[Federal Register Volume 68, Number 93 (Wednesday, May 14, 2003)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 25934-26165]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 03-10107]
[[Page 25933]]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Part II
Department of the Interior
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Fish and Wildlife Service
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
50 CFR Part 17
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designation of Critical
Habitat for 60 Plant Species from the Islands of Maui and Kahoolawe,
HI; Final Rule
Federal Register / Vol. 68, No. 93 / Wednesday, May 14, 2003 / Rules
and Regulations
[[Page 25934]]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
50 CFR Part 17
RIN 1018-AH70
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designation of
Critical Habitat for 60 Plant Species from the Islands of Maui and
Kahoolawe, HI
AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.
ACTION: Final rule.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), designate
critical habitat pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as
amended (Act), for 60 of 70 listed plant species known historically
from the Hawaiian islands of Maui and Kahoolawe. A total of
approximately 37,717 hectares (ha) (93,200 acres (ac)) of land on the
island of Maui and 1,180 ha (2,915 ac) of land on the island of
Kahoolawe fall within the boundaries of the 139 critical habitat units
designated for the 60 species. This critical habitat designation
requires the Service to consult under section 7 of the Act with regard
to actions carried out, funded, or authorized by a Federal agency.
Section 4 of the Act requires us to consider economic and other
relevant impacts when specifying any particular area as critical
habitat. We solicited data and comments from the public on all aspects
of the proposed rule, including data on economic and other impacts of
the designation.
DATES: This rule becomes effective on June 13, 2003.
ADDRESSES: Comments and materials received, as well as supporting
documentation, used in the preparation of this final rule will be
available for public inspection, by appointment, during normal business
hours at U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Office, 300
Ala Moana Blvd., Room 3-122, P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850-0001.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Paul Henson, Field Supervisor, Pacific
Islands Office at the above address (telephone 808/541-3441; facsimile
808/541-3470).
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Background
In the List of Endangered and Threatened Plants (50 CFR 17.12(h)),
there are 70 plant species that, at the time of listing, were reported
from the islands of Maui and/or Kahoolawe (Table 1).
Table 1.--Summary of Island Distribution of 70 Species From Maui and Kahoolawe
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Island distribution
Species (common name) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai Oahu Molokai Lanai Maui Hawaii NW Isles, Kahoolawe, Niihau
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acaena exigua (liliwai)................ H ............ ............ ............ H ............ ...........................
Adenophorus periens (pendent kihi fern) C C C R R C ...........................
Alectryon macrococcus (mahoe).......... C C C ............ C ............ ...........................
Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. ............ ............ ............ ............ C ............ ...........................
macrocephalum (ahinahina).
Asplenium fragile var. insulare (NCN).. ............ ............ ............ ............ C C ...........................
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha ............ ............ ............ H C ............ ...........................
(kookoolau).
Bonamia menziesii (NCN)................ C C H C C C ...........................
Brighamia rockii (pua ala)............. ............ ............ C H H ............ ...........................
Cenchrus agrimonioides (kamanomano).... ............ C ............ H C R NW Isles (H)
Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi).......... C C C C C ............ ...........................
Clermontia lindseyana (oha wai)........ ............ ............ ............ ............ C C ...........................
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis ............ ............ ............ C C ............ ...........................
(oha wai).
Clermontia peleana (oha wai)........... ............ ............ ............ ............ H C ...........................
Clermontia samuelii (oha wai).......... ............ ............ ............ ............ C ............ ...........................
Colubrina oppositifolia (kauila)....... ............ C ............ ............ C C ...........................
Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa)............ H C C C C H ...........................
Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis ............ ............ ............ ............ C ............ ...........................
(haha).
Cyanea glabra (haha)................... ............ ............ ............ ............ C ............ ...........................
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana ............ C C C C ............ ...........................
(haha).
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora ............ ............ ............ ............ C ............ ...........................
(haha).
Cyanea lobata (haha)................... ............ ............ ............ H C ............ ...........................
Cyanea mceldowneyi (haha).............. ............ ............ ............ ............ C ............ ...........................
Cyrtandra munroi (haiwale)............. ............ ............ ............ C C ............ ...........................
Delissea undulata (NCN)................ C ............ ............ ............ H C Ni (H)
Diellia erecta (asplenium-leaved H H C H C C ...........................
diellia).
Diplazium molokaiense (NCN)............ H H H H C ............ ...........................
Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis ............ ............ ............ ............ C ............ ...........................
(naenae).
Flueggea neowawraea (mehamehame)....... C C H ............ C C ...........................
Geranium arboreum (nohoanu)............ ............ ............ ............ ............ C ............ ...........................
Geranium multiflorum (nohoanu)......... ............ ............ ............ ............ C ............ ...........................
Gouania vitifolia (NCN)................ ............ C ............ ............ H C ...........................
Hedyotis coriacea (kioele)............. ............ H ............ ............ C C ...........................
Hedyotis mannii (pilo)................. ............ ............ C C C ............ ...........................
Hesperomannia arborescens (NCN)........ ............ C C H C ............ ...........................
[[Page 25935]]
Hesperomannia arbuscula (NCN).......... ............ C ............ ............ C ............ ...........................
Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau hele).. H C H C C C Ka (R)
Ischaemum byrone (Hilo ischaemum)...... C H C ............ C C ...........................
Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho ............ H H H H C Ni (H)
kula).
Kanaloa kahoolawensis (kohe malama ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ Ka (C)
malama o kanaloa).
Lipochaeta kamolensis (nehe)........... ............ ............ ............ ............ C ............ ...........................
Lysimachia lydgatei (NCN).............. ............ H ............ ............ C ............ ...........................
Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN)........... H H ............ ............ C H NW Isles (C)
Melicope adscendens (alani)............ ............ ............ ............ ............ C ............ ...........................
Melicope balloui (alani)............... ............ ............ ............ ............ C ............ ...........................
Melicope knudsenii (alani)............. C ............ ............ ............ C ............ ...........................
Melicope mucronulata (alani)........... ............ ............ C ............ C ............ ...........................
Melicope ovalis (alani)................ ............ ............ ............ ............ C ............ ...........................
Neraudia sericea (NCN)................. ............ ............ C H C ............ Ka (H)
Nototrichium humile (kului)............ ............ C ............ ............ H ............ ...........................
Peucedanum sandwicense (makou)......... C C C ............ C ............ ...........................
Phlegmariurus mannii (wawaeiole)....... H ............ ............ ............ C C ...........................
Phyllostegia mannii (NCN).............. ............ ............ C ............ H ............ ...........................
Phyllostegia mollis (NCN).............. ............ C H ............ C ............ ...........................
Phyllostegia parviflora (NCN).......... ............ C ............ ............ H H ...........................
Plantago princeps (laukahi kuahiwi).... C C C ............ C H ...........................
Platanthera holochila (NCN)............ C H C ............ C ............ ...........................
Pteris lidgatei (NCN).................. ............ C H ............ C ............ ...........................
Remya mauiensis (NCN).................. ............ ............ ............ ............ C ............ ...........................
Sanicula purpurea (NCN)................ ............ C ............ ............ C ............ ...........................
Schiedea haleakalensis (NCN)........... ............ ............ ............ ............ C ............ ...........................
Schiedea hookeri (NCN)................. ............ C ............ ............ H ............ ...........................
Schiedea nuttallii (NCN)............... C C C ............ R ............ ...........................
Sesbania tomentosa (ohai).............. C C C H C C Ni (H), Ka (C), NW Isles
(C)
Solanum incompletum (popolo ku mai).... H ............ H H H C ...........................
Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN).......... C C C C C C ...........................
Tetramolopium arenarium (NCN).......... ............ ............ ............ ............ H C ...........................
Tetramolopium capillare (pamakani)..... ............ ............ ............ ............ C ............ ...........................
Tetramolopium remyi (NCN).............. ............ ............ ............ C H ............ ...........................
Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN)................ ............ H C C C C Ni (H), Ka (C)
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (ae)............ C ............ C H C C ...........................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Key:
C (Current)--population last observed within the past 30 years
H (Historical)--population not seen for more than 30 years
R (Reported)--reported from undocumented observations
NCN--no common name
Eighteen of these species are endemic to the islands of Maui and
Kahoolawe, while 42 species are reported from one or more other
islands, as well as Maui and/or Kahoolawe. Each of these species is
described in more detail below in the section, ``Discussion of Plant
Taxa.'' Although we considered designating critical habitat on Maui and
Kahoolawe for each of the 70 plant species, for the reasons described
below, the final designation includes critical habitat for 60 of 70
plant species. Species that also occur on other islands may have
critical habitat designated on other islands in previous or subsequent
rulemakings.
The Islands of Maui and Kahoolawe
Maui, the second largest island in Hawaii at 1,888 square
kilometers (sq km) (729 square miles (sq mi)) in area, was formed from
the remnants of two large shield volcanoes, the older West Maui volcano
(1.3 million years) on the west and the larger, but much younger,
Haleakala volcano on the east. Stream erosion has cut deep valleys and
ridges into the originally shield-shaped West Maui volcano. The highest
point on West Maui is Puu Kukui at 1,764 meters (m) (5,787 feet (ft))
elevation, which has an average rainfall of 1,020 centimeters (cm) (400
inches (in)) per year, making it the second wettest spot in Hawaii
(Department of Geography 1998). Having erupted just 200 years ago, East
Maui's Haleakala crater, reaching 3,055 m (10,023 ft) in elevation, has
retained its classic shield shape and lacks the diverse vegetation
typical of the older and more eroded West Maui mountain. Rainfall on
the slopes of Haleakala is about 89 cm (35 in) per year, with its
windward (northeastern) slope receiving the most precipitation.
However, Haleakala's crater is a dry cinder desert because it is above
the level at which precipitation develops and is sheltered from
moisture-laden winds (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999).
The island of Kahoolawe measures about 17.7 km (11 mi) long by 11.3
km (7 mi) wide, comprising some 11,655 ha (28,800 ac). Located in the
lee of
[[Page 25936]]
Haleakala, the island lies approximately 11 km (6.7 mi) from East Maui.
The highest point is the rim of an extinct volcano at 450 m (1,477 ft)
above sea level. The estimated annual precipitation is approximately 50
cm (20 in), with most of it falling from November through March. In
addition to the low precipitation, Kahoolawe is the windiest of the
Hawaiian Islands (Gon et al. 1992).
Discussion of Plant Taxa
Species Endemic to Maui or Kahoolawe
Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum (Ahinahina)
Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, a long-lived
perennial and a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is called the
Haleakala silversword. It is a distinctive, globe-shaped rosette plant
with a dense covering of silver hairs. This subspecies is distinguished
from A. sandwicense ssp. sandwicense by the shape and ratio of the
dimensions of the inflorescence (flowering part of plant), the number
of ray florets per head, and the combination of its longer, three-
angled leaves; its silvery leaf hairs, which completely hide the leaf
surface; and its longer achenes (dry fruits) (Carr 1985, 1999a).
This monocarpic (flowers only once, at the end of its lifetime)
plant matures from seed to its final stage in approximately 15 to 50
years. The plant remains a compact rosette until it sends up an erect,
central flowering stalk, sets seed, and dies. Flowering occurs from
June to September, with annual numbers of flowering plants varying
dramatically from year to year. Reliable counts of flowering plants
were made in 1935 (217 flowered) and in 1941 (815 flowered). Numbers
recorded flowering in recent years have ranged from zero in 1970 to
6,632 in 1991. The environmental stimulus for synchronous flowering is
as yet unknown. An apparent relationship of the 1991 mass flowering
event to stratospheric alteration by the eruption of Pinatubo Volcano
in the Philippines has been considered. Investigations are underway by
R. Pharis of the University of Calgary and L.L. Loope of the U.S.
Geological Survey--Biological Resources Division (USGS-BRD) to explore
whether enhanced flowering is related to increased UV-B radiation
caused by temporary reduction of stratospheric ozone. Flying insects,
especially native bees, moths, flies, bugs, and wasps, many of which
are pollinators, are attracted in large numbers to the giant, aromatic
inflorescences. Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum cannot
fertilize itself and is reliant on insect pollinators for reproduction.
Rarely, hybrids between A. sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum and Dubautia
menziesii (naenae) have been observed. Primarily found within Haleakala
Crater, especially on Puu o Pele and Puu o Maui cinder cones, these
hybrid individuals can flower for several years before dying (Carr
1985; Loope and Crivellone 1986; Loope and Medeiros, in press; Service
1997; 57 FR 20772).
Currently, Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum occupies
all of its historic range, a 1,000 ha (2,500 ac) area at 2,100 to 3,000
m (6,890 to 9,840 ft) elevation in the crater and outer slopes of
Haleakala Volcano, within Haleakala National Park and The Nature
Conservancy of Hawaii's (TNCH) Waikamoi Preserve. There are a total of
7 occurrences on Federal and privately owned land, with a total of
39,025 to 44,025 individual plants (Geographic Decision Systems
International (GDSI) 2001; Hawaii Natural Heritage Program (HINHP)
Database 2001; Loope and Crivellone 1986; Service 1997; TNCH 1998; 57
FR 20772).
The habitat of this species consists primarily of lava flows and
otherwise barren, unstable slopes of recent (less than several thousand
years old) volcanic cinder cones or in Deschampsia nubigena (hair
grass) grasslands at elevations between 1,508 and 3,053 m (4,947 and
10,016 ft). Mean annual precipitation is approximately 75 to 250 cm
(29.6 to 98.4 in). The substrate has almost no soil development and is
subject to frequent formation of ice at night and extreme heating
during cloudless days. This species is found in alpine dry shrubland
with native species, including Agrostis sandwicensis (bent grass),
Dubautia menziesii, Leptecophylla tameiameiae (pukiawe), Silene
struthioloides (catchfly), Tetramolopium humile (NCN), or Trisetum
glomeratum (pili uka) (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; Robert Hobdy, Hawaii
Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW), pers. comm., 2001).
The threats to this species are loss of pollinators caused by the
nonnative Argentine ant (Iridomyrmex humilis) and yellow jackets
(Vespula pennsylvanica); native seed-eating and herbivorous insects
such as the tephritid fly (Trupanea cratericola); limited natural
range, which makes it vulnerable to extinction due to catastrophic
events, such as a natural disaster; competition from the nonnative
plant species Verbascum thapsus (mullein); and human impacts (trampling
and site degradation). Although goats (Capra hircus) and cattle (Bos
taurus) have been removed from the park, they remain a potential threat
(Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).
Clermontia samuelii (Oha wai)
Clermontia samuelii, a short-lived perennial in the bellflower
family (Campanulaceae), is a terrestrial shrub with elliptical leaves
which are sometimes broader at the tips. C. s. ssp. hanaensis is
differentiated from C. s. ssp. samuelii by the greenish white to white
flowers; longer, narrower leaves with the broadest point near the base
of the leaves; and fewer hairs on the lower surface of the leaves. This
species is separated from other members of this endemic Hawaiian genus
by the size of the flowers and the hypanthium (base of flower) (Lammers
1999; Service 2001).
Little is known about the life history of Clermontia samuelii.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307).
Historically, Clermontia samuelii has been reported from Haleakala
and from Keanae Valley on the windward side to Manawainui on the
leeward (southeastern) side of Haleakala. Currently, C. samuelii is
known from Papanalahoa Point, Kuhiwa Valley, the ridge north of Palike
Stream, Kawaipapa, and Mokulehua Gulch. There are 7 occurrences with
309 individual plants on State and Federal lands within Haleakala
National Park, Hanawi Natural Area Reserve (NAR), Hana Forest Reserve,
and within the East Maui Watershed Partnership (GDSI 2001, HINHP
Database 2001, Medeiros and Loope 1989, Service 2001, Warshauer 1998,
64 FR 48307, R. Hobdy, DOFAW, in litt. 2000, Ken Wood, National
Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG), in litt. 2000).
Clermontia samuelii is found at elevations between 723 and 2,244 m
(2,372 and 7,362 ft). Clermontia samuelii ssp. hanaensis is found in
wet Metrosideros polymorpha (ohia) and Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis (uluhe) forest containing one or more of the
following associated native plant species: Adenophorus tamariscinus
(wahine no mauna); Broussaisia arguta (kanawao); Carex alligata (NCN);
Cheirodendron trigynum (olapa); Cibotium spp. (hapuu); Diplazium
sandwichianum (hoio); Dubautia spp. (naenae); Hedyotis hillebrandii
(manono); Hedyotis terminalis (manono); Melicope clusiifolia (kolokolo
mokihana); Melicope spp. (alani); Peperomia obovatilimba (ala ala wai
nui); Psychotria mariniana (kopiko);
[[Page 25937]]
Tetraplasandra oahuensis (ohe mauka); or Vaccinium spp. (ohelo). In
addition, Clermontia samuelii ssp. samuelii is found in wet
Metrosideros polymorpha and M. polymorpha-Cheirodendron trigynum forest
containing one or more of the following native plant species:
Broussaisia arguta; Carex alligata; Cibotium spp.; Clermontia
arborescens ssp. waihiae (oha wai nui); Clermontia spp. (oha wai);
Diplazium sandwichianum; Dubautia spp.; Hedyotis hillebrandii; Hedyotis
spp. (NCN); Melicope spp.; Rubus hawaiensis (akala); or Vaccinium spp.
(HINHP Database 2001; Service 2001; 64 FR 48307; R. Hobdy pers. comm.,
2001; K. Wood, in litt. 2000).
Threats to Clermontia samuelii ssp. hanaensis include habitat
degradation and destruction by feral pigs (Sus scrofa) and competition
with nonnative plant species such as Hedychium coronarium (white
ginger), Hedychium gardnerianum (kahili ginger), Juncus spp. (NCN),
Paspalum urvillei (vasey grass), Paspalum conjugatum (Hilo grass), or
Tibouchina herbacea (glorybush). In addition, two extremely invasive
nonnative plant species, Miconia calvescens (velvet tree) and Clidemia
hirta (Koster's curse), are found in nearby areas and may invade this
habitat if not controlled. The habitat of Clermontia samuelii ssp.
samuelii was extensively damaged by pigs in the past, and pigs are
still a major threat to the populations on State-owned lands. The
occurrence within the National Park has been fenced, and pigs have been
eradicated. However, due to the large populations of pigs in adjacent
areas, the park occurrences must constantly be monitored to prevent
further ingress. Competition with nonnative plant species such as
Holcus lanatus (velvet grass) and Juncus planifolius (NCN) is also a
major threat to this subspecies. In addition, rats (mainly black rats
(Rattus rattus)) and slugs (mainly Milax gagetes) are known to eat
leaves, stems, and fruits of other members of this genus and therefore
are a potential threat to both subspecies (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307;
K. Wood, in litt. 2000).
Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis (Haha)
Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, a short-lived perennial
member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a vine-like shrub
with sprawling stems and tan latex (sap). This subspecies is
differentiated from C. c. ssp. copelandii by its shorter elliptical
leaves. The species differs from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus
by the vine-like stems and the yellowish flowers that appear red caused
by the covering of hairs (Lammers 1999; Service 2001).
Little is known about the life history of Cyanea copelandii ssp.
haleakalaensis. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal
agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting
factors are unknown (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307).
Historically, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis was reported
from the windward side of Haleakala and from Waikamoi to Kipahulu
Valley. Currently, this species is known from 5 occurrences with a
total of 204 individuals on Federal and privately owned land within the
East Maui Watershed Partnership in Haiku Uka, the ridge above Kuhiwa
Valley, and Kipahulu Valley within Haleakala National Park and Hanawi
Natural Area Reserve (NAR) (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Lammers
1999; Service 2001; Warshauer 1998; 64 FR 48307).
Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis is found on stream banks or
wet scree (a sloping mass of rocks at the base of a cliff) slopes or in
forest understory in montane wet or mesic forests dominated by Acacia
koa (koa) and Metrosideros polymorpha at elevations between 616 and
1,411 m (2,021 and 4,630 ft). Associated species include Broussaisia
arguta, Cibotium spp., Hedyotis acuminata (au), Perrottetia
sandwicensis (olomea), and Psychotria hawaiiensis (kopiko ula) (HINHP
Database 2001; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001; Service 2001; 64 FR 48307).
The major threats to this species are habitat degradation and
destruction by feral pigs; competition with several nonnative plant
species; rats; slugs; human activities; and potential extinction caused
by random environmental events due to small occurrence sizes (Service
2001; 64 FR 48307).
Cyanea glabra (Haha)
Cyanea glabra, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae),
is a short-lived, perennial shrub, with the leaves of juvenile plants
deeply pinnately lobed, while those of the adult plants are more or
less entire and elliptical. This species is differentiated from others
in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the size of the flower and the
pinnately lobed juvenile leaves (Lammers 1999; Service 2001).
Little is known about the life history of Cyanea glabra. Flowering
cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service
2001; 64 FR 48307).
Historically, Cyanea glabra has been reported from West Maui and on
Haleakala, East Maui. Currently, this species is known from a single
occurrence of 12 individual plants on privately owned land in Kauaula
Valley (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; 64 FR 48307).
Cyanea glabra is found on soil and rock stream banks in wet lowland
forests dominated by Acacia koa and Metrosideros polymorpha, at
elevations between 413 and 1,572 m (1,355 and 5,156 ft). Associated
native plants include Boehmeria grandis (akolea), Cheirodendron
trigynum, Christella cyatheoides (kikawaio), Cibotium spp., Clermontia
kakeana (ohai wai), Coprosma spp. (pilo), Diplazium spp. (NCN),
Dodonaea viscosa (aalii), Dubautia plantaginea (naenae), Perrottetia
sandwicensis, Pipturus albidus (mamaki), Psychotria spp. (kopiko),
Sadleria spp. (amau), Touchardia latifolia (olona), and Xylosma
hawaiiense (maua) (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307; Joel Lau, HINHP, pers.
comm., 2001; HINHP Database 2001; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).
The threats to this species are slugs; habitat degradation and
destruction by feral pigs; flooding; competition with several nonnative
plant species; rats; the two-spotted leafhopper (Saphonia rufofascia);
and extinction caused by random environmental events caused by the
small number of individuals in the only remaining occurrence (Service
2001; 64 FR 48307).
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora (Haha)
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, a short-lived perennial member
of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a palm-like tree with tan
colored latex. This subspecies is differentiated from the other listed
subspecies (C. hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii) by its longer calyx lobes
and shorter individual flower stalks. This species is separated from
others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by fewer flowers per
inflorescence and narrower leaves (Lammers 1999; Service 2001).
Little is known about the life history of Cyanea hamatiflora ssp.
hamatiflora. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal
agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting
factors are unknown (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307).
Historically, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora was known from
the windward side of Haleakala, stretching from Puu o Kakae to
Manawainui. Currently, this species is known from 9
[[Page 25938]]
occurrences with a total of 12 individuals within the East Maui
Watershed Partnership in Honomanu, Wailuaiki, Kipahulu Valley,
Koukouai, and Puu Ahulili, on Federal (Haleakala National Park) and
privately owned lands (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 2001;
Warshauer 1998; 64 FR 48307).
Typical habitat for this species is montane wet forest dominated by
Metrosideros polymorpha, with a Cibotium spp. and/or native shrub
understory, or closed Acacia koa-M. polymorpha wet forest, containing
one or more of the following associated native plant species: Athyrium
microphyllum (akolea), Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron trigynum,
Cyanea aculeatiflora (haha), Cyanea kunthiana (haha), Dicranopteris
linearis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Melicope spp., Myrsine spp. (kolea),
or Vaccinium spp.; and at elevations between 767 and 1,553 m (2,515 and
5,095 ft) (HINHP Database 2001; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001; Service
2001; 64 FR 48307).
The threats to this species are habitat degradation and destruction
by feral pigs; landslides; competition with the nonnative plant
Ageratina adenophora (Maui pamakani); rats; and slugs (Service 2001; 64
FR 48307).
Cyanea mceldowneyi (Haha)
Cyanea mceldowneyi, a member of the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is a short-lived, unbranched perennial shrub with
rough to prickly stems. This species is distinguished from other
species of Cyanea by the combination of a densely armed trunk; long (4
cm (1.6 in)), white corollas; and leaf blade size and shape (Lammers
1999; Service 2001).
Little is known about the life history of Cyanea mceldowneyi.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).
Historically, Cyanea mceldowneyi was known from rainforest west of
Waikamoi to Honomanu on northwestern Haleakala. Currently, this species
is known from 11 occurrences with a total of 36 individuals on State
(Makawao Forest Reserve and Hanawi NAR) and privately owned lands
within the East Maui Watershed Partnership at Kahakapao Gulch, Opana
Gulch, Waikamoi, Puohokamoa, Makapipi, and the flats above Kuhiwa
Valley (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999; Service 1997;
Warshauer 1998; 57 FR 20772).
The habitat of this species is montane wet and mesic forest with
mixed Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa containing one or more of the
following associated native plant species: Broussaisia arguta,
Cheirodendron trigynum, Cibotium spp., Clermontia arborescens,
Cyrtandra spp. (haiwale), Dicranopteris linearis, Diplazium
sandwichianum, Hedyotis spp., or Melicope clusiifolia, at elevations
between 779 and 1,357 m (2,555 and 4,453 ft) (R. Hobdy, pers. comm.,
2001, Service 1997, 57 FR 20772).
The threats to this species are habitat degradation and physical
destruction by feral pigs, small number of occurrences and individuals,
human activities, and competition with nonnative plant species,
especially Setaria palmifolia (palmgrass) (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).
Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis (Naenae)
Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis, a short-lived perennial of the
aster family (Asteraceae), is a dwarf shrub less than 80 cm (30 in)
tall with hairless or strigillose (bulbous-based hairs, all pointing in
the same direction) stems. This species differs from other Hawaiian
members of the genus by the number of veins in the leaves and by the
close resemblance of the leaves to the genus Plantago. The subspecies
humilis differs from the other two subspecies (D. plantaginea ssp.
magnifolia and D. plantaginea ssp. plantaginea) by having fewer heads
per inflorescence, but more florets per head (Carr 1985; Carr 1999b;
Service 2001).
Little is known about the life history of Dubautia plantaginea ssp.
humilis. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307).
Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis has only been reported from Iao
Valley on West Maui. The two occurrences with 60 to 65 individuals in
total are on privately owned land (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001;
Service 2001; 64 FR 48307).
The typical habitat of the species is wet, barren, steep, rocky,
wind-blown cliffs containing one or more of the following associated
native plant species: Bidens spp. (kookoolau), Carex spp. (NCN),
Eragrostis variabilis (kawelu), Hedyotis formosa (NCN), Lysimachia
remyi (NCN), Metrosideros polymorpha, Pipturus albidus, Plantago
princeps (laukahi kuahiwi), or Pritchardia spp. (loulu), at elevations
between 266 and 1,593 m (873 and 5,226 ft) (HINHP Database 2001;
Service 2001; 64 FR 48307; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).
Threats to Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis include landslides and
competition from nonnative plant species. Random environmental events,
such as landslides, are a threat because of the limited number of
individuals and occurrences and their narrow distribution (Service
2001; 64 FR 48307).
Geranium arboreum (Nohoanu)
Geranium arboreum, a long-lived perennial member of the geranium
family (Geraniaceae), is a many branched, spreading, woody shrub about
1.8 to 3.7 m (6 to 12 ft) tall. This species can be distinguished from
other Geranium species by its red petals with the upper three petals
erect and the lower two reflexed, causing the flower to appear curved
(Wagner et al. 1999).
Geranium arboreum is the only species in its genus that appears to
be adapted to bird-pollination. Native honeycreepers appear to be a
major pollination vector. Geranium arboreum from the southwest area of
Haleakala in the Kula Forest Reserve produce seeds that are larger and
fuller than seeds from the northwest extension of its distribution.
Native honeycreepers are reasonably abundant in both areas. Little else
is known about the life history of Geranium arboreum. Flowering cycles,
other pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Funk
1982, 1988; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).
The original range and abundance of the species is unknown, but
late 19th and early 20th century collections indicate that it once grew
on the southern slopes of Haleakala and that its distribution on the
northern slopes extended beyond its presently known range. Currently,
there are 12 occurrences totaling 158 individuals, within the East Maui
Watershed Partnership on State (Kula and Kahikinui Forest Reserves),
private, and federally owned or leased (Haleakala National Park) lands.
These occurrences are found in Kahua, Kanahau, Waiohuli, Kaipoioi
Gulch, Hapapa Gulch, Keauaiwi Gulch, Kalialinui, and south of Puu Luau
and east of Puu Nianiau (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997;
Warshauer 1998; 57 FR 20772).
Geranium arboreum grows in steep, damp, and shaded narrow canyons
and gulches, steep banks, and intermittent streams in Sophora
chrysophylla (mamane) subalpine dry shrubland or Metrosideros
polymorpha montane forest containing one or more of the
[[Page 25939]]
following associated native plant species: Dryopteris wallichiana (io
nui); Dodonaea viscosa; Leptecophylla tameiameiae; Rubus hawaiiensis;
or Vaccinium reticulatum (ohelo ai), at elevations between 1,451 and
2,184 m (4,760 and 7,164 ft) (R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001; Service
1997; 57 FR 20772).
The greatest immediate threat to the survival of this species is
encroachment and competition from naturalized, nonnative vegetation,
chiefly grasses and trees. Soil disturbance, caused by trampling cattle
and rooting by feral pigs, also is a major threat as it destroys plants
and facilitates the encroachment of competing species of naturalized
plants. Other less important threats include browsing by cattle; fires;
and pollen from nonnative pine trees, which at certain times of the
year completely covers the stigmas of the geraniums, precluding any
fertilization by its own pollen. The small number of individual plants
increases the potential for extinction from random environmental
events, and the limited gene pool may depress reproductive vigor (Funk
1982, 1988; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).
Geranium multiflorum (Nohoanu)
Geranium multiflorum, a long-lived member of the geranium family
(Geraniaceae), is a perennial many-branched shrub 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft)
tall. Flowers are in clusters of 25 to 50 and have 5 white petals that
are 10 to 15 millimeters (mm) (0.4 to 0.6 in) long with purple veins or
bases. This species is distinguished from others of the genus by its
white, regularly symmetrical flowers and by the shape and pattern of
teeth on its leaf margins (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Geranium multiflorum.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).
Historically, Geranium multiflorum was known from Ukulele,
Waieleele, and Waianapanapa on East Maui. This species is now known
from Federal (Haleakala National Park), State (Hanawi NAR and Koolau
Forest Reserve), and private lands within the East Maui Watershed
Partnership in Haiku Ula, Kalialinui, Koolau Gap, between East Waiuaki
and Kopiliula Streams, near Puu Alaea along Kalapawili Ridge, Kipahulu
Valley, Waiakekeehia, and Haleakala Crater. The 13 known occurrences
extend over a distance of about 10.5 by 5.5 km (6.5 by 3.5 mi). Due to
the inaccessibility of the occurrences, and the difficulty in
determining the number of individuals (caused by the plant's multi-
branched form), the total number of individuals of this species is not
known; however, it probably does not exceed 3,000 plants (GDSI 2001;
HINHP Database 2001; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001; Service 1997;
Warshauer 1998; 57 FR 20772).
Geranium multiflorum is found in wet or mesic Metrosideros
polymorpha montane forest or alpine mesic forest, Leptecophylla
tameiameiae shrubland, Sophora chrysophylla subalpine dry forest, open
sedge swamps, fog-swept lava flows, or montane grasslands containing
one or more of the following associated native plant species: Coprosma
montana (pilo); Dryopteris glabra (hohui); Dryopteris wallichiana;
Hedyotis spp.; Rubus hawaiiensis; Sadleria cyatheoides; or Vaccinium
spp. (amau), at elevations between 1,499 and 2,710 m (4,918 and 8,890
ft) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; Wagner et al. 1999; 57 FR
20772).
The major threat to Geranium multiflorum is competition with
encroaching nonnative plant species, particularly Rubus argutus
(prickly Florida blackberry). A potential threat is habitat destruction
by feral pigs and goats in unfenced areas (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).
Kanaloa kahoolawensis (Kohe malama malama o kanaloa)
Kanaloa kahoolawensis, a short-lived perennial member of the legume
family (Fabaceae), is a densely branched shrub 0.75 to 1 m (2.5 to 3.5
ft) tall. The leaves are divided into three pairs of leaflets, with a
leaf nectary (nectar-bearing gland) at the joint between each pair of
leaflets. One to three inflorescences are found in the leaf axils
(joint between leaf and stem), developing with the flush of new leaves.
The inflorescence is a globose head with 20 to 54 white flowers. No
other species of legume in Hawaii bears any resemblance to this
species, which is why it is the only one in this genus (Lorence and
Wood 1994; Service 2001).
Little is known about the life history of Kanaloa kahoolawensis.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307).
Kanaloa kahoolawensis was unknown to science until its discovery by
Steve Perlman and Ken Wood of NTBG in 1992 on a steep rocky spire on
the coast of Kahoolawe. The only known location of K. kahoolawensis is
this rocky stack on the southern coast of Kahoolawe, in an area which
is owned by the State of Hawaii. While there are no previous records of
the plant, pollen core studies on Oahu revealed a legume pollen that
could not be identified but is most likely this species. The pollen
cores indicate that this previously unidentified species was a
codominant with Dodonaea viscosa and Pritchardia spp. from before 1210
B.C. to 1565 A.D., at which point K. kahoolawensis disappeared from the
pollen record and D. viscosa and Pritchardia spp. declined
dramatically. Only one occurrence with two living individuals is known
(Athens et al. 1992; Athens and Ward 1993; Lorence and Wood 1994;
Service 2001; 64 FR 48307; Paul Higashino, Kahoolawe Island Reserve
Commission (KIRC), pers. comm., 2000).
The only known habitat is steep rocky talus slopes in mixed coastal
shrubland at elevations between 0 and 305 m (0 and 1,000 ft) and
containing one or more of the following associated native plant
species: Bidens mauiensis (kookoolau); Capparis sandwichiana
(maiapilo); Melanthera lavarum (nehe); Portulaca molokiniensis (ihi);
Senna gaudichaudii (kolomona); or Sida fallax (ilima) (Service 2001; 64
FR 48307; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to Kanaloa kahoolawensis are landslides and
competition with the nonnative plant species Emilia fosbergii (pualele)
and Nicotiana glauca (tree tobacco). Goats played a major role in the
destruction of vegetation on Kahoolawe before they were removed, and K.
kahoolawensis probably survived only because the rocky stack is almost
completely separated from the island and inaccessible to goats. Rats
are a potential threat to K. kahoolawensis, because the species has
seeds similar in appearance and presentation to the seeds of the
federally endangered Caesalpinia kavaiensis (uhiuhi), which are eaten
by rats. Rats may have been the cause of the decline of this species
over 400 years ago. Trampling and habitat degradation from introduced
cats and native seabirds are also potential threats. Random
environmental events and reduced reproductive vigor are also threats to
this species, because only two individuals are known (Cuddihy and Stone
1990; Lorence and Wood 1994; Service 2001; 64 FR 48307; P. Higashino,
pers. comm., 2000).
