[Federal Register Volume 72, Number 60 (Thursday, March 29, 2007)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 14734-14750]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: E7-5805]


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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

40 CFR Part 63

[EPA-HQ-OAR-2006-0859; FRL-8293-4]
RIN 2060-AN85


Risk and Technology Review, Phase II, Group 2

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Advance notice of proposed rulemaking (ANPRM).

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SUMMARY: This ANPRM asks for public comment on hazardous air pollutant 
emissions and other model input data that EPA intends to use to assess 
residual risk from selected industrial major source categories, as 
required by the Clean Air Act. Specifically, the data are comprised of 
hazardous air pollutant emission estimates and emission release 
parameters for 22 industrial source categories subject to 12 national 
emission standards for hazardous air pollutants for hazardous air 
pollutants with compliance dates of 2002 and earlier. The source of 
this information is the February 2006 version of the 2002 National 
Emissions Inventory, updated with some facility-specific data collected 
by EPA. We are seeking comment on the emissions and source data found 
at the Risk and Technology Review Web site and we are providing the 
opportunity for the public to submit technical corrections and updates. 
Following review of comments received, we will update the data, as 
appropriate, and assess risk for these source categories. We will use 
these risk estimates and our evaluation of the availability, cost, and 
feasibility of emissions reduction options to determine the ample 
margin of safety for residual risk and to fulfill our obligations to 
conduct a technology review. We currently anticipate using the results 
of these risk estimates along with review of control technology as the 
basis for our decisions on whether to propose additional standards to 
address residual risk for each source category. There will be 
opportunity for oral and written comment on any additional standards 
when we publish our Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM). We anticipate 
proposing the results of this risk and technology review for these 22 
source categories by fall 2007.

DATES: Comments must be received on or before May 29, 2007.

ADDRESSES: Submit your comments, identified by Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-
OAR-2006-0859 by one of the following methods:
     http://www.regulations.gov. Follow the online instructions 
for submitting comments.
     E-mail: [email protected].
     Fax: (202) 566-1741.
     Mail: U.S. Postal Service, send comments to: Air and 
Radiation Docket (6102T), Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2006-0859, U.S. 
Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW., 
Washington, DC 20460. Please include a total of two copies.
     Hand Delivery: In person or by Courier, deliver comments 
to: Air and Radiation Docket (6102T), EPA West, Room 3334, 1301 
Constitution Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20004. Such deliveries are 
accepted only during the Docket's normal hours of operation, and 
special arrangements should be made for deliveries of boxed 
information.
    Instructions: Direct your comments to Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-
2006-0859. EPA's policy is that all comments received will be included 
in the public docket without change and may be made available online at 
http://www.regulations.gov, including any personal information 
provided, unless the comment includes information claimed to be 
confidential business information (CBI) or other information whose 
disclosure is restricted by statute. Do not submit information that you 
consider to be CBI or otherwise protected through www.regulations.gov 
or e-mail. The http://www.regulations.gov Web site is an ``anonymous 
access'' system, which means EPA will not know your identity or contact 
information unless you provide it in the body of your comment. If you 
send an e-mail comment directly to EPA without going through http://www.regulations.gov, your e-mail address will be automatically captured 
and included as part of the comment that is placed in the public docket 
and made available on the Internet. If you submit an electronic 
comment, EPA recommends that you include your name and other contact 
information in the body of your comment and with any disk or CD-ROM you 
submit. If EPA cannot read your comment due to technical difficulties 
and cannot contact you for clarification, EPA may not be able to 
consider your comment. Electronic files should avoid the use of special 
characters, any form of encryption, and be free of any defects or 
viruses. For additional information about EPA's public docket visit the 
EPA Docket Center homepage at http://www.epa.gov/epahome/dockets.htm.
    Docket: All documents in the docket are listed in the http://www.regulations.gov index. Although listed in the index, some 
information is not publicly available, i.e., CBI or other information 
whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Certain other material, such 
as copyrighted material, will be publicly available only in hard copy. 
Publicly available docket materials are available either electronically 
in http://www.regulations.gov or in hard copy at the Air and Radiation 
Docket, EPA West, Room 3334, 1301 Constitution Avenue, NW., Washington, 
DC. The Public Reading Room is open from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday 
through Friday, excluding legal holidays. The telephone number for the 
Public Reading Room is (202) 566-1744, and the telephone number for the 
Air and Radiation Docket is (202) 566-1742.

    Note: The EPA Docket Center suffered damage due to flooding 
during the last week of June 2006. The Docket Center is continuing 
to operate. However, during the cleanup, there will be temporary 
changes to Docket Center telephone numbers, addresses, and hours of 
operation for people who wish to make hand deliveries or visit the 
Public Reading Room to view documents. Consult EPA's Federal 
Register notice at 71 FR 38147 (July 5, 2006) or the EPA Web site at 
http://www.epa.gov/epahome/dockets.htm for current information on 
docket operations, locations, and telephone numbers. The Docket 
Center's mailing address for U.S. mail and the procedure for 
submitting comments to http://www.regulations.gov are not affected 
by the flooding and will remain the same.


FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For general information about this 
ANPRM, contact Ms. Paula Hirtz, Office and Air Quality Planning and 
Standards, Sector Policies and Programs Division, Coatings and 
Chemicals Group (E143-01), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711; telephone number: (919) 
541-2618; fax number: (919) 541-0246; and e-mail address: 
[email protected].

[[Page 14735]]

    For information specific to the National Emissions Inventory (NEI), 
contact Ms. Anne Pope, Air Quality and Assessment Division (Office and 
Air Quality Planning and Standards), Mail Code C339-02, U.S. 
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 
27711; telephone number: (919) 541-5373; fax number: (919) 541-0684; 
and e-mail address: [email protected].

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
    Regulated Entities. Entities potentially affected by this action 
include facilities containing any one or more of the 22 major source 
categories subject to the 12 national emission standards for hazardous 
air pollutants (NESHAP) (or commonly referred to maximum achievable 
control technology (MACT) standards) listed in Table 1. This action 
does not affect area sources, as these NESHAP do not apply to area 
sources. Industries regulated by these MACT are classified by the North 
American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes shown in Table 1. 
In addition, a classification system of MACT codes has been developed 
and is used in the 2002 NEI to identify processes included in each MACT 
source category. The MACT codes for the 22 source categories addressed 
in this notice are also displayed in Table 1.

Table 1.--MACT Standards, Source Categories, and Corresponding NAICS and
                   MACT Codes Addressed by This ANPRM
------------------------------------------------------------------------
   MACT standard/source category name       NAICS codes      MACT code
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mineral Wool Production.................          327993             409
Aerospace Manufacturing and Rework                336411            0701
 Facilities.............................
Marine Tank Vessel Loading Operations...            4883            0603
Natural Gas Transmission and Storage....          486210            0504
Oil and Natural Gas Production..........             211            0501
Petroleum Refineries....................           32411            0503
Pharmaceuticals Production..............            3254            1201
Group I Polymers and Resins:
    Epichlorohydrin Elastomers                    325212            1311
     Production.........................
    Hypalon(TM) Production..............          325212            1315
    Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Production.          325212            1321
    Polybutadiene Rubber Production.....          325212            1325
    Styrene-Butadiene Rubber and Latex            325212            1339
     Production.........................
Group IV Polymers and Resins:
    Acrylic-Butadiene-Styrene Production          325211            1302
    Methyl Methacrylate-Acrylonitrile-            325211            1317
     Butadiene-Styrene Production.......
    Methyl Methacrylate-Butadiene-                325211            1318
     Styrene Production.................
    Nitrile Resins Production...........          325211            1342
    Polyethylene Terephthalate                    325211            1328
     Production.........................
    Polystyrene Production..............          325211            1331
    Styrene-Acrylonitrile Production....          325211            1338
Primary Aluminum Reduction Plants.......          331312            0201
Printing and Publishing Industry........           32311            0714
Shipbuilding and Ship Repair Operations.          336611            0715
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Submitting Comments/CBI. When submitting comments, remember to 
identify this ANPRM by docket number and other identifying information 
(subject heading, Federal Register date, and page number). Also, make 
sure to submit your comments by the comment period deadline identified. 
As described further in section VII of this ANPRM, specific data change 
suggestions need to be accompanied by supporting documentation that 
includes a description of any assumptions used and any technical 
information and/or data that you used.
    Do not submit CBI to EPA through www.regulations.gov or e-mail. 
Instead, send or deliver information identified as CBI only to the 
following address: Mr. Roberto Morales, OAQPS Document Control Officer 
(C404-02), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality 
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, Attention 
Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2006-0859. Clearly mark the part or all of the 
information that you claim to be CBI. For CBI information on a disk or 
CD-ROM that you mail to Mr. Morales, mark the outside of the disk or 
CD-ROM as CBI and then identify electronically within the disk or CD-
ROM the specific information that is claimed as CBI. In addition to one 
complete version of the comment that includes information claimed as 
CBI, a copy of the comment that does not contain the information 
claimed as CBI must be submitted for inclusion in the public docket. If 
you submit a CD-ROM or disc that does not contain CBI, mark the outside 
of the disk or CD-ROM clearly that it does not contain CBI. Information 
not marked as CBI will be included in the public docket and EPA's 
electronic public docket without prior notice.
    If you have any questions about CBI or the procedures for claiming 
CBI, please consult the person identified in the FOR FURTHER 
INFORMATION CONTACT section. Information marked as CBI will not be 
disclosed except in accordance with procedures set forth in 40 CFR part 
2.
    Worldwide Web (WWW). In addition to being available in the docket, 
an electronic copy of today's notice is also available on the World 
Wide Web through the Technology Transfer Network (TTN). Following 
signature by the EPA Administrator, a copy of today's notice will be 
posted on the TTN's policy and guidance page for newly proposed or 
promulgated NESHAP at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg. The TTN provides 
information and technology exchange in various areas of air pollution 
control.
    As discussed in more detail in section VI of this ANPRM, additional 
information is available on the Risk and Technology Review Phase II Web 
page at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/rrisk/rtrpg.html. This information 
includes source category descriptions and detailed emissions and other 
data that will be used as model inputs.
    Outline. The information presented in this preamble is organized as 
follows:


[[Page 14736]]


I. Background
II. What approach is EPA taking for the Risk and Technology Review?
    A. What is the approach we are taking to address residual risk 
for the Group 2 source categories?
    B. What data were compiled and reviewed?
    C. What are the steps planned before proposing NESHAP to address 
residual risk?
    D. How will we develop proposed NESHAP to address residual risk?
    E. When will the NESHAP be proposed and promulgated?
III. What is the purpose of this ANPRM?
IV. What data are in the ANPRM data sets for each source category?
V. What are we specifically seeking comment on?
VI. How may I access the data for a specific source category?
VII. How do I submit suggested data corrections?
VIII. What additional steps are expected after EPA reviews the 
comments received?

