[Federal Register Volume 69, Number 99 (Friday, May 21, 2004)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 29354-29378]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 04-11374]



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Part II





Department of the Interior





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Fish and Wildlife Service



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50 CFR Part 17



Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Annual Notice of 
Findings on Resubmitted Petitions for Foreign Species; Annual 
Description of Progress on Listing Actions; Proposed Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 69, No. 99 / Friday, May 21, 2004 / Proposed 
Rules  

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17


Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Annual Notice of 
Findings on Resubmitted Petitions for Foreign Species; Annual 
Description of Progress on Listing Actions

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION: Notice of review.

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SUMMARY: In this document, we announce our annual petition findings for 
foreign species, as required under section 4(b)(3)(C)(i) of the 
Endangered Species Act of 1972, as amended. When, in response to a 
petition, we find that listing a species is warranted but precluded, we 
must complete a new status review each year until we publish a proposed 
rule or make a determination that listing is not warranted. These 
subsequent status reviews and the accompanying 12-month findings are 
referred to as ``resubmitted'' petition findings.
    Information contained in this document describes our review of the 
current status of 73 foreign taxa that were the subjects of warranted-
but-precluded findings. Based on our review, we find that 51 species 
continue to warrant listing, but that their listing remains precluded 
by higher-priority listing actions. Seventeen species no longer warrant 
listing under the Endangered Species Act and, therefore, have been 
removed from the warranted-but-precluded list. We will promptly publish 
listing proposals for five of the species.
    We request additional status information for these species as well 
as information on taxa that we should include in future updates of this 
list. We will consider this information in preparing listing documents 
and future resubmitted petition findings. This information will also 
help us in monitoring the status of the taxa and in conserving them.

DATES: We will accept comments on these resubmitted petition findings 
at any time.

ADDRESSES: Submit any comments, information, and questions by mail to 
the Chief, Division of Scientific Authority, U.S. Fish and Wildlife 
Service, 4401 N. Fairfax Drive, Room 750, Arlington, VA 22203; or by 
fax to 703-358-2276; or by e-mail to [email protected]. 
Comments and supporting information will be available for public 
inspection, by appointment, Monday through Friday from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. 
at the above address.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Robert R. Gabel at the above address, 
or by telephone, 703-358-1708; fax, 703-358-2276; or e-mail, 
[email protected].

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

    The Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act) (16 U.S.C. 
1531 et seq.), provides two mechanisms for considering species for 
listing. First, we can identify and propose for listing those species 
that are endangered or threatened based on the factors contained in 
section 4(a)(1). We implement this through the candidate program. 
Candidate taxa are those taxa for which we have on file sufficient 
information on biological vulnerability and threats to support a 
proposal to list as endangered or threatened, but for which preparation 
and publication of a proposed rule is precluded by higher-priority 
listing actions. None of the species covered by this notice were 
assessed through the candidate program. Second, the Act allows the 
public to petition us to add species to the List of Endangered and 
Threatened Wildlife and Plants (List). Under section 4(b)(3)(A), when 
we receive such a petition, we must determine within 90 days, to the 
maximum extent practicable, whether the petition presents substantial 
information indicating that the petitioned action may be warranted (90-
day finding). If we make a positive 90-day finding, under section 
4(b)(3)(B) we must make one of three possible findings within 12 months 
of the receipt of the petition (12-month finding).
    The first possible 12-month finding is that listing is not 
warranted, in which case we need not take any further action on the 
petition. The second possibility is that we may find that listing is 
warranted, in which case we must promptly publish a proposed rule to 
list the species. Once we publish a proposed rule for a species, 
section 4(b)(5) and (6) govern further procedures, regardless of 
whether or not we issued the proposal in response to a petition. The 
third possibility is that we may find that listing is warranted but 
precluded. Such a finding means that immediate publication of a 
proposed rule to list the species is precluded by higher-priority 
listing proposals, and that we are making expeditious progress to add 
and remove species from the List, as appropriate.
    Pursuant to section 4(b)(3)(C)(i) of the Act, when, in response to 
a petition, we find that listing a species is warranted but precluded, 
we must make a new 12-month finding each year until we publish a 
proposed rule or make a determination that listing is not warranted. 
These subsequent 12-month findings are referred to as ``resubmitted'' 
petition findings. This notice constitutes publication of our 
resubmitted petition findings for all foreign species that are 
currently the subject of an outstanding petition.
    Section 4(b)(3)(C)(iii) of the Act requires the Service to 
``implement a system to monitor effectively the status of all species'' 
subject to a warranted-but-precluded 12-month finding, and to ``make 
prompt use of the [emergency listing] authority [under section 4(b)(7)] 
to prevent a significant risk to the well being of any such species.'' 
The annual resubmitted petition findings for foreign species play a 
crucial role in the Service's monitoring of all warranted-but-precluded 
foreign species by seeking information regarding the status of those 
species. The Service reviews all new information on these species as it 
becomes available and identifies any species for which an emergency 
listing may be appropriate. If the Service determines that emergency 
listing is appropriate for any species, the Service will make prompt 
use of its authority under section 4(b)(7). We have been monitoring and 
will continue to monitor all warranted-but-precluded foreign species.

Previous Notices

    We published earlier petition findings, status reviews, and 
petition finding reviews that included foreign species in the Federal 
Register on May 12, 1981 (46 FR 26464); January 20, 1984 (49 FR 2485); 
May 10, 1985 (50 FR 19761); January 9, 1986 (51 FR 996); July 7, 1988 
(53 FR 25511); December 29, 1988 (53 FR 52747); January 6, 1989 (54 FR 
554); November 21, 1991 (56 FR 58664); March 28, 1994 (59 FR 14496); 
and reiterated on January 12, 1995 (60 FR 2899).

Findings on Resubmitted Petitions

    This notice describes our resubmitted petition findings for 73 
foreign taxa for which we had previously found listing to be warranted 
but precluded. We have considered any new information obtained since 
the previous finding, including information provided in a 1997 
petition. On May 21, 1997, Public Employees for Environmental 
Responsibility (also known as PEER) submitted a petition to list the 
following species as threatened or endangered

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under the Act (1996 IUCN designations shown in parentheses): 
Kalinowski's tinamou (Nothoprocta kalinowskii) (Critically Endangered), 
Colombian grebe (Podiceps andinus) (Extinct), Junin flightless grebe 
(Podiceps taczanowskii) (Critically Endangered), Beck's petrel 
(Pseudobulweria becki) (Critically Endangered), Fiji petrel (Pterodroma 
macgillivrayi) (Critically Endangered), Chatham Islands petrel (P. 
axillaris) (Critically Endangered), Cook's petrel (Pterodroma cookii) 
(Vulnerable), Galapagos petrel (P. phaeopygia) (Critically Endangered), 
magenta petrel (P. magentae) (Critically Endangered), Heinroth's 
shearwater (Puffinus heinrothi) (Endangered), greater adjutant stork 
(Leptoptilos dubius) (Endangered), giant ibis (Pseudibis gigantea) 
(Critically Endangered), Andean flamingo (Phoenicopterus andinus) 
(Vulnerable), Brazilian merganser (Mergus octosetaceus) (Critically 
Endangered), southern helmeted curassow (Pauxi unicornis) (Endangered), 
blue-billed curassow (Crax alberti) (Critically Endangered), Cauca guan 
(Penelope perspicax) (Endangered), gorgeted wood-quail (Odontophorus 
strophium) (Endangered), Junin rail (Laterallus tuerosi) (Endangered), 
bar-winged rail (Nesocolpeus poecilopterus) (Extinct), Bogota rail 
(Rallus semiplumbeus) (Endangered), takahe (Porphyrio mantelli) 
(Endangered), Chatham Island oystercatcher (Haematopus chathamensis) 
(Endangered), black stilt (Himantopus novaezelandiae) (Critically 
Endangered), Jerdon's courser (Rhinoptilus bitorquatus) (Endangered), 
slender-billed curlew (Numenius tenuirostris) (Critically Endangered), 
Marquesan imperial-pigeon (Ducula galeata) (Critically Endangered), 
salmon-crested cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis) (Vulnerable), Uvea 
parakeet (Eunymphicus cornutus uvaensis) (listed at the species level 
as Vulnerable, not listed at the subspecies level), blue-throated macaw 
(Ara glaucogularis) (Endangered), black-breasted puffleg (Eriocnemis 
nigrivestis) (Critically Endangered), Esmeraldas woodstar (Acestrura 
berlepschi) (Endangered), Chilean woodstar (Eulidia yarrellii) 
(Vulnerable), helmeted woodpecker (Dryocopus galeatus) (Endangered), 
Okinawa woodpecker (Sapheopipo noguchii) (Critically Endangered), 
yellow-browed toucanet (Aulacorhynchus huallagae) (Lower Risk/Near 
Threatened), royal cinclodes (Cinclodes aricomae) (Critically 
Endangered), white-browed spinetail (Leptasthenura xenothorax) 
(Critically Endangered), black-hooded antwren (Formicivora 
erythronotos) (Critically Endangered), fringe-backed fire-eye 
(Pyriglena atra) (Endangered), brown-banded antpitta (Grallaria 
milleri) (Endangered), Stresemann's bristlefront (Merulaxis 
stresemanni) (Critically Endangered), grey-winged cotinga (Tijuca 
condita) (Vulnerable), Brasilia tapaculo (Scytalopus novacapitalis) 
(Vulnerable), Kaempfer's tody-tyrant (Hemitriccus kaempferi) 
(Endangered), ash-breasted tit-tyrant (Anairetes alpinus) (Endangered), 
Peruvian plantcutter (Phytotoma raimondii) (Critically Endangered), 
Gurney's pitta (Pitta gurneyi) (Critically Endangered), Niceforo's wren 
(Thryothorus nicefori) (Critically Endangered), Socorro mockingbird 
(Mimodes graysoni) (Endangered), St. Lucia forest thrush (Cichlherminia 
iherminieri sanctaeluciae) (listed at the species level as Lower Risk/
Near Threatened, not listed at the subspecies level), Moorea reed-
warbler (Acrocephalus caffer longirostris) (listed as Vulnerable at the 
species level, not listed as a subspecies), Eiao Polynesian warbler 
(Acrocephalus caffer aquilonis) (listed at the species level as 
Vulnerable, not listed at the subspecies level), long-legged 
thicketbird (Trichocichla rufa) (Critically Endangered), caerulean 
Paradise-flycatcher (Eutrichomyias rowleyi) (Critically Endangered), Ua 
Pu flycatcher (Pomarea mendozae mira) (listed as Endangered at the 
species level, not listed as a subspecies), Ghizo white-eye (Zosterops 
luteirostris) (Vulnerable), Tumaco seedeater (Sporophila insulate) 
(Critically Endangered), medium tree-finch (Camarhynchus pauper) (Lower 
Risk/Near Threatened), cherry-throated tanager (Nemosia rourei) 
(Critically Endangered), and black-backed tanager (Tangara peruviana) 
(Endangered). The basis for the PEER petition was that these species 
had been classified as Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, 
Conservation Dependent, or Near Threatened in the 1996 IUCN Red List of 
Threatened Animals (IUCN 1996). At the time the petition was received, 
listing for these species was already found to be warranted but 
precluded. We have taken into consideration the species' IUCN status, 
but as discussed in our 2000 Federal Register finding (65 FR 49958), 
the IUCN designation alone did not provide significant new information 
on threats to the species or their status.
    As a result of this review, we find that warranted-but-precluded 
findings remain appropriate for 51 species. We emphasize that we are 
not proposing these species for listing by this notice, but we 
anticipate developing and publishing proposed listing rules for these 
taxa in the future. Seventeen species no longer warrant listing under 
the Act and, therefore, are being removed from the list. Finally, we 
will promptly publish proposals for five of the species: the giant ibis 
(Pseudibis gigantean), black stilt (Himantopus novaezelandiae), 
Gurney's pitta (Pitta gurneyi), Socorro mockingbird (Mimodes graysoni), 
and caerulean paradise-flycatcher (Eutrichomyias rowleyi).
    Based on information gathered and assessed since January 12, 1995, 
we have updated our determinations of whether listing of these taxa 
continues to be warranted or warranted but precluded, or whether we 
have now determined that listing is not warranted. See Table 1 for a 
summary of these current determinations. Taxa in Table 1 of this notice 
are assigned to three status categories, noted in the ``Category'' 
column at the left side of the table. We identify the species for which 
listing is no longer warranted with an ``R'' in the category column. We 
identify the taxa for which we continue to find that listing is 
warranted but precluded by a ``C'' in the category column. We have 
added a third category for those species for which we find that listing 
is warranted and designate these taxa with an ``L.'' The column labeled 
``Priority'' indicates the listing priority number for all warranted or 
warranted-but-precluded taxa. We assign this number based on the 
immediacy and magnitude of threats, as well as taxonomic status. We 
published a complete description of our listing priority system on 
September 21, 1983 (48 FR 43098). Following the scientific name of each 
taxon (third column) is the family designation (fourth column) and the 
common name, if one exists (fifth column). The sixth column provides 
the known historical range for the taxon.

Findings on Species for Which Listing Is Not Warranted

    As previously mentioned, we found that 17 species no longer warrant 
listing under the Endangered Species Act, and we therefore have removed 
them from the warranted-but-precluded list. Five of the species were 
considered extinct when the initial warranted-but-precluded finding was 
made and should not have been included on the list at that time. These 
species include the Colombian grebe (Podiceps andinus), bar-winged rail 
(Nesocolpeus poecilopterus), grey-headed blackbird (Turdus 
poliocephalus poliocephalus), Moorea reed-warbler (Acrocephalus caffer 
longirostris), and Ua Pu flycatcher (Pomarea mendozae mira). For six

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additional species, the best available information now indicates that 
they are also likely to be extinct, although they were considered to be 
extant at the time of the original petition and when we made our 
previous findings. These include Kalinowski's tinamou (Nothoprocta 
kalinowskii), Beck's petrel (Pseudobulweria becki), the Utila 
chachalaca (Ortalis vetula deschauenseei), Stresemann's bristlefront 
(Merulaxis stresemanni), the Bananal tyrannulet (Serpophaga araguayae), 
and the long-legged thicketbird (Trichocichla rufa). For five species, 
the best available scientific information indicates that they are not 
taxonomically distinct, and these include Beck's petrel (Pseudobulweria 
becki)(if birds previously identified as this species are not extinct), 
the Italian grey partridge (Perdix perdix italica), hairy hermit 
(Glaucis hirsuta), Niceforo's wren (Thryothorus nicefori), and the 
Tumaco seedeater (Sporophila insulata). Finally, the best available 
scientific and commercial data indicate that the Lanyu scops owl (Otus 
elegans botelensis) and grey-winged cotinga (Tijuca condita) do not 
qualify as threatened or endangered.

Extinct Species

Kalinowski's tinamou (Nothoprocta kalinowskii)
    Kalinowski's tinamou was endemic to Peru. It is known from only two 
specimens that were collected from widely scattered localities and has 
not been recorded since 1900 (BirdLife International 2000). One 
specimen was collected in 1894, in Cuzco at 4,575 meters (m), and the 
other was collected in 1900, on the Pacific slope east of Santiago de 
Chuco, western La Libertad, at 3,000 m (Collar et al. 1992). The Cuzco 
specimen was collected in an area that suggested its natural habitat 
was grassland or possibly a Polylepis woodland (BirdLife International 
2000). The specimen collected on the Pacific slope of La Libertad came 
from a habitat of montane scrub (Collar et al. 1992). It is possible 
that the Cuzco specimen is mislabeled and was also taken at a lower 
elevation (BirdLife International 2000).
    Virtually nothing is known about this species, but its conservation 
status was presumed to be critical (IUCN 2002). Threats to the species 
and the cause of its extreme rarity and likely extinction are unknown 
(BirdLife International 2000). Virtually all species of tinamous are 
affected by hunting and habitat alteration from the presence of man in 
the high Andes, and these factors may have been threats (Collar et al. 
1992). This species has not been documented in over a century, even 
though Collar et al. (1992) had proposed that the existence of the 
species be confirmed. We conclude, based on the best available 
scientific and commercial information, that this species is extinct. We 
therefore find that listing of this species is no longer warranted. 
Because this species is known from only two specimens collected over 
100 years ago, a full taxonomic evaluation of the species, involving 
careful evaluation of the two known skins, would be helpful to 
determine if it ever was a distinct taxon or is actually another 
species. Research on whether there is any possibility of the continued 
existence of this species would also be helpful.
Colombian grebe (Podiceps andinus)
    The best available scientific and commercial information indicates 
that the Colombian grebe is extinct, and therefore, listing is not 
warranted. It was once found on several lakes on the Bogota and Ubate 
savannas, and in Lake Tota in the eastern Andes of Colombia (O'Donnel 
and Fjedsa 1997). These lakes contained tall marginal reeds and 
extensive shallows full of submergent water-weeds. The Colombian grebe 
was formerly considered abundant on Lake Tota in the 1940s, but by 
1968, it had declined to approximately 300 birds (del Hoyo et al. 
1992). There were only two records of the bird in the 1970s: one in 
1972 and another one in 1977 involving one to three birds. It was 
sporadically sighted in various other lakes in the region of the Sabana 
de Bogota until the early 1950s. The last confirmed record of this 
species was in 1977 (World Conservation Union [IUCN] 2002). However, 
the validity of these last records has been questioned, and some 
individuals believe the species may have become extinct as early as the 
beginning of the 1960s. Two detailed surveys conducted in 1981 and 1982 
in the wetlands of the eastern Andes of Colombia did not locate any 
birds (O'Donnel and Fjedsa 1997).
    The decline of the Colombian grebe is attributed to wetland 
drainage, siltation, pesticide pollution, disruption by reed 
harvesting, hunting, competition, and predation of chicks by rainbow 
trout (Salmo gairdneri) (del Hoyo et al. 1992). However, the main cause 
of the decline is considered to be the drainage of wetlands, siltation, 
and subsequent eutrophication of Lake Tota, which destroyed the open, 
submergent Potamogeton vegetation and resulted in the formation of a 
dense monoculture of Elodea (Varty et al. 1986, Fjeldsa 1993, as cited 
in O'Donnel and Fjeldsa 1997). In the 1950s, to provide land for 
agriculture, the level of the lake was reduced by about one meter. This 
also changed the composition of the aquatic plant community from 1960 
forward due to a boom in onion growing around the lake. Large amounts 
of fertilizers and mineral were applied at this time. The extent of 
shallow zones with floating vegetation was greatly reduced. The area 
affected was where the Colombian grebe, a foliage gleaner, obtained 
most of its food. The decrease in food availability markedly reduced 
the number of grebes and made the species more vulnerable to other 
adverse impacts (del Hoyo et al. 1992).
Beck's petrel (Pseudobulweria becki)
    Based on the best available scientific and commercial information 
this species is either extinct or conspecific (i.e., synonymous) with 
another taxon, and we conclude that it no longer warrants listing. See 
further discussion below under ``Taxa found to be not taxonomically 
distinct'' for the basis for finding that the species, if it is not 
conspecific with another taxon, is extinct.
Utila chachalaca (Ortalis vetula deschauenseei)
    The Utila chachalaca was only found on Utila Island off the coast 
of northern Honduras. This subspecies was found in mangroves, which 
cover approximately three-quarters of Utila Island, and was formerly 
found in adjacent scrub patches. The Utila chachalaca was known to be 
local in 1936, but not rare. However, since that time, the population 
declined severely due to intense hunting pressure. In 1962, the 
population was estimated at 50-70 individuals. More recently, S. 
Midence (personal communication, as cited in Brooks and Strahl 2000) 
had suggested that a small population persists on the island, but del 
Hoyo et al. (1994) stated that it is possibly extinct. Results from 
brief surveys conducted in 1995 suggested that the population at that 
time was extremely small if not extinct (Seutin 1998, as cited in 
Brooks and Strahl 2000). Honduras has listed the species Ortalis vetula 
in Appendix III of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered 
Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Considering the historic 
decline of the species, that some ornithologists have considered this 
species to be extinct for 10 years or more, and that no confirmed 
sightings have occurred in over 10 years, we conclude that the best 
available scientific and commercial information indicates that this 
species is extinct and its listing is no longer warranted.

