[Federal Register Volume 72, Number 28 (Monday, February 12, 2007)]
[Notices]
[Pages 6612-6620]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: E7-2342]


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NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION

[Docket Nos. 50-259, 50-260, and 50-296]


Tennessee Valley Authority; Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant; Final 
Environmental Assessment and Finding of No Significant Impact Related 
to the Proposed License Amendment To Increase the Maximum Reactor Power 
Level

AGENCY: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC).
SUMMARY: The NRC has prepared a final Environmental Assessment (EA) of 
its evaluation of a request by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) for 
license amendments to increase the maximum thermal power at Browns 
Ferry Nuclear Plant (BFN) from 3458 megawatts-thermal (MWt) to 3952 MWt 
for Units 2 and 3 and from 3293 MWt to 3952 MWt for Unit 1. These 
represent power increases of approximately 15 percent for BFN Units 2 
and 3 and 20 percent for BFN Unit 1. As stated in the NRC staff's 
position paper dated February 8,

[[Page 6613]]

1996, on the Boiling-Water Reactor (BWR) Extended Power Uprate (EPU) 
Program, the NRC staff would prepare an environmental impact statement 
if it believes a power uprate would have a significant impact on the 
human environment. The NRC staff did not identify any significant 
impact from the information provided in the licensee's EPU applications 
for BFN Units 1, 2, and 3 or from the NRC staff's independent review; 
therefore, as required by Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations 
(10 CFR), the NRC staff is issuing this EA and Finding of No 
Significant Impact.
    The NRC published a draft EA and finding of no significant impact 
on the proposed action for public comment in the Federal Register on 
November 6, 2006 (71 FR 65009). Two sets of comments were received as 
discussed below.
    The licensee provided a comment in a letter dated December 5, 2006 
(Agencywide Documents Access and Management System (ADAMS) Accession 
No. ML063390663). The comment clarified that upon increasing discharge 
temperatures, TVA would take action to ensure that the discharge 
temperature would not exceed the National Pollutant Discharge 
Elimination System (NPDES) permit effluent limitations. The language in 
the EA has been modified in response to this comment.
    The U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service 
provided comments in a letter dated December 13, 2006 (ADAMS Accession 
No. ML063610349). In the letter, a concern is expressed about any trend 
toward prolonged higher temperatures and poor water quality conditions 
in Wheeler Reservoir as a result of the proposed licensing action. The 
letter indicates that this concern is being addressed by the continuing 
monitoring programs and data collection implemented by TVA. The letter 
did not identify any impact on the EA conclusions based on this 
concern. Therefore, the EA was not modified due to this comment letter.

Environmental Assessment

Plant Site and Environs

    BFN is located on approximately 340 ha (840 ac) of Federally owned 
land that is under the custody of the TVA in Limestone County, Alabama. 
The EPU would apply to facilities at the BFN site, which is located in 
northern Alabama on the northern shore of Wheeler Reservoir, an 
impoundment of the Tennessee River, at Tennessee River Mile (TRM) 294. 
The BFN site is approximately 16 km (10 mi) south of Athens, Alabama; 
16 km (10 mi) northwest of Decatur, Alabama; and 48 km (30 mi) west of 
Huntsville, Alabama.
    Land in the vicinity of BFN is used primarily for agriculture. 
Population densities are low, with no population centers of 
significance within 16 km (10 mi) of the plant. The site is surrounded 
to the north and east by rural countryside. It includes open pasture 
lands, scattered farmsteads, few residents, and little industry within 
several miles. The terrain is gently rolling with open views to higher 
elevations to the north. The southern and western sides of the plant 
site abut the Wheeler Reservoir, which is a wide expanse of open river 
used for a variety of recreational purposes. The reservoir in the 
vicinity of the plant site is moderately used by recreational boaters 
and fishermen. There are no homes within the foreground viewing 
distance to the north and east. However, adjacent to the plant site 
several developments have partial views of the site--a small 
residential development is sited to the northwest and another across 
the Wheeler Reservoir to the southwest, and the Mallard Creek public 
use area is directly across the reservoir. A berm, graded during the 
initial construction of the plant site and containing approximately 2.5 
million m\3\ (3.3 million yd\3\) of earth excavated to make cooling 
water channels, lies adjacent to the cooling tower complex and blocks 
views of the northern and eastern plant areas. Two wildlife management 
areas--Swan Creek State Wildlife Management Area and Mallard-Fox Creek 
State Wildlife Management Area--are within 5 km (3 mi) of the BFN site. 
The Swan Creek Wildlife Management Area includes 1232 ha (3045 ac) of 
land and 2357 ha (5825 ac) of water surrounded by numerous industrial 
facilities. The Mallard-Fox Creek State Wildlife Management Area 
encompasses approximately 593 ha (1483 ac) and is used primarily for 
small game hunting. The Round Island Recreation Area, a site on the 
Central Loop of the North Alabama Birding Trail, is located 
approximately 5.6 km (3.5 mi) upstream of BFN on the northern side of 
the Tennessee River and provides birding opportunities and boat access.
    BFN has two active nuclear reactor units (Units 2 and 3) and one 
inactive unit (Unit 1). Each unit includes a BWR and a steam-driven 
turbine generator manufactured by General Electric Company. Each unit 
originally was licensed for an output of 3293 MWt, with a design net 
electric rating of 1065 megawatts-electric (MWe). Major construction on 
BFN, TVA's first nuclear power plant, began in 1967. Commercial 
operation began in 1974 for Unit 1, in 1975 for Unit 2, and in 1977 for 
Unit 3. All three units were shut down in 1985 during a review of the 
TVA nuclear power program. Unit 2 returned to service in May 1991, and 
Unit 3 resumed operation in November 1995. Work began in 2002 to bring 
Unit 1 up to current standards, and the reactor is currently scheduled 
to restart in 2007.
    Wheeler Reservoir on the Tennessee River is the source for cooling 
water and most of the auxiliary water systems for BFN. The intake 
forebay is separated from Wheeler Reservoir by a structure with three 
bays, each with a gate that can be raised or lowered depending on the 
operational requirements of the plant. Beyond the forebay are 18 intake 
pumping station bays (6 per reactor unit) each with traveling screens.
    The BFN units are normally cooled by pumping water from Wheeler 
Reservoir into the turbine generator condensers and discharging it back 
to the reservoir via three large submerged diffuser pipes that are 
perforated to maximize uniform mixing into the flow stream.
    This straight-through flow path is known as ``open cycle'' or 
``open mode'' operation. As originally designed, the maximum thermal 
discharge from the once-through cooling water system is directed into 
the Wheeler Reservoir, with a temperature increase across the intake 
and discharge of 13.9 [deg]C (25 [deg]F). The flow exits the diffusers 
and mixes with the reservoir flow. At the edge of the discharge mixing 
zone, the water temperature is required to be less than 5.6 [deg]C (10 
[deg]F) above ambient water temperature.
    Through various gates, some of this cooling water can also be 
directed through cooling towers to reduce its temperature as necessary 
to comply with environmental regulations. This flow path is known as 
the ``helper mode'' operation.
    The capability also exists to recycle cooling water from the 
cooling towers directly back to the intake structure without being 
discharged to the reservoir. This flow path, known as the ``closed 
mode'' of operation, has not been used since the restart of Units 2 and 
3 because of difficulties in meeting temperature limits in summer 
months and problems with equipment reliability. TVA does not anticipate 
using this mode in the future, and no procedures for operating in this 
mode currently exist.
    In recent years, only Units 2 and 3 have been operated, but because 
of a combination of system upgrades and improved flow calibrations, the 
measured total per-unit condenser

