[Federal Register Volume 71, Number 197 (Thursday, October 12, 2006)]
[Notices]
[Pages 60148-60152]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: E6-16862]


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FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION

[File No. 051 0165]


The Boeing Company, Lockheed Martin Corporation and United Launch 
Alliance; Analysis of Agreement Containing Consent Orders To Aid Public 
Comment

AGENCY: Federal Trade Commission.

ACTION: Proposed Consent Agreement.

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SUMMARY: The consent agreement in this matter settles alleged 
violations of Federal law prohibiting unfair or deceptive acts or 
practices or unfair methods of competition. The attached Analysis to 
Aid Public Comment describes both the allegations in the draft 
complaint and the terms of the consent order--embodied in the consent 
agreement--that would settle these allegations.

DATES: Comments must be received on or before October 31, 2006.

ADDRESSES: Interested parties are invited to submit written comments. 
Comments should refer to ``Boeing Lockheed Martin, File No. 051 0165,'' 
to facilitate the organization of comments. A comment filed in paper 
form should include this reference both in the text and on the 
envelope, and should be mailed or delivered to the following address: 
Federal Trade Commission/Office of the Secretary, Room 135-H, 600 
Pennsylvania Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20580. Comments containing 
confidential material must be filed in paper form, must be clearly 
labeled ``Confidential,'' and must comply with Commission Rule 4.9(c). 
16 CFR 4.9(c) (2005).\1\ The FTC is requesting that any comment filed 
in paper form be sent by courier or overnight service, if possible, 
because U.S. postal mail in the Washington area and at the Commission 
is subject to delay due to heightened security precautions. Comments 
that do not contain any nonpublic information may instead be filed in 
electronic form as part of or as an attachment to e-mail messages 
directed to the following e-mail box: [email protected].
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    \1\ The comment must be accompanied by an explicit request for 
confidential treatment, including the factual and legal basis for 
the request, and must identify the specific portions of the comment 
to be withheld from the public record. The request will be granted 
or denied by the Commission's General Counsel, consistent with 
applicable law and the public interest. See Commission Rule 4.9(c), 
16 CFR 4.9(c).
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    The FTC Act and other laws the Commission administers permit the 
collection of public comments to consider and use in this proceeding as 
appropriate. All timely and responsive public comments, whether filed 
in paper or electronic form, will be considered by the Commission, and 
will be available to the public on the FTC Web site, to the extent 
practicable, at http://www.ftc.gov. As a matter of discretion, the FTC 
makes every effort to remove home contact information for individuals 
from the public comments it receives before placing those comments

[[Page 60149]]

on the FTC Web site. More information, including routine uses permitted 
by the Privacy Act, may be found in the FTC's privacy policy, at http:/
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/www.ftc.gov/ftc/privacy.htm.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Michael R. Moiseyev, Bureau of 
Competition, 600 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20580, (202) 
326-3106.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Pursuant to section 6(f) of the Federal 
Trade Commission Act, 38 Stat. 721, 15 U.S.C. 46(f), and Sec.  2.34 of 
the Commission Rules of Practice, 16 CFR 2.34, notice is hereby given 
that the above-captioned consent agreement containing a consent order 
to cease and desist, having been filed with and accepted, subject to 
final approval, by the Commission, has been placed on the public record 
for a period of thirty (30) days. The following Analysis to Aid Public 
Comment describes the terms of the consent agreement, and the 
allegations in the complaint. An electronic copy of the full text of 
the consent agreement package can be obtained from the FTC Home Page 
(for October 3, 2006), on the World Wide Web, at http://www.ftc.gov/os/2006/10/index.htm. A paper copy can be obtained from the FTC Public 
Reference Room, Room 130-H, 600 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW., Washington, 
DC 20580, either in person or by calling (202) 326-2222.
    Public comments are invited, and may be filed with the Commission 
in either paper or electronic form. All comments should be filed as 
prescribed in the ADDRESSES section above, and must be received on or 
before the date specified in the DATES section.