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Bar-winged rail (Nesocolpeus poecilopterus)
    The best available scientific and commercial information indicates 
that the bar-winged rail is extinct, and therefore listing of this 
species is not warranted. It is known from twelve 19th Century 
specimens from Vitu Levu and Ovalau, reports from Taveuni, and in 1973, 
from Waisa and Vitu Levu, all in Fiji (Holyoak 1979, as cited in 
BirdLife International 2000). This was a flightless bird that inhabited 
remote forested areas, old overgrown plantations, and possibly lowland 
swamps (Pratt et al. 1987). Two other rails from these islands have 
become extinct due to predation by introduced mongooses (Herpestes 
spp.) and cats (Felis domesticus). BirdLife International (2000) 
classifies the bar-winged rail as extinct.
Stresemann's bristlefront (Merulaxis stresemanni)
    Stresemann's bristlefront is known from just two specimens from 
eastern Brazil: one collected near Salvadore in the 1830s and a second 
from Ilheus in 1945 (BirdLife International 2000). Nothing is known 
about this species, and recent surveys have failed to find any 
individuals. The humid forest in Bahia, the presumed range of the 
species, has been cleared or converted to cacao plantations, and the 
remaining patches are disappearing very rapidly (BirdLife International 
2000). This species is categorized as Critically Endangered by the IUCN 
because, if it is extant, its population is likely to be very tiny 
(IUCN 2002), and it continues to be protected by Brazilian law. 
BirdLife International (2000) recommends that surveys be conducted to 
locate any extant populations. Fieldwork is needed not only to confirm 
the continued existence of the species but to provide information on 
its ecological requirements if it exists (BirdLife International 2001). 
Based on the best available scientific and commercial information, 
particularly the lack of sightings and extensive loss of habitat, we 
conclude that this species is now extinct and its listing is not 
warranted.
Bananal tyrannulet (Serpophaga araguayae)
    The Bananal tyrannulet appears to be known only from the type 
specimen from Ilha do Bananal, Goias, Brazil (Traylor 1979, as cited in 
Collar et al. 1988), and has not been relocated in the wild despite 
several searches. We have therefore determined that the species is 
extinct, and we no longer find that listing of this species is 
warranted.
Grey-headed blackbird (Turdus poliocephalus poliocephalus)
    The grey-headed blackbird has been classified by Environment 
Australia as extinct. The subspecies was last seen in 1975 and there 
have been no records since, despite searches (Garnett and Crowley 
2000). It was endemic to Norfolk Island and originally probably 
occurred throughout the island. The principle reason for the grey-
headed blackbird's disappearance was the arrival of black rats (Rattus 
rattus) in the 1940s (Robinson 1988, as cited in Garnett and Crowley 
2000). Hybridization with the European blackbird (Turdus merula) may 
have also played a part in the decline of the subspecies (Schodde and 
Mason 1999, as cited in Garnett and Crowley 2000). The best available 
scientific and commercial information indicates that this species is 
extinct, and therefore listing is not warranted.
Moorea reed-warbler (Acrocephalus caffer longirostris)
    This subspecies was considered nearly extinct in 1986 (Sherley 
2001). An expedition in 1921 reported that this endemic form on Moorea 
Island (Society Islands) was less common and localized than previously 
thought. Investigative surveys in 1971-1973 located two pairs in the 
interior of the island (Sherley 2001). However, research conducted in 
December 1986 and January 1987 yielded no evidence of this warbler's 
continued existence, and Thibault and Guyot (1988) considered it 
extinct. Thus, we conclude that the best available scientific and 
commercial information indicates that this subspecies is extinct, and 
listing of this subspecies is not warranted. Three other forms of this 
species, endemic to certain islands, are also extinct, whereas the 
nominate form is widespread on many islands (Birds of French Overseas 
Territories 2003).
Long-legged thicketbird (Trichocichla rufa)
    The long-legged thicketbird was endemic to Viti Levu and Vanua Levu 
on Fiji (BirdLife International 2000). It was secretive and foraged on 
the ground beneath dense vegetation in rainforests above 800 m (Pratt 
et al. 1987). This species is known from very few specimens and has 
been considered to be extinct (Watling 1982, as cited in BirdLife 
International 2000). Observations from 1967, 1973, 1991, and more 
recently remain unconfirmed (D. Watling, personal communication 2000, 
as cited in BirdLife International 2000). Predation by introduced 
mongooses (Herpestes auropunctatus), possibly cats, and black rats 
(Rattus rattus) may be threats (BirdLife International 2000). This 
species is categorized as data deficient by the IUCN. However, we 
conclude that the best available scientific and commercial information 
indicates that this species is extinct, and that listing of the species 
is no longer warranted.
Ua Pu flycatcher (Pomarea mendozae mira)
    Pomarea mendozae was formerly widespread in the central Marquesas 
Islands, French Polynesia, and comprised four subspecies (Collar et. 
al. 1994). On Ua Pu, the Ua Pu flycatcher was not located during 1989 
or 1990, or during intensive searches in 1994 and 1998 (Thibault and 
Meyer, as cited by BirdLife International 2003). The best available 
scientific and commercial information indicates that this subspecies is 
now extinct (BirdLife International 2003), and therefore listing is not 
warranted.

Taxa Found To Be Not Taxonomically Distinct

Beck's petrel (Pseudobulweria becki)
    Beck's petrel is known from only two specimens: a female taken at 
sea east of New Ireland and north of Buka, Papua New Guinea, in 1928, 
and a male taken northeast of Rendova, Solomon Islands, in 1929 
(BirdLife International 2000). If it survives at all, it is thought 
that this species probably nests on small islets or high mountains on 
larger islands (BirdLife International 2000), but this species is very 
poorly known. This species may potentially be threatened by predation 
from introduced cats and rats on its unknown breeding grounds (BirdLife 
International 2000). This species is categorized as Critically 
Endangered by the IUCN because it is suspected to have a tiny 
population. However, if recent sightings of presumed Tahiti petrels 
Pseudobulweria rostrata in the Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Islands 
prove to be, in fact, Beck's petrels, population estimates will 
increase and perhaps cause the species to be categorized as Endangered 
(IUCN 2002). There are a number of target actions identified for this 
species by BirdLife International. These include various surveys as 
well as investigating the taxonomic validity of specimens to determine 
this species' relationship with the Tahiti petrel, with which it may be 
conspecific (BirdLife International 2000).

[[Page 29358]]

    The best available scientific and commercial information indicates 
that this species is either extinct or conspecific (i.e., synonymous) 
with another taxon, and we conclude that it no longer warrants listing.
Italian grey partridge (Perdix perdix italica)
    The Italian grey partridge was described at the beginning of the 
20th Century from a limited number of museum specimens (BirdLife 
International 1999). Subsequently, its taxonomic validity was 
questioned (Violani et al. 1988, as cited in BirdLife International 
1999). Currently, the subspecies italica is normally included within 
the nominate perdix, even if taxonomy of the species may be subject to 
further study (e.g., as recommended by del Hoyo et al. 1994). The 
status of the grey partridge (Perdix perdix) is considered secure 
because it is still widespread and estimated to number several million 
birds (del Hoyo et al. 1994). Because we agree that the Italian grey 
partridge is no longer considered distinct from the nominate species, 
we conclude that it no longer warrants listing.
Hairy hermit (Glaucis hirsuta; Previously Referred to as black 
barbthroat [Threnetes grzimeki])
    The black, or Grzimek's, barbthroat (species name used in the 
original petition) was first described as a new species in 1973 by 
Ruschi from Espiritu Santo (Sibley and Monroe 1990). It is currently 
included with the hairy hermit (Glaucis hirsuta; Sick 1993), since it 
has been determined that it was described based on the plumage of an 
immature male G. hirsuta (del Hoyo et al. 1999; Sibley and Monroe 
1990). Two subspecies are currently recognized: G. h. insularum, found 
in Grenada and Trinidad and Tobago, and G. h. hirsute, found in Panama, 
Colombia west of the Andes, and east of the Andes to central Bolivia, 
through Venezuela to the Guianas, and almost all of Brazil (del Hoyo et 
al. 1999). It is found in the understory of many types of forest and 
dense vegetation outside primary forests, second growth, woodland 
clearings, disturbed and secondary forest, riverine habitats, swamps, 
shrubs, and forest edge (del Hoyo et al. 1999; Sick 1993). It is not 
globally threatened and is generally common throughout much of its 
extensive range (del Hoyo et al. 1999). Glaucis hirsuta is listed in 
Appendix II of CITES.
    Based on the best available scientific and commercial information, 
we conclude that listing of the black barbthroat is no longer warranted 
because it has been determined to be conspecific with a species that is 
common within its range and not a distinct, rare species.
Niceforo's wren (Thryothorus nicefori)
    Niceforo's wren occurs on the west slope of the eastern Andes in 
Santander, Colombia (BirdLife International 2000). It is known only 
from the type locality at San Gil on the Rio Fonce, south of 
Bucaramanga, where seven specimens, including the type, were taken in 
1945 (Meyer de Schauensee 1946, as cited in BirdLife International 
2000). There appear to be no further records until 1989, when two birds 
were seen in dense Acacia scrub in a semi-arid valley a short distance 
east of San Gil (Collar et al. 1992). This species is considered 
Critically Endangered by IUCN because its known population is tiny, 
inferred to be declining, and known from only one site in a region 
where the habitat is highly modified and habitat degradation is 
continuing (IUCN 2002). The threats to this species are unclear because 
the dependence on Acacia scrub and the extent of occupied habitat is 
not known (BirdLife International 2000). Suitable habitat may have been 
lost to agricultural conversion, and the remaining Acacia scrub is 
threatened by goat and cattle grazing and seasonal burning for farming 
(Collar et al. 1992).
    Mayr and Greenway (1960) and Ridgely and Tudor (1989) have 
suggested that this bird may be a well-marked subspecies of the 
widespread rufous-and-white wren (Thryothorus rufalbus) (Collar et al. 
1992). In Colombia, this wren is found from the Caribbean lowlands to 
the llanos east of the Andes (Hilty and Brown 1986). The most recent 
observation of Niceforo's wren showed that it sounds exactly like the 
rufous-and-white wren and responds to a tape of that species (P. 
Kaestner in litt. 1992, as cited in Collar et al. 1992). Validity as a 
separate species is doubtful (F. G. Stiles in litt. 1999, as cited in 
BirdLife International 2000). Therefore, because of the significant 
information indicating that this is not a distinct taxon, but is a 
variant of a widespread species, we conclude that listing of this 
species is not warranted.
Tumaco seedeater (Sporophila insulata)
    The Tumaco seedeater is described from islands and river deltas on 
the coast of southwest Colombia (BirdLife International 2000). The 
type-series was collected in 1912 (Chapman 1917, as cited in Collar et 
al. 1992), and the bird was not seen again until it was rediscovered 82 
years later in 1994 on Isla Bocagrande (Salaman 1995). In 1998, birds 
were found on Isla Aji in the Rio Naya Delta, Valle del Cauca (Gomez, 
in litt. 1999, as cited in BirdLife International 2000). It could be 
extinct on Tumaco (Salaman 1995), and it was not found on Isla 
Bocagrande after 3 days of searching in December 1999 (Strewe, in litt. 
2000). This species is classified as Critically Endangered in the 2002 
IUCN Red List because it has a very small range and the population is 
declining to the extent that it is possibly extirpated from Tumaco 
(IUCN 2002). The population estimate for this species is 250-999 birds 
with a decreasing population trend (BirdLife International 2000). 
Development is the major threat (ibid.). Nonetheless, information 
indicates that the species status should be re-assessed based on 
taxonomy. Ridgely and Tudor (1989) concluded that the Tumaco seedeater 
is almost certainly allied to the more common chestnut-throated 
seedeater (S. telasco), or may represent a hybrid between the chestnut-
throated seedeater and the ruddy-breasted seedeater (S. minuta), 
although they indicate that the taxonomic relationship of S. insulata 
and S. telasco should be investigated further, along with other closely 
related species of Sporophila.
    We conclude that listing of this species is no longer warranted 
based on this information on taxonomy. The best available scientific 
information indicates that this taxon is either a conspecific of a more 
common species or a hybrid of two known species.

Taxa That Are Not Threatened or Endangered

Lanyu scops owl (Otus elegans botelensis)
    The Lanyu scops owl is not considered globally threatened, and we 
note that this subspecies has been regularly omitted from lists of 
globally threatened birds (Collar et al. 1988, BirdLife International 
2001). This subspecies is found on Lanyu Island, off the coast of 
southeastern Taiwan (del Hoyo et al. 1999). In the mid-1980s, the Lanyu 
scops owl was listed as Endangered by IUCN because its population was 
estimated at about 200 individuals. Since that time, numbers have 
grown, and recently, the population has been determined to be stable at 
about 1,000 individuals (del Hoyo et al. 1999). Currently, the IUCN 
categorizes Otus elegans as Lower Risk/Near-Threatened (IUCN 2002). The 
species is listed in Appendix II of CITES, as are all members of the 
Order Strigiformes unless they are listed in Appendix I.

[[Page 29359]]

    The status of this species has improved considerably since our 
original warranted-but-precluded finding was made. Based on the best 
available scientific and commercial information, we have evaluated the 
status of this subspecies according to the five factors contained in 
Section 4(a)(1) of the Act for determining whether a species is 
endangered or threatened, as follows:
    The present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment 
of its habitat or range: The Lanyu scops owl is restricted to the 
relatively small (45 km2) tropical island of Lanyu, located 
southeast of Taiwan. Studies have shown that, although the amount of 
suitable habitat is limited, all available nesting habitat is saturated 
(Severinghaus 2000), and prospects for the survival of the Lanyu scops 
owl are considered good as long as the habitat is protected (BirdLife 
International 2000). We are not aware of any specific information on 
current threats to the habitat of this subspecies.
    Overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or 
educational purposes: There is no documentation of overutilization of 
this subspecies, if it is utilized at all. However, even if it were to 
be utilized for some purpose, such use would be regulated 
internationally through the current listing of this and all owls in the 
Appendices to CITES, which requires that any trade must be both legal 
and non-detrimental to the survival of the species.
    Disease or predation: There is no information to suggest that the 
Lanyu scops owl is subject to any threat from disease or predation.
    The inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms: Although the 
Lanyu scops owl might benefit in the long term from more formal 
protection of its habitat, the lack of current protection does not 
appear to present a problem for the species, since no immediate threat 
to the habitat has been identified.
    Other natural or manmade factors affecting its continued existence: 
Due to the lack of any information on current threats to the Lanyu 
scops owl, and because it has been able to increase to five times the 
estimated population size of 20 years ago, there is no indication that 
this subspecies is being adversely affected by any other natural or 
manmade factors.
    Therefore, we conclude that this subspecies is not in danger of 
extinction or likely to become an endangered species within the 
foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its 
range, and that listing of the Lanyu scops owl is no longer warranted.
Grey-winged cotinga (Tijuca condita)
    The grey-winged cotinga is restricted to the Serra dos Orgaos and 
the Serra do Tingua in the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (BirdLife 
International 2000). It has been recorded from small patches of 
extremely humid elfin cloud-forest rich in bromeliads with an even 
canopy 5-10 m above the ground (Snow 1982). It is found on both exposed 
ridge-tops and on sheltered slopes in an otherwise open area of bamboo 
and tussock grass (ibid.). It is classified as Vulnerable in the 2002 
IUCN Red List because it has a small range restricted to two adjacent 
montane areas (IUCN 2002). The population is estimated at 1,000-2,499 
individuals and is considered stable (BirdLife International 2000). 
Scott and Brooke (1985, as cited in Collar et al. 1988) found that this 
species is clearly rare and local, and occurs at a very low density, 
and the total area of suitable habitat is small. However, there is 
little reason to believe that it was ever much more numerous than at 
present. There are no major threats to its habitat, although both 
disturbance and fires caused by hikers have been considered potential 
threats (BirdLife International 2000). Both populations occur within 
the protected areas of Serra dos Orgaos National Park and the Tingua 
Biological Reserve (ibid.).
    This species currently has a stable population at approximately 
historic levels, is not subject to significant threats within its 
range, and occurs within protected areas. Based on the best available 
scientific and commercial information, we have evaluated the status of 
this species according to the five factors contained in section 4(a)(1) 
of the Act for determining whether a species is endangered or 
threatened, as follows:
    The present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment 
of its habitat or range: This species has a limited area of suitable 
habitat, but this is believed not to have changed over time. Its 
habitat is described as naturally fragmented (BirdLife International 
2003). There is a potential threat from fire, but otherwise, no 
specific threat to the species' habitat (Scott and Brooke 1985, as 
cited in Collar et al. 1988).
    Overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or 
educational purposes: There is no information to suggest that this 
species is used by humans for any purpose, and therefore it is not 
being overutilized.
    Disease or predation: There is no information to indicate that this 
species is threatened by disease or predation.
    The inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms: The habitat of 
both known populations of this species is protected within a National 
Park and a Reserve. Although the species is not specifically protected 
under national law in Brazil, no threat has been identified for which 
such overarching protection is required.
    Other natural or manmade factors affecting its continued existence: 
There is no information to indicate that any other natural or manmade 
factors are adversely affecting this species.
    Therefore, we conclude that this species is not in danger of 
extinction or likely to become an endangered species within the 
foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its 
range, and that listing of the grey-winged cotinga is no longer 
warranted.