[[Page 6614]]

cooling water (CCW) flow rate in open mode (with three CCW pumps per 
unit) has increased. The condenser tubes were replaced with stainless 
steel tubing that has a larger internal diameter and lower flow 
resistance. This modification increased flow through the condenser by 
approximately 6 percent. TVA estimates total intake for three-unit 
operation in open mode to be 139 m\3\/s (4907 cfs) or 12,000 m\3\/d 
(3171 million gallons per day).
    Because of various system limitations, BFN cannot pass all the CCW 
through the cooling towers when operating in the helper mode. The 
fraction of cooling water that cannot be passed through the cooling 
towers is routed directly to the river. Also, almost all of the cooling 
water that passes through the cooling towers is returned to the river, 
but a small amount is lost to the atmosphere during operation. If 
cooling tower capacity is increased due to the EPU, this consumptive 
use could increase proportionally. The cooling towers are only operated 
when necessary, typically a few weeks during the hottest part of the 
summer (usually July and August), to meet thermal discharge temperature 
limits.
    The residual heat removal service water (RHRSW) system consists of 
four pairs of pumps located on the intake structure for pumping river 
water to the heat exchangers in the RHRSW system and four additional 
pumps for supplying water to the emergency equipment cooling water 
(EECW) system. The EECW system distributes cooling water supplied by 
the RHRSW system to essential equipment during normal and accident 
conditions.

Identification of the Proposed Action

    By letters dated June 25 and June 28, 2004, TVA proposed amendments 
to the operating licenses for BFN Units 2 and 3 and for BFN Unit 1, 
respectively, to increase the maximum thermal power level by 
approximately 15 percent for Units 2 and 3, from 3458 MWt to 3952 MWt, 
and by approximately 20 percent for Unit 1, from 3293 MWt to 3952 MWt. 
The change is considered an EPU because it would raise the reactor core 
power levels more than 7-percent above the originally licensed maximum 
power levels. This amendment would allow the heat output of the 
reactors to increase, which would increase the flow of steam to the 
turbines. This would increase production of electricity and the amount 
of waste heat delivered to the condensers, and increase the temperature 
of the water being discharged into the Wheeler Reservoir. On September 
8, 1998, the NRC approved license amendments for power uprates of 5 
percent for BFN Units 2 and 3. BFN Units 2 and 3 are currently 
operating at 105 percent of their originally licensed thermal power (an 
increase from 3293 MWt to 3458 MWt). Therefore, the proposed EPUs 
analyzed in this EA are 15 percent for Units 2 and 3 and 20 percent for 
Unit 1, which is currently licensed to operate at 100 percent of its 
originally licensed thermal power (3293 MWt).

The Need for the Proposed Action

    The proposed action would meet the increasing demand for bulk power 
resulting from the economic growth in the TVA service area. Such 
economic growth is forecasted to continue in the Tennessee Valley 
region resulting in an estimated average annual increase of 1.6 percent 
in the regional energy demand over the next 20 years. Such demand 
increases would exceed TVA's capacity to generate electricity for its 
customers. The proposed EPUs would add approximately 600 MWe to the 
historical generating capacity of BFN; such additional capacity should 
provide a cost-effective means of meeting the projected increased 
demand. The EPUs can be implemented without substantial capital 
investment and would not cause the environmental impacts that would 
occur if construction of a new power-generation facility was sought to 
meet the region's electricity needs.

Environmental Impacts of the Proposed Action

    At the time of issuance of the operating licenses for BFN, the NRC 
staff noted that any activity authorized by the licenses would be 
encompassed by the overall action evaluated in the Final Environmental 
Statement (FES) for the operation of BFN that was issued in September 
1972. This EA summarizes the non-radiological and radiological impacts 
in the environment that may result from the proposed action of the EPU.