I. Background

    Section 112 of the Clean Air Act (CAA) establishes a two-stage 
regulatory process to address emissions of hazardous air pollutants 
(HAP) from stationary sources. In the first stage, after EPA has 
identified categories of sources emitting one or more of the HAP listed 
in CAA section 112(b), section 112(d) of the CAA calls for promulgation 
of technology-based emission standards for those sources. For ``major 
sources'' that emit or have the potential to emit 10 tons per year or 
more of any single HAP or 25 tons per year or more of any combination 
of HAP, these technology-based standards must reflect the maximum 
reductions of HAP achievable (after considering cost, energy 
requirements, and non-air health and environmental impacts). These 
technology based standards are commonly referred to as MACT standards. 
Between 1993 and 2004, EPA published 96 MACT standards (or NESHAP) 
covering 174 source categories. In this first stage, the focus was on 
ensuring reductions through available technologies. CAA Section 
112(d)(6) requires EPA to review these emission standards and to revise 
them ``as necessary (taking into account developments in practices, 
processes, and control technologies)'' no less frequently than every 8 
years.
    The second stage in standard-setting focuses on reducing any 
remaining ``residual'' risk according to CAA section 112(f). This 
provision requires, first, that EPA prepare a Report to Congress 
discussing (among other things) methods of calculating risk posed (or 
potentially posed) by sources after implementation of the MACT 
standards, the public health significance of those risks, the means and 
costs of controlling them, actual health effects to persons in 
proximity of emitting sources, and recommendations as to legislation 
regarding such remaining risk. EPA prepared and submitted this report 
(Residual Risk Report to Congress, EPA-453/R-99-001) in March 1999. 
Congress did not act in response to the report, thereby triggering 
EPA's obligation under CAA section 112(f)(2) to analyze and address 
residual risk.
    Section 112(f)(2) of the CAA then directs EPA to assess the risk 
remaining (residual risk) after the application of the MACT standards 
and promulgate more stringent standards for a category or subcategory 
of sources subject to MACT standards if promulgation of such standards 
is necessary to protect public health with an ample margin of safety or 
to prevent (taking into consideration various factors) adverse 
environmental effects. The standards to be promulgated under this 
subsection must ``provide an ample margin of safety to protect public 
health in accordance with this section (as in effect before the date of 
enactment of the CAA Amendments of 1990), unless the Administrator 
determines that a more stringent standard is necessary to prevent, 
taking into consideration costs, energy, safety, and other relevant 
factors, an adverse environmental impact.'' Section 112(f)(2) of the 
CAA expressly preserves our use of a two-step process for developing 
standards to address any residual risk and our interpretation of 
``ample margin of safety'' developed in the ``National Emission 
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Benzene Emissions from Maleic 
Anhydride Plants, Ethylbenzene/Styrene Plants, Benzene Storage Vessels, 
Benzene Equipment Leaks, and Coke By-Product Recovery Plants'' (Benzene 
NESHAP) (54 FR 38044, September 14, 1989).
    To date, EPA has conducted CAA 112(d)(6) technology reviews and 
promulgated residual risk standards for eight (Halogenated Solvents 
will be promulgated in April 2007) individual NESHAP and their 
associated source categories. In an effort to streamline this process 
for the remaining source categories, EPA plans to address residual risk 
and perform a technology review for several source categories in one 
combined effort. While the standard review and development process will 
be streamlined, each source category will be assessed independently and 
decisions on the level of any standards will be made individually for 
each source category. The first set of MACT source categories for which 
this streamlined process will be undertaken includes the 50 source 
categories listed in Table 2, all of which have MACT compliance dates 
of 2002 and earlier. (Except for the Chemical Recovery Combustion 
Sources at Kraft, Soda, Sulfite, and Stand-Alone Semichemical Pulp 
Mills source category, which has a compliance date of January 2004, 
these facilities are believed to be in compliance with MACT as of 2002, 
so the NEI reflects their post-MACT compliance emissions.) This action 
is referred to as Phase II of the Risk and Technology Review (RTR) 
process (where the first eight individual NESHAP comprise Phase I). 
Other MACT standards will be reviewed in the future. While the initial 
phases of data compilation and EPA internal review processes have been 
completed for each of the 50 source categories included in RTR Phase 
II, the source categories have been divided into smaller groups to ease 
the burden on public commenters and EPA's review of public comments and 
the rulemaking processes. Table 2 shows the source categories EPA 
anticipates including in each group of the RTR Phase II.

 Table 2.--Source Categories and Corresponding NAICS and MACT Codes Included in Risk and Technology Review Phase
                                                       II
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             RTR Phase II group                      Source category name           NAICS codes      MACT code
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1..........................................  Acetal Resins Production...........          325211            1301
                                             Hydrogen Fluoride Production.......          325120            1409
                                             Group I Polymers and Resins:
                                                Butyl Rubber Production.........          325212            1307
                                                Ethylene-Propylene Rubber                 325212            1313
                                                 Production.
                                                Polysulfide Rubber Production...          325212            1332
                                                Neoprene Production.............          325212            1320
                                             Group II Polymers and Resins:

[[Page 14737]]

 
                                                Epoxy Resins Production.........          325211            1312
                                                Non-Nylon Polyamides Production.          325211            1322
2..........................................  Mineral Wool Production............          327993             409
                                             Aerospace Manufacturing and Rework.          336411             701
                                             Marine Tank Vessel Loading.........            4883             603
                                             Natural Gas Transmission & Storage.          486210             504
                                             Oil and Natural Gas Production.....             211             501
                                             Petroleum Refineries...............           32411             503
                                             Pharmaceuticals Production.........            3254            1201
                                             Group I Polymers and Resins:
                                                Epichlorohydrin Elastomers                325212            1311
                                                 Production.
                                                Hypalon(TM) Production..........          325212            1315
                                                Nitrile Butadiene Rubber                  325212            1321
                                                 Production.
                                                Polybutadiene Rubber Production.          325212            1325
                                                Styrene-Butadiene Rubber and              325212            1339
                                                 Latex Production.
                                             Group IV Polymers and Resins:
                                                Acrylic-Butadiene-Styrene                 325211            1302
                                                 Production.
2..........................................  Group IV Polymers and Resins:
                                                Methyl Methacrylate-                      325211            1317
                                                 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene
                                                 Production.
                                                Methyl Methacrylate-Butadiene-            325211            1318
                                                 Styrene Production.
                                                Nitrile Resins Production.......          325211            1342
                                                Polyethylene Terephthalate                325211            1328
                                                 Production.
                                                Polystyrene Production..........          325211            1331
                                                Styrene-Acrylonitrile Production          325211            1338
                                             Primary Aluminum Reduction Plants..          331312             201
                                             Printing and Publishing Industry...           32311             714
                                             Shipbuilding and Ship Repair.......          336611             715
Other......................................  Acrylic/Modacrylic Fibers..........          325222            1001
                                             Chromium Electroplating:
                                                Chromic Acid Anodizing..........          332813            1607
                                                Decorative Chromium                       332813            1610
                                                 Electroplating.
                                                Hard Chromium Electroplating....          332813            1615
                                             Ferroalloys Production.............          331112             304
                                             Flexible Polyurethane Foam.........          326150            1314
Other......................................  Kraft, Sulfite, Semi-chemical, Soda
                                              Pulping Processes and Mechanical,
                                              Secondary Fiber, and Non-wood
                                              Pulping Processes and Papermaking
                                              Systems:
                                                Pulp and Paper Production.......            3221          1626-1
                                             Chemical Recovery Combustion
                                              Sources at Kraft, Soda, Sulfite,
                                              and Stand-Alone Semichemical Pulp
                                              Mills:
                                                Pulp and Paper Production.......            3221          1626-2
                                             Off-site Waste and Recovery........             562             806
                                             Phosphate Fertilizer Production....          325312            1410
                                             Phosphoric Acid Manufacturing......          325312            1411
                                             Polycarbonates Production..........          325199            1326
                                             Polyether Polyols Production.......          325199            1625
                                             Portland Cement Manufacturing......            3273             410
                                             Primary Lead Smelting..............          331419             204
                                             Publicly Owned Treatment Works.....          221320             803
                                             Secondary Aluminum Production......          331314             202
                                             Secondary Lead Smelting............          331492             205
                                             Steel Pickling-HCl Process.........          331111             310
                                             Wood Furniture Manufacturing.......          337122             716
                                             Wool Fiberglass Manufacturing......          327993             412
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This ANPRM addresses only the 22 source categories included in 
Group 2. As initial analyses for each source category included in Group 
1 of the RTR Phase II indicate that estimated health risks to the 
individual most exposed to emissions from a facility in the source 
category meet levels the Agency considers to be without appreciable 
health risk and it is improbable that these source categories emit 
pollutants that would cause adverse environmental effects, we plan to 
publish a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) in the Federal Register 
for the 8 source categories in Group 1 without previously issuing an 
ANPRM. The remaining source categories were split into two groups. 
Group 2 is generally comprised of source categories with earlier 
deadlines, fewer multipathway concerns, and categories that the Agency 
believes will require fewer resources to complete. The source 
categories in the other group generally have later deadlines and more 
multipathway concerns. Additional notices will be published addressing 
the other source categories in the future.

II. What approach is EPA taking for the Risk and Technology Review?

A. What is the approach we are taking to address residual risk for the 
Group 2 source categories?

    We plan to follow the same general process in revising NESHAP to 
address residual risk for each of Group 2 source categories listed in 
the table above. This

[[Page 14738]]

general approach includes the following primary steps:
    1. Compile and review (and update with facility-specific data 
collected by EPA in some cases) readily available source category 
emissions data from the 2002 NEI.
    2. For each group of source categories, conduct preliminary 
evaluations to identify key HAP and data anomalies.
    3. Make emissions and other modeling input data, along with a list 
of the identified key HAP and data anomalies, available for public 
comment through an ANPRM.
    4. Reconcile and update emissions and other modeling input data, 
based on comments received, and conduct a risk assessment for each 
category.
    5. Develop and propose CAA section 112(f)(2) residual risk and CAA 
section 112(d)(6) technology review standard(s) as appropriate.
    6. Address comments from the proposal(s) and promulgate CAA section 
112(f)(2) residual risk and CAA 112(d)(6) technology standard(s), where 
necessary.
    An independent scientific peer consultation is currently underway 
to review the approach for assessing residual risk for the source 
categories included in the RTR Phase II. This peer consultation will be 
conducted by a panel of EPA's Science Advisory Board, and will focus 
on: (1) The source of emissions and other modeling data and the 
approach for refining this data, (2) the analytical approach for 
quantifying and characterizing human and environmental exposures and 
risks, and (3) the types of results that will be generated and the 
format for the characterization of assessment results.
    The process outlined above for the 22 source categories included in 
Group 2 of the RTR Phase II is described in more detail in the 
following discussion.

B. What data were compiled and reviewed?

    In the first step of this process, we used the 2002 NEI Final 
Version 1 (made publicly available on February 26, 2006) as a starting 
point and compiled emissions information for each source category and 
performed an internal engineering review of these data (referred to 
hereafter as ``initial NEI data''). The primary data attributes 
evaluated in this review included: (1) Facility representation in each 
source category (i.e., we ensured that source categories accurately 
included facilities making the products characteristic of the source 
categories), and (2) appropriateness of facility emissions, in both the 
inclusion of the appropriate HAP, and in the magnitude of those HAP 
emissions. In cases where better data were known to exist for a 
particular source category, that information was integrated into the 
data set for that source category. These reviewed and integrated data 
sets for each source category are referred to hereafter as the ``ANPRM 
data sets.''

C. What are the steps planned before proposing NESHAP to address 
residual risk?

    In this ANPRM, we are seeking public review and comment on the 
emissions and other model input data included in the ANPRM data sets 
for the source categories included in Group 2 of the RTR Phase II. 
These source categories are listed in Table 1. We will evaluate the 
comments and data corrections received in response to this ANPRM and 
update the data for the source categories in Group 2, as appropriate. 
In accordance with the methodologies described in the Residual Risk 
Report to Congress, we will then use the revised model input data sets 
for these source categories (referred to as the notice of proposed 
rulemaking, or NPRM, data sets) in an analysis of the inhalation risks. 
The Human Exposure Model (Community and Sector HEM-3 version 1.1.0) 
will be used to perform this modeling. The HEM-3 model performs three 
main operations: dispersion modeling, estimation of population 
exposure, and estimation of human health risks. The dispersion model 
used by HEM-3 is AERMOD, which is one of EPA's preferred models for 
assessing pollutant concentrations from industrial facilities.\1\ We 
will also perform a screening assessment of potential adverse 
environmental effects using these updated data.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ Environmental Protection Agency. Revision to the Guideline 
on Air Quality Models: Adoption of a Preferred General Purpose (Flat 
and Complex Terrain) Dispersion Model and Other Revisions (70 FR 
68218, November 9, 2005).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We will also evaluate the NPRM data sets for each of the 22 source 
categories for potential non-inhalation human health risks, 
specifically through the presence of emissions of any persistent and 
bioaccumulative (PB) HAP, all of which are listed in Table 3 below.\2\ 
For source categories that also carry a potential for non-inhalation 
human health risks, in addition to analyses to estimate risks from 
inhalation of emissions, we will also estimate risks using refined 
models capable of addressing multi-pathway exposures (i.e., exposures 
due to ingestion or dermal exposures). The models selected for this 
exercise (primarily, we will use the EPA's Total Risk Integrated 
Modeling system, or TRIM, a refined multi-pathway pollutant fate and 
transport model) will also be used to produce estimates of pollutant 
concentrations in the surrounding environment, which will be used in 
the quantitative assessment of environmental risks from these 
chemicals. The 22 source categories are not expected to have multi-
pathway issues.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \2\ Environmental Protection Agency. Air Toxics Risk Assessment 
Reference Library, Volume I. EPA-453K-04-001A. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/fera/risk_atra_vol1.html.