Findings on Species for Which Listing Is Warranted but Precluded

    Issuance of proposed listing rules for most of the warranted-but-
precluded species, even those with the highest listing priority numbers 
(i.e., 1, 2, or 3) will continue to be precluded over the next year due 
to the need to complete pending proposals to determine if other species 
are endangered or threatened. Over the next year, we will work on final 
determinations for three African antelopes (scimitar-horned oryx [Oryx 
dammah], addax [Addax nasomaculatus], and dama gazelle [Gazella dama]); 
the Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii); and the scarlet-chested 
parakeet (Neophema splendida) and turquoise parakeet (Neophema 
pulchella). We must also make the required 12-month petition findings 
on the Mexican bobcat (Lynx rufus escuinapae) and seven foreign 
butterfly taxa (Teinopalpus imperialis, Protographium marcellinus 
[previously referred to as Eurytides marcellinus], Mimoides lysithous 
harrisianus [previously referred to as Eurytides lysithous 
harrisianus], Parides ascanius, Parides hahneli, Troides [= 
Ornithoptera] meridionalis, and Pterourus esperanza [previously 
referred to as Papilio esperanza]).
    In addition, we must meet our other statutory and treaty 
obligations. In determining the resources for listing warranted-but-
precluded species, we must balance these needs with the resources 
needed for completing the other non-discretionary activities funded 
under the International Wildlife Trade budget component of the 
International Affairs program. This budget component includes not only 
all of these listing activities, but also issuing permits under the Act 
and mandatory activities for U.S. implementation of the Convention on 
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

[[Page 29360]]

(CITES), the Wild Bird Conservation Act of 1992, certain permitting 
provisions of the Marine Mammal Protection Act, issuing Injurious 
Wildlife permits under the Lacey Act, and parts of the Pelly Amendment 
(section 8 of the Fisherman's Protective Act). Therefore, the resources 
available for listing actions under the Act for foreign species is 
limited by competing non-discretionary activities funded from the 
International Wildlife Trade budget.
    Based on these considerations, we have determined that sufficient 
resources are available to proceed with the five highest-priority 
species, which were previously found to be warranted but precluded in 
our reviews (see ``Findings on Species for which Listing is Warranted'' 
below).
    We have found that, for the following 51 species, listing continues 
to be warranted but precluded. As previously indicated, this means that 
immediate publication of a proposed rule to list the species is 
precluded by higher-priority listing actions, and that we are making 
expeditious progress to add and remove species from the List, as 
appropriate. We will continue to monitor the status of these species as 
new information becomes available. Our review of new information will 
determine if a change in status is warranted, including the need to 
emergency list any species.
Junin flightless grebe (Podiceps taczanowskii)
    The Junin flightless grebe is confined to Lake Junin, which is 
located 4,080 m above sea level in central Peru (Fjeldsa 1981, as cited 
in O'Donnel and Fjedsa 1997). The lake, which covers approximately 
14,320 hectares, reaches a depth of 10 m in its center and is bordered 
by extensive reed marshes. These reed marshes can be continuous in 
places, but also form a mosaic with stretches of open water. 
Considerable areas of the lake are shallow, with the bottom densely 
covered with Chara (del Hoyo et al. 1992). The Junin grebe is a bird of 
open lake habitat and stays far off-shore in the center of the lake for 
part of the year. However, during the breeding season, it goes to areas 
of tall Scirpus (californicus) tatora or bays and channels in the outer 
edge of the 2-5-km-wide reed marshes surrounding the lake (O'Donnel and 
Fjedsa 1997). The Junin grebe feeds mainly on fish (Orestias), which 
make up approximately 90% of its diet (del Hoyo et al. 1992).
    The Junin grebe experienced a dramatic decline during the 20th 
Century. The species was considered abundant in 1938, and common in 
1961, with estimates of several thousand birds (del Hoyo et al. 1992). 
Current population estimates for the Junin grebe are between 50 and 249 
birds, with a decreasing population trend (BirdLife International 
2000). Because of this decline, and because it is endemic to one Andean 
lake, the Junin grebe qualifies as Critically Endangered on the IUCN 
Red List (IUCN 2002). The decline in numbers of this species was 
brought about by pollution of Lake Junin by local mining activities and 
variations of up to 7 m in water level, which is controlled by a 
hydroelectric power station. These changes in water level caused 
nesting and foraging areas to dry out (BirdLife International 2000), 
and in 1969, the vegetation of Lake Junin appeared to be dyed yellow 
with breakdown products of sulphuric acids and toxic fumes from a 
copper mine (del Hoyo et al. 1992). Of less significance was the 
introduction of trout in the 1930s, which replaced native fish species. 
Since 1975, some conservation measures have been implemented: Lake 
Junin was declared a reserve, and the Peruvian government nationalized 
the mines of Cerro del Pasco in an attempt to prevent pollution by the 
mine (del Hoyo et al. 1992).
    The Junin flightless grebe does not represent a monotypic genus. It 
faces threats that are high in magnitude and imminent. It therefore 
receives a priority rank of 2.
Fiji petrel (Pterodroma macgillivrayi)
    The Fiji petrel is marine and presumably pelagic (del Hoyo et al. 
1992). It was originally known from just one specimen collected in 1855 
on Gau Island and more recently from eight records of sightings on the 
island since 1983 (BirdLife International 2000). The only other record 
is a reported sighting at sea over 200 km north of Gau (Watling 2000, 
as cited in BirdLife International 2000). The Fiji petrel's breeding 
grounds have yet to be discovered, but may be located in areas of 
undisturbed mature forest or on rocky, mountainous ground (del Hoyo et 
al. 1992). The Fiji petrel is classified as Critically Endangered by 
the IUCN because it is inferred, given the paucity of recent records, 
that there is only a tiny population confined to an extremely small 
breeding area (IUCN 2002). The population is estimated at fewer than 50 
individuals and is assumed to be declining because of predation by 
cats, which may threaten its long-term survival (BirdLife International 
2000). However, very little is known about the species. It is protected 
under Fijian law, and priorities for the species include conducting 
surveys on Gau and other suitable islands and reinforcing existing 
community awareness (BirdLife International 2000).
    The Fiji petrel does not represent a monotypic genus. The magnitude 
of threat to the species is high, but the immediacy of threat is non-
imminent. Therefore, it receives a priority rank of 5.
Chatham petrel (Pterodroma axillaris; Previously Referred to as 
Pterodroma hypoleuca axillaris)
    The Chatham petrel is found only on South East Island (Rangatira) 
in the Chatham Islands of New Zealand (BirdLife International 2000). It 
is marine and presumably pelagic, and breeds on coastal lowlands and 
slopes in areas with low forest, bracken, or rank grass (del Hoyo et 
al. 1992). It nests in burrows amongst low vegetation and roots on flat 
to moderately sloping ground (Marchant and Higgins 1990). This species 
is classified as Critically Endangered in the 2002 IUCN Red List 
because it is restricted to South East Island and inferred to be 
continuing to decline due to competition from other native burrowing 
seabirds (IUCN 2002). The population estimate for this species is 800-
1,000 birds with a decreasing population trend (BirdLife International 
2000). There is intense competition for burrows on South East Island 
with the abundant broad-billed prion (Pachyptila vittata), which may be 
the cause of the observed low breeding success and high rate of pair 
bond disruption (ibid.). As a conservation measure, artificial nest 
sites have been provided, and burrows have been blocked to prevent 
occupation by P. vittata (ibid.). Although these actions have greatly 
improved breeding success, only a small proportion of breeding burrows 
have been found (Taylor 2000).
    This species does not represent a monotypic genus. It has a 
restricted range and its population is declining. The threat to the 
species is high and imminent. Therefore, this species receives a 
priority rank of 2.
Cook's petrel (Pterodroma cookii)
    Cook's petrel is endemic to New Zealand. It is marine and highly 
pelagic in temperate and subtropical waters, and rarely approaches land 
except at nesting colonies (del Hoyo et al. 1992). Cook's petrel breeds 
on Little Barrier, Great Barrier, and Codfish Islands (del Hoyo et al. 
1992) and occupies thickly forested high ridges and slopes, up to 700 m 
above sea level (BirdLife International 2000). This species is 
classified as Endangered in the 2002 IUCN Red List because it has a 
very small range when breeding, and

[[Page 29361]]

although population numbers are increasing, there is a danger that the 
population on Great Barrier Island may be lost (IUCN 2002). Population 
estimate for this species is 100,000 birds and increasing (BirdLife 
International 2000). Threats to this species are predominantly from 
invasive species such as cats, black rats (Rattus rattus), Pacific rats 
(R. exulans), and the weka (Gallirallus australis), which are major 
predators of adults and chicks (Heather and Robertson 1997; Taylor 
2000). By 1980, cats were eradicated from Little Barrier Island, and 
wekas were eradicated from Codfish Island between 1980 and 1985 (Taylor 
2000). Pacific rats were successfully eradicated from Codfish Island in 
August 1998, and eradication from Little Barrier Island has been 
proposed (Conservation News 2002).
    This species does not represent a monotypic genus, and has a fairly 
good population size, which is increasing. Its primary threat is a 
limited breeding range and predation by introduced species. However, 
the threats have been reduced by eradication of introduced predators, 
which is ongoing. Therefore, the threat is moderate and imminent, and 
the species receives a priority ranking of 8.
Galapagos petrel (Pterodroma phaeopygia; Previously Referred to as 
Pterodroma phaeopygia phaeopygia)
    The Galapagos petrel is a pelagic marine bird endemic to the 
Galapagos Islands, Ecuador (BirdLife International 2000). It breeds on 
Santa Cruz, Floreana, Santiago, San Cristobal, Isabela, and possibly 
other islands in the archipelago (Cruz and Cruz 1987; H. Vargas and F. 
Cruz in litt. 2000, as cited in BirdLife International 2000). This 
species is classified as Critically Endangered in the 2002 IUCN Red 
List because of its history of declines (IUCN 2002). In the early 
1980s, this species underwent extremely rapid declines, in some cases 
by as much as 81 percent in 4 years, and the species is likely to have 
declined by more than 80 percent in the last 60 years (three 
generations) (ibid.). The population estimate for this species is 
20,000-60,000 birds with a decreasing population trend (BirdLife 
International 2000). Threats for this species include introduced dogs, 
cats, and pigs, which take eggs, young, and adults; black rats and 
brown rats (R. norvegicus), which take eggs and chicks; nest-site 
destruction by goats, donkeys, cattle, and horses; and predation by the 
Galapagos hawk (Buteo galapagoensis) (Cruz and Cruz 1987; Cruz and Cruz 
1996). Predator control and petrel monitoring is occurring on Floreana, 
Santa Cruz, and Santiago Islands (H. Vargus and F. Cruz in litt. 2000, 
as cited in BirdLife International 2000). The breeding areas on Santa 
Cruz, Floreana, and San Cristobal have been severely restricted due to 
clearance of vegetation for agriculture and intensive grazing (Cruz and 
Cruz 1987; Cruz and Cruz 1996), and at least half the breeding range is 
still farmed on Santa Cruz (Baker 1980, as cited in BirdLife 
International 2000). The Galapagos Islands are a national park and were 
declared a World Heritage Site in 1979 (BirdLife International 2000).
    This species does not represent a monotypic genus, but it is 
declining and has persistent threats that are high in magnitude and 
imminent. Therefore, this species receives a priority rank of 2.
Magenta petrel (Pterodroma magentae)
    The magenta petrel is known from Chatham Island, New Zealand. It 
breeds in a fragmented colony under dense forest (BirdLife 
International 2000) and is marine and presumably pelagic (del Hoyo et 
al. 1992). The magenta petrel was rediscovered in 1978 after 10 years 
of intensive searching (Crockett 1994, as cited in BirdLife 
International 2000). This species is listed as Critically Endangered by 
IUCN because it has undergone a historic decline that is assumed to be 
greater than 80 percent in 60 years, it has a very small population, 
and it is restricted to one extremely small location (IUCN 2002). The 
population is estimated to number 100-150 individuals, and the long-
term reduction in numbers may have begun to stabilize (BirdLife 
International 2000). However, it is premature to assume that there is 
not a continuing decline. The species is predominantly threatened by 
introduced species that take eggs, chicks, and adults, or compete for 
or cause the destruction of burrows (BirdLife International 2000).
    The magenta petrel does not represent a monotypic genus. The 
magnitude of threat to the species is high, and the immediacy is 
imminent. It therefore receives a priority rank of 2.
Heinroth's shearwater (Puffinus heinrothi)
    The Heinroth's shearwater is known from the Bismarck Archipelago 
and around Bougainville in Papua New Guinea and Kolombangara in the 
Solomon Islands (Buckingham et. al. 1995, as cited in BirdLife 
International 2000). It is marine and presumably pelagic (del Hoyo et 
al. 1992). It is likely to breed on high, inaccessible mountains, where 
introduced rats, cats, and dogs are potential threats to this species. 
There are a number of target actions identified for this species by 
BirdLife International, which include various surveys and assessing the 
presence of introduced mammals on suspected breeding grounds (BirdLife 
International 2000). The Heinroth's shearwater is categorized as 
Vulnerable by the IUCN on the basis that there may be a very small 
population and breeding range (IUCN 2002). The population estimate for 
this species is 250-999 birds with an unknown population trend 
(BirdLife International 2000). There is no substantial evidence of a 
decline (IUCN 2002).
    Heinroth's shearwater does not represent a monotypic genus. It 
faces threats that are moderate and non-imminent. Therefore, it 
receives a priority rank of 11.
Greater adjutant stork (Leptoptilos dubius)
    The greater adjutant stork previously occurred, often in huge 
numbers, in much of South and Southeast Asia, from Pakistan through 
northern India, Nepal, and Bangladesh, to Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Viet 
Nam, and Cambodia (BirdLife International 2000). However, the species 
has experienced a dramatic crash, and currently, the population 
estimate is at 700-800 birds (BirdLife International 2000). Breeding 
populations of the species remain in only two very small and highly 
disjunct populations: One in Assam (Saikia and Bhattacharjee 1989, as 
cited in BirdLife International 2001) and the other in Cambodia 
(Mundkur et al. 1995, as cited in BirdLife International 2001). In the 
last century, there were vast colonies of millions in Burma, and del 
Hoyo et al. (1992) indicate that in Calcutta there was ``almost one on 
every roof.'' It frequents marshes, lakes, paddyfields, and open 
forest, and is often found in dry areas, such as grasslands and fields. 
It is commonly found at carcasses and rubbish dumps at the edges of 
towns.
    The greater adjutant is classified as Endangered in the 2002 IUCN 
Red List. The key threats are direct exploitation, particularly at 
nesting colonies, habitat destruction, particularly lowland 
deforestation and the felling of nest trees, and drainage, conversion, 
pollution, and over-exploitation of wetlands. The Indian population is 
also considered threatened by the reduced use of open rubbish dumps for 
the disposal of carcasses and foodstuffs (BirdLife International 2000).
    The greater adjutant stork does not represent a monotypic genus, 
but it faces threats that are high in magnitude and imminent. It 
therefore receives a priority rank of 2.

[[Page 29362]]