Analysis of Agreement Containing Consent Order To Aid Public Comment

I. Introduction

    The Federal Trade Commission (``Commission'') has accepted, subject 
to final approval, an Agreement Containing Consent Order (``Consent 
Agreement'') from The Boeing Company (``Boeing''), Lockheed Martin 
Corporation (``Lockheed''), and United Launch Alliance L.L.C. 
(``ULA''). The purpose of the proposed Consent Agreement is to remedy 
the anticompetitive effects resulting from the formation of ULA, a 
joint venture of Boeing and Lockheed that will provide launch services 
to the Department of Defense (``DoD'') and other U.S. government 
customers, that are not necessary to achieve the national security 
benefits that DoD believes will flow from the creation of ULA. The 
proposed Consent Agreement requires that: (1) ULA cooperate on 
equivalent terms with all providers of government space vehicles; (2) 
the space vehicle businesses of Boeing and Lockheed provide equal 
consideration and support to all launch services providers when seeking 
any U.S. government delivery in orbit contract; and (3) Boeing, 
Lockheed, and ULA safeguard competitively sensitive information 
obtained from other providers of space vehicles and launch services.
    The Consent Agreement has been placed on the public record for 30 
days for receipt of comments by interested persons. Comments received 
during this period will become part of the public record. After 30 
days, the Commission will again review the Consent Agreement and the 
comments received, and will decide whether it should withdraw from the 
proposed Consent Agreement or make it final.
    Pursuant to a Joint Venture Master Agreement, dated May 2, 2005, 
Boeing and Lockheed agreed to form a joint venture to be called ULA 
(``Proposed Joint Venture''). The Proposed Joint Venture would 
consolidate manufacturing and development of Boeing and Lockheed's 
Expendable Launch Vehicles (``ELV''). Sales of launch services to the 
U.S. government will also be merged into ULA. Boeing and Lockheed will 
not exchange any cash in the transaction, but each party's contributed 
businesses are valued in excess of $530.7 million. The Commission's 
complaint alleges that the Proposed Joint Venture would violate Section 
7 of the Clayton Act, as amended, 15 U.S.C. 18, and Section 5 of the 
Federal Trade Commission Act, as amended, 15 U.S.C. 45, by 
substantially lessening competition in the U.S. markets for government 
medium to heavy (``MTH'') launch services and government space 
vehicles.

II. The Parties

    Boeing maintains its headquarters in Chicago, Illinois. It is the 
world's largest aerospace company and the second largest supplier to 
the Department of Defense. Boeing manufactures and sells MTH launch 
services to the U.S. government on its two ELVs, the Delta II and Delta 
IV. Delta II provides medium lift capability; Delta IV provides heavy 
lift capability. Boeing is the third largest supplier of government 
space vehicles.
    Lockheed, based in Bethesda, Maryland, is the largest defense 
contractor in the United States. Lockheed provides MTH launch services 
to the U.S. government with its Atlas V ELV. Lockheed is the largest 
supplier of government space vehicles.

III. Government MTH Launch Services and Space Vehicles

    Government MTH launch services are a relevant product market for 
the purposes of assessing the likely competitive effects of the 
Proposed Joint Venture. Launch service providers deliver space vehicles 
(i.e., satellites, interplanetary spacecraft, and other payloads) into 
earth orbit or beyond into outer space. Payloads in excess of 4,150 
pounds require, at minimum, a medium lift launch vehicle to attain low 
earth orbit, the lowest sustainable orbit. MTH launch vehicles are 
generally based on a common vehicle configuration, i.e., the Delta IV 
and Atlas V, and are customized to adjust lift capability by adding 
``strap-on'' motors or additional booster engines. There is no 
alternative technology currently available to deliver satellites and 
other payloads to space in the medium and heavy weight classes. Light 
launch vehicles cannot be ``scaled-up'' with strap-on motors or booster 
engines to increase lift capability. Further, with the U.S. 
government's demand for communication and reconnaissance capabilities 
increasing, space vehicles are not expected to become lighter in the 
future. Accordingly, the U.S. government has no alternatives for the 
functions performed by space vehicles and no alternative technology to 
deliver MTH payloads to space.
    Government space vehicles are a second relevant product market for 
the purposes of analyzing the competitive effects of the Proposed Joint 
Venture. The United States government purchases space vehicles for a 
multitude of unique (and often classified) applications, including 
military communications and navigation, reconnaissance, atmospheric 
observation, and scientific exploratory missions, among other things. 
Other forms of communication, navigation, reconnaissance, and 
scientific observation are not substitutes for the unique capabilities 
of government space vehicles.
    The relevant geographic market is the United States. Federal law 
and national security imperatives require that the U.S. government 
purchase MTH launch services and space vehicles from domestic 
companies.
    The U.S. markets for government MTH launch services and government 
space vehicles are highly concentrated. In the U.S. government MTH 
launch services market, Boeing and Lockheed are the only competitors, 
and their consolidation will result in a monopoly. Space Exploration 
Technologies Corp. (``SpaceX'') is attempting to enter the