                   Table 3.--Persistent and Bioaccumulative Hazardous Air Pollutants (PB HAP)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cadmium compounds....................  Chlordane..............  Chlorinated dibenzodioxins and furans
DDE..................................  Heptachlor.............  Hexachlorocyclohexane (all isomers)
Hexachlorobenzene....................  Lead compounds.........  Mercury compounds
Methoxychlor.........................  Polychlorinated          Polycyclic Organic Matter (POM)
                                        biphenyls.
Toxaphene............................  Trifluralin............  ................................................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

D. How will we develop proposed NESHAP to address residual risk?

    We will provide a more detailed discussion of the residual risk 
methodology in the Group 2 NPRM. Therefore, after the risk assessments 
for Group 2 are complete, the results will be examined to determine 
whether any source category meets certain criteria where the Agency 
considers the risk to not be a problem (``low risk''). The ``low risk'' 
criteria we intend to consider include: Lifetime cancer risk to the 
individual most exposed is less than 1-in-1 million, chronic non-cancer 
risk to

[[Page 14739]]

the individual most exposed is less than a target-organ-specific hazard 
index of 1, air concentrations estimated for acute exposures scenarios 
are less than health-protective reference levels, and there is no 
potential for significant and widespread adverse environmental effect.
    For Group 2 source categories in which all facilities meet these 
``low risk'' criteria, EPA will not propose further regulation under 
CAA section 112(f). For source categories that are not determined to be 
low risk, a two-step standard development process will be applied, 
consistent with CAA section 112(f) and with our previously articulated 
approach for developing NESHAP pursuant to CAA section 112(f). This 
approach was described in the final NESHAP addressing residual risk for 
coke ovens (58 FR 57898, October 27, 1993).
    In the first step of this approach, modeled source category risks 
will be evaluated to determine if they are ``acceptable.'' The term 
``acceptable,'' in reference to residual risks is not specifically 
defined in the CAA, but CAA section 112(f)(2) refers positively to the 
interpretation of this term in the Benzene NESHAP (54 FR 38044, 
September 14, 1989).
    The preamble to the Benzene NESHAP (54 FR 38044, September 14, 
1989) stated that a lifetime maximum individual excess cancer risk of 
approximately 100-in-1 million ``should ordinarily be the upper-end of 
the range of acceptability.'' However, this is not a rigid line of 
acceptability, and other factors will be considered, such as the number 
of people exposed at various risk levels, the overall incidence of 
cancer and other serious health effects, assumptions and uncertainties 
associated with the risk analysis (including the 70 year exposure 
assumption), and the weight of evidence for human health effects.
    In the second step of this standard development process, we will 
develop risk-reduction regulatory alternatives and decide upon the 
level of the standard for each source category, considering the 
requirements necessary to provide an ample margin of safety to protect 
human health, as required by CAA section 112(f)(2). To develop the 
regulatory alternatives, we will conduct various analyses, including an 
assessment of the impacts of each regulatory alternative. The impacts 
will include HAP emission reductions, other environmental impacts, 
costs, economics, small business impacts, reduction in maximum risks to 
individuals most exposed, reductions in chronic and acute risks to 
populations at various risk levels, and reductions in cancer incidence. 
We will assess these alternatives, decide upon the level of the 
standard, and publish a NPRM in the Federal Register to propose any 
regulatory changes for the individual standards codified in 40 CFR part 
63 for each source category.
    As we undertake these rulemaking proposals, we will also consider 
developments in pollution control in each source category and the costs 
of potentially stricter standards reflecting those developments, to 
fulfill the requirements of CAA section 112(d)(6). Where there have 
been developments in practices, processes, and control technologies, we 
will consider relevant factors, such as costs, potential emissions 
reductions, and health and environmental risk in a determination of 
what, if any, further controls are necessary. Where appropriate, we 
will develop regulatory alternatives, assess the impacts of those 
alternatives, and decide upon the level of the standard(s). We plan to 
propose any CAA section 112(d)(6) regulatory changes for the individual 
standards codified in 40 CFR part 63 for each source category in the 
same Federal Register notice proposing action addressing residual risk.

E. When will the NESHAP be proposed and promulgated?

    Our current goal is to propose the decisions resulting from both 
CAA section 112(f) (residual risk) and CAA section 112(d)(6) 
(technology review) efforts, including the proposal of any standards 
for each of the 21 source categories in Group 2, in the Fall of 2007. 
Proposal of any standards for the petroleum refineries source category 
will occur by the court-ordered deadline of August 22, 2007. In 
addition to proposing any new residual risk or technology-based 
standards, we will announce any decisions not to promulgate residual 
risk standards for ``low risk'' source categories or source categories 
for which the current standards protect public health with an ample 
margin of safety and any decisions not to promulgate additional 
technology-based standards.
    After the close of the comment period on the proposed standard(s), 
we will review and perform any analyses and data gathering necessary to 
address the comments, prepare responses, and make changes to the 
proposed standards, as necessary. We anticipate the final standards 
will be published in the Federal Register in the summer of 2008.

III. What is the purpose of this ANPRM?

    The primary purpose of today's ANPRM is to request public comments 
on the emissions and other model input data included in the ANPRM data 
sets for the 22 source categories included in Group 2 of the RTR Phase 
II. These data are provided in an updatable form on the RTR Web page at 
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/rrisk/rtrpg.html. We provide detail in 
section VII below on how to submit updates and corrections to this 
information. Following review of comments received, we will update the 
data as appropriate, and model to generate estimates of residual risk 
that we will use as the basis for our proposed decisions on whether to 
develop standards to address residual risk for each source category.
    Section V lists the general items for which we are seeking comment 
for all source categories. In addition, we note information unique to 
each source category for which we are requesting technical corrections 
or updates in the source category specific sections within section IV 
of this ANPRM. We note that emissions data cannot be withheld from 
disclosure as CBI pursuant to section 1905 of title 18 of the United 
States Code. EPA's policy regarding the categories of information that 
it considers to be ``emissions data'' is set forth in a Federal 
Register notice dated February 14, 1991 (56 FR 7042). A copy of that 
notice has been placed in the docket.

IV. What data are in the ANPRM data sets for each source category?

    As mentioned in Section II of this ANPRM, the 2002 NEI is the 
primary data source used in creating the ANPRM data sets for each 
source category. The data extracted from the NEI for inclusion in the 
ANPRM data sets included general facility information, such as company 
name, plant name, and facility identification codes; emissions data, 
including speciated HAP emissions data; emissions release 
characteristics, including stack height, stack diameter, and the 
emissions stream exit temperature and velocity; and location 
information, including the latitude/longitude coordinates of emissions 
release locations. For more information on the 2002 NEI, please visit 
our 2002 NEI Web page at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2002inventory.html.
    For the most part, the emissions values in the ANPRM data set 
represent actual emission levels. Where actual emissions data is not 
already included,

[[Page 14740]]

we request that commenters provide such data.
    Due to the high uncertainty of the dioxin/furan emissions 
information submitted during the inventory development process, dioxin/
furan emissions were not included in the 2002 NEI, and no emissions of 
these compounds are included in the ANPRM data sets. As we update the 
ANPRM data set, we will include dioxin/furan emissions, based on the 
best information available to EPA at that time. These data may include 
information EPA has gathered on dioxin and dioxin-like compounds. The 
EPA National Center for Environmental Assessment Web site, http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=159286, contains links to 
these data.
    In creating the ANPRM data sets for each source category, we 
started with the February 2006 version of the 2002 NEI. We first 
conducted a detailed review of the facilities that were included in the 
NEI and added or removed facilities to make the data as representative 
of the overall source category as possible. We then reviewed emissions, 
release characteristics, and other model input data.
    We began by retrieving all records in the 2002 NEI based solely on 
MACT source category designations, which are fields in the NEI that 
identify the MACT source category that applies to each emission point. 
This MACT source category is assigned by a variety of methods. In some 
cases, the State or local agency that provided the data to EPA 
identified the MACT category. Since State and local agencies are aware 
of the regulations that apply to facilities, we have high confidence in 
MACT category designations provided by a State or local agency. In 
other cases, EPA staff responsible for developing the MACT standards 
provided input to populate the MACT source category code fields. As 
these individuals have knowledge of the source category for which they 
are accessing and using the NEI data, the confidence in these 
designations is also high. Most of the MACT source category code 
designations, however, are assigned based on Standard Industrial 
Classification (SIC), NAICS, or Source Classification Code (SCC) 
defaults. There is often considerable uncertainty associated with these 
designations.
    One of the first things we reviewed in the NEI data was the list of 
facilities included for each source category. For some source 
categories, we are reasonably confident that we know the names of the 
facilities and their exact locations. In these cases, we compared the 
``known'' lists of facilities to the facilities in the NEI. We removed 
the MACT source category designation for facilities not on the known 
list. If facilities on the known lists were not in the data for the 
source categories, we searched the NEI for these facilities. Quite 
often, they were in the 2002 NEI, but had different, and presumably 
incorrect, MACT source category designations. These facilities were 
added to the data set for the category and the MACT source category 
codes were re-designated accordingly.
    For large facilities with multiple processes that represent 
multiple MACT source categories, it was not always straightforward to 
separate the processes by source category. In these cases, we used a 
variety of approaches to separate the processes and emission points 
into source categories. Examples of the criteria used to separate 
processes and emissions into source categories include SCC, SIC codes, 
and pollutants emitted. Situations where such source category 
separation decisions were made are highlighted in the source-category 
discussions later in this section and detailed in the files available 
for download on the RTR Web page at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/rrisk/rtrpg.html. We are asking specifically for comment on how we separated 
processes and emission points by source category at these large 
integrated facilities.
    For categories with large numbers of facilities for which we do not 
have complete lists of known facilities, we conducted more general 
evaluations of the facilities in the data sets. These evaluations 
included examining the company names, SIC, NAICS, and SCC, and adding 
or removing facilities based on these criteria.
    We will be evaluating residual risk for all facilities and emission 
sources that are in the 22 source categories included in Group 2 of the 
RTR Phase II. In some instances, the ANPRM data sets may include 
emission points that are part of the source category but are not 
subject to the MACT standard for that source category. Emissions from 
these sources will be considered in our future regulatory decisions. In 
addition, the ANPRM data sets, for most source categories, include all 
major and area sources (facilities) in the 2002 NEI that have processes 
related to the specific source category.
    After finalizing the facility lists for each source category, we 
conducted a general review of the emissions and other data included in 
the ANPRM data sets to identify data anomalies that could affect the 
risk estimates. With a few exceptions, we did not change the data or 
include additional data. For the following source categories, the 2002 
NEI was supplemented with additional data provided by industry to 
create the ANPRM data sets:
     Petroleum Refineries
     Shipbuilding and Ship Repair
     Source categories regulated by the Group I Polymers and 
Resins MACT:
    [cir] Epichlorohydrin Elastomers Production
    [cir] HypalonTM Production
    [cir] Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Production
    [cir] Polybutadiene Rubber Production
    [cir] Styrene-Butadiene Rubber and Latex Production
    The addition of these data, as well as other data changes made, are 
described in the source-category specific sections below. We note that 
because these changes are included in the ANPRM data sets, these data 
sets do not exactly match the February 2006 version of the 2002 NEI 
data available on our NEI Web site--http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2002inventory.html. When comments are received via this ANPRM and 
incorporated into the source category-specific ANPRM data sets, these 
revisions will then also be incorporated into the 2002 NEI and made 
publicly available through the NEI Web site in Final Version 2.1.
    Following are sections discussing the data for individual source 
categories. These discussions provide an overview of the source 
category, a brief summary of the ANPRM data sets, and a mention of the 
types of major anomalies associated with the data. Summary reports for 
each of the source categories, which contain considerable detail on the 
information summarized below, including the carcinogenic HAP and HAP 
with adverse health effects other than cancer, are available on the RTR 
Web page at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/rrisk/rtrpg.html. We especially 
encourage you to review the specific anomalies raised in these reports 
and to provide data to help reduce these anomalies.
1. Mineral Wool Production
    The mineral wool production source category includes facilities 
that produce mineral wool, which is a fibrous, glassy substance made 
from natural rock (such as basalt), blast furnace slag, or other 
similar materials and consisting of silicate fibers. In the mineral 
wool manufacturing process, rock and/or blast furnace slag and other 
raw materials (e.g., gravel) are melted in a furnace (cupola) using 
coke as fuel. The molten material is then formed into fiber. Mineral 
wool is manufactured as either a ``bonded'' product that