Non-Radiological Impacts

Land Use Impacts

    The potential impacts associated with land use for the proposed 
action include effects from construction and plant modifications. While 
some plant components would be modified, all plant changes related to 
the EPUs would occur within existing structures, buildings, and fenced 
equipment yards housing the major unit components. Also, the EPU would 
use existing parking lots, road access, lay-down areas, offices, 
workshops, warehouses, and restrooms. Therefore, no land use would 
change at BFN. Also, no land use would change along transmission lines 
(no new lines would be required for EPU), transmission corridors, 
switch yards, or substations. According to the SEIS for license renewal 
of BFN, the only significant cultural resources in the proximity of BFN 
are site 1Li535 and the Cox Cemetery, which was moved to accommodate 
original construction of the plant. TVA has procedures in place to 
ensure that the operation of BFN would protect undiscovered historic or 
archaeological resources, and the proposed action would not change such 
procedures.
    The EPUs and continued operation of BFN Units 1, 2, and 3 would 
remain in the scope of the original FES, and therefore, the staff 
concludes potential impacts to land use and to historic and 
archaeological resources from the proposed action are bounded by the 
impacts previously evaluated in the FES.

Cooling Tower Impacts

    In support of the EPUs, operation frequency of the cooling towers 
would likely increase to approximately 7.2 percent of the time to meet 
thermal discharge requirements of the NPDES permit. The potential 
impacts from increased use of the cooling towers would be negligible to 
minor. The impacts would be increased noise directly proportional to 
the increased usage frequency. The towers may produce more noise and 
longer periods of noise due to the increased cooling tower operation, 
but other background noise, such as traffic, insects, frogs, and air 
conditioners, dominated TVA's June 2001 background noise survey. There 
are two neighborhoods in close proximity to BFN. The estimated 
background noise in the two neighborhoods, Paradise Shores and 
Lakeview, with six cooling towers operating would be approximately 52 
and 48 decibels, respectively. These values are below the U.S. 
Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) recommended level of 55 
decibels for the annual equivalent sound level day/night. Therefore, 
noise increases are not expected to have a noticeable effect on nearby 
residents.
    Conclusions reached in NUREG-1437, Generic Environmental Impact 
Statement for License Renewal of Nuclear Plants (GEIS), apply to the 
proposed action regarding cooling tower impacts on crops, ornamental 
vegetation, and native plants. The conclusions state that salt drift, 
icing, fogging, or increased humidity resulting from cooling tower 
operation would not be significant. These same conclusions apply for 
the period of operation prior

[[Page 6615]]

to entry into the renewed operating license period. Additionally, as 
stated in the SEIS, the BFN cooling towers would be operated as helper 
towers and, therefore, would be operated less frequently than at plants 
with continuous cooling tower operation. However, since the publication 
of the NRC's SEIS, TVA has proposed a design change for the future 
sixth cooling tower, which would result in slightly increased frequency 
of cooling tower operation than the originally planned 20-cell tower. 
Nonetheless, cooling tower operation at BFN with all three units 
operating at EPU levels would still be operated less frequently than at 
plants with continuous cooling tower operation.
    Likewise, the conclusion reached in the GEIS regarding aesthetics 
of cooling tower operation applies to the BFN helper towers. In 
addition to increased noise, increased operation of cooling towers may 
have an aesthetic effect in that a visible plume would be detectable 
more days of the year. However, the conclusions in the GEIS state that 
continuously operated cooling towers would not have significant effects 
on visible and audible aesthetics; therefore, the proposed action, 
including the increased use of helper towers, would not significantly 
affect aesthetics. This conclusion also applies to operation both prior 
to the renewed operating license period and during the renewed 
operating license period.
    The proposed EPU would increase the number of days of operation of 
the cooling towers, which may increase the number of days experiencing 
background noise, fogging, icing, increased humidity, and a visible 
plume. Although the frequency of cooling tower operation would 
increase, the helper towers would be used only intermittently. 
Therefore, the staff concludes impacts of operating cooling towers 
would not be significant for the proposed action.

Transmission Facility Impacts

    The potential impacts associated with transmission facilities for 
the proposed action include changes in transmission line corridor 
right-of-way maintenance and electric shock hazards due to increased 
current. No change in right-of-way maintenance, including vegetative 
management, would occur as a result of the EPU. The proposed EPU would 
increase the current, which would affect the electromagnetic field, but 
would not increase the voltage. Because the voltage would not change, 
there would be no change in the potential for electric shock.
    The National Electric Safety Code (NESC) provides design criteria 
that limit hazards from steady-state currents. The NESC limits the 
short-circuit current to the ground to less than 5 mA. There would be 
an increase in current passing through the transmission lines 
associated with the increased power level of the proposed EPU. The 
increased electrical current passing through the transmission lines 
would cause an increase in electromagnetic field strength. Transmission 
lines would continue to meet applicable shock prevention provisions of 
the NESC. Although the U.S. has no guidelines for exposure to power 
frequency electromagnetic fields, Florida and New York have guidelines 
based on maximum load-carrying conditions. Under conditions of 
increased EPU currents, TVA transmission lines would continue to meet 
such guidelines. No data exist to suggest that higher electromagnetic 
fields adversely affect human health or flora and fauna.
    The impacts associated with transmission facilities for the 
proposed action would not change significantly relative to the impacts 
from current plant operation. There would be no physical modifications 
to the transmission lines, transmission line right-of-way maintenance 
practices would not change, there would be no changes to transmission 
line rights-of-way or vertical clearances, and electric current passing 
through the transmission lines would increase only slightly. Therefore, 
the staff concludes there would be no significant impacts associated 
with transmission lines for the proposed action.