[[Page 60150]]

MTH launch services market, but the timing of its possible entry and 
the reliability of its MTH launch vehicles is uncertain. Additionally, 
DoD and other government customers would require several validation 
launches before purchasing MTH launch services from SpaceX, further 
postponing the market impact of SpaceX's potential entry. In the U.S. 
market for government space vehicles, three firms, Boeing, Lockheed, 
and Northrop Grumman (``Northrop''), account for the large majority of 
sales.

IV. Entry

    Entry into the government MTH launch services market and the 
government space vehicle market is extremely difficult. For MTH launch 
vehicles and government space vehicles alike, design and development 
alone require many years and cost in excess of a billion dollars. 
Government space vehicles cost approximately $1 billion and take 
approximately five years to produce. Moreover, because the costs of a 
launch failure or a space vehicle malfunction are extremely high in 
terms of dollars and delays in vital national security or scientific 
services, the U.S. government only procures MTH launch services and 
space vehicles from firms with an established track record for success. 
As a result, new entry is unlikely to reverse the anticompetitive 
effects of the Proposed Joint Venture.

V. Competitive Effects

    DoD has contracted with both Boeing and Lockheed to provide MTH 
launch services through 2011. Under the current procurement program--
known as ``Buy III''--Boeing's and Lockheed's fixed costs are covered 
by DoD, and launch services are purchased at variable cost. The 
rationale for this program is grounded in a Presidential Decision 
Directive requiring the U.S. Government to maintain ``assured access to 
space,'' which is interpreted to require maintaining at least two 
independent MTH launch vehicle providers.
    Despite the absence of current price competition under Buy III, 
significant anticompetitive effects, including the loss of non-price 
competition and the loss of potential future price competition, are 
likely to occur if the proposed transaction is consummated. Under Buy 
III, launches that are more than two years away may be awarded to 
either Boeing or Lockheed. As a result, each has an incentive to 
improve the capability and reliability of its launch services to 
increase the likelihood that DoD will award it future launches. In 
addition, Buy III expires in 2011, after which full price and non-price 
competition pursuant to DoD's usual procurement process may be 
reinstated. Finally, the creation of the Proposed Joint Venture would 
deny the government the benefits of a competitive ``down select'' to 
either the Delta or Atlas ELV if assured access to space is later 
determined not to require two separate families of launch vehicles.
    National security issues, however, are also a vital element of an 
analysis of the Proposed Joint Venture. To understand the unique 
national security implications of the Proposed Joint Venture, the 
Commission has consulted closely with the DoD and other Federal 
agencies.\2\ Indeed, as the primary customer of government MTH launch 
services and space vehicles and the government agency ultimately 
responsible for the security of the United States, DoD's views on ULA 
were particularly significant. Under these unique circumstances, the 
Commission placed a great deal of weight on DoD's position as to 
whether ULA would benefit national security and whether the Commission 
should challenge the Proposed Joint Venture.
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    \2\ See Letter from Michael R. Moiseyev, Assistant Director, 
Bureau of Competition, Federal Trade Commission, to Douglas P. 
Larsen, Deputy General Counsel (Acquisition & Logistics), Department 
of Defense, dated July 6, 2006, and Letter from Honorable Kenneth J. 
Krieg, Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology & 
Logistics, Department of Defense, to Honorable Deborah P. Majoras, 
Chairman of the Federal Trade Commission, dated August 15, 2006.
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    DoD has informed the Commission that the creation of ULA will 