[[Page 14741]]

incorporates a binder to increase structural rigidity or a less rigid 
``nonbonded'' product. Emission sources from mineral wool manufacturing 
facilities include the cupola furnace where the mineral charge is 
melted; a blow chamber, in which air or a binder is drawn over the 
fibers, forming them into a screen; a curing oven that bonds the fibers 
(for bonded products); and a cooling oven. The primary HAP expected to 
be emitted during the mineral wool manufacturing process are metals, 
including antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, manganese, 
nickel, lead, and selenium that are emitted from the cupola, and 
gaseous HAP, including formaldehyde, carbonyl sulfide, and phenol, that 
result from the vaporization of the binder.
    The ANPRM data set for this source category includes information 
for 12 facilities, 11 of which are classified as major sources in the 
NEI. Based on our previous estimates of the number of facilities in the 
mineral wool source category, this data set represents between 75 and 
90 percent of the industry. The HAP emitted in largest quantities from 
these facilities is carbonyl sulfide, which accounts for over 84 
percent of the total HAP emissions by mass from the data set. 
Formaldehyde, triethylamine, and phenol are also emitted in large 
quantities. Several PB HAP are reported in the data set for the mineral 
wool manufacturing source category, including lead, cadmium, and 
mercury compounds.
    The major anomalies associated with the data set for this source 
category include the HAP emitted and the speciation of chromium and 
mercury emissions. Some HAP expected (e.g., lead, manganese, cadmium, 
chromium, nickel, etc.) are not included for all the facilities in the 
data set, and some that are not expected (e.g., benzene and 
triethylamine) are reported from a few facilities.
2. Aerospace Manufacturing and Rework Facilities
    The aerospace manufacturing and rework source category includes all 
facilities that manufacture aerospace vehicles and/or vehicle 
components and all facilities that rework or repair these items. An 
aerospace vehicle or component is any fabricated, processed, or 
assembled set of parts or complete unit of any aircraft including, but 
not limited to, airplanes, helicopters, missiles, rockets, and space 
vehicles. Organic and inorganic HAP emissions in aerospace facilities 
originate from cleaning, primer application, topcoat application, paint 
stripping, chemical milling maskant application, and waste handling and 
storage. The HAP expected to be emitted by aerospace facilities include 
chromium, cadmium, methylene chloride, toluene, xylene, ethylene 
glycol, and glycol ethers. For emissions reported generically as 
``chromium'' or ``chromium and compounds,'' emissions are speciated for 
this source category as 75 percent ``chromium (III) compounds'' and 25 
percent ``chromium (VI) compounds.'' This speciation is based on source 
category-specific information provided by the aerospace industry. 
(Typically, a 66 percent ``chromium (III) compounds'' and 34 percent 
``chromium (VI) compounds'' is used as a default speciation profile 
based on the approach adopted by the 1996 National-Scale Air Toxics 
Assessment, or NATA.) We encourage commenters to review this assumption 
and provide site-specific chromium (VI) and chromium (III) data where 
possible.
    The ANPRM data set for the Aerospace Manufacturing and Rework 
source category includes information for 301 facilities, 169 of which 
are classified as major sources in the NEI. Based on our previous 
estimates of the number of facilities in the aerospace source category, 
the ANPRM data set includes data for about 10 percent of the industry. 
Methyl chloroform, tetrachloroethylene, toluene, trichloroethylene, and 
methylene chloride account for approximately 80 percent of the mass of 
HAP emitted across the 301 facilities in the ANPRM dataset.
    The major anomalies associated with the data set for this source 
category include the number of facilities in the source category, the 
HAP emitted, and the speciation of chromium. Some HAP expected to be 
reported (chromium, nickel, and hexamethylene diisocyanate) are not 
included for all the facilities in the data set.
3. Marine Tank Vessel Loading Operations
    Marine tank vessel loading operations are facilities that load and 
unload liquid commodities in bulk, such as crude oil, gasoline and 
other fuels, and some chemicals and solvent mixtures. The cargo is 
pumped from the terminal's large, above-ground storage tanks through a 
network of pipes and into a storage compartment (tank) on the vessel. 
Most marine tank vessel loading operations are associated with 
petroleum refineries, synthetic organic chemical manufacturers, or are 
independent terminals. The major HAP emission points for marine vessel 
loading operations include open tank hatches and overhead vent systems. 
Other possible emission points are hatch covers or domes, pressure-
vacuum relief valves, seals, and vents. Emissions may also occur during 
ballasting (i.e., the process of drawing ballast as water into a cargo 
hold). The primary HAP expected to be emitted from marine vessel 
loading operations depend on the material being loaded, but are 
generally expected to be benzene, hexane, toluene, xylene compounds, 
ethyl benzene, and cumene.
    The ANPRM data set for the marine tank vessel loading operations 
source category includes information for 126 facilities, all of which 
are classified as major sources in the NEI. Based on our previous 
estimates of the number of facilities in this source category, the 
ANPRM data set includes data for more than were expected to be subject 
to the MACT (which was estimated to be 40 at time of the MACT 
promulgation) and less than the estimated number of existing facilities 
based on Army Corps of Engineers estimates (700). In the ANPRM data 
set, the HAP emitted in largest quantities from these 126 sources are 
hexane, methanol, toluene, xylene compounds, and benzene, which 
collectively accounts for nearly 75 percent of the total HAP emitted.
    The major anomalies associated with the data set for this source 
category include the number of facilities in the source category and 
the emission release parameters (of which nearly all are NEI default 
values).
4. Natural Gas Transmission and Storage
    The natural gas transmission and storage source category comprises 
the pipelines, facilities, and equipment used to transport and store 
natural gas products (hydrocarbon liquids and gases). Pipeline 
transport of natural gas products is covered by this category to either 
the point of custody transfer for the oil and natural gas production 
source category or the point of delivery to the local distribution 
company or final end user of the natural gas if no local distribution 
company is present. Emissions of HAP from the natural gas transmission 
and storage category come from glycol dehydration unit reboiler vents, 
other process vents, storage vessels with flash emissions, pipeline 
pigging and storage of pipeline pigging wastes, combustion sources, and 
equipment leaks. The major HAP expected to be emitted by the natural 
gas transmission and storage source category are hexane, toluene, 
benzene, mixed xylenes, formaldehyde, and glycol ethers.

[[Page 14742]]

    Our previous estimates identified seven natural gas transmission 
and storage facilities that were major sources. The ANPRM data set for 
the natural gas transmission and storage source category includes 
information for 123 facilities, 78 of which are classified as major 
sources in the NEI. In the ANPRM data set, the HAP emitted in largest 
quantities from natural gas transmission and storage facilities are 
hexane, toluene, benzene, and mixed xylenes and these emissions 
collectively account for over 75 percent of the total HAP emissions 
from this source category.
    One major anomaly associated with the data set for this source 
category is the number of facilities identified in the ANPRM data set 
compared to the number of facilities previously identified for this 
source category (i.e., there appear to be more facilities identified as 
natural gas transmission and storage facilities in the ANPRM data set 
than previously identified).
5. Oil and Natural Gas Production
    The Oil and Natural Gas Production source category includes 
facilities involved in the recovery and treatment of hydrocarbon 
liquids and gases from oil and natural gas production wells. Components 
of these facilities include glycol dehydration units, condensate tank 
batteries, and other tanks and equipment present at natural gas 
processing plants. The primary HAP emissions from oil and natural gas 
production facilities occur via the glycol dehydration reboiler vents, 
other process vents, storage vessels, and equipment leaks. The major 
HAP expected to be emitted by the oil and natural gas production source 
category are xylenes, toluene, hexane, and ethyl benzene.
    The ANPRM data set for the oil and natural gas production source 
category includes information for 2,824 facilities, of which 909 
facilities are classified as major sources in the NEI. Our previous 
estimates identified 440 major sources and 2,200 area sources. In the 
ANPRM data set, the HAP emitted in the greatest amounts are carbonyl 
sulfide, hexane, toluene, benzene, and xylenes formaldehyde, ethyl 
benzene, ethylene glycol, and methanol. These HAP collectively account 
for over 99 percent of the total HAP emissions for this source 
category. There are twelve PB HAP reported in the data set for the Oil 
and Natural Gas Production source category, including polycyclic 
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), lead, dibenzofuran, and cadmium.
    For reported emissions of POM chemicals, emissions are grouped into 
one of seven POM categories--POM 71002 (16-PAH, PAH total, POM); POM 
72002 (2-Chloronaphthalene, 2-Methylnaphthalene, Acenaphthene, 
Acenaphthylene, Anthracene, Benzo(c)phenanthrene, Benzo[e]Pyrene, 
Benzo[g,h,i,]Perylene, Fluoranthene, Fluorene, Perylene, Phenanthrene, 
Pyrene); POM 73002 (7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]Anthracene); POM 74002 (3-
Methylcholanthrene); POM 75002 (5-Methylchrysene, Benzo[a]Pyrene, 
Dibenzo[a,h]Anthracene); POM 76002 (B[j]Fluoranthen, Benz[a]Anthracene, 
Benzo[b]Fluoranthene, Benzo[k]Fluoranthene, Indeno[1,2,3-c,d]Pyrene); 
and POM 77002 (Chrysene). We encourage commenters to provide data on 
the individual chemical(s) that make up the POM.
    The major anomalies associated with the data set for this source 
category include the number of facilities in the source category, the 
specific HAP emitted by individual facilities, and default plant 
coordinates. The ANPRM data set contains over 2,800 facilities and this 
number is more than expected. The ANPRM data set also contains 
emissions of some HAP that are expected to be emitted from all 
facilities in the category (e.g., xylenes, hexane, toluene, and ethyl 
benzene), but are only emitted from a small percentage of facilities. 
Conversely, the HAP with the largest quantity of emissions in the ANPRM 
data set, carbonyl sulfide, is not expected to be emitted from 
facilities in this source category. In addition, a significant 
percentage (40 percent) of the coordinates in the ANPRM data set are 
default coordinates.
6. Petroleum Refineries
    Petroleum refineries are facilities engaged in refining and 
producing products made from crude oil or unfinished petroleum 
derivatives. EPA listed two separate Petroleum Refinery source 
categories, both of which include any facility engaged in producing 
gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, jet fuels, distillate fuel oils, residual 
fuel oils, lubricants, or other products from crude oil or unfinished 
petroleum derivatives. The Petroleum Refineries--Catalytic Cracking 
(Fluid and Other) Units, Catalytic Reforming Units, and Sulfur Plant 
Units source category includes the following process units: catalytic 
cracking (fluid and other) units, catalytic reforming units, and sulfur 
plant units (MACT II). The second source category, Petroleum 
Refineries--Other Sources Not Distinctly Listed, includes the process 
units not listed in the first category including, but not limited to, 
thermal cracking, vacuum distillation, crude distillation, 
hydrotreating, hydrorefining, isomerization, polymerization, lube oil 
processing, and hydrogen production (MACT I).
    Because the MACT standard for the ``Other Sources Not Distinctly 
Listed'' source category (40 CFR part 63, subpart UU) was promulgated 
first (60 FR 43244, August 18, 1995), it is commonly referred to as 
Petroleum Refineries MACT I. Only the units in the ``Other Sources Not 
Distinctly Listed'' category, and regulated by the MACT 1 standards, 
are being addressed in RTR Phase II. These units include emissions 
sources classified under SIC 2911 located at petroleum refineries, 
including: petroleum refinery process units, storage vessels, transfer 
racks, wastewater streams, and equipment leaks. The units and emissions 
associated with catalytic cracking, catalytic reforming, and sulfur 
plants, which are all regulated by MACT 2 standards, will be 
investigated in future RTR efforts.
    The specific HAP emitted by petroleum refineries varies by facility 
and process operations but can include a variety of organic and 
inorganic compounds and metals. Emissions originate from various 
process vents, storage vessels, wastewater streams, loading racks, 
marine tank vessel loading operations, and equipment leaks associated 
with refining facilities. Process vents, wastewater streams, and 
storage vessels generally emit organic HAP. The primary HAP expected to 
be emitted from the MACT 1 petroleum refining sources include benzene, 
toluene, and ethyl benzene, but can also include acetaldehyde, 
formaldehyde, hexane, phenol, xylene, carbonyl sulfide, carbon 
disulfide, hydrogen chloride, chlorine and other HAP.
    The ANPRM dataset for this source category contains 175 refineries, 
of which 124 are classified as major sources. In conjunction with 
previous efforts for this source category, the industry had collected 
and submitted up-to-date benzene emissions data for 23 refineries. The 
industry and EPA consider these data to be the most accurate benzene 
emissions data available for petroleum refineries. For these 23 
refineries, EPA replaced all benzene emissions data in the NEI with 
these updated industry data. The emissions of other HAP that were in 
the NEI for these 23 refineries were not removed. For the purpose of 
these analyses, the ANPRM data set for these 23 facilities was kept 
separate from the ANPRM data set for the remaining 152 refineries.