Water Use Impacts

    Potential water use impacts from the proposed action include 
hydrological alterations to the Wheeler Reservoir on the Tennessee 
River and changes to plant water supply. No changes to the plant intake 
system are expected due to the proposed action; therefore, the volume 
of intake water would not change. Therefore, the staff concludes that 
there would be no significant alteration of the hydrology of the 
Wheeler Reservoir or the plant's water supply.
    In addition to the once-through cooling system, BFN has five 
mechanical draft cooling towers that operate during helper mode. In 
conjunction with the restart of Unit 1, TVA has committed to building a 
replacement for the sixth cooling tower; the replacement tower would 
have a heat removal capacity greater than or equal to that of existing 
cooling tower 3. BFN typically enters helper mode during the 
hot summer months, and the cooling towers are operated only when 
necessary to meet the NPDES permit's thermal discharge limits. With the 
restart of Unit 1, if more than six circulating water pumps are 
operating, some flow must bypass the cooling towers and enter the river 
directly due to system limitations. Only about 2 percent of the cooling 
tower flow is not returned to the river due to evaporation and drift. 
BFN's consumptive water use consists of a negligible, unquantifiable 
amount that would not change detectably as a result of the EPU. 
Therefore, the staff concludes there would be no significant impacts to 
water use in the Wheeler Reservoir or the Tennessee River for the 
proposed action.

Discharge Impacts

    Potential impacts to the Wheeler Reservoir from the BFN discharge 
include increased turbidity, scouring, erosion, and sedimentation. 
These discharge-related impacts apply to open-cycle flow due to the 
large volume of water discharged to the reservoir. However, since the 
EPU at BFN would not alter the intake volume of water, no significant 
change in discharge volume is anticipated. Therefore, no significant 
impacts from increased turbidity, scouring, erosion, and sedimentation 
are expected.
    Surface runoff and wastewater discharges at BFN are regulated by 
the State of Alabama via a NPDES permit (NPDES No. AL0022080). The 
permit is periodically reviewed and renewed by the ADEM. With the 
exception of discharge temperature, the EPU would not be expected to 
alter any other effluents, such as yard drainage, station sumps, and 
sewage treatment. Increase in discharge temperature in the Wheeler 
Reservoir would remain within the NPDES permit limits due to the 
implementation of cooling towers in helping mode or derating the units 
during hot summer months.
    BFN's current NPDES permit limits thermal discharge, as detected at 
a depth of 5 feet at the end of a 2400-foot mixing zone downstream of 
the discharge diffusers, to a maximum 1-hour average of 93 [deg]F, a 
maximum 24-hour average of 90 [deg]F, and a maximum increase of 10 
[deg]F over ambient temperatures. Currently with Units 2 and 3 
operating at 105 percent of the originally licensed maximum power level 
in open mode, the approximate temperature increase at the end of the 
mixing zone is 5.3 [deg]F. Operation of all three units at 120-percent 
power is predicted to increase the mean water temperature at the end of 
the mixing

[[Page 6616]]

zone by about 0.5 [deg]F compared to current operations and only 0.3 
[deg]F when compared to all three units operating at their original 
power level as assessed in the FES. Increase in discharge temperature 
approaching the NPDES limits would trigger operation of the cooling 
towers in helper mode. If operation of the cooling towers is 
insufficient to reduce discharge temperature enough to remain within 
the NPDES compliance, the units would be derated so that the discharge 
temperature does not exceed the permit's limits. It is estimated that 
three-unit operation with the EPU would increase cooling-tower-
operation frequency to about 7.2 percent and would result in derating 
approximately 0.29 percent of the time. It is expected that such 
operational controls would maintain compliance with the NPDES permit. 
When the plant is operating within the permit limits, it is expected 
that thermal discharge would not have significant individual or 
cumulative effects on reservoir stratification, dissolved oxygen 
concentrations, and eutrophication.
    The proposed EPU would not result in changes in any other 
effluents, which are currently within permit limits. Therefore, the 
staff concludes that the proposed action would not result in any 
significant impacts on the Wheeler Reservoir or the Tennessee River 
from BFN discharge.