advance U.S. national security interests by improving the United 
States' ability to access space reliably. DoD considers access to space 
``essential'' given the military's increasing dependence on space-based 
reconnaissance, communication, and munitions-guidance systems. 
Maximizing the reliability of launch vehicles that provide access to 
space is of paramount importance to DoD. A single launch failure can 
result in the loss of a mission-critical payload and threaten military 
programs by delaying future launches until the cause of the failure is 
discovered and remedied.
    ULA will improve launch vehicle reliability in several ways. First, 
the single ULA workforce will benefit from a launch tempo (the number 
of vehicles assembled and launched per year) greater than could be 
expected from the two separate Lockheed and Boeing workforces. A single 
workforce with more launch experience will be critical in minimizing 
mistakes and malfunctions that jeopardize mission success. In addition, 
integrating the two firms' complementary technologies will infuse each 
firm's launch vehicles with the technical improvements and innovations 
of its competitor, further enhancing the reliability of Atlas V and 
Delta IV. Under these unique circumstances, the increase in reliability 
can be recognized as an efficiency flowing from the joint venture.
    After thorough review, DoD has determined that the national 
security benefits flowing from ULA would exceed any anticompetitive 
harm caused by the proposed transaction. DoD has expressed three 
competitive concerns, however, that are not intrinsically linked to 
ULA's national security benefits. These vertical issues are 
competitively significant because ULA's pricing will be regulated, 
rather than competitive, giving ULA the incentive to exert its monopoly 
power in related, but unregulated, markets. The first of DOD's concerns 
is that ULA will favor its parents' space vehicle businesses to the 
detriment of other space vehicle manufacturers, such as Northrop. 
Today, competition between Boeing and Lockheed for launch services 
induces the companies to cooperate with other space vehicle suppliers, 
notwithstanding the fact that each has incentives to favor its own 
space vehicle business, out of fear that the other would cooperate and 
win the launch. The proposed transaction eliminates that threat, and, 
as a result, reduces the incentives for ULA to optimize its launch 
vehicles for use with Northrop space vehicles, to the detriment of 
Northrop and the government.
    Second, DoD believes that Boeing and Lockheed may utilize their 
positions in the space vehicle market to raise barriers to entry in the 
government MTH launch services market. In this regard, one type of 
space vehicle procurement presents a problem. Occasionally, DoD 
requires a space vehicle supplier to select a launch service and 
provide one price for the space vehicle as well as the launch. In these 
so-called ``delivery in orbit'' procurements, DoD is concerned that 
Boeing and Lockheed will have an incentive to defend ULA's monopoly by 
refusing to consider on equal terms any other launch service 
competitors that may emerge, such as SpaceX.
    Third, the creation of ULA increases the likelihood that 
competitively sensitive information from third parties will be 
disclosed among ULA, Boeing, and Lockheed in a manner that harms 
competition. For example, as vertically integrated suppliers, Boeing 
and Lockheed may have incentives to share confidential Northrop 
information obtained as a launch vehicle services suppler with their 
respective space

[[Page 60151]]

vehicle businesses. Similarly, Boeing and Lockheed may have an 
incentive to share with ULA confidential information that their space 
vehicle businesses may learn from any future launch vehicle service 
competitors. This concern arises because third parties, such as 
Northrop, will no longer be able to utilize competition between Boeing 
and Lockheed in the MTH launch services market to negotiate the 
creation of firewalls and other protections for their confidential 
information.

