[Federal Register Volume 70, Number 46 (Thursday, March 10, 2005)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 11841-11844]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 05-4745]


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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Federal Aviation Administration

14 CFR Part 23

[Docket No. CE219, Special Condition No. 23-159-SC]


Special Conditions: Cessna Aircraft Company; EFIS on the Cessna 
172R and 172S; Protection of Systems for High Intensity Radiated Fields 
(HIRF)

AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), DOT.

ACTION: Final special conditions; request for comments.

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SUMMARY: These special conditions are issued for the Cessna Aircraft 
Company, Model 172R and 172S airplanes. These airplanes, as modified by 
Cessna Aircraft Company, will have a novel or unusual design feature(s) 
associated with the installation of a Garmin G1000 electronic flight 
instrument system (EFIS) and the protection of this system from the 
effects of high intensity radiated field (HIRF) environments. The 
applicable airworthiness regulations do not contain adequate or 
appropriate safety standards for this design feature. These special 
conditions contain the additional safety standards that the 
Administrator considers necessary to establish a level of safety 
equivalent to that established by the existing airworthiness standards.

DATES: The effective date of these special conditions is March 2, 2005.

[[Page 11842]]

Comments must be received on or before April 11, 2005.

ADDRESSES: Comments may be mailed in duplicate to: Federal Aviation 
Administration, Regional Counsel, ACE-7, Attention: Rules Docket Clerk, 
Docket No. marked: Docket No. CE219. Comments may be inspected in the 
Rules Docket weekdays, except Federal holidays, between 7:30 a.m. and 4 
p.m.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Wes Ryan, Aerospace Engineer, 
Standards Office (ACE-110), Small Airplane Directorate, Aircraft 
Certification Service, Federal Aviation Administration, 901 Locust, 
Room 301, Kansas City, Missouri 64106; telephone (816) 329-4127.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The FAA has determined that notice and 
opportunity for prior public comment hereon are impracticable because 
these procedures would significantly delay issuance of the design 
approval and thus delivery of the affected aircraft. In addition, the 
substance of these special conditions has been subject to the public 
comment process in several prior instances with no substantive comments 
received. The FAA, therefore, finds that good cause exists for making 
these special conditions effective upon issuance.

Comments Invited

    Interested persons are invited to submit such written data, views, 
or arguments, as they may desire. Communications should identify the 
regulatory docket or notice number and be submitted in duplicate to the 
address specified above. All communications received on or before the 
closing date for comments will be considered by the Administrator. The 
special conditions may be changed in light of the comments received. 
All comments received will be available in the Rules Docket for 
examination by interested persons, both before and after the closing 
date for comments. A report summarizing each substantive public contact 
with FAA personnel concerning this rulemaking will be filed in the 
docket. Commenters wishing the FAA to acknowledge receipt of their 
comments submitted in response to this notice must include a self-
addressed, stamped postcard on which the following statement is made: 
``Comments to Docket No. CE219.'' The postcard will be date stamped and 
returned to the commenter.

Background

    On January 28, 2004, Cessna Aircraft Company; One Cessna Boulevard; 
Post Office Box 7704; Wichita, KS 67277, made an application to the FAA 
for an amended type certificate for the Cessna 172R and 172S. The 172R 
and 172S are currently approved under TC No. 3A12. The proposed 
modification incorporates a novel or unusual design feature, such as 
digital avionics consisting of an EFIS that may be vulnerable to HIRF 
external to the airplane.