Lipochaeta kamolensis (Nehe)
Lipochaeta kamolensis, a short-lived perennial herb of the aster
family (Asteraceae), has trailing or climbing stems that are woody at
the base and reach a length of 0.3 to 3 m (1 to 10 ft). This species is
distinguished from others of the genus by the simple leaves, which are
pinnately lobed or cut, and by
[[Page 25940]]
the size of the flower heads (Wagner et al. 1999).
Lipochaeta kamolensis has been observed flowering from December
through February, as well as in April. The growing season coincides
with the wet season between November and April to May. Plants are
deciduous and appear to be metabolically inactive during the dry
season. Little else is known about the life history of L. kamolensis.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are otherwise unknown (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).
Historically, Lipochaeta kamolensis was known from Kamole Gulch,
west of Kepuni Gulch, and 7.2 km (11.8 mi) southeast of Ulupalakua
Ranch Office. This species still occurs in Kamole Gulch, on State-owned
(Department of Hawaiian Home Lands (DHHL)) land. The only known
occurrence, which extends over an area of about 40 ha (100 ac), is
estimated to contain fewer than 500 individuals (GDSI 2001; HINHP
Database 2001; Service 1997; Wagner et al. 1999; 57 FR 20772; K. Wood,
in litt. 1999).
Lipochaeta kamolensis typically grows in gulches or on gentle
slopes outside gulches in dry shrubland at elevations between 40 and
602 m (132 and 1,974 ft) and containing one or more of the following
associated native plant species: Dodonaea viscosa; Ipomoea indica
(koali awa); or Plumbago zeylanica (iliee) (Service 1997; Wagner et al.
1999; 57 FR 20772; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001; K. Wood, in litt.
1999).
The major threats to Lipochaeta kamolensis are habitat destruction,
predation by cattle and goats, competition with nonnative plants such
as Lantana camara (lantana), fire, and the one occurrence being subject
to extinction by random environmental events (Service 1997; 57 FR
20772).
Melicope adscendens (Alani)
Melicope adscendens, a long-lived perennial of the rue family
(Rutaceae), is a sprawling shrub with long, slender branches covered
with gray hairs when young, which become hairless when older. Melicope
adscendens is distinguished from other species of the genus by its
growth habit, the distinct follicles (chambers) of its fruit, and the
persistent (remaining attached) sepals and petals (Stone et al. 1999).
Melicope adscendens fruits have been collected in March and July.
Little else is known about the life history of M. adscendens. Flowering
cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service
1997; 59 FR 62346).
Melicope adscendens has been found only on the southwestern slope
of Haleakala; two plants, separated by an unspecified distance, were
found by Forbes in 1920. Today, there are 16 occurrences on State
(Kanaio NAR) and privately owned lands at Puu Ouli and on the border of
the Hana and Makawao Districts (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service
1997; 59 FR 62346).
This species typically grows on aa lava (a particular type of lava
flow with very sharp edges) with pockets of soil in Nestegis
sandwicensis (olopua)-Pleomele auwahiensis (hala pepe)-Dodonaea viscosa
lowland mesic forest or open dry forest containing one or more of the
following associated native plant species: Alphitonia ponderosa
(kauila); Chamaesyce celastroides var. lorifolia (akoko); Leptecophylla
tameiameiae; Osteomeles anthyllidifolia (ulei); Pouteria sandwicensis
(alaa); Santalum ellipticum (iliahialoe); or Xylosma hawaiiense (maua)
at elevations between 761 and 1,209 m (2,497 and 3,967 ft) (HINHP
Database 2001; Service 1997; 59 FR 62346; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001;
K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
Major threats are habitat damage and trampling by cattle;
competition with nonnative plant species, including Bocconia frutescens
(NCN), Lantana camara, and Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyu grass); and
reduced reproductive vigor or extinction from random environmental
events caused by the small number of individuals and narrow
distribution. Potential threats include habitat degradation and damage
to plants by axis deer (Axis axis), feral goats, feral pigs, black twig
borer (Xylosandrus compactus), fire, and ranch activities (HINHP
Database 2001; Service 1997; 59 FR 62346).
Melicope balloui (Alani)
Melicope balloui, a long-lived perennial of the rue family
(Rutaceae), is a small tree or shrub. New growth has yellowish brown
woolly hairs and waxy scales; plant parts later become nearly hairless.
Melicope balloui is distinguished from other species of the genus by
the partially fused carpels of its four-lobed capsule (dry fruit) and
usually persistent sepals and petals (Stone et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Melicope balloui.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1997; 59 FR 62346).
Melicope balloui has been found only on the northern and
southeastern slopes of Haleakala. There are 3 known occurrences with a
total of approximately 50 individuals on private and federally owned
(Haleakala National Park) lands within the East Maui Watershed
Partnership at Puu O Kakae and Palikea Stream (GDSI 2001; HINHP
Database 2001; Service 1997; 59 FR 62346; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
Melicope balloui typically grows in mesic to wet forest between 781
and 1,596 m (2,561 and 5,267 ft) in elevation and containing one or
more of the following associated native plant species: Acacia koa;
Cibotium chamissoi (hapuu); Cibotium glaucum (hapuu); Diplazium
sandwichianum; Melicope clusiifolia; Metrosideros polymorpha; or
Sadleria pallida (amau) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 59 FR
62346; J. Lau, Hawaii Natural Heritage Program, pers. comm., 2001).
Major threats are habitat degradation and damage to plants by feral
pigs and axis deer and reduced reproductive vigor or extinction caused
by random environmental events caused by the small number of existing
occurrences and individuals. Potential threats include competition with
nonnative plant species such as Clidemia hirta, Paspalum conjugatum,
Paspalum urvillei, and Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava);
susceptibility to black twig borer; and predation by rats (HINHP
Database 2001; Service 1997; 59 FR 62346).
Melicope ovalis (Alani)
Melicope ovalis, a long-lived perennial of the rue family
(Rutaceae), is a tree growing up to 5 m (16 ft) tall. New growth has
fine, short, brownish hairs, but soon becomes hairless. Leaves are
opposite, leathery, and broadly elliptic. Bruised foliage has an anise
odor similar to that of M. anisata (mokihana). Melicope ovalis is
distinguished from other species of the genus by the almost entirely
fused carpels of its capsule, its nonpersistent sepals and petals, and
its well-developed petioles (leaf stems) (Stone et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Melicope ovalis.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1997; 59 FR 62346).
Melicope ovalis has been found only on the eastern and southeastern
slopes of Haleakala. There are two occurrences with approximately 200
individuals,
[[Page 25941]]
found on federally owned land along Palikea Stream in Haleakala
National Park within the East Maui Watershed Partnership (GDSI 2001;
HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 59 FR 62346; K. Wood, in litt.
1999).
This species typically grows in Acacia koa and Metrosideros
polymorpha-dominated montane wet forests along streams at elevations
between 753 and 1,537 m (2,469 and 5,042 ft). Associated plant species
include: Broussaisia arguta; Cheirodendron trigynum; Dicranopteris
linearis; Dubautia plantaginea; Hedyotis hillebrandii; Labordia
hedyosmifolia (kamakahala); Machaerina angustifolia (uki); Perrottetia
sandwicensis; or Wikstroemia oahuensis (akia) (HINHP Database 2001;
Service 1997; 59 FR 62346; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).
Major threats to the only known population are habitat degradation
and damage to plants by feral pigs and reduced reproductive vigor and/
or extinction caused by random environmental events. Competition with
introduced plants such as Clidemia hirta, Paspalum conjugatum, Psidium
cattleianum and Rubus rosifolius (thimbleberry); seed predation by
rats; and susceptibility to black twig borer are also threats to this
species. Habitat degradation and damage to plants by feral goats and
axis deer are potential threats if the integrity of the fence currently
surrounding the occurrence is compromised (HINHP Database 2001; Service
1997; 59 FR 62346; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
Remya mauiensis (NCN)
Remya mauiensis is a short-lived perennial member of the aster
family (Asteraceae). The genus Remya is endemic to the Hawaiian
Islands. This species is a small perennial shrub, about 90 cm (3 ft)
tall, with many slender, sprawling, or scandent (climbing) to weakly
erect branches. It is distinguished from the other two members of the
genus by its hairy stems and foliage, leaf shape, and length of the
petiole (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Remya mauiensis.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1997; 56 FR 1450).
Remya mauiensis was collected twice on West Maui by William
Hillebrand between 1851 and 1871, and again in 1920 by Charles Forbes,
also on West Maui. It was thought to be extinct until its rediscovery
in 1971 by L.E. Bishop, W. Gagne, and S. Montgomery on the slopes of
Manawainui Gulch, West Maui. Currently, R. mauiensis is known from five
occurrences on State-owned land within the West Maui Mountains
Watershed Partnership at Paupau, Kokuula, Kanaulaiki, and Maunawainui
Gulch in the Panaewa section of the West Maui NAR, the West Maui Forest
Reserve, and the Manawainui Plant Sanctuary. Because of the sprawling
habit of this species, and the often dense growth of the surrounding
vegetation, it is difficult to determine the exact number of
individuals; however, there is an estimated total of 21 individuals
(GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 56 FR 1450).
Remya mauiensis grows chiefly on steep, north or northeast-facing
slopes in mixed mesophytic forests or Metrosideros polymorpha montane
wet forests containing one or more of the following associated native
species: Alyxia oliviformis (maile); Diospyros sandwicensis (lama);
Diplazium sandwichianum; Dodonaea viscosa; Leptecophylla tameiameiae;
Lysimachia remyi; Melicope spp.; Microlepia strigosa (palapalai);
Myrsine lessertiana (kolea lau nui); Nestegis sandwicensis; Pleomele
auwahiensis; Psychotria mariniana; Wikstroemia spp. (akia); or Xylosma
hawaiiense at elevations between 400 and 1,228 m (1,312 and 4,029 ft)
(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 56 FR 1450; R. Hobdy, pers. comm.,
2001).
This species is threatened by extinction caused by random
catastrophic environmental events by virtue of the extremely small size
of the occurrences coupled with their limited distribution. The limited
gene pool may depress reproductive vigor, or a single environmental
disturbance could destroy a significant percentage of the known
individuals. However, the primary threat to this species is the loss
and degradation of its habitat caused by the introduction of nonnative
plants, such as Adiantum hispidulum (rough maidenhair fern), Rubus
rosifolius, Schinus terebinthifolius (Christmas berry), or Tibouchina
herbacea; human activities; and feral goats and pigs (Service 1997; 56
FR 1450).
Schiedea haleakalensis (NCN)
Schiedea haleakalensis, a short-lived perennial of the pink family
(Caryophyllaceae), is a hairless shrub, with slightly fleshy, narrow
leaves and a single vein. Flowers are in clusters at the ends of the
branches. This species differs from other species of the genus on East
Maui by its crowded, hairless inflorescence composed of bisexual
flowers (Wagner et al. 1999).
Schiedea haleakalensis is gynodioecious (individuals either have
only female flowers or only bisexual flowers) and so likely requires
cross-pollination by small insects. Small, short-flighted flies and
moths have been observed visiting flowers. Fruits and seeds have been
observed from August through September. Little else is known about the
life history of S. haleakalensis. Flowering cycles, pollination
vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1997; 57 FR
20772).
Due to the lack of early collections or sightings, the historical
range of Schiedea haleakalensis is unknown. This species is known only
from Leleiwi Pali and Kaupo Gap in Haleakala National Park within the
East Maui Watershed Partnership. The two occurrences are estimated to
contain a total of 100 to 200 individuals, which together extend over a
total area of 11 ha (28 ac) (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service
1997; 57 FR 20772).
Schiedea haleakalensis typically grows in rock cracks on sheer
cliffs adjacent to barren lava and subalpine shrublands and grasslands
with cinder, weathered volcanic ash, or in bare lava substrate with
little or no soil development and periodic freezing temperatures, and
containing one or more of the following associated native plant
species: Artemisia mauiensis (hinahina), Bidens micrantha (kookoolau),
Dubautia menziesii, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Vaccinium reticulatum,
or Viola chamissoniana (pamakani) at elevations between 1,678 and 2,434
m (5,505 and 7,986 ft) (HINHP Database 2001, Service 1997, 57 FR 20772
R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).
The greatest threats to Schiedea haleakalensis are fire and other
catastrophic events that could severely impact the species due the
small number and restricted distribution of remaining individuals and
occurrences (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).
Tetramolopium capillare (Pamakani)
Tetramolopium capillare, a short-lived perennial of the sunflower
family (Asteraceae), is a sprawling shrub with stems measuring 50 to 80
cm (20 to 31 in) long and covered with many glands when young.
Tetramolopium capillare differs from other species of the genus by its
very firm leaves with edges rolled under, its solitary flower heads,
the color of its disk florets, and its shorter pappus. It differs from
T. remyi, with which it sometimes grows, by its more sprawling habit
and the shorter stalks of its smaller flower heads (Lowrey 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Tetramolopium capillare.
Flowering
[[Page 25942]]
cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Lowrey
1999).
Historically, Tetramolopium capillare is known from Lahaina Luna to
Wailuku on West Maui. Currently, 5 known occurrences with a total of
166 individuals are known from State (West Maui Forest Reserve) and
privately owned lands within the West Maui Mountains Watershed
Partnership, south of Kanaha Stream, Kauaula, Ulaula, and Koia (GDSI
2001; Lowrey 1999; Service 1997; 59 FR 49860).
Tetramolopium capillare typically grows on rocky substrates in
Heteropogon contortus (pili grass) lowland dry forest containing
Dodonaea viscosa or Myoporum sandwicense (naio); or in Metrosideros
polymorpha-Leptecophylla tameiameiae montane mesic or wet shrubland and
wet cliff faces containing one or more of the following associated
plant species: Dodonaea viscosa, Leptecophylla tameiameiaem or
Metrosideros polymorpha, at elevations between 131 and 1,432 m (430 and
4,698 ft) (Service 1997; 59 FR 49860; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to Tetramolopium capillare are fires; competition
from nonnative plant species, particularly Lantana camara, Leucaena
leucocephala (koa haole), or Melinus repens (natal redtop); and reduced
reproductive vigor and/or extinction from random environmental events
caused by the small number of existing occurrences and individuals
(Service 1997; 59 FR 49860).
Multi-Island Species
Acaena exigua (Liliwai)
Acaena exigua is a small perennial rosette herb in the rose family
(Rosaceae) with narrow, fern-like, divided leaves. It is easily hidden
among the other low, tufted bog plants with which it grows. It is
distinguished from other Hawaiian rose family members by its lack of
petals and by the urn-shaped, constricted base of the flower, that
encloses the fruit (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Acaena exigua. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).
Historically, Acaena exigua was known from Puu Kukui on West Maui
and from Mount Waialeale on Kauai. On Maui, A. exigua was last seen by
Hank Oppenheimer and Steve Perlman in 1999 within the Puu Kukui
Watershed Management Area. It has not been seen in the wild since March
2000 (Hank Oppenheimer, Maui Pineapple Company Limited, pers. comm.,
2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).
Acaena exigua is known only from montane bogs characterized by a
thick peat substrate overlying an impervious clay substrate, with
hummocks of sedges and grasses, stunted trees, and shrubs at elevations
between 1,178 and 1,764 m (3,865 and 5,787 ft). Associated native
species include the sedges and grasses Carex montis-eeke (NCN),
Deschampsia nubigena, Dichanthelium cynodon (NCN), Dichanthelium
hillebrandianum (NCN), Dichanthelium isachnoides (NCN), Oreobolus
furcatus (NCN), or Rhynchospora chinensis (kuolohia), and the shrubs
Lagenifera maviensis (howaiaulu), Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine
spp., Vaccinium spp., or Viola maviensis (pamakani) (R. Hobdy, pers.
comm., 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).
The reason for the disappearance of this species is not known. The
main current threats to Acaena exigua, if it exists, are believed to
include small occurrence size; human impacts (collecting and site
degradation); consumption of vegetative or floral parts by nonnative
slugs and rats; predation and habitat disturbance by feral pigs; and
competition with nonnative plant species (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).
Adenophorus periens (Pendent kihi fern)
Adenophorus periens, a member of the grammitis family
(Grammitidaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a small, pendent,
epiphytic (not rooted in the ground) fern. This species differs from
others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by having hairs along the pinna
(leaflet) margins, by the pinnae being at right angles to the midrib
axis, by the placement of the sori (spore-bearing structures) on the
pinnae, and by the degree of dissection of each pinna (Linney 1989).
Little is known about the life history of Adenophorus periens,
which seems to grow only in closed canopy dense forest with high
humidity. Its breeding system is unknown, but outbreeding is very
likely to be the predominant mode of reproduction. Spores are dispersed
by wind, possibly by water, and perhaps on the feet of birds or
insects. Spores lack a thick resistant coat which may indicate their
longevity is brief, probably measured in days at most. Due to the weak
differences between the seasons, there seems to be no evidence of
seasonality in growth or reproduction. Additional information on
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements,
and limiting factors is not known (Linney 1989).
Historically, Adenophorus periens was reported from Kauai, Oahu,
Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, it is known from
Kauai, Molokai, and Hawaii. On Maui, it has not been seen in the wild
since 1929 (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).
Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or native plant
species associated with Adenophorus periens on the island of Maui
(Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).
Nothing is known of the threats to Adenophorus periens on the
island of Maui (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).
Alectryon macrococcus (Mahoe)
Alectryon macrococcus, a long-lived perennial member of the
soapberry family (Sapindaceae), consists of two varieties, macrococcus
and auwahiensis, both trees with reddish-brown branches and leaves with
one to five pairs of sometimes asymmetrical egg-shaped leaflets. The
underside of the leaf has dense brown hairs, persistent in A.
macrococcus var. auwahiensis but only on leaves of young A. macrococcus
var. macrococcus. The only member of its genus found in Hawaii, this
species is distinguished from other Hawaiian members of its family by
being a tree with a hard fruit 2.5 cm (1 in) or more in diameter
(Service 1997; Wagner et al. 1999; 57 FR 20772).
Alectryon macrococcus is a relatively slow-growing, long-lived tree
that grows in xeric to mesic sites and is adapted to periodic drought.
Little else is known about the life history of A. macrococcus.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, and specific environmental requirements are unknown (Service
1997; 57 FR 20772).
Historically and currently, Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus
is known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. On Maui, 10 occurrences
with a total of 10 individuals are found along the Honokowai Ditch
Trail, Launiupoko Valley, and Iao Valley on privately owned land within
the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership. Currently, A.
macrococcus var. auwahiensis is known from 3 occurrences with 22
individuals on leeward East Maui in Auwahi in the Hana District and on
the ridge east of Pahihi Gulch on private and State-owned (Kahikinui
Forest Reserve) lands (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001;
[[Page 25943]]
Medeiros et al. 1986; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).
The habitat of Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus on Maui is
mesic forests with Antidesma platyphyllum (hame), Antidesma pulvinatum
(hame), Bobea sandwicensis (ahakea), Nestegis sandwicensis, Pittosporum
confertiflorum (hoawa), Pittosporum glabrum (hoawa), Pouteria
sandwicensis, or Xylosma spp. (maua) at elevations between 1,017 and
3,562 m (1,168 and 3,337 ft). The habitat of Alectryon macrococcus var.
auwahiensis is mesic to wetter mesic and upper dryland forest
containing one or more of the following associated native plant
species: Alphitonia ponderosa; Diospyros sandwicensis; Dodonaea
viscosa; Osteomeles anthyllidifolia; Pleomele auwahiensis; Pouteria
sandwicensis; Santalum ellipticum; Streblus pendulinus (aiai); or
Xylosma hawaiiense, at elevations between 333 and 1,210 m (1,092 and
3,969 ft) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; R. Hobdy,
pers. comm., 2001; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
The threats to Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus on Maui
include feral goats and pigs; nonnative plant species, such as Melinus
minutiflora (molasses grass), Pennisetum clandestinum, Psidium
cattleianum, or Schinus terebinthifolius; damage from the black twig
borer; seed predation by rats and mice (Mus musculus); fire; seed
predation by insects (probably the endemic microlepidopteran Prays cf.
fulvocanella); loss of pollinators; depressed reproductive vigor; and
caused by the very small remaining number of individuals and their
limited distribution, the likelihood that a single natural or human-
caused environmental disturbance could easily be catastrophic. The
threats to A. macrococcus var. auwahiensis on Maui are damage from the
black twig borer; seed predation by rats and mice; habitat degradation
by feral pigs, deer, and escaped cattle; seed predation by insects
(probably Prays cf. fulvocanella); nonnative plant species; loss of
pollinators; depressed reproductive vigor; and caused by the very small
remaining number of individuals and their limited distribution, the
likelihood that a single natural or human-caused environmental
disturbance could be catastrophic (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).
Asplenium fragile var. insulare (NCN)
Asplenium fragile var. insulare, a short-lived perennial member of
the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae), is a fern with a short sub-erect
stem with a dull gray or brown main axis with two greenish ridges. This
species is most similar to A. macraei. The two can be distinguished by
the size and shape of the pinnae and the number of sori (spore-bearing
structures) per pinna (Wagner and Wagner 1992).
Little life history information is available for Asplenium fragile
var. insulare. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors are largely unknown. Researchers
have collected information on species composition, extent of cover, and
age-class structure in six sub-populations at Pohakuloa Training Area
on the island of Hawaii in order to describe the populations. No
gametophytes (gamete-producing life stage) were found, and the age-
class structure of the sub-populations sampled was determined to be 100
percent reproductive adults because all the sporophytes (spore-
producing life stage) had sori on some fronds (Service 1998a; 59 FR
49025).
Asplenium fragile var. insulare was known historically and
currently from East Maui and the island of Hawaii. Currently, on Maui
there are two occurrences with 18 individuals found in Kalialinui
within the East Maui Watershed Partnership on private and federally
(Haleakala National Park) owned lands (GDSI 2001; Service 1998a; 59 FR
49025).
On Maui, Asplenium fragile var. insulare is found in streamside
hollows and grottos in gulches that occur in mesic to dry subalpine
shrubland dominated by Leptecophylla tameiameiae and Sadleria
cyatheoides, with scattered Metrosideros polymorpha, between 1,682 and
2,407 m (5,518 and 7,896 ft). Associated native plant species include
Dryopteris wallichiana and Grammitis hookeri (makue lau lii) (Service
1998a; 59 FR 49025; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).
The primary threat to Asplenium fragile var. insulare on the island
of Maui is the risk of extinction caused by random naturally occurring
events due to the small number of existing individuals (Service 1998a;
Shaw 1992; 59 FR 49025).
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha (Kookoolau)
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, a short-lived member of the aster
family (Asteraceae), is an erect perennial herb. This subspecies can be
distinguished by the shape of the seeds, the density of the flower
clusters, the numbers of ray and disk florets per head, differences in
leaf surfaces, and other characteristics (Ganders and Nagata 1999; 57
FR 20772).
Bidens micrantha is known to hybridize with other native Bidens,
such as B. mauiensis and B. menziesii, and possibly B. conjuncta.
Little else is known about the life history of B. micrantha ssp.
kalealaha. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal
agents, longevity, and specific environmental requirements are unknown
(Ganders and Nagata 1999; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).
Historically, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha was known from Lanai,
the south slope of Haleakala on East Maui, and from one location on
West Maui. Currently, this species remains only on East Maui in Kahua,
Nakula, and Haleakala Crater and Kaupo Gap, on State (Kahikinui Forest
Reserve) and Federal (Haleakala National Park) lands within the East
Maui Watershed Partnership. There are a total of 4 occurrences with
less than a total of 2,000 individuals (Ganders and Nagata 1999; GDSI
2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).
The habitat of Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha on Maui is blocky
lava flows with little or no soil development; deep pit craters; sheer
rock walls in open canopy Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa forest;
montane shrubland; Sophora chrysophylla forests or cliff faces, and
containing one or more of the following associated native plant
species: Coprosma montana (pilo); Dodonaea viscosa; Dubautia
platyphylla (naenae); Leptecophylla tameiameiae; Santalum haleakalae
(iliahi); or Vaccinium reticulatum. In addition, the habitat of Bidens
micrantha ssp. kalealaha is at elevations between 1,317 and 2,565 m
(4,321 and 8,414 ft) (Ganders and Nagata 1999; HINHP Database 2001;
Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).
The threats to this species on Maui are habitat destruction by
feral goats, pigs, and cattle; competition from a variety of invasive
plant species; and fire (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).
Bonamia menziesii (NCN)
Bonamia menziesii, a short-lived perennial member of the morning-
glory family (Convolvulaceae), is a vine with twining branches that are
fuzzy when young. This species is the only member of the genus that is
endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and differs from other genera in the
family by its two styles, longer stems and petioles, and rounder leaves
(Austin 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Bonamia menziesii.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and
[[Page 25944]]
limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).
Historically, Bonamia menziesii was known from Kauai, Oahu,
Molokai, one location on West Maui, and the island of Hawaii.
Currently, this species is known from Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and
Hawaii. On Maui, there are six occurrences containing a total of eight
individuals on State (Kanaio NAR) and privately owned lands within the
West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership at Honokawai, Keokea,
Haunauhane, and Kanaio (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999;
59 FR 56333; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
Bonamia menziesii on Maui is found on a lava in mixed open dry
forest, Erythrina sandwicensis (wiliwili) lowland dry forest, or in
mesic mixed Metrosideros polymorpha forest containing one or more of
the following associated native plant species: Acacia koaia (koaia);
Achyranthes splendens (Maui hinahina ewa); Alphitonia ponderosa; Alyxia
oliviformis; Diospyros sandwicensis; Dodonaea viscosa; Lipochaeta
rockii (nehe); Myoporum sandwicense; Nestegis sandwicensis;
Nothocestrum latifolium (aiea); Nototrichium spp. (kului); Pleomele
auwahiensis; Pouteria sandwicensis; Osteomeles anthyllidifolia;
Reynoldsia sandwicensis (ohe); Santalum ellipticum; Sicyos spp.
(anunu); Sida fallax; or Xylosma hawaiiense, at elevations between 184
and 906 m (604 and 2,971 ft) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 59 FR
56333; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
The primary threats to this species on Maui are habitat degradation
and possible predation by feral pigs, goats, axis deer, and cattle;
competition with a variety of nonnative plant species, particularly
Bocconia frutescens or Lantana camara; and an nonnative beetle
(Physomerus grossipes) (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).
Brighamia rockii (Pua ala)
Brighamia rockii, a long-lived perennial member of the bellflower
family (Campanulaceae), grows as an unbranched stem-succulent with a
thickened stem that tapers from the base. This species is a member of a
unique endemic Hawaiian genus with only one other species, found on
Kauai, from which it differs by the color of its petals, its longer
calyx (fused sepals) lobes, and its shorter flower stalks (Lammers
1999).
Observations of Brighamia rockii have provided the following
information: The reproductive system is protandrous, meaning male
flower parts are produced before female parts, in this case, separated
by several days; only five percent of the flowers produce pollen; very
few fruits are produced per inflorescence; there are 20 to 60 seeds per
capsule; and plants in cultivation have been known to flower at nine
months of age. This species has been observed in flower during August.
Little else is known about the life history of B. rockii. Flowering
cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (HINHP
Database 2001; Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325).
Historically, Brighamia rockii ranged along the northern coast of
East Molokai and may possibly have grown on Lanai and Maui. Currently,
it is only extant on Molokai (HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999;
Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325; K. Wood, in litt. 2000).
Brighamia rockii occurs in rock crevices on steep sea cliffs, often
within the spray zone, in coastal dry to mesic forests and shrublands
between 0 and 195 m (0 and 640 ft). Associated plant species include
Diospyros sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata (alahee), Osteomeles
anthyllidifolia, and Scaevola taccada (naupaka kahakai) (Service 1996b;
57 FR 46325; J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001).
Nothing is known of the threats to Brighamia rockii on the island
of Maui (Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325).
Cenchrus agrimonioides (Kamanomano, =sandbur, agrimony)
Cenchrus agrimonioides is a short-lived perennial member of the
grass family (Poaceae) with leaf blades that are flat or folded and
have a prominent midrib. There are two varieties, C. agrimonioides var.
laysanensis and C. agrimonioides var. agrimonioides. They differ from
each other in that var. agrimonioides has smaller burs, shorter stems,
and narrower leaves. This species is distinguished from others in the
genus by the cylindrical to lance-shaped bur and the arrangement and
position of the bristles (O'Connor 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Cenchrus agrimonioides.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown. This species has been observed to produce fruit year-round
(Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).
Historically, Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides was known
from Oahu, Lanai, the south slope of Haleakala and Ulupalakua on Maui,
and (in an undocumented report) the island of Hawaii. Historically, C.
agrimonioides var. laysanensis was known from Laysan, Kure, and Midway,
all within what is now the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National
Wildlife Refuge, but has not been seen since 1973. This variety was
never known from Maui. Currently, C. agrimonioides var. agrimonioides
is known from Oahu and Maui. On Maui, this variety is known from one
occurrence on State-owned land (Kanaio NAR) at Ukumehame and Kanaio,
East Maui, containing an unknown number of individuals (Corn 1980;
HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).
Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides is found in mid-elevation
dry forest or Pleomele-Diospyros forest associated with Alyxia
oliviformis, Dodonaea viscosa, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, or Santalum
ellipticum at elevations between 471 and 1,091 m (1,544 and 3,579 ft)
(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 61 FR 53108; R. Hobdy, pers. comm.,
2001).
The major threats to the only known occurrence of Cenchrus
agrimonioides var. agrimonioides on Maui are competition with nonnative
plant species, browsing and habitat degradation by goats and cattle and
a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced
reproductive vigor caused by the small number of existing individuals
(Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).
Centaurium sebaeoides (Awiwi)
Centaurium sebaeoides is an annual herb in the gentian family
(Gentianaceae) with fleshy leaves and stalkless flowers. This species
is distinguished from C. erythraea (bitter herb), which is naturalized
in Hawaii, by its fleshy leaves and the unbranched arrangement of the
flower cluster (Wagner et al. 1999).
Centaurium sebaeoides has been observed flowering in April.
Flowering may be induced by heavy rainfall. Occurrences are found in
dry areas, and plants are more likely to be found following heavy
rains. Little else is known about the life history of this plant. Its
flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1999; 56 FR 55770).
Historically and currently, Centaurium sebaeoides is known from
Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. On Maui, there are 3 occurrences
of this species, with a total of more than 50 individuals, on State and
privately owned lands at Kahakuloa Head, Lahoole, and Kupaa Gulch
(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; Wagner et al. 1999; 56 FR 55770).
[[Page 25945]]
This species typically grows in volcanic or clay soils or on cliffs
in windward coastal areas at elevations between 0 and 194 m (0 and 636
ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant
species: Bidens mauiensis; Lycium sandwicense (ohelo kai); Lysimachia
mauritiana (kolokolo kuahiwi); Melanthera integrifolia (nehe); Panicum
torridum (kakonakona); Scaevola taccada; or Schiedea globosa (NCN)
(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; Wagner et al. 1999; 56 FR 55770; R.
Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to this species on Maui are habitat degradation
by feral goats and cattle, competition from the nonnative plant species
Leucaena leucocephala, trampling by humans on or near trails, and fire
(Service 1999; 56 FR 55770).
Clermontia lindseyana (Oha wai)
Clermontia lindseyana, a short-lived perennial member of the
bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a small, branched tree that grows
2.5 to 6 m (8.2 to 20 ft) tall. Clermontia lindseyana is either
terrestrial or epiphytic. Clermontia lindseyana is easily distinguished
from the other species within this genus by several characters: Much
larger leaves and flowers; petals similar to sepals; and spreading
floral lobes. Rock (1962) commented on the leaves being conspicuously
hairy beneath (Cuddihy et al. 1983; Lammers 1999).
This species has been observed in fruit from June to October and in
flower from February to August. Little else is known about the life
history of Clermontia lindseyana. Flowering cycles, pollination
vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (HINHP Database 2001;
Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305).
Historically, Clermontia lindseyana was known from Maui and the
island of Hawaii. The two Maui occurrences are located in Waiopai and
Wailaulau Gulches in the Kahikinui and Kula Forest Reserves on State
and private lands, and are estimated to total about 330 individuals
(GDSI 2001, HINHP Database 2001, Service 1996a, 59 FR 10305; Arthur
Medeiros, USGS-BRD, in litt. 2000).
On Maui, Clermontia lindseyana grows in Acacia koa mesic forest
containing one or more of the following associated native plant
species: Coprosma spp.; Cyrtandra spp.; Ilex anomala (kawau); Myrsine
spp.; or native fern species, at elevations between 1,142 and 1,870 m
(3,747 and 6,134 ft) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305;
R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).
The threats to Clermontia lindseyana are trampling and grazing by
cattle, trampling and browsing by goats, and trampling and rooting by
pigs; competition with the nonnative plant Pennisetum clandestinum; and
consumption of berries, flowers, and vegetation by black rats (Service
1996a; 59 FR 10305).
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis (Oha wai)
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, a short-lived perennial
member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a shrub or tree
with oblong to lance-shaped leaves with petioles. Clermontia
oblongifolia is distinguished from other members of the genus by its
calyx and corolla, which are similar in color and are each fused into a
curved tube that falls off as the flower ages. The species is also
distinguished by the leaf shape, the male floral parts, the shape of
the flower buds, and the lengths of the leaf and flower stalks, the
flower, and the smooth green basal portion of the flower (the
hypanthium). Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis is reported from
Maui and Lanai, while ssp. oblongifolia is only known from Oahu and
ssp. brevipes is only known from Molokai (Lammers 1988, 1999; 57 FR
20772).
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis is known to flower from
November to July. Little else is known about the life history of this
species. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Rock 1919; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).
Historically, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis was known from
Lanai and Honomanu Valley on Haleakala, East Maui. Currently, it is
known from Lanai and West Maui. This species is currently known from
one occurrence with an unknown number of individuals, at Kaulalewelewe
on privately owned land within the West Maui Mountains Watershed
Partnership (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999; Service
1997; 57 FR 20772).
This plant typically grows on the sides of ridges and ridge tops in
Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated montane wet forests at elevations
between 414 and 1,764 m (1,358 and 5,787 ft) and containing one or more
of the following associated native plant species: Cheirodendron spp.
(NCN); Clermontia spp.; Coprosma spp.; Dicranopteris linearis; Hedyotis
spp.; Ilex anomala; Melicope spp.; or Myrsine spp. (HINHP Database
2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).
The only known population of this species on Maui is vulnerable to
extinction from a natural or human-caused environmental disturbance
caused by its small size; depressed reproductive vigor; competition
with the nonnative plant species Tibouchina herbacea; and habitat
degradation by feral pigs (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).