Andean flamingo (Phoenicopterus andinus)
    The Andean flamingo is restricted to high-altitude salt lakes in 
the high Andes, mainly between 3,500 and 4,500 m, from southern Peru 
through Bolivia to northern Chile and northwestern Argentina (del Hoyo 
et al. 1992). Population assessments for this species are difficult and 
vary greatly, but it is believed that 50,000-100,000 individuals 
existed until the mid-1980s. The collection of eggs to sell as food was 
intensive during the mid-20th Century and early 1980s, with estimates 
of thousands of eggs being taken. Unfavorable water levels due to 
weather and manipulation, mining activities, erosion of nest sites, and 
human disturbance may also affect productivity. The latest population 
estimate, from 1997, was 33,927 birds, which suggests the species had 
declined rapidly during the preceding 10-15 years (BirdLife 
International 2000). Very low breeding success has been reported for 
this species (del Hoyo et al. 1992). The Andean flamingo was recently 
categorized as Vulnerable by the IUCN and is listed in Appendix II of 
CITES. Threats to this species include ongoing exploitation and a 
decline in habitat quality (IUCN 2002). Local conservation actions 
include habitat management, prevention of egg-collecting, and raising 
public awareness (BirdLife International 2000).
    The Andean flamingo does not represent a monotypic genus. It faces 
threats that are high in magnitude and imminent. It therefore receives 
a priority rank of 2.
Brazilian merganser (Mergus octosetaceus)
    The Brazilian Merganser is found in extremely low numbers at a few, 
highly disjunct localities in south-central Brazil (BirdLife 
International 2000). Its range also extends into eastern Paraguay and 
northeastern Argentina. It is found in rapid, torrential streams and 
fast-moving rivers surrounded by dense tropical forests. The species is 
believed to be mainly sedentary and presumably maintains its territory 
all year round (del Hoyo et al. 1992). The Brazilian merganser is a 
good swimmer and diver, and feeds primarily on fish and occasionally on 
aquatic insects and snails (Collar et al. 1992).
    Recent records from Brazil, and particularly a recent northerly 
range extension, indicate that the status of this species is better 
than previously thought (BirdLife International 2000). However, it 
remains close to extinction and is considered Critically Endangered 
(IUCN 2002). The population is currently estimated at 50-249 
individuals and is decreasing (BirdLife International 2000). Threats 
include the perturbation and pollution of rivers, which result 
predominately from deforestation, agriculture, and diamond mining in 
the Serra da Canastra area. Dam-building has flooded suitable habitat, 
especially in Brazil and Paraguay, and hunting and collection of 
exhibition specimens in Argentina are considered contributory factors 
to this species' decline (BirdLife International 2000). The Brazilian 
merganser is considered extinct in Mato Grosso do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, 
Sao Paolo, and Santa Catarina (ibid.). There is only one recent record 
from Misiones, Argentina (Benstead 1994; Hearn 1994, as cited in Collar 
et al. 1994), and it was last recorded in Paraguay in 1984 (BirdLife 
International 2001). There is little, if any, habitat left (Brooks et 
al. 1993, as cited in Collar et al. 1994). This species is legally 
protected in Brazil, where it occurs in three Brazilian national parks 
(del Hoyo et al. 1992).
    This species does not represent a monotypic genus, but it faces 
threats that are high in magnitude and imminent. It therefore receives 
a priority rank of 2.
Cauca guan (Penelope perspicax)
    The cauca guan is endemic to the west slopes of the West and 
Central Andes (Risaralda, Quindio, Valle del Cauca, and Cauca), 
Colombia (Collar et al. 1992). The stronghold for the species is in the 
Ucumari Regional Park, Risaralda (BirdLife International 2000). The 
Cauca guan inhabits large, humid primary forests at 1,600-2,150m 
(Salaman in litt. 1999, as cited in BirdLife International 2000). 
Records at 900-1,600m have been from plantations of exotic broadleaf 
trees, secondary forest, and forest edge (BirdLife International 2000). 
This species was not considered uncommon at the beginning of the 20th 
Century, but has suffered from severe loss of habitat (del Hoyo et al. 
1994). The current population estimates is 1,000-2,499 individuals with 
a decreasing trend (BirdLife International 2000). It is also hunted for 
food even in some protected areas, except in Ucumari (ibid.). It is 
listed as Endangered by IUCN because it has a very small range in which 
severely fragmented habitat patches are declining (IUCN 2002). Its 
population is believed to be very small and divided into extremely 
small sub-populations, which are inferred to be declining from ongoing 
habitat loss and hunting (ibid.).
    This species does not represent a monotypic genus, but faces 
threats that are high in magnitude and imminent. This species therefore 
receives a priority rank of 2.
Southern helmeted curassow (Pauxi unicornis)
    The southern helmeted curassow is known from central Bolivia and 
central and eastern Peru, where it inhabits dense, humid, lower montane 
forest and adjacent evergreen forest at 450-1,200m (BirdLife 
International, 2000). The fallen nuts of the almendrillo (Bryrsonima 
wadsworthii) constitute this species' major food, and it presumably 
also takes other fallen fruits, including those from three types of 
laurels and negrillo (del Hoyo et al. 1994). The southern helmeted 
curassow is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, and the 
population is estimated at fewer than 10,000 birds, with a decreasing 
population trend (BirdLife International 2000). In Bolivia, 
professional hunters have caused a decline in the population. In 
addition, local people in the area fashion cigarette lighters from the 
curassow's horn, or casque (Cordier 1971, as cited in Collar et al. 
1992). In Amboro National Park, the bird is often eaten and its head 
skewered for use in folk dances (Hardy 1984, as cited in Collar et al. 
1992). Other threats include forest clearing within its range, road 
building and development, and in Peru, oil exploration (BirdLife 
International 2000). Large parts of the southern helmeted curassow's 
range are protected by inclusion in the Amboro and Carrasco National 
Parks. Further work in the low Andean foothills and outlying ridges in 
the region of the Peru-Bolivia border is likely to reveal new 
populations (Collar et al. 1992). Discovery of new populations, as well 
as increased protections in Bolivian national parks and other specific 
measures to conserve the species, could lead to future reclassification 
(IUCN 2002).
    The southern helmeted currasow does not represent a monotypic 
genus. It faces threats that are moderate in magnitude and imminent. 
Therefore, it receives a priority rank of 8.
Blue-billed curassow (Crax alberti)
    The blue-billed curassow historically occurred in northern 
Colombia, from the base of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta west to the 
Sinu Valley and south in Magdalena Valley to north Tolima (BirdLife 
International 2000). It inhabits humid forest in lowlands and foothills 
and on lower mountain slopes in the tropical zone. This species of 
curassow occurs up to 1,200 m, but is more common below 600 m (del Hoyo 
et al. 1994). It feeds on fruit, shoots,

[[Page 29363]]

invertebrates, and possibly carrion (BirdLife International 2000).
    The blue-billed curassow is categorized as Critically Endangered in 
the 2002 IUCN Red List and is listed in Appendix III of CITES by 
Colombia. The species was not common anywhere in the Santa Marta region 
at the beginning of the 20th Century, although it was perhaps most 
numerous in the humid lowlands of the north coast (Todd and Carriker 
1922, as cited in Collar et al. 1992). It was becoming very rare 
(Haffner 1975, as cited in Collar et al. 1992), and by the 1980s it had 
disappeared from most places in which it had previously been found 
(Estudillo Lopez 1986, as cited in Collar et al. 1992). The population 
was estimated at 1,000-2,500 birds in 1994, and local reports have 
indicated more recent and rapid declines (BirdLife International 2000). 
Previous reports indicated that, outside of a few forest patches 
bordering national parks, the species is almost extinct (L.M. Renjifo, 
Z. Calle, D. Rodriguez personal communications, as cited in Brooks and 
Strahl 2000). However, some sites believed to harbor the species have 
been recently identified in work supported by the World Pheasant 
Association International (Cuervo and Salaman 1999, as cited in Brooks 
and Strahl 2000). Rapid deforestation in this species' range over the 
past decade has left little habitat. Given increased access and 
hunting, this curassow could undergo an extremely rapid population 
reduction (BirdLife International 2000). The blue-billed curassow is 
perhaps one of the most endangered species identified as an immediate 
conservation priority by the Cracid Specialist Group (Brooks and Strahl 
2000). Recent international trade in this bird may be cause for alarm 
(J. V. Rodriguez personal communication, as cited in Brooks and Strahl 
2000).
    The blue-billed currasow does not represent a monotypic genus. It 
faces threats that are high in magnitude and imminent, and therefore it 
receives a priority rank of 2.
Cantabrian capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus cantabricus)
    The Cantabrian capercaillie inhabits the Cantabrian Mountains of 
northern Spain (Storch 2000). It occupies a forest and woodland habitat 
that is mainly coniferous (especially Pinus sylvestris), but also 
contains species such as Piscea and Abies and isolated broad-leaved 
forests (BirdLife International 2000). It prefers extensive areas of 
old, shady forest, often with damp soil and interspersed bogs, areas of 
peat or glades, and a dense undergrowth of ericaceous plants (ibid.). 
It is currently treated as a subspecies of the western capercaillie 
Tertrao urogallus, which is not globally threatened. However, the 
subspecies cantabricus was considered to be endangered in the Red Data 
Book of 1978-1979 (Storch 2000; BirdLife International 2000). The 
population is presently estimated at 250-300 adult males, equivalent to 
a total population size of fewer than 1,000, but it is probably only 
600-750 birds (A. Lucio personal communication, as cited by Storch 
2000). The Cantabrian Capercaillie Group estimates that numbers have 
declined by 25-50 percent over the past 10-15 years (Storch 2000). 
Habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation related to forestry and 
tourism, illegal hunting, and disturbance by human outdoor activities 
have been identified as the major causes of decline (J. Castroviejo, 
personal communication, as cited by Storch 2000).
    This is a subspecies that faces threats that are high in magnitude 
and imminent. It receives a priority rank of 3.
Gorgeted wood-quail (Odontophorus strophium)
    The gorgeted wood-quail occurs on the west slope of the east Andes 
of Colombia in Santander and Cundinamarca (Collar et al. 1992). It is 
found on the forest floor of temperate and subtropical forests at 
1,500-2,050 m, especially those dominated by Quercus humboldtii (del 
Hoyo et al. 1994). The gorgeted wood-quail is probably dependent on 
primary forest for at least part of its life cycle, although it has 
been recorded in degraded habitats and secondary forest (BirdLife 
International 2000). Since the 17th Century, the west slope of the East 
Andes has been extensively logged and converted to agriculture (Stiles 
et al. 1999). Forest loss below 2,500 m has been almost complete 
(Stattersfield et al. 1998), with habitat reduced in many areas to 
tiny, isolated relicts on steep slopes and along streams (Stiles et al. 
1999). This species is considered Critically Endangered by IUCN because 
it has an extremely small range (IUCN 2002). The population is 
estimated to be 250-999 individuals and declining (BirdLife 
International 2000). Additionally, until 1923, it was known only from 
Cundinamarca, but recent records have come from one of the only 
remaining areas of suitable habitat around Virolin in Santander 
Department, where logging and hunting are prevalent (Collar et al. 
1992). Some habitat regeneration has occurred following the abandonment 
of marginal land (ibid.). Less disturbed and ornithologically unknown 
forests in west Boyaca and Santander might retain populations of this 
species (BirdLife International 2000). In November 1993, 100 
km2 of forest at Virolin was gazetted as a reserve, the 
Guanenta--Alto Rio Fonce Flora and Fauna Sanctuary (Andrade and Repizzo 
1994), which provides some protection.
    This species does not represent a monotypic genus. The threat to 
the species is high in magnitude and imminent. It receives a priority 
rank of 2.
Junin rail (Laterallus tuerosi)
    The Junin rail is endemic to the Andean Highlands of central Peru 
along the shores of Lago de Junin (BirdLife International 2000). It is 
known to inhabit the rushy marsh vegetation bordering the lake, but 
details on habitat preference are lacking (Fjeldsa 1983, as cited in 
Collar et al. 1992). These secretive birds have been seen in areas that 
contain mosaics of small beds of 1-m-tall Juncus andecolus and open 
areas with bottom mosses and herbs (ibid). This species is classified 
as Endangered in the 2002 IUCN Red List because it has a very small 
range around a single lake where habitat quality is declining (IUCN 
2002). The population estimate for this species is 1,000-2,499 birds, 
with a decreasing population trend (BirdLife International 2000). Since 
1955, Lago de Junin has been affected by pollution and human-induced 
water-level changes, which may be adversely affecting the fringe 
vegetation (J. Fjeldsa 1987 personal communication, as cited in Collar 
et al. 1992). Reed marshes have also been dessicated from drought and 
unsustainable water management by Electro Peru and occasional flooding 
with highly acidic water from the Cerro de Pasco mines (J. Fjeldsa in 
litt. to Taylor and van Perlo 1998, as cited in BirdLife International 
2000). Although the lake is a national reserve, this has not influenced 
mining and dam-building activities.
    The Junin rail does not represent a monotypic genus. It faces 
threats that are high and imminent. It therefore receives a priority 
rank of 2.
Bogota rail (Rallus semiplumbeus)
    The Bogota rail is found in the East Andes of Colombia on the 
Ubate-Bogota Plateau in Cundinamarca and Boyaca. It occurs in the 
temperate zone, at 2,500-4,000 m (occasionally as low as 2,100 m) in 
savanna and paramo marshes (BirdLife International 2000). This rail 
frequents wetland habitats that are fringed by dense, tall reeds and 
bulrushes, and contain vegetation-rich

[[Page 29364]]

shallows. It often feeds along the water's edge, in flooded pasture, 
wet fen, or within patches of dead water-logged vegetation nearby 
(Varty et al. 1986; Fjeldsa and Krabbe 1990). It feeds primarily on 
aquatic invertebrates and insect larvae, but also takes worms, 
molluscs, dead fish, frogs, tadpoles, and plant material (Varty et al. 
1986).
    This species is listed as Endangered by the IUCN primarily because 
its range is very small and contracting, in part due to local 
extirpations. The population has become severely fragmented and is 
declining for a variety of reasons, including habitat loss and 
degradation (IUCN 2002). The current population is estimated to be 
between 1,000 and 2,499 individuals and is decreasing (BirdLife 
International 2000). Although the Bogota rail is declining, it is still 
uncommon to fairly common, with some notable populations, including 
approximately 400 birds at Laguna de Tota, about 50 territories at 
Laguna de la Herrera, about 110 birds at Parque La Florida, and those 
at La Conejera marsh and Laguna de Fuquene (BirdLife International 
2000). Some of the birds occur in protected areas such as Chingaza 
National Park and Carpanta Biological Reserve. However, savanna 
wetlands are virtually unprotected.
    The Bogota rail does not represent a monotypic genus. It is subject 
to threats that are moderate in magnitude and imminent. Therefore, it 
receives a priority rank of 8.
Takahe (Porphyrio mantelli; Previously Referred to as Notornis 
mantelli)
    The takahe is endemic to New Zealand and is unique as the world's 
largest living member of the rail family (del Hoyo et al. 1996). The 
species, Porphyrio mantelli, is the remnant of the South Island 
population resulting from speciation. The North Island species 
Porphyrio hochstetteri, which was taller and thinner boned, is extinct 
(TerraNature Trust 2003). Subfossils show that this bird was once 
widespread in the North and South Islands. However, when this species 
was rediscovered in 1948, it was confined to the Murchison Mountains in 
Fiordland (BirdLife International 2000). It is restricted to alpine 
tussock grasslands on the mainland and feeds primarily on juices from 
the bases of snow tussock and the rhizome of a fern species (ibid.). 
The takahe is listed as Endangered by the IUCN because it has an 
extremely small population (IUCN 2002). The main cause of the species' 
decline was competition for food from the introduced red deer, Cervus 
elaphus, which also modified habitat by grazing (del Hoyo et al. 1996). 
It may also be affected by predation by stoats, Mustela erminea 
(BirdLife International 2000). Other potential competitors or predators 
include the introduced brush-tailed possum, Trichosurus vulpecula, and 
the threatened weka, Gallirallus australis (New Zealand Department of 
Conservation 1997). For the last 20 years, the population has 
fluctuated between 100 and 160 birds (Maxwell in press, as cited in 
BirdLife International 2000). Populations have been established on four 
predator-free offshore islands--Kapiti, Mana, Tiritiri Matangi, and 
Maud--from birds translocated between 1984 and 1991 (BirdLife 
International 2000). Overall, numbers are slowly increasing due to 
intensive management of these island populations, although there are 
fluctuations in the remnant mainland population (IUCN 2002). Since the 
1960s, deer have also been controlled in the Murchison Mountains 
(BirdLife International 2000).
    The takahe does not represent a monotypic genus. It faces threats 
that are moderate in magnitude and imminent. Therefore, it receives a 
priority rank of 8.
Chatham oystercatcher (Haematopus chathamensis)
    The Chatham oystercatcher is endemic to the Chatham Islands, New 
Zealand (BirdLife International 2000). It is mostly found on rocky 
shores, less often on sandy or gravel beaches, and sometimes nests in 
sites with some short vegetation (del Hoyo et al.1996). This species is 
classified as Endangered in the 2002 IUCN Red List because it has a 
very small population (IUCN 2002). The Chatham oystercatcher population 
has increased from approximately 50 birds in the early 1970s to 100-110 
birds in the breeding season of 1987-1988, which included 44 breeding 
pairs (del Hoyo et al. 1996). A census conducted in 1998 revealed 140-
150 birds, which represented a significant increase (BirdLife 
International 2000). However, numbers of birds on South East Island 
appear to have gradually declined since the 1970s (Schmechel and 
O'Connor 1999, as cited in BirdLife International 2000). Introduced 
predators, as well as cattle and sheep, are a major threat on Pitt and 
Chatham Islands (BirdLife International 2000). South East and Mangere 
are free of mammalian predators, but populations are highly variable, 
and the causes of the decline occurring on South East Island are 
unknown (Schmechel and O'Connor 1999, as cited in BirdLife 
International 2000). The birds on the Chatham Islands are protected 
through active management. Nest manipulation, fencing, signage, 
intensive predator control, and a research program aimed at assessing 
the effects of predators, flooding, and management on breeding success 
have been initiated (BirdLife International 2000).
    The Chatham oystercatcher does not represent a monotypic genus. It 
faces threats that are moderate in magnitude and imminent, and 
therefore it receives a priority rank of 8.
Jerdon's courser (Rhinoptilus bitorquatus; previously referred to as 
Cursorius bitorquatus)
    Jerdon's courser is endemic to southern India, where it is 
principally known from southern Andhra Pradesh, from the Godaveri River 
Valley near Sironcha and Bhadrachalam, and from the Cuddapah and 
Anantapur areas in the valley of the Pennar River (Ripley and Beehler 
1989; Ali and Ripley 1968-1998, as cited in BirdLife International 
2001). It is found in sparse, thorny and non-thorny scrub-forest and 
bushes, interspersed with patches of bare ground, in gently undulating 
rocky foothills (BirdLife International 2000). Historically, it was 
known from just a few records in the Pennar and Godavari river valleys 
and was assumed to be extinct until 1986, when it was rediscovered 
around Lankamalai.
    Jerdon's courser is listed as Critically Endangered by the IUCN 
because of its single small, declining population. It is thought to be 
threatened by exploitation of the scrub-forest, livestock grazing, 
disturbance, and quarrying (IUCN 2002). The population estimate for 
this species is 50-249 birds, with a decreasing population trend 
(BirdLife International 2000). Very few individuals have been recorded 
so far, mainly due to its nocturnal, shy, and retiring habits (ibid.). 
Between 1986 and 1995, there have been eight sightings of the species 
in the Lankamalai area (Bhushan 1995, as cited in BirdLife 
International 2001). However, it may occur in much higher densities 
than currently known (BirdLife International 2001). Members of the 
Yanaadi community, who played a major role in the rediscovery of the 
species, were employed by the State Forest Department to locate 
individuals in other localities and habitats in the Eastern Ghats, but 
the results are unknown (Bhushan 1995, as cited in BirdLife 
International 2001).
    Jerdon's courser does not represent a monotypic genus. The current 
threat to the species is high and imminent, and therefore, it receives 
a priority rank of 2.