Impacts on Aquatic Biota

    The potential impacts to aquatic biota from the proposed action 
include impingement, entrainment, thermal discharge effects, and 
impacts due to transmission line right-of-way maintenance. The BFN has 
intake and discharge structures on the Wheeler Reservoir. The aquatic 
species evaluated in this EA are those in the vicinity of the intake 
and discharge structures.
    Entrainment and impingement of aquatic species at BFN are limited 
by the NPDES permit. TVA conducted a pre-operational and operational 
study to collect data describing ichthyoplankton populations in the 
Wheeler Reservoir from 1971 through 1979. The results of the study 
indicated that, under open-cycle, three-unit operation, entrainment 
would not increase mortality significantly beyond the expected levels 
of natural mortality of fish eggs and larvae and that impingement would 
not adversely affect the fish community in the Wheeler Reservoir. TVA 
also conducted flow studies at BFN; the studies indicated that most 
entrained water originates on the eastern side of the main river 
channel. This area has lower densities of fish larvae than in overbank 
areas. Fish eggs (mostly from freshwater drum [Aplodinotus grunniens]) 
are found in the main channel at higher densities, but abundance of 
freshwater drum has not decreased noticeably. With the return of three-
unit operation at 120-percent power for each unit, entrainment and 
impingement would increase slightly due to the increased flow rate of 
CCW. TVA's Vital Signs monitoring program currently being conducted 
would continue after the return of three-unit operation. In addition to 
assessing impacts from entrainment and impingement of fish populations 
in the Wheeler Reservoir, the monitoring program addresses effects on 
fish population dynamics and commercial and recreational fisheries as 
needed. The staff has determined that slight increases in entrainment 
and impingement as a result of the proposed action would not have 
significant impacts on species abundance or on the Wheeler Reservoir 
fish community.
    On July 9, 2004, EPA published a final rule in the Federal Register 
(69 FR 41575) addressing cooling water intake structures at existing 
power plants whose flow levels exceed a minimum threshold value of 50 
million gallons per day. The rule is Phase II in EPA's development of 
316(b) regulations that establish national requirements applicable to 
the location, design, construction, and capacity of cooling water 
intake structures at existing facilities that exceed the threshold 
value for water withdrawals. The national requirements, which are 
imposed with NPDES permits, minimize the adverse environmental impacts 
associated with the continued use of the intake systems. Licensees are 
required to demonstrate compliance with the Phase II performance 
standards to renew their NPDES permits. TVA is currently conducting 
entrainment and impingement studies at BFN in compliance with the Phase 
II rule.
    Fish have the ability to detect thermal changes and actively avoid 
areas with elevated water temperature near the BFN diffusers. Thermal 
modeling shows that the bank opposite the BFN diffusers would not be 
affected by the thermal plume and, therefore, would allow passage for 
migrating fish. Known fish hosts for the protected freshwater mussels 
(see section below describing impacts on threatened and endangered 
species) are common in the Wheeler Reservoir. Most fish host species in 
the reservoir have upper lethal temperature limits that are higher than 
the BFN thermal variance of 90 [deg]F. Studies on the least thermally 
tolerant species, sauger (Stizostedion vitreum) and yellow perch (Perca 
flavescens), showed that BFN had no significant, adverse impacts on 
reproduction of either species or on the annual sauger migration past 
BFN for spawning (Baxter and Buchanan 1998). Most larvae and eggs 
drifting past BFN are demersal and would have very little exposure to 
the thermal plume due to rapid mixing with the ambient surface water 
and rising of the heated water. Therefore, the thermal plume associated 
with the proposed EPU is not expected to affect adversely any life 
history stages of freshwater mussels or their host species.
    The NPDES permit limits the amount of heat discharged to the 
Wheeler Reservoir from the operation of BFN. The thermal limits 
specified in the NPDES permit (as discussed above in discharge impacts 
section) would not change with implementation of the EPU. Because TVA 
would continue to meet the thermal limits set in the NPDES permit, 
whether in open cycle, in helper mode, or via power derating, the 
proposed action is not expected to result in additional thermal 
discharge effects on aquatic species in the Wheeler Reservoir.
    As discussed in the transmission facility impacts section of this 
EA, transmission line right-of-way maintenance practices would not 
change for the proposed action. Therefore, the staff concludes that 
there would be no significant impacts to aquatic species associated 
with transmission line right-of-way maintenance for the proposed 
action.

Impacts on Terrestrial Biota

    The proposed action would not include any new land disturbance or 
changes in transmission line right-of-way maintenance. Most areas at 
BFN are not pristine and continue to provide habitat only for species 
with widespread distributions; the wildlife diversity at BFN is not 
great. No rare terrestrial species occur in the vicinity of BFN. 
Although wetlands do occur at the BFN site (25 acres according to the 
National Wetlands Inventory and 12 acres according to the Federal 
jurisdictional criteria), none of the wetlands would be affected by the 
proposed action. Therefore, the staff concludes that there would be no 
significant impacts to terrestrial species or their habitat associated 
with the proposed action, including transmission line right-of-way 
maintenance.

Impacts on Threatened and Endangered Species

    Potential impacts to threatened and endangered species from the 
proposed

[[Page 6617]]

action include the impacts assessed in the aquatic and terrestrial 
biota sections of this environmental assessment. These impacts include 
impingement, entrainment, thermal discharge effects, and impacts due to 
transmission line right-of-way maintenance for aquatic and terrestrial 
species.
    There are seven species listed as threatened or endangered under 
the Federal Endangered Species Act that occur within Limestone County, 
Alabama. The listed terrestrial species include the endangered gray bat 
(Myotis grisescens) and the endangered Indiana bat (M. sodalis). These 
two species are not known to occur within three miles of BFN. As no 
significant impacts are expected to terrestrial species or their 
habitat, the proposed action would not have significant impacts on the 
gray or Indiana bats or their habitats.
    There are five Federally endangered aquatic species that occur 
within the vicinity of BFN. The rough pigtoe (Pleurobema plenum) and 
the pink mucket (Lampsilis abrupta) are freshwater mussels that have 
been reported to occur in areas upstream from BFN. It is unlikely that 
these species would occur in areas near the thermal plume or downstream 
of BFN; therefore, effects on the rough pigtoe, the pink mucket, their 
habitats, or their fish host species (see aquatic biota section above 
describing impacts on host species) are not expected to result from the 
proposed action. The three other Federally listed aquatic species are 
endangered snails: armored snail (Pyrgulopsis pachyta), slender 
campeloma (Campeloma decampi), and Anthony's river snail (Athearnia 
anthonyi). All three Federally endangered aquatic snails are found only 
in tributaries to the Wheeler Reservoir that are located upstream of 
BFN; therefore, no significant impacts on these snails are expected 
from the proposed aciton. No Federally listed fish species or critical 
habitat are known to occur within the vicinity of BFN. TVA's Vital 
Signs monitoring program and Regional Natural Heritage Program would 
continue acting as tools for identification of protected species and 
habitat at BFN. The staff concludes that there would be no significant 
effects on Federally threatened or endangered species as a result of 
the proposed action.