Clermontia peleana (Oha wai)
Clermontia peleana, a member of the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an epiphytic shrub or
tree that grows on native trees and tree ferns. Two subspecies are
recognized: C. peleana ssp. singuliflora (with greenish-white petals)
and C. peleana ssp. peleana (with blackish-purple petals). This species
can be separated from other Hawaiian members of the genus by its
epiphytic growth, small triangular green calyx lobes, and single-lipped
flowers (Lammers 1999).
Clermontia peleana has been observed in flower during June and
November, and in fruit during November. Little else is known about the
life history of C. peleana. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed
dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and
limiting factors are unknown (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996a; 59 FR
10305).
Clermontia peleana ssp. singuliflora was formerly found on the
island of Hawaii and on East Maui, but has not been seen in either
place since the early 1900s (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996a; Wagner
et al. 1999; 59 FR 10305; Lyman Perry, DOFAW, pers. comm., 2000).
Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or native plant
species associated with Clermontia peleana on the island of Maui (R.
Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001; Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305) or of the threats
to Clermontia peleana on the island of Maui (Service 1996a; 59 FR
10305).
Colubrina oppositifolia (Kauila)
Colubrina oppositifolia, a member of the buckthorn family
(Rhamnaceae), is a long-lived tree with extremely hard, red wood. This
species is readily distinguished from the other species in Hawaii by
the opposite leaf position, dull leaf surface, and entire leaf margins
(Wagner et al. 1999).
This species has been observed in fruit and flower in September and
June, and in flower during December and January. Little else is known
about the
[[Page 25946]]
life history of Colubrina oppositifolia. Flowering cycles, pollination
vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (HINHP Database 2001;
Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305).
Historically and currently, Colubrina oppositifolia is known from
Oahu, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently on Maui, there are two
occurrences containing one individual each on privately owned land in
Honokawai in Lahaina District and in Auwahi in Hana District (GDSI
2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996a; Warshauer 1998; 59 FR 10305).
The habitat of this species is lowland dry and mesic forest
dominated by Diospyros sandwicensis, at elevations between 192 and 929
m (630 and 3,047 ft) and containing one or more of the following
associated native plant species: Bidens micrantha ssp. micrantha
(kookoolau); Canavalia spp. (awikiwiki); Dodonaea viscosa; Freycinetia
arborea (ieie); Metrosideros polymorpha; Microlepia strigosa; Pleomele
auwahiensis; Psydrax odorata; Reynoldsia sandwicensis; or Wikstroemia
spp. (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305; R. Hobdy, pers.
comm., 2001).
The threats to this species on Maui are habitat destruction by
feral pigs, competition with the nonnative plants Lantana camara and
Schinus terebinthifolius, the black twig borer, Chinese rose beetle
(Adoretus sinicus), fire; and its small number of occurrences and
limited distribution (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305).
Ctenitis squamigera (Pauoa)
Ctenitis squamigera is a short-lived perennial of the woodfern
family (Dryopteridaceae). Ctenitis squamigera can be readily
distinguished from other Hawaiian species of Ctenitis by the dense
covering of tan-colored scales on its frond (Degener and Degener 1957;
Wagner and Wagner 1992).
Little is known about the life history of Ctenitis squamigera. Its
reproduction cycles, dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service
1998a; 59 FR 49025).
Historically, Ctenitis squamigera was recorded from the islands of
Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. It is currently found on
Oahu, Lanai, Molokai, and Maui. On Maui, there are 12 occurrences with
41 individuals on State (West Maui Forest Reserve) and privately owned
lands at Honolua, Kahana, Honokawai, Wahikuli, Kapilau Ridge, Paupau,
and Hukoula within the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership (GDSI
2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025; J. Lau in litt.
2000; J. Lau, pers. comm., 2000; H. Oppenheimer, in litt. 2000; K.
Wood, pers. comm., 2000).
This species is found in the forest understory of Metrosideros
polymorpha montane wet forest or diverse mesic forest at elevations
between 74 and 1,593 m (243 and 5,226 ft) and containing one or more of
the following native plant species: Alyxia oliviformis; Antidesma spp.
(hame); Bobea spp. (ahakea); Canavalia spp.; Coprosma spp.;
Dicranopteris linearis; Doodia spp. (okupukupu lauii); Dryopteris spp.
(NCN); Freycinetia arborea; Hedyotis terminalis; Hibiscus kokio ssp.
kokio (kokio); Myrsine spp.; Peperomia spp. (ala ala wainui);
Pittosporum spp. (hoawa); Pleomele spp. (hala pepe); Pritchardia spp.;
Psychotria spp.; Remya mauiensis; Sadleria spp.; Schiedea pubescens
var. pubescens (NCN); or Xylosma spp. (HINHP Database 2001; Service
1998a; 59 FR 49025; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001; H. Oppenheimer, pers.
comm., 2000).
The primary threats to Ctenitis squamigera are habitat degradation
by feral pigs, goats, and axis deer; competition with nonnative plant
species, especially Psidium cattleianum and Schinus terebinthifolius;
fire; and extinction from naturally occurring events caused by the
small number of existing occurrences and individuals (Service 1998a; 59
FR 49025).
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (Haha)
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, a short-lived member of the
bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a perennial shrub with pinnately
divided leaves. This species is distinguished from others in this
endemic Hawaiian genus by the pinnately lobed leaf margins and the
width of the leaf blades. This subspecies is distinguished from the
other two subspecies by the shape and size of the calyx lobes, which
overlap at the base (Lammers 1990).
On Molokai, flowering plants have been reported in July and August.
Little else is known about the life history of Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal
agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting
factors are unknown (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).
Historically and currently, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana is
known from Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and scattered locations on Maui.
Currently on Maui, there are two occurrences with a total of five
individuals on privately owned land in Iao Valley and Kapilau Ridge
(GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).
This species is typically found on rocky or steep slopes of stream
banks in wet forest gulch bottoms often dominated by Metrosideros
polymorpha at elevations between 312 and 1,617 m (1,024 and 5,305 ft)
and containing one or more of the following associated native plant
species: Antidesma spp.; Bobea spp.; Myrsine spp.; Nestegis
sandwicensis; Psychotria spp.; or Xylosma spp. (Service 1999; 61 FR
53108; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).
The threats to this species on Maui are habitat degradation and/or
destruction caused by axis deer, goats, and pigs; competition with
various nonnative plants; random naturally occurring events that could
cause extinction caused by the small number of existing individuals;
trampling by hikers; landslides; rats; and slugs (Service 1999; 61 FR
53108).
Cyanea lobata (Haha)
Cyanea lobata, a short-lived member of the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae), is a sparingly branched perennial shrub with smooth to
somewhat rough stems and oblong, irregularly lobed leaves. This species
is distinguished from other species of Cyanea by the size of the flower
and the irregularly lobed leaves with petioles (Lammers 1990).
Cyanea lobata is known to flower from August to February, even in
individuals as small as 50 cm (20 in) in height. Little else is known
about the life history of Cyanea lobata. Flowering cycles, pollination
vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Degener 1936; Rock
1919; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).
Historically, Cyanea lobata was known from Lanai and West Maui. It
is no longer extant on Lanai. On Maui, there are currently 5
occurrences with a total of 12 individuals on privately owned land
within the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership at Kaulalewelewe,
Honolowai, Honokohau, and Waikapu (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001;
Lammers 1999; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).
This species has been seen and collected on steep stream banks in
deep shade in wet forest at elevations between 204 and 1,530 m (669 and
5,020 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native
plant species: Antidesma spp.; Athyrium spp. (akolea); Clermontia
kakeana; Cyrtandra spp.; Freycinetia arborea; Metrosideros polymorpha;
Morinda trimera (noni
[[Page 25947]]
kuahiwi); Peperomia spp.; Pipturus albidus; Pleomele spp.; Psychotria
spp.; Touchardia latifolia; or Xylosma spp. (HINHP Database 2001;
Lammers 1999; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).
The threats to this species on Maui are habitat degradation by
feral pigs, depressed reproductive vigor, and natural or human-caused
environmental disturbance that could easily be catastrophic caused by
the small number of remaining individuals and the limited and scattered
distribution of the species (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).
Cyrtandra munroi (Haiwale)
Cyrtandra munroi, a short-lived perennial and member of the African
violet family (Gesneriaceae), is a shrub with opposite, elliptic to
almost circular leaves that are sparsely to moderately hairy on the
upper surface and covered with velvety, rust-colored hairs underneath.
This species is distinguished from other species of the genus by the
broad opposite leaves, the length of the flower cluster stalks, the
size of the flowers, and the amount of hair on various parts of the
plant (Wagner et al. 1999).
The reproductive biology of some species of Cyrtandra has been
studied, but not on C. munroi specifically. Studies of other members of
the genus suggest that a specific pollinator may be necessary for
successful pollination. Seed dispersal may be via birds that eat the
fruits. Flowering time, longevity of plants and seeds, specific
environmental requirements, and other limiting factors are unknown
(Service 1995b; 57 FR 20772).
Cyrtandra munroi was historically and is currently known from Lanai
and West Maui. Currently on Maui, there are 5 occurrences with a total
of approximately 1,000 individuals on private and State (West Maui
Forest Reserve) owned lands within the West Maui Mountains Watershed
Partnership in Kahanaiki Gulch, Pulepule Gulch, Honokahua Gulch, along
Makamakaole Stream, and Hahakea (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001;
Service 1995b; Wagner et al. 1999; 57 FR 20772).
The habitat of this species is rich, moist to wet, moderately steep
talus slopes in lowland wet Metrosideros polymorpha forest at
elevations between 390 and 1,108 m (1,280 and 3,635 ft) and containing
one or more of the following associated native plant species: Alyxia
oliviformis; Bobea spp.; Clermontia spp.; Coprosma spp.; Cyrtandra
spp.; Diospyros spp. (lama); Freycinetia arborea; Hedyotis acuminata;
Melicope spp.; Myrsine spp.; Perrottetia sandwicensis; Pipturus spp.
(mamaki); Pittosporum spp.; Pouteria sandwicensis; Psychotria spp.;
Sadleria spp.; Scaevola spp. (naupaka); Sicyos spp.; Strongylodon ruber
(nuku iiwi); Xylosma spp.; or Zanthoxylum kauense (ae) (HINHP Database
2001; Service 1995b; 57 FR 20772; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).
The threats to this species on Maui are from competition with the
nonnative plant species Melinis minutiflora, Paspalum conjugatum,
Pluchea carolinensis (sourbush), Psidium cattleianum, and Rubus
rosifolius; loss of appropriate pollinators; a very small number of
extant individuals which can cause depressed reproductive vigor; and
the effects of random environmental events that could easily be
catastrophic caused by the small number of occurrences on Maui (Service
1995b; 57 FR 20772).
Delissea undulata (NCN)
Delissea undulata, a member of the bellflower family
(Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched, palm-
like, woody-stemmed tree with a dense cluster of leaves at the tip of
the stem. One or two knob-like structures often occur on the back of
the flower tube. Three subspecies, all but the last of which are
considered extinct, may be separated on the basis of leaf shape and
margin characters: In D. undulata var. kauaiensis, the leaf blades are
oval and flat-margined with sharp teeth; in D. undulata var.
niihauensis, the leaf blades are heart shaped and flat-margined with
shallow, rounded teeth; and in D. undulata var. undulata, the leaf
blades are elliptic to lance-shaped and wavy-margined with small,
sharply pointed teeth. This species is separated from the other closely
related members of the genus by its large flowers and berries and broad
leaf bases. Delissea undulata ssp. undulata is the only subspecies
known from Maui (Lammers 1990).
Delissea undulata var. undulata has been observed in fruit and
flower during December. Little else is known about the life history of
D. undulata var. undulata. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed
dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and
limiting factors are unknown (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996a; 61 FR
53124).
Delissea undulata var. undulata was known from southwestern Maui,
western Hawaii, and Niihau. Currently it occurs on Kauai and the island
of Hawaii (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996a; 61 FR 53124;
Linda Pratt, USGS-BRD, pers. comm., 2001; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).
Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or native plant
species associated with Delissea undulata var. undulata on the island
of Maui (Service 1996a; 61 FR 53124; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001) or of
the threats to Delissea undulata var. undulata on the island of Maui
(Service 1996a; 61 FR 53124).
Diellia erecta (Asplenium-leaved diellia)
Diellia erecta, a short-lived perennial fern in the spleenwort
family (Aspleniaceae), grows in tufts of three to nine lance-shaped
fronds emerging from a rhizome covered with brown to dark gray scales.
This species differs from other members of the genus in having brown or
dark gray scales usually more than 2 cm (0.8 in) in length, fused or
separate sori along both margins, shiny black midribs that have a
hardened surface, and veins that do not usually encircle the sori
(Degener and Greenwell 1950; Smith 1934; Wagner 1952).
Little is known about the life history of Diellia erecta.
Reproduction cycles, dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service
1999; 59 FR 56333).
Historically, Diellia erecta was known on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai,
Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, it is known from
Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii. On Maui, there are 5 known
occurrences with a total of 35 individual plants on State (West Maui
Forest Reserve, Manawainui Plant Sanctuary, and Department of Hawaiian
Home Lands) and privately owned lands within the West Maui Mountains
Watershed Partnership in Iao Valley, Hanaulaiki, Manawainui Gulch, near
Polipoli in Kamaole, and west of Waiopai Gulch (GDSI 2001; HINHP
Database 2001; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).
This species is found in steep slopes or gulch sides in deep shade
in Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha low-to mid-elevation mesic
forests between 338 and 1,744 m (1,109 and 5,722 ft) and containing one
or more of the following associated native plant species: Coprosma
spp.; Dodonaea viscosa; Dryopteris unidentata (akole); Leptecophylla
tameiameiae; Melicope spp.; Myrsine spp.; Osteomeles anthyllidifolia;
or Psychotria spp. (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; R.
Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to Diellia erecta on Maui are habitat degradation
by pigs, goats, and cattle; competition with nonnative plant species,
including
[[Page 25948]]
Blechnum occidentale (NCN); and random naturally occurring events that
could cause extinction and/or reduced reproductive vigor caused by the
small number of existing individuals (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).
Diplazium molokaiense (NCN)
Diplazium molokaiense, a short-lived perennial member of the
woodfern family (Dryopteridaceae), has a short prostrate rhizome and
green or straw-colored leaf stalks with thin-textured fronds. This
species can be distinguished from other species of Diplazium in the
Hawaiian Islands by a combination of characteristics, including
venation pattern, the length and arrangement of the sori, frond shape,
and the degree of dissection of the frond (Wagner and Wagner 1992).
Little is known about the life history of Diplazium molokaiense.
Reproductive cycles, dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service
1998a; 59 FR 49025).
Historically, Diplazium molokaiense was found on Kauai, Oahu,
Molokai, Lanai, and East and West Maui. Currently, this species is only
known from Maui. Four occurrences with a total of 23 individuals are
found on State (Kula and Kahikinui Forest Reserves) and privately owned
lands within the East Maui Watershed Partnership near Polipoli in
Kamaole, between Kahakapao Gulch and Puu O Kakae, Honomanu, and Waiopai
Gulch (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998a; Warshauer 1998;
59 FR 49025).
This species occurs near water courses, often in proximity to
waterfalls, in lowland or montane mesic Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia
koa forest at elevations between 273 and 1,917 m (896 and 6,289 ft)
(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025; R. Hobdy, pers.
comm., 2001).
The primary threats on Maui are habitat degradation by feral goats,
cattle, pigs, and axis deer; competition with nonnative plant species;
decreased reproductive vigor; and extinction from randomly occurring
natural events caused by the small number of occurrences and
individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025).
Flueggea neowawraea (Mehamehame)
Flueggea neowawraea, a long-lived perennial member of the spurge
family (Euphorbiaceae), is a large tree with white oblong pores
covering its scaly, pale brown bark. This species is the only member of
the genus found in Hawaii and can be distinguished from similar
Hawaiian species in the family by its hairless whitish lower leaf
surfaces and round fruits (Hayden 1999; Linney 1982; Neal 1965; Service
1999).
Individual trees of Flueggea neowawraea bear only male or female
flowers, and must be cross-pollinated from a different tree to produce
viable seed. Little else is known about the life history of F.
neowawraea. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal
agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting
factors are unknown (Hayden 1999; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).
Historically, Flueggea neowawraea was known from the islands of
Oahu, Kauai, Molokai, and Hawaii. Currently, occurrences are known from
Kauai, Oahu, East Maui, and Hawaii. On Maui, there are four occurrences
on State (DHHL) and privately owned lands at Auwahi, and above
Lualailua and Alena (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 59
FR 56333; Mahealani Kaiaokamalie, Ulupalakua Ranch, in litt. 2000).
Flueggea neowawraea occurs in dry or mesic forest at elevations
between 633 and 971 m (2,078 and 3,186 ft) and containing one or more
of the following associated native plant species: Alectryon
macrococcus; Antidesma pulvinatum; Bobea timonioides (ahakea);
Charpentiera spp. (papala); Diplazium sandwichianum; Diospyros spp.;
Myrsine lanaiensis (kolea); Nesoluma polynesicum (keahi); Nestegis
sandwicensis; Pleomele auwahiensis; Pleomele spp.; Pouteria
sandwicensis; Psydrax odorata; Rauvolfia sandwicensis (hao); or
Tetraplasandra spp. (oheohe) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 59 FR
56333; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).
The threats to the populations on Maui are the black twig borer;
habitat degradation by feral pigs, goats, deer, and cattle; competition
with nonnative plant species; depressed reproductive vigor; the risk of
extinction from a random environmental event caused by the small number
of individuals; and predation of the fruit by rats (HINHP Database
2001; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).
Gouania vitifolia (NCN)
Gouania vitifolia, a member of the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae)
and a short-lived perennial, is a climbing shrub with tendriled
flowering branches. This species differs from other members of its
genus by having flowering branches with a tendril and coarsely wavy to
toothed leaf margins (Wagner et al. 1999).
In winter and late spring, the main vine of Gouania vitifolia
produces new young side shoots which soon die. Plants have been
observed flowering from late November to January, but flowering
probably depends on precipitation. Little else is known about the life
history of G. vitifolia. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed
dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and
limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998b; 59 FR 32932).
Historically, Gouania vitifolia was known from West Maui, the Kau
District of the island of Hawaii, and Oahu. The species currently
occurs on Oahu and on the island of Hawaii (GDSI 2001; Service 1998b;
59 FR 32932; Jon Giffin, DOFAW, in litt. 2000).
On Maui, Gouania vitifolia typically grows on the sides of ridges
and gulches in dry to mesic forests at elevations between 155 and 1,326
m (509 and 4,350 ft). Associated plant species include: Bidens spp.;
Carex meyenii (NCN); Chamaesyce spp. (akoko); Diospyros sandwicensis;
Dodonaea viscosa; Erythrina sandwicensis; Hedyotis spp.; Hibiscus spp.;
Melicope spp.; Nestegis sandwicensis; Pipturus albidus; Psychotria
spp.; or Urera glabra (opuhe) (Service 1998b; 59 FR 32932; J. Lau,
pers. comm., 2001).
Nothing is known of the threats to Gouania vitifolia on the island
of Maui (Service 1998b; 59 FR 32932).
Hedyotis coriacea (Kioele)
Hedyotis coriacea, a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a
small, short-lived perennial shrub with leathery leaves which are
generally elliptic to oblong in shape, 3 to 8 cm (1.2 to 3.1 in) long
and usually 1.5 to 3 cm (0.6 to 1.2 in) wide. This species is
distinguished from others of the genus by its small, triangular calyx
lobes, which do not enlarge in fruit, and the combination of capsules
which are longer than wide and flower buds which are square in cross-
section (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Hedyotis coriacea.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).
Historically, Hedyotis coriacea was known from Oahu and the island
of Hawaii. Considered extinct on all islands in recent years, this
species was discovered in 1990 by Steve Perlman in the State-owned
Lihau section of the West Maui NAR and in 1991 on the 1859 lava flow in
the Pohakuloa Training Area, island of Hawaii. Currently, only a single
individual is known from West Maui on State-owned
[[Page 25949]]
land within the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership (GDSI 2001;
HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).
Hedyotis coriacea is found on steep, rocky slopes in dry lowland
Dodonaea viscosa-dominated shrublands at elevations between 110 and 937
m (361 and 3,074 ft) and containing one or more of the following
associated native plant species: Bidens menziesii (kookoolau); Gouania
hillebrandii (NCN); Melanthera lavarum; Myoporum sandwicense; Schiedea
menziesii (NCN); or Sida fallax (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 57
FR 20772; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).
The single remaining individual of Hedyotis coriacea on Maui is
threatened by extinction from a random naturally occurring event
(Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).
Hedyotis mannii (Pilo)
Hedyotis mannii, a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a
short-lived perennial plant with smooth, usually erect stems 30 to 60
cm (1 to 2 ft) long, which are woody at the base and four-angled or
winged. This species' growth habit; its quadrangular or winged stems;
the shape, size, and texture of its leaves; and its dry capsule, which
opens when mature, separate it from other species of the genus (Wagner
et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Hedyotis mannii.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325).
Currently and historically, Hedyotis mannii is known from Lanai,
West Maui, and Molokai. On Maui, there is a single occurrence of
approximately 20 individuals located on private land in Kauaula Valley
(GDSI 2001; Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325; K. Wood, in litt. 2000).
The occurrence on Maui is found on basalt cliffs along stream banks
in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis montane wet forest at
elevations between 340 and 1,593 m (1,115 and 5,226 ft) and containing
one or more of the following associated native plant species: Boehmeria
grandis; Carex meyenii; Cyanea spp. (haha); Cyrtandra grayi (haiwale);
Cyrtandra hawaiensis (haiwale); Cyrtandra platyphylla (ilihia);
Hedyotis acuminata; Isachne distichophylla (ohe); Machaerina spp.
(uki); Phyllostegia spp. (NCN); Pipturus albidus; Psychotria spp.;
Touchardia latifolia; or Urera glabra (Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325; R.
Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001; K. Wood, in litt. 2000).
Hedyotis mannii on Maui is threatened by landslides; competition
with the nonnative plant species Ageratina adenophora, Buddleia
asiatica (butterfly bush), Clidemia hirta, Pluchea carolinensis
(sourbush), and Rubus rosifolius; and the low number of individuals
which makes it extremely vulnerable to extinction by random naturally
occurring events (Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325; K. Wood, in litt. 2000).
Hesperomannia arborescens (NCN)
Hesperomannia arborescens, a long-lived perennial of the aster
family (Asteraceae), is a small shrubby tree that usually stands 1.5 to
5 m (5 to 16 ft) tall. This member of an endemic Hawaiian genus differs
from other Hesperomannia species in having the following combination of
characteristics: Erect to ascending flower heads; thick flower head
stalks; and usually hairless and relatively narrow leaves (Wagner et
al. 1999).
This species has been observed in flower from April through June
and in fruit during March and June. Little else is known about the life
history of Hesperomannia arborescens. Flowering cycles, pollination
vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998b; 59 FR
14482).
Hesperomannia arborescens was formerly known from Oahu, Molokai,
and Lanai. This species is now known from Oahu, Molokai, and Maui.
There are four occurrences with a total of six individuals on State
(Kahukuloa section of the West Maui NAR) and privately owned lands in
Honokohau and Lanilii within the West Maui Mountains Watershed
Partnership (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 59 FR
14482).
Hesperomannia arborescens is found on slopes or ridges in lowland
mesic or wet forest at elevations between 346 and 1,422 m (1,135 and
4,665 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native
plant species: Antidesma spp.; Bobea spp.; Cheirodendron spp.;
Clermontia spp.; Cibotium spp.; Coprosma spp.; Dicranopteris linearis;
Freycinetia arborea; Isachne distichophylla; Machaerina spp.; Melicope
spp.; Metrosideros polymorpha; Myrsine sandwicensis (kolea); Pipturus
spp.; Psychotria spp.; or Sadleria spp. (HINHP Database 2001; Service
1998b; 59 FR 14482; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to Hesperomannia arborescens on Maui are habitat
degradation by feral pigs and goats; competition with nonnative plant
species; impact by humans; and extinction caused by random
environmental events or reduced reproductive vigor caused by the small
number of remaining individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 59
FR 14482).
Hesperomannia arbuscula (NCN)
Hesperomannia arbuscula, a long-lived perennial member of the aster
family (Asteraceae), is a small shrubby tree, 2 to 3.3 m (7 to 11 ft)
tall. This species can be distinguished from other members of the genus
by the erect flower heads and the leaves, usually hairy beneath, which
are one to two times as long as wide (Wagner et al. 1999).
Hesperomannia arbuscula usually flowers in the spring, depending on
precipitation. Seeds mature in about 6 weeks and trees live about 10 to
15 years. Little else is known about the life history of H. arbuscula.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).
Historically and currently, Hesperomannia arbuscula is known from
Oahu and West Maui. On Maui, there are 8 occurrences with a total of 37
individuals, on privately owned land along Waihee Stream and Nakalaloa
within the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership (GDSI 2001; HINHP
Database 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
Hesperomannia arbuscula typically grows on steep forested slopes
and ridges in mesic forest dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or
Diospyros sandwicensis at elevations between 354 and 1,453 m (1,161 and
4,767 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native
plant species: Alyxia oliviformis; Bidens spp.; Cheirodendron spp.;
Clermontia spp.; Cyanea spp.; Psychotria spp.; or Tetraplasandra spp.
(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770; R. Hobdy and J. Lau,
pers. comm., 2001).
The major threats to Hesperomannia arbuscula on Maui are habitat
degradation by feral pigs, competition from nonnative plant species,
trampling by humans, and extinction from naturally occurring random
events caused by the small number of occurrences (Service 1998b; 56 FR
55770).
Hibiscus brackenridgei (Mao hau hele)
Hibiscus brackenridgei, a short-lived perennial member of the
mallow family (Malvaceae), is a sprawling to erect
[[Page 25950]]
shrub or small tree. This species differs from other members of the
genus in having the following combination of characteristics: Yellow
petals; a calyx consisting of triangular lobes with raised veins and a
single midrib; bracts attached below the calyx, and thin stipules (leaf
bracts) that fall off, leaving an elliptical scar. Two subspecies are
currently recognized, Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei and H.
brackenridgei ssp. mokuleianus (Bates 1990).
Hibiscus brackenridgei is known to flower continuously from early
February through late May, and intermittently at other times of year.
Intermittent flowering may possibly be tied to day length. Little else
is known about the life history of H. brackenridgei. Pollination
vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999; 59 FR
56333).
Historically, Hibiscus brackenridgei was known from the islands of
Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, Molokai, Kahoolawe, and Hawaii. Currently, H.
brackenridgei ssp. mokuleianus is known from Oahu and from undocumented
observations on Kauai. Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei is
currently known from Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. On Maui, H. brackenridgei
ssp. brackenridgei is found in 5 occurrences, containing 40
individuals, on State (Lihau section of West Maui NAR and DHHL) and
privately owned lands at Lihau, Kaonohua, Keokea, and near Puu O Kali
(Bates 1990; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 59 FR
56333).
Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei occurs in lowland dry
forest sometimes with Erythrina sandwicensis as the dominant tree at
elevations between 43 and 771 m (141 and 2,530 ft) and containing one
or more of the following associated native plant species: Achyranthes
spp. (NCN); Chamaesyce celastroides var. lorifolia; Chenopodium spp.
(aheahea); Diospyros spp.; Dodonaea viscosa; Melanthera lavarum;
Myoporum sandwicense; Nototrichium spp.; annual Panicum spp.; Psydrax
odorata; Schiedea salicaria (NCN); or Sida fallax (HINHP Database 2001;
Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).
The primary threats to Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei on
Maui and Kahoolawe are habitat degradation and possible predation by
pigs, goats, cattle, axis deer, and rats; competition with nonnative
plant species; fire; and extinction caused by random environmental
events or reduced reproductive vigor caused by small occurrence size
and the limited number of individuals (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).
Ischaemum byrone (Hilo ischaemum)
Ischaemum byrone, a short-lived member of the grass family
(Poaceae), is a perennial species with creeping underground and erect
stems. Ischaemum byrone can be distinguished from other Hawaiian
grasses by its tough outer flower bracts; dissimilar basic flower
units, which are awned (slender bristle) and two-flowered; and a two-or
three-tiered-branching inflorescence (O'Connor 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Ischaemum byrone.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305).
Historically, Ischaemum byrone was reported from Kauai, Oahu,
Molokai, East Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, this species
is found on Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii. On Maui, there are 6
occurrences with less than 2,000 individuals found on State and
privately owned lands at Keopuka Rock, Paupalu Point, Moku Huki, west
of Kalahu Point, between Keakulikuli Point and Pukaulua Point, and
Kauiki Head (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996a; 59 FR
10305).
Ischaemum byrone grows in close proximity to the ocean, among rocks
or on basalt cliffs in windward coastal dry shrubland at elevations
between 0 and 190 m (0 and 623 ft) and containing one or more of the
following associated native plant species: Bidens spp. Fimbristylis
cymosa (mauu akiaki) or Scaevola taccada (HINHP Database 2001; Service
1996a; 59 FR 10305; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).
The most serious threat to Ischaemum byrone is the invasion of
nonnative plant species, particularly Digitaria ciliaris (Henry's
crabgrass), Ardisia elliptica (shoebutton ardisia), and Casuarina
equisetifolia (ironwood). Additionally, fire may pose a threat in areas
infested with nonnative grasses, provided enough fuel is present. Other
potential threats include grazing and browsing by goats and axis deer.
Disturbance incurred from these ungulates further promotes the
introduction and establishment of nonnative weeds. Some occurrences are
also threatened by residential development (HINHP Database 2001;
Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305).
Isodendrion pyrifolium (Wahine noho kula)
Isodendrion pyrifolium, a short-lived perennial of the violet
family (Violaceae), is a small, branched shrub with elliptic to lance-
shaped leaf blades. The papery-textured blade has moderately hairy
veins. Below the petiole are oval, hairy stipules. Isodendrion
pyrifolium is distinguished from other species in the genus by its
smaller, green-yellow flowers and hairy stipules and leaf veins (Wagner
et al. 1999).
During periods of drought, this species will drop all but the
newest leaves. After sufficient rains, the plants produce flowers with
seeds ripening one to two months later. Little else is known about the
life history of Isodendrion pyrifolium. Flowering cycles, pollination
vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1996a; 59 FR
10305).
Isodendrion pyrifolium is known historically from six of the
Hawaiian Islands: Niihau, Molokai, Lanai, Oahu, Maui, and the island of
Hawaii. Currently, it is only found on the island of Hawaii (GDSI 2001;
HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305; Marie Bruegmann,
Service, pers. comm., 2000).
On Maui, Isodendrion pyrifolium occured in dry shrubland at
elevations between 54 and 557 m (177 and 1,827 ft) with one or more of
the following associated native plant species: Capparis sandwichiana;
Dodonaea viscosa; Myoporum sandwicense; or Psydrax odorata (Service
1996a; 59 FR 10305; R. Hobdy and J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001).
Nothing is known of the threats to Isodendrion pyrifolium on the
island of Maui (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305).
Lysimachia lydgatei (NCN)
Lysimachia lydgatei, a short-lived perennial member of the primrose
family (Primulaceae), is a sprawling, branched shrub with stems from 1
to 1.3 m (3 to 4 ft) long. This species is distinguished from others in
the genus by the dense hairs on both the upper and lower surfaces of
mature leaves (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Lysimachia lydgatei.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).
Lysimachia lydgatei was known historically from a gulch behind
[[Page 25951]]
Lahaina on West Maui and from Oahu. Currently, it is found only on Maui
on State (Lihau section of West Maui NAR and the West Maui Forest
Reserve) and privately owned lands at Helu, Lihau, east of Halepohaku,
and Ulaula within the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership. The 4
Maui occurrences number approximately 240 individuals (GDSI 2001; HINHP
Database 2001; Service 1997; Wagner et al. 1999; 57 FR 20772).
Lysimachia lydgatei typically grows on the sides of steep ridges in
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis-dominated wet to mesic
shrubland or Metrosideros polymorpha-Cheirodendron spp. montane forest
at elevations between 829 and 1,432 m (2,720 and 4,698 ft) and
containing one or more of the following associated native plant
species: Astelia spp. (painiu); Broussaisia arguta; Coprosma spp.;
Dodonaea viscosa; Eurya sandwicensis (anini); Ilex anomala;
Leptecophylla tameiameiae; Lycopodium spp. (wawae iole); Ochrosia spp.
(holei); Vaccinium spp.; or mat ferns such as Dicranopteris spp. (HINHP
Database 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).
The greatest threats to Lysimachia lydgatei are extinction from a
random environmental event caused by the small number of occurrences;
competition with nonnative plant species such as Rubus argutus; and
fire (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).
Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN)
Mariscus pennatiformis, a short-lived member of the sedge family
(Cyperaceae), is a perennial plant with a woody root system covered
with brown scales. Mariscus pennatiformis is divided into two
subspecies, ssp. bryanii and ssp. pennatiformis, which are
distinguished by the length and width of the spikelets; color, length,
and width of the glume; and by the shape and length of the fruit. This
species differs from other members of the genus by its three-sided,
slightly concave, smooth stems; the length and number of spikelets; the
leaf width; and the length and diameter of stems (Koyama 1990).
Mariscus pennatiformis is known to flower from November to December
after heavy rainfall. Little else is known about the life history of M.
pennatiformis. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal
agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting
factors are unknown (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).
Historically, Mariscus pennatiformis was known from Kauai, Oahu,
East Maui (Keanae Valley, Hana, and Nahiku), the island of Hawaii, and
from Laysan in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Mariscus
pennatiformis ssp. bryanii is only known from Laysan Island. Mariscus
pennatiformis ssp. pennatiformis is currently found only on East Maui.
Two occurrences of approximately 30 individuals are found on State-
owned land near the mouth of Hanawi Stream (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database
2001; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
On Maui, Mariscus pennatiformis ssp. pennatiformis is found on
cliffs with brown soil and talus within reach of ocean spray in
Pandanus tectorius (hala) coastal wet forests at elevations between 0
and 188 m (0 and 615 ft) and containing one or more of the following
associated native plant species: Cyperus laevigatus (makaloa);
Eragrostis spp. (NCN); Ipomoea spp. (morning glory); Lysimachia
mauritiana; or Sadleria pallida (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 59
FR 56333; J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
Threats to Mariscus pennatiformis ssp. pennatiformis on Maui
include grazing and habitat destruction caused by ungulates;
competition with nonnative plant species; and extinction from random
naturally occurring events (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).