[[Page 29365]]

Slender-billed curlew (Numenius tenuirostris)
    The slender-billed curlew migrates along a west-southwest route 
from Siberia through central and eastern Europe (predominantly Russia, 
Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, and Yugoslavia) to 
southern Europe (Greece, Italy, and Turkey) and northern Africa 
(Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia) (BirdLife International 2000). Breeding 
has only been confirmed near Tara, north of Omsk, in Siberia, Russia, 
between 1914 and 1924; there have been no breeding records since 1925 
(del Hoyo et al. 1996). The only known nests were recorded on the 
northern limit of the forest--steppe zone in habitat more typical of 
taiga marsh (BirdLife International 2000). During migration and winter, 
a wide variety of habitats are used, including steppe grassland, 
marshland, salt pans, brackish lagoons and wetlands, tidal mudflats, 
fish ponds, semi-desert, and sandy farmland next to lagoons (ibid.).
    During the 19th Century, the slender-billed curlew was regarded as 
very common (BirdLife International 2000), but declined dramatically in 
the 20th Century. It is considered Critically Endangered by the IUCN 
because it has an extremely small population and the number of birds 
recorded annually continues to decrease (IUCN 2002). This species is 
also listed in CITES Appendix I. Flocks of over 100 birds were recorded 
from Morocco as late as the 1960s and 1970s (BirdLife International 
2000). However, between 1980 and 1990, there were only 103 records 
involving 316-326 birds, and from 1990 to 1999, this dropped to 74 
records involving 148-152 birds (ibid.). Most recent records are of 1-3 
birds, with the exception of a flock of 19 birds in Italy in 1995. In 
1994, the population was estimated at only 50-270 birds, but records 
suggest it may now be lower. Threats to the breeding grounds are 
unknown (BirdLife International 2000), although it has recently been 
suggested that the main breeding areas may have been located in the 
steppe zone, which has been cultivated on a large scale, perhaps 
explaining the rapid decline of the species (del Hoyo et al. 1996). 
Historically, hunting was high and may have been a key factor in the 
species' historical decline (BirdLife International 2000). Wetlands in 
North Africa and the Mediterranean, and potentially important areas in 
Iraq, have been extensively drained (ibid.).
    The slender-billed curlew does not represent a monotypic genus. The 
magnitude of threat to the species is high, but non-imminent. 
Therefore, the priority rank for this species is 5.
Marquesan imperial-pigeon (Ducula galeata)
    The Marquesan imperial-pigeon is endemic to Nuku Hiva in the 
Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia. It is restricted to valleys in 
remote wooded valleys from 250 to1,300 m elevation in the west and 
north of the island. It is also seen in secondary forest and at the 
edge of banana and orange plantations (BirdLife International 2002). 
The Marquesan imperial-pigeon is categorized as Critically Endangered 
in the 2002 IUCN Red List because it has a very small population on one 
tiny island (IUCN 2002). Illegal hunting is the main threat, and the 
species' habitat has been modified and degraded by introduced 
vegetation and grazing from feral livestock (BirdLife International 
2002). In 1975, the population was estimated at 200-400 birds by 
Holyoak and Thibault (1984), and in 1998, a minimum of 85 birds was 
seen and the population was estimated at about 250 birds (Evva 1998). 
The Marquesan imperial-pigeon survives because it exists in several 
areas that are difficult to access by hunters and introduced grazers, 
and that have not been colonized by rats (IUCN 2002).
    The Marquesan imperial-pigeon is a species that does not represent 
a monotypic genus. It faces threats that are of high magnitude and 
imminent. Therefore, it receives a priority rank of 2.
Salmon-crested cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis)
    The salmon-crested cockatoo is found, and perhaps endemic to, Seram 
in the South Moluccas, Indonesia, with records from the adjacent 
islands of Haruku, Saparua, and Ambon. There is some speculation that 
records from locales other than Seram might all relate to birds of 
captive origin (BirdLife International 2001). Lowland rain forest below 
altitudes of 1,000 m and unlogged lowland forest below 300 m are 
clearly the most productive habitat (Marsden 1998). Studies conducted 
in 1998 suggested that habitat rich in strangler fig trees and the key 
nest tree, Octomeles sumatranus, holds the highest densities of 
cockatoos, but this needs confirmation (Kinnaird et al. in prep., as 
cited in BirdLife International 2000). The diet of salmon-crested 
cockatoos consists of seeds, nuts (including coconuts), berries, and 
insects and their larvae (Forshaw 1989).
    The salmon-crested cockatoo was formerly a common species of the 
lowlands within its range (del Hoyo et al. 1997). There are no recent 
records from Saparua and Haruku, and it may only survive at one 
locality on Ambon, which leaves almost the entire population on Seram 
in the Manusela National Park (BirdLife International 2000). This 
species is one of three threatened members of the suite of 14 bird 
species that are entirely restricted to the Seram Endemic Bird Area 
(BirdLife International 2001). It is listed as Vulnerable in the IUCN 
2002 Red List (IUCN 2002), and current populations are estimated as 
fewer than 10,000 individuals and decreasing (BirdLife International 
2000).
    By the 1980s, the species was being extensively and unsustainably 
trapped for the cage-bird market (BirdLife International 2000) and was 
placed on CITES Appendix II in 1981. It was estimated that 74,509 
individuals were exported from Indonesia between 1981 and 1990 
(BirdLife International 2000). Imports from Indonesia between 1983 and 
1988, as reported to CITES, averaged 9,571 per year (Marsden 1995, as 
cited in BirdLife International 2001), and allowing for unrecorded 
international trade, domestic trade, and mortality, it is estimated 
that at least 10,000 birds were being taken on Seram annually in the 
1980s (Kinnaird et al. [in prep.], as cited in BirdLife International 
2001). In October 1989, the salmon-crested cockatoo was transferred to 
CITES Appendix I. This listing resulted in a rapid drop to zero in 
officially traded birds, but the domestic consumption of the species 
remained high (BirdLife International 2001). Extrapolation from figures 
obtained by interviews in villages suggests that possibly thousands of 
birds (perhaps as many as 4,000, or 6.4 percent of the current 
estimated total) are still being captured each year (Kinnaird 1999, as 
cited in BirdLife International 2001). Forest loss, degradation, and 
fragmentation from timber extraction, settlement, and hydroelectric 
projects pose the other major threats. A program to raise local 
awareness, linked with the promotion of ecotourism, has recently been 
launched (BirdLife International 2000).
    The salmon-crested cockatoo does not represent a monotypic genus. 
It faces threats that are high in magnitude and imminent, and therefore 
it receives a priority rank of 2.
Orange-fronted parakeet (Cyanoramphus malherbi)
    The orange-fronted parakeet was treated as a species until it was 
first proposed as a color morph of C. auriceps in 1974 (Holyoak 1974, 
as cited in Snyder et al. 2000). However, recent

[[Page 29366]]

analysis has led to the suggestion that it should again be considered a 
distinct species (Triggs and Daugherty 1996). It is only known from two 
valleys on the South Island of New Zealand: the South Branch Hurunui 
River valley and the Hawdon River valley. Historically, it was once 
present on the North, most of the South, and Stewart Islands (BirdLife 
International 2000). This species is restricted to southern beech 
(Nothofagus spp.) forest (BirdLife International 2000), with a 
preference for areas bordering stands of mountain beech (N. solandri) 
(Snyder et al. 2000). It requires mature trees with natural hollows or 
cavities for nesting, and breeding of the species is linked with the 
irregular seed production by Nothofagus (BirdLife International 2000).
    The orange-fronted parakeet has an extremely small population and 
limited range. There have only been a few sightings since 1966 (Triggs 
and Daugherty 1996), and previous assessments of its status have ranged 
from more common than originally thought (Harrison 1970) to close to 
extinction (Mills and Williams 1980). It is classified as Endangered in 
the 2002 IUCN Red List and is listed in Appendix II of CITES. The 
population is estimated at 200-500 individuals and declining (BirdLife 
International 2000). The primary cause of decline is likely to be 
predation by stoats (Mustela erminea) and rats (Rattus spp.) (BirdLife 
International 2000). Hybridization with yellow-crowned parakeets (C. 
auriceps) has been observed at Lake Sumner (Snyder et al. 2000). 
Existing captive stocks also show signs of interbreeding with C. 
auriceps and should not be considered for any conservation action in 
the future (Triggs and Daugherty 1996). Monitoring and conservation of 
this species is problematic given the difficulty in separating it from 
C. auriceps (BirdLife International 2000).
    The orange-fronted parakeet does not represent a monotypic genus. 
It faces threats that are high but non-imminent. Therefore, it receives 
a priority rank of 5.
Uvea parakeet (Eunymphicus uvaensis; Previously Referred to as 
Eunymphicus cornutus uvaeensis)
    The Uvea parakeet is restricted to Uvea, New Caledonia. It was 
recently split from the horned parakeet E. cornutus on the basis of 
morphological and biochemical differences (O. Robinet in litt. 1999, as 
cited in BirdLife International 2000). It is found primarily in forest 
habitat, notably, those dominated by Agathis--Araucaria and general 
woodlands, and feeds on the berries of vines and the flowers and seeds 
of various trees and shrubs (del Hoyo et al. 1997). It is restricted to 
areas of old-growth forest with nesting holes, but highest numbers 
occur close to gardens with papayas (BirdLife International 2000).
    Early population estimates were alarmingly low for the Uvea 
parakeet, 70-90 birds and declining (Hahn 1993), but surveys yielded 
estimates of approximately 600 birds in 1993 and 750 birds in 1998 (P. 
Primot, in litt. 1999, as cited in BirdLife International 2000). It is 
classified as Endangered in the 2002 IUCN Red List because it occurs in 
a very small, declining area of forest on one small island (IUCN 2002). 
It was listed in Appendix I of CITES in July 2000, and had been 
previously listed in Appendix II. Habitat destruction in the last 30 
years has caused a 30-50 percent decline in primary forest. Threats 
also include an ongoing illicit pet trade, mostly for the domestic 
market. Nesting holes are cut open to extract nestlings, which make 
them unsuitable for future breeding. The lack of nesting sites is 
believed to be a limiting factor for the species (BirdLife 
International 2000). Juveniles may be taken by predators such as the 
native brown goshawk (Accipiter fasciatus). Introductions to the 
adjacent island of Lifou in 1925 and 1963 failed (BirdLife 
International 2000), possibly due to the presence of ship and Norwegian 
rats (Rattus norvegicus) (Snyder et al. 2000).
    A recovery plan for the Uvea parakeet was prepared for the period 
1997-2002, which included strong local participation in population and 
habitat monitoring (Snyder et al. 2000). It is becoming well known and 
celebrated as an island emblem (Robinet and Salas 1997). Illegal trade 
is being successfully addressed by increased awareness and law 
enforcement. A captive-breeding program was initiated in 1998 to 
restock the south of Uvea. Measures are being taken to control 
predators and prevent colonization by rats (BirdLife International 
2000). Current population numbers are increasing, but any relaxation of 
current conservation efforts or introduction of rats could lead to a 
rapid decline of the species (IUCN 2002).
    The Uvea parakeet does not represent a monotypic genus. It faces 
threats that are moderate and imminent, and therefore receives a 
priority rank of 8.
Blue-throated macaw (Ara glaucogularis)
    The blue-throated macaw is endemic to forest islands in the 
seasonally flooded Beni Lowlands (Lanos de Moxos) of Central Bolivia 
(Jordan and Munn 1993). It inhabits a mosaic of seasonally inundated 
savanna, palm-groves, forest islands, and possibly humid lowlands. This 
species is found in areas where there is an availability of palm-fruit 
food, especially Attalea phalerata (Hesse 1998, as cited in BirdLife 
International 2000). The region it inhabits lies at elevations between 
200 and 250 m (BirdLife International 2000). The species has not been 
seen congregating in large flocks, and is most commonly seen traveling 
in pairs, and on rare occasions may be found in small flocks of up to 
five individuals (Collar et al. 1992). The blue-throated macaw nests 
between November and March in cavities within large trees where one to 
two young are raised (BirdLife International 2000).
    The taxonomic status of this species was disputed for a long time, 
primarily because it was unknown in the wild to biologists until 1992 
(del Hoyo et al. 1997). However, trappers apparently discovered these 
birds sometime in the late 1970s or early 1980s. Between the early 
1980s and early 1990s, approximately 400-1,200 birds were exported from 
Bolivia, and many are now in captivity in the European Union and in 
North America (World Parrot Trust 2003). This species is severely 
threatened by past trapping for the national and international cage-
bird trade. Recent estimates indicate that there are between 75 and 150 
individuals in the wild (Snyder et al. 2000). It is categorized as 
Critically Endangered in the 2002 IUCN Red List and is listed in 
Appendix I of CITES. Trapping for the pet trade could still be a 
problem today, although some protection for known populations is in 
place. The Eco Bolivia Foundation patrols known populations by foot and 
motorbike, and the Armonia Association of Santa Cruz is searching the 
Beni for more populations. In addition, the Armonia Association is 
working on an awareness campaign aimed at the cattlemen's association 
to ensure that these birds are not hunted by trappers on their property 
(Snyder et al. 2000).
    The blue-throated macaw does not represent a monotypic genus. It 
faces threats that are moderate and imminent, and therefore receives a 
priority rank of 8.
Southeastern rufous-vented ground cuckoo (Neomorphus geoffroyi dulcis)
    The southeastern rufous-vented ground cuckoo is found in 
southeastern Brazil from Espirito Santo to Rio de Janeiro (del Hoyo et 
al. 1997). It is found in tropical lowland evergreen forests, where it 
feeds on large insects, scorpions, centipedes, spiders, small frogs, 
lizards, and occasionally seeds

[[Page 29367]]

and fruit (ibid.). The species is not globally threatened, although 
populations of ground cuckoos in southern Brazil appear to be under 
threat due to deforestation (ibid.). It is a rare, local, solitary 
species that requires large blocks of natural forest (ibid.). This 
extremely shy species is among the first to disappear if its primary 
forest habitat is disturbed, and in southeastern Brazil where it 
occurs, most of this type of forest has been destroyed (IUCN 1978-
1979). It is poorly known, has a small range, and is highly sensitive 
to human disturbance (BirdLife International 2001). This subspecies is 
protected under Brazilian law (IUCN 1978-1979).
    This is a subspecies facing threats that are high in magnitude and 
imminent. It therefore receives a priority rank of 3.
Margaretta's hermit (Phaethornis malaris margarettae; Previously 
Referred to as Phaethornis margarettae)
    Margaretta's hermit was first described as a new species in 1972 by 
A. Ruschi (Sibley and Monroe 1990). It is currently treated as a 
subspecies of the great-billed hermit (Phaethornis malaris) (Sick 
1993), which is not considered globally threatened. It is found in the 
understory of inundated lowland forest, secondary growth, bamboo 
thickets, and shrubbery. Margaretta's hermit is found in coastal East 
Brazil and is limited to forest remnants; consequently, it could be 
threatened by further habitat destruction (del Hoyo et al. 1999). The 
Margaretta's hermit is listed in Appendix II of CITES.
    Margaretta's hermit is a subspecies facing threats that are high 
and imminent. Therefore, it receives a priority rank of 3.
Black-breasted puffleg (Eriocnemis nigrivestis)
    The black-breasted puffleg is possibly now confined to the northern 
ridge crests of Volcan Pichincha, in Pichincha Province, northwest 
Ecuador (BirdLife International 2000). It may also occur on Volcan 
Atacazo, although there have only been three specimens found in 1898, 
with a possible sighting in 1983 in this location (Collar et al. 1992). 
It occurs in dwarf, humid elfin forest and paramo, at 3,100-4,500 m, 
from November through January and in humid temperate forest at about 
2,400 m at other times of the year (Philips 1989).
    There are a large number of museum specimens (over 100) for this 
species, suggesting it was more common in the past (ibid.). The only 
confirmed record between 1950 and 1993 was three individuals in 1980 
(BirdLife International 2000). Recent fieldwork targeting the species 
has produced more records, but it has clearly declined and is now rare 
within a very limited range (Philips 1989). The population estimate for 
this species is 50-249 birds, with a decreasing population trend 
(BirdLife International 2000). This species is classified as Critically 
Endangered in the 2002 IUCN Red List and is listed in Appendix II of 
CITES. It qualifies as critical because it has an extremely small range 
and the population is restricted to one location where habitat is being 
rapidly converted and there is ongoing volcanic activity (BirdLife 
International 2000). The main threat to the species is the taking of 
trees in the elfin forest for charcoal, although media coverage of the 
species has encouraged authorities to control access and forbid 
charcoal production (Philips 1989). In addition, until recently, potato 
cultivation and livestock grazing on ridge crests were causing suitable 
habitat in these areas to disappear rapidly (ibid.). Some of these 
ridges are almost completely devoid of natural vegetation, and even if 
black-breasted pufflegs still occur in these areas, they are most 
likely not numerous (BirdLife International 2000).
    The black-breasted puffleg does not represent a monotypic genus. 
The threat to the species is high and imminent. Therefore, it receives 
a priority rank of 2.
Chilean woodstar (Eulidia yarrellii)
    The Chilean woodstar is restricted to a very small area on the 
Pacific coast from Tacna, Peru, to extreme northern Antofagasta, Chile 
(Collar et al. 1992). It is only known to regularly breed in the Lluta 
and Azapa valleys, Arica Department, in extreme northern Chile 
(BirdLife International 2000). It inhabits desert river valleys and 
gardens, mainly from sea level to about 750 m and was found once at 
2,600 m (Collar et al., 1992). It is usually a solitary feeder and has 
been reported feeding in gardens on Lantana and Hibiscus flowers 
(Collar et al. 1992), but it is comparatively rare in such habitats 
(Howell and Webb in prep., as cited in BirdLife International 2000).
    The Chilean woodstar was reported to be common at the beginning of 
the 20th Century (Collar et al. 1992). More recently, surveys have 
found this species to be scarce to locally common (Howell and Webb in 
prep., as cited in BirdLife International 2000). It is unclear whether 
this represents a serious decline or previous observers did not come 
across flowering trees favored by this species (BirdLife International 
2000). The population estimate for this species is 2,500-10,000 birds 
with a decreasing population trend (BirdLife International 2000). This 
species is classified as Endangered in the 2002 IUCN Red List. It has a 
very small range, with all populations confined to remnant habitat 
patches in the two desert valleys where it occurs, which are heavily 
cultivated (IUCN 2002). The indigenous plants favored by the Chilean 
woodstar may be severely threatened by this cultivation (Collar et al. 
1992). The extent, area, and quality of suitable habitat are likely to 
be declining (ibid.). The Chilean woodstar is listed in Appendix II of 
CITES. All exports of hummingbirds from Peru and Chile are controlled 
(BirdLife International 2000).
    The Chilean woodstar represents a monotypic genus. It faces threats 
that are high in magnitude and non-imminent. It therefore receives a 
rank of 4.
Esmeraldas woodstar (Acestrura berlepschi)
    The Esmeraldas woodstar is restricted to a small area on the 
Pacific Slope of the Andes of western Equador (Esmeraldas, Manabi, and 
Guayas), where it is very rare and localized (BirdLife International 
2000). It is found in lowland, moist forest (del Hoyo et al. 1999). It 
has also been recorded in the canopy of semi-humid secondary growth at 
50'150 m in December-March, when it apparently breeds (Becker et al. 
2000). However, it has not been recorded in this habitat at other times 
of year, and there is no evidence concerning its long-term ability to 
survive in this type of forest (BirdLife International 2000).
    The Esmeraldas woodstar inhabits one of the most threatened forest 
habitats within the Neotropics (del Hoyo et al. 1999). All forest types 
within its range have greatly diminished due to logging and clearing 
for agriculture (Dodson and Gentry 1991, as cited in BirdLife 
International 2000). This species is classified as Endangered in the 
2002 IUCN Red List because it has a very small and severely fragmented 
range, which is experiencing rapid declines, presumably causing 
declines in the bird's population (IUCN 2002). The species is also 
listed in Appendix II of CITES. The population estimate for this 
species is 1,000-2,499 birds with a decreasing population trend 
(BirdLife International 2000). There is a serious current threat from 
persistent grazing by goats and cattle, which damage the understory and 
prevent regeneration (Dodson and Gentry 1991, as cited in BirdLife 
International 2000). Dodson and Gentry (1991) indicate that rapid 
habitat loss continues, at least in