[[Page 14743]]

    Organic chemicals account for the majority of the total mass of HAP 
emitted by petroleum refinery sources, with toluene, hexane, mixed and 
individual isomers of xylenes, benzene, methanol, methyl tert-butyl 
ether, and ethyl benzene accounting for about 90 percent of the HAP 
mass emitted across the both data sets. Of the 152 refineries for which 
industry did not supply benzene emissions data, benzene emissions were 
reported for 137 refineries. A range of PB HAP emissions are reported 
in the ANPRM datasets, including various PAH and several metals 
(including lead and lead compounds, cadmium and cadmium compounds, 
mercury and mercury compounds).
    For reported emissions of POM chemicals, emissions are grouped into 
one of seven POM categories. We encourage commenters to provide the 
individual chemical(s) that make up the POM.
    The major anomalies associated with the data sets for this source 
category include specific HAP emitted by individual facilities, along 
with release characteristics and coordinates for those refineries for 
which industry did not provide updated data. The data sets contain 
emissions of several metal HAP, which are expected to be more likely to 
be emitted from MACT 2 sources, not MACT 1. Also, it appears that the 
benzene emissions for the 23 facilities for which the industry supplied 
new data are significantly higher than the benzene emissions in the NEI 
for the other refineries.
    Nearly all of the emissions release parameters (71 percent of stack 
height, 96 percent of stack diameter, 97 percent of emissions exit 
temperature, and 97 percent of emissions exit velocity values) for the 
refineries for which no new data were provided are default values in 
the NEI and the ANPRM data set. Finally, a significant percentage (40 
percent) of the coordinates in the data set for which new data were not 
provided are defaulted, some based on county or zip code centroids.
7. Pharmaceutical Manufacturing
    The pharmaceutical manufacturing process consists of chemical 
production operations that produce drugs and medication. These 
operations include chemical synthesis (deriving a drug's active 
ingredient) and chemical formulation (producing a drug in its final 
form). During pharmaceutical manufacturing operations, HAP emissions 
can occur from breathing and withdrawal losses from chemical storage 
tanks, venting of process vessels, leaks from piping and equipment used 
to transfer HAP compounds (equipment leaks), and volatilization of HAP 
from wastewater streams. While a wide variety of HAP can be emitted 
from pharmaceutical manufacturing processes, expected HAP include 
methylene chloride, methanol, N,N-dimethylformamide, toluene and 
hydrochloric acid. When the NESHAP for this category was finalized in 
1998, EPA estimated that there were approximately 101 pharmaceutical 
manufacturing operations subject to the MACT regulations.
    The ANPRM data set for pharmaceutical manufacturing includes 222 
facilities, 107 of which are classified as major sources in the NEI. 
The HAP emitted in largest quantities from these sources are methanol, 
methylene chloride, and toluene. Emissions of these three HAP account 
for over 80 percent of the mass of all HAP emitted across all 222 
facilities. PB HAP emissions in the ANPRM data set for the 
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing source category include lead, mercury, and 
cadmium compounds as well as a range of PAH.
    For reported emissions of POM chemicals, emissions are grouped into 
of one of seven POM categories. We encourage commenters to provide the 
individual chemical(s) that make up the POM.
    For emissions reported generically as ``chromium'' or ``chromium 
and compounds,'' emissions are speciated for this source category as 66 
percent ``chromium (III) compounds'' and 34 percent ``chromium (VI) 
compounds.'' We encourage commenters to review this assumption and 
provide specific chromium (VI) and chromium (III) data where possible.
    The major anomalies associated with the data set for this source 
category are related to the HAP emitted. While methylene chloride, NN-
dimethylformamide, toluene, and hydrochloric acid are expected to be 
emitted by facilities in this source category, these emissions were not 
reported for many of the facilities. Also, HAP not expected to be 
emitted from this source category (e.g., ethylene oxide, p-dioxane, 
naphthalene, ethylene dichloride, arsenic, hydrazine, POM, and chromium 
(IV) compounds) are reported for eight or fewer facilities.
8. Epichlorohydrin Elastomers Production
    Epichlorohydrin elastomers are widely used in the automotive 
industry. The main epichlorohydrin elastomers are polyepichlorohydrin, 
epi-ethylene oxide (EO) copolymer, epi-allyl glycidyl ether (AGE) 
copolymer, and epi-EO-AGE terpolymer. Sources of HAP emissions for the 
Epichlorohydrin Elastomer source category include raw material storage 
vessels, front-end process vents, back-end process operations, 
wastewater operations, and equipment leaks. The majority of the 
emissions come from equipment leaks. The process ``front-end'' includes 
pre-polymerization, reaction, stripping, and material recovery 
operations; and the process ``back-end'' includes all operations after 
stripping (predominately drying and finishing). The primary HAP emitted 
during production are epichlorohydrin and toluene.
    The ANPRM data set for the Epichlorohydrin source category includes 
information for one facility, which is classified as a major source in 
the NEI. Our previous estimate of the number of facilities in the 
Epichlorohydrin source category was also one, therefore we believe the 
ANPRM data set includes data for the entire industry. In conjunction 
with previous efforts for this source category, the industry had 
collected and submitted up-to-date emissions and emissions release 
characteristic data for this facility. The industry and EPA consider 
these data to be the most accurate emissions and emissions release 
characteristic data available for the epichlorohydrin elastomers 
production processes at this facility. EPA replaced all epichlorohydrin 
elastomers production emissions and emissions release characteristic 
data in the NEI with the updated industry data for this facility. In 
the ANPRM data set, toluene is emitted in the greatest quantity and 
accounts for about 99 percent of the total emissions.
9. HypalonTM Production
    HypalonTM, or chlorosulfonated polyethylene, is a 
synthetic rubber produced by reacting polyethylene with chloric and 
sulfur dioxide, transforming the thermoplastic polyethylene into a 
vulcanized elastomer. The reaction is conducted in a solvent reaction 
medium containing carbon tetrachloride. Sources of HAP emissions 
include raw material storage vessels, front-end process vents, back-end 
process operations, and equipment leaks. The majority of the emissions 
come from front-end process vents. The process ``front-end'' includes 
pre-polymerization, reaction, stripping, and material recovery 
operations; and the process ``back-end'' includes all operations after 
stripping (predominately drying and finishing). The primary HAP emitted 
during production are carbon tetrachloride and chloroform.

[[Page 14744]]