Type Certification Basis

    Under the provisions of 14 CFR part 21, Sec.  21.101, Cessna 
Aircraft Company must show that the Cessna Model 172R and 172S meet the 
following provisions or the applicable provisions in effect on the date 
of application for type certification of the Cessna 172R and 172S.
    For the 172R Series:
    14 CFR part 23 of the Federal Aviation Regulations effective 
February 1, 1965, as amended by 23-1 through 23-6, except as follows: 
Sec. 23.423; 23.611; 23.619; 23.623; 23.689; 23.775; 23.871; 23.1323; 
and 23.1563 as amended by Amendment 23-7. Sections 23.807 and 23.1524 
as amended by Amendment 23-10. Sections 23.507; 23.771; 23.853(a), (b) 
and (c); and 23.1365 as amended by Amendment 23-14. Section 23.951 as 
amended by Amendment 23-15. Sections 23.607; 23.675; 23.685; 23.733; 
23.787; 23.1309 and 23.1322 as amended by Amendment 23-17. Section 
23.1301 as amended by Amendment 23-20. Section 23.1353; and 23.1559 as 
amended by Amendment 23-21. Sections 23.603; 23.605; 23.613; 23.1329 
and 23.1545 as amended by Amendment 23-23. Sections 23.441 and 23.1549 
as amended by Amendment 23-28. Sections 23.779 and 23.781 as amended by 
Amendment 23-33. Sections 23.1; 23.51 and 23.561 as amended by 
Amendment 23-34. Sections 23.301; 23.331; 23.351; 23.427; 23.677; 
23.701; 23.735; and 23.831 as amended by Amendment 23-42. Sections 
23.961; 23.1093; 23.1143(g); 23.1147(b); 23.1303; 23.1357; 23.1361 and 
23.1385 as amended by Amendment 23-43. Sections 23.562(a), 23.562(b)2, 
23.562(c)1, 23.562(c)2, 23.562(c)3, and 23.562(c)4 as amended by 
Amendment 23-44. Sections 23.33; 23.53; 23.305; 23.321; 23.485; 23.621; 
23.655 and 23.731 as amended by Amendment 23-45. 14 CFR part 36 dated 
December 1, 1969, as amended by Amendments 36-1 through 36-21, 
additional certification requirements applied to the G1000 system 
itself, such as 23.1309 and 23.1311 as amended by Amendment 23-49, 
23.1321 as amended by Amendment 23-41, and 23.1322 as amended by 
Amendment 23-43, exemptions, if any; and the special conditions adopted 
by this rulemaking action.
    For the 172S series:
    14 CFR part 23 effective February 1, 1965, as amended by 23-1 
through 23-6, except as follows: Sections 23.423; 23.611; 23.619; 
23.623; 23.689; 23.775; 23.871; 23.1323; and 23.1563 as amended by 
Amendment 23-7. Sections 23.807 and 23.1524 as amended by Amendment 23-
10. Sections 23.507; 23.771; 23.853(a), (b) and (c); and 23.1365 as 
amended by Amendment 23-14. Section 23.951 as amended by Amendment 23-
15. Sections 23.607; 23.675; 23.685; 23.733; 23.787; 23.1309 and 
23.1322 as amended by Amendment 23-17. Section 23.1301 as amended by 
Amendment 23-20. Sections 23.1353; and 23.1559 as amended by Amendment 
23-21. Sections 23.603; 23.605; 23.613; 23.1329 and 23.1545 as amended 
by Amendment 23-23. Sections 23.441 and 23.1549 as amended by Amendment 
23-28. Sections 23.779 and 23.781 as amended by Amendment 23-33. 
Sections 23.1; 23.51 and 23.561 as amended by Amendment 23-34. Sections 
23.301; 23.331; 23.351; 23.427; 23.677; 23.701; 23.735; and 23.831 as 
amended by Amendment 23-42. Sections 23.961; 23.1093; 23.1143(g); 
23.1147(b); 23.1303; 23.1357; 23.1361 and 23.1385 as amended by 
Amendment 23-43. Sections 23.562(a), 23.562(b)2, 23.562(c)1, 
23.562(c)2, 23.562(c)3, and 23.562(c)4 as amended by Amendment 23-44. 
Sections 23.33; 23.53; 23.305; 23.321; 23.485; 23.621; 23.655 and 
23.731 as amended by Amendment 23-45. 14 CFR part 36 dated December 1, 
1969, as amended by Amendments 36-1 through 36-21, additional 
certification requirements applied to the G1000 system itself, such as 
23.1309 and 23.1311 as amended by Amendment 23-49, 23.1321 as amended 
by Amendment 23-41, and 23.1322 as amended by Amendment 23-43, 
exemptions, if any; and the special conditions adopted by this 
rulemaking action.