[[Page 29368]]

unprotected areas, and extant forests will soon be removed. In Manabi 
Province, the Esmeraldas woodstar occurs in Machalilla National Park 
(Collar et al. 1992), but even here, it receives inadequate protection 
(BirdLife International 2000).
    The Esmeraldas woodstar does not represent a monotypic genus; 
however, it faces threats that are high in magnitude and imminent. 
Therefore, it receives a priority rank of 2.
Helmeted woodpecker (Dryocopus galeatus)
    The helmeted woodpecker is endemic to the southern Atlantic forest 
region of southeastern Brazil, eastern Paraguay, and northeastern 
Argentina (BirdLife International 2001). It is found in tall lowland 
and montane primary forest, in forest that has been selectively logged, 
and usually near large tracts of intact forest (ibid.). This woodpecker 
feeds on beetle larvae living beneath bark and forages primarily in the 
middle story of the forest interior (del Hoyo et al. 2002).
    Recent field work on the helmeted woodpecker has revealed that the 
species is less rare than once thought (BirdLife International 2000). 
It is listed as Vulnerable in the IUCN 2002 Red List. The current 
population is estimated at no more than 10,000 individuals and 
decreasing (BirdLife International 2000). The greatest threat to this 
species is widespread deforestation. Numerous sightings since the mid-
1980s has included a pair in the Brazilian State of Santa Catarina in 
1998, where the species had not been seen since 1946 (del Hoyo et al. 
2002). The helmeted woodpecker is protected by Brazilian law and 
populations occur in numerous protected areas throughout its range 
(BirdLife International 2000). Further studies are needed to clarify 
its distribution and status (del Hoyo et al. 2002).
    The helmeted woodpecker does not represent a monotypic genus. The 
magnitude of threat to the species is moderate and imminent. It 
therefore receives a priority rank of 8.
Okinawa woodpecker (Sapheopipo noguchii)
    The Okinawa woodpecker is endemic to Okinawa Island, Japan, in the 
Nansei Shoto (Ryukyu) Islands in southern Japan. It is confined to 
Kunigami-gun, with its main breeding areas along the mountain ridges 
between Mt. Nishime-take and Mt. Iyu-take (BirdLife International 
2000). This species is found in mature, subtropical moist evergreen 
broadleaf forests, much of which is now confined to hilltops (Brazil 
1991). It is found in forests that are at least 30 years old (Ikehara 
1988) in trees more than 20 cm in diameter (Research Center, Wild Bird 
Society of Japan 1993, as cited in BirdLife International 2001). The 
Okinawa woodpecker heavily uses rotting stubs as food sources, which 
suggests a dependence on old-growth forests with large, often moribund 
trees, accumulated fallen trees and debris, and undergrowth (Short 
1993, as cited in BirdLife International 2001). This woodpecker mainly 
nests in the tree Castanopsis cuspidata (Research Center, Wild Bird 
Society of Japan 1993, as cited in BirdLife International 2001). It 
feeds on large arthropods, notably beetle larvae, spiders, moths, and 
centipedes, plus fruit, berries, seeds, acorns, and other nuts (Winkler 
et al. 1995).
    The Okinawa woodpecker is considered the world's rarest extant 
picid and is categorized as Critically Endangered in the 2002 IUCN Red 
List. It was considered close to extinction in the 1930s, and in the 
early 1990s, the breeding population was estimated to be about 75 
birds, with the total population between 146 and 584 individuals. It 
has a single tiny, declining population, which is threatened by 
continued loss of mature forest to logging, dam construction, 
agriculture, and golf course developments (BirdLife International 
2000). Some conservation efforts are underway. Currently, it is legally 
protected in Japan. The Yambaru, a forest area in the Okinawa 
Prefecture, was designated as a national park in 1996, and conservation 
organizations have purchased sites where the woodpecker occurs to 
establish private wildlife preserves (del Hoyo et al. 2002).
    The Okinawa woodpecker represents a monotypic genus. This species 
faces threats that are moderate in magnitude and imminent. It therefore 
receives a priority rank of 7.
Yellow-browed toucanet (Aulacorhynchus huallagae)
    The yellow-browed toucanet is known from only two localities in 
north-central Peru, La Libertad, where it is uncommon, and Rio Abiseo 
National Park, San Martin, where it is apparently very rare (BirdLife 
International 2000). It has a narrow elevational distribution, 
inhabiting the canopy of montane wet cloud forests with mosses and 
epiphytes between 2,125 and 2,510 m (del Hoyo et al. 2002, Collar et 
al. 1992). This distribution may be related to the occurrence of the 
larger grey-breasted mountain toucan (Andigena hypoglauca) above 2,300 
m and the occurrence of the emerald toucanet (Aulacorhynchus prasinus) 
below 2,100 m (Schulenberg and Parker, as cited in Collar et al. 1992). 
However, its restricted range remains unexplained (ibid.). The yellow-
browed toucanet does not appear to occupy all apparently suitable 
forest available within its overall range (Schulenberg and Parker 
1997). Deforestation has been widespread in this region, but largely 
below this species' altitudinal range (BirdLife International 2000). 
However, coca growers have taken over forests within its altitudinal 
range, probably resulting in some reductions in this species range and 
population (ibid.). It is listed as Endangered by the IUCN because of 
its very small range (IUCN 2002). Current population size is unknown 
(BirdLife International 2000).
    The yellow-browed toucanet does not represent a monotypic genus. 
The magnitude of threat to the species is moderate and non-imminent. 
Therefore, it receives a priority rank of 11.
Royal cinclodes (Cinclodes aricomae)
    The royal cinclodes occurs in the Andes of southeastern Peru 
(Cuzco, Apurimac, and Puno) and adjacent Bolivia (La Paz) (BirdLife 
International 2000). It is found in tiny humid patches of Polylepis 
woodland and montane scrub, mainly at 3,500-4,800 m (Parker et al. 
1996). This species is classified as Critically Endangered in the 2002 
IUCN Red List because it has an extremely small population that is 
restricted to a severely fragmented and rapidly declining habitat (IUCN 
2002). In addition, no sub-population is thought to exceed 50 mature 
individuals (ibid.). The population estimate for this species is 50-249 
birds, with a decreasing population trend (BirdLife International 
2000). The main threat is the inability of Polylepis to regenerate due 
to the uncontrolled use of fire and heavy grazing (Fjeldsa and Kessler 
1996, as cited in BirdLife International 2000). Cutting for timber, 
firewood, and charcoal, although locally destructive, could be 
sustainable if regeneration was allowed to occur (ibid.). A local 
program aimed at educating families on Polylepis woodland and its birds 
seems to be working.
    The royal cinclodes does not represent a monotypic genus. The 
magnitude of threat to the species is high and the immediacy is 
imminent. We therefore have assigned a priority rank of 2 to this 
species.
White-browed tit-spinetail (Leptasthenura xenothorax)
    The white-browed tit-spinetail is restricted to a severely 
fragmented range in south-central Peru in the Runtacocha highland 
(Apurimac), the Nevado

[[Page 29369]]

Sacsarayoc Massif, and the Cordillera Vilcanota (Cuzco) (BirdLife 
International 2000). These birds occur in small, widely scattered 
patches of humid Polylepis woodlands at 3,700-4,550 m (ibid.). The 
white-browed tit-spinetail is categorized as Endangered in the 2002 
IUCN Red List because of its extremely small and fragmented range and 
population, which continue to decline due to habitat loss and a lack of 
habitat regeneration (IUCN 2002). The population is estimated at 250-
999 individuals and declining (BirdLife International 2000). 
Regeneration of Polylepis woodlands is prevented by uncontrolled fires, 
heavy grazing, and the inadequacy of afforestation projects, which are 
the greatest threats to the white-browed tit-spinetail (Fjeldsa and 
Kessler 1996, as cited in BirdLife International 2000). Although 
cutting for timber, firewood, and charcoal is locally destructive, it 
could be sustained if regeneration were allowed to occur. There have 
been attempts to draw local attention to the plight of Polylepis 
woodlands in Cuzco, which may lead to better environmental controls 
(ibid.).
    The white-browed tit-spinetail does not represent a monotypic 
genus. The magnitude of threat to this species is high and immediacy of 
threat is imminent. It has therefore received a priority rank of 2.
Black-hooded antwren (Formicivora erythronotos, Previously Referred to 
as Myrmotherula erythronotos)
    The black-hooded antwren is endemic to southeast Brazil and 
survives in a narrow coastal strip around the Baia Ilha Grande in south 
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (BirdLife International 2000; BirdLife 
International 2001). It has been found to occur mostly in the lush 
understory of modified restinga, early successional habitats such as 
secondary growth, and the understory of old secondary growth (BirdLife 
International 2000). This species was originally known from about 
twenty 19th Century skins, and thought to be extinct until it was 
rediscovered in 1987 (BirdLife International 2000). It has been 
classified as Endangered by IUCN (2002). Although the species is found 
at high densities at three sites, the overall range is very small and 
highly fragmented, and the species is likely to be declining rapidly in 
response to habitat loss (BirdLife International 2000). The population 
estimate for this species is 1,000-2,499 birds with a decreasing 
population trend (BirdLife International 2000). This species is 
threatened by development of the narrow coastal plain for tourism and 
beachside housing and widespread clearance of suitable habitat for 
pasture and plantations of Euterpe sp. palms (ibid.).
    The black-hooded antwren does not represent a monotypic genus. It 
faces threats that are high in magnitude and imminent, and therefore it 
receives a priority rank of 2.
Fringe-backed fire-eye (Pyriglena atra)
    The fringe-backed fire-eye is known only from a very restricted 
area in the vicinity of Salvador, coastal Bahia, and in south Sergipe, 
Brazil (Collar et al. 1992). It is found in the tangled undergrowth of 
lowland forests and appears to favor secondary growth and other semi-
open habitats where horizontal perches can be found near the ground. 
Recent population estimates indicate that between 250 and 999 
individuals remain in the wild, and the population is declining 
(BirdLife International 2000). The species is categorized as Critically 
Endangered in the 2002 IUCN Red List because of its extremely small 
range and declining habitat, and because it is known from a very few, 
highly fragmented localities (IUCN 2002). The fringe-backed fire-eye is 
protected under Brazilian law. The greatest threat to this species is 
habitat loss (BirdLife International 2000).
    This species does not represent a monotypic genus. It faces threats 
that are high in magnitude and imminent. It therefore receives a 
priority rank of 2.

Brown-banded antpitta (Grallaria milleri)

    The brown-banded antpitta is endemic to the Volcan Ruiz-Tolima 
Massif of the central Andes, Colombia (BirdLife International 2000). In 
Ucumari, this species has been recorded in three types of habitat with 
no significant difference in population: Early secondary growth 
vegetation with a high density of herbs and shrubs; the understory of 
30-year-old alder (Alnus) plantations; and the understory of 30-year-
old secondary forest (Kattan and Beltran 1997). Between 1911 and 1942, 
ten specimens were collected at elevations of 2,745-3,140 m in Caldas 
and Quindio (BirdLife International 2000; Kattan and Beltran 1997). It 
was not seen again until May 1994 in Ucumari Regional Park in Risaralda 
(Kattan and Beltran 1997). Eleven more birds were caught and banded 
during surveys conducted between 1994 and 1997 in a narrow elevational 
band of 2,400-2,600 m, and it was estimated that 106 individuals were 
present in a 0.63-km2 area (ibid., Kattan and Beltran 1999). 
During 1994-1997, additional observations of the bird were made on the 
southeast slope of Volcan Tolima in the Rio Toche Valley, which 
represents a range extension (Lopez-Lanus et al. 2000).
    The greatest threat to the brown-banded antpitta is habitat loss. 
In the Rio Toche Valley, forest has been converted to agriculture since 
the 1950s, and natural vegetation cover has been reduced to about 15 
percent between 1,900 and 3,200 m (BirdLife International 2000). This 
species is classified as Endangered in the 2002 IUCN Red List because 
it is known from very few locations in a very small range (IUCN 2002). 
In addition, habitat loss and degradation are continuing within this 
range (ibid.). The population estimate for this species is 250-999 
birds, with a decreasing population trend (BirdLife International 
2000). Significant numbers of this species are well protected in 
Ucumari Regional Park, Risaralda (Kattan and Beltran 1997). The Rio 
Toche watershed lacks any form of protection, and the limited remaining 
forest there continues to diminish and become increasingly fragmented 
(Lopez-Lanus et al. 2000).
    The brown-banded antpitta does not represent a monotypic genus. The 
threat to the species is high in magnitude and imminent. It therefore 
receives a priority rank of 2.
Brasilia tapaculo (Scytalopus novacapitalis)
    The Brasilia tapaculo occurs in the undergrowth of swampy gallery 
forest and dense streamside vegetation with impenetrable secondary 
growths of fern Pteridium aquilinum from Goias, the Federal District, 
and Minas Gerais, Brazil (Collar et al. 1992; BirdLife International 
2000, Negret and Cavalcanti 1985, as cited in Collar et al. 1992). 
Although the species was once considered rare (Sick and Texeira 1979, 
as cited in Collar et al. 1992), it is found in reasonable numbers in 
certain areas of Brasilia (D. M. Teixeira, in litt. 1987, as cited in 
Collar et al. 1992). The population is estimated at more than 10,000 
birds, with a decreasing population trend (BirdLife International 
2000). Currently, the IUCN Red List categorizes Scytalopus 
novacapitalis as Lower Risk/near threatened (IUCN 2002). This species 
has a very limited range and is presumably losing habitat around 
Brasilia. However, its distribution now seems larger than initially 
thought, and the swampy gallery forests where it is found have escaped 
clearance (D. M. Teixeira in litt. 1987, as cited in Collar et al. 
1992). The Brasilia tapaculo is currently protected by Brazilian law 
(Bernardes et al. 1990, as cited in Collar et al. 1992), and it is 
known from six protected areas

[[Page 29370]]

(BirdLife International 2000). Annual burning of adjacent grasslands 
limits the extent and availability of suitable habitat, as does wetland 
drainage and the sequestration of water for irrigation (BirdLife 
International 2000).
    The Brasilia tapaculo does not represent a monotypic genus. The 
magnitude of threat to the species is moderate and imminent. Therefore, 
it receives a priority rank of 8.
Kaempfer's tody-tyrant (Hemitriccus kaempferi; Previously Referred to 
as Idioptilon kaempferi)
    The Kaempfer's tody-tyrant is known from three localities in Santa 
Catarina, Brazil: one record each in 1929, 1950, and 1998 (BirdLife 
International 2000). It is found in humid lowland Atlantic forest. At 
one of these localities, at Salto do Pirai, these birds have typically 
been seen in forest edge, well-shaded secondary growth, and sections of 
low, generally epiphyte-laden open woodland in the vicinity of 
watercourses (Mazar Barnett et al. [in press], as cited by BirdLife 
International 2000). It feeds predominantly in the midstory of medium-
sized trees, and pairs appear to remain within small well-defined areas 
(ibid.). The Kaempfer's tody-tyrant is categorized as Endangered in the 
2002 IUCN Red List because of its extremely small range, with only two 
recent records in a single area (IUCN 2002). The population estimate is 
1,000-2,499 individuals and declining (BirdLife International 2000). 
There has been extensive deforestation in the Atlantic forest, and much 
of the lowland forest continues to be cleared in the vicinity of the 
two most recent sightings (BirdLife International 2000). The Kaempfer's 
tody-tyrant is protected by Brazilian law and occurs in one protected 
area (ibid.).
    This species does not represent a monotypic genus. Threats to the 
species are high in magnitude and imminent. We therefore have assigned 
a priority rank of 2 to this species.
Ash-breasted tit-tyrant (Anairetes alpinus)
    The ash-breasted tit-tyrant is confined to semi-humid Polylepis--
Gynoxys woodlands in the high Andes in Peru and Bolivia (BirdLife 
International 2000). There are two widely disjunct populations: the 
subspecies A. a. alpinus occurs in the Cordilleras Central and 
Occidental, Peru, and A. a. bolivianus occurs in the Cordillera 
Oriental, Peru, and in the Cordillera Real, Bolivia (BirdLife 
International 2000; Collar et al. 1992; Fjeldsa and Kessler 1996). It 
is relatively common in the Runtacocha highland, Apurimac, and the 
Cordillera Vilcabamba, Cuzco (Fjeldsa and Kessler 1996). The ash-
breasted tit-tyrant is categorized as Endangered in the 2002 IUCN Red 
List because of its very small, fragmented, and declining occupied 
range and population (IUCN 2002). The population is estimated at 250-
999 individuals and declining (BirdLife International 2000). Heavy 
grazing is the main threat, especially in Ancash, which, combined with 
the uncontrolled use of fire, prevents Polylepis regeneration (Fjeldsa 
and Kessler 1996 and G. Servat (in litt.), as cited in BirdLife 
International 2000). In addition, a change from camelid to sheep and 
cattle farming, erosion, and soil degradation caused by agricultural 
intensification and afforestation are contributory factors to the 
decline of the species (Fjeldsa and Kessler 1996). There have been some 
local successes with public awareness campaigns in Cuzco, Peru (ibid.).
    The ash-breasted tit-tyrant does not represent a monotypic genus. 
The threat to the species is high in magnitude and imminent. Therefore, 
we have assigned it a priority rank of 2.
Peruvian plantcutter (Phytotoma raimondii)
    The Peruvian plantcutter inhabits the coastal region of northern 
Peru from Tumbus to Lima (BirdLife International 2000). Recent records 
are from only four areas, and it is absent from much apparently 
suitable habitat (ibid.). It occurs in desert scrub, riparian thicket, 
and low woodland, usually dominated by Prosopis trees with some Acacia 
up to 550 m (ibid.). The Peruvian plantcutter is categorized as 
Endangered in the 2002 IUCN Red List because of its extremely small and 
fragmented range, and because the remaining habitat is subject to rapid 
and continuing destruction and degradation (IUCN 2002). The population 
is estimated at 250-999 individuals and declining (BirdLife 
International 2000). Threats include the conversion of coastal river 
valleys to cultivation, removal of the shrub layer by grazing goats, 
and burning and logging for firewood and charcoal (Engblom in litt., as 
cited by BirdLife International 2000).
    The Peruvian plantcutter does not represent a monotypic genus. 
Threats to the species are high in magnitude and imminent. Therefore, 
it receives a priority rank of 2.
St. Lucia forest thrush (Cichlherminia iherminieri sanctaeluciae)
    The St. Lucia forest thrush is found on St. Lucia Island in the 
West Indies (Raffaele et al. 1998). It mostly inhabits the undergrowth 
of mid- and high-altitude primary and secondary moist forest (Raffaele 
et al. 1998; Keith 1997, as cited in BirdLife International 2000). On 
St. Lucia, it is uncommon to rare, but was considered numerous in the 
late 19th Century (Keith 1997, as cited in BirdLife International 
2000). It is currently treated as a subspecies of the forest thrush 
(Cichlherminia Iherminieri), which is classified as Vulnerable in the 
2002 IUCN Red List because of human-induced deforestation and 
introduced predators (IUCN 2002). Habitat loss has occurred throughout 
the species' range, and other threats include competition with the 
bare-eyed robin, brood parasitism by the shiny cowbird, hunting by 
humans for food, and predation by mongooses and other introduced 
predators (Raffaele et al. 1998).
    This subspecies faces threats that are high and imminent. It 
therefore receives a priority rank of 3.
Eiao Polynesian warbler (Acrocephalus caffer aquilonis)
    The Eiao Polynesian warbler is restricted to dry forest on Eiao 
Island in the Marquesas Islands. Decker (1973) found that other races 
of the species occupy a variety of habitats possessing trees or tall 
bushes, ranging from cultivated areas to dense forests. On Eiao, by 
1960, only scraps of woodland remained, and after many years of grazing 
by introduced sheep and swine, it was described as being a barren 
desert of rock and orange clay. This warbler was apparently common in 
1922, when the Whitney South Sea Expedition collected a number of 
specimens (Holyoak 1975, as cited by IUCN 1978-1979). Three more 
individuals were collected in 2 days in 1929, and it was still present 
in small numbers in 1968 (ibid.). The population in 1987 was estimated 
at 100-200 individuals (Thibault, personal communication to Philippe 
Raust, Soci[eacute][eacute]t[eacute][eacute] d'Ornithologie de 
Polyn[eacute][eacute]sie 2003). Threats include alien invasive mammals 
and predators and a lack of regeneration of habitat (ibid.).
    The Eiao Polynesian warbler is a subspecies facing threats that are 
high in magnitude and imminent. It therefore receives a priority rank 
of 3.
Codfish Island fernbird (Bowdleria punctata wilsoni)
    The Codfish Island fernbird is found only in low scrub habitat on 
Codfish Island, off the northwest coast of Stewart Island, New Zealand 
(IUCN 1979). The vegetation of Codfish Island has been modified by the 
introduced Australian brush-tailed possum

