ordered us to prepare an environmental analysis of the 
proposed designation under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) 
(42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.). To comply with the court's order, we have 
prepared a draft environmental assessment pursuant to the requirements 
of NEPA as implemented by the Council on Environmental Quality 
regulations (40 CFR 1500-1508) and according to the Department of the 
Interior's NEPA procedures. The draft environmental assessment is based 
on the June 12, 2006, proposed rule (71 FR 33703). The scope of the 
environmental assessment includes an evaluation of the impact of the 
proposed designation of the four revised critical habitat units (Units 
NC-1, NC-2, NC-4, and NC-5) for the wintering population of the piping 
plover. The draft environmental assessment presents the purpose of and 
need for critical habitat designation, the No Action and Preferred 
alternatives, and an evaluation of the direct, indirect, and cumulative 
effects of the alternatives. Within the analysis is the option to 
designate only some of the units or some portion of the units 
identified in the proposed rule. Following the analyses of sections 
4(b)(2) and 3(5)(A) of the Act, the consideration of impacts and 
special management or protection at a unit level may result in 
alternative combinations of proposed habitat that may or may not 
ultimately be designated as critical habitat. For a more complete 
description of the application of section 3(5)(A) and exclusions under 
section 4(b)(2) of the Act, see our proposed rule (June 12, 2006; 71 FR 
33703).
    The environmental assessment will be used by the Service to 
determine if critical habitat should be designated as proposed, if the 
Action Alternative requires refinement, or if further analyses are 
needed through preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement. If the 
Action Alternative is selected as described, or with minimal changes, 
and no further environmental analyses are needed, then the Service will 
conclude the NEPA process by issuing a Finding of No Significant 
Impact.
    As stated earlier, we solicit data and comments from the public on 
this draft environmental assessment, as well as on all other aspects of 
the proposal. We may revise the proposal, or its supporting documents, 
to incorporate or address new information received during the comment 
period.

Required Determinations--Amended

Regulatory Planning and Review

    In accordance with Executive Order 12866, this document is a 
significant rule because it may raise novel legal and policy issues. 
However, it is not anticipated to have an annual effect on the economy 
of $100 million or more or affect the economy in a material way. Due to 
the timeline for publication in the Federal Register, the Office of 
Management and Budget did not formally review the proposed rule.
    Further, Executive Order 12866 directs Federal agencies 
promulgating regulations to evaluate regulatory alternatives (Office of 
Management and Budget, Circular A-4, September 17, 2003). Pursuant to 
Circular A-4, once it has been determined that the Federal regulatory 
action is appropriate, the agency will need to consider alternative 
regulatory approaches. Since the determination of critical habitat is a 
statutory requirement under the Act, we must then evaluate alternative 
regulatory approaches, where feasible, when promulgating a designation 
of critical habitat.
    In developing our designations of critical habitat, we consider 
economic impacts, impacts to national security, and other relevant 
impacts pursuant to section 4(b)(2) of the Act. Based on the discretion 
allowable under this provision, we may exclude any particular area from 
the designation of critical habitat provided that the benefits of such 
exclusion outweigh the benefits of specifying the area as critical 
habitat and that such exclusion would not result in the extinction of 
the species. We believe that the evaluation of the inclusion or 
exclusion of particular areas, or combination thereof, in a designation 
constitutes our regulatory alternative analysis.

Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.)

    Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as 
amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act 
(SBREFA) of 1996), whenever an agency is required to publish a notice 
of rulemaking for any proposed or final rule, it must prepare and make 
available for public comment a regulatory flexibility analysis that 
describes the effect of the rule on small entities (small businesses, 
small organizations, and small government jurisdictions). However, no 
regulatory flexibility analysis is required if the head of an agency 
certifies the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small entities. In our proposed rule, we withheld 
our determination of whether this designation would result in a 
significant effect as defined under SBREFA until we completed our draft 
economic analysis of the proposed designation so that we would have the 
factual basis for our determination.
    According to the Small Business Administration (SBA), small 
entities include small organizations, such as independent nonprofit 
organizations, and small governmental jurisdictions, including school 
boards and city, town, and county governments that serve fewer than 
50,000 residents (for example, Dare and Hyde counties), as well as 
small businesses (13 CFR 121.201). Small businesses include 
manufacturing and mining concerns with fewer than 500 employees, 
wholesale trade entities with fewer than 100 employees, retail and 
service businesses with less than $5 million in annual sales, general 
and heavy construction businesses with less than $27.5 million in 
annual business, special trade contractors doing less than $11.5 
million in annual business, and agricultural businesses with annual 
sales less than $750,000. To determine if potential economic impacts to 
these small entities, including Dare County and Hyde County 
governmental entities, are significant, we considered in our economic 
analysis the types of activities that might trigger regulatory impacts 
under this designation as well as types of project modifications that 
may result.