    The ANPRM data set for the HypalonTM resins source 
category includes information for one facility, which is classified as 
a major source in the NEI. Our previous estimate of the number of 
facilities in the HypalonTM source category was also one, 
therefore we believe the ANPRM data set includes data for the entire 
industry. In conjunction with previous efforts for this source 
category, the industry had collected and submitted up-to-date emissions 
and emissions release characteristic data for this facility. The 
industry and EPA consider these data to be the most accurate emissions 
and emissions release characteristic data available for the 
HypalonTM production processes at this facility. EPA 
replaced all HypalonTM production emissions and emissions 
release characteristic data in the NEI with the updated industry data 
for this facility.
    In the ANPRM data set, carbon tetrachloride and chloroform are 
emitted in the greatest amounts and account for nearly all of the 
emissions.
10. Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Production
    Nitrile butadiene rubber is a copolymer of 1,3-butadiene and 
acrylonitrile, and the Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Production source 
category includes any facility that polymerizes 1,3-butadiene and 
acrylonitrile. Depending on its specific composition, nitrile butadiene 
rubber can be resistant to oil and chemicals, a property that 
facilitates its use in disposable gloves, hoses, seals, and a variety 
of automotive applications. The drying and finishing steps that make up 
the back-end processes are significant sources of HAP emissions. Other 
sources of HAP emissions include raw material storage vessels, front-
end process vents, wastewater operations, and equipment leaks. The 
primary HAP emitted during production are acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene, 
and styrene.
    The ANPRM data set for the Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Production 
source category includes five facilities, two of which are classified 
as major sources. Based on our previous estimates of the number of 
facilities in the source category, the ANPRM data set includes data for 
the entire industry. In conjunction with previous efforts for this 
source category, the industry had collected and submitted up-to-date 
emissions and emissions release characteristic data for three of these 
five facilities. The industry and EPA consider these data to be the 
most accurate emissions and emissions release characteristic data 
available for the nitrile butadiene rubber production processes at 
these facilities. For these three facilities, EPA replaced all nitrile 
butadiene rubber production emissions and emissions release 
characteristic data in the NEI with these updated industry data.
    In the ANPRM data set, styrene, 1,3-butadiene, and acrylonitrile 
are emitted in the largest quantities, accounting for 42 percent, 21 
percent, and 33 percent of the total source category emissions, 
respectively.
    A major anomaly associated with the data set for this source 
category is that one HAP expected to be reported by each facility (1,3-
butadiene) is not included in the data for all the facilities.
11. Polybutadiene Rubber Production
    Polybutadiene rubber is a homopolymer of 1,3-butadiene, and the 
Polybutadiene Rubber Production source category includes any facility 
that polymerizes 1,3-butadiene. Most of the polybutadiene rubber 
manufactured in the United States is used in the production of tires in 
the construction of the tread and sidewalls. Sources of HAP emissions 
include raw material storage vessels, front-end process vents, back-end 
process operations, wastewater operations, and equipment leaks. The 
majority of the emissions come from back-end process operations, which 
are predominately drying and finishing. The primary HAP emitted during 
production include hexane, 1,3-butadiene, styrene, and toluene.
    The ANPRM data set for the Polybutadiene Rubber Production source 
category includes information for five facilities, each of which are 
classified as major sources in the NEI. Based on our previous estimates 
of the number of facilities in the Polybutadiene Rubber Production 
source category, the ANPRM data set includes data for the entire 
industry. In conjunction with previous efforts for this source 
category, the industry had collected and submitted up-to-date emissions 
and emissions release characteristic data for each of these five 
facilities. The industry and EPA consider these data to be the most 
accurate emissions and emissions release characteristic data available 
for the polybutadiene rubber production processes at these facilities. 
For these five facilities, EPA replaced all polybutadiene rubber 
production emissions and emissions release characteristic data in the 
NEI with these updated industry data.
    In the ANPRM data set, hexane and toluene are emitted in the 
greatest amounts and account for about 74 and 19 percent of the total 
emissions, respectively.
12. Styrene-Butadiene Rubber and Latex Production
    The Styrene-Butadiene Rubber and Latex Production source category 
includes any facility that manufactures copolymers consisting of 
styrene and butadiene monomer units. This source category is divided 
into three subcategories due to technical process and HAP emission 
differences: (1) The production of styrene-butadiene rubber by 
emulsion, (2) the production of styrene-butadiene rubber by solution, 
and (3) the production of latex. Styrene-butadiene rubber is coagulated 
and dried, while latex is not. For both styrene-butadiene rubber 
processes, the monomers used are styrene and butadiene; either process 
can be conducted as a batch or a continuous process. Sources of HAP 
emissions for the emulsion subcategory include raw material storage 
vessels, front-end process vents, back-end process operations, 
wastewater operations, and equipment leaks. Most of the emissions come 
from back-end process operations, which are predominately drying and 
finishing. The primary HAP emitted by emulsion styrene-butadiene rubber 
production are styrene and 1-3,butadiene. Sources of HAP emissions for 
the solution subcategory include raw material storage vessels, front-
end process vents, back-end process operations, wastewater operations, 
and equipment leaks. Most of the emissions come from back-end process 
operations. The primary HAP emitted by production of solution styrene 
butadiene rubber are hexane, butadiene, styrene, and toluene. Sources 
of HAP emissions from the latex production subcategory include raw 
material storage vessels, front-end process vents, wastewater 
operations, and equipment leaks. The primary HAP emitted are styrene 
and butadiene.
    The ANPRM data set for the Styrene-Butadiene Rubber and Latex 
Production source category includes information for 15 facilities, 
seven of which are classified as major sources in the NEI. Based on our 
previous estimates of the number of facilities in the Styrene-Butadiene 
Rubber and Latex Production source category, the ANPRM data set 
includes data for the entire industry. In conjunction with previous 
efforts for this source category, the industry had collected and 
submitted up-to-date emissions and emissions release characteristic 
data for eight of these 15 facilities. The industry and EPA consider 
these data to be the most accurate emissions and emissions release 
characteristic data available for the styrene butadiene rubber and 
latex

[[Page 14745]]

production processes at these facilities. For these eight facilities, 
EPA replaced all styrene butadiene rubber and latex production 
emissions and emissions release characteristic data in the NEI with 
these updated industry data.
    In the ANPRM data set, styrene and 1,3-butadiene are emitted in the 
greatest amounts and account for about 88 and 8 percent of the total 
emissions, respectively.
13. Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Production
    Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resins consist of a terpolymer of 
acrylonitrile, butadiene, and styrene and can be synthesized by 
emulsion, suspension, and continuous mass polymerization. The majority 
of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resin production is by batch 
emulsion. The primary HAP emissions during the acrylonitrile-butadiene-
styrene production process occur via equipment leaks and process vents. 
Other emission points include storage vessels, wastewater operations, 
and heat exchange systems. Typical products made from acrylonitrile-
butadiene-styrene resins are piping, refrigerator door liners and food 
compartments, automotive components, telephones, luggage and cases, 
toys, mobile homes, and margarine tubs. The major HAP expected to be 
emitted by the Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Production source 
category are acrylonitrile, butadiene, and styrene.
    The ANPRM data set for the Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene 
Production source category includes information for seven facilities, 
six of which are classified as major sources in the NEI. Based on our 
previous estimates of the number of facilities in the Acrylonitrile-
Butadiene-Styrene Production source category, the ANPRM data set 
includes data for about half of the industry. In the ANPRM data set, 
styrene and acrylonitrile are emitted in the greatest amounts and 
account for about 65 percent of the total emissions.
    The major anomalies associated with the data set for this source 
category include the number of facilities in the source category (i.e., 
only about half of the facilities in the category appear to be included 
in the inventory) and the specific HAP emitted by individual 
facilities. Some HAP expected to be reported (styrene and 1,3-
butadiene) are not included for all the plants in the data set and 
other unexpected HAP (e.g., ethylene dichloride and ethylene oxide) are 
reported to be emitted by at least one facility.
14. Methyl Methacrylate-Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Resin 
Production
    Methyl methacrylate-acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene is an acrylic 
graft copolymer. Chemically, graft copolymers are prepared by attaching 
a polymer as a branch to the chain of another polymer of a different 
composition. Typical products made from methyl methacrylate-
acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resins are piping, refrigerator door 
liners and food compartments, automotive components, telephones, 
luggage and cases, toys, mobile homes, and margarine tubs. Major HAP 
expected to be emitted by the Methyl Methacrylate-Acrylonitrile-
Butadiene-Styrene source category are acrylonitrile, butadiene, and 
styrene.
    The ANPRM data set for the Methyl Methacrylate-Acrylonitrile-
Butadiene-Styrene source category includes information for one 
facility, which is classified as a major source in the NEI. Based on 
our previous estimates of the number of facilities in the Methyl 
Methacrylate-Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene source category, the ANPRM 
data set includes data for the whole industry. In the ANPRM data set, 
the six HAP reported to be emitted include styrene, acrylonitrile, 1,3-
butadiene, methyl methacrylate, cumene, and ethyl benzene. Styrene 
accounts for almost 83 percent of the mass emitted.
    One major anomaly associated with the data set for this source 
category is that nearly all of the emissions points are reported to be 
fugitive sources, but the data includes only NEI default ``virtual 
stack'' emissions parameters for these sources.
15. Methyl Methacrylate-Butadiene-Styrene Production
    Methyl methacrylate-butadiene-styrene polymers are prepared by 
grafting methyl methacrylate and styrene onto a styrene-butadiene 
rubber in an emulsion process. The product is a two-phase polymer used 
as an impact modifier for rigid polyvinyl chloride products. These 
products are used for applications in packaging, building, and 
construction. Emission points for methyl methacrylate-butadiene-styrene 
resin production include process vents, equipment leaks, storage 
vessels, and wastewater operations. Major HAP expected to be emitted by 
the Methyl Methacrylate-Butadiene-Styrene Production source category 
include butadiene, styrene, acrylonitrile, and methyl methacrylate.
    The ANPRM data set for the Methyl Methacrylate-Butadiene-Styrene 
Resin Production source category includes information for three 
facilities, each of which are classified as major sources in the NEI. 
Based on our previous estimates of the number of facilities in the 
Methyl Methacrylate-Butadiene-Styrene Production source category, the 
ANPRM data set includes data for each facility in the industry. In the 
ANPRM data set, toluene, methyl methacrylate, styrene, and 1,3-
butadiene account for nearly all of the emissions.
    The major anomalies associated with the data set for this source 
category include the HAP emitted. Some HAP are emitted by one facility 
and possibly should be emitted by the other facilities in the source 
category. In addition, nearly all of the emission release parameters 
are NEI default values.
16. Nitrile Resins Production
    Nitrile resins are synthesized through the polymerization of 
acrylonitrile, methyl acrylate, and butadiene latex using an emulsion 
process. Nitrile resin products are commonly used in packaging 
applications (e.g., food packaging). Emissions points for nitrile resin 
manufacturing processes are process vents and equipment leaks. 
Emissions from storage tanks, such as those used to store 
acrylonitrile, are also possible. The major HAP expected to be emitted 
by the nitrile resins production source category is acrylonitrile.
    The ANPRM data set for the Nitrile Resins source category includes 
information for one facility, which is classified as a major source in 
the NEI. Based on our previous estimates of the number of facilities in 
the Nitrile Resins source category, the ANPRM data set includes data 
for the whole industry. Acrylonitrile is the HAP emitted in the largest 
quantity, accounting for over 55 percent of the total HAP mass emitted.
    One major anomaly associated with the data set for this source 
category is that 100 percent of the emission release parameters are NEI 
default values.
17. Polyethylene Terephthalate Production
    Three different types of resins are made by sources covered by the 
Polyethylene Terephthalate Production source category: Solid-state 
resins (polyethylene terephthalate bottle grade resins); polyester 
film; and engineering resins. They are all thermoplastic linear 
condensation polymers based on dimethyl terephthalate or terephthalic 
acid. Polyethylene terephthalate melt-phase polymer is used in the 
production of all three of these resins. Polyethylene terephthalate 
production can occur via either a batch or continuous process. The most 
common use of polyethylene terephthalate solid-state resins is in soft 
drink bottles, and some industrial fiber-

[[Page 14746]]