[[Page 29371]]

(Trichosurus vulpecula), and fernbird numbers have been reduced by 
predation by the weka (Gallirallus australis scotti) and the Polynesian 
rat (Rattus exulans) (Merton 1974, personal communication, as cited in 
IUCN 1979). In 1966, this fernbird was considered relatively safe 
(Blackburn 1967, as cited in IUCN 1979), but estimates from 1975 
indicated a gradually declining population numbering approximately 100 
individuals (Bell 1975, as cited in IUCN 1979). At that time, it was 
absent from parts of Codfish Island that it had formerly occupied 
(Blackburn 1967, as cited in IUCN 1979). Several conservation measures 
have been completed on Codfish Island. The weka was eradicated from 
Codfish Island between 1980 and 1985 (Taylor 2000), and Polynesian rats 
were eradicated from Codfish Island in August 1998 (Conservation News 
2002). The fernbirds are now rebounding strongly on the island (Hayley 
Meehan, New Zealand Forest and Birds, personal communication, 2003).
    The Codfish Island fernbird is a subspecies that is now facing 
threats that are low to moderate in magnitude and imminent. It 
therefore receives a priority rank of 9.
Ghizo white-eye (Zosterops luteirostris)
    The Ghizo white-eye is endemic to Ghizo in the Solomon Islands 
(BirdLife International 2000). Birds are locally common in the 
remaining tall or old-growth forests located on Ghizo (Buckingham et 
al. 1995 and Gibbs 1996, as cited in BirdLife International 2000). It 
is less common in scrub close to large trees and in plantations 
(BirdLife International 2000), and it is not known whether these two 
habitats support sustainable breeding populations (Buckingham et al. 
1995, as cited in BirdLife International 2000). This species is 
classified as Endangered in the 2002 IUCN Red List because of its small 
population that is inferred to be declining because of habitat loss 
(IUCN 2002). The population estimate for this species is 250-999 birds 
with a decreasing population trend (BirdLife International 2000). The 
very tall old-growth forest on Ghizo is still under some threat from 
clearance for timber for local use, firewood, and gardens, and the 
areas of other secondary growth, which are sub-optimal habitats for 
this species, are under considerable threat from clearance for 
agricultural land (ibid.).
    The Ghizo white-eye does not represent a monotypic genus. It faces 
threats that are moderate and imminent, and therefore receives a 
priority rank of 8.
Medium tree-finch (Camarhynchus pauper)
    The medium tree-finch is endemic to Floreana in the Galapagos 
Islands, Ecuador (BirdLife International 2000). It is common in the 
highlands and considered uncommon to rare on the coast (Harris 1992). 
It is found in montane evergreen and tropical deciduous forest, the 
Scalesia zone, and humid scrub (Stotz et al. 1996). This poorly known 
species is considered Vulnerable by the IUCN because it has a very 
small range (IUCN 2002). The population estimate ranges from 1,000 to 
2,499 (BirdLife International 2000). Introduced species may be a threat 
because Floreana Island has a number of introduced predators and 
herbivores, including cattle, pigs, cats, dogs, and rats, and also 
suffers from extensive habitat destruction and degradation (Jackson 
1985). However, it is not known how any of these potential threats 
affects the species (BirdLife International 2000). Population trends 
for this species are also unknown (IUCN 2002). Predator control is 
occurring on Floreana, Santa Cruz, and Santiago Islands (H. Vargus and 
F. Cruz (in litt.) 2000, as cited in BirdLife International 2000). The 
Galapagos Islands are a national park and were declared a World 
Heritage Site in 1979 (BirdLife International 2000).
    The medium tree-finch does not represent a monotypic genus. The 
magnitude of threat to the species is moderate and immediacy is non-
imminent. We therefore give this species a priority rank of 11.
Cherry-throated tanager (Nemosia rourei)
    The cherry-throated tanager is currently known from Fazenda 
Pindobas IV in Espirito Santo, Brazil, where small numbers have been 
recorded since 1998 (Bauer et al. 2000). Prior to this time, this 
species was only known from one type specimen, collected around the 
mid-19th Century at Muriae, Minas Gerais, and from a flock of eight 
individuals seen in the region of Jatiboca, Espirito Santo, in 1941 
(Collar et al. 1992). The area of Espirito Santo is now devoid of 
forest (BirdLife International 2000). There have been probable 
sightings at the Augusto Ruschi (Nova Lombardia) Biological Reserve in 
1992 (Scott 1997) and Fazenda Pedra Bonita, Minas Gerais (Bauer et al. 
2000). It occurs primarily in the canopy of humid montane forests at 
elevations of 900-1,100 m (ibid.). The cherry-throated tanager is 
categorized as Critically Endangered in the 2002 IUCN Red List because 
of its extremely small range and because the population is only found 
in a single area (IUCN 2002). The population is estimated at 50-249 
individuals and declining (BirdLife International 2000). It is believed 
that extensive deforestation has had an adverse impact on this tanager 
(ibid.). This species is protected by Brazilian law and its conceivable 
range may include protected areas (ibid.). The owners of Fazenda 
Pindobas IV have expressed interest in protecting the remaining native 
forest on their property (Venturini, in litt. 2000, as cited in 
BirdLife International 2000).
    The cherry-throated tanager does not represent a monotypic genus. 
It faces threats that are high in magnitude and imminent, and therefore 
it receives a priority rank of 2.
Black-backed tanager (Tangara peruviana)
    The black-backed tanager is endemic to the coastal Atlantic forest 
region of southeastern Brazil, with records from Rio de Janeiro, Sao 
Paolo, Parana, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul, and Espirito Santo 
(BirdLife International 1992; Argel-de-Oliveira, in litt. 2000, as 
cited in BirdLife International 2000). It is largely restricted to 
coastal sand-plain forest and littoral scrub, also called restinga, and 
has also been found in secondary forests (BirdLife International 1992). 
The black-backed tanager is generally not considered rare within 
suitable habitat (BirdLife International 2000). It has a complex 
distribution with periodic local fluctuations in numbers owing to 
seasonal movements, at least in Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paolo (BirdLife 
International 1992). Clarification of these seasonal movements will 
provide an improved understanding of its actual conservation status 
(IUCN 2002). Population estimates range from 2,500 to 10,000 
individuals (BirdLife International 2000), and it is considered 
Vulnerable by the IUCN. Currently populations appear to be small and 
fragmented. The species is threatened by the rapid and widespread loss 
of restinga and occasionally appears in the illegal cage-bird trade 
(BirdLife International 2000).
    The black-backed tanager does not represent a monotypic genus. The 
threat to the species is low to moderate in magnitude, and the threat 
is non-imminent. Therefore, we give this species a priority rank of 11.
Lord Howe pied currawong (Strepera graculina crissalis)
    The Lord Howe Island subspecies of the pied currawong is endemic to 
the Lord Howe Island group in New South Wales, Australia. The highest 
densities

[[Page 29372]]

of nests are located on the slopes of Mt. Gower and in the Erskine 
Valley, with smaller numbers on the lower land to the north (Knight 
1987, as cited in Garnett and Gabriel 2000). This subspecies is highly 
mobile, and individuals can be found anywhere on the island as well as 
on offshore islands, such as the Admiralty group (Garnett and Gabriel 
2000). Territories of the pied currawongs include a section of stream 
or gully that is lined by tall timber (ibid.). They feed on dead rats, 
possibly chase and kill live ones, and have also been recorded taking 
seabird chicks, poultry, and the chicks of the Lord Howe woodhen 
(Tricholimnas sylvestris) and white terns (Gygis alba), as well as 
fruits and seeds (Hutton 1991 and McFarland 1994, as cited Garnett and 
Gabriel 2000). Local residents sometimes kill currawongs that have 
attacked poultry, woodhens, or terns (Garnett and Gabriel 2000). 
However, the effect of this killing on the overall population is 
unknown (ibid.). The Lord Howe pied currawong is listed as Endangered 
on the schedules of the New South Wales Threatened Species Conservation 
Act (Garnett and Gabriel 2000) because the subspecies is limited in 
range, only occurring on Lord Howe Island (New South Wales National 
Parks and Wildlife Service 2003). In the Action Plan for Australian 
Birds (2000), the current population is estimated at approximately 80 
mature individuals. The agency responsible for the conservation of this 
species is the New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service.
    The Lord Howe pied currawong is a subspecies facing threats that 
are low in magnitude and non-imminent. Therefore, it receives a 
priority rank of 12.

Findings on Species for Which Listing Is Warranted

    We will promptly prepare listing proposals for five of the species: 
The giant ibis (Pseudibis gigantean), black stilt (Himantopus 
novaezelandiae), Gurney's pitta (Pitta gurneyi), Socorro mockingbird 
(Mimodes graysoni), and caerulean paradise-flycatcher (Eutrichomyias 
rowleyi).
Giant ibis (Pseudibis gigantea)
    The giant ibis has undergone a massive reduction in range and is 
currently confined to open deciduous forest in extreme southern Laos 
and a larger area of northern and eastern Cambodia (BirdLife 
International 2001). It is still fairly widespread but extremely rare, 
with only a few birds surviving in southern Laos (BirdLife 
International 2000). Its historical range spanned central and 
peninsular Thailand, central and northern Cambodia, southern and 
central Laos, and southern Viet Nam (King et al. 1975, as cited in N.J. 
Collar et al. 1994). The giant ibis is now considered extinct in Viet 
Nam and Thailand (BirdLife International 2000). It seems always to have 
been uncommon and local throughout its range (del Hoyo et al. 1992). 
The giant ibis is a lowland bird, found in both open and forested 
wetland habitats (N.J. Collar et al. 1994).
    The giant ibis is categorized as Critically Endangered by the IUCN 
(IUCN 2002). In 1997, its population was estimated at about 250 birds, 
but this is probably too high and the population is very likely to be 
fewer than 50 mature individuals (BirdLife International 2000). The 
loss of wetlands is probably one of the main causes of decline, and the 
conversion for agriculture of the central valley of Chao Phraya is 
thought to have been instrumental in its extirpation from Thailand. The 
large size of the giant ibis probably makes it vulnerable to hunting 
(del Hoyo et al. 1992). Currently, the giant ibis is depicted in public 
awareness material in Laos and Cambodia as part of an ongoing campaign 
to reduce hunting of large waterbirds (BirdLife International 2000).
    The giant ibis does not represent a monotypic genus. The magnitude 
of threat to the species is high, and the immediacy of threat is 
imminent. We therefore give this species a priority rank of 2.
Black stilt (Himantopus novaezelandiae)
    The black stilt was formerly widespread across New Zealand (del 
Hoyo et al. 1996). Currently, breeding is restricted to the Upper 
Waitaki Valley, South Island, and small numbers of the species 
overwinter on North Island (BirdLife International 2000). It is found 
along riverbanks, lake shores, swamps, and shallow ponds. The black 
stilt is carnivorous, taking a variety of invertebrates and small fish 
(del Hoyo et al. 1996). Most individuals breed for the first time at 3 
years of age. The species typically lays four eggs per clutch and will 
usually re-nest if the first clutch is lost early in the season 
(BirdLife International 2000).
    The total population of black stilts crashed from 1,000 birds or 
more in 1950 to fewer than 100 birds in 1960 (del Hoyo et al. 1996). 
The current population estimate for the black stilt is 40 individuals 
and decreasing (BirdLife International 2000). It is considered 
Critically Endangered by the IUCN because it has declined recently to 
an effective population size of 18 breeding birds and is considered one 
of the most threatened shorebirds in the world (IUCN 2000). This 
species suffers from heavy predation, primarily from introduced animals 
such as cats, ferrets (Mustelo furo), stoats (M. Erminea), hedgehogs, 
brown rats (Rattus norvegicus), the native Australian harrier (Circus 
approximans), and kelp gull (Larus dominicanus) (BirdLife International 
2001). For nesting, the black stilt prefers dry banks where both cats 
and ferrets hunt (Pierce 1986, as cited in Collar et al. 1994). They 
are solitary nesters, have a long fledgling period, and exhibit 
ineffective anti-predator behavior, which all contribute to heavy 
losses from predation (del Hoyo et al. 1996). Nesting areas have also 
been destroyed by drainage, weed growth, and hydroelectric development 
(Collar et al. 1994). There is also interbreeding with the black-winged 
stilt (H. himantopus) as the population size decreases (del Hoyo et al. 
1996). The black stilt has been prevented from becoming extinct in the 
wild by the annual release of substantial numbers of captive-bred birds 
and through predator control (BirdLife International 2000).
    There are a number of conservation efforts under way for the black 
stilt. Predator control and captive rearing and release began in the 
early 1980s with mixed success (del Hoyo et al. 1996). Recent advances 
in release methods appear to have enhanced the initial survival of 
released birds from 20-45 to 80-100 percent (Chambers and MacAvoy 1999, 
as cited in BirdLife International 2000). Trapping for predators around 
all wild nests has been ongoing since 1997 (Maloney in litt. 1999, as 
cited in BirdLife International 2000). Water levels are being 
manipulated in managed wetlands where predators are controlled to 
attract birds to feed and possibly breed (Dowding and Murphy (in 
press), as cited in BirdLife International 2000).
    The black stilt does not represent a monotypic genus, but the 
magnitude of threat is high, and the immediacy of threat is imminent. 
We therefore assign this species a priority rank of 2.
Gurney's pitta (Pitta gurneyi)
    Historically, Gurney's pitta was restricted to the semi-evergreen 
rainforest biome of southernmost Myanmar and southern Thailand. 
Currently it occurs from a single small site, Khao Nor Chuchi, in Krabi 
Province, Thailand (BirdLife International 2001). This species is, and 
was, always restricted to extreme lowland semi-evergreen forest, 
usually below 160 m, with an understory