Socioeconomic Impacts

    Potential social and economic impacts due to the proposed action 
include changes in the payments in lieu of taxes for Limestone County 
and changes in the size of the workforce at BFN. The NRC staff has 
reviewed the information provided by the licensee regarding 
socioeconomic impacts. Because BFN changes in conjunction with the 
proposed action would occur during a planned outage, the proposed 
action would not result in any additional changes in the workforce. For 
all planned outages, which typically last about 35 days, employment at 
BFN would increase by about 1000 people at most. Due to the short-term 
need for increased employment, it is not expected that workers would 
move into the local area for such temporary employment. The maximum 
employment during an outage would be about 3.1 percent of Limestone 
County's current labor force, which was about 32,690 in 2003. For the 
primary labor market area, which includes Huntsville, Decatur, and 
Florence, BFN outages would employ about 0.3 percent of the labor 
force, which was about 318,800 in 2003. Therefore, the proposed EPU 
would not affect significantly the size of the BFN labor force as the 
modifications would occur during planned outages and would not increase 
the size of permanent employment at BFN. Accordingly, the proposed 
action would not have measurable effects on annual earnings and income 
in Limestone County or on community services due to the very small and 
insignificant impact on the local population.
    The Limestone County population is about 17.6 percent minority, 
which is well below both the state and national minority populations, 
29.7 and 30.9 percent, respectively. The labor market minority 
population is about 22.1 percent. The poverty rates in Limestone County 
and the labor market area are 12.3 percent and 12.1 percent, 
respectively, which are lower than the state's average of 16.1 percent 
and about the same as the nation's average of 12.4 percent. Therefore, 
due to the low minority population, low poverty rate, and lack of 
significant environmental impacts resulting from the proposed action, 
the proposed EPU would not have disproportionate negative impacts to 
minority and low-income populations.
    In compliance with Section 13 of the TVA Act, TVA makes payments in 
lieu of property taxes to states and counties in which its power 
operations occur and in which its acquired properties were subject to 
state and county taxation previous to their acquisition by TVA. For 
such payments, TVA pays 5 percent of its gross power revenues to 
appropriate states and counties, with most of the money paid to the 
states, which redistribute the payments to local governments. The 
proposed action would affect the in-lieu-of-tax payments because the 
total amount of money to be distributed increases as power generation 
increases and because the EPU would increase BFN's value, thus 
resulting in a larger allocation of the payment to Limestone County. 
Because the proposed EPU would increase the economic viability of BFN, 
the probability of early plant retirement would be reduced. Early plant 
retirement would be expected to have negative impacts on the local 
economy and the community by reducing in-lieu-of-tax payments and 
limiting local employment opportunities for the long term.
    While the proposed action would not affect the labor force 
significantly, there would be no disproportionate impacts on minority 
or low-income populations. Additionally, the proposed EPU would 
increase the in-lieu-of-tax payments received by Limestone County, 
increase the book value of BFN, and increase the long-term viability of 
BFN. Therefore, the staff concludes that there would be no significant 
socioeconomic impacts associated with the proposed action.

Summary

    The proposed EPU would not result in a significant change in non-
radiological impacts in the areas of land use, cooling tower operation, 
transmission facility operation, water use, waste discharges, aquatic 
and terrestrial biota, or socioeconomic factors. No other non-
radiological impacts were identified or would be expected. Table 1 
summarizes the non-radiological environmental impacts of the proposed 
EPU at BFN.

       Table 1.--Summary of Non-Radiological Environmental Impacts
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Land Use.....................  No significant land-use modifications.
Cooling Tower................  No significant aesthetic impacts;
                                slightly larger visible plume and
                                increased noise due to more frequent
                                operation; no significant fogging or
                                icing.

[[Page 6618]]

 
Transmission Facilities......  No physical modifications to transmission
                                lines; lines meet shock safety
                                requirements; no changes to right-of-
                                ways; small increase in electrical
                                current would cause small increase in
                                electromagnetic field around
                                transmission lines; no changes to
                                voltage.
Water Use....................  No configuration change to intake
                                structure; no increased volume of water
                                withdrawal; increase in flow rate of
                                condenser cooling water; slight increase
                                in consumptive use due to evaporation;
                                no water use conflicts.
Discharge....................  Increase in discharge water temperature;
                                no increases in other effluents;
                                discharge would remain within NPDES
                                permit limits due to cooling tower
                                operation and derating as necessary.
Aquatic Biota................  Entrainment and impingement would
                                increase slightly but are not expected
                                to affect the fish community in Wheeler
                                Reservoir.
Terrestrial Biota............  No land disturbance or changes to
                                transmission line right-of-way
                                maintenance are expected; therefore,
                                there would be no significant effects on
                                terrestrial species or their habitat.
Threatened and Endangered      As for aquatic and terrestrial biota, no
 Species.                       significant impacts are expected on
                                protected species or their habitat.
Socioeconomics...............  No significant change in size of BFN
                                labor force required for plant operation
                                or for planned outages; proposed EPU
                                would increase in-lieu-of-tax payments
                                to Limestone County and book value of
                                BFN; minority and low-income populations
                                would not be disproportionately
                                affected.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Radiological Impacts

Radioactive Waste Stream Impacts

    BFN uses waste treatment systems designed to collect, process, and 
dispose of gaseous, liquid, and solid wastes that might contain 
radioactive material in a safe and controlled manner such that 
discharges are in accordance with the requirements of Title 10 of the 
Code of Federal Regulations (10 CFR) Part 20, ``Standards for 
Protection Against Radiation,'' and 10 CFR Part 50, ``Domestic 
Licensing of Production and Utilization Facilities,'' Appendix I. 
Although there may be a small increase in the volume of radioactive 
waste and spent fuel, the proposed EPU would not result in changes in 
the operation or design of equipment in the gaseous, liquid, or solid 
waste systems.

Gaseous Radioactive Waste and Offsite Doses

    During normal operation, the gaseous effluent treatment systems 
process and control the release of gaseous radioactive effluents to the 
environment, including small quantities of noble gases, halogens, 
tritium, and particulate material. The gaseous waste management systems 
include the offgas system and various building ventilation systems. The 
proposed EPU is expected to result in a 15-20 percent increase in 
gaseous effluents, which is still well within regulatory limits of 
Appendix I to 10 CFR Part 50. Therefore, the increase in offsite dose 
due to gaseous effluent release following the EPU would not be 
significant.