Discussion

    If the Administrator finds that the applicable airworthiness 
standards do not contain adequate or appropriate safety standards 
because of novel or unusual design features of an airplane, special 
conditions are prescribed under the provisions of Sec.  21.16.
    Special conditions, as appropriate, as defined in Sec.  11.19, are 
issued in accordance with Sec.  11.38 after public notice and become 
part of the type certification basis in accordance with Sec.  21.101.

[[Page 11843]]

    Special conditions are initially applicable to the model for which 
they are issued. Should the type certificate for that model be amended 
later to include any other model that incorporates the same novel or 
unusual design feature, the special conditions would also apply to the 
other model under the provisions of Sec.  21.101.

Novel or Unusual Design Features

    The Cessna Model 172R and Model 172S will incorporate the following 
novel or unusual design features: A Garmin G1000 electronic flight 
instrument system (EFIS) including a primary flight display on the 
pilot side as well as a multifunction display in the center of the 
instrument panel.
    Protection of Systems From High Intensity Radiated Fields (HIRF): 
Recent advances in technology have given rise to the application in 
aircraft designs of advanced electrical and electronic systems that 
perform functions required for continued safe flight and landing. Due 
to the use of sensitive solid-state advanced components in analog and 
digital electronics circuits, these advanced systems are readily 
responsive to the transient effects of induced electrical current and 
voltage caused by the HIRF. The HIRF can degrade electronic systems 
performance by damaging components or upsetting system functions.
    Furthermore, the HIRF environment has undergone a transformation 
that was not foreseen when the current requirements were developed. 
Higher energy levels are radiated from transmitters that are used for 
radar, radio, and television. Also, the number of transmitters has 
increased significantly. There is also uncertainty concerning the 
effectiveness of airframe shielding for HIRF. Furthermore, coupling to 
cockpit-installed equipment through the cockpit window apertures is 
undefined.
    The combined effect of the technological advances in airplane 
design and the changing environment has resulted in an increased level 
of vulnerability of electrical and electronic systems required for the 
continued safe flight and landing of the airplane. Effective measures 
against the effects of exposure to HIRF must be provided by the design 
and installation of these systems. The accepted maximum energy levels 
in which civilian airplane system installations must be capable of 
operating safely are based on surveys and analysis of existing radio 
frequency emitters. These special conditions require that the airplane 
be evaluated under these energy levels for the protection of the 
electronic system and its associated wiring harness. These external 
threat levels, which are lower than previous required values, are 
believed to represent the worst case to which an airplane would be 
exposed in the operating environment.
    These special conditions require qualification of systems that 
perform critical functions, as installed in aircraft, to the defined 
HIRF environment in paragraph 1 or, as an option to a fixed value using 
laboratory tests, in paragraph 2, as follows:
    (1) The applicant may demonstrate that the operation and 
operational capability of the installed electrical and electronic 
systems that perform critical functions are not adversely affected when 
the aircraft is exposed to the HIRF environment defined below:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                        Field strength
                                                       (volts per meter)
                      Frequency                      -------------------
                                                        Peak     Average
------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 kHz-100kHz.......................................        50        50
100 kHz-500 kHz.....................................        50        50
500 kHz-2 MHz.......................................        50        50
2 MHz-30 MHz........................................       100       100
30 MHz-70 MHz.......................................        50        50
70 MHz-100 MHz......................................        50        50
100 MHz-200 MHz.....................................       100       100
200 MHz-400 MHz.....................................       100       100
400 MHz-700 MHz.....................................       700        50
700 MHz-1 GHz.......................................       700       100
1 GHz-2 GHz.........................................      2000       200
2 GHz-4 GHz.........................................      3000       200
4 GHz-6 GHz.........................................      3000       200
6 GHz-8 GHz.........................................      1000       200
8 GHz-12 GHz........................................      3000       300
12 GHz-18 GHz.......................................      2000       200
18 GHz-40 GHz.......................................       600       200
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The field strengths are expressed in terms of peak root-mean-square 
(rms) values.