[[Page 29373]]

containing Salacca palms, where it nests (BirdLife International 2000). 
A central element of its territories are gully systems where moist 
conditions exist year-round and there is usually access to water in 
small streamlets. Moisture and shade appear to be crucial. Since almost 
all feeding takes place on the forest floor, the understory vegetation, 
humidity, composition of the leaf litter, and availability of 
earthworms appear to be of greatest importance in determining the 
distribution of Gurney's pitta (Gretton et al. 1993, as cited in 
BirdLife International 2001). Its diet consists of snails, worms, 
slugs, and insects of all kinds.
    Gurney's pitta was formerly common across much of its range. 
However, there have been no records of this species in Myanmar since 
1914, and there were no field observations in Thailand between 1952 and 
1986. Since 1986, intensive surveys have found individuals in at least 
five localities, although at present it only remains in one: Khao Nor 
Chuchi. In 1986 there were estimates of 44-45 pairs (BirdLife 
International 2000). Currently, this species has one of the lowest 
known populations of any bird species in the world, with only 11 pairs 
and two spare males counted in a survey at Khao Nor Chuchi (Y. Meekaeo 
(in litt.) 2000; P. D. Round in litt. 2000, as cited in BirdLife 
International 2001). It is considered Critically Endangered by the IUCN 
(2000). It was originally listed in Appendix III in Thailand in July 
1987, but was included in Appendix I of CITES in January 1990 (UNEP 
2001).
    The primary reason for the decline of this species has been the 
almost total clearance of lowland forest in southern Myanmar and 
peninsular Thailand through clear-felling for timber, unofficial 
logging and conversion to croplands, fruit orchards, coffee, rubber, 
and oil-palm plantations (BirdLife International 2000). Hunting is also 
a concern for this species. As recently as April 2000, hunting and 
trapping (including terrestrial birds) were still being regularly 
recorded in Khao Pra-Bang Khram Wildlife Sanctuary and the adjacent 
National Reserve Forest. This problem is exacerbated by the fact that 
there are few routine patrols so intruders run little risk of being 
intercepted (Bird Conservation Society of Thailand Bulletin, as cited 
in BirdLife International 2001). Snare-line trapping for the cage-bird 
trade is also a serious threat (BirdLife International 2000). These 
birds were relatively easy to obtain in Bankok from the late 1950s to 
the early 1970s and were entering trade within Thailand as well as to 
the United Kingdom and United States in the period 1966-1968 and in the 
early 1980s to June 1985 (Collar et al. 1986, as cited in BirdLife 
International 2001). In 1986, one major animal trading company in 
Bankok maintained that it still received 5-6 Gurney's pittas per year, 
and an unidentified contact claimed that as many as 50 birds per year 
were still entering trade in Thailand (Round and Treesucon 1986, as 
cited in BirdLife International 2001). Two male Gurney's pittas were 
seen in captivity in the Khao Khieo Open Zoo, Chonburi, in March 1996 
(F. R. Lambert [in litt.] 1998, as cited in BirdLife International 
2001), and three Gurney's pittas were confiscated from local villagers 
at Khao Nor Chuchi and returned the forest in the period 1990-1997 
(Round and Treesucon 1986, as cited in BirdLife International 2001).
    A number of conservation efforts have been initiated for the 
species. Khao Nor Chuchi was designated a Non-Hunting Area in 1987, and 
upgraded to a Wildlife Sanctuary in 1993. The Khao Nor Chuchi Lowland 
Forest Project was established in 1990, which entailed education 
programs and ecotourism, as well as engaging the local community in 
participatory management to help reduce pressure on the remaining 
forest. This has met with limited success. In addition, a series of 
breeding season censuses were conducted from 1987 to 1989, to locate 
and quantify populations in peninsular Thailand (BirdLife International 
2000).
    Gurney's pitta does not represent a monotypic genus. However, the 
magnitude of threat to the species is high and the immediacy of threat 
is imminent. We therefore assign this species a priority rank of 2.
Socorro mockingbird (Mimodes graysoni)
    The Socorro mockingbird is endemic to Socorro in the Revillagigedo 
Islands in Mexico, where it was the most abundant and widespread 
landbird in 1925 (Jehl and Parkes 1982, 1983). It was still considered 
abundant in 1958, but had declined dramatically and was feared to be on 
the brink of extinction by 1978 (BirdLife International 2000). Surveys 
in 1988-1990 resulted in estimates of 50-200 pairs (Castellanos and 
Rodriguez-Estella 1993). In 1993-1994, there were approximately 350 
individuals (Martinez-Gomez and Curry 1996). This species is found at 
elevations above 600 m principally in moist dwarf forests and ravines 
with a mixture of shrubs and trees (ibid.). The Socorro mockingbird is 
categorized as Critically Endangered in the 2002 IUCN Red List because 
of its extremely small range and because the high number of sub-adults 
found in the 1993-1994 survey suggests that the number of mature 
individuals is also very small (IUCN 2002). The population is estimated 
at 50-249 individuals and declining (BirdLife International 2000). 
There is no suitable nesting or foraging habitat remaining in the south 
of the island because of intensive grazing by sheep (Castellanos and 
Rodriguez-Estella 1993). There is also a possibility, but no 
substantial evidence of predation by feral cats (Martinez-Gomez and 
Curry 1996). The Revillagigedo Islands were declared a Bioshpere 
Reserve in 1994.
    The Socorro mockingbird represents a monotypic genus experiencing a 
high magnitude of threat that is imminent. We therefore give this 
species a priority rank of 1.
Caerulean paradise-flycatcher (Eutrichomyias rowleyi)
    The caerulean paradise-flycatcher is only known from the island of 
Sangihe, north of Sulawesi, Indonesia (BirdLife International 2001). 
This species is a sedentary insectivore that occupies primary 
broadleaf-trophophyllous forest on steep-sided valley slopes and valley 
bottoms with streams (BirdLife International 2000). Until 1998, the 
caerulean paradise-flycatcher was thought to be extinct. Currently, the 
total population is thought to lie between 50 and 100 birds (BirdLife 
International 2001). This flycatcher is considered Critically 
Endangered by the IUCN because of its tiny range and population, both 
of which have undergone a major and continuing decline due to habitat 
loss due to deforestation and conversion to agriculture (BirdLife 
International 2000; IUCN 2002). Since 1995, the Action Sampiri project 
has been conducting field work and conservation awareness programs, and 
developing ideas for future land use through agreements between 
interested parties in Sangihe and Talaud. Plans to reclassify 
``protection forest'' on Gunung Sahengbalira on Sangihe Island as a 
wildlife reserve, with core areas as a strict reserve, are under 
development (BirdLife International 2000).
    The caerulean paradise-flycatcher represents a monotypic genus that 
faces a high magnitude of threat that is imminent. We therefore assign 
this species a priority rank of 1.

Progress in Revising the Lists

    As described in section 4(b)(3)(B)(iii) of the Act, we must also 
show that we are making expeditious progress to add qualified taxa to 
the Lists of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants and

[[Page 29374]]

to remove from the lists taxa for which the protections of the Act are 
no longer necessary. We are making expeditious progress in listing and 
delisting taxa as represented by our publications in the Federal 
Register of the following high-priority actions: proposed rule and re-
opening of comment periods for three African antelopes (scimitar-horned 
oryx [Oryx dammah], addax [Addax nasomaculatus], and dama gazelle 
[Gazella dama)] (68 FR 43706, July 24, 2003; 68 FR 66395, November 26, 
2003); 12-month petition finding and proposed rule for Tibetan antelope 
(Pantholops hodgsonii) (68 FR 57646, October 6, 2003); proposed rule to 
delist the scarlet-chested parakeet (Neophema splendida) and turquoise 
parakeet (Neophema pulchella) (68 FR 52169, September 2, 2003); final 
rules for the population of dugong (Dugong dugon) in the Republic of 
Palau (68 FR 70185, December 17, 2003) and beluga sturgeon (Huso huso) 
(69 FR 21425, April 21, 2004); 90-day petition finding to delist the 
Mexican bobcat (Lynx rufus escuinapae) (68 FR 39590, July 2, 2003); and 
a 90-day petition finding and re-opening of comment period to list 
seven foreign butterfly taxa (Teinopalpus imperialis, Protographium 
marcellinus [previously referred to as Eurytides marcellinus], Mimoides 
lysithous harrisianus [previously referred to as Eurytides lysithous 
harrisianus], Parides ascanius, Parides hahneli, Troides [= 
Ornithoptera] meridionalis, and Pterourus esperanza [previously 
referred to as Papilio esperanza]) (not yet published). As stated 
above, we will promptly prepare listing proposals for five of the 
species: the giant ibis (Pseudibis gigantean), black stilt (Himantopus 
novaezelandiae), Gurney's pitta (Pitta gurneyi), Socorro mockingbird 
(Mimodes graysoni), and caerulean paradise-flycatcher (Eutrichomyias 
rowleyi).

Request for Information

    We request you submit any further information on the taxa named in 
this notice as soon as possible or whenever it becomes available. We 
especially seek information: (1) Indicating that we should remove a 
taxon from warranted or warranted-but-precluded status; (2) indicating 
that we should add a taxon to a list of candidate taxa; (3) documenting 
threats to any of the included taxa; (4) describing the immediacy or 
magnitude of threats facing these taxa; (5) pointing out taxonomic or 
nomenclatural changes for any of the taxa; (6) suggesting appropriate 
common names; or (7) noting any mistakes, such as errors in the 
indicated historical ranges.

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    Authority: This notice of review is published under the 
authority of the Endangered Species Act (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.).

                                           Table 1.--Candidate Review
           [R=listing no longer warranted/removed; C=listing warranted but precluded; L=to be listed]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
           Status
-----------------------------   Scientific name           Family            Common name         Historic range
    Category       Priority
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
R...............         N/A  Nothoprocta          Tinamidae..........  Kalinowski's         Peru.
                               kalinowskii.                              tinamou.
R...............         N/A  Podiceps andinus...  Podicipedidae......  Colombian grebe....  Colombia.
C...............           2  Podiceps             Podicipedidae......  Junin flightless     Peru.
                               taczanowskii.                             grebe.
R...............         N/A  Pseudobulweria       Procellariidae.....  Beck's petrel......  Papua New Guinea,
                               becki.                                                         Solomon Islands.
C...............           5  Pterodroma           Procellariidae.....  Fiji petrel........  Fiji.
                               macgillivrayi.
C...............           2  Pterodroma           Procellariidae.....  Chatham petrel.....  Chatham Islands,
                               axillaris.                                                     New Zealand.
C...............           8  Pterodroma cookii..  Procellariidae.....  Cook's petrel......  New Zealand.

[[Page 29377]]

 
C...............           2  Pterodroma           Procellariidae.....  Galapagos petrel...  Galapagos Islands,
                               phaeopygia.                                                    Ecuador.
C...............           2  Pterodroma magentae  Procellariidae.....  Magenta petrel.....  Chatham Islands,
                                                                                              New Zealand.
C...............          11  Puffinus heinrothi.  Procellariidae.....  Heinroth's           Bismarck
                                                                         shearwater.          Archipelago, Papua
                                                                                              New Guinea,
                                                                                              Solomon Islands.
C...............           2  Leptoptilos dubius.  Ciconiidae.........  Greater adjutant...  South Asia.
L...............           2  Pseudibis gigantea.  Threskiornithidae..  Giant ibis.........  Laos, Cambodia.
C...............           2  Phoenicopterus       Phoenicopteridae...  Andean flamingo....  Peru, Bolivia,
                               andinus.                                                       Chile, Argentina.
C...............           2  Mergus octosetaceus  Anatidae...........  Brazilian merganser  Brazil.
R...............         N/A  Ortalis vetula       Craciidae..........  Utila chachalaca...  Utila Island,
                               deschauenseei.                                                 Honduras.
C...............           2  Penelope perspicax.  Craciidae..........  Cauca guan.........  Colombia.
C...............           8  Pauxi unicornis....  Craciidae..........  Southern helmeted    Bolivia, Peru.
                                                                         curassow.
C...............           2  Crax alberti.......  Craciidae..........  Blue-billed          Colombia.
                                                                         curassow.
C...............           3  Tetrao urogallus     Tetraonidae........  Cantabrian           Spain.
                               cantabricus.                              capercaillie.
C...............           2  Odontophorus         Odontophoridae.....  Gorgeted wood-quail  Colombia.
                               strophium.
R...............         N/A  Perdix perdix        Phasianidae........  Italian grey         Italy.
                               italica.                                  partridge.
C...............           2  Laterallus tuerosi.  Rallidae...........  Junin rail.........  Peru.
R...............         N/A  Nesocolpeus          Rallidae...........  Bar-winged rail....  Fiji.
                               poecilopterus.
C...............           8  Rallus semiplumbeus  Rallidae...........  Bogota rail........  Colombia.
C...............           8  Porphyrio mantelli.  Rallidae...........  Takahe.............  New Zealand.
C...............           8  Haematopus           Haematopodidae.....  Chatham              Chatham Islands,
                               chathamensis.                             oystercatcher.       New Zealand.
L...............           2  Himantopus           Recurvirostridae...  Black stilt........  New Zealand.
                               novaezelandiae.
C...............           2  Rhinoptilus          Glareolidae........  Jerdon's courser...  India.
                               bitorquatus.
C...............           5  Numenius             Scolopacidae.......  Slender-billed       Russia, Kazakhstan,
                               tenuirostris.                             curlew.              Ukraine, Bulgaria,
                                                                                              Hungary, Romania,
                                                                                              Yugoslavia,
                                                                                              southern Europe,
                                                                                              Greece, Italy,
                                                                                              Turkey, Africa,
                                                                                              Algeria, Morocco,
                                                                                              and Tunisia.
C...............           2  Ducula galeata.....  Columbidae.........  Marquesan imperial-  Marquesas Islands.
                                                                         pigeon.
C...............           2  Cacatua moluccensis  Cacatuidae.........  Salmon-crested       South Moluccas,
                                                                         cockatoo.            Indonesia.
C...............           5  Cyanoramphus         Psittacidae........  Orange-fronted       New Zealand.
                               malherbi.                                 parakeet.
C...............           8  Eunymphicus          Psittacidae........  Uvea parakeet......  Uvea, New
                               uvaensis.                                                      Caledonia.
C...............           8  Ara glaucogularis..  Psittacidae........  Blue-throated macaw  Bolivia.
C...............           3  Neomorphus           Cuculidae..........  Southeastern rufous- Brazil.
                               geoffroyi dulcis.                         vented ground
                                                                         cuckoo.
R...............         N/A  Otus elegans         Strigidae..........  Lanyu scops owl....  Lanyu Island,
                               botelensis.                                                    Taiwan.
R...............         N/A  Glaucis hirsuta....  Trochilidae........  Hairy hermit.......  Panama, Colombia,
                                                                                              Bolivia,
                                                                                              Venezuela, the
                                                                                              Guianas, and
                                                                                              Brazil.
C...............           3  Phaethornis malaris  Trochilidae........  Margaretta's hermit  Brazil.
                               margarettae.
C...............           2  Eriocnemis           Trochilidae........  Black-breasted       Ecuador.
                               nigrivestis.                              puffleg.
C...............           4  Eulidia yarrellii..  Trochilidae........  Chilean woodstar...  Peru, Chile.
C...............           2  Acestrura            Trochilidae........  Esmeraldas woodstar  Equador.
                               berlepschi.
C...............           8  Dryocopus galeatus.  Picidae............  Helmeted woodpecker  Brazil, Paraguay,
                                                                                              Argentina.
C...............           7  Sapheopipo noguchii  Picidae............  Okinawa woodpecker.  Okinawa Island,
                                                                                              Japan.
C...............          11  Aulacorhynchus       Ramphastidae.......  Yellow-browed        Peru.
                               huallagae.                                toucanet.
C...............           2  Cinclodes aricomae.  Furnariidae........  Royal cinclodes....  Peru, Bolivia.
C...............           2  Leptasthenura        Furnariidae........  White-browed tit     Peru.
                               xenothorax.                               spinetail.
C...............           2  Formicivora          Thamnophilidae.....  Black-hooded         Brazil.
                               erythronotos.                             antwren.
C...............           2  Pyriglena atra.....  Thamnophilidae.....  Fringe-backed fire-  Brazil.
                                                                         eye.
C...............           2  Grallaria milleri..  Formicariidae......  Brown-banded         Colombia.
                                                                         antpitta.
R...............         N/A  Merulaxis            Rhinocryptidae.....  Stresemann's         Brazil.
                               stresemanni.                              bristlefront.
R...............         N/A  Tijuca condita.....  Cotingidae.........  Grey-winged cotinga  Brazil.
C...............           8  Scytalopus           Conopophagidae.....  Brasilia tapaculo..  Brazil.
                               novacapitalis.
C...............           2  Hemitriccus          Tyrannidae.........  Kaempfer's tody-     Brazil.
                               kaempferi.                                tyrant.
C...............           2  Anairetes alpinus..  Tyrannidae.........  Ash-breasted tit-    Peru, Bolivia.
                                                                         tyrant.
R...............         N/A  Serpophaga           Tyrannidae.........  Bananal tyrannulet.  Brazil.
                               araguayae.
C...............           2  Phytotoma raimondii  Phytotomidae.......  Peruvian             Peru.
                                                                         plantcutter.

[[Page 29378]]

 
L...............           2  Pitta gurneyi......  Pittidae...........  Gurney's pitta.....  Myanmar, Thailand.
R...............         N/A  Thryothorus          Troglodytidae......  Niceforo's wren....  Colombia.
                               nicefori.
L...............           1  Mimodes graysoni...  Mimidae............  Socorro mockingbird  Revillagigedo
                                                                                              Islands, Mexico.
C...............           3  Cichlherminia        Turdidae...........  St. Lucia forest     St. Lucia Island,
                               iherminieri                               thrush.              West Indies.
                               sanctaeluciae.
R...............         N/A  Turdus               Turdidae...........  Grey-headed          Norfolk Island,
                               poliocephalus                             blackbird.           South Pacific
                               poliocephalus.
R...............         N/A  Acrocephalus caffer  Sylviidae..........  Moorea reed-warbler  Moorea Island
                               longirostris.                                                  (Society Islands),
                                                                                              South Pacific.
C...............           3  Acrocephalus caffer  Sylviidae..........  Eiao Polynesian      Marquesas Islands.
                               aquilonis.                                warbler.
C...............           9  Bowdleria punctata   Sylviidae..........  Codfish Island       Codfish Island, New
                               wilsoni.                                  fernbird.            Zealand.
R...............         N/A  Trichocichla rufa..  Sylviidae..........  Long-legged          Fiji.
                                                                         thicketbird.
L...............           1  Eutrichomyias        Monarchidae........  Caerulean paradise-  Sangihe Island,
                               rowleyi.                                  flycatcher.          Sulawesi,
                                                                                              Indonesia.
R...............         N/A  Pomarea mendozae     Monarchidae........  Ua Pu flycatcher...  Marquesas Islands,
                               mira.                                                          South Pacific.
C...............           8  Zosterops            Zosteropidae.......  Ghizo white-eye....  Solomon Islands.
                               luteirostris.
R...............         N/A  Sporophila insulata  Thraupidae.........  Tumaco seedeater...  Colombia.
C...............          11  Camarhynchus pauper  Thraupidae.........  Medium tree-finch..  Floreana Island,
                                                                                              Galapagos Islands.
C...............           2  Nemosia rourei.....  Thraupidae.........  Cherry-throated      Brazil.
                                                                         tanager.
C...............          11  Tangara peruviana..  Thraupidae.........  Black-backed         Brazil.
                                                                         tanager.
C...............          12  Strepera graculina   Cracticidae........  Lord Howe pied       Lord Howe Islands,
                               crissalis.                                currawong.           New South Wales.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


    Dated: May 7, 2004.
Marshall Jones,
Deputy Director, Fish and Wildlife Service.
[FR Doc. 04-11374 Filed 5-20-04; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P