Liquid Radioactive Waste and Offsite Doses

    During normal operation, the liquid effluent treatment systems 
process and control the release of liquid radioactive effluents to the 
environment, such that the doses to individuals offsite are maintained 
within the limits of 10 CFR Part 20 and 10 CFR Part 50, Appendix I. The 
liquid radioactive waste systems are designed to process the waste and 
then recycle it within the plant as condensate, reprocess it through 
the radioactive waste system for further purification, or discharge it 
to the environment as liquid radioactive waste effluent in accordance 
with State and Federal regulations. Although no changes to the liquid 
radioactive waste processing and disposition at BFN are expected to 
occur with the EPU, TVA does expect a small increase in the volume to 
be processed. The projected liquid effluents would be well within the 
regulatory limits under the proposed action. Therefore, there would not 
be a significant environmental impact from the additional volume of 
liquid radioactive waste generated following the EPU.

Solid Radioactive Wastes

    The solid radioactive waste system collects, processes, packages, 
and temporarily stores radioactive dry and wet solid wastes prior to 
shipment offsite and permanent disposal. The proposed EPU would 
generate 15-20 percent more radioactive resin, resulting from the 
increased condensate demineralizer flow. Such an increase would not 
exceed BFN's capacity for radioactive waste treatment and storage. 
Modifications associated with the proposed action would generate a 
small amount of dry radioactive waste, which would remain within the 
range of solid waste currently generated and would not impact waste 
generation goals.
    The proposed action would increase the average batch size of fuel 
assemblies for refueling, but it would not affect BFN's schedule for 
spent fuel storage expansion. The number of dry storage casks required 
with the proposed EPU would increase by about 7 percent. Therefore, the 
increase in solid radioactive waste under the proposed action would not 
have a significant environmental impact.

In-Plant Radiation Doses

    The proposed EPU would result in the production of more radioactive 
material and higher radiation dose rates in some areas at BFN. The 
annual average occupational radiation dose to an individual for BFN 
during the 1991-to-2000 period was 0.198 rem. The predicted 
occupational radiation dose for BFN with the proposed EPU could 
increase to almost 0.24 rem, which is about 5 percent of the 10 CFR 
part 20 limit for adult whole body occupational radiation dose. This 
estimate does not account for potential further reductions in dose due 
to As Low As Reasonably Achievable program initiatives and 
administrative dose level controls. Therefore, the proposed action is 
not expected to impact significantly the in-plant radiation doses.

Direct Radiation Doses Offsite

    Direct radiation from radionuclides (mainly nitrogen-16) in the 
reactor water and the turbine building would increase linearly with the 
EPU. Such increase in radiation would be monitored at the on-site 
environmental thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) stations at BFN. In the 
past, data from BFN's TLD stations have not indicated that any 
measurabale nitrogen-16 radiation could be detected off site. 
Therefore, it is unlikely that the small increase in radiation 
associated with the EPU would result in any measurable dose to the 
public.
    The annual whole body dose equivalent for liquid effluents to a 
member of the public beyond the site boundary is limited to 25 mrem 
(0.25

[[Page 6619]]

mSv) by 40 CFR 190. The projected maximum direct radiation dose offsite 
at BFN with the EPU is 0.065 mrem, which is only about 0.3 percent of 
the limit in 40 CFR 190. The liquid effluent dose limit for any organ 
is projected to be 0.94 mrem/year, which is only 0.4 percent of the 40 
CFR 190 limit. Projected gaseous limits with the EPU would also remain 
well within limits, with each dose type reaching less than 0.2 percent 
of the limit. The licensee would continue to perform surveys as the EPU 
is implemented to ensure continued compliance with 40 CFR 190. 
Therefore, the direct radiation dose offsite at BFN with the EPU would 
not be significant and is not expected to affect human health.

Postulated Accident Doses

    As a result of implementation of the proposed EPU, there is an 
increase in the source term used in the evaluation of some of the 
postulated accidents in the FES. The inventory of radionuclides in the 
reactor core is dependent upon power level; therefore, the core 
inventory of radionuclides could increase by as much as 20 percent. The 
concentration of radionuclides in the reactor coolant may also increase 
by as much as 20 percent; however, this concentration is limited by the 
BFN Technical Specifications. Therefore, the reactor coolant 
concentration of radionuclides would not be expected to increase 
significantly. This coolant concentration is part of the source term 
considered in some of the postulated accident analyses. Some of the 
radioactive waste streams and storage systems evaluated for postulated 
accidents may contain slightly higher quantities of radionuclides.
    In 2002, TVA requested a license amendment to allow the use of 
Alternate Source Term (AST) methodology for design basis accident 
analyses for BFN Units 1, 2, and 3. TVA conducted full-scope AST 
analyses, which considered the core isotopic values for the current and 
future vendor products under EPU conditions. TVA concluded that the 
calculated post-accident offsite doses for the EPU using AST 
methodologies meet all the applicable acceptance criteria of 10 CFR 
50.67 and Regulatory Guide 1.183. The NRC staff is reviewing the 
licensee's analyses and performing confirmatory calculations to verify 
the acceptability of the licensee's calculated doses under accident 
conditions. The results of the NRC staff's calculations will be 
presented in the safety evaluation to be issued with the license 
amendment, and the EPU would not be approved by NRC unless the NRC 
staff's independent review of dose calculations under postulated 
accident conditions determines that dose is within regulatory limits. 
Therefore, the NRC staff concludes that the EPU would not significantly 
increase the consequences of accidents and would not result in a 
significant increase in the radiological environmental impact of BFN 
from postulated accidents.