[[Page 30330]]

In general, the term ``significant economic impact'' is meant to apply 
to a typical small business firm's business operations.
    To determine if the proposed revised critical habitat designation 
for the wintering population of the piping plover would affect a 
substantial number of small entities, we considered the number of small 
entities affected within particular types of economic activities (for 
example, residential and commercial development). We considered each 
industry or category individually to determine if certification is 
appropriate. In estimating the numbers of small entities potentially 
affected, we also considered whether their activities have any Federal 
involvement; some kinds of activities are unlikely to have any Federal 
involvement and so will not be affected by the designation of critical 
habitat. Designation of critical habitat only affects activities 
conducted, funded, permitted, or authorized by Federal agencies.
    In our draft economic analysis, we evaluated the potential economic 
effects on small business and governmental entities resulting from 
conservation actions related to the proposed revised designation of 
critical habitat for the wintering population of the piping plover. 
This analysis estimated prospective economic impacts due to the 
implementation of wintering piping plover conservation efforts in two 
categories: Recreation (particularly ORV use), and section 7 
consultation undertaken by the National Park Service. We determined 
from our analysis that impacts of section 7 consultation are not 
anticipated to affect small business or governmental entities because 
the costs of consultation are borne entirely by the National Park 
Service. The loss of trips would impact local businesses that serve the 
area, because lost trips would have generated visitor expenditures on 
such items as food, lodging, shopping, transportation, entertainment, 
and recreation. See ``Economic Analysis'' section above and the draft 
economic analysis for a more detailed discussion of estimated 
discounted impacts.
    Approximately 93 percent of businesses in affected industry sectors 
in both counties are small. Assuming that all expenditures are lost 
only by small businesses and that these expenditures are distributed 
equally across all small businesses in both counties, each small 
business may experience a reduction in annual sales of between $349 and 
$3,429, depending on its industry. Specifically, the entertainment 
industry may expect a loss of $349 if no trips are lost and $524 if 
trips are lost. The food industry may expect a loss of $426 and $641 
for no trips lost and trips lost, respectively. The shopping industry 
may expect a loss of $730 and $1,097, and lodging may expect a loss of 
$1,930 to $2,902 for no trips lost and trips lost, respectively. The 
transportation industry may expect a loss of $2,281 if no trips are 
lost and $3,429 if trips are lost. If the small business is generating 
annual sales just under the SBA small business threshold for its 
industry, this loss represents between 0.01 and 0.04 percent of its 
annual sales (0.01 percent for food, shopping, and entertainment; 0.03 
to 0.04 percent for lodging and transportation). The Service concludes 
that this is not a significant economic impact.
    Assuming that each small business has annual sales just under its 
SBA industry small business threshold may underestimate lost 
expenditures as a percentage of annual sales. It is likely that most 
small businesses have annual sales well below the threshold. However, 
even if a business has annual sales below the small business threshold 
for its particular industry, it is probable that lost expenditures 
still are relatively small compared to annual sales. For example, if a 
small business has annual sales that are a tenth of its SBA small 
business threshold, potential losses still only represent between 0.05 
and 0.45 percent of its annual sales.
    Therefore, we do not believe that the designation of critical 
habitat for the wintering piping plover would result in a 
disproportionate effect to small business entities.