graded polyester (e.g., for tire cord) is also produced from 
polyethylene terephthalate solid-state resins. The most common uses of 
polyethylene terephthalate film are photographic film and magnetic 
media. Polyethylene terephthalate is used extensively in the 
manufacture of synthetic fibers (i.e., polyester fibers), which compose 
the largest segment of the synthetic fiber industry. The most common 
uses of polyester fibers are apparel, home furnishings, carpets, 
fiberfill, and other industrial processes. Emissions sources present at 
polyethylene terephthalate production processes include raw material 
storage tanks, mix tanks, prepolymerization and polymerization reaction 
vents and process tanks, cooling towers, and methanol recovery systems. 
Major HAP emissions expected from the Polyethylene Terephthalate 
Production source category are ethylene glycol, methanol, acetaldehyde, 
and dioxane.
    The ANPRM data set for the Polyethylene Terephthalate source 
category includes information for 22 facilities, 21 of which are 
classified as major sources in the NEI. Based on our previous estimates 
of the number of facilities in the Polyethylene Terephthalate 
Production source category, the ANPRM data set includes data for about 
two-thirds of the facilities in the industry. In the ANPRM data set, 
volatile organic HAP dominate the total mass emissions, with methanol, 
ethylene glycol, acetaldehyde, methylene chloride, and mixed xylenes 
accounting for over three-fourths of the total emissions.
    The major anomalies associated with the data set for this source 
category include the number of facilities in the source category and 
the HAP emitted. Some HAP expected to be reported (methanol, 
acetaldehyde, and dioxane) are not included for all the plants in the 
data set.
18. Polystyrene Production
    Polystyrene resins are those produced by the polymerization of 
styrene monomer. This type of resin can be produced by three methods: 
(1) Suspension polymerization (operated in batch mode); (2) mass 
(operated in a continuous mode); and (3) emulsion process (operated in 
a continuous mode). The mass and suspension methods are the most 
commercially significant, whereas use of the emulsion process has 
decreased significantly since the mid-1940s. The uses for polystyrene 
resin include packaging and one-time use, expandable polystyrene beads, 
electronics, resellers and compounding, consumer and institutional 
products, and furniture, building, or construction uses. A wide variety 
of consumer and construction products are made from polystyrene resins, 
including disposable dinnerware, shower doors, light diffusers, soap 
dishes, insulation board, food containers, drain pipes, audio and video 
tape, picnic coolers, loose fill packaging, and tubing. The major HAP 
expected to be emitted by the polystyrene source category is styrene.
    The ANPRM data set for the polystyrene resins source category 
includes information for 23 facilities, 14 of which are classified as 
major sources in the NEI. Based on our previous estimates of the number 
of facilities in the Polystyrene Production source category, the ANPRM 
data set is missing data for 5 facilities in the industry. In the ANPRM 
data set, styrene is emitted in the greatest amounts and accounts for 
about 65 percent of the total emissions.
    The major anomalies associated with the data set for this source 
category include facility representation of the source category and the 
HAP emitted. Some unexpected HAP, including tetrachloroethylene, 
naphthalene, ethyl chloride, and several metals, are reported to be 
emitted by some facilities.
19. Styrene-Acrylonitrile Production
    Styrene-acrylonitrile resins are copolymers of styrene and 
acrylonitrile. Styrene-acrylonitrile resins may be synthesized by 
emulsion, suspension, and continuous mass polymerization; however, the 
majority of production is by batch emulsion. Typical uses include 
automobile instrument panels and interior trim and housewares. Emission 
points along the styrene-acrylonitrile resin production process include 
equipment leaks, process vents, storage vessels, and wastewater 
operations. Major HAP expected to be emitted by the Styrene-
Acrylonitrile Production source category are acrylonitrile and styrene.
    The ANPRM data set for the Styrene-Acrylonitrile Production source 
category includes information for three facilities, all of which are 
classified as major sources in the NEI. Based on our previous estimates 
of the number of facilities in the Styrene-Acrylonitrile Production 
source category, the ANPRM data set is missing data for 3 facilities in 
the industry. Many facilities that produce acrylonitrile-butadiene-
styrene resins also produce styrene-acrylonitrile, because much of the 
styrene-acrylonitrile resins that are produced are used as feedstock in 
the production of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene. Therefore, for two 
of these plant sites, we could not distinguish whether certain 
emissions units belonged to the Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene or the 
Styrene-Acrylonitrile Production source categories. For these two plant 
sites, the emissions units in question were assigned to the 
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Production source category and no 
emissions units were assigned to the Styrene-Acrylonitrile Production 
source category. For the third plant site, EPA assigned the Styrene-
Acrylonitrile Production MACT code to all the processes that emitted 
styrene or acrylonitrile and included these units in the ANPRM data set 
for the Styrene-Acrylonitrile Production source category. For this 
facility, styrene is the HAP emitted in the largest quantity accounting 
for over 55 percent of total HAP mass emitted. Ethyl benzene, 1,3-
butadiene, and toluene are also reported in relatively large quantities 
and collectively account for about 35 percent of the total emissions.
    The major anomalies associated with the data set for this source 
category include the number of facilities in the source category, the 
use of county centroid locations as default emissions release 
locations, and the use of NEI default values for 100 percent of the 
emissions release parameters. In addition, one HAP (acrylonitrile) is 
expected to be emitted in larger quantities than reported in the NEI.
20. Primary Aluminum Reduction Plants
    Primary aluminum plants produce aluminum metal from alumina ore 
through the electrolytic reduction of aluminum oxide (alumina) by 
direct current voltage in an electrolyte (called ``cryolite'') of 
sodium aluminum fluoride. All primary aluminum facilities have potlines 
that produce aluminum metal, and also have a paste production 
operation. In addition, some facilities have anode bake furnaces that 
are used in the production of aluminum anodes. Potlines are categorized 
based primarily on differences in the process operation, equipment, and 
the applicability of control devices. HAP expected to be emitted by 
primary aluminum production sources include hydrogen fluoride and POM, 
including PAH (e.g., anthracene, benzo(a) pyrene, and naphthalene) that 
are part of the POM HAP category.
    The ANPRM data set for the primary aluminum reduction source 
category includes information for 20 primary aluminum facilities. Of 
these 20 facilities, 19 are classified as major sources in the NEI. 
Based on our previous estimates of the number of primary aluminum 
reduction facilities,

[[Page 14747]]

this includes over 85 percent of the industry. Although a wide range of 
compounds are reported as emissions from these facilities in the ANPRM 
data set, carbonyl sulfide, hydrogen fluoride, and hydrochloric acid 
make up over 96 percent of the total emissions by mass. Hydrogen 
fluoride is the most common HAP reported as an emission (reported for 
18 facilities); carbonyl sulfide and hydrochloric acid are reported as 
emissions by 11 and 7 facilities, respectively. A wide variety of PB 
HAP are reported, including numerous PAH and the metals lead, cadmium, 
and mercury and their associated compounds. For reported emissions of 
POM chemicals, emissions are grouped into one of seven POM categories. 
We encourage commenters to provide the individual chemical(s) that make 
up the POM.
    The major anomalies associated with the data set for this source 
category include the specific HAP emitted by individual facilities and 
the speciation of POM. Certain HAP (e.g., chlorine, hydrogen chloride, 
POM) are not included for all the facilities in the data set.
21. Printing and Publishing
    The printing and publishing source category includes facilities 
that use lithography, rotogravure, and other methods to print a variety 
of substrates, including paper, plastic, metal foil, wood, vinyl, 
metal, and glass. The MACT standards focused on those facilities that 
perform publication rotogravure printing, product and package 
rotogravure printing, and wide-web flexographic printing. Publication 
rotogravure printing refers to printing using a rotogravure press of 
various paper products, including catalogs, magazines, direct mail 
advertisements, display advertisements, miscellaneous brochures and 
other advertisements, newspaper sections and inserts, periodicals, and 
telephone directories. Product and packaging rotogravure printing 
entails the production, on a rotogravure press, of any printed 
substrate not otherwise defined as publication rotogravure printing. 
This includes (but is not limited to) folding cartons, flexible 
packaging, labels and wrappers, gift wraps, wall and floor coverings, 
upholstery, decorative laminates, and tissue products. Wide-web 
flexographic printing is a technique for printing substrates of 18 
inches or wider in which the applied pattern is raised above the 
printing plate and the image carrier is made of rubber or other 
elastomeric materials. The wide-web flexographic presses are used to 
print flexible and rigid packaging; newspapers, magazines, and 
directories; paper towels, tissues, and similar products; and printed 
vinyl shower curtains and wallpaper. Research and laboratory facilities 
are not subject to the provisions of the MACT standards unless they are 
collocated with production lines. The NESHAP applies to HAP present in 
the inks, ink extenders, solvents, coatings, varnishes, primers, 
adhesives, and other materials applied with rotogravure and 
flexographic plates.
    The primary HAP expected to be emitted from printing and publishing 
operations are toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, methanol, methyl isobutyl 
ketone, ethylene glycol, and certain glycol ethers.
    At the time of MACT promulgation in 1995, EPA estimated that there 
were approximately 200 publication rotogravure, product and packaging 
rotogravure, and wide-web flexographic printing facilities nationwide 
that would be subject to these MACT regulations.
    The ANPRM dataset for the printing and publishing source category 
contains 463 facilities, of which 216 are classified as major sources 
in the NEI. The HAP emitted in largest quantities from these sources 
are toluene, glycol ethers, methyl isobutyl ketone, and xylene (mixture 
of o-, m-, and p-isomers). Emissions from these HAP account for nearly 
94 percent of the mass emitted across all 463 facilities. POM is the 
only PB HAP reported in the ANPRM data set for this source category.
    For reported emissions of POM chemicals, emissions are grouped into 
one of seven POM categories. We encourage commenters to provide the 
individual chemical(s) that make up the POM.
    The major anomalies associated with the data set for this source 
category are related to the HAP emitted. Emissions of several HAP, 
including trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, p-dioxane, benzene, 
and naphthalene, are reported to be emitted by a small percentage of 
sources in this category. These HAP may be emitted from other on-site 
processes. We are requesting data on these HAP emissions.
22. Shipbuilding and Ship Repair
    The shipbuilding and ship repair industry consists of 
establishments that build, repair, repaint, convert, and alter ships. 
In general, activities and processes involved in ship repair and new 
ship construction are relatively similar. Operations include 
fabrication of basic components from raw materials, welding components 
and parts together, painting and repainting, overhauls, ship 
conversions, and other alterations. Nearly all shipyards that construct 
new ships also perform major ship repairs. Marine coatings used on 
offshore oil and gas well drilling and production platforms are not 
included in this source category.
    Emissions of HAP from shipbuilding and ship repair facilities 
result from painting, cleaning solvents, welding, metal forming and 
cutting, and abrasive blasting performed during ship repair and 
shipbuilding operations. HAP expected to be emitted include a range of 
organic compounds used as solvents, including toluene, xylene, 
ethylbenzene, methanol, methyl isobutyl ketone, ethylene glycol, and 
glycol ethers. In addition to the organic HAP, relatively small amounts 
of inorganic HAP such as chromium, hexavalent chromium, manganese, 
nickel, and lead are expected to be emitted from painting, welding, 
metal forming and cutting, and abrasive blasting performed during ship 
repair and shipbuilding operations.
    At the time of NESHAP promulgation in 1995, EPA estimated that 
there were approximately 437 facilities of varying capabilities 
involved in the construction and repair of ships in the United States; 
approximately 35 of these facilities qualified as major sources of HAP 
emissions.
    The ANPRM data set for the shipbuilding and ship repair source 
category contains 88 facilities, of which 71 facilities are classified 
as major sources. In conjunction with previous efforts for this source 
category, the industry had collected and submitted up-to-date welding 
and blasting emissions data for 13 facilities. The industry and EPA 
consider these data to be the accurate welding and blasting emissions 
data for these facilities. For 12 of these 13 facilities, the 2002 NEI 
did not include any emissions from these welding and blasting 
processes. The newly collected data was added to the ANPRM data set for 
these facilities. The data was not added for the 13th facility, which 
did have detailed state-submitted welding and blasting emissions data 
already included in the NEI. As no welding and blasting emissions data 
were available for the other facilities in the source category, no data 
was added to the ANPRM data set for these facilities. The HAP emitted 
in largest quantities in total from these sources are xylenes and 
ethylbenzene. Total emissions from these two HAP account for 63 percent 
of the mass emitted across all 88 facilities. PB HAP emissions reported 
in the ANPRM data set for the shipbuilding and ship repair

[[Page 14748]]

source category include cadmium, lead compounds, POM, and mercury.
    For emissions reported generically as ``chromium'' or ``chromium 
and compounds,'' emissions are speciated for this source category as 66 
percent ``chromium (III) compounds'' and 34 percent ``chromium (VI) 
compounds.'' We encourage commenters to review this assumption and 
provide specific chromium (VI) and chromium (III) data where possible.
    For reported emissions of POM chemicals, emissions are grouped into 
one of seven POM categories. We encourage commenters to provide the 
individual chemical(s) that make up the POM.
    The major anomalies associated with the data set for this source 
category are related to the HAP emitted. Some metal HAP expected to be 
reported from welding, blasting, and other metalworking processes are 
not included for all the facilities in the data set. We have been 
working with the industry to improve these anomalies, and will continue 
these efforts. However, we also welcome additional data on these 
emissions.