Fuel Cycle and Transportation Impacts

    The environmental impacts of the fuel cycle and transportation of 
fuels and wastes are described in Tables S-3 and S-4 of 10 CFR 51.51 
and 10 CFR 51.52, respectively. An additional NRC generic EA (53 FR 
30355, dated August 11, 1988, as corrected by 53 FR 32322, dated August 
24, 1988) evaluated the applicability of Tables S-3 and S-4 to higher 
burn-up cycle and concluded that there is no significant change in 
environmental impact from the parameters evaluated in Tables S-3 and S-
4 for fuel cycles with uranium enrichments up to 5 weight percent 
uranium-235 and burn-ups less than 60,000 MWt days per metric ton of 
uranium-235 (MWd/MTU). Resulting from an interagency agreement in 2001 
between TVA and the Department of Energy, 33 metric tons of highly 
enriched uranium will be obtained and blended down to allow use of the 
low enriched uranium as nuclear reactor fuel for BFN. With the use of 
blended low enriched uranium fuel, a higher percentage of uranium-236 
exists. As a neutron poison, uranium-236 requires greater enrichment to 
compensate for reactivity loss. The number of fuel assemblies to be 
shipped would increase as would the associated handling doses. However, 
the burn-up limit and the uranium enrichment limit would stay within 
the 5 percent and the 60,000 Mwd/MTU limits. Therefore, the 
environmental impacts of the EPU would remain bounded by the impacts in 
Tables S-3 and S-4 and would not be significant.

Summary

    The proposed EPU would not significantly increase the consequences 
of accidents, would not result in a significant increase in 
occupational or public radiation exposure, and would not result in 
significant additional fuel cycle environmental impacts. Accordingly, 
the Commission concludes that there would be no significant 
radiological environmental impacts associated with the proposed action. 
Table 2 summarizes the radiological environmental impacts of the 
proposed EPU at BFN.

         Table 2.--Summary of Radiological Environmental Impacts
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gaseous Effluents and Doses..  Slight increase (by about 15-20 percent)
                                in dose due to gaseous effluents; doses
                                to individuals offsite would remain
                                within NRC limits.
Liquid Effluents and Doses...  Volume of liquid effluent generated and
                                amount of radioactivity in the effluent
                                are expected to increase slightly;
                                discharges of liquid effluents would
                                remain within NRC limits; however, no
                                routine discharge of liquid effluent is
                                expected.
Solid Radioactive Waste......  Volume of solid waste expected to
                                increase slightly due to more frequent
                                change of demineralizer resins; increase
                                in amount of spent fuel assemblies.
In-plant Dose................  Occupational dose could increase by 20
                                percent overall; occupational doses
                                would remain well within NRC limits.
Direct Radiation Dose........  Up to 20 percent increase in production
                                of nitrogen-16; however, dose rate at
                                site boundary due to skyshine is not
                                expected to increase significantly and
                                would remain within NRC and EPA limits.
Postulated Accidents.........  Licensee using AST; doses would remain
                                within NRC limits.
Fuel Cycle and Transportation  Impacts in Tables S-3 and S-4 in 10 CFR
                                51, ``ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
                                REGULATIONS FOR DOMESTIC LICENSING AND
                                RELATED REGULATORY FUNCTION'' are
                                bounding.
------------------------------------------------------------------------


[[Page 6620]]

Alternatives to Proposed Action

    As an alternative to the proposed action, the NRC staff considered 
denial of the proposed EPU (i.e., the ``no-action'' alternative). 
Denial of the application would result in no change in the current 
environmental impacts. However, if the EPU were not approved, other 
agencies and electric power organizations may be required to pursue 
other means of providing electric generation capacity to offset future 
demand. Fossil fuel plants routinely emit atmospheric pollutants, 
causing impacts in air quality that are larger than if BFN were to 
provide the same amount of electric generation. Construction and 
operation of a fossil fuel plant also create impacts in land use and 
waste management. Other alternatives, such as purchased electrical 
power, wind power, and hydropower, were considered during the NRC's 
review for the BFN license renewal. The proposed EPU, like license 
renewal, would incur fewer environmental costs than the alternatives 
considered. While the EPU would produce additional spent fuel, the 
additional amount of spent fuel would be stored in a new dry cask 
storage facility, which would be constructed even if the EPU were not 
approved. Therefore, the proposed EPU would not have significant 
environmental impacts.

Alternative Use of Resources

    This action does not involve the use of any resources not 
previously considered in the SEIS.

Agencies and Persons Consulted

    In accordance with its stated policy, on August 7, 2006, the NRC 
staff consulted with the Alabama State official, Mr. Kirk Whatley, of 
the Office of Radiation Control, regarding the environmental impacts of 
the proposed action. The State official had no comments.

Finding of No Significant Impact

    On the basis of the EA, the Commission concludes that the proposed 
action would not have a significant effect on the quality of the human 
environment. Accordingly, the Commission has determined not to prepare 
an Environmental Impact Statement for the proposed action.
    For further details with respect to the proposed action, see the 
licensee's applications dated June 25 and June 28, 2004, as 
supplemented by letters dated August 23, 2004, February 23, April 25, 
June 6, and December 19, 2005, February 1 and 28, March 7, 9, 23, and 
31, April 13, May 5 and 11, June 12, 15, 23 and 27, July 21, 26, and 
31, August 4, 16, 18, and 31, September 1, 15, and 22, and October 3, 
5, and 13, 2006. Documents may be examined, and/or copied for a fee, at 
the NRC's Public Document Room (PDR), located at One White Flint North, 
11555 Rockville Pike (first floor), Rockville, Maryland. Publicly 
available records will be accessible electronically from the Agencywide 
Documents Access and Management System (ADAMS) Public Electronic 
Reading Room on the NRC Web site, http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/adams.html. Persons who do not have access to ADAMS or who encounter 
problems in accessing the documents located in ADAMS should contact the 
NRC PDR Reference staff at 1-800-397-4209, or 301-415-4737, or send an 
e-mail to [email protected].

    Dated at Rockville, Maryland, this 6th day of February 2007.

    For the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
Timothy J. McGinty,
Deputy Director, Division of Operating Reactor Licensing, Office of 
Nuclear Reactor Regulation.
 [FR Doc. E7-2342 Filed 2-9-07; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 7590-01-P