VI. The Proposed Consent Agreement

    To allow the United States to obtain the national security 
enhancements offered by ULA, the proposed Consent Agreement does not 
attempt to remedy the loss of direct competition between Boeing and 
Lockheed Martin under these unique circumstances. Instead, the purpose 
of the proposed Consent Agreement is to address ancillary competitive 
harms that DoD has identified as not inextricably tied to the national 
security benefits associated with the creation of ULA. To ensure that 
the provisions of the proposed Consent Agreement are followed, it 
provides for a compliance officer who will be appointed by the 
Secretary of Defense. The compliance officer will have broad 
investigative and remedial powers and may interview respondents' 
personnel, inspect respondents' facilities, and require respondents to 
provide documents, data, and other information.
    To alleviate DoD's concerns in the government space vehicle market, 
the proposed Consent Agreement requires ULA to cooperate on equivalent 
terms with all government space vehicle providers seeking to win U.S. 
government procurement contracts. Because a space vehicle and launch 
vehicle require significant integration to achieve successful placement 
of a space vehicle into orbit, space vehicle and launch services 
providers work closely together pursuant to teaming arrangements when 
seeking to win government contracts. Pursuant to the proposed 
agreement, ULA must provide all space vehicle suppliers with equal 
access to engineering resources, personnel, and technical information. 
These provisions ensure that ULA cannot give an unfair advantage to the 
space vehicle businesses of its parents during DoD's space vehicle 
procurement process.
    The proposed Consent Agreement addresses DoD's concern that Boeing 
and Lockheed will refuse to support or deal with future competitors to 
ULA by requiring Boeing and Lockheed to provide equal consideration, 
information, and resources to any launch services competitors of ULA 
when bidding on a delivery in orbit contract. These provisions prevent 
Boeing and Lockheed from slowing or deterring entry into the MTH launch 
services businesses in order to protect ULA's monopoly status. To 
ensure the parties' compliance with this requirement, Boeing and 
Lockheed must create selection criteria and have those criteria 
approved by the compliance officer. Further, the proposed Consent 
Agreement prohibits Boeing and Lockheed from selecting ULA as a launch 
services supplier without the prior approval of the compliance officer.
    To address DoD's concern that competitive harm may occur as the 
result of the exchange of confidential information, the proposed 
agreement forbids ULA, Boeing, and Lockheed from sharing third parties' 
competitively sensitive information. ULA must establish separate teams 
to support each space vehicle supplier's efforts to win government 
contracts and implement procedures, pursuant to the compliance 
officer's oversight, that will ensure that confidential information is 
not exchanged among the teams. Additionally, the order requires a 
number of prophylactic measures designed to ensure that confidential 
information is not exchanged between ULA and its parents. Pursuant to 
these provisions, ULA's facilities must be physically separate from 
those of Boeing and Lockheed, and employees must be able to access only 
the facilities of their respective employer. If ULA requires technical 
support from Boeing or Lockheed employees, these employees must sign 
confidentiality agreements, which must be provided to the compliance 
officer, agreeing not to disclose the confidential information of any 
space vehicle supplier teaming with ULA. In addition, for a one-year 
period, any such employee may not join or assist a Boeing or Lockheed 
project that is competing with a space vehicle supplier whose 
confidential information was obtained by the employee during work at 
ULA.
    The purpose of this analysis is to facilitate public comment on the 
proposed Consent Agreement, and it is not intended to constitute an 
official interpretation of the proposed Consent Agreement or to modify 
its terms in any way.

    By direction of the Commission.
Donald S. Clark,
Secretary.

Concurring Statement of Commissioner Pamela Jones Harbour

    I concur in the Commission's decision to accept a proposed consent 
agreement and allow the formation of United Launch Alliance (ULA), a 
joint venture of The Boeing Company (Boeing) and Lockheed Martin 
Corporation (Lockheed). I write separately to elaborate on the 
reasoning behind my vote.
    The Analysis to Aid Public Comment (AAPC) states, and I agree, that 
``significant anticompetitive effects, including the loss of non-price 
competition and the loss of potential future price competition, are 
likely to occur if the proposed transaction is consummated.'' If the 
proposed ULA joint venture could be scrutinized solely through a 
competition lens, I would have no choice but to vote for a Commission 
challenge.
    It is impossible, however, to ignore the views of the U.S. 
Department of Defense (DoD). DoD unequivocally has communicated its 
position to the Commission: the creation of ULA is critical to protect 
national security interests, and enabling these unique national 
security benefits to flow is more important to the public interest than 
preventing the loss of direct competition between Boeing and Lockheed.
    It is my understanding that the Commission and DoD share a long 
history of cooperation in their review of defense industry 
transactions, with each agency contributing its specialized expertise 
and insights. In this case, pursuant to established protocol, staff 
from the two agencies have worked together for many months to analyze 
the proposed joint venture.
    Moreover, DoD is the primary purchaser of government medium to 
heavy launch services and government space vehicles. In merger cases 
outside of the defense context, the Commission and its staff typically 
rely on customer testimony (among other sources of information) to 
learn about markets, define the scope of potential competitive harm, 
and evaluate whether the Commission should take enforcement action.\3\ 
As a matter of legal

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principle and sound enforcement policy, the views of DoD as a major 
customer are entitled to no less respect in this case.
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    \3\ See, e.g., Interview with Commissioner Pamela Jones Harbour, 
Antitrust Source (March 2006), at 9, available at http://www.abanet.org/antitrust/at-source/06/03/Mar06-HarbourIntrvw3=22f.pdf (discussing role of customer testimony) 
(citing, inter alia, Deborah Platt Majoras, Recent Actions at the 
Federal Trade Commission, Remarks Before the Dallas Bar 
Association's Antitrust and Trade Regulation Section (Jan. 18, 
2005), available at http://www.ftc.gov/speeches/majoras/050126recentactions.pdf.; Chicago Bridge & Iron Co. N.V., et al., 
FTC Dkt. No. 9300, Opinion of the Commission (2004), available at 
http://www.ftc.gov/os/adjpro/d9300/050106opionpublicrecordversion9300.pdf.; Arch Coal, FTC Dkt. No. 
9316, Statement of the Commission (June 13, 2005), available at 
http://www.ftc.gov/os/adjpro/d9316/050613commstatement.pdf; id., 
Dissenting Statement of Commissioner Pamela Jones Harbour, available 
at http://www.ftc.gov/os/adjpro/d9316/050613harbourstatement.pdf).
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    From a purely practical perspective, I must consider the potential 
role of DoD testimony if the Commission were to seek a preliminary 
injunction over DoD's objections. As a Commissioner, I am responsible 
for evaluating litigation risk before sending Commission staff into 
court. Customer testimony, standing alone, certainly would not (and 
should not) be dispositive, in this or any other merger case. I expect, 
however, that DoD's conclusions would influence a judge's decision 
whether to grant a preliminary injunction--especially in light of the 
national security overlay and DoD's expertise.
    The proposed consent order addresses three competitive concerns 
that, in DoD's view, are not ``intrinsically linked'' to ULA's putative 
national security advantages. The AAPC acknowledges that the proposed 
consent agreement ``does not attempt to remedy the loss of direct 
competition'' and is, instead, intended to ``address ancillary 
competitive harms that DoD has identified as not inextricably tied to 
the national security benefits associated with the creation of ULA.''
    While I have voted in favor of accepting the proposed consent 
agreement, I note a few troublesome aspects. The proposed consent 
agreement departs radically from traditional Commission consent orders 
in merger cases. Structural remedies are, by far, the preferred way to 
resolve competitive problems in the horizontal merger context. Conduct 
restrictions, standing alone, generally are viewed as insufficient to 
address the underlying market mechanisms from which competitive harm 
may arise. Here, in lieu of market-based competition, the monopolist 
ULA will be subjected to an elaborate and highly regulatory system of 
oversight by a ``compliance officer'' appointed by the Secretary of 
Defense. Ordinarily, such a system would not be considered an effective 
remedy for the anticompetitive effects alleged in the Commission's 
complaint.
    I continue to believe that preserving a competitive market 
structure is the preferred ``fix'' for an anticompetitive horizontal 
merger. Also, I am somewhat unsettled by the notion that the 
Commission--an independent, bipartisan federal agency--is, in effect, 
delegating away too much of its oversight authority to an executive 
branch agency. I recognize, however, that staff from the Commission and 
DoD have attempted to craft a workable remedy that will strike an 
appropriate balance between competition and broader national security 
interests.
    In the end, I am faced with a Hobson's choice: accept a complex and 
regulatory consent that will prevent some competitive harm; or do 
nothing, and allow the joint venture to proceed unrestricted. I lack 
the technical expertise to second-guess DoD's conclusion that allowing 
the formation of ULA is the best way to preserve national security and 
protect the public interest. In light of our agencies' established 
protocol for concurrent review of defense industry transactions, I 
reluctantly agree that the Commission must give DoD the benefit of the 
doubt. I therefore vote to accept the proposed consent agreement.

[FR Doc. E6-16862 Filed 10-11-06; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6750-01-P