Executive Order 13211

    On May 18, 2001, the President issued Executive Order (E.O.) 13211 
on regulations that significantly affect energy supply, distribution, 
and use. E.O. 13211 requires agencies to prepare Statements of Energy 
Effects when undertaking certain actions. This proposed rule is 
considered a significant regulatory action under E.O. 12866 because it 
raises novel legal and policy issues, but it is not expected to 
significantly affect energy supplies, distribution, or use. Therefore, 
this action is not a significant action, and no Statement of Energy 
Effects is required.

Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.)

    In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 
1501), the Service makes the following findings:
    (a) This rule will not produce a Federal mandate. In general, a 
Federal mandate is a provision in legislation, statute, or regulation 
that would impose an enforceable duty upon State, local, or tribal 
governments, or the private sector, and includes both ``Federal 
intergovernmental mandates'' and ``Federal private sector mandates.'' 
These terms are defined in 2 U.S.C. 658(5)-(7). ``Federal 
intergovernmental mandate'' includes a regulation that ``would impose 
an enforceable duty upon State, local, or tribal governments,'' with 
two exceptions. It excludes ``a condition of Federal assistance.'' It 
also excludes ``a duty arising from participation in a voluntary 
Federal program,'' unless the regulation ``relates to a then-existing 
Federal program under which $500,000,000 or more is provided annually 
to State, local, and tribal governments under entitlement authority,'' 
if the provision would ``increase the stringency of conditions of 
assistance'' or ``place caps upon, or otherwise decrease, the Federal 
Government's responsibility to provide funding'' and the State, local, 
or tribal governments ``lack authority'' to adjust accordingly. At the 
time of enactment, these entitlement programs were: Medicaid; Aid to 
Families with Dependent Children work programs; Child Nutrition; Food 
Stamps; Social Services Block Grants; Vocational Rehabilitation State 
Grants; Foster Care, Adoption Assistance, and Independent Living; 
Family Support Welfare Services; and Child Support Enforcement. 
``Federal private sector mandate'' includes a regulation that ``would 
impose an enforceable duty upon the private sector, except (i) a 
condition of Federal assistance; or (ii) a duty arising from 
participation in a voluntary Federal program.''
    The designation of critical habitat does not impose a legally 
binding duty on non-Federal government entities or private parties. 
Under the Act, the only regulatory effect is that Federal agencies must 
ensure that their actions do not destroy or adversely modify critical 
habitat under section 7. Non-Federal entities that receive Federal 
funding, assistance, permits, or otherwise require approval or 
authorization from a Federal agency for an action, may be indirectly 
impacted by the designation of critical habitat. However, the legally 
binding duty to avoid destruction or adverse modification of critical 
habitat rests squarely on the Federal agency. Furthermore, to the 
extent that non-Federal entities are indirectly impacted because they 
receive Federal assistance or participate in a voluntary Federal aid 
program, the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act would not apply; nor would

[[Page 30331]]

critical habitat shift the costs of the large entitlement programs 
listed above on to State governments.
    (b) As discussed in the draft economic analysis of the proposed 
revised designation of critical habitat for the wintering population of 
the piping plover, we believe that impacts to small governments are not 
expected because only Federal lands are proposed for designation. As 
such, it is unlikely that small governments will be involved with 
projects involving section 7 consultations for the wintering population 
of the piping plover within their jurisdictional areas. Consequently, 
we do not believe that the designation of critical habitat for this 
species would significantly or uniquely affect these small governmental 
entities. As such, a Small Government Agency Plan is not required.

Takings

    In accordance with E.O. 12630 (``Government Actions and 
Interference with Constitutionally Protected Private Property 
Rights''), we have analyzed the potential takings implications of 
proposing revised critical habitat for the wintering population of the 
piping plover. Critical habitat designation does not affect landowner 
actions that do not require Federal funding or permits, nor does it 
preclude development of habitat conservation programs or issuance of 
incidental take permits to permit actions that do require Federal 
funding or permits to go forward. In conclusion, the designation of the 
revised critical habitat for this species would not pose significant 
takings implications.

Author

    The primary author of this notice is David Rabon of the Raleigh 
Field Office (see ADDRESSES).

    Authority The authority for this action is the Endangered 
Species Act of 1973, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.).

    Dated: May 24, 2007.
 Todd Willens,
Acting Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks.
[FR Doc. E7-10476 Filed 5-30-07; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P