V. What are we specifically seeking comment on?

    The primary purpose of this ANPRM is to solicit comments on the 
source-category specific data included in the ANPRM data sets. 
Therefore, we are asking you to carefully review the facility-specific 
data available for download on the RTR Web page at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/rrisk/rtrpg.html and provide corrections to these data. These 
data include information for each emissions release point at each 
facility in each of the 22 source categories included in Group 2 of the 
RTR Phase II. For large integrated facilities with multiple processes 
representing multiple source categories, it is often difficult to 
clearly distinguish the source category to which each emission point 
belongs. For this reason, the data available for download include not 
only the data for each facility in the specific source category, but 
also the data for each entire facility.
    In addition to the ANPRM data sets for each source category, we are 
providing a downloadable file which describes each source category and 
summarizes the major data anomalies. These files are being made 
available to focus the review of emissions data on the emission points 
and pollutants which are expected to contribute the most to significant 
inhalation exposures and health risks. More information on how to 
download the data and how to submit data corrections is provided in 
Sections VI and VII of this ANPRM, respectively.
    In reviewing the data, we are requesting both general comments 
about how well the data represent the source categories and more 
specific comments regarding the emission-point specific information 
included in the ANPRM data set for each facility in the 22 source 
categories. We also ask that you examine situations in which we made 
changes or additions to the NEI data and provide comments and data that 
will help us improve or clarify the information in order to minimize 
any anomalies. We are particularly interested in the following 
information regarding source category representation in the data:
     Names and addresses for any facilities with processes 
which should be, but are not included in the data set for a specific 
source category.
    [cir] If known, whether data for these facilities are included in 
the NEI.
     Facilities whose data should not be included in the data 
set for a specific source category--please provide a brief description 
of the facilities and an explanation of why they do not belong in the 
data set for that source category.
     Facilities in the data set for a source category that are 
not major sources for HAP--please provide documentation verifying the 
area source status.
    We would also like comment on the facility-specific and emission-
point specific data, as well as our assumptions about certain data 
characteristics. As discussed further below, the areas in which further 
information and/or correction or clarification is requested, include 
the following:
     Facility location and identification.
    [cir] Facility name.
    [cir] Facility address.
    [cir] Facility category code (i.e., major or area source).
     Emission point data
    [cir] SCC and MACT codes
    [cir] Emissions (tons per year (TPY)) of each HAP.
    [cir] Emission release point type (i.e., fugitive, vertical, 
horizontal, gooseneck, vertical with raincap, or downward facing vent).
    [cir] Emissions release characteristics: stack height and diameter, 
exit gas temperature, velocity, and flow rate.
    [cir] Emission point latitude and longitude coordinates.
     Data characteristics.
    [cir] Acute emissions factors.
    [cir] Speciation of metal HAP and POM.
    [cir] HAP emissions performance level (e.g., actual, allowable, 
maximum).
    At the facility level, we are asking for input on the name and 
address of the facility, whether the facility is a major or area source 
for HAP, and facility identification codes. The facility name should 
include at least the company name and may also include facility 
identification information, such as ``Plant A'' or ``Ohio River 
Works.'' The address should include the street address of the plant 
location, as well as the city, county, State, and zip code for that 
location. We are also requesting verification of the area/major source 
status of each facility.
    For each individual emission point, we are asking for comments on 
the SCC and MACT code to which each emission point is assigned, the HAP 
emitted, the mass of emissions reported for each HAP, and the release 
characteristics. For large facilities with multiple processes 
representing more than one source category, we ask that you pay 
particular attention to the MACT and SCC codes, so that emission points 
and emissions are assigned to the appropriate source category. We also 
ask that you provide comments on all HAP emitted from a process, even 
if you know the emission levels are very low. The high toxicity of some 
HAP means that even emission levels one might otherwise consider 
insignificant (in terms of mass) can have a significant risk impact. 
This is particularly true for PB HAP. These compounds have high 
toxicities and may be emitted by some of the source categories being 
reviewed. It is critical that we obtain the most accurate, speciated 
emission estimates possible to be used in the multi-pathway assessments 
that will be conducted prior to proposal of regulatory actions.
    If you consider the data in the ANPRM data sets unrepresentative of 
the emissions from a facility, explain why these data are not 
representative and submit better data where available. When submitting 
emissions data, we ask that you provide documentation of the basis for 
the revised values. We will need appropriate documentation to support 
any suggested changes. Data corrections are discussed more in section 
VII.
    In addition to the emissions data, we also request comments and 
revisions on the release characteristics for individual emission 
points. First, you should check the emission release point type 
description. Most of the emission points in the NEI are either 
classified as vertical or fugitive, although the options also include 
horizontal, goose neck, vertical with rain cap, and downward facing 
vent. Then you should check the release parameters, which include stack 
height, exit gas temperature, stack diameter, exit gas velocity, and 
exit gas flow rate. Quite often the NEI contains default release 
parameters, so providing

[[Page 14749]]

actual parameters will improve the quality of the data and the modeling 
results.
    Emission point location is a parameter that can have a significant 
effect on the modeling results. Ideally, we would like a specific set 
of coordinates for every emission point. In many instances, a single 
set of coordinates is used for all emission points at a facility. In 
these situations, we request information on emission-point specific 
coordinates. If such detailed coordinates are already in the ANPRM data 
sets, we would like you to review them carefully and provide any 
updates or corrections needed.
    To model fugitive sources, the release parameters used include the 
height, length, width, and angle of the area where the fugitive 
emissions sources are located, along with the temperature. The NEI 
contains fields for these parameters, but they are rarely populated. 
Instead, the NEI contains a set of default vertical stack parameters 
for fugitive sources, which have been designed to provide the same 
dispersion as a low-lying point source with minimal plume rise. These 
are a temperature of 72[deg] Fahrenheit, a diameter of 0.003 feet, a 
velocity of 0.0003 feet per second, and a flow rate of 0 cubic feet per 
second. We request comment on the use of these release characteristics 
to effectively model fugitive emission sources as pseudo-point sources.
    We are also requesting comments concerning certain data 
characteristics. This includes the speciation of several metal HAP, 
including mercury and chromium, and polycyclic organic material. These 
HAP were separated into their various forms, such as hexavalent and 
trivalent chromium, within NEI using the procedures established by the 
National Air Toxics Assessment. We are requesting comment on whether 
the speciation factors used are appropriate and ask that any suggested 
alternative approaches be accompanied by documentation supporting that 
alternative.
    Also, to screen for potentially-significant short-term exposures, 
maximum short-term (one-hour) emission rates will be developed by 
multiplying the average annual hourly emission rates by ten. We would 
like comments on whether this factor represents a reasonable 
approximation for each emission point in order to estimate acute 
exposures and risks. If you believe that any particular emission point 
does not represent a reasonable approximation, please provide your 
rationale and a suggestion for a more appropriate ratio. This will 
assist us in our assessment of short-term impacts and risks.
    As noted in section IV, the emissions values in the ANPRM data set 
generally represent actual emission levels. Where actual emissions data 
is not already included, we request that commenters provide such data.
    In addition to comments on the data included in the data sets for 
each source category, we will accept other comments related to this 
ANPRM. As described in section VII of this ANPRM, all comments and 
supporting data must be submitted to the docket for this action.

VI. How may I access the data for a specific source category?

    Source category descriptions and the ANPRM data sets are available 
on the RTR Web page at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/rrisk/rtrpg.html. 
Information is available to be downloaded from this Web page for each 
source category in two separate files. One file contains a description 
of the source category, and a separate file includes the detailed ANPRM 
data set for the source category. These files must be downloaded from 
the Web site to be viewed.
    The file containing the source category description is available in 
an Adobe[supreg] PDF format (this file format is viewable with 
Adobe[supreg] Reader, which may be downloaded at http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readermain.html) and contains the following 
information:
     A description of the processes and major products
     The estimated number of facilities in the source category.
     A summary of emission points types and HAP emissions from 
the source category.
     A summary of the anomalies associated with the data for 
that source category.
    The ANPRM data set for each source category is included in a 
separate file, which must be downloaded from the RTR Web page--http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/rrisk/rtrpg.html. These are Microsoft[supreg] 
Access files, which require Microsoft[supreg] Access to be viewed (if 
you do not have Microsoft[supreg] Access, contact Anne Pope by 
telephone ((919) 541-5373) or by e-mail ([email protected]) for other 
data viewing options). Each file contains the following information 
from the NEI for each facility in the source category:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
           Facility data                        Emissions data
------------------------------------------------------------------------
EPA Region                           Pollutant Code
Tribal Code                          Pollutant Code Description
Tribe Name                           Emissions (TPY)
State Abbreviation                   MACT Code
County Name                          MACT Flag
State County FIPS                    SCC Code
NEI Site ID                          SCC Code Description
Facility Name                        Emission Unit ID
Location Address                     Process ID
City Name                            Emission Release Point ID
State Name                           Emission Release Point Type
Zip Code                             Stack Default Flag
Facility Registry                    Stack Height
Facility Registry Identifier
State Facility Identifier            Exit Gas Temperature
SIC Code                             Stack Diameter
SIC Code Description                 Exit Gas Velocity
NAICS Code                           Exit Gas Flow Rate
Facility Category Code               Longitude
Facility Category                    Latitude
                                     Location Default Flag
                                     Data Source Code
                                     Data Source Description
                                     HAP Emissions Performance Level

[[Page 14750]]

 
                                     Start Date
                                     End Date
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    More information on these NEI data fields can be found in the NEI 
documentation at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2002inventory.html#documentation.

VII. How do I submit suggested data corrections?

    The source category-specific ANPRM data sets are available for 
download on the RTR Web page at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/rrisk/rtrpg.html. To suggest revisions to this information, we request that 
you complete the following steps:
    1. Download the Microsoft[supreg] Access file containing the ANPRM 
data set for a source category.
    2. Within this downloaded file, enter suggested revisions in the 
data fields appropriate for that information. The data fields that may 
be revised include the following:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
           Facility data                        Emissions data
------------------------------------------------------------------------
REVISED Tribal Code                  REVISED Emissions (TPY)
REVISED County Name                  REVISED MACT Code
REVISED Facility Name                REVISED SCC Code
REVISED Location Address             REVISED Emission Release Point
REVISED City Name                    REVISED Stack Height
REVISED State Name                   REVISED Exit Gas Temperature
REVISED Zip Code                     REVISED Stack Diameter
REVISED Facility Registry            REVISED Exit Gas Velocity
REVISED State Facility               REVISED Exit Gas Flow Rate
REVISED Facility Category            REVISED Longitude
                                     REVISED Latitude
                                     REVISED HAP Emissions
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    3. Fill in the following commenter information fields for each 
suggested revision:
     Commenter Name.
     Commenter E-Mail Address.
     Commenter Phone Number.
     Revision Comments.
    4. Gather documentation for any suggested emissions revisions 
(e.g., performance test reports, material balance calculations, etc.).
    5. Send the entire downloaded file with suggested revisions in 
Microsoft[supreg] Access format and all accompanying documentation to 
the docket for this ANPRM (through one of the methods described in the 
ADDRESSES section of this ANPRM). To help speed review of the 
revisions, it would also be helpful to submit the suggestions to EPA 
directly at [email protected].
    6. If you are providing comments on a facility with multiple source 
categories, you need only submit one file for that facility, which 
should contain all suggested changes for all source categories at that 
facility.
    We strongly urge that all data revision comments be submitted in 
the form of updated Microsoft[supreg] Access files, which are provided 
on the http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/rrisk/rtrpg.html Web page. Data in 
the form of written descriptions or other electronic file formats will 
be difficult for EPA to translate into the necessary format in a timely 
manner. Additionally, placing the burden on EPA to interpret data 
submitted in other formats increases the possibility of 
misinterpretation or errors.

VIII. What additional steps are expected after EPA reviews the comments 
received?

    Once EPA receives comments on the Group 2 emissions and emissions 
release data, we plan to revise the ANPRM data sets based upon public 
comment and supporting documentation, model with the new data, and 
proceed with proposing and promulgating residual risk and technology 
review standards as appropriate. More detail of this process is 
provided in sections C, D, and E of section II of this ANPRM.

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 63

    Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Hazardous 
substances.

    Dated: March 23, 2007.
Stephen L. Johnson,
Administrator.
[FR Doc. E7-5805 Filed 3-28-07; 8:45 am]
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