Melicope knudsenii (Alani)
Melicope knudsenii, a long-lived perennial member of the rue family
(Rutaceae), is a tree with smooth gray bark and yellowish brown to
olive-brown hairs on the tips of the branches. The species is
distinguished from M. haupuensis and other members of the genus by the
distinct carpels (chambers) present in the fruit, a hairless endocarp
(fruit wall), a larger number of flowers per cluster, and the
distribution of hairs on the underside of the leaves (Stone et al.
1999).
Little is known about the life history of Melicope knudsenii.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995a; 59 FR 9304).
Historically and currently, Melicope knudsenii is known from the
southeastern slope of Haleakala on Maui and from Kauai. Currently on
Maui, there are four occurrences on State (DHHL) and privately owned
lands from Puu Mahoe to east of Puu Ouli (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database
2001; Service 1995a; 59 FR 9304).
Melicope knudsenii grows in Nestegis sandwicensis-Pleomele sp.
mixed open dry forests at elevations between 648 and 1,331 m (2,125 and
4,367 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native
plant species: Alphitonia ponderosa; Dodonaea viscosa; Osteomeles
anthyllidifolia; Santalum ellipticum; or Xylosma hawaiiense (HINHP
Database 2001; Service 1995a; 59 FR 9304; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).
Threats to Melicope knudsenii include habitat degradation by
nonnative animals, such as goats, cattle, and pigs; reduced
reproductive vigor; fire; natural aging and death; and invasive plant
species, such as Pennisetum clandestinum (Service 1995a; 59 FR 9304).
Melicope mucronulata (Alani)
Melicope mucronulata, a long-lived perennial of the rue family
(Rutaceae), is a small tree up to 4 m (13 ft) tall with oval to
elliptic-oval leaves, 8 to 16 cm (3 to 6.5 in) long and 3.5 to 6.5 cm
(1.5 to 2.5 in) wide. This species is distinguished from others in the
genus by the growth habit, the number of flowers in each flower
cluster, the size and shape of the fruit, and the degree of hairiness
of the leaves and fruit walls (Stone et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Melicope mucronulata.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).
First discovered in 1920 in Kanaio, East Maui, Melicope mucronulata
was not relocated until 1983 when it was reported from privately owned
land with an unknown number of plants in Auwahi. This species was also
found two years later on East Molokai (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001;
Service 1997; Stone et al. 1999; 57 FR 20772).
Melicope mucronulata typically grows on gentle south-facing slopes
in lowland dry to mesic forest at elevations between 625 and 1,331 m
(2,050 and 4,367 ft) and containing one or more of the following
associated species: Antidesma pulvinatum; Dodonaea viscosa; Melicope
hawaiensis (alani); Nestegis sandwicensis; Pleomele auwahiensis;
Pouteria sandwicensis; and Streblus pendulinus (Service 1997; 57 FR
20772; J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001).
The major threat to the continued existence of the only known
occurrence of Melicope mucronulata on Maui is the risk of extinction
from a random environmental event. Habitat degradation by goats and
pigs, predation by goats, and competition with nonnative plant species,
particularly Melinis minutiflora, also pose immediate threats to this
species (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).
[[Page 25952]]
Neraudia sericea (NCN)
Neraudia sericea, a short-lived perennial member of the nettle
family (Urticaceae), is a 3 to 5 m (10 to 16 ft) tall shrub with
densely hairy branches. The lower leaf surface is densely covered with
irregularly curved, silky gray to white hairs along the veins. The male
flowers may be stalkless or have short stalks. Neraudia sericea differs
from the other four species of this endemic Hawaiian genus by the
density, length, color, and posture of the hairs on the lower leaf
surface and by its mostly entire leaf margins (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Neraudia sericea.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).
Neraudia sericea was known historically from Molokai, Lanai,
Olowalu Valley on West Maui, the southern slopes of Haleakala on East
Maui, and from Kahoolawe. Currently, this species is known from Molokai
and Maui. On Maui, five occurrences are found on State (DHHL) and
privately owned lands in Pohakea Gulch (West Maui) and in Manawainui
and Kamole Gulches (East Maui) (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service
1999; 59 FR 56333; M. Kaiaokamalie, in litt. 2000).
Neraudia sericea generally occurs in dry to mesic Metrosideros
polymorpha-Dodonaea viscosa-Leptecophylla tameiameiae shrubland or
forest or Acacia koa forest at elevations between 198 and 1,658 m (650
and 5,439 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated
native plant species: Bobea spp.; Coprosma spp.; Cyrtandra oxybapha
(haiwale); Cyrtandra spp.; Diospyros spp.; Hedyotis spp.; Sida fallax;
or Urera glabra (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; Wagner et al. 1999;
59 FR 56333; M. Bruegmann, in litt. 1995; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).
The primary threats to Neraudia sericea on Maui are habitat
degradation by feral pigs and goats; competition with the nonnative
plant species Cymbopogon refractus (barbwire grass), Eragrostis spp.
(love grass), Holcus lanatus, Melinus minutiflora, and Pennisetum
clandestinum; and a risk of extinction caused by random environmental
events (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).
Nototrichium humile (Kului)
Nototrichium humile, a member of the amaranth family
(Amaranthaceae), is an upright to trailing shrub with branched stems to
1.5 m (5 ft) long. This species is distinguished from the only other
species in the genus by its inflorescence, a slender spike 4 mm (0.2
in) in diameter or less, which is covered with short hairs (Wagner et
al. 1999).
Nototrichium humile has been observed flowering after heavy rain,
but flowering is generally heaviest in the spring and summer. Fruits
mature a few weeks after flowering. In cultivation, this species is
known to live for more than a decade. Little else is known about the
life history of N. humile. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed
dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and
limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).
Historically, Nototrichium humile was known from Oahu and Maui. It
currently occurs only on Oahu. On Maui, N. humile was last seen in the
wild by Robert Hobdy in 1979 in Pohakea Gulch (HINHP Database 2001;
Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).
On Maui, Nototrichium humile occurred on old cinder cones in dry
shrubland at elevations between 338 and 734 m (1,110 and 2,407 ft) with
one or more of the following associated native plant species: Dodonaea
viscosa; Erythrina sandwicensis; Heteropogon contortus; and N.
sandwicense (kului) (Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770; J. Lau, pers. comm.,
2001).
Nothing is known of the threats to Nototrichium humile on the
island of Maui (Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).
Peucedanum sandwicense (Makou)
Peucedanum sandwicense, a member of the parsley family (Apiaceae),
is a short-lived, parsley-scented, sprawling herb. Hollow stems arise
from a short, vertical, perennial stem with several fleshy roots. This
species is the only member of the genus in the Hawaiian Islands. It is
distinguished from other Hawaiian members of the family by being a
slightly succulent perennial herb and having broad basal leaflets,
white flowers, and by its floral bracts, the size and shape of its
fruit, and the oil glands in the fruit wall (Constance and Affolter
1999).
Little is known about the life history of Peucedanum sandwicense.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1995a; 59 FR 9304).
Historically and currently, Peucedanum sandwicense is known from
Molokai, Maui, and Kauai. Discoveries in 1990 extended the known
distribution of this species to the island of Oahu. Currently on Maui,
there are 3 occurrences on State and privately owned lands at Keopuka
Islet, near Pauwalu Point, and east of Hanawi Stream, with a total of
32 individuals (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1995a; 59 FR
9304).
This species grows on sparsely vegetated steep to vertical cliff
habitats with little soil in mesic or coastal communities at elevations
between 0 and 1,132 m (0 and 3,714 ft) and containing one or more of
the following associated native species: Artemisia australis; Bidens
spp.; Carex spp.; Chamaesyce spp.; Diospyros sandwicensis; Eragrostis
spp.; Hedyotis littoralis; Lysimachia mauritiana; Metrosideros
polymorpha; Peperomia spp.; Pandanus tectorius (hala); Scaevola
taccada; or Schiedea globosa (NCN) (Constance and Affolter 1999; HINHP
Database 2001; Service 1995a; 59 FR 9304; R. Hobdy and J. Lau pers.
comms., 2001).
Competition with introduced plants is the major threat to
Peucedanum sandwicense on Keopuka Rock. Additionally, small occurrence
sizes also make the species subject to extinction caused by random
environmental events (Service 1995a; 59 FR 9304).
Phlegmariurus mannii (Wawae iole)
Phlegmariurus (=Huperzia, =Lycopodium) mannii, a short-lived
perennial member of the clubmoss family (Lycopodiaceae), is a hanging
epiphyte with clustered, delicate red stems and forked reproductive
spikes. These traits distinguish it from others in the genus in Hawaii
(Degener and Degener 1959; Holub 1991; St. John 1981; Wagner and Wagner
1992).
Little is known about the life history of Phlegmariurus mannii.
Reproductive cycles, dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service
1997; 57 FR 20772).
Historically, Phlegmariurus mannii was known from Kauai, West Maui
(Haelaau and Hanaula), and the island of Hawaii. Currently, this
species is found on Maui and Hawaii. On Maui, this species is now known
on State (Lihau section of West Maui NAR, Makawao Forest Reserve, DHHL,
and Kipahulu Forest Reserve), Federal and privately owned lands in
Honokohau, Lihau, Puu Okakae, Manawainui, Healani Stream, Puu Ahulili,
and Kaapahu within the East Maui Watershed Partnership and the West
Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership. There are 7 occurrences with a
total of 22 individuals on Maui (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001;
Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).
On Maui, Phlegmariurus mannii typically grows as an epiphyte on
[[Page 25953]]
Metrosideros polymorpha, Dodonaea viscosa and Acacia koa trees in
moist, protected gulches or mossy tussocks in mesic to wet montane
Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa forests at elevations between 446
and 1,688 m (1,464 and 5,539 ft) and containing one or more of the
following associated native plant species: Astelia menziesiana
(kaluaha); Athyrium spp.; Cheirodendron trigynum; Christella spp.
(NCN); Coprosma spp.; Cyanea spp.; Cyrtandra spp.; Ilex anomala;
Leptecophylla tameiameiae; Machaerina spp.; Sadleria spp.; or Vaccinium
spp. (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).
The primary threats to this species are habitat alteration by
goats, cattle and pigs, and the impacts of nonnative plant species.
Additionally, small occurrence sizes also make the species subject to
extinction caused by random environmental events (Service 1997; 57 FR
20772).
Phyllostegia mannii (NCN)
Phyllostegia mannii, a non-aromatic member of the mint family
(Lamiaceae), is a climbing vine with many-branched, four-sided, hairy
stems. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by its
hairiness; its thin, narrow leaves, which are not pinnately divided;
and the usually six flowers per false whorl in a terminal inflorescence
(Wagner et al. 1999).
This species has been observed with fruit in July. Little else is
known about the life history of Phyllostegia mannii. Flowering cycles,
pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service
1996b; 57 FR 46325).
Historically, Phyllostegia mannii was found from Hanalilolilo to
Ohialele on East Molokai and at Ukulele on East Maui. It has not been
seen on Maui for over 70 years. This species is now known only from
Molokai (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325).
On Maui, Phyllostegia mannii occured on gentle slopes and the steep
sides of gulches in mesic to wet forest dominated by Acacia koa and/or
Metrosideros polymorpha at elevations between 1,069 and 1,615 m (3,506
and 5,297 ft) with one or more of the following associated native plant
species: Alyxia oliviformis; Cheirodendron trigynum; Dicranopteris
linearis; Diplazium sandwichianum; Melicope spp.; or Myrsine
lessertiana (Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325; J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001).
Nothing is known of the threats to Phyllostegia mannii on the
island of Maui (Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325).
Phyllostegia mollis (NCN)
Phyllostegia mollis, a short-lived member of the mint family
(Lamiaceae), grows as a nearly erect, densely hairy, nonaromatic,
perennial herb. Characteristics concerning the kind and amount of hair,
the number of flowers in a cluster, and details of other plant parts
separate this species from other members of the genus (Wagner et al.
1990).
Individual Phyllostegia mollis plants live for approximately 5
years. The species is known to flower in late winter and spring. Little
else is known about the life history of P. mollis. Flowering cycles,
pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service
1998b; 56 FR 55770).
Historically, Phyllostegia mollis was known from Oahu, Molokai, and
East Maui. Currently, this species is only known from Oahu and Maui. On
East Maui, a single occurrence with an unknown number of individuals
remains on State (on the border of Kahikinui Forest Reserve and DHHL)
land in Waiopai Gulch (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b;
Wagner et al. 1999; 56 FR 55770).
Phyllostegia mollis typically grows on steep slopes and in gulches
in mesic forests dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha and/or Acacia koa
at elevations between 1,144 and 1,970 m (3,754 and 6,463 ft).
Associated native plant species include Alyxia oliviformis,
Cheirodendron trigynum, Diplazium sandwichianum, Melicope spp., and
Myrsine lessertiana (Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770; J. Lau, pers. comm.,
2001).
The major threats to Phyllostegia mollis are competition from the
nonnative plant species Rubus spp. and Schinus terebinthifolius, and a
risk of extinction of the only known occurrence of this species on Maui
caused by random environmental events (Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).
Phyllostegia parviflora (NCN)
Phyllostegia parviflora, a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae),
is a perennial herb. The species is distinguished from others of the
genus by the egg-shaped to broadly egg-shaped leaves, leaf stalks
usually 6 to 13.5 cm (2.4 to 5.3 in) long, and the lower corolla lip 6
to 9 mm (0.24 to 0.36 in) long. Phyllostegia parviflora var.
glabriuscula has fewer glandular hairs in the inflorescence, less
pubescent leaves, and usually unbranched inflorescences compared with
P. parviflora var. parviflora. Phyllostegia parviflora var. lydgatei
has shorter leaf stalks, spreading hairs on the leaf stalks, and fewer
gland-tipped hairs in the inflorescence. At the time of listing of this
species, only two varieties were recognized, glabriuscula and
parviflora. Subsequent to the final rule listing this species in 1996,
Wagner's (1999) taxonomic treatment of this group reorganized P.
parviflora var. lydgatei as distinct from P. parviflora var.
parviflora. Wagner's (1999) treatment is cited in the revised edition
of the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii as the basis for
recognizing P. parviflora var. lydgatei (Wagner et al. 1999). This name
change will be addressed in a future Federal Register notice.
Historically Phyllostegia parviflora was known from three islands,
Oahu, Hawaii, and Maui. This species is now known only from two
occurrences on Oahu (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; Service 1999; 61
FR 53108).
Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or native plant
species associated with Phyllostegia parviflora on the island of Maui
(Service 1999; 61 FR 53108; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001) or of the
threats to Phyllostegia parviflora on the island of Maui (Service 1999;
61 FR 53108).
Plantago princeps (Laukahi kuahiwi)
Plantago princeps, a short-lived member of the plantain family
(Plantaginaceae), is a small shrub or robust perennial herb. This
species differs from other native members of the genus in Hawaii by its
large branched stems, flowers at nearly right angles to the axis of the
flower cluster, and fruits that break open at a point two-thirds from
the base. The four varieties, vars. anomala, laxiflora, longibracteata,
and princeps, are distinguished by the branching and pubescence of the
stems; the size, pubescence, and venation of the leaves; the density of
the inflorescence; and the orientation of the flowers (Wagner et al.
1999).
Individuals of this species have been observed in fruit from April
through September. Little else is known about the life history of
Plantago princeps. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed
dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and
limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).
Plantago princeps was historically found on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai,
Maui, and Hawaii. It is no longer extant on the island of Hawaii. Only
one of the four varieties is on Maui; Plantago princeps var. laxiflora
is known from Molokai
[[Page 25954]]
and Maui. On Maui, there are 8 occurrences of P. princeps var.
laxiflora, with a total of 118 individuals, on Federal (Haleakala
National Park) and privately owned lands within the East Maui Watershed
Partnership. This variety is found at Kahoolewa Ridge, Nakalaloa
Stream, Iao Valley near the Needle, Hanakauhi, the west side of Kaupo
Gap, and Palikea Stream (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999;
59 FR 56333).
On Maui, Plantago princeps var. laxiflora is typically found on
basalt cliffs that are windblown with little vegetation in Metrosideros
polymorpha lowland wet forest; or Acacia koa-M. polymorpha montane wet
forest; or M. polymorpha montane wet shrubland at elevations between
281 and 2,539 m (922 and 8,329 ft) and containing one or more of the
following associated native plant species: Bidens micrantha ssp.
kalealaha; Chamaesyce celastroides; Cyanea spp.; or Dryopteris spp. and
various other ferns, such as Dubautia menziesii, Dubautia plantaginea
ssp. humilis, Eragrostis variabilis, Hedyotis formosa, Leptecophylla
tameiameiae, Melicope ovalis, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pipturus
albidus, or Touchardia latifolia (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 59
FR 56333; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).
The primary threats to Plantago princeps var. laxiflora on Maui are
herbivory and habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats and
competition with various nonnative plant species (Service 1999; 59 FR
56333).
Platanthera holochila (NCN)
Platanthera holochila, a short-lived, perennial member of the
orchid family (Orchidaceae), is an erect, deciduous herb. The stems
arise from underground tubers, the pale green leaves are lance- to egg-
shaped and the greenish-yellow flowers occur in open spikes. This is
the only species of this genus that occurs on the Hawaiian Islands. It
is distinguished from other Hawaiian orchids by its underground tubers
that lack roots at the nodes or pseudo bulbs, and the shape and length
of its dorsal sepal (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Platanthera holochila.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).
Historically, Platanthera holochila was known from Maui, Oahu,
Molokai, and Kauai. Currently, P. holochila is extant on Kauai,
Molokai, and Maui. On Maui, 5 occurrences with 22 individuals are
reported on State (West Maui Forest Reserve) and privately owned lands
within the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership and the East Maui
Watershed Partnership from Kapaloa Stream, Waihee River, the border of
Lahaina and Wailuku Districts and Koolau Gap (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database
2001; Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).
Platanthera holochila is found in Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis montane wet forest or M. polymorpha mixed
montane bog or mesic scrubby M. polymorpha forest at elevations between
536 and 2,314 m (1,759 and 7,592 ft) and containing one or more of the
following associated native plant species: Broussaisia arguta; Cibotium
spp.; Clermontia spp.; Coprosma ernodeoides (kukae nene); Deschampsia
nubigena; Dubautia scabra (naenae); Gahnia gahniiformis (NCN);
Leptecophylla tameiameiae; Lycopodiella cernua (wawae iole); Luzula
hawaiiensis (wood rush); Oreobolus furcatus; Polypodium pellucidum
(ae); Sadleria spp.; Scaevola chamissoniana (naupaka kuahiwi);
Sisyrinchium acre (mauu laili); Vaccinium reticulatum; or Wikstroemia
spp. (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).
The primary threats to Platanthera holochila on Maui are habitat
degradation and destruction by feral pigs; landslides; competition with
nonnative plant species; and a risk of extinction on Maui from
naturally occurring events and reduced reproductive vigor caused by the
small number of remaining occurrences and individuals. Predation by
slugs may also be a potential threat to this species (Service 1999; 61
FR 53108).
Pteris lidgatei (NCN)
Pteris lidgatei, a short-lived member of the maidenhair fern family
(Adiantaceae), is a coarse perennial herb, 0.5 to 1 m (1.6 to 3.3 ft)
tall. Pteris lidgatei can be distinguished from other species of Pteris
on the Hawaiian Islands by the thick, brittle texture of its fronds and
the tendency of the sori along the leaf margins to be broken into short
segments instead of being fused into continuous marginal sori (Wagner
1949; Wagner and Wagner 1992).
Little is known about the life history of Pteris lidgatei.
Reproductive cycles, dispersal agents, specific environmental
requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998a; 59 FR
49025).
Historically, Pteris lidgatei was found on Oahu, Molokai, and at
Waihee on West Maui. Currently, this species is known from Oahu and
Maui. Two occurrences with approximately 20 individuals occur on Maui
on State (Kahakuloa section of the West Maui NAR) and privately owned
lands within the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership north of Eke
Crater and at Kauala (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998a; 59
FR 49025).
This species grows on steep stream banks in wet Metrosideros
polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis montane forest at elevations between
201 and 1,717 m (659 and 5,633 ft) and containing one or more of the
following native plant species: Christella cyatheoides; Cibotium
chamissoi; Dicranopteris linearis; Elaphoglossum crassifolium (hoe a
Maui); Sadleria squarrosa (apuu); or Sphenomeris chinensis (palaa)
(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025; R. Hobdy, pers.
comm., 2001).
The primary threats to Pteris lidgatei on Maui are the nonnative
plants Ageratina adenophora, Clidemia hirta, and Tibouchina herbacea;
habitat destruction by feral pigs; and a risk of extinction caused by
random environmental events (Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025).
Sanicula purpurea (NCN)
Sanicula purpurea, a short-lived member of the parsley family
(Apiaceae), is a stout perennial herb, 8 to 36 cm (3 to 14 in) tall,
arising from a massive perennial stem. This species is distinguished
from others in the genus by the number of flowers per cluster and by
the color of the petals (Constance and Affolter 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Sanicula purpurea.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).
Historically and currently, Sanicula purpurea is known from Oahu
and West Maui. On Maui, 7 occurrences totaling 200 individuals are
currently known on State (Kahakuloa and Honokawai sections of the West
Maui NAR) and private lands within the West Maui Mountains Watershed
Partnership north of Eke Crater and east of Kahakuloa Stream, south of
Eke Crater, near Violet Lake, the ridge west of Puu Kukui, and
Kahoolewa Ridge east of Puu Kukui (GSDI 2001; HINHP Database 2001;
Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).
This species typically grows in open Metrosideros polymorpha mixed
montane bogs at elevations between 1,195 and 1,764 m (3,921 and 5,787
ft) and containing one or more of the following associated plant
species: Argyroxiphium caliginis (eke silversword); Argyroxiphium
grayanum (green sword); Gahnia beecheyi (NCN);
[[Page 25955]]
Geranium hillebrandii (nohoanu); Lagenifera maviensis; Leptecophylla
tameiameiae; Lycopodium spp.; Machaerina spp.; Myrsine vaccinioides
(kolea); Oreobolus furcatus; Plantago pachyphylla (laukahi kuahiwi); or
Viola maviensis (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 61 FR 53108; R.
Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).
Habitat degradation by feral pigs, a risk of extinction caused by
random environmental events and reduced reproductive vigor caused by
the small number of existing occurrences, and slugs are the major
threats to Sanicula purpurea (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 61 FR
53108).
Schiedea hookeri (NCN)
Schiedea hookeri, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is
a sprawling or clumped perennial herb. This species is distinguished
from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by its open, hairy, and
sometimes sticky inflorescence, and by the size of the capsules (Wagner
et al. 1999).
Based on field and greenhouse observations, Schiedea hookeri is
hermaphroditic, which means that each individual has both male and
female reproductive organs. Mature fruits have been observed in June
and August. Schiedea hookeri appears to be an outcrossing species.
Under greenhouse conditions, flowers do not set fruit unless
pollinated. In the field, the species is presumed to be pollinated by
insects, although none have been observed. A related species, S.
lydgatei on Molokai, is apparently pollinated by native, night-flying
moths. A series of self-pollinations, intra-population crosses, and
crosses among populations have demonstrated that S. hookeri experiences
moderately strong inbreeding depression. These results indicate that
reductions in population size could result in inbreeding depression
among progeny, with negative consequences for the long-term persistence
of this species. Individuals of S. hookeri appear to be long-lived, but
there is no evidence of reproduction from seed under field conditions.
Seedlings of Schiedea occurring in mesic or wet sites are apparently
consumed by introduced slugs and snails, which have been observed
feeding on S. membranacea, another mesic forest species that occurs on
Kauai. In contrast to mesic forest species, Schiedea occurring in dry
areas produce abundant seedlings following winter rains, presumably
because the drier sites have fewer nonnative predators. Schiedea
hookeri differs considerably through its range in potential for clonal
growth. Plants from Kaluakauila Gulch are upright and show little
potential for clonal spread. In contrast, clonal growth has been
detected for individuals at Kaluaa Gulch, where the growth form is
decumbent and plants apparently root at the nodes. Little else is known
about the life history of Schiedea hookeri. Flowering cycles,
pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are otherwise unknown
(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; Weller and Sakai, unpublished data;
61 FR 53108).
Historically, Schiedea hookeri was known from the Waianae Mountains
of Oahu and from a single fragmentary collection from Haleakala on Maui
that may represent S. menziesii rather than S. hookeri. Currently, this
species is known only from Oahu (Environmental Division of the Army
(EDA) Database 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).
Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of, or native plant
species associated with, Schiedea hookeri on the island of Maui
(Service 1999; 61 FR 53108; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001), and nothing
is known of the threats to Schiedea hookeri on the island of Maui
(Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).
Schiedea nuttallii (NCN)
Schiedea nuttallii, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae),
is a generally hairless, erect subshrub. This long-lived perennial
species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by
its habit, length of the stem internodes, length of the inflorescence,
number of flowers per inflorescence, and smaller leaves, flowers, and
seeds (Wagner et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Schiedea nuttallii. Based
on field and greenhouse observations, it is hermaphroditic. Plants on
Oahu have been under observation for 10 years, and they appear to be
long-lived. Schiedea nuttallii appears to be an outcrossing species.
Under greenhouse conditions, plants fail to set seed unless hand-
pollinated, suggesting that this species requires insects for
pollination. Fruits and flowers are abundant in the wet season but can
be found throughout the year. Little else is known about the life
history of S. nuttallii. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed
dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and
limiting factors are otherwise unknown (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).
Historically, Schiedea nuttallii was known from Kauai and Oahu and
was reported from Maui. Currently, it is found on Kauai, Oahu, and
Molokai (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).
Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of, or native plant
species associated with, Schiedea nuttallii on the island of Maui
(Service 1999; 61 FR 53108; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001), and nothing
is known of the threats to Schiedea nuttallii on the island of Maui
(Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).
Sesbania tomentosa (Ohai)
Sesbania tomentosa, a short-lived perennial member of the pea
family (Fabaceae), is typically a sprawling shrub, but may also be a
small tree. Each compound leaf consists of 18 to 38 oblong to elliptic
leaflets which are usually sparsely to densely covered with silky
hairs. The flowers are salmon colored, tinged with yellow, orange-red,
scarlet or, rarely, pure yellow. Sesbania tomentosa is the only endemic
Hawaiian species in the genus, differing from the naturalized S. sesban
by the color of the flowers, the longer petals and calyx, and the
number of seeds per pod (Geesink et al. 1999).
The pollination biology of Sesbania tomentosa has been studied by
David Hopper, University of Hawaii at Manoa. His findings suggest that
although many insects visit Sesbania flowers, the majority of
successful pollination is accomplished by native bees of the genus
Hylaeus, and that populations at Kaena Point on Oahu are probably
pollinator-limited. Flowering at Kaena Point is highest during the
winter-spring rains, and gradually declines throughout the rest of the
year. Other aspects of the life history of S. tomentosa are unknown
(Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).
Historically, Sesbania tomentosa occurred on all eight of the main
Hawaiian Islands and on the northwestern Hawaiian Islands of Nihoa and
Necker. Currently, S. tomentosa occurs on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai,
Kahoolawe, Maui, Hawaii, Nihoa, and Necker. On Maui, S. tomentosa is
known from 7 occurrences with a total of 83 individuals. The
occurrences are located on State-owned and/or State-leased land (Lihau
section of West Maui NAR, Hana Forest Reserve, and Kanaio Training
Area), under Federal jusisdiction (Kanaio National Guard Training Area)
and on privately owned land within the East Maui Watershed Partnership
and West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership at Poelua Bay, Mokolea
Point, between Kahakuloa Head and Puu Kahulianapa, Mahinanui, Olowalu,
and Pimoe, south of Puu Puou. Off the south central coast of Kahoolawe,
approximately 100 individuals of S. tomentosa are found on a small
islet, Puu Koae, a State-
[[Page 25956]]
owned seabird sanctuary (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999;
59 FR 56333; R. Hobdy in litt. 2000).
Sesbania tomentosa is found on windswept slopes, sea cliffs, and
cinder cones in Scaevola taccada coastal dry shrublands at elevations
between 0 and 608 m (0 and 1,993 ft) and containing one or more of the
following associated native plant species: Bidens spp.; Diospyros
sandwicensis; stunted Dodonaea viscosa; Jacquemontia ovalifolia ssp.
sandwicensis (pauohiiaka); Melanthera integrifolia; or Sida fallax
(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; R. Hobdy, pers. comm.,
2001).
The primary threats to Sesbania tomentosa on Maui are habitat
degradation caused by competition with various nonnative plant species
such as Lantana camara, Waltheria indica (uhaloa), and various grass
species; grazing and trampling by feral cattle; lack of adequate
pollination; seed predation by rats, mice and, potentially, nonnative
insects; fire; and destruction by off-road vehicles and other human
disturbances. Threats to S. tomentosa on Kahoolawe include habitat
degradation caused by competition with various nonnative plant species,
erosion, and trampling by cats and seabirds (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333;
P. Higashino, pers. comm., 2000).
Solanum incompletum (Popolo ku mai)
Solanum incompletum, a short-lived perennial member of the
nightshade family (Solanaceae), is a woody shrub. Its stems and lower
leaf surfaces are covered with prominent reddish prickles or sometimes
with yellow fuzzy hairs on young plant parts and lower leaf surfaces.
This species differs from other native members of the genus by being
generally prickly and having loosely clustered white flowers, curved
anthers about 2 mm (0.08 in) long, and berries 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8
in) in diameter (Symon 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Solanum incompletum.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).
Historically, Solanum incompletum was known from Lanai, scattered
locations on Maui, and the island of Hawaii. According to David Symon
(1999), the known distribution of S. incompletum also extended to the
islands of Kauai and Molokai. Currently, S. incompletum is only known
from the island of Hawaii (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 59 FR
56333).
Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of, or native plant
species associated with, Solanum incompletum on the island of Maui
(Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001), and nothing
is known of the threats to Solanum incompletum on the island of Maui
(Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).
Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN)
Spermolepis hawaiiensis, a member of the parsley family (Apiaceae),
is a slender annual herb with few branches. Its leaves are dissected
into narrow, lance-shaped divisions. Spermolepis hawaiiensis is the
only member of the genus native to Hawaii. It is distinguished from
other native members of the family by being a non-succulent annual with
an umbrella-shaped inflorescence (Constance and Affolter 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Spermolepis hawaiiensis.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).
Historically, Spermolepis hawaiiensis was known from the islands of
Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, and Hawaii. Currently, it is extant on Kauai, Oahu,
Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. On Maui, there are five known
occurrences with hundreds to thousands of individuals on State (Lihau
section of West Maui NAR and Kanaio NAR) and privately owned lands
within the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership in Puu Hipa, south
of Kanaha Stream, Olowalu, and Kanaio (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001;
Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; Charles Chimera, USGS-BRD, pers. comm.,
2000).
Spermolepis hawaiiensis on Maui is known from shady spots in
Dodonaea viscosa lowland dry shrubland at elevations between 221 and
742 m (725 and 2,434 ft) and containing one or more of the following
associated native species: Diospyros spp.; Eragrostis variabilis;
Erythrina sandwicensis; Gouania hillebrandii; Heteropogon contortus;
Melanthera lavarum; Myoporum sandwicense; Pleomele spp.; Santalum
ellipticum; Sida fallax; or Wikstroemia spp. (HINHP Database 2001;
Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; C. Chimera, pers. comm., 2000; R. Hobdy,
pers. comm., 2001).
The primary threats to Spermolepis hawaiiensis on Maui are habitat
degradation by feral goats, pigs, cattle, and axis deer; competition
with various nonnative plants, such as Lantana camara and Melinis
repens; fire; erosion, landslides, and rock slides caused by natural
weathering, which result in the death of individual plants as well as
habitat destruction (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).
Tetramolopium arenarium (NCN)
Tetramolopium arenarium is a short-lived perennial and an upright,
branched shrub in the sunflower family (Asteraceae). Alternate leaves
are lance-shaped, hairy, glandular, and gray-green. This species is
separated from other species of the genus in the Hawaiian Islands by
several characters: Upright habit; number of heads per flower cluster;
presence and type of glands and hairs; size of male ray flowers; number
and color of bisexual disk flowers; and fruit shape and pubescence.
Three infra-specific taxa are recognized: Tetramolopium arenarium ssp.
arenarium var. arenarium (from Maui and Hawaii); T. arenarium ssp.
arenarium var. confertum (from Hawaii); and T. arenarium ssp. laxum
(from Maui). These taxa are distinguished by a combination of
characters. Tetramolopium arenarium ssp. arenarium var. confertum and
T. arenarium ssp. laxum have not been seen the late 1800s (Lowrey
1999).
Little is known about the life history of Tetramolopium arenarium.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305).
Tetramolopium arenarium was historically known from the islands of
Maui and Hawaii. The species was considered extinct until T. arenarium
ssp. arenarium var. arenarium was recently rediscovered on the island
of Hawaii. Both subspecies were last seen on Maui in the late 1800s
(GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305).
Nothing is known about the preferred habitat of or native species
associated with Tetramolopium arenarium on Maui (Service 1996a; 59 FR
10305; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001), and nothing is known of the
threats to Tetramolopium arenarium on the island of Maui (Service
1996a; 59 FR 10305).
Tetramolopium remyi (NCN)
Tetramolopium remyi, a short-lived perennial member of the
sunflower family (Asteraceae), is a many branched, decumbent
(reclining, with the end ascending) or occasionally erect shrub up to
about 38 cm (15 in) tall. The stems, leaves, flower bracts, and fruit
are covered with sticky hairs. Tetramolopium remyi has the largest
flower heads in the genus. Two other
[[Page 25957]]
species of the genus are known historically from Lanai, but both have
purplish rather than yellow disk florets and from 4 to 60 rather than
one flower head per branch (Lowrey 1999).
Tetramolopium remyi flowers between April and January. Field
observations suggest that the population size of the species can be
profoundly affected by variability in annual precipitation. The adult
plants may succumb to prolonged drought, but apparently there is a
seedbank in the soil that can replenish the population during favorable
conditions. Such seed banks are of great importance for arid-dwelling
plants to allow populations to persist through adverse conditions.
Success in greenhouse cultivation of these plants with much higher
water availability implies that, although these plants are drought-
tolerant, perhaps the dry conditions in which they currently exist are
not optimum. Individual plants are probably not long-lived. Pollination
is hypothesized to be by butterflies, bees, or flies. Seed dispersal
agents, specific environmental requirements, and other limiting factors
of this species are unknown (Service 1995b; 56 FR 47686).
Historically, the species was known from the Lahaina area of West
Maui and Lanai. Currently, Tetramolopium remyi is known from two
occurrences on Lanai. It was last seen on Maui in 1944 until relocated
in 2001 by Joel Lau of HINHP on State-owned land with an unknown number
of plants in the Kuia area (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service
1995b; 56 FR 47686).
On Maui, Tetramolopium remyi occurs in lowland dry shrubland on
dry, exposed ridges or flats at elevations between 52 and 550 m (171
and 1,804 ft). Associated plant species include Bidens mauiensis,
Bidens menziesii, Dodonaea viscosa, Eragrostis atropioides (lovegrass),
Heteropogon contortus, Lipochaeta heterophylla (NCN), or Waltheria
indica (Service 1995b; 56 FR 47686; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).
Nothing is known of the threats to Tetramolopium remyi on the
island of Maui (Service 1995b; 56 FR 47686).
Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN)
Vigna o-wahuensis, a member of the pea family (Fabaceae), is a
slender, twining, short-lived perennial herb with fuzzy stems. Each
leaf is made up of three leaflets which vary in shape from round to
linear. This species differs from others in the genus by its thin,
yellowish petals; sparsely hairy calyx; and thin pods, which may or may
not be slightly inflated (Geesink et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Vigna o-wahuensis.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).
Historically, Vigna o-wahuensis was known from Niihau, Oahu, East
Maui in Makawao, Waiakoa, and Haleakala, and at an unspecified site on
West Maui. Currently, V. o-wahuensis is known from the islands of
Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii. On the State-owned island
of Kahoolawe, there is one occurrence with an unknown number of
individuals in the Makaalae/Lua Kealialalo area. On Maui, there is a
single occurrence of at least one individual on State-owned land at
Kamanamana (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333;
C. Chimera, pers. comm., 2000).
On Kahoolawe and Maui, Vigna o-wahuensis occurs in dry to mesic
grassland and shrubland at elevations between 0 and 50 m (0 and 164 ft)
and containing one or more of the following associated plant species:
Chamaesyce spp.; Chenopodium spp.; or Sida fallax (HINHP Database 2001;
Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).
The primary threats to Vigna o-wahuensis on Kahoolawe are
competition with various nonnative plant species, fire, a risk of
extinction caused by random environmental events, and reduced
reproductive vigor caused by the small number of existing occurrences
and individuals. The primary threats to this species on Maui are
competition with the nonnative plant species Cenchrus ciliaris
(buffelgrass) and Lantana camara, and herbivory by axis deer and goats
(Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (Ae)
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, a long-lived perennial, is a medium-sized
tree with pale to dark gray bark and lemon-scented leaves in the rue
family (Rutaceae). Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is distinguished from other
Hawaiian members of the genus by several characters: Three leaflets all
of similar size, one joint on the lateral leaf stalk, and sickle-shaped
fruits with a rounded tip (Stone et al. 1999).
Little is known about the life history of Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents,
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors
are unknown (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305).
Historically, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense was known from the islands of
Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, Hawaii, and the southern and southwestern slopes
of Haleakala on Maui. Currently, Z. hawaiiense is extant on the islands
of Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii. This species is found on Maui in 9
occurrences with a total of 11 individuals on private and State
(Makawao Forest Reserve and DHHL) lands at Kahakapao, and in the Hana
District, north and south of the Jeep Trail and north of the Kula
Pipeline (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305).
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense on Maui is reported from open lowland dry or
mesic Nestegis sandwicensis-Pleomele auwahiensis forests, Acacia koa-
Pleomele auwahiensis forest, or montane dry forest at elevations
between 869 and 1,540 m (2,852 and 5,051 ft) and containing one or more
of the following associated native species: Alectryon macrococcus;
Alphitonia ponderosa; Charpentiera spp.; Diospyros sandwicensis;
Dodonaea viscosa; Melicope spp.; Metrosideros polymorpha; Myrsine
lanaiensis; Osteomeles anthyllidifolia; Pisonia spp. (papala kepau);
Santalum ellipticum; Sophora chrysophylla; Streblus pendulinus; or
Xylosma hawaiiense (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305; R.
Hobdy, pers. comm., 2001).
The threats to Zanthoxylum hawaiiense on Maui include browsing,
grazing, and trampling by feral goats and cattle; competition with the
nonnative plant species, Lantana camara, Melia azedarach (chinaberry)
and Pennisetum clandestinum; fire; human disturbance; risk of
extinction from naturally occurring events; and reduced reproductive
vigor caused by the small number of populations (Service 1996a; 59 FR
10305).
A summary of occurrences and land ownership for the 70 plant
species reported from the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe is given in
Table 2.
[[Page 25958]]
Table 2.--Summary of Existing Occurrences and Land Ownership for 70 Species Reported From Maui and Kahoolawe
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of Land ownership
Species current --------------------------------------------------
occurrences Federal State Private
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acaena exigua............................... 0 ............... ............... ...............
Adenophorus periens......................... 0 ............... ............... ...............
Alectryon macrococcus....................... 13 ............... X X
Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum 7 X* ............... X
Asplenium fragile var. insulare............. 2 X* ............... X
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha............. 4 X* X ...............
Bonamia menziesii........................... 6 ............... X X
Brighamia rockii............................ 0 ............... ............... ...............
Cenchrus agrimonioides...................... 1 ............... X ...............
Centaurium sebaeoides....................... 3 ............... X X
Clermontia lindseyana....................... 2 ............... X X
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis...... 1 ............... ............... ...............
Clermontia peleana.......................... 0 ............... ............... ...............
Clermontia samuelii......................... 7 X* X ...............
Colubrina oppositifolia..................... 1 ............... ............... X
Ctenitis squamigera......................... 12 ............... X X
Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis....... 5 X* X X
Cyanea glabra............................... 1 ............... ............... X
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana........... 2 ............... ............... X
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora......... 9 X* X X
Cyanea lobata............................... 5 ............... ............... X
Cyanea mceldowneyi.......................... 11 ............... X X
Cyrtandra munroi............................ 5 ............... X X
Delissea undulata........................... 0 ............... ............... ...............
Diellia erecta.............................. 5 ............... X X
Diplazium molokaiense....................... 4 ............... X X
Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis........... 2 ............... ............... X
Flueggea neowawraea......................... 4 ............... X X
Geranium arboreum........................... 12 ............... X X
Geranium multiflorum........................ 13 X* X X
Gouania vitifolia........................... 0 ............... ............... ...............
Hedyotis coriacea........................... 1 ............... X ...............
Hedyotis mannii............................. 1 ............... ............... X
Hesperomannia arborescens................... 4 ............... X X
Hesperomannia arbuscula..................... 8 ............... ............... X
Hibiscus brackenridgei...................... 5 ............... X X
Ischaemum byrone............................ 6 ............... X X
Isodendrion pyrifolium...................... 0 ............... ............... ...............
Kanaloa kahoolawensis....................... 1 ............... X ...............
Lipochaeta kamolensis....................... 1 ............... X ...............
Lysimachia lydgatei......................... 4 ............... X X
Mariscus pennatiformis...................... 2 ............... X ...............
Melicope adscendens......................... 16 ............... X X
Melicope balloui............................ 3 X* ............... X
Melicope knudsenii.......................... 4 ............... X X
Melicope mucronulata........................ 1 ............... ............... X
Melicope ovalis............................. 2 X* ............... ...............
Neraudia sericea............................ 5 ............... X X
Nototrichium humile......................... 0 ............... ............... ...............
Peucedanum sandwicense...................... 3 ............... X X
Phlegmariurus mannii........................ 7 X* X X
Phyllostegia mannii......................... 0 ............... ............... ...............
Phyllostegia mollis......................... 1 ............... X ...............
Phyllostegia parviflora..................... 0 ............... ............... ...............
Plantago princeps........................... 8 X* ............... X
Platanthera holochila....................... 5 ............... X X
Pteris lidgatei............................. 2 ............... X X
Remya mauiensis............................. 5 ............... X ...............
Sanicula purpurea........................... 7 ............... X X
Schiedea haleakalensis...................... 2 X* ............... ...............
Schiedea hookeri............................ 0 ............... ............... ...............
Schiedea nuttallii.......................... 0 ............... ............... ...............
Sesbania tomentosa.......................... 6 X** X X
Solanum incompletum......................... 0 ............... ............... ...............
Spermolepis hawaiiensis..................... 5 ............... X X
Tetramolopium arenarium..................... 0 ............... ............... ...............
Tetramolopium capillare..................... 5 ............... X X
Tetramolopium remyi......................... 1 ............... X ...............
Vigna o-wahuensis........................... 2 ............... X ...............
[[Page 25959]]
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense...................... 9 ............... X X
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Haleakala National Park Lands.
** Kanaio Army National Guard Lands.
Previous Federal Action
Federal action on these plants began as a result of section 12 of
the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act) (16 U.S.C. 1531 et
seq.), which directed the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution to
prepare a report on plants considered to be endangered, threatened, or
extinct in the United States. This report, designated as House Document
No. 94-51, was presented to Congress on January 9, 1975. In that
document, Alectryon macrococcus (as Alectryon macrococcum var.
macrococcum and Alectryon mahoe), Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia rockii,
Clermontia lindseyana, Colubrina oppositifolia, Cyanea glabra (as
Cyanea scabra var. variabilis), Cyanea lobata (as Cyanea baldwinii),
Cyanea mceldowneyi, Flueggea neowawraea (as Drypetes phyllanthoides),
Geranium arboreum, Geranium multiflorum (as Geranium multiflorum var.
multiflorum, var. ovatifolium, and var. superbum), Hedyotis mannii (as
Hedyotis thyrsoidea var. thyrsoidea), Hesperomannia arborescens (as
Hesperomannia arborescens var. bushiana and var. swezeyi),
Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei (as Hibiscus
brackenridgei var. brackenridgei, var. mokuleianus, and var. ``from
Hawaii''), Ischaemum byrone, Melicope balloui (as Pelea balloui),
Melicope knudsenii (as Pelea multiflora), Melicope ovalis (as Pelea
ovalis), Neraudia sericea (as Neraudia kahoolawensis), Nototrichium
humile, Peucedanum sandwicense (as Peucedanum kauaiense), Phyllostegia
mollis, Plantago princeps (as Plantago princeps var. elata, var.
laxiflora, var. princeps), Remya mauiensis, Sesbania tomentosa (as
Sesbania hobdyi and Sesbania tomentosa var. tomentosa), Vigna o-
wahuensis (as Vigna sandwicensis var. heterophylla and var.
sandwicensis), and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (as Zanthoxylum hawaiiense
var. citriodora), were considered to be endangered; Cyrtandra munroi,
Diellia erecta, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (as Zanthoxylum hawaiiense
var. hawaiiense and var. velutinosum) were considered to be threatened;
and Asplenium fragile var. insulare (as Asplenium fragile), Bidens
micrantha ssp. kalealaha (as Bidens distans and Bidens micrantha ssp.
kalealaha), Ctenitis squamigera, Diplazium molokaiense, Gouania
vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Melicope
knudsenii (as Pelea knudsenii and Pelea tomentosa), Melicope
mucronulata (as Pelea mucronulata), Phlegmariurus mannii (as Lycopodium
mannii), Plantago princeps (as Plantago princeps var. acaulis var.
denticulata, and var. queleniana), Pteris lidgatei, Tetramolopium
arenarium (as Tetramolopium arenarium var. arenarium, var. confertum,
and var. dentatum), Tetramolopium capillare, and Tetramolopium remyi
were considered extinct. On July 1, 1975, we published a notice in the
Federal Register (40 FR 27823) of our acceptance of the Smithsonian
report as a petition within the context of section 4(c)(2) (now section
4(b)(3)) of the Act, and gave notice of our intention to review the
status of the plant taxa named therein. As a result of that review, on
June 16, 1976, we published a proposed rule in the Federal Register (41
FR 24523) to determine endangered status pursuant to section 4 of the
Act for approximately 1,700 vascular plant taxa, including all of the
above taxa except Cyanea glabra and Cyrtandra munroi; additionally,
Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum (as Argyroxiphium
macrocephalum) appeared in the 1976 proposed rule as endangered. The
list of 1,700 plant taxa was assembled on the basis of comments and
data received by the Smithsonian Institution and the Service in
response to House Document No. 94-51 and the July 1, 1975, Federal
Register publication (40 FR 27823).
General comments received in response to the 1976 proposal were
summarized in an April 26, 1978, Federal Register publication (43 FR
17909). In 1978, amendments to the Act required that all proposals over
two years old be withdrawn. A 1-year grace period was given to
proposals already over two years old. On December 10, 1979, we
published a notice in the Federal Register (44 FR 70796) withdrawing
the portion of the June 16, 1976, proposal that had not been made
final, along with four other proposals that had expired. We published
updated Notices of Review for plants on December 15, 1980 (45 FR
82479), September 27, 1985 (50 FR 39525), February 21, 1990 (55 FR
6183), September 30, 1993 (58 FR 51144), and February 28, 1996 (61 FR
7596). We listed the 70 species as endangered or threatened between
1991 and 1999. A summary of the listing actions can be found in Table
3(a).
Table 3(a).--Summary of Listing Actions for 70 Plant Species From Maui and Kahoolawe
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Proposed listing rule Final listing rule
Species Federal -----------------------------------------------------------------
status Date Federal Register Date Federal Register
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acaena exigua.................. E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772
Adenophorus periens............ E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
Alectryon macrococcus.......... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772
Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. T 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772
macrocephalum.
Asplenium fragile var. insulare E 06/24/93 58 FR 34231 09/09/94 59 FR 49025
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772
Bonamia menziesii.............. E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
[[Page 25960]]
Brighamia rockii............... E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325
Cenchrus agrimonioides......... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108
Centaurium sebaeoides.......... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770
Clermontia lindseyana.......... E 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772
mauiensis.
Clermontia peleana............. E 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305
Clermontia samuelii............ E 05/15/97 62 FR 26757 09/03/99 64 FR 48307
Colubrina oppositifolia........ E 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305
Ctenitis squamigera............ E 06/24/93 58 FR 34231 09/09/94 59 FR 49025
Cyanea copelandii ssp. E 05/15/97 62 FR 26757 09/03/99 64 FR 48307
haleakalaensis.
Cyanea glabra.................. E 05/15/97 62 FR 26757 09/03/99 64 FR 48307
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108
grimesiana.
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. E 05/15/97 62 FR 26757 09/03/99 64 FR 48307
hamatiflora.
Cyanea lobata.................. E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772
Cyanea mceldowneyi............. E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772
Cyrtandra munroi............... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772
Delissea undulata.............. E 06/27/94 59 FR 32946 10/10/96 61 FR 53124
Diellia erecta................. E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
Diplazium molokaiense.......... E 06/24/93 58 FR 34231 09/09/94 59 FR 49025
Dubautia plantaginea ssp. E 05/15/97 62 FR 26757 09/03/99 64 FR 48307
humilis.
Flueggea neowawraea............ E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
Geranium arboreum.............. E 01/23/91 56 FR 2490 05/13/92 57 FR 20589
Geranium multiflorum........... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772
Gouania vitifolia.............. E 12/14/92 57 FR 39066 06/27/94 59 FR 32932
Hedyotis coriacea.............. E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772
Hedyotis mannii................ E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325
Hesperomannia arborescens...... E 10/14/92 57 FR 47028 03/28/94 59 FR 14482
Hesperomannia arbuscula........ E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770
Hibiscus brackenridgei......... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
Ischaemum byrone............... E 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305
Isodendrion pyrifolium......... E 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305
Kanaloa kahoolawensis.......... E 05/15/97 62 FR 26757 09/03/99 64 FR 48307
Lipochaeta kamolensis.......... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772
Lysimachia lydgatei............ E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772
Mariscus pennatiformis......... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
Melicope adscendens............ E 05/11/93 58 FR 18073 12/05/94 59 FR 62346
Melicope balloui............... E 05/11/93 58 FR 18073 12/05/94 59 FR 62346
Melicope knudsenii............. E 10/30/91 56 FR 5562 02/25/94 59 FR 09304
Melicope mucronulata........... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772
Melicope ovalis................ E 05/11/93 58 FR 18073 12/05/94 59 FR 62346
Neraudia sericea............... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
Nototrichium humile............ E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089
Peucedanum sandwicense......... T 10/30/91 56 FR 5562 02/25/94 59 FR 09304
Phlegmariurus mannii........... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772
Phyllostegia mannii............ E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325
Phyllostegia mollis............ E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770
Phyllostegia parviflora........ E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108
Plantago princeps.............. E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
Platanthera holochila.......... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108
Pteris lidgatei................ E 06/24/93 58 FR 34231 09/09/94 59 FR 49025
Remya mauiensis................ E 10/02/89 54 FR 40447 01/14/91 56 FR 1450
Sanicula purpurea.............. E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108
Schiedea haleakalensis......... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772
Schiedea hookeri............... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108
Schiedea nuttallii............. E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108
Sesbania tomentosa............. E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
Solanum incompletum............ E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
Spermolepis hawaiiensis........ E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
Tetramolopium arenarium........ E 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305
Tetramolopium capillare........ E 03/25/93 58 FR 16164 09/30/94 59 FR 49860
Tetramolopium remyi............ E 09/17/90 55 FR 38236 09/20/91 56 FR 47686
Vigna o-wahuensis.............. E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense......... E 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Key:
E= Endangered.
T= Threatened.
[[Page 25961]]
At the time each plant was listed, we found that designation of
critical habitat was prudent for six of these plants (Clermontia
samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea
hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis, and
Kanaloa kahoolawensis) and not prudent for the other 64 plants because
it would not benefit the plant or would increase the degree of threat
to the species. The not prudent determinations for these species, along
with others, were challenged in Conservation Council for Hawaii v.
Babbitt, 2 F. Supp. 2d 1280 (D. Haw. 1998). On March 9, 1998, the
United States District Court for the District of Hawaii directed us to
review the prudency findings for 245 listed plant species in Hawaii,
including 64 of the 70 listed species reported from Maui. Among other
things, the court held that in most cases we did not sufficiently
demonstrate that the species are threatened by human activity or that
such threats would increase with the designation of critical habitat.
The court also held that we failed to balance any risks of designating
critical habitat against any benefits (id. at 1283-85).
Regarding our determination that designating critical habitat would
have no additional benefits to the species above and beyond those
already provided through the section 7 consultation requirement of the
Act, the court ruled that we failed to consider the specific effect of
the consultation requirement on each species (id. at 1286-88). In
addition, the court stated that we did not consider benefits outside of
the consultation requirements. In the court's view, these potential
benefits include substantive and procedural protections. The court held
that, substantively, designation establishes a ``uniform protection
plan'' prior to consultation and indicates where compliance with
section 7 of the Act is required. Procedurally, the court stated that
the designation of critical habitat educates the public, State, and
local governments and affords them an opportunity to participate in the
designation (id. at 1288). The court also stated that private lands may
not be excluded from critical habitat designation even though section 7
requirements apply only to Federal agencies. In addition to the
potential benefit of informing the public, State, and local governments
of the listing and of the areas that are essential to the species'
conservation, the court found that there may be Federal activity on
private property in the future, even though no such activity may be
occurring there at the present (id. at 1285-88).
On August 10, 1998, the court ordered us to publish proposed
critical habitat designations or nondesignations for at least 100
species by November 30, 2000, and to publish proposed designations or
nondesignations for the remaining 145 species by April 30, 2002
(Conservation Council for Hawaii v. Babbitt, 24 F. Supp. 2d 1074 (D.
Haw. 1998)).
At the time we listed Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp.
haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora,
Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis, and Kanaloa kahoolawensis (64 FR
48307), we found that designation of critical habitat was prudent and
stated that we would develop critical habitat designations for these
six taxa, along with four others, by the time we completed designations
for the 245 Hawaiian plant species. This timetable was challenged in
Conservation Council for Hawaii v. Babbitt, Civ. No. 99-00283 HG (D.
Haw. Aug. 19, 1999, Feb. 16, 2000, and March 28, 2000). The court
agreed that it was reasonable for us to integrate these 10 Maui Nui
(Maui, Lanai, Molokai, and Kahoolawe) plant taxa into the schedule
established for designating critical habitat for the other 245 Hawaiian
plants, but ordered us to publish proposed critical habitat
designations for the 10 Maui Nui species by November 30, 2000, and to
publish final critical habitat designations by November 30, 2001.
On November 30, 1998, we published a notice in the Federal Register
requesting public comments on our reevaluation of whether designation
of critical habitat is prudent for the 245 Hawaiian plants at issue (63
FR 65805). The comment period closed on March 1, 1999, and was reopened
from March 24, 1999, to May 24, 1999 (64 FR 14209). We received more
than 100 responses from individuals, non-profit organizations, the
State Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW), county governments,
and Federal agencies (U.S. Department of Defense-Army, Navy, Air
Force). Only a few responses offered information on the status of
individual plant species or on current management actions for one or
more of the 245 Hawaiian plants. While some of the respondents
expressed support for the designation of critical habitat for 245
Hawaiian plants, more than 80 percent opposed the designation of
critical habitat for these plants. In general, these respondents
opposed designation because they believed it would cause economic
hardship, discourage cooperative projects, polarize relationships with
hunters, or potentially increase trespass or vandalism on private
lands. In addition, commenters also cited a lack of information on the
biological and ecological needs of these plants which, they suggested,
may lead to designation based on guesswork. The respondents who
supported the designation of critical habitat cited that designation
would provide a uniform protection plan for the Hawaiian Islands;
promote funding for management of these plants; educate the public and
State government; and protect partnerships with landowners and build
trust.
On December 29, 1999, we provided information to landowners on the
islands of Maui and Kahoolawe, regarding our requirement to designate
critical habitat for 70 plant species. This information included a copy
of the November 30, 1998, Federal Register notice, a map showing the
general locations of the species that may be on his/her property, and a
handout containing general information on critical habitat. We held two
open houses on the island of Maui, at the Lahaina Civic Center and the
Wailuku Community Center on January 11 and 12, 2000, respectively, to
meet with local landowners and other interested members of the public.
A total of 30 people attended the two open houses. In addition, we met
with Maui County DOFAW staff to discuss their management activities on
Maui.
On December 18, 2000, we published the second of the court-ordered
proposed critical habitat designations or nondesignations for 61 Maui
and Kahoolawe plants (65 FR 79192). The proposed critical habitat
designations for Kauai and Niihau plants were published on November 7,
2000 (65 FR 66808), for Molokai plants on December 29, 2000 (65 FR
83158), and for Lanai plants on December 27, 2000 (65 FR 82086). All of
these proposed rules were sent to the Federal Register by or on
November 30, 2000, as required by the court orders. In those proposals
we proposed that critical habitat was prudent for 61 species (Alectryon
macrococcus, Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, Adenophorus
periens, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia
rockii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia
lindseyana, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Clermontia
samuelii, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea
copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Cyanea lobata, Cyanea
mceldowneyi, Cyrtandra munroi, Delissea undulata,
[[Page 25962]]
Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Dubautia plantaginea ssp.
humilis, Flueggea neowawraea, Geranium arboreum, Geranium multiflorum,
Hedyotis coriacea, Hedyotis mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kanaloa kahoolawensis, Lipochaeta kamolensis,
Lysimachia lydgatei, Mariscus pennatiformis, Melicope adscendens,
Melicope balloui, Melicope knudsenii, Melicope mucronulata, Melicope
ovalis, Neraudia sericea, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phlegmariurus mannii,
Phyllostegia mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps,
Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, Sanicula
purpurea, Schiedea haleakalensis, Schiedea nuttallii, Sesbania
tomentosa, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium capillare,
Tetramolopium remyi, Vigna o-wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense)
that are reported from Maui and/or Kahoolawe, as well as Kauai, Niihau,
Molokai, and Lanai. We proposed that critical habitat was not prudent
for one species, Acaena exigua, a species reported from Maui as well as
Kauai, because it had not been seen recently in the wild, and no
genetic material of this species was known to exist. At the time we
proposed critical habitat on Maui, critical habitat was not proposed
for four species, Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum,
Melicope balloui, Melicope ovalis, and Schiedea haleakalensis, because
they were found only in areas on Maui that did not require special
management considerations or protection because they were already
protected and managed to the benefit of these species, pursuant to 16
U.S.C. 1532(5)(A)(i). (However, a recent Federal District Court
disagreed with this interpretation of the definition of critical
habitat. Center for Biological Diversity v. Norton, Civ. No. 01-409 TUC
DCB (D. Ariz. Jan. 13, 2003). While the Service still believes our
interpretation is reasonable, we have not excluded areas from this
critical habitat designation based on 16 U.S.C. 1532(5)(a)(i).)
On December 18, 2000, we proposed designation of critical habitat
on approximately 13,574 ha (33,614 ac) of land on the island of Maui
and 207 ha (512 ac) on the island of Kahoolawe. The publication of the
proposed rule opened a 60-day public comment period, which closed on
February 16, 2001. On February 22, 2001, we published a notice (66 FR
11131) announcing the reopening of the comment period until April 2,
2001, on the proposal to designate critical habitat for 50 plants from
Maui and Kahoolawe and a notice of a public hearing. On March 20, 2001,
we held a public hearing at the Renaissance Wailea Beach Resort, Maui.
On October 3, 2001, we submitted a joint stipulation with
Earthjustice (representing the plaintiffs in Hawaii Conservation
Council v. Babbitt) to the U.S. District Court requesting extension of
the court order for the final rules to designate critical habitat for
plants from Kauai and Niihau (July 30, 2002), Maui and Kahoolawe
(August 23, 2002), Lanai (September 16, 2002), and Molokai (October 16,
2002), citing the need to revise the proposals to incorporate or
address new information and comments received during the comment
periods. The joint stipulation was approved and ordered by the court on
October 5, 2001.
On April 3, 2002, we published a revised proposed rule for 70
listed plant species from Maui and Kahoolawe (67 FR 15856). Critical
habitat for 61 (Alectryon macrococcus, Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp.
macrocephalum, Asplenium fragile var. insulare, Bidens micrantha ssp.
kalealaha, Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia rockii, Cenchrus agrimonioides,
Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp. mauiensis, Clermontia samuelii, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis
squamigera, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora,
Cyanea lobata, Cyanea mceldowneyi, Cyrtandra munroi, Diellia erecta,
Diplazium molokaiense, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis, Flueggea
neowawraea, Geranium arboreum, Geranium multiflorum, Gouania vitifolia,
Hedyotis coriacea, Hedyotis mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kanaloa kahoolawensis, Lipochaeta kamolensis,
Lysimachia lydgatei, Mariscus pennatiformis, Melicope adscendens,
Melicope balloui, Melicope knudsenii, Melicope mucronulata, Melicope
ovalis, Neraudia sericea, Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum sandwicense,
Phlegmariurus mannii, Phyllostegia mannii, Phyllostegia mollis,
Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Remya
mauiensis, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea haleakalensis, Sesbania
tomentosa, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium capillare,
Tetramolopium remyi, Vigna o-wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) of
the 70 plant species from the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe was
proposed on approximately 51,208 ha (126,531 ac) of land on Maui, and
approximately 1,372 ha (4,500 ac) on Kahoolawe (67 FR 15856). We
proposed that critical habitat was prudent for six species (Clermontia
peleana, Gouania vitifolia, Nototrichium humile, Phyllostegia
parviflora, Schiedea hookeri, and Tetramolopium arenarium) for which a
prudency finding had not been made previously. Critical habitat was not
proposed for Adenophorus periens, Clermontia peleana, Delissea
undulata, Phyllostegia parviflora, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea
nuttallii, Solanum incompletum, and Tetramolopium arenarium on the
islands of Maui and Kahoolawe because these plants no longer occur on
Maui or Kahoolawe, and we were unable to identify habitat which was
essential to their conservation on these islands. Critical habitat was
not proposed for Acaena exigua, a species reported from Maui as well as
Kauai because it has not been seen recently in the wild and was not
known to be in storage or under propagation.
The publication of the revised proposed rule opened up a 60-day
public comment period, which closed on June 3, 2002. On July 11, 2002,
we submitted joint stipulations with Earthjustice to the U.S. District
Court requesting extension of the court orders for the final rules to
designate critical habitat for plants from Lanai (December 30, 2002),
Kauai and Niihau (January 31, 2003), Molokai (February 28, 2003), Maui
and Kahoolawe (April 18, 2003), Oahu (April 30, 2003), the Northwestern
Hawaiian Islands (April 30, 2003), and the island of Hawaii (May 30,
2003), citing the need to conduct additional reviews of the proposals,
address comments received during the public comment periods, and to
conduct a series of public workshops on the proposals. The joint
stipulations were approved and ordered by the court on July 12, 2002.
On August 26, 2002, we published a notice (67 FR 54764) announcing a
public hearing and reopening the comment period until September 30,
2002. On August 27, 2002, September 12, 2002, and September 26, 2002,
we held public meetings at the Maui Arts and Cultural Center, Kahului,
Maui. On October 2, 2002, we published a notice (67 FR 61845)
announcing the availability of the draft economic analysis on the
proposed critical habitat and reopening the public comment period until
November 2, 2002.
We determined that designation of critical habitat for the multi-
island species, Acaena exigua, was not prudent on February 27, 2003 (68
FR
[[Page 25963]]
9116) and explained why we believe critical habitat is prudent for the
following 45 multi-island species in other published final critical
habitat rules: Adenophorus periens; Alectryon macrococcus; Bidens
micrantha ssp. kalealaha; Bonamia menziesii; Brighamia rockii; Cenchrus
agrimonioides; Centaurium sebaeoides; Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.
mauiensis; Clermontia samuelii; Ctenitis squamigera; Cyanea copelandii
ssp. haleakalaensis; Cyanea glabra; Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana;
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora; Cyanea lobata; Cyrtandra munroi;
Delissea undulata; Diellia erecta; Diplazium molokaiense; Flueggea
neowawraea; Hedyotis mannii; Hesperomannia arborescens; Hibiscus
brackenridgei; Ischaemum byrone; Isodendrion pyrifolium; Kanaloa
kahoolawensis; Mariscus pennatiformis; Melicope knudsenii; Melicope
mucronulata; Neraudia sericea; Peucedanum sandwicense; Phlegmariurus
mannii; Phyllostegia mannii; Phyllostegia mollis; Phyllostegia
parvilfora; Plantago princeps; Platanthera holochila; Pteris lidgatei;
Schiedea nuttallii; Sesbania tomentosa; Solanum incompletum;
Spermolepis hawaiiensis; Tetramolopium remyi; Vigna o-wahuensis; and
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (64 FR 48307, 68 FR 1220, 68 FR 9116, 68 FR
12982). A summary of the critical habitat actions can be found in Table
3(b).
Table 3((b).--Summary of Previous Critical Habitat Actions for 70 Plant Species From Maui and Kahoolawe
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Proposed critical habitat Final critical habitat prior to
--------------------------------------- publication of this rule
Species --------------------------------------
Date(s) Federal Register Date(s) Federal Register
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acaena exigua..................... 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 NA NA
Adenophorus periens............... 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
12/27/2000 65 FR 82086 03/18/03 .....................
12/29/2000 65 FR 83158 68 FR 12982
03/04/2002 67 FR 9806
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492
05/28/2002 67 FR 36968
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108
Alectryon macrococcus............. 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 03/18/03 68 FR 12982
12/29/2000 65 FR 83158
01/28/2002 67 FR 3940
03/04/2002 67 FR 9806
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108
Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 NA NA
macrocephalum. 04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
Asplenium fragile var. insulare... 04/03/2002 67 FR 15856 NA NA
05/28/2002 67 FR 36968
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha... 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 01/09/03 68 FR 1220
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
Bonamia menziesii................. 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 03/18/03 68 FR 12982
12/27/2000 65 FR 82086
01/28/2002 67 FR 3940
03/04/2002 67 FR 9806
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492
05/28/2002 67 FR 36968
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108
Brighamia rockii.................. 12/29/2000 65 FR 83158 03/18/03 68 FR 12982
03/04/2002 67 FR 9806
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492
Cenchrus agrimonioides............ 03/04/2002 67 FR 9806 NA NA
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
05/28/2002 67 FR 36968
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108
Centaurium sebaeoides............. 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 03/18/03 68 FR 12982
12/27/2000 65 FR 82086
12/29/2000 65 FR 83158
01/28/2002 67 FR 3940
03/04/2002 67 FR 9806
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108
Clermontia lindseyana............. 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 NA NA
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
05/28/2002 67 FR 36968
[[Page 25964]]
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 NA NA
mauiensis. 12/27/2000 65 FR 82086
03/04/2002 67 FR 9806
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
Clermontia peleana................ 05/28/2002 67 FR 36968 NA NA
Clermontia samuelii............... 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 NA NA
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
Colubrina oppositifolia........... 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 NA NA
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
05/28/2002 67 FR 36968
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108
Ctenitis squamigera............... 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
12/27/2000 65 FR 82086 03/18/03 68 FR 12982
12/29/2000 65 FR 83158
01/28/2002 67 FR 3940
03/04/2002 67 FR 9806
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108
Cyanea copelandii ssp. 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 NA NA
haleakalaensis. 04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
Cyanea glabra..................... 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 NA NA
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana. 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 03/18/03 68 FR 12982
12/27/2000 65 FR 82086
12/29/2000 65 FR 83158
03/04/2002 67 FR 9806
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
04/5/2002 67 FR 16492
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. 12/18/2002 65 FR 79192 NA NA
hamatiflora. 04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
Cyanea lobata..................... 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 NA NA
03/04/2002 67 FR 9806
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
Cyanea mceldowneyi................ 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 NA NA
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
Cyrtandra munroi.................. 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 NA NA
12/27/2000 65 FR 82086
03/04/2002 67 FR 9806
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
Delissea undulata................. 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
01/28/2002 67 FR 3940
05/28/2002 67 FR 36968
Diellia erecta.................... 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
12/29/2000 65 FR 83158 03/18/03 68 FR 12982
01/28/2002 67 FR 3940
03/04/2002 67 FR 9806
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492
05/28/2002 67 FR 36968
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108
Diplazium molokaiense............. 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
01/28/2002 67 FR 3940 03/18/03 68 FR 12982
03/04/2002 67 FR 9806
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108
Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis. 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 NA NA
04/04/2002 67 FR 15856
Flueggea neowawraea............... 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 03/18/03 68 FR 12982
01/28/2002 67 FR 3940
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492
05/28/2002 67 FR 36968
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108
[[Page 25965]]
Geranium arboreum................. 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 NA NA
04/04/2002 67 FR 15856
Geranium multiflorum.............. 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 NA NA
04/04/2002 67 FR 15856
Gouania vitifolia................. 04/03/2002 67 FR 15856 NA NA
05/28/2002 67 FR 36968
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108
Hedyotis coriacea................. 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 NA NA
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
05/28/2002 67 FR 36968
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108
Hedyotis mannii................... 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 NA NA
12/27/2000 65 FR 82086
12/29/2000 65 FR 83158
03/04/2002 67 FR 9806
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492
Hesperomannia arborescens......... 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 03/18/03 68 FR 12982
12/29/2000 65 FR 83158
03/04/2002 67 FR 9806 .............. .....................
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108
Hesperomannia arbuscula........... 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 NA NA
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108
Hibiscus brackenridgei............ 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
12/27/2000 65 FR 82086 03/18/03 68 FR 12982
03/04/2002 67 FR 9806
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492
05/28/2002 67 FR 36968
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108
Ischaemum byrone.................. 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
12/29/2000 65 FR 83157 03/18/03 68 FR 12982
01/28/2002 67 FR 3940
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492
05/28/2002 67 FR 36968
Isodendrion pyrifolium............ 01/28/2002 67 FR 3940 03/18/03 68 FR 12982
03/04/2002 67 FR 9806
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856 .............. .....................
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492
05/28/2002 67 FR 36968
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108
Kanaloa kahoolawensis............. 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 NA NA
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
Lipochaeta kamolensis............. 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 NA NA
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
Lysimachia lydgatei............... 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 NA NA
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
Mariscus pennatiformis............ 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
01/28/2002 67 FR 3940
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
05/14/2002 67 FR 34522
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108
Melicope adscendens............... 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 NA NA
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
Melicope balloui.................. 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 NA NA
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
Melicope knudsenii................ 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
12/18/2000 65 FR 79192
01/28/2002 67 FR 3940
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
[[Page 25966]]
Melicope mucronulata.............. 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 03/18/03 68 FR 12982
12/29/2000 65 FR 83158
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492
Melicope ovalis................... 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 NA NA
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
Neraudia sericea.................. 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 03/18/03 68 FR 12982
12/29/2000 65 FR 83158
03/04/2002 67 FR 9806
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492
Nototrichium humile............... 04/03/2002 66 FR 79192 NA NA
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108
Peucedanum sandwicense............ 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 03/18/03 68 FR 12982
12/29/2000 65 FR 83158
01/28/2002 67 FR 3940
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108
Phlegmariurus mannii.............. 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 NA NA
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
Phyllostegia mannii............... 04/03/2002 67 FR 15856 03/18/03 68 FR 12982
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492
Phyllostegia mollis............... 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 ..............
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108
Phyllostegia parviflora........... 05/28/2002 67 FR 37108 NA NA
Plantago princeps................. 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 03/18/03 68 FR 12982
12/29/2000 65 FR 83158
01/28/2002 67 FR 3940
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108
Platanthera holochila............. 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
12/18/2000 65 FR 79192
12/29/2000 65 FR 83158
01/28/2002 67 FR 3940
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108
Pteris lidgatei................... 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 03/18/03 68 FR 12982
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108
Remya mauiensis................... 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 NA NA
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
Sanicula purpurea................. 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 NA NA
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108
Schiedea haleakalensis............ 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 NA NA
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
Schiedea hookeri.................. 05/28/2002 67 FR 37108 NA NA
Schiedea nuttallii................ 12/29/2000 65 FR 83158 03/18/03 68 FR 12982
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492
Sesbania tomentosa................ 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 03/18/03 68 FR 12982
12/29/2000 65 FR 83158
01/28/2002 67 FR 3940
03/04/2002 67 FR 9806
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492
05/14/2002 67 FR 34522
05/28/2002 67 FR 36968
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108
[[Page 25967]]
Solanum incompletum............... 01/28/2002 67 FR 3940 03/18/03 68 FR 12982
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492
Spermolepis hawaiiensis........... 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 03/18/03 68 FR 12982
12/27/2000 65 FR 82086
12/29/2000 65 FR 83158
01/28/2002 67 FR 3940
03/04/2002 67 FR 9806
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492
05/28/2002 67 FR 36968
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108
Tetramolopium arenarium........... 05/28/2002 67 FR 36968 NA NA
Tetramolopium capillare........... 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 NA NA
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
Tetramolopium remyi............... 12/27/2000 65 FR 79192 01/09/03 68 FR 1220
04/04/2002 67 FR 15856
03/04/2002 67 FR 9806
Vigna o-wahuensis................. 12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
12/27/2000 65 FR 82086
12/29/2000 65 FR 83158
01/28/2002 67 FR 3940
03/04/2002 67 FR 9806
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492
05/28/2002 67 FR 36968
05/28/2002 67 FR 37108
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense............ 11/07/2000 65 FR 66808 02/27/03 68 FR 9116
12/18/2000 65 FR 79192 03/18/03 68 FR 12982
12/29/2000 65 FR 83158
01/28/2000 67 FR 3940
04/03/2002 67 FR 15856
04/05/2002 67 FR 16492
05/28/2002 67 FR 36968
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Summary of Comments and Recommendations
We received a total of seven oral and 2,779 written comments during
the three comment periods on the revised proposal published on April 3,
2002, and the draft economic analysis, including the public hearing
held on September 12, 2002, and the public meetings held on August 27,
2002 and September 26, 2002. These included responses from eight State
offices, four local agencies, and 39 private organizations or
individuals. Of the written comments, approximately 2,728 letters were
submitted by facsimile or by e-mail, as part of mailing campaign, all
in support of the proposed critical habitat designations. Of the other
51 comments, 21 supported the designation, 28 were opposed to it, and
two provided information or declined to oppose or support the
designations. We reviewed all comments received for substantive issues
and new information regarding critical habitat for the Maui and
Kahoolawe plants. Similar comments were grouped into ten general issues
relating specifically to the proposed critical habitat designations and
the draft economic analysis on the proposed designations. These are
addressed in the following summary.
Peer Review
In accordance with our policy published on July 1, 1994 (59 FR
34270), we solicited independent opinions from 19 knowledgeable
individuals with expertise in one or several fields, including
familiarity with the species, familiarity with the geographic region
that the species occurs in, and familiarity with the principles of
conservation biology. We received comments from seven reviewers. One
reviewer expressed support for the proposed critical habitat
designations. The other six reviewers generally supported our
methodology and conclusion, but none expressed support or opposition
for the proposed critical habitat designations. Comments received from
the peer reviewers are summarized in the following section and were
considered in developing the final rule.
Issue 1: Species-Specific Biological Comments
(1) Comment: A peer reviewer noted that unit Maui I3 excludes two
small DOFAW exclosures and an unprotected area containing good
populations of Geranium arboreum. Critical habitat should be expanded
to include these populations.
Our Response: While the habitat noted above may be important for
the recovery of the species, not all suitable habitat (including
occupied) is essential to the conservation of the species. At the time
we proposed critical habitat on Maui, we were not aware of these
exclosures, and we had identified and proposed other sites that (1)
contain the primary constituent elements that are essential to the
conservation of the species, (2) are within the species' historical
range, and (3) accommodate
[[Page 25968]]
our recovery goals of 8 to 10 populations for Geranium arboreum.
(2) Comment: One commentor stated that the ``best scientific data
available at this time'' does not support the areas being proposed for
Vigna o-wahuensis on Kahoolawe. The proposed areas for this plant are
based on a single observation at each of two different sites. Repeated
surveys in these areas by plant specialists over the last 5 years have
yet to confirm the presence of Vigna at these sites. However, the Navy
commented that the area excluded from critical habitat perhaps merits
reconsideration because Vigna o-wahuensis has appeared in the Lua
Makika area on Kahoolawe that was previously the subject of a planned
burn. That fact supports the conclusion that fire apparently does not
adversely affect the constituent elements for Vigna.
Our Response: We have reevaluated the proposed designation of
critical habitat for Vigna o-wahuensis on Kahoolawe in response to
additional information received during the comment periods. Critical
habitat was not designated for Vigna o-wahuensis on Kahoolawe because
there is some question about the location of the earlier observations
and because we were able to locate other sites that (1) contain the
primary constituent elements that are essential to the conservation of
the species, (2) are within the species' historical range, and (3)
accommodate our recovery goals of 8 to 10 populations.
(3) Comment: One peer reviewer noted that reducing the amount of
designated critical habitat for Hibiscus brackenridgei on West Maui and
Lanai, because it occurs on more than one island, might adversely
affect the retention of the genetic diversity needed for recovery. The
diversity of East versus West Maui populations will not be retained if
unit Maui D1 is reduced or removed. The Lanai prostrate form of the
species is distinct from all other populations and should be conserved
as a distinct recovery unit.
Our Response: We have retained our proposed designation of critical
habitat for Hibiscus brackenridgei on Maui in this final rule. Because
the Lanai populations are not considered by taxonomists to be a
distinct subspecies, and therefore were not listed as such, we cannot
consider them as separate from the Maui taxon. However, if the taxonomy
is revised and the scientific community approves such revision, we will
consider the new information with regard to critical habitat.
(4) Comment: One commenter was concerned that Bidens micrantha,
Lipochaeta kamolensis, and Sesbania tomentosa might hybridize with
other members of their families. It is possible that such unnatural
hybridization could lead to further endangerment of the species while
inducing the endangerment of other species.
Our Response: Hybridization presents potential problems with
species recovery. To the maximum extent possible, we separated critical
habitat of species that potentially had hybridization potential. In
addition, issues of hybridization and other technical questions will be
addressed in project specific recovery planning actions.
(5) Comment: In the case of Phyllostegia mollis, it appears that
the Service is unsure for which species it is designating critical
habitat. In the 1998 recovery plan for this species, the Service
states, ``the Maui population may be separated into its own species.''
Critical habitat designation cannot be made for a plant or animal for
which the science is so scant that more harm may come to the species by
the designation.
Our Response: At the time the recovery plan was completed for
Phyllostegia mollis, the Service acknowledged that the Maui population
may warrant recognition as a separate species, based on a personal
communication from Joel Lau, a botanist with the Hawaii Natural
Heritage Program. In 1999, a taxonomic revision of the species was
published by Dr. Warren L. Wagner in which the Oahu populations were
recognized as Phyllostegia mollis and the Maui populations were
assigned to P. pilosa. Due to the court-ordered deadlines, we are
required to publish this final rule to designate critical habitat on
Maui and Kahoolawe before we can prepare and publish a notice of
taxonomic changes for this species. We plan to publish a taxonomic
change notice for Phyllostegia mollis after we have published the final
critical habitat designations on Maui and Kahoolawe. We do not believe
that the designation of critical habitat for Phyllostegia mollis will
entail harm to the species. Federal agencies are required to consult
with the Service regarding any action they may fund, authorize, or
permit that may affect a listed species or designated critical habitat.
The consultation process results in conservation benefits to the
species, not in harmful actions to the species.
(6) Comment: One commenter expressed concern about the designation
of critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus var. auwahiensis and
Melicope adscendens on Ulupalakua Ranch. Forty A. m. var. auwahiensis
trees were last sighted in 1910. No other populations of this tree were
documented. However, the Service recommends that four new populations
be established, even as far away as Kaupo. In the case of M.
adscendens, the Service stated that within historic times, this species
has apparently always been extremely rare. Restoring any plant or
animal beyond their historical numbers and or geographical distribution
is not the intent of the Act.
Our Response: Alectryon macrococcus var. auwahiensis trees were
reported from the area as recently as 1990 and 1999. However,
Ulupalakua Ranch has been excluded from critical habitat designation
under section 4(b)(2), which states that critical habitat may be
excluded if the benefits of not designating outweigh the benefits of
designating critical habitat. We were also able to locate other sites
for A. m. var. auwahiensis that (1) contain the primary constituent
elements that are essential to the conservation of the species, (2) are
within the species' historical range, and (3) accommodate our recovery
goals of 8 to 10 populations.
(7) Comment: One peer reviewer and many commenters did not support
the Service's conclusion that Acaena exigua would not benefit from
critical habitat designation. These commenters pointed out that the
fact that Acaena has not been sighted since 1999 (only three years ago)
does not justify the Service's refusal to protect its critical habitat,
as it is common for biologists in Hawaii to rediscover plants that have
not been seen for decades. Some also felt that the decision was based
on a faulty interpretation of the Act's direction to designate critical
habitat ``to the maximum extent prudent.'' In enacting this language,
according to these commenters, Congress clearly intended that the
Service would designate critical habitat in all but the rare instances
in which designation would actually increase threats to listed species
from overcollecting or vandalism, or otherwise affirmatively harm the
species. The Service cannot refuse to designate critical habitat merely
because it cannot come up with examples of how critical habitat would
benefit this species. Absent a finding that designation would actually
harm Acaena exigua in some concrete way, the Service must designate its
critical habitat. Furthermore, if the Service believes this species is
extinct, it must follow the procedures set forth in the ESA for
delisting species. As long as this species remains on the endangered
species list, the Service cannot lawfully deny it the habitat
protection that
[[Page 25969]]
Congress intended that all listed species enjoy.
Our Response: We continue to believe that it would not be prudent
to designate critical habitat for Acaena exigua. It has not been seen
in the wild since March 2000 (Hank Oppenheimer, Maui Pineapple Company
Limited, pers. comm., 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772) and is not known
to be in storage or under propagation. Given these circumstances, we
have determined that designation of critical habitat for Acaena exigua
is not prudent because such designation would not be beneficial to the
species. If this species is rediscovered, we may reconsider designating
critical habitat for this species as new information becomes available.
See 16 U.S.C. 1532(5)(B); 50 CFR 424.13(f).
Issue 2: Biological Justification and Methodology
(8) Comment: One peer reviewer was concerned about the number of
populations needed for recovery. The expert opinion of the Hawaii
Pacific Plant Recovery Coordinating Committee (HPPRCC) is that 10 to 20
viable populations are needed for recovery. How did the Service
determine that 8 to 10 populations were all that should be required?
While 8 to 10 populations may be sufficient for the recovery of long-
lived species, it may be insufficient for ephemeral annuals or certain
ferns or species with unique island variants. The target number of
populations should be revisited on a species-by-species basis. Another
peer reviewer commented that the proposed rule was improved by the use
of targets of 8 to 10 populations ranging in size from 100 to 500
mature individuals, unless information that is more specific was
available (e.g., Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum).
However, these targets are generally lower than those used by the
HPPRCC and should be considered the ``low end'' of what is needed for
recovery.
Our Response: In defining the procedures used to delineate
essential habitat areas the HPPRCC agreed that ``the minimum target for
each species was to have habitat for at least 10 potential populations
for each species that was found on a single island and have habitat for
at least 5 potential populations on each island for species that
occurred on two or more islands. The maximum number of target
populations was set at 20 potential populations.'' However, in defining
generalized recovery objectives for Hawaiian plants, the committee
recommended 5-10 populations for delisting. The Service adopted a
relatively conservative 8-10 viable populations for the recovery
objectives for each species in the recovery plans. Establishing and
conserving 8 to10 viable populations on one or more islands within the
historic range of the species will provide each species with a
reasonable expectation of persistence and eventual recovery, even with
the high potential that one or more of these populations will be
eliminated by normal or random adverse events, such as the hurricanes
that occurred in 1982 and 1992 on Kauai, fires, and nonnative plant
invasions (HPPRCC 1994; Luijten et. al. 2000; Mangel and Tier 1994;
Pimm et. al. 1998; Stacey and Taper 1992). We conclude that designation
of adequate suitable habitat for 8 to 10 populations as critical
habitat is essential to give the species a reasonable likelihood of
long-term survival and recovery, based on currently available
information.
(9) Comment: Areas that are excluded from proposed critical habitat
should be identified and mapped in the proposed and final rule to allow
reviewers to fully evaluate how well the proposal provides for listed
species.
Our Response: Although we have not mapped the areas excluded from
critical habitat, textual descriptions of the areas excluded can be
found in the section titled ``Summary of Changes from the Revised
Proposed Rule and Analysis of Impacts Under Section 4(b)(2).''
(10) Comment: One peer reviewer stated that the Service did not
identify explicit modeling efforts that provide clear guidance for
Hawaiian species. If available, these models should be evaluated and
included in the Service's methodology to determine future critical
habitat designations. Models of the population dynamics of understory
plants in tropical forests, focusing on environmental variation caused
by natural disturbance and plant-animal interactions, do exist.
Our Response: The lack of detailed scientific data on the life
history of these plant species makes it impossible for us to develop a
robust quantitative model (e.g., population viability analysis) to
identify the optimal number, size, and location of critical habitat
units to achieve recovery. At this time, and consistent with the
listing of these species and their recovery plans, the best available
information leads us to conclude that the current size and distribution
of the extant populations are not sufficient to expect a reasonable
probability of long-term survival and recovery of these plant species.
Therefore, our approach employed two widely recognized and
scientifically accepted goals for promoting viable populations of
listed species: (1) Creation or maintenance of multiple populations so
that a single or series of catastrophic events cannot destroy the
entire listed species, and (2) increasing the size of each population
in the respective critical habitat units to a level where the threats
of genetic, demographic, and normal environmental uncertainties are
diminished. In addition, we used a GIS model that evaluated known
current and historic range, elevation, rainfall, and vegetation units
to determine potential habitat for each species. Using this information
plus information from existing historically known plant locations and
advice from species experts, we modeled the potentially suitable
habitat for each species. The critical habitat designated is a subset
of suitable potential habitat that was determined to be essential to
the conservation of each species (see the ``Methods'' section for more
detail).
(11) Comment: One peer reviewer commented that fencing and control
of ungulates is critical to the success of a plant restoration program.
One commenter was concerned that there is a lack of solid scientific
evidence on the relationship between introduced ungulates (in
particular, cattle), nonnative plants, and native ecosystems. In the
recovery plan for Lipochaeta kamolensis, the Service appears to concur
that more research on the relationship between managed ungulates and
native plants needs to be examined. In the Recovery Plan for the Maui
Plant Cluster, the Service states, ``Portions of the populations should
be left unfenced until the effects of protection from grazing and
browsing are fully known.'' Because the science on how to best protect
these plants is not certain, the designation of critical habitat may
have a negative, rather than positive impact.
Our Response: We believe that it is important to control threats to
the survival and recovery of federally listed species and have received
numerous sources of information demonstrating that nonnative ungulates
are a threat to the listed plant species as can be seen in the
discussion of each species' background in the ``Discussion of Plant
Taxa'' and ``Analysis of Impacts Under Section 4(b)(2): Other Impacts''
sections of this final rule. However, critical habitat is only one of
many tools established in the Act that can play an important role in
the recovery of the species. Critical habitat designation does not
create a wilderness area, preserve, or wildlife refuge. It does not
require activities associated with conservation management such as
[[Page 25970]]
ungulate control and fencing. Critical habitat increases protection of
federally listed species by requiring consultation under section 7 of
the Act to ensure that any action authorized, funded, or carried out by
a Federal agency is not likely to result in the destruction or adverse
modification of the critical habitat. The management of nonnative
species is an important conservation issue that is addressed in the
recovery plans for these species.
(12) Comment: One peer reviewer stated that degraded areas should
only be excluded if they lack the ability to become habitat in the
future. Another peer reviewer felt that, in some situations,
populations in degraded habitat might be critical to the viability of
the overall populations. Other peer reviewers commented that degraded
habitat should be considered secondary only if adequate non-degraded
habitat is available and designated. Many peer reviewers were
optimistic about the potential for degraded areas to be restored. One
peer reviewer suggested that sites significantly altered by human
activities, such as roads and buildings, should not be included in
conservation plans, but that areas that have been altered by
agriculture and other activities that do not significantly disturb the
soil should be included as they provide potential sites for restoration
of plant species. Other commenters objected to critical habitat
designation in degraded areas.
Our Response: We agree that recovery of a species is more likely in
designated critical habitat in the least degraded areas containing
primary constituent elements. During our evaluation of areas essential
for the conservation of the species we tried to select the least
degraded areas where possible because these areas are most essential.
However, for some species, especially those only known from low-
elevation areas, only degraded habitat remains. Therefore, some units
still contain degraded habitat, but only if the area could be restored.
Management for the restoration of these habitats is addressed in the
species' recovery plans.
(13) Comment: The proposed designation failed to contain all
historically known listed plants, and therefore failed to propose
critical habitat for all listed plants statewide. The following
endangered plant species lack proposed critical habitat on Maui and
Kahoolawe: Abutilon menziesii; Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp.
sandwicense; Abutilon menziesii; Caesalpinia kaviensis; Gardenia
brighamii; Haplostachys haplostachya; Panicum fauriei var. carteri;
Santalum freycinetianum var. lanaiense; and Scaevola coriacea.
Our Response: These species were not part of the lawsuit (see
``Previous Federal Action'' section) and subsequent stipulations, and
therefore were not included in this rulemaking. Critical habitat for
these species may be considered in the future if warranted and funding
and resources are available.
(14) Comment: Peer reviewers and other commenters wrote that the
amount, location, and type of land proposed for critical habitat
appears to be mostly adequate for the long-term conservation of these
species. In order to build self-sustaining populations, adequate land
for expansion is required, and most peer reviewers supported inclusion
of larger amounts of land. One peer reviewer believes that removing
significant portions of any of the proposed critical habitat units is
likely to prevent the recovery of, or lead to the extinction of, listed
species. One peer reviewer felt that the boundaries appear to be set by
landowner parcels and not based upon the habitat features required for
protection, especially units Maui H and L. Other commenters questioned
the methodology that led to the increase in proposed critical habitat
from 33,614 acres (13,574) in the original proposal to 126,531 acres
(51,208 ha) in the revised proposal. These commenters believe the
proposed critical habitat units are larger than necessary. The Service
should work to ensure that (1) areas designated as critical habitat are
``essential for the conservation of the species'', and that (2)
``critical habitat does not include the entire geographical area which
can be occupied by the threatened or endangered species'' 16 U.S.C.
1532(5)(C).
Our Response: We made revisions to the unit boundaries based on
information supplied by commenters, as well as information gained from
field visits to some of the sites, that indicated that the primary
constituent elements were not present in certain portions of proposed
units, that certain changes in land use had occurred on lands within
the proposed critical habitat that would preclude those areas from
supporting the primary constituent elements, or that the areas were not
essential to the conservation of the species in question. In many
cases, critical habitat boundaries were reduced for multi-island
species because we have identified adequate and more appropriate
habitat on other islands within the historical range in at least eight
other places that have more primary constituent elements or are less
degraded; already undergoing restoration; within a partnership, NAR, or
TNCH preserve; or on a refuge.
No critical habitat units in the proposed rule were excluded or
modified due to economic impacts. However, section 4(b)(2) of the Act
requires us to consider other relevant impacts, in addition to economic
impacts, of designating critical habitat. An area may be excluded from
designation as critical habitat if the Secretary determines the
benefits of excluding the area outweigh the benefits of designating the
area as critical habitat (and provided the exclusion would not result
in the extinction of the species). We have removed the two TNCH Maui
Preserves, the State's Hanawi NAR, Maui Land and Pineapple Company,
Inc.'s (ML&P) Puu Kukui Watershed Management Area (WMA), and Ulupalakua
and Haleakala Ranches from final critical habitat designation based
upon either their conservation history or the relevant issue that
designation of critical habitat would have a negative effect on the
landowner's voluntary ongoing conservation activities as well as future
activities under consideration by the landowner. In both cases, we
believe it is in the best interest of the species to exclude habitat
from the designation based on their conservation actions. See
``Analysis of Impacts Under Section 4(b)(2): Other Impacts''.
The land area in the second proposal of critical habitat was
increased from the first proposal caused by the Service's decision to
include unoccupied habitat. To recover the species, it is essential in
some instances to conserve suitable habitat that is not currently
occupied to allow for the establishment of additional populations
through natural recruitment or managed reintroductions. Establishment
of additional populations will increase the likelihood that the species
will survive and recover in the face of normal and stochastic events
(e.g., hurricanes, fire, and nonnative species introductions).
(15) Comment: The majority of our peer reviewers agreed that the
methodology used to define critical habitat is appropriate,
scientifically well grounded, and conceptually sound. The proposed rule
represents the best scientific information available and the most
scientifically appropriate techniques for determining critical habitat
on Maui. On the other hand, some commenters felt that the Service's
approach to designating critical habitat was not based on scientific
principles and knowledge of the needs of the plant species. The
proposed rule acknowledges that little is known about the life history,
threats, or preferred
[[Page 25971]]
habitat of particular species and applies a ``broad-brush'' approach.
Our Response: In accordance with our policy on peer review
published on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34270), we solicited the expert
opinions of appropriate and independent specialists regarding the
proposed rule. The purpose of this peer review was to ensure that our
methodology for designation of critical habitat of Maui plants was
based on scientifically sound data, assumptions, and analysis. The
majority of peer reviewers support our methodology. All data and
information on species status information received in preparation of
this rule were weighted equally and considered to come from reliable
sources. Where discrepancies existed between different data sources,
the most current data were used. While we agree that additional time
would be beneficial for the preparation of these final rules, and the
collection of more scientific information, we are required under the
court-approved stipulation to finalize this designation by April 18,
2003. If provided with new information, we may revise the critical
habitat designation in the future.
(16) Comment: Peer reviewers commented that a multi-population
approach is essential for the survival and recovery of listed Hawaiian
plant species. Multiple populations prevent small-scale changes in
habitat from destroying all remaining individuals. The multiple
population approach offers the opportunity to protect a wider range of
genetic variability for each species, rather than concentrating on a
single or small number of areas with genetically similar individuals.
The Service has designated enough land to provide for the long-term
conservation of multiple populations of the listed species.
Our Response: We agree that the multi-population approach to
conservation is necessary for the recovery of Hawaii's endangered
plants.
(17) Comment: One peer reviewer and other commenters stated that
the proposed rule is improved by the inclusion of appropriate
unoccupied habitat because such habitat will help to recover species
that have been reduced to an unsustainable number of populations.
Our Response: We agree. Our recovery plans for these species
identify the need to expand existing populations and reestablish wild
populations within historic range.
(18) Comment: Several commenters opposed designating critical
habitat in unoccupied areas. Two commenters wrote that lands in urban,
agricultural, and rural districts are designated, used, and intended
for a wide variety of land use activities. As such, there is a much
greater likelihood that critical habitat designation will have an
adverse economic impact on the landowner. These commenters recommend
the following rebuttable presumption: non-conservation lands which are
unoccupied by any listed species should not be designated as critical
habitat
Our Response: Our recovery plans for these species identify the
need to expand existing populations and reestablish wild populations
within the historical range. Because of the very limited current range
of many of these species, designating only occupied areas would not
meet the conservation requirements of the species and would be
inconsistent with our recovery plans. Occupied areas, as well as the
similar habitat around them within the designated units of critical
habitat that may be occupied in the future, provide the essential life-
cycle needs of the species and provide some or all of the habitat
components essential for the conservation (primary constituent
elements) of these species. Expansion of some of these species to areas
that were likely to have been historically occupied is essential to
their recovery.
When designating unoccupied habitat for these species, we first
evaluated lands that are suitable for each species. Of this suitable
habitat, we determined which areas are essential for the conservation
of each species using the guidelines outlined in the recovery plans
(i.e., areas that contain one or more of the primary constituent
elements and are either in good condition for recovery efforts or could
be made suitable through appropriate management actions), and would
provide space needed by the species to reach our recovery goals of 8 to
10 populations with a minimum of 100 mature reproducing individuals per
population for long-lived perennials, 300 mature reproducing
individuals per population for short-lived perennials, and 500 mature
reproducing individuals per population for annuals.
Areas that contain one or more of the primary constituent elements,
are either in good condition for recovery efforts or could be made
suitable through appropriate management actions, and would provide
space needed by the species to reach our recovery goals of 8 to 10
populations with a minimum number of mature reproducing individuals as
specified above, were determined to be essential for the conservation
of each species, regardless of land-use zoning.
(19) Comment: Proposed critical habitat includes unoccupied
habitat. It appears that the Service has designated unoccupied habitat
largely based on guesswork and the faulty conclusion that any areas
that appear, based on limited biological knowledge to be potentially
suitable habitat for these species (i.e., ``merely capable of
supporting'' these species), are by default essential habitat. This
conclusion is not consistent with the provisions in the Act.
Our Response: As explained in the Methods section of this rule, we
used the best scientific information available to determine areas that
contain the physical and biological features that are essential for the
conservation of the species covered by this designation. This
information included the known locations, site-specific species
information from the HINHP database and our own rare plant database;
species information from the Center for Plant Conservation's (CPC's)
rare plant monitoring database housed at the University of Hawaii's
Lyon Arboretum; island-wide Geographic Information System (GIS)
coverages (e.g., vegetation, soils, annual rainfall, elevation
contours, land ownership); the final listing rules for these 60
species; the December 18, 2000, proposal; the April 3, 2002, revised
proposal; information received during the public comment periods and
the public hearings; recent biological surveys and reports; our
recovery plans for these species; and any species and management
information received for the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe; discussions
with botanical experts; and recommendations from the Hawaii and Pacific
Plant Recovery Coordinating Committee (HPPRCC) (see also the discussion
below) (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; HPPRCC 1998; Service 1995a,
1995b, 1996a, 1996b, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999, 2001; 65 FR 66808; 67 FR
3940; CPC in litt. 1999).
In 1994, the HPPRCC initiated an effort to identify and map habitat
it believed to be important for the recovery of 282 endangered and
threatened Hawaiian plant species. The HPPRCC identified these areas on
most of the islands in the Hawaiian chain, and in 1999, we published
them in our Recovery Plan for the Multi-Island Plants (Service 1999).
The HPPRCC expects that there will be subsequent efforts to further
refine the locations of important habitat areas and that new survey
information or research may also lead to additional refinement of
identifying and mapping of habitat important for the recovery of these
species.
The HPPRCC identified essential habitat areas for all listed,
proposed,
[[Page 25972]]
and candidate plants and evaluated species of concern to determine if
these essential habitat areas would provide for their habitat needs.
However, the HPPRCC's mapping of habitat was distinct from the
regulatory designation of critical habitat as defined by the Act. In
addition, data have been collected since the recommendations made by
the HPPRCC in 1998. Much of the area that was identified by the HPPRCC
as inadequately surveyed has now been surveyed to some degree. New
location data for many species have been gathered. Also, the HPPRCC
identified areas as essential based on species clusters (areas that
included listed species as well as candidate species, and species of
concern) while we have only delineated areas that are essential for the
conservation of the specific listed species at issue. As a result, the
critical habitat designations in this rule include not only some
habitat that was identified as essential in the 1998 recommendations
but also habitat that was not identified as essential in those
recommendations.
Issue 3: Site-Specific Biological Comments
(20) Comment: One peer reviewer was concerned about the lower
elevation wet forests on windward Haleakala because Hanawi NAR is
expected to be fenced only above 1,000 meters in elevation. Cyanea
mceldowneyi, Cyanea copelandii, and Clermontia samuelii may rely on
habitat lower than 1,000 meters in elevation.
Our Response: While the habitat lower than 1,000 m (3,281 ft) in
elevation may be important for the conservation of these species, we do
not believe that this habitat contains the primary constituent elements
for Cyanea mceldowneyi, Cyanea copelandii, and Clermontia samuelii.
Therefore, we did not find this area to be essential to the
conservation of these three species.
(21) Comment: The boundaries of units Maui A and B should be
relocated to follow existing conservation boundaries. The boundaries of
units C1 and C2 should be refined to reflect that the appropriate
habitat of the species of concern is sea cliffs within the spray zone.
It should be clarified that units Maui C1 and C2 are unoccupied
critical habitat for Centaurium sebaeoides and Sesbania tomentosa.
Our Response: The boundaries of units Maui A and B have been
revised. We are no longer proposing critical habitat units Maui C1 and
C2 for Centaurium sebaeoides and Sesbania tomentosa because we were
able to locate other sites that were less degraded, contain a better
representation of the primary constituent elements that are essential
to the conservation of the species, are within the species' historical
ranges, and accommodate our recovery goals of 8 to 10 populations.
(22) Comment: KIRC commented that, while we support the mission of
the Service and the extraordinary efforts it is taking to protect
endangered plants, the KIRC feels it is unnecessary to establish
critical habitat for the listed taxa on Kahoolawe because of ongoing
management for endangered species on the island by KIRC. In addition,
because Kahoolawe is already a permanent natural and cultural reserve
and a National Historic Site, it is already bound by a set of Federal
and State rules for careful stewardship and does not require an
additional layer of protection. Further, two of the proposed plants,
Hibiscus brackenridgei and Neraudia sericea, have not been seen in over
90 years, although biological consultants continue to survey their
historical locations.
Our Response: We did not designate critical habitat for Hibiscus
brackenridgei and Neraudia sericea on Kahoolawe because we were able to
locate other sites that contain the primary constituent elements that
are essential to the conservation of the species, are within their
historical ranges, and accommodate our recovery goals of 8 to 10
populations. The footprint of critical habitat on Kahoolawe is greatly
reduced, although it remains designated for Kanaloa kahoolawensis, as
Kahoolawe has the only suitable habitat for this species identified by
our species experts. Designations of critical habitat are to be made on
the basis of the best scientific and commercial data available, after
taking into account the economic and other relevant impacts of
specifying any area as critical habitat (16 U.S.C. 1533(b)(2)). An area
may be excluded from designation as critical habitat if the Secretary
determines the benefits of excluding the area outweigh the benefits of
designating the area as critical habitat (and provided the exclusion
would not result in the extinction of the species). However, because
this is the last known occupied habitat for Kanaloa kahoolawensis, we
do not believe that the benefits of excluding Kahoolawe outweigh the
benefits of including it. See ``Analysis of Impacts Under Section
4(b)(2): Other Impacts''.
(23) Comment: One peer reviewer commented that the rationale for
the configuration of unit Maui H is not clearly explained. In general,
units should maximize interior areas and have easily identifiable
boundaries. Why was an area almost encircled by unit Maui H excluded?
This area appears to be part of the Kahikinui Forest Reserve with
current populations of Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Clermontia
lindseyana, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense and Phyllostegia
mollis. If the Kahikinui area is not managed appropriately, adequate
habitat for the above-mentioned species might not exist. Another peer
reviewer questions the exclusion of the Waiopae-Wailaulau-Pahihi area
from unit Maui H because it contains occurrences for two to three plant
species and is DOFAW land slated and funded for fencing, restoration,
and removal of cattle. It is crucial to include this parcel.
Our Response: We evaluated the Kahikinui area and determined that
it was not essential for the conservation of the species because
critical habitat was designated elsewhere for these species that is
less degraded and contains a better representation of the primary
constituent elements that are essential to the conservation of the
species, are within their historical ranges, and accommodates our
recovery goals of 8 to 10 populations.
Issue 4: Effects of Critical Habitat Designation
(24) Comment: One commenter suggested that critical habitat
designation presents an opportunity to expand Hawaii's appeal in
ecotourism. Many of the areas covered by the designation are degraded
forests that could be restored to showcase Hawaii's unique birds and
plants.
Our Response: Although we agree that the restoration of degraded
forests is essential to the conservation of federally listed species,
critical habitat is only one of many tools established in the Act that
can play an important role in the recovery of the species. Critical
habitat designation does not create a wilderness area, preserve, or
wildlife refuge. It does not require activities associated with
conservation management, such as ungulate control and fencing. Critical
habitat increases protection of federally listed species by requiring
consultation under section 7 of the Act to ensure that any action
authorized, funded, or carried out by a Federal agency is not likely to
result in the destruction or adverse modification of the critical
habitat.
(25) Comment: Animal Rights Hawaii stated that although they
support protection for endangered species, they are also concerned
about protecting nonnative species. The current interpretation of
critical habitat allows the Federal government and its partners
[[Page 25973]]
to utilize any methodology they wish in dealing with feral animals,
even though such methods may be cruel and environmentally unsound.
Our Response: The designation of critical habitat does not give the
Federal government and its partners the authority to utilize any
methodology they wish in dealing with feral animals. Any potential
animal control program would be subject to all applicable State,
Federal, and local laws.
(26) Comment: Critical habitat designation, and the underlying
decision to list as endangered the species that are the subject of the
designation, exceed the constitutional limits of the Service's
delegated authority. Congress enacted the ESA as an exercise of its
Commerce Clause power and delegated exercise of that Commerce Clause
power to the Service to apply the ESA by regulation. The listed species
are not interstate. They exist only in Hawaii and do not cross state
lines. Nor are they in commerce as the subject of any economic
endeavor. They lack any commercial value. Therefore, the Service's
regulations listing these species and designating critical habitat for
them within Hawaii exceed the Federal power to regulate interstate
commerce under the governing precedents interpreting the Commerce
Clause.
Our Response: The Federal government has the authority under the
Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution to protect species, for the
reasons given in Judge Wald's opinion and Judge Henderson's concurring
opinion in National Association of Homebuilders v. Babbitt, 130 F. 3d
1041 (D.C. Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 1185 S.Ct, 2340 (1998). See also
Gibbs v. Babbitt, No. 99-1218 (4th Cir. 2000). The Home Builders case
involved a challenge to application of ESA prohibitions to protect the
listed Delhi Sands flower-loving fly (Rhaphiomidas terminatus
abdominalis). As with the species at issue here, the Delhi Sands
flower-loving fly is endemic to only one state. Judge Wald held that
application of the ESA to this fly was a proper exercise of Commerce
Clause power because it prevented loss of biodiversity and destructive
interstate competition.
(27) Comment: Many commenters questioned the utility of critical
habitat designation because it will not result in on-the-ground
improvement of habitat or endangered species. Most commenters felt that
voluntary partnerships to effect actual land management would be more
beneficial to the species. Conversely, some commenters pointed out that
critical habitat will prevent the Federal government from carrying out
activities that destroy habitat or species in need of recovery and that
it will benefit the people of Maui by preserving native forests, thus
preventing erosion that pollutes water and smothers reefs.
Our Response: Critical habitat designation is one of a number of
conservation tools established in the Act that can play an important
role in the recovery of a species. For a Federal action to adversely
modify critical habitat, the action would have to adversely affect the
critical habitat's constituent elements or their management in a manner
likely to appreciably diminish or preclude the role of that habitat in
the conservation of the species. Designation of critical habitat is a
way to guide Federal agencies in evaluating their actions, in
consultation with the Service, such that their actions do not hamper
conservation of listed species. There also are educational or
informational benefits to the designation of critical habitat.
Education benefits include the notification of land owners, land
managers, and the general public of the importance of protecting the
habitat of these species and dissemination of information regarding
their essential habitat requirements.
(28) Comment: One commenter stated that the designation of critical
habitat may result in delays and confusion in water use decisions in
the State and that permits for non-point source discharges into
protected areas may be denied, which would have a devastating effect on
agricultural activities.
Our Response: As noted in the October 2002 Draft Economic Analysis
(DEA), the likelihood of changes to the existing water diversions based
on critical habitat is very low for the following two reasons: (1) None
of the plants are stream-dependent for their survival and therefore
would not cause a reduction in water diversion, and (2) water
infrastructure is considered a manmade feature and therefore would not
be included in critical habitat pursuant to the rule, because these
features and structures normally do not contain, and are not likely to
develop, any primary constituent elements. Thus, unless its operation
and maintenance would indirectly affect critical habitat, which is not
anticipated, it should not be affected by section 7 of the Act.
The potential impacts on State water uses were analyzed in the
October 2002 DEA and December 2002 Addendum to the DEA. As noted in the
DEA and Addendum, Maui County and Department of Water Supply (DWS)
submitted specific information regarding planned projects in the
proposed critical habitat during the public comment period. Possible
and planned projects by the DWS include water source development in
Unit B2; construction of a water reservoir adjacent to Unit L; access
and intake improvements in Unit L; and repair and maintenance of
existing flumes in Unit L. As noted in this final rule, we have removed
Unit B2 from the final designation. Most of the identified DWS projects
in Unit L involve repair and maintenance of existing manmade features
and structures, and as such, would not be subject to section 7
consultation. However, to the extent that the planned improvements go
beyond repair and maintenance and would be subject to section 7
consultation caused by Federal funding or permitting, the DEA's
estimate of zero to two consultations reasonably reflects the potential
number of section 7 consultations over the next 10 years (see Chapter
VI, Section 3.k. of the DEA). As a worst case scenario, the DEA
estimates that the consultations could cost up to $68,000 with project
modifications that could range up to $200,000.
The State Department of Health Polluted Runoff Control Program and
the State Office of Planning, Coastal Zone Management Program work
together to address nonpoint source pollution through outreach and
education and programs that utilize incentives. Under the Coastal Zone
Act Reauthorization Amendments, Section 6217, the State is required to
meet various conditions for approval of the State's Coastal Nonpoint
Pollution Control Program by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
To meet these conditions, the State Department of Health is developing
administrative rules to create Statewide enforceable policies and
mechanisms to address nonpoint source pollution. These draft rules are
currently the subject of public informational meetings. Public comments
and suggestions received during these meetings will be considered
before final rules are drafted and proposed to the Governor.
At the present time, there is no permit requirement for nonpoint
source pollution. Moreover, the proposed rules regarding nonpoint
source pollution make no reference to either water quality standards or
to critical habitat. Until the State administrative rules are
finalized, the impact caused by the interplay of nonpoint source
pollution requirements and the designation of critical habitat is
entirely speculative.
[[Page 25974]]
Issue 5: Mapping and PCEs
(29) Comment: The State of Hawaii Department of Transportation
(DOT) stated that the proposed designations near State routes would
restrict the design, maintenance, and construction of highways. In
particular, Units Maui C1 and C2 may impact Route 30, Honoapiilani
Highway, and Unit C3 may impact route 30, Kahekili Highway. Highway
corridors require constant upkeep and periodic improvements to maintain
safe transportation, keep abreast of changing policies and regulations,
limit liability exposure, and manage congestion. These activities, and
the intrusive nature of highway traffic itself (pollutants, litter,
alien species), tend to conflict with the critical habitat designation.
The DOT recommends that buffer zones on each side of the State highway
right of way should be excluded from proposed critical habitat to
minimize designation-related costs for future improvements,
maintenance, and repair to roads, bridges, drainage culverts etc. The
buffer zones should be based on topography and be a minimum of 100 feet
(30 m) in width.
Our Response: Units C1 and C2 have been removed from the final
designation and Unit C3 has been substantially reduced in the final
designation. State DOT's comments did not identify any planned widening
or other significant improvement project within Unit C3. Rather, State
DOT's concerns focused on the impact to routine repair and maintenance.
Operation and maintenance of existing manmade features and structures
adjacent to critical habitat are not subject to section 7 consultation,
unless they involve federal funding or permitting and they affect the
critical habitat or the species.
(30) Comment: The Service should reconsider designating critical
habitat on Navy lands because such designation will adversely impact
the Navy's ability to accomplish its national defense mission. The
designation will also impose costly procedural burdens on the Navy's
ongoing efforts to clear ordnance at Kahoolawe. A careful analysis of
the benefits and burdens of critical habitat designation may result in
a determination that critical habitat designation on Kahoolawe is not
prudent, especially in light of potential prescribed burns for clearing
ordnance. While the Navy will manage endangered species found on its
property, it will not agree to introduce any endangered species to an
area where it is currently absent.
Our Response: In 1993, the U.S. Congress passed a law that required
the return of Kahoolawe to the State of Hawaii and authorized Federal
funding through November 2003. Therefore, critical habitat will not
adversely impact the Navy's ability to accomplish its national defense
mission as the Navy will not have a presence on the island for that
purpose. As modified, the critical habitat designation on Kahoolawe
covers the southeastern coastline, an area along the eastern side of
the island, and an area on the western side of the island,
predominantly overlapping with Level 3 and Level 4 areas--areas which
have either received surface clearance only or which have received no
ordnance clearance. Anticipated activities in these areas within the
next 10 years are likely to be limited to ordnance removal. Part of the
designation on the western tip of Kahoolawe is a Level 1 area, and
anticipated activities in this area could include operation of
overnight campsites with minimal facilities to support restoration
efforts. The December 2002 Addendum to the Draft Economic Analysis of
Proposed Critical Habitat for the Maui and Kahoolawe plants considered
the effects of critical habitat designation on the Navy's clean-up
program on Kahoolawe and estimates section 7 consultation costs to
range from $0 to $47,100. The removal of ordnance, which will enable
long-term restoration efforts to proceed, is consistent with the
recovery goals for these listed plant species on Kahoolawe. Kahoolawe
is essential to the conservation of Kanaloa kahoolawensis because this
is the only place where this plant currently is known to exist.
Issue 6: Definition of Critical Habitat
(31) Comment: Many commenters, including peer reviewers, noted that
critical habitat should be identified for all areas that may need to be
managed for the benefit of the listed species. The ESA defines critical
habitat (Section 3 (5)(A)(I)) as ``the specific areas * * * (I)
essential to the conservation of the species and (II) which may require
special management considerations or protection. It does not use the
phrase ``which may require additional special management considerations
or protection.'' Therefore, all areas that meet the definition of
critical habitat should be designated, even if they are currently being
managed for conservation. Designation of these areas would be in
accordance with the mandatory duty to designate critical habitat ``to
the maximum extent prudent and determinable'' 16 U.S.C. 1533(a)(3).
Also, designation will provide an additional measure of protection by
preventing Federal agencies from carrying out funding or approving any
activity likely to result in adverse modification or destruction of
critical habitat, whether directly or indirectly, regardless of the
location of the activity. Furthermore, areas that may have adequate
management in place may not be safe from even direct threats from
Federal activities, which can arise with little warning. Additionally,
adequate funding for conservation and management of listed species on
lands currently being managed for conservation may not be assured.
Multiple commenters wrote that the following areas should be designated
as critical habitat: Haleakala National Park; Puu Kukui Watershed
Management Area; Waikamoi; Kapunakea Preserves; and Hanawi Natural Area
Reserve.
Our Response: While we do not necessarily agree with the
commenters' interpretation of section 3(5)(A) we considered whether the
areas proposed for exclusion because special management was not needed
should be designated as critical habitat. However, section 4(b)(2) of
the Act requires us to consider other relevant impacts, in addition to
economic impacts, of designating critical habitat. An area may be
excluded from designation as critical habitat if the Secretary
determines the benefits of excluding the area outweigh the benefits of
designating the area as critical habitat (and provided the exclusion
would not result in the extinction of the species). We have removed the
two TNCH Maui Preserves, the State's Hanawi NAR, ML&P's Puu Kukui WMA,
and Ulupalakua and Haleakala Ranches from final critical habitat
designation based upon either their conservation history or the
relevant issue that designation of critical habitat would have a
negative effect on the landowner's voluntary ongoing conservation
activities as well as future activities under consideration by the
landowner. In both cases, we believe it is in the best interest of the
species to exclude habitat from the designation based on their
conservation actions. See ``Analysis of Impacts Under Section 4(b)(2):
Other Impacts''.
(32) Comment: Alexander and Baldwin, Inc., requested that the
Service consider excluding lands managed by the East Maui Watershed
Partnership (EMWP) because future EMWP efforts to protect the watershed
are likely to include many of the same management measures identified
as necessary for the recovery of endangered plant species within the
watershed (e.g., control of ungulates and invasive weeds). Cooperative
conservation efforts by landowners ultimately will benefit
[[Page 25975]]
endangered species more than the mere designation of critical habitat.
Our Response: We agree that cooperative conservation efforts by
landowners are important to the conservation of Hawaiian plant species.
We did exclude portions of the EMWP, including portions of Hanawi NAR,
Haleakala Ranch, and Waikamoi Preserve. However, at this time, we did
not find the benefits of excluding other lands within the EMWP to
outweigh the benefits of including them in critical habitat, under
section 4(b)(2) of the Act. As resources allow, the Service would be
willing to consider future revisions or amendments to this final
critical habitat rule if landowners affected by this rule develop
conservation programs or partnerships (e.g., Habitat Conservation
Plans, Safe Harbor Agreements, conservation agreements, etc.) on their
lands that outweigh the regulatory and educational benefits of a
critical habitat designation (see ``Analysis of Impacts Under Section
4(b)(2): Other Impacts'' for which the benefits of exclusion exceed the
benefits of inclusion).
(33) Comment: One peer reviewer stated that it is not strategically
wise to exclude most of the East Maui Watershed above 3,500-4,000 ft
(1,067-1,219 m).
Our Response: We agree that the area is essential for the
conservation of many of these species and have designated portions of
this area as critical habitat.
(34) Comment: Maui Land and Pineapple Company, Inc. requested that
the currently actively managed, conservation-zoned lands on West Maui
(A, B1, and B2) be excluded from critical habitat designation. ML&P has
cooperated with many other conservation agencies, including the
Service, to preserve the native biodiversity of its conservation lands.
Our Response: We have excluded some of ML&P's lands under section
4(b)(2) of the Act, finding that the benefits of their conservation
efforts outweigh the benefits of including those lands in this
designation (see ``Analysis of Impacts Under Section 4(b)(2): Other
Impacts''). However, there are other ML&P lands for which we did not
make this finding, and they are therefore included in this critical
habitat designation.
(35) Comment: The Service should comment on how Haleakala National
Park will function as a result of designation of unit Maui J.
Our Response: Haleakala National Park will continue to function
much the same as it had before the critical habitat designation.
However, they will need to consult with us, under section 7 of the Act,
if they are planning a project that may affect critical habitat.
(36) Comment: The Estate of James Campbell requested that the
critical habitat boundaries for their Kula and Kaupo properties be
amended in light of a lack of important data on species' life history
and habitat. They specifically request that the proposed designation on
the Kaupo property be adjusted to exclude unoccupied agricultural land
that could be adversely affected by such a designation.
Our Response: Unoccupied agricultural lands of the Kaupo properties
were not included in the proposed or final designations. However, we
have found that some of the James Campbell Estate lands are essential
to the conservation of some of the species and do not meet the criteria
under section 3(5)(A) of the Act for exclusion because long-range
management goals and plans are not yet in place. These lands have been
included in the final critical habitat designation. As resources allow,
however, the Service would be willing to consider future revisions or
amendments to this final critical habitat rule if landowners affected
by this rule develop conservation programs or partnerships (e.g.,
Habitat Conservation Plans, Safe Harbor Agreements, conservation
agreements, etc.) on their lands that outweigh the regulatory and
educational benefits of a critical habitat designation (see ``Analysis
of Impacts Under Section 4(b)(2): Other Impacts'').
(37) Comment: Ulupalakua Ranch requested that its lands be removed
from proposed critical habitat for the following reasons: (1)
Likelihood of private party lawsuits resulting in mandated protection
for critical habitat; (2) likelihood of private party lawsuits limiting
current ranch operations; (3) limits on development of diversified
agricultural operations caused by the Ranch's interest in Federal cost
share programs; (4) lost revenues; (5) expenditures to assess the
impact of the proposed designations; (6) economic hardship resulting
from increased expenses to counter trespassing caused by increased
curiosity over critical habitat lands; (7) lower economic returns and
job loss caused by critical habitat dividing up sections of the Ranch,
thus leading to inefficiency; (8) concern over the Service becoming
involved in County Permitting processes (as they did when Ulupalakua
Ranch requested a Special Use Permit from the County of Maui for
telecommunications purposes); (9) ranch lands consisting of
predominantly nonnative alien species that the Service has documented
as threats; and (10) a reduced willingness of the Ranch to participate
in voluntary conservation efforts.
Our Response: We found that Ulupalakua Ranch met the requirements
under 4(b)(2) of the Act (see ``Analysis of Impacts Under Section
4(b)(2)'') and therefore has been excluded from critical habitat
designation.
Issue 7: Policy and Regulations
(38) Comment: One commenter opposed the designation of critical
habitat in East Maui from Makawao to Kula because hunters use these
areas.
Our Response: Critical habitat designation does not affect
activities, including human access, on State or private lands unless
some kind of Federal permit, license, or funding is involved and the
activities may affect the species. It imposes no regulatory
prohibitions on State or other non-Federal lands, nor does it impose
any restrictions on State or non-Federal activities that are not funded
or authorized by any Federal agencies. Access to Federal lands that are
designated as critical habitat is not restricted unless access is
determined to result in the destruction or adverse modification of the
critical habitat. If we determine that access will result in adverse
modification of the critical habitat, we will suggest reasonable or
prudent alternatives that allow the proposed activities to proceed.
Recreational, commercial, and subsistence activities, including
hunting, on non-Federal lands are not regulated by this critical
habitat designation, and may be impacted only where there is Federal
involvement in the action and the action is likely to destroy or
adversely modify critical habitat. According to our economic analysis
the probability of a major change in game management by the State is
regarded as slight. Thus, designation of critical habitat is expected
to have minor economic impacts related to management of game mammals
and to hunting.
Issue 8: Economic Issues
(39) Comment: An economic analysis (EA) must be completed before
critical habitat is designated. Even though the Service is designating
critical habitat before conducting an EA in order to meet a court
imposed deadline, the Service is not relieved from meeting the prudent
and determinable standard for designating critical habitat. It is a
disservice to the landowners to not include an economic impact analysis
at the time of proposed designation even if the Service anticipates
that such designation will not have any significant economic impact.
Any
[[Page 25976]]
proposed critical habitat designated without first conducting an
economic analysis would be imprudent and premature.
Our Response: We did not designate critical habitat before
conducting an EA. The draft economic analysis was published and made
available for review on October 2, 2002 (67 FR 61845). The comment
period on the proposed rule to designate critical habitat for these 61
species from the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe was extended until
November 1, 2002, to allow interested and affected parties the
opportunity to review the draft economic analysis in conjunction with
the proposed critical habitat rule.
The Service determines whether critical habitat designation is
prudent according to regulations found at 50 CFR 424.12(a). In
accordance with these regulations, critical habitat designation is not
prudent only when one or both of the following two situations exist:
(1) The species is threatened by taking or other human activity, and
identification of critical habitat can be expected to increase the
degree of such threat to the species; or (2) such designation would not
be beneficial to the species. The economic analysis is conducted after
critical habitat has been proposed in a given area, as set forth in
regulations found at 50 CFR 424.19. If we find that economic and other
impacts outweigh the benefit of designating critical habitat in a given
area, that area may be excluded.
(40) Comment: The proposal identifies portions of two habitat units
(units C1, C2, C3, G1, and G5), that consist in part of private lands
and are occupied by only one or two species, which have known current
populations on other islands. Portions of these units may have economic
value to their respective landowners for eventual shoreline development
or as sources of surface water for irrigation. Absent the economic
analysis, it is impossible to determine from the proposal whether the
benefits of excluding these areas would outweigh the benefits of
including them as critical habitat.
Our Response: We agree that it is difficult to determine the
relative costs and benefits of critical habitat designation without
benefit of an economic analysis. It is precisely for this reason that
the draft economic analysis was made available for review immediately
upon completion on October 2, 2002, and the public comment period on
the proposed critical habitat designations for these 61 species from
the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe was extended until November 1, 2002.
Maui units C1 and C2 have not been designated as final critical
habitat. Maui unit C3 has been reduced to include only State owned
lands within the conservation district and G1 and G5 have been reduced
to lands within the conservation district. No costs are expected to
occur from such impacts to water systems, because none of the plants
are stream-dependent for their survival and therefore would not cause a
reduction in water diversions. In addition, water infrastructures are
considered a manmade feature and therefore its operation and
maintenance are not subject to critical habitat provisions of section
7, because these features and structures normally do not contain, and
are not likely to develop, any primary constituent elements.
(41) Comment: The DEA did not address, or did not adequately
consider, a variety of costs and benefits that they believe could occur
caused by the implementation of section 7 consultation for these
species.
Our Response: Many of these possible costs were considered and some
were addressed in the DEA. In many cases, however, potential costs were
purposely not addressed in the DEA because they are not expected to
occur. In other cases, it is possible for them to occur. In still other
cases, the concerns no longer have substance given the Service's
modifications to the proposed critical habitat. Finally, in some cases,
the comments provided new information and costs were modified in
section 4 of the Addendum.
(42) Comment: One commenter stated that the proposed designation
fails to properly consider the importance of cooperation and goodwill
between the Service and private landowners, and the impact critical
habitat designations will have in discouraging voluntary partnerships
on private lands. Haleakala Ranch stated that if critical habitat were
designated on ranch lands, the ranch would cease participation in
conservation projects designed to promote endangered species recovery.
The ranch also stated that access to Haleakala Ranch land will be
denied to those seeking data about the presence of the listed species,
and future partnerships, existing agreements, and a land steward
position may be terminated in an effort to insulate the company from
outside governmental oversight. The ranch prefers to work cooperatively
with the Service and other conservation entities to continue its legacy
of land stewardship. Ulupalakua Ranch stated that designation of
critical habitat would result in discontinuation of its associations
with organizations associated with native plant restoration. Ulupalakua
Ranch will also deny access to those interested in plant conservation
and would not allow reintroductions of any native plants to its private
property. Similarly, Alexander and Baldwin, Inc. cautioned the Service
to carefully consider the benefits of existing cooperative agreements
such as the East Maui Watershed Partnership and the potentially
chilling effect that designation might have on such agreements. The
Estate of James Campbell also stated a preference for encouraging the
establishment of voluntary partnerships with landowners to effectuate
the desired species conservation. This commenter further stated that
the regulatory approach discourages the cooperation which has been a
key to successful species conservation. Another commenter stated that
if the Service truly wants to carry out its mission statement and
``work with others to conserve, protect and enhance fish, wildlife and
plants, and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American
people,'' they should meet with the community of the DHHL Kahikinui
homesteads to explain in clear and concise terms what is being proposed
and exactly how it may impact our community. Others expressed similar
concerns that cooperation and on-the-ground management were more
important than critical habitat designation.
Our Response: Chapter VI, Section 4.j. of the DEA discusses the
potential for reduced cooperation with the Service on conservation
projects as a result of critical habitat. The DEA determines that a
modest but undetermined reduction in cooperation may occur, along with
a corresponding but undetermined environmental loss to society.
However, as the comment indicates, the Service received letters from
two landowners, Ulupalakua Ranch and Haleakala Ranch, during the public
comment period stating that they will no longer participate in
conservation projects designed to assist native plant species if
critical habitat is designated on their land. Over the past three years
alone, these landowners have participated in more than seven different
conservation projects, receiving more than $290,000 from the Service or
Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). This funding is often
matched by the landowner, and thus the cost of these projects likely
exceeds $580,000. While the benefits of these projects are difficult to
quantify (as discussed further in section 6 of the Addendum), the
biological value of these projects to the native plants is at minimum
equal
[[Page 25977]]
to the costs of each project. Assuming that participation over the past
three years is indicative of the average level of participation, over a
period of ten years, the value of the conservation projects would
exceed $1.7 million. Thus, a reduction in cooperation in conservation
projects by these two landowners could be expected to result in a
corresponding environmental loss to society of more than $1.7 million.
In addition, these landowners have indicated that they will not allow
outside individuals, agencies or organizations to monitor, investigate,
or collect data about native plants on their lands. In qualitative
terms, the total loss to society as a result of reduced cooperation in
conservation projects could be considered significant.
(43) Comment: The DEA fails to consider economic impacts of
critical habitat that result through interaction with Hawaii Land Use
Law. Critical habitat could result in changes to zoning under State
law. There is an overriding directive under State law that endangered
plant species are to be protected in the State's planning and zoning
process. HRS Sec. 205-2(e) states that Conservation Districts shall
include areas necessary for conserving endangered species. HRS 195D-5.1
states that DLNR shall initiate amendments in order to include the
habitat of rare species. Even if DLNR does not act, the Land Use
Commission may initiate such changes, or they may be forced by citizen
lawsuits. Areas for endangered species are placed in the protected
subzone with the most severe restrictions. While existing uses can be
grandfathered, downzoning will prevent landowners from being able to
shift uses in the future, will reduce market value, increase property
tax, and make the land unmortgageable. Although the Service
acknowledges that there could be substantial indirect costs relating to
redistricting of land to the Conservation District, several
commentators disagreed with the characterization of these costs as
``minor'' and with the statement that the probabilities of
redistricting is ``slight to small.''
Our Response: In our economic analysis we indicated that about
8,770 ha (21,670 ac) of Agricultural lands would be included in the
designation, of which 4,443 ha (10,980 ac) is privately owned. However,
in this final rule, we have designated critical habitat on only 5,170
ha (12,744 ac) of Agricultural lands on Maui and Kahoolawe; the
remaining Agricultural lands were excluded from the final designation
pursuant to section 4(b)(2). Of this, approximately 15 percent, or 794
ha (1,960 ac), is owned by private landowners. The primary activity
that takes place on privately-owned agriculturally-zoned land is
ranching. The economic analysis found that reduction in land values
that would be caused by redistricting privately owned land from
Agricultural to Conservation District ranges from $1,000 to $10,000 per
acre. Since 1,960 acres of Agricultural land are privately owned, if
all such lands were redistricted, the total loss would range from
$1,960,000 to $19,600,000. Even if a landowner has no plans to sell the
land, the loss in land value due to redistricting could reduce
potential mortgage financing. However, as discussed in the economic
analysis, the redistricting of all Agricultural land to Conservation is
a worst-case scenario, and one which is not envisioned for several
reasons.
HRS section 195D-5.1 states that the Department of Land and Natural
Resources (DLNR) ``shall initiate amendments to the conservation
district boundaries consistent with section 205-4 in order to include
high quality native forests and the habitat of rare native species of
flora and fauna within the conservation district.'' HRS section 205-
2(e) specifies that ``conservation districts shall include areas
necessary for * * * conserving indigenous or endemic plants, fish and
wildlife, including those which are threatened or endangered * * * ''
Unlike the automatic conferral of State law protection for all
federally listed species (see HRS 195D-4(a)), these provisions do not
explicitly reference federally designated critical habitat and, to our
knowledge, DLNR has not proposed amendments in the past to include all
designated critical habitat in the Conservation District. Nevertheless,
according to the Land Division of DLNR, DLNR is required by HRS 195D-
5.1 to initiate amendments to reclassify critical habitat lands to the
Conservation District (Deirdre Mamiya, Administrator, Land Division, in
litt. 2002).
State law only permits other State departments or agencies, the
county in which the land is situated, and any person with a property
interest in the land to petition the State Land Use Commission (LUC)
for a change in the boundary of a district. HRS section 205-4. The
Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism's (DBEDT)
Office of Planning also conducts a periodic review of district
boundaries taking into account current land uses, environmental
concerns and other factors and may propose changes to the LUC.
The State Land Use Commission determines whether changes proposed
by DLNR, DBEDT, other state agencies, counties or landowners should be
enacted. In doing so, State law requires LUC to take into account
specific criteria, set forth at HRS 205-17. While the LUC is
specifically directed to consider the impact of the proposed
reclassification on ``the preservation or maintenance of important
natural systems or habitats,'' it is also specifically directed to
consider five other impacts in its decision: (1) ``maintenance of
valued cultural, historical, or natural resources;'' (2) ``maintenance
of other natural resources relevant to Hawaii's economy, including, but
not limited to, agricultural resources;'' (3) ``commitment of state
funds and resources;'' (4) ``provision for employment opportunities and
economic development;'' and (5) ``provision for housing opportunities
for all income groups, particularly the low, low-moderate, and gap
groups.'' HRS 205.17. Approval of redistricting requires six
affirmative votes from the nine commissioners, with the decision based
on a ``clear preponderance of the evidence that the proposed boundary
is reasonable.'' HRS 205-4.
Thus, even if all federally designated critical habitat is
petitioned for redistricting, the likelihood of redistricting will vary
parcel by parcel. While the LUC may redistrict some parcels, it is
unlikely that lands with a high economic value to the community, such
as lands with significant State investments, prime agricultural land,
land planned for the economic and community development, and land
planned for the provision of housing, would be redistricted. By way of
illustration, in the last State district boundary review only five
privately owned parcels were redistricted to Conservation even though
several hundred parcels were proposed for redistricting (Addendum).
While concern has been expressed that a third party would challenge a
decision by the LUC not to redistrict a critical habitat parcel in
State court, State courts have been deferential to the LUC decisions if
they are supported by the record, consistent with statutory provisions,
and not affected by errors. See, e.g., Kilauea Neighborhood Ass'n. v.
Land Use Comm'n. 751 P.2d 1031, 1035 (Haw. Ct. App. 1988) (finding
that, although LUC's findings were poorly drawn, the record provided
sufficient support for the decision); Outdoor Circle v. Harold K.L.
Castle Trust Estate, 675 P.2d 784, 793 (Haw. Ct. App. 1983) (upholding
LUC's decision as consistent
[[Page 25978]]
with statutory provisions and not affected by errors).
(44) Comment: A commenter stated that the DEA fails to consider
economic impacts of critical habitat that result through interaction
with State law, specifically Hawaii Environmental Impact Statement Law.
HRS 343-5 applies to any use of conservation land, and a full
Environmental Impact Statement is required if any of the significance
criteria listed in HAR 11-200-12 apply. One of these criteria is that
an action is significant if it ``substantially affects a rare,
threatened or endangered species or its habitat.'' This will result in
costly procedural requirements and delays. Another commenter expressed
concerns that the Service may get involved in county permitting
processes (as it did when Ulupalakua Ranch requested a Special Use
Permit from the County of Maui for telecommunication purposes).
Multiple commenters also stated the following: The DEA fails to
evaluate the practical effect critical habitat designation will have on
development. The draft fails to quantify the indirect costs that
critical habitat designation could cause by making the process of
obtaining State and county permits for development more difficult,
expensive, and time consuming. Similarly, it should take into account
the delays and additional cost to ensure compliance with Federal
regulations. Special Management Area permits administered by Maui
County as required by Hawaii's Coastal Zone Management Act will be
harder to get, will result in delays, will cause a decline in property
values and may make it impossible to develop. This economic impact
disappears because the DEA's bottom line erroneously counts only so-
called ``direct'' costs of consultation.
Another commenter also stated that the Service has taken the
position in other States that it has a right to intervene in local land
use proceedings if they affect endangered species on private property.
For example, the Service petitioned the local zoning board in Arizona
to postpone approval of a rezoning petition pending a survey to
determine the extent to which an endangered plant was present on the
property even though no Federal approval was being sought. The failure
of the Service to address this type of activity in the DEA is a
fundamental error of the analysis.
Our Response: Adverse impacts on development, including, but not
limited to, delays for additional studies and agency reviews, increased
costs for environmental studies, increased risk of project denials,
increased risk of costly mitigation measures, increased risk of
litigation over approvals, are not expected since there are no known
development plans within the designation. Furthermore, the following
factors make future development projects in the proposed critical
habitat unlikely: (1) As modified, approximately 80 percent of the
proposed critical habitat is in Conservation District where development
is severely limited; (2) the approximately 20 percent of the proposed
critical habitat in the Agricultural district is in remote areas, areas
lined with gulches or steep cliffs, or areas with limited access to
water; (3) there are no known plans for development within the final
critical habitat; and (4) most of the land designated in the Special
Management Area is also within the Conservation District.
(45) Comment: The DEA fails to consider economic impacts of
critical habitat that result through interaction with State law,
specifically the State Water Code. HRS 174C-2 states ``adequate
provision shall be made for protection of fish and wildlife.'' HRS
174C-71 instructs the commission of Water Resource Management to
establish an in-stream use protection program to protect fish and
wildlife. Another commenter was concerned that critical habitat is
proposed in watershed areas in which stream or irrigation system water
flows. This commenter also stated the following: The proposed rule
states that activities such as watershed alteration or water diversion
may trigger section 7 consultations if there is Federal involvement. If
the ability to divert or take water from these sources or systems is
restricted or limited, the impact would be far reaching and affect all
lands served by such water sources or systems. The Service has an
obligation to thoroughly investigate this issue and refrain from
designating critical habitat until it has determined whether its
actions will affect water use and balance this against any benefit to
the species.
Our Response: No costs are expected to occur from such impacts to
water systems, because none of the listed plants are aquatic and
therefore would not cause a reduction in water diversion. In addition,
water infrastructure is considered a manmade feature and therefore its
operation and maintenance are not subject to critical habitat
provisions of section 7, because these features and structures normally
do not contain, and are not likely to develop, any primary constituent
elements.
(46) Comment: A commenter expressed concerns that opponents of
water diversions may use critical habitat as a tool to delay, and
effectively stop, many worthwhile water diversion projects.
Our Response: Maui County and Department of Water Supply (DWS)
submitted specific information regarding planned projects in the
proposed critical habitat during the public comment period. Possible
and planned projects by the DWS include water source development in
Unit B2; construction of a water reservoir adjacent to Unit L; access
and intake improvements in Unit L; and repair and maintenance of
existing flumes in Unit L. As noted earlier, the Service removed Unit
B2 from the final designation. Thus, no section 7 costs would be
anticipated to result from future DWS projects in this area. Moreover,
most of the identified DWS projects in Unit L involve repair and
maintenance of existing manmade features and structures, and as such,
would not be subject to section 7 consultation. However, to the extent
that the planned improvements go beyond repair and maintenance and
would be subject to section 7 consultation caused by Federal funding or
permitting, the DEA's estimate of zero to two consultations reasonably
reflects the potential number of section 7 consultations over the next
10 years (see Chapter VI, Section 3.k. of the DEA). The DEA estimates
that the consultations could cost up to $68,000 with project
modifications that could range up to $200,000.
(47) Comment: Several commenters stated that the DEA focuses
primarily on the costs of critical habitat and lacks a thorough
benefits analysis. It does not include the benefits of watershed
protection and improvement or protection of other stream and riparian
biota; the value of the listed plants as an indicator of ecological
health; the value of protecting culturally significant species; the
value that Hawaii's people place on conservation of Hawaiian plants;
and the benefits of keeping other native species off the endangered
species list, of maintaining water quality and quantity, of promoting
ground water recharge, and of preventing siltation of the marine
environment, thus protecting coral reefs. The Service cannot exclude
land from critical habitat designation if it considers only the costs,
and not the benefits, of critical habitat designation. In failing to
discuss these benefits, the Service missed an opportunity to educate
the public regarding the value of protecting native species and native
ecosystems. The Service must use the tools available,
[[Page 25979]]
such as a study by the University of Hawaii (UH) Secretariat for
Conservation Biology that estimated the value of ecosystem services, to
quantify the benefits of critical habitat. Conversely, another
commenter stated that the alleged benefits are entirely speculative and
unquantifiable, and that the listed plants are of no use to anyone and
lack commercial value. Another commenter points out that according to
the DEA summary of costs and benefits, the benefits of designating
critical habitat are ``difficult to estimate'' and are exceeded by the
costs. Accordingly, the Service should exclude areas covered by the DEA
from designation.
Our Response: There is little disagreement in the published
economic literature that real social welfare benefits can result from
the conservation and recovery of endangered and threatened species
(Bishop 1978, 1980; Brookshire and Eubanks 1983; Boyle and Bishop 1986;
Hageman 1985; Samples et al. 1986; Stoll and Johnson 1984). Such
benefits have also been ascribed to preservation of open space and
biodiversity (see examples in Pearce and Moran (1994) and Fausold and
Lilieholm (1999)), both of which are associated with species
conservation. Likewise, a regional economy can benefit from the
preservation of healthy populations of endangered and threatened
species, and the habitat on which these species depend.
Chapter VI, Section 6 of the DEA discusses potential benefits, both
direct and indirect, that can result from the proposed designation. The
DEA notes that the proposed designation can create ecological and
cultural benefits such as the ones mentioned in the above comment--
e.g., ethnobotanical value of plants to the Native Hawaiians and social
welfare benefits of ecological improvements. However, the DEA also
indicates that these benefits are not quantified due to lack of
information available on: (1) Quantified data on the value of the Maui
and Kahoolawe species, and (2) quantified data on the change in the
quality of the ecosystem and the species as a result of the
designation. The DEA, however, does not conclude that the benefits are
exceeded by the costs. Instead, it discusses the benefits that could
result from critical habitat designation in qualitative terms.
While section 4(b)(1)(A) of the Act stipulates that listing
determinations must be made solely on the basis of biological evidence,
section 4(b)(2) of the Act, which calls for the establishment of
critical habitat for all listed species if it is prudent and
determinable, adds that the Secretary should take into consideration
the economic impact of the designation and any other relevant impacts
before specifying any particular area as critical habitat. Hence, an
economic analysis is part of the process of designating critical
habitat. Section 4(b)(2) of the Act provides the Secretary with broad
discretion to take into consideration the economic impacts of any
proposed critical habitat designation and exclude areas where she finds
that the benefits of exclusion outweigh the benefits of designation.
The Secretary may exclude any area from critical habitat if she
determines that the benefits of exclusion outweigh the benefits of
specifying such area as part of the critical habitat, unless she
determines, based on the best scientific and commercial data available,
the failure to designate such area as critical habitat will result in
the extinction of the species concerned (16 U.S.C. 1533(b)(2)).
Thus, the Secretary is not required to find that the benefits of
inclusion outweigh the costs of inclusion before designating an area,
nor is the Secretary required to exclude an area from critical habitat
if she determines that the benefits of exclusion outweigh the benefits
of inclusion. Rather, the Act provides the Secretary with the
discretion to take economic and other considerations into account when
designating critical habitat.
As such, the DEA and the Addendum serve to illustrate possible
impacts that can result from the designation, whether in the form of
costs or benefits. However, the DEA and the Addendum are not intended
to provide a comprehensive analysis of the benefits that could result
from section 7 of the Act in general, or of critical habitat in
particular. In short, the Service believes that the benefits of
critical habitat designation are best expressed in biological terms
that can be weighed against the expected costs of the rulemaking. The
DEA and the Addendum simply provide information for the Secretary to
exercise her discretion, but do not provide definitive conclusions or
recommendations as to what areas, if any, should be excluded from the
final designation.
Finally, although the UH study does value ecosystem services, it
has limited applicability for valuing the benefits of the proposed
critical habitat designation for the plants for a number of reasons.
First, the UH study had a different purpose, which was to estimate the
total value of environmental benefits provided by the entire Ko'olau
Mountains on the island of Oahu versus the value of the more limited
benefits provided by the proposed critical habitat for the plants on
the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe. Consistent with its purpose, the UH
study provided no estimates of the changes in environmental conditions
resulting from changes in land and stream management due to critical
habitat designation.
Furthermore, many of the assumptions and much of the analysis in
the UH study are not transferable to the economic analysis for the
plants' critical habitat. For example, the value of water recharge in
the UH study reflects projected water supply and demand conditions on
Oahu--an island \3/4\ of the size of Maui but with a population of
nearly ten times that of Maui. Also, the UH benefit analysis of
reducing soil runoff is unique to three valleys that drain through
partially channelized streams in urban areas into the manmade Ala Wai
Canal. Since this canal was designed with inadequate flushing from
stream or ocean currents, it functions as an unintended settling basin
that must be dredged periodically. In addition, the recreational and
ecotourism values provided in the UH study apply to areas that are
accessible to most hikers, which is not the case with significant
portions of the plants'critical habitat. Significant portions of the
plants' critical habitat units are in mountainous range with steep
slopes and difficult access and on coastal cliffs.
(48) Comment: Critical habitat does not benefit ecotourism by
creating new special places for people to visit, as the DEA suggests.
Rather, it helps to protect the special places that already exist from
degradation, ensuring that they will be around in the future to attract
future ecotourists. Moreover, the Service's subjective preference that
commercial operators not feature visits to view threatened and
endangered plants has no place in an objective economic analysis.
Our Response: Chapter VI, Section 6.b.(1) of the DEA indicates that
the proposed critical habitat may enhance the appeal of ecotourism by
providing a marketing dimension. However, the DEA also states that this
benefit may be slight since these places may already be regarded as
special due to the existing natural and cultural resources in the area.
(49) Comment: The DEA underestimates economic costs because they
are limited to what is likely to occur within 10 years. Critical
habitat designation is permanent and not automatically revised if there
is new evidence of the benefits of
[[Page 25980]]
nondesignation, or if the species is delisted.
Our Response: A listed species is delisted when it is recovered or
has become extinct. Recovery is defined as no longer needing the
protections provided by the Act, which includes critical habitat. As
such, when a species is delisted, its critical habitat would be
simultaneously ``undesignated.''
Furthermore, a 10-year time horizon is used because many landowners
and managers do not have specific plans for projects beyond 10 years.
In addition, the forecasts in the analysis of future economic activity
are based on current socioeconomic trends and the current level of
technology, both of which are likely to change over the long term.
(50) Comment: The DEA dismisses concerns about impacts on the use
of structures and features already in place in areas to be designated
as critical habitat. The draft concedes that the lack of clarity can
force landowners to incur costs to investigate the implications of the
regulations. The estimate that this will only take 15-40 hours is too
low given the size of the designated areas, the vagueness of the
regulatory exclusion, and the real costs of obtaining development
approvals.
In addition, the DEA's analysis of potential costs expected to be
incurred by private landowners to investigate the implications of
critical habitat on their lands is flawed, because the analysis fails
to recognize that the cost to investigate the implications of CH are
sunk costs associated with the designation process, not additional
costs that the final designation would impose.
Our Response: The DEA recognized that some landowners might spend a
great deal of time investigating the implications of critical habitat,
while others might not spend any time. The costs reported in the DEA
reflect a reasonable estimate of total costs for all landowners, based
on an estimate of the number of landowners who are likely to
investigate the implications of critical habitat. The Addendum revised
this number upwards in response to public comment. However, on further
reflection, the estimate contained in the DEA better reflects an
average estimate for all affected landowners for the following reasons.
The estimate takes into account whether their land is in areas that are
unsuitable for development due to mountainous terrain and/or being in
the Conservation District. The analysis also assumes an average cost
per landowner to investigate the implications of critical habitat.
Public comment did not offer an alternative estimate of time or costs
that would support changing the estimate in the DEA. Thus the estimates
of hours spent and costs incurred remain the same as they appear in the
DEA.
(51) Comment: One commenter stated the following: The DEA fails to
consider the economic impacts of listing and critical habitat that
result through interaction with State law, specifically Hawaii's
Endangered Species Act. The commenter suggested that New Mexico Cattle
Growers Association v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service requires
consideration of the impact of listing as well as the impact of
designating an area as critical habitat. Instead, the analysis is
expressly limited to the impact of Federal agency consultation under
the jeopardy standard. Since Federal listing triggers listing under
State law, the Service must consider the impact of take prohibitions
under State law (and consequently Federal law, which prohibits
destruction of plants in knowing violation of State law). Violations of
these laws can trigger lawsuits.
Our Response: The DEA and the Addendum consider the economic
impacts of section 7 consultations related to critical habitat even if
they are attributable co-extensively to the listed status of the
species. In addition, the DEA and the Addendum examine any indirect
costs of critical habitat designation; however, where it is the listing
of a species that prompts action at the State or local level, the
impacts are not attributable to critical habitat designation. Take
prohibitions under Hawaii law are purely attributable to a listing
decision and do not occur because of critical habitat designations.
There are not take prohibitions associated with the plants critical
habitat.
(52) Comment: Multiple commenters opposed the designation of
agricultural lands needed to support agriculture and ranching. They
stated that critical habitat designation would reduce property values
and the ability to develop lands that were previously planned for
development. Approximately 77 percent of the proposed designated land
is within the State Conservation District, which includes irrigation
water essential to agriculture. The rest of the lands proposed for
designation are in the State Agricultural District. Designation of
agricultural lands could prevent a farmer or rancher from using those
lands since the very nature of those uses would in all likelihood
entail cutting, uprooting, or injuring plants to a certain extent. The
DEA fails to examine the economic impact of a landowner not being able
to use his own land for fear of injuring a species he doesn't even
recognize. No protection is afforded to farmers who unwittingly
``harm'' the designated critical habitat. A careful cost-benefit
analysis should conclude that agricultural lands should be excluded.
Our Response: There are no take provisions associated with critical
habitat. The Act requires only that Federal agencies consult with the
Service to ensure that activities they fund, authorize, or carry out do
not result in destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat.
Because consultation under section 7 only applies to activities that
have Federal involvement, the designation of critical habitat does not
afford any additional protections for listed species with respect to
strictly private activities. As such, designation of critical habitat
on agricultural lands would not prevent a private farmer or rancher
from farming or ranching on their land, unless the activity had Federal
involvement, such as through participation in federally sponsored
agricultural or ranching programs.
Chapter VI, Section 3.g. of the DEA presents estimates of section 7
costs associated with participation in federally sponsored agricultural
or ranching related programs, such as Farm Bill programs administered
by NRCS. The DEA bases its estimate of two to eight consultations over
the next 10 years on the amount of Agricultural land contained within
the proposed designation; number of past projects located within the
area proposed for designation; and the possibility that some landowners
could decide not to participate in future programs to avoid Federal
involvement in their activities.
The Service reduced the amount of Agricultural land designated from
29,175 ac (11,806 ha) to 21,670 ac (8,770 ha), a reduction of 25
percent. The designation contains approximately 10,980 ac (4,443 ha) of
Agricultural land owned by those most likely to participate in NRCS
programs. However, the majority of this land, approximately 9,028
acres, is owned by two landowners who indicated during public comment
that they will not participate in future NRCS programs if their land
was designated as critical habitat. Moreover, as noted in the DEA, not
all of the Agricultural land designated is in active agricultural use.
Finally, competition for NRCS funding is strong. Based upon the final
critical habitat designation and the new information, the Addendum
adjusts the direct section 7 costs accordingly. The Addendum estimates
that the consultation cost can range from $0 to
[[Page 25981]]
$41,200, with a project modification cost ranging $0 to $100,000.
Other indirect impacts that could result from the designation of
critical habitat are discussed in Chapter VI, Section 4 of the DEA and
Section 5 of the Addendum. First, the critical habitat designation may
reduce property value of these Agricultural lands. In the worst case
scenario, one which is not envisioned, reduction in land values due to
redistricting all Agricultural land to the Conservation District could
range from $11 million to $110 million. In addition, critical habitat
could result in the cessation of existing agricultural activities.
While the likelihood of this being mandated as a result of critical
habitat designation is low, the estimated costs resulting from stopping
all ranching activities within the designation ranges form $110,000 to
$825,000 per year.
(53) Comment: Many commenters stated that the DEA fails to
adequately assess the scope of indirect costs associated with critical
habitat designation. Indirect impacts cannot be dismissed just because
it is difficult to assign a dollar value to them. Without acknowledging
the full scope of direct and indirect costs, the Service cannot
complete an accurate final determination of critical habitat. Another
commenter also stated that the DEA should be amended to properly
reflect all economic impacts, including the various indirect impacts,
which would clearly show that the economic costs of critical habitat
designation are significantly higher than the benefits.
Our Response: Chapter VI, Section 4 of the DEA and Section 5 of the
Addendum discuss various indirect impacts that can result from the
designation. There is considerable uncertainty on whether any or all of
these indirect impacts may occur, as they depend upon actions and
decisions by entities other than the Service under circumstances for
which there is limited or no history that can be used to determine the
probability of different outcomes. Thus, based on the available
information, these impacts were discussed qualitatively in the DEA and
where possible, estimates were given of worst-case scenarios for
illustrative purposes.
(54) Comment: Several commenters stated that critical habitat
designation has the potential to decrease the amount of available
hunting lands and game animals. Governmental officials seem to value
plants and insects more than hunting, which is an important family and
cultural tradition, a means of subsistence, and a way of life. Members
of all ethnic groups hunt and depend on subsistence activities as a
real part of their income. Hunting also contributes to the economy via
money spent on pet foods, inter-island trips, gasoline, supplies, etc.
Additionally, DLNR will lose money as the demand for hunting licenses
and tag fees dwindles. The DEA does not adequately reflect the costs
associated with management of game mammals and loss of hunting lands.
Another commenter questioned why a cost was associated with project
modifications to the management of game hunting on State managed lands
because Maui does not have any State hunting areas that are managed to
maintain or enhance game mammal populations. The commenters also
questioned the methodology used to estimate the project modification
cost.
Our Response: Chapter VI, Section 3.a.(2) and Section 4.a. of the
Addendum discuss the direct economic impact of critical habitat
designation on federally funded game management activities by
estimating the direct section 7 costs associated with consultation and
project modifications. The DEA makes the assumption that the cost of
past project modifications only incorporates the portions of the
hunting units that overlap with the occupied proposed critical habitat.
However, information received during public comment noted that the
prior consultation already modified the State's proposed game mammal
program to address potential impacts to habitat everywhere on the
island, including occupied and unoccupied habitat and areas inside and
outside of critical habitat designation, based on the understanding
that increasing game mammal populations in one location where the
plants are not present may cause those mammals to move to areas where
the plants are present and cause destruction. Upon further review of
past consultations and past project modifications, the project
modification costs are now estimated at $23,000 to $37,000. As noted in
the DEA, because Maui does not have any State hunting areas that are
managed to maintain or enhance game mammal populations, project
modifications are anticipated to be similar to those in the past. They
are not anticipated to include closure of hunting areas. In addition,
as noted in the DEA, DLNR is likely to avoid costly project
modifications by using Federal funds for game management projects that
do not adversely affect listed species or their critical habitat, and
if needed use only State funds on projects that the Service believes
could have adverse impacts.
Chapter VI, Section 4.b. of the DEA and Section 5.a. of the
Addendum discuss the potential indirect impact of critical habitat on
the management of game mammals. The DEA notes that section 7 of the Act
by itself does not require DLNR to manage State hunting lands to
protect critical habitat; assure the survival and conservation of
listed species, or participate in projects to recover species for which
critical habitat has been established. Moreover, the DEA notes that
critical habitat designation does not require: (1) Creating any
reserve, refuge, or wilderness areas; (2) fencing for any reason; (3)
removing ungulates; or (4) closing areas to hunters. However, the DEA
recognizes that a change in game-management strategy is possible as a
result of a lawsuit or as a voluntary decision by DLNR. For
illustrative purposes, Chapter VI, Section 4.b. of the DEA and Section
5.a. of the Addendum present potential costs that could result if DLNR
removed areas within the designation from the State-managed hunting
units. Assuming that about half of those who hunt game mammals on the
affected lands were to give up hunting, then hunting activity on Maui
could drop by about 14.5 percent. This drop in hunting activity would
translate into a decrease in annual economic activity related to
hunting on Maui of about $290,000 in direct sales (14.5 percent of $2
million); $510,000 in total direct and indirect sales (14.5 percent of
$3.5 million); nine jobs (14.5 percent of 60 jobs); and $170,000 in
income (14.5 percent of $1.2 million). However, the decrease in
expenditures by the displaced hunters would probably be spent on other
recreational activities, goods, and services, so these figures are
likely to overstate the economic costs. In addition to the change in
economic activity discussed above, a reduction in hunting activity in
critical habitat would also result in a loss in value or benefit to
hunters (consumers' surplus). Section 5.a. of the Addendum estimates
this loss in value at $150,000 annually and recognizes that benefits
derived from recreational activities that replace game mammal hunting
would partially offset this loss.
(55) Comment: Three parcels (TMK (2) 1-8-001:003, TMK (2) 3-1-
001:004, and TMK (2) 3-1-002:011) should be excluded from designation,
because the DEA fails to establish that the benefits of including these
parcels in the designation outweigh the costs of including these
parcels in the designation.
Our Response: The Service removed two of the three parcels
mentioned in the comment--i.e., TMK (2) 3-1-001:004 and TMK (2) 3-1-
002:011 from the proposed designation. The
[[Page 25982]]
remaining parcel--i.e., TMK (2) 1-8-001:003--is approximately 710 acres
(4 ha) in the Agricultural District, and this would remain within the
designation. Chapter VI, Section 3.g. of the DEA and Section 4.e. of
the Addendum discuss activities on Agricultural land and specifically
recognizes that some of the State managed Agricultural land is leased
out to private entities as pasturage. However, no direct section 7
costs involving these leases are anticipated because there is no known
Federal involvement.
While section 4(b)(1)(A) of the Act stipulates that listing
determinations must be made solely on the basis of biological evidence,
section 4(b)(2) of the Act, which calls for the establishment of
critical habitat for all listed species if it is prudent and
determinable, adds that the Secretary should take into consideration
the economic impact of the designation and any other relevant impacts
before specifying any particular area as critical habitat. Hence, an
economic analysis is part of the process of designating critical
habitat. Section 4(b)(2) of the Act provides the Secretary with broad
discretion to take into consideration the economic impacts of any
proposed critical habitat designation and exclude areas where she finds
that the benefits of exclusion outweigh the benefits of designation.
The Secretary may exclude any area from critical habitat if she
determines that the benefits of exclusion outweigh the benefits of
specifying such area as part of the critical habitat, unless she
determines, based on the best scientific and commercial data available,
that the failure to designate such area as critical habitat will result
in the extinction of the species concerned (16 U.S.C. 1533(b)(2)).
Thus, the Secretary is not required to find that the benefits of
inclusion outweigh the costs of inclusion before designating an area,
nor is the Secretary required to exclude an area from critical habitat
if she determines that the benefits of exclusion outweigh the benefits
of inclusion. Rather, the Act provides the Secretary with the
discretion to take economic consideration into account when designating
critical habitat.
As such, the DEA and the Addendum serve to illustrate possible
impacts that can result from the designation, whether in form of costs
or benefit. They provide information for the Secretary to exercise her
discretion, but do not provide definitive conclusions or
recommendations as to what areas, if any, should be excluded from the
final designation.
(56) Comment: While the Service has stated that critical habitat
affects only activities that require Federal permits or funding, and
does not require landowners to carry out special management or restrict
use of their land, they fail to address the breadth of Federal
activities that affect private property in Hawaii and the extent to
which private landowners are required to obtain Federal approval before
they can use their property. These requirements extend to all State
agencies using Federal funds in connection with a proposed action and
community actions for which Federal approval or review is necessary.
For example, if the Federal government approves eligibility for flood
insurance, flood plain development programs shall become subject to
consultations under the Act. Federal agencies such as the U.S.
Department of Agriculture and the Federal Farm Services Agency (FFSA)
have numerous programs that provide funds or other assistance to
farmers and ranchers in the form of loans, grants, loan deficiency, and
subsidy payments for certain commodities, marketing assistance,
disaster assistance, and other financial, technical, and educational
assistance. Participation in any such programs would be subject to
section 7 consultation, thus making Federal assistance unavailable to
the types of operations that these programs are designed to assist.
Our Response: The analysis in the DEA, as revised by the Addendum,
is based on a review of all ``reasonably foreseeable'' projects, land
uses, and activities that may be directly affected by the
implementation of section 7 for the plants. ``Reasonably foreseeable''
projects, land uses, and activities are defined in the DEA as those
which are: (1) Currently authorized, permitted, or funded; (2) proposed
in plans currently available to the public; or (3) projected or likely
to occur within next 10 years based on (a) recent economic or land-use
trends, development patterns, evolving technologies, competitive
advantages, etc., and (b) limits imposed by land-use controls, access,
terrain, infrastructure and other restrictions on development. After
determining the ``reasonably foreseeable'' projects, land uses, and
activities that could affect the physical and biological features of
the proposed critical habitat units, the next step in the analysis was
to determine Federal involvement. Thus, the DEA does not evaluate all
potential activities with Federal nexus; instead, the DEA is limited to
those activities that were ``reasonably foreseeable.'' The results of
this analysis are presented in Table VI-3 in the DEA and Table Add-2 in
the Addendum.
(57) Comment: Two commenters wrote that lands in Urban,
Agricultural, and Rural Districts are designated, used, and intended
for a wide variety of land use activities. These commenters stated that
there is a much greater likelihood, therefore, that critical habitat
designation will have an adverse economic impact on these landowners.
Our Response: None of the critical habitat units are in the Urban
or Rural District. In fact, 86 percent of the critical habitat
designation is in Conservation District and 14 percent in Agricultural
District. As discussed above, designation of the Agricultural lands may
result in direct section 7 costs through federally sponsored
agricultural or ranching related programs, such as Farm Bill programs
administered by NRCS. The DEA bases its estimate of two to eight
consultations over the next 10 years on the amount of Agricultural land
contained within the proposed designation, the number of past projects
located within the area proposed for designation, and the possibility
that some landowners could decide not to participate in future programs
to avoid Federal involvement in their activities.
(58) Comment: Several commenters stated that although the Service
has expressed that designation of critical habitat does not create a
reserve, refuge, or wilderness area; require fencing for any reason;
close off areas to hunters, hikers, or other land users; or create a
land management plan, many are concerned that critical habitat
designation could result in limitations or special management
requirements (such as fencing, removal of grazing animals, or control
of invasive species) being established on private lands at great
expense to the private and public. The Service's own recovery plans for
many of the species in the proposed rule specifically identify cattle
grazing as a potential threat to the species or their habitats. Many
feel that it is likely that private party litigation will force the
implementation of ``special management considerations or protection.''
An example of this is the worrisome precedent of Palila v. Hawaii
Department of Land and Natural Resources in which the Sierra Club Legal
Defense Fund sued the State of Hawaii under the Endangered Species Act
and resulted in a Federal court order specifying that sheep and goats
should be permanently removed from critical habitat designated for
palila on the Big Island. The argument against this case being relevant
for the plants critical habitat is not persuasive when it argues that
palila cases are irrelevant to
[[Page 25983]]
Hawaii ESA law because the Federal Act defines ``take'' as ``harm''
while the State law defines ``take'' as ``injure.'' ``Harm'' and
``injure'' are generally synonymous. The cost of such special
management should be considered prior to a final determination on the
proposed designations. Where costs are likely to outweigh the benefits
of the proposed designation, designation of critical habitat should be
determined not to be prudent, or at a minimum, areas proposed for
designation should be significantly reduced so that any special
management measures that may eventually be mandated through litigation
are of a scale that is reasonable and cost-effective to implement.
Another commenter expressed concerns that the proposed critical
habitat would bring private party lawsuits resulting in mandated
protection for critical habitat. Another commenter also stated that in
Hawaii it has long been established that landowners own all feral
animals on their property. The commenter expressed concerns that
plaintiffs who seek to compel a private landowner to spend money to
protect critical habitat could argue that the landowner has a positive
obligation to ensure that such animals do not harm the habitat.
Our Response: Section 4(a)(3)(A) of the Act directs the Secretary
to designate critical habitat to the ``maximum extent prudent and
determinable.'' Critical habitat is not prudent when one or both the
following situations exist: (1) A species is threatened by taking or
other human activity and identification of critical habitat would
increase the degree of threat; or (2) designation would not be
beneficial to the species (50 CFR 424.12(a)(1)). Thus the costs of
designation are not considered in analyzing whether critical habitat is
prudent. However, such costs are considered under section 4(b)(2) of
the Act, which directs the Secretary to take into consideration the
economic and other impacts of designation and authorizes the Secretary
to exclude any area if she determines that the benefits of exclusion
outweigh the benefits of designating it as critical habitat, unless it
will result in extinction of the species.
The Act does not obligate landowners to manage their land to
protect critical habitat, nor would landowners and managers be
obligated under the Act to participate in projects to recover a species
for which critical habitat has been established. However, Chapter VI,
Section 4.c. of the DEA does discuss the potential mandate for
conservation management pursuant to litigation and the resulting costs
for the proposed designation on Maui. In addition, Chapter VI, Section
4.f. of the DEA, discusses the potential for adverse impacts on
development, including delays for additional studies and agency
reviews, increased costs for environmental studies, increased risk of
project denials, increased risk of costly mitigation measures,
increased risk of litigation over approvals, etc. The DEA concludes
that it is impossible to quantify these potential costs, because there
are no known development plans within the proposed designation.
Furthermore, the following factors make future development projects in
the proposed critical habitat highly unlikely: (1) 86 percent of the
critical habitat is in Conservation District where development is
severely limited; (2) the approximately 14 percent of the critical
habitat in the Agricultural District is in remote areas, areas lined
with gulches or steep cliffs, or areas with limited access to water;
(3) there are no known plans for development within the designation;
and (4) most of the critical habitat in the Special Management Area is
also within the Conservation District. While it is conceivable that
there may initially be an increase in subsequent lawsuits related to
the critical habitat designation, it is not possible to predict their
number, degree of complexity, chance of success, or any other
associated effect due to scant historical evidence for the plants.
(59) Comment: Several commenters were concerned that critical
habitat designation will lead to unnecessary and costly litigation.
Another commenter was concerned about the likelihood of private party
lawsuits limiting current ranch operations.
Our Response: As discussed in the DEA and the Addendum, an
undetermined probability exists that a Federal or State court could
mandate certain indirect impacts as a result of critical habitat.
However, it is beyond the scope of the economic analysis to assess the
legal merits of the arguments for or against the various indirect
impacts, to assess the probability that a lawsuit will be filed, and,
if filed, to identify possible outcomes of a court decision and the
associated probabilities. However, whenever possible, the DEA and the
Addendum present the worst-case scenario of the costs associated with
the potential outcomes of third party lawsuits.
(60) Comment: ML&P believes that designation of critical habitat
would adversely impact the value of agricultural lands and lands
proposed for future development, reduce the collateralized value of
land holdings, and (due to State and county law) reduce the ability to
develop lands previously planned for development. The impacted lands
include areas described in the proposed units A, C1, C2 and C3.
Our Response: As discussed above, the Service removed Units C1 and
C2 and reduced Units A and C3. After this modification, less than one
acre of ML&P's land in Units A and C3 remains within the designation.
As such, minimal impacts are anticipated for ML&P's Agricultural land
in Units A and C3.
(61) Comment: The Maui County Department of Water Supply provided
the following information on planned projects occurring in proposed
units L, G, and B2. These projects include access improvements, intake
improvements, reservoir design and construction, well construction,
flume repair and maintenance, water distribution system maintenance,
and identification of potential sources for future groundwater. Whether
these or other projects would involve Federal lands, funding, or
permits, it is important that water treatment plants, sources, and
collection and distribution systems can continue to be established and
maintained within these areas where they are needed for hydrogeological
and security reasons.
Our Response: Maui County and Department of Water Supply (DWS)
submitted specific information regarding planned projects in the
proposed critical habitat during the public comment period. Possible
and planned projects include water source development in Unit B2,
construction of a water reservoir adjacent to Unit L, access and intake
improvements in Unit L, and repair and maintenance of existing flumes
in Unit L. As noted earlier, the Service removed Unit B2 from the final
designation. Thus, no section 7 costs would be anticipated to result
from future DWS projects in that area. Moreover, most of the identified
DWS projects in Unit L involve repair and maintenance of existing
manmade features and structures, and as such, would not be subject to
section 7 consultation. However, to the extent that the planned
improvements go beyond repair and maintenance and would be subject to
section 7 consultation due to Federal funding or permitting, the DEA's
estimate of zero to two consultations reasonably reflects the potential
number of section 7 consultations over the next 10 years (see Chapter
VI, Section 3.k. of the DEA). The DEA estimates that the consultations
can cost up to $68,000 with project modification that can range up to
$200,000.
[[Page 25984]]
(62) Comment: Ulupalakua Ranch expressed concerns that the proposed
critical habitat will: (1) Limit development of diversified
agricultural operations due to the Ranch's interest in Federal cost
share programs; (2) cause a loss in revenue; (3) create economic
hardship resulting from increased expenses to counter trespassing
caused by increased curiosity over critical habitat lands; and (4)
lower economic returns and job loss due to critical habitat dividing up
sections of the ranch, thus leading to inefficiency.
Our Response: Chapter III of the DEA notes that section 7 of the
Act requires Federal agencies to consult with the Service to ensure
that activities they fund, authorize, or carry out do not result in
destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat. Because
consultation under section 7 only applies to activities that have
Federal involvement, the designation of critical habitat does not
afford any additional protections for listed species with respect to
strictly private activities.
Chapter VI, Section 3.g.(2) of the DEA and Section 4.e. of the
Addendum present estimates of direct section 7 costs associated with
participation in Federal cost-share programs with NRCS. The Addendum
estimates that total consultation costs for all projects in the
critical habitat designation range from $0 to $41,200, while project
modification costs range from $0 to $100,000. The DEA and the Addendum
both note that projects sponsored by NRCS programs are generally
beneficial in nature and are likely to involve minimal project
modifications. However, the DEA and the Addendum recognize that a
landowner could decide to forego Federal funding and cancel the
contract with NRCS to avoid making modifications identified through the
section 7 consultation process. If Ulupalakua Ranch were to be one of
the anticipated consultations over the next ten years, and if the
section 7 consultation process resulted in project modifications that
would limit the development of diversified agricultural operations,
then Ulupalakua Ranch could avoid these project modifications by
foregoing Federal funding, thus removing the Federal involvement. The
cost of project modifications in that case would be the total amount of
Federal funding foregone. If no Federal involvement exists, there can
be no direct section 7 costs associated with critical habitat
designation on Ulupalakua Ranch lands.
The remaining three concerns raised above by Ulupalakua Ranch,
specifically that critical habitat designation will cause loss in
revenue, create economic hardship resulting from increased expenses to
counter trespassing caused by increased curiosity over critical habitat
lands, and lower economic returns and job loss caused by critical
habitat dividing up sections of the ranch, are concerns about indirect
impacts of critical habitat designation.
There is considerable uncertainty about whether any or all of these
indirect impacts may occur, as they depend upon actions and decisions
by entities other than the Service under circumstances for which there
is limited or no history that can be used to determine the probability
of different outcomes. To the extent possible, the possible costs
associated with these impacts are discussed in Chapter VI, Section 4 of
the DEA and Section 5 of the Addendum. However, based on the limited
information available, it is not possible to determine the probability
that any of these impacts will actually occur as a result of critical
habitat designation.
(63) Comment: The Department of Hawaiian Homelands (DHHL) opposes
the designation of critical habitat on their land in Unit E and H
because the currently degraded land is slated for development of homes
for native Hawaiian beneficiaries. DHHL further noted that critical
habitat designation will cause significant economic harm, because: (1)
The designation of critical habitat would require hundreds of future
beneficiaries to conduct an environmental assessment and section 7
consultation in order to construct homes and prepare ground for
farming; (2) the identified areas have already been subdivided into
individual lots and DHHL does not have the authority to retroactively
impose management plans on individual lessees, meaning that any
regulatory impact will fall on individual lessees; (3) DHHL's
homesteading program uses Federal programs to guarantee and insure the
mortgages of homesteaders; (4) Federal funds may be used construct site
improvements and homes; and (5) to the extent that the use of these
programs triggers consultation under section 7, lessees will be subject
to additional filing requirements, delays in homebuilding, possible
additional expenditures, and limitations on property use. DHHL supports
the proposed designations in areas that are not subject to homestead
development, such as the cliff face found in unit G4.
Our Response: As discussed earlier, the Service reduced Units E and
H to exclude certain areas for biological reasons, including DHHL land
subject to homestead development. As such, possible impacts discussed
in the comment are not expected.
(64) Comment: The Service did not adequately address the takings of
private property as a result of designating critical habitat for
endangered plants on Maui. If the critical habitat proposal would
require reducing water diversions from any stream, the Service should
investigate whether that would take anyone's vested water rights. In
addition, if the proposed designation of critical habitat precipitates
conversion of agricultural lands to conservation land that has no
economically beneficial use, then the Federal and State governments
will have taken private property. In addition, the government may also
take property by excessive regulation as was evidenced in Lucas v.
South Carolina Coastal Council, 505 U.S. 1003 (1992).
Our Response: As noted above, none of the plants are stream-
dependent for their survival and therefore would not cause a reduction
in water diversion. Also, Chapter VI, Section 4.e. of the DEA, the
Addendum and our response to comment 43 address costs involved in
redistricting lands proposed for critical habitat designation from the
Agricultural to the Conservation District. Any redistricting of land to
Conservation and any corresponding loss of economically beneficial use
would be decided by the State Land Use Commission, not the Service,
based on an array of state laws and other factors, including the extent
to which the proposed reclassification conforms to the applicable
goals, objectives, and policies of the Hawaii state plan; the extent to
which the proposed reclassification conforms to the applicable district
standards; and the impacts of the proposed reclassification on the
following: preservation or maintenance of important natural systems or
habitats; maintenance of valued cultural, historical, or natural
resources; maintenance of other natural resources relevant to Hawaii's
economy; commitment of state funds and resources; provision for
employment opportunities and economic development; and provision for
housing opportunities for all income groups; and the representations
and commitments made by the petitioner in securing a boundary change.
(65) Comment: A Federal nexus exists for the non-point source water
discharge program. If water discharge into critical habitat does not
meet water quality standards, a permit could be denied. The effect on
agriculture may be devastating since some run-off from agricultural
activities is avