[Federal Register Volume 71, Number 189 (Friday, September 29, 2006)]
[Notices]
[Pages 57472-57476]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: E6-16083]


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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

[I.D. 082806C]


Endangered and Threatened Species; Recovery Plans

AGENCY:  National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and 
Atmospheric Administration, Commerce.

ACTION:  Notice of Availability; request for comments.

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SUMMARY:  The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) announces the 
availability of the Proposed Upper Columbia Spring Chinook Salmon, 
Steelhead, and Bull Trout Recovery Plan (Plan) for public review and 
comment. The Plan addresses the Upper Columbia Spring Chinook Salmon 
(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU), the 
Upper Columbia Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Distinct Population 
Segment (DPS), and

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Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in the Upper Columbia region. The 
Plan was prepared by the Upper Columbia Salmon Recovery Board (UCSRB) 
in conjunction with NMFS. Bull trout, listed as threatened, are under 
the jurisdiction of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and are 
the subject of a draft recovery plan published by the USFWS in 2002. 
NMFS is soliciting review and comment from the public and all 
interested parties on the spring Chinook salmon and steelhead portions 
of the Proposed Plan. If comments are received on the bull trout 
portion of the Plan, NMFS will pass them on to the USFWS.

DATES:  NMFS will consider and address all substantive comments 
received during the comment period. Comments must be received no later 
than 5 p.m. Pacific Daylight Time on November 28, 2006.

ADDRESSES:  Please send written comments and materials to Lynn Hatcher, 
National Marine Fisheries Service, 304 South Water Street, Ellensburg, 
WA 98926. Comments may also be submitted by e-mail to: 
[email protected]. Include in the subject line of the e-
mail comment the following identifier: Comments on Upper Columbia 
Salmon Plan. Comments may be submitted via facsimile (fax) to 503-872-
2737.
    Persons wishing to review the Plan can obtain an electronic copy 
(i.e., CD-ROM) from Carol Joyce by calling 503-230-5408 or by e-mailing 
a request to [email protected], with the subject line ``CD-ROM 
Request for Upper Columbia Salmon Plan''. Electronic copies of the Plan 
are also available on-line on the NMFS Web site; www.nwr.noaa.gov/Salmon-Recovery-Planning/ESA-Recovery-Plans/Draft-Plans.cfm or the 
Upper Columbia Salmon Recovery Board Web site; okanogancounty.org/planning/salmon_recovery.htm.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Lynn Hatcher, NMFS Interior Columbia 
Salmon Recovery Coordinator (509-962-8911 x223), or Elizabeth Gaar, 
NMFS Salmon Recovery Division (503-230-5434).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

    Recovery plans describe actions beneficial to the conservation and 
recovery of species listed under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 
(ESA), as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.). The ESA requires that 
recovery plans incorporate (1) objective, measurable criteria which, 
when met, would result in a determination that the species is no longer 
threatened or endangered; (2) site specific management actions 
necessary to achieve the plan's goals; and (3) estimates of the time 
required and costs to implement recovery actions. The ESA requires the 
development of recovery plans for listed species unless such a plan 
would not promote the recovery of a species.
    NMFS' goal is to restore endangered and threatened Pacific salmon 
ESUs and steelhead DPSs to the point that they are again self 
sustaining members of their ecosystems and no longer need the 
protections of the ESA. NMFS believes it is critically important to 
base its recovery plans on the many state, regional, tribal, local, and 
private conservation efforts already underway throughout the region. 
Therefore, the agency supports and participates in locally led 
collaborative efforts to develop recovery plans, involving local 
communities, state, tribal, and Federal entities, and other 
stakeholders. As the lead ESA agency for listed salmon, NMFS is 
responsible for reviewing these locally produced recovery plans and 
deciding whether they meet ESA statutory requirements and merit 
adoption as proposed ESA recovery plans.
    On December 30, 2005, the Upper Columbia Salmon Recovery Board 
(UCSRB) presented its locally developed draft recovery plan to NMFS. 
The UCSRB comprises representatives from Chelan County, Douglas County, 
Okanogan County, Yakama Nation, and the Confederated Colville Tribes. A 
variety of additional partners, representing Federal agencies, 
Washington State agencies, regional organizations, special purpose 
districts, and members of the public, also participated in the planning 
process.
    After NMFS reviewed the draft plan, NMFS and the UCSRB made 
revisions to it, clarifying how it satisfies ESA recovery plan 
requirements and addressing additional elements needed to comply with 
those requirements. The jointly revised Plan is now available as a 
Proposed Recovery Plan for public review and comment.
    Upon approval of a final Plan, NMFS will make a commitment to 
implement the actions in the Plan for which it has authority, to work 
cooperatively on implementation of other actions, and to encourage 
other Federal agencies to implement Plan actions for which they have 
responsibility and authority. NMFS will also encourage the State of 
Washington to seek similar implementation commitments from state 
agencies and local governments. NMFS expects the Plan to help NMFS and 
other Federal agencies take a more consistent approach to future 
section 7 consultations and other ESA decisions. For example, the Plan 
will provide greater biological context for the effects that a proposed 
action may have on the listed ESU and DPS. This context will be 
enhanced by adding recovery plan science to the ``best available 
information'' for section 7 consultations as well as for section 10 
habitat conservation plans, and other ESA decisions. Such information 
includes viability criteria for the ESU, DPS, and their independent 
populations; better understanding of and information on limiting 
factors and threats facing the ESU and DPS; better information on 
priority areas for addressing specific limiting factors; and better 
geographic context for where the ESU and DPS can tolerate varying 
levels of risk.

The Plan

    The Plan is one of many ongoing salmon recovery planning efforts 
funded under the Washington State Strategy for Salmon Recovery. The 
State of Washington designated the UCSRB as the Lead Entity for salmon 
recovery planning for the Upper Columbia. The Plan incorporates many 
aspects of the work of the Interior Columbia Technical Recovery Team 
(ICTRT) appointed by NMFS. The ICTRT reviewed early drafts of the Plan 
and will be providing an independent scientific peer review of the 
Proposed Recovery Plan. The UCSRB has included public involvement in 
its recovery planning process, having received extensive comments in 
January, April, and June of 2005.

ESU and DPS Addressed and Planning Area

    The Plan is intended for implementation within the range of the 
Upper Columbia River Spring Chinook Salmon (O. tshawytscha) ESU, listed 
as endangered on March 24, 1999 (64 FR 14307), and the Upper Columbia 
River Steelhead (O. mykiss) DPS, listed as endangered on August 18, 
1997 (62 FR 43937), and reclassified as threatened on January 5, 2006 
(71 FR 834). The spring Chinook salmon ESU contains three independent 
populations: the Wenatchee, Entiat, and Methow. The steelhead DPS 
contains five independent populations: Wenatchee, Entiat, Methow, 
Okanogan, and Crab Creek. These independent populations were identified 
based on the genetic, geographic, and habitat characteristics they 
share within the ESU or the DPS.
    The Plan states that the current status of Upper Columbia Chinook 
and steelhead populations was assessed by local planners in 
consultation with the

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ICTRT and state and tribal co-managers. In general, abundance of all 
spring Chinook salmon and steelhead populations has declined 
substantially from historical levels, and many populations are small 
enough that genetic and demographic risks are relatively high.

 The Plan's Recovery Goals, Objectives and Criteria

    The Plan's goal is to ensure long-term persistence of viable 
populations of naturally produced spring Chinook and steelhead 
distributed across their native range. The Plan incorporates the four 
parameters of abundance, productivity, spatial structure, and 
diversity, which are the basis of NMFS' viable salmonid population 
(VSP) framework (McElhany et al. 2000), as the foundation for 
biological status assessments and recovery goals.
    The Plan's recovery (delisting) objectives include increasing the 
abundance of naturally produced spring Chinook and steelhead spawners 
within each population in the Upper Columbia ESU/DPS to levels 
considered viable; increasing the productivity (spawner:spawner ratios 
and smolts/redds) of naturally produced spring Chinook salmon and 
steelhead within each population to levels that result in low risk of 
extinction; restoring the distribution of naturally produced spring 
Chinook salmon and steelhead to previously occupied areas where 
practical; and conserving their genetic and phenotypic diversity.
    Because spring Chinook are currently listed as endangered under the 
ESA, the Plan identifies two levels of objectives for them. The first 
level relates to reclassifying the species as threatened and the second 
relates to recovery (delisting). The reclassification objectives 
include increasing the abundance, productivity, and distribution of 
naturally produced spring Chinook salmon sufficient to lead to 
reclassification as threatened, and conserving their genetic and 
phenotypic diversity.
    The Plan sets forth specific criteria to meet the recovery 
objectives, based on the ICTRT's recommended criteria, which, if met, 
would indicate a high probability of persistence into the future for 
Upper Columbia River spring Chinook salmon and steelhead. The Plan 
establishes criteria for 95- percent probability of persistence
    (5-percent extinction risk) for all Upper Columbia spring Chinook 
salmon and all but one population of the steelhead DPS. The Plan 
concludes that the Upper Columbia steelhead DPS may be recovered 
without attaining the 95-percent probability of persistence for the 
Crab Creek population, based on the possibility that this population 
was not viable historically because of environmental conditions (e.g., 
intermittent stream flows and high water temperatures) and the 
assumption that the resident component of the Crab Creek population was 
historically the primary driver of the population's viability.
    The ICTRT recently recommended a higher criterion for an ESU/DPS 
containing only one major population group (MPG), which is the case for 
both Upper Columbia spring Chinook salmon and Upper Columbia steelhead. 
The ICTRT recommended, in that case, that at least two populations 
should meet abundance/productivity criteria representing a 1-percent 
extinction risk (99-percent probability of persistence) over a 100-year 
period (ICTRT 2005b, p. 46). The ICTRT considers the 5-percent risk 
level ``viable'' and the 1-percent risk level ``highly viable.'' The 
Plan does not adopt this more recent recommendation; instead, as stated 
above, the Plan adopts the 5-percent extinction risk for abundance/
productivity for all populations in the Chinook salmon ESU and all but 
one in the steelhead DPS.
    NMFS accepts the UCSRB's recommended recovery (delisting) criteria, 
since it calls for all known extant populations within the Chinook ESU 
and steelhead DPS to be viable. Furthermore, NMFS believes that it is 
not possible at this time to distinguish between the levels of effort 
needed to attain 95- vs. 99-percent probability of persistence; 
therefore, the Plan's actions would not change at this time in response 
to the ICTRT's more recently recommended criterion. Finally, NMFS will 
re-evaluate ESU and DPS status and the appropriateness of the recovery 
criteria in 5 years or less based on additional data from monitoring 
and research on critical uncertainties and could modify the recovery 
plan accordingly.
    In accordance with its responsibilities under ESA section 4(c)(2), 
NMFS will conduct status reviews of the listed Upper Columbia spring 
Chinook salmon ESU and Upper Columbia steelhead DPS at least once every 
5 years to evaluate their status and determine whether the ESU or DPS 
should be removed from the list or changed in status. Such evaluations 
will take into account the following:
     The biological recovery criteria (ICTRT 2005b) and listing 
factor (threats) criteria described in the Plan.
     The management programs in place to address the threats.
     Principles presented in the Viable Salmonid Populations 
paper (McElhany et al. 2000).
     Best available information on population and ESU status 
and new advances in risk evaluation methodologies.
     Other considerations, including: the number and status of 
extant spawning groups; the status of the major spawning groups; 
linkages and connectivity among groups; the diversity of life history 
and phenotypes expressed; and considerations regarding catastrophic 
risk.
     Principles laid out in NMFS' Hatchery Listing Policy (70 
FR 37204, June 28, 2005).

Causes for Decline and Current Threats

    The Plan identifies the following causes for decline and threats to 
the ESU/DPS:
    Habitat: Human activities have altered and/or curtailed habitat-
forming processes and limited the habitat suitable for spring Chinook 
salmon and steelhead in the Upper Columbia River tributaries. Although 
recent land and water management practices have improved, some storage 
dams, diversions, roads and railways, agriculture, residential 
development, and forest management continue to threaten spring Chinook 
salmon and steelhead and their habitat. The result has been deleterious 
changes in water flow, water temperature, sedimentation, floodplain 
dynamics, riparian function, and other aspects of the ecosystem.
    Hydroelectric operations: Conditions for Upper Columbia spring 
Chinook salmon and steelhead have been fundamentally altered throughout 
the Columbia River basin by the construction and operation of mainstem 
dams and reservoirs for power generation, navigation, and flood 
control. Upper Columbia salmon and steelhead are adversely affected by 
hydrosystem-related flow and water quality effects, obstructed and/or 
delayed passage, and ecological changes in impoundments.
    Harvest: Harvest of Upper Columbia Chinook salmon and steelhead 
occurs in commercial, recreational, and tribal fisheries in the 
mainstem Columbia, and in some tributaries. Upper Columbia spring 
Chinook salmon and steelhead are rarely taken in ocean fisheries; most 
harvest of these listed species occurs in the Columbia mainstem and 
some tributaries. Aggregate harvest rates (from fishing in all areas) 
have generally been reduced from their peak periods as a result of 
international treaties, fisheries conservation acts, the advent of weak 
stock management in the 1970s and

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1980s, regional conservation goals, and the listing of many salmon ESUs 
and steelhead DPSs under the ESA. While fisheries do not target weak 
stocks of listed salmon or steelhead, listed fish are incidentally 
caught in fisheries directed at hatchery and healthy, unlisted wild 
stocks.
    Hatcheries: In the Upper Columbia Region, the 12 hatcheries 
currently producing spring Chinook and steelhead are operated to 
mitigate for loss of habitat and for passage mortalities resulting from 
the Columbia River hydrosystem. These hatcheries provide valuable 
mitigation and/or conservation benefits but can cause substantial 
adverse impacts if not properly managed. The Plan describes the risks 
to listed fish from these hatcheries, including genetic effects that 
reduce fitness and survival, ecological effects such as competition and 
predation, facility effects on passage and water quality, mixed stock 
fishery effects, and masking the true status of wild populations.
    Additional Factors: The Plan considers that there could be 
additional factors that affect Upper Columbia River spring Chinook 
salmon and steelhead, including changes in estuarine habitat, global 
climate change, inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms, 
fluctuating ocean cycles, and predation.

Recovery Strategies and Actions

    The Plan's initial approach is to target reductions in all 
manageable threats and to improve the status of all extant Upper 
Columbia spring Chinook and steelhead populations. As monitoring and 
evaluation programs improve understanding of the effectiveness of 
various actions and their benefits throughout the life cycle of salmon 
and steelhead, adjustments may be made through the adaptive management 
framework described in the Plan.
    The Plan describes objectives and strategies and recommends 
specific actions for Upper Columbia spring Chinook salmon and steelhead 
recovery. Among the most significant recommendations are the following:
    Habitat: The Plan includes habitat restoration actions in all 
streams that currently support or may support (in a restored condition) 
listed spring Chinook salmon and steelhead in the Upper Columbia Basin. 
The objectives and recommended actions are derived from subbasin plans, 
watershed plans, the Upper Columbia Biological Strategy, the Douglas 
County public utility district (PUD) and Chelan County PUD Anadromous 
Fish Agreement and Habitat Conservation Plans (AFAHCPs), and 
relicensing agreements. The Plan emphasizes actions that: protect 
existing areas where high ecological integrity and natural ecosystem 
processes persist; restore connectivity (access) throughout the 
historical range, where feasible and practical; protect and restore 
riparian habitat along spawning and rearing streams and identify long 
term opportunities for riparian habitat enhancement; protect and 
restore floodplain function and reconnection, off channel habitat, and 
channel migration processes where appropriate; and increase habitat 
diversity by rebuilding, maintaining, and adding instream structures 
(e.g., large woody debris, rocks, etc.) where long term channel form 
and function efforts are not feasible.
    Hydroelectric operations: Upper Columbia spring Chinook and 
steelhead migrate through four federally owned projects and three to 
five projects owned by PUDs. These projects are licensed by the Federal 
Energy Regulatory Commission. The Plan acknowledges that hydropower 
strategies and actions are being implemented, reviewed, and considered 
in several ongoing processes, including Federal Columbia River Power 
System (FCRPS) ESA section 7 consultations (for the lower four Federal 
dams on the Columbia River), the AFAHCPs and relicensing agreements. 
The Plan's recommended actions are intended to be consistent with these 
processes. The Plan emphasizes continued implementation of the actions 
identified in the AFAHCPs, which adopted a standard of no net impact 
(NNI) on the Upper Columbia Spring Chinook Salmon ESU and steelhead 
DPS.
    Harvest: Harvest objectives for treaty and non-treaty salmon and 
steelhead fisheries in the Columbia River Basin are set by the 
applicable state, tribal, and Federal agencies. Fishery objectives from 
McNary Dam to the mouth of the Columbia River (fishing zones 1-6) are 
established by state, tribal, and Federal parties in U.S. v. Oregon, 
302 F. Supp. 899 (D. Or. 1969). While recognizing the role of the 
treaty and non-treaty co-managers, the Plan proposes that the U.S. v. 
Oregon parties incorporate Upper Columbia recovery goals when 
formulating fishery plans affecting Upper Columbia spring Chinook 
salmon and steelhead. The appropriate co-managers and fishery 
management agencies are also asked to work together with local 
stakeholders to develop tributary fisheries management goals and plans.
    Hatcheries: The hatchery strategies and actions in the Plan are 
being reviewed and considered in several ongoing processes, including 
in the Chelan County and Douglas County Public Utility District 
AFAHCPs, the Grant County biological opinion, and U.S. v. Oregon. NMFS 
hopes the Plan's recommended goals and actions will be implemented 
through these ongoing processes. The Plan emphasizes that hatchery 
programs play an essential role in spring Chinook salmon and steelhead 
recovery. Among other measures, the Plan proposes that hatchery 
programs employ mechanisms to manage hatchery returns on spawning 
grounds in balance with naturally produced fish, while maintaining 
production levels identified in various agreements. It also proposes 
that, as the populations recover, hatchery programs should be modified 
to minimize adverse impacts of hatchery fish on naturally produced 
fish.
    Integration: The Plan states that recovery will depend on 
integrating actions that address habitat, harvest, and hydroelectric 
operations; moreover, it emphasizes that recovery actions must be 
implemented at both the ESU/DPS and the population scales.

Time and Cost Estimates

    The ESA section 4(f)(1) requires that the recovery plan include 
``estimates of the time required and the cost to carry out those 
measures needed to achieve the Plan's goal and to achieve intermediate 
steps toward that goal'' (16 U.S.C. 1533[f][1]). Currently, the plan 
provides an overall cost estimate of $138 million, which represents the 
estimated cost of implementing the tributary actions for habitat, 
hatcheries, and research, monitoring, and evaluation, over 10 years.
    Cost estimates for Columbia mainstem hydropower and estuary actions 
are included in two modules that NMFS developed because of the regional 
scope and applicability of the actions. These modules are incorporated 
into the Upper Columbia Plan by reference and are available on the NMFS 
Web site: www.nwr.noaa.gov/Salmon-Recovery-Planning/ESA-Recovery-Plans/Other-Documents.cfm. The hydropower cost estimates will be updated over 
time, as the section 7 consultation on the remanded 2004 FCRPS BiOp is 
completed. The estuary recovery costs could be further refined 
following public comment on the ESA recovery plan for the three listed 
lower Columbia ESUs and one listed Lower Columbia steelhead DPS in 
2007. There are virtually no estimated costs for recovery actions 
associated with harvest to report at this time. This is because no 
actions are currently proposed that go beyond those already being 
implemented through U.S. v. Oregon and other harvest management forums. 
In the

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event that additional harvest actions are implemented through these 
forums, those costs will be added during the implementation phase of 
this recovery plan. All cost estimates will be refined and updated over 
time.
    The Plan states that if its recommended actions are implemented, 
recovery of the spring Chinook salmon ESU and the steelhead DPS is 
likely to occur within 10 to 30 years. The cost estimates cover capital 
projects and non-capital work projected to occur within the first 10-
year period. NMFS supports the policy determination to include 30 years 
of implementation, with the proviso that before the end of the first 
10-year implementation period, specific actions and costs will be 
estimated for the subsequent years to achieve long-term goals and to 
proceed until a determination is made that listing is no longer 
necessary. NMFS agrees that a 10- to 30-year range is a reasonable 
period of time during which to implement and evaluate the actions 
identified in the Plan.

Conclusion

    NMFS concludes that the Plan meets the requirements of ESA section 
4(f) and thus is proposing it as an ESA recovery plan.

Literature Cited

Interior Columbia Technical Recovery Team. 2005a. Updated population 
delineation in the Interior Columbia Basin. National Marine Fisheries 
Service, Northwest Fisheries Science Center. Memorandum. May 11, 2005.
Interior Columbia Technical Recovery Team. 2005b. Viability criteria 
for application to Interior Columbia Basin salmonid ESUs. National 
Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fisheries Science Center. July 
2005.
McElhany, P., M. H. Ruckelshaus, M. J. Ford, T. C. Wainwright, E. P. 
Bjorkstedt. 2000. Viable salmon populations and the recovery of 
evolutionarily significant units. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA Tech. 
Memo., NMFS-NWFSC-42, 156 p.

Public Comments Solicited

    NMFS solicits written comments on the proposed Plan. All comments 
received by the date specified above will be considered prior to NMFS' 
decision whether to adopt the Plan. Additionally, NMFS will work with 
the UCSRB to provide a summary of the comments and responses through 
its regional Web site and provide a news release for the public 
announcing the availability of the response to comments. NMFS seeks 
comments particularly in the following areas: (1) The analysis of 
limiting factors and threats; (2) the recovery objectives, strategies, 
and actions; (3) the criteria for removing the ESU and DPS from the 
Federal list of endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; and (4) 
estimates of time and cost to implement recovery actions, including the 
intent to be even more specific by soliciting implementation schedules.

    Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.

    Dated: September 25, 2006.
James H. Lecky,
Director, Office of Protected Resources, National Marine Fisheries 
Service.
[FR Doc. E6-16083 Filed 9-28-06; 8:45 am]
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