or,
    (2) The applicant may demonstrate by a system test and analysis 
that the electrical and electronic systems that perform critical 
functions can withstand a minimum threat of 100 volts per meter, 
electrical field strength, from 10 kHz to 18 GHz. When using this test 
to show compliance with the HIRF requirements, no credit is given for 
signal attenuation due to installation.
    A preliminary hazard analysis must be performed by the applicant 
for approval by the FAA to identify either electrical or electronic 
systems that perform critical functions. The term ``critical'' means 
those functions, whose failure would contribute to, or cause, a failure 
condition that would prevent the continued safe flight and landing of 
the airplane. The systems identified by the hazard analysis that 
perform critical functions are candidates for the application of HIRF 
requirements. A system may perform both critical and non-critical 
functions. Primary electronic flight display systems, and their 
associated components, perform critical functions such as attitude, 
altitude, and airspeed indication. The HIRF requirements apply only to 
critical functions.
    Compliance with HIRF requirements may be demonstrated by tests, 
analysis, models, similarity with existing systems, or any combination 
of these. Service experience alone is not acceptable since normal 
flight operations may not include an exposure to the HIRF environment. 
Reliance on a system with similar design features for redundancy as a 
means of protection against the effects of external HIRF is generally 
insufficient since all elements of a redundant system are likely to be 
exposed to the fields concurrently.

Applicability

    As discussed above, these special conditions are applicable to the 
Cessna 172R and 172S airplanes. Should the Cessna Aircraft Company 
apply at a later date to modify any other model on the same type 
certificate to incorporate the same novel or unusual design feature, 
the special conditions would apply to that model as well under the 
provisions of Sec.  21.101.

Conclusion

    This action affects only certain novel or unusual design features 
on one model of airplane. It is not a rule of general applicability and 
affects only the applicant who applied to the FAA for approval of these 
features on the airplane.
    The substance of these special conditions has been subjected to the 
notice and comment period in several prior instances and has been 
derived without substantive change from those previously issued. It is 
unlikely that prior public comment would result in a significant change 
from the substance contained herein. For this reason, and because a 
delay would significantly affect the certification of the airplane, 
which is imminent, the FAA has determined that prior public notice and 
comment are unnecessary and impracticable, and good cause exists for 
adopting these special conditions upon issuance. The FAA is requesting 
comments to allow interested persons to submit views that may not have 
been submitted in response to the prior opportunities for comment 
described above.

List of Subjects in 14 CFR Part 23

    Aircraft, Aviation safety, Signs and symbols.

[[Page 11844]]

Citation

0
The authority citation for these special conditions is as follows:

    Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113 and 44701; 14 CFR 21.16 and 
21.17; and 14 CFR 11.38 and 11.19.

The Special Conditions

0
Accordingly, pursuant to the authority delegated to me by the 
Administrator, the following special conditions are issued as part of 
the type certification basis for Cessna 172R and 172S airplanes 
modified by the Cessna Aircraft Company to add the Garmin G1000 EFIS 
system.
    1. Protection of Electrical and Electronic Systems from High 
Intensity Radiated Fields (HIRF). Each system that performs critical 
functions must be designed and installed to ensure that the operations, 
and operational capabilities of these systems to perform critical 
functions, are not adversely affected when the airplane is exposed to 
high intensity radiated electromagnetic fields external to the 
airplane.
    2. For the purpose of these special conditions, the following 
definition applies: Critical Functions: Functions whose failure would 
contribute to, or cause, a failure condition that would prevent the 
continued safe flight and landing of the airplane.

    Issued in Kansas City, Missouri on March 2, 2005.
Nancy C. Lane,
Acting Manager, Small Airplane Directorate, Aircraft Certification 
Service.
[FR Doc. 05-4745 Filed 3-9-05; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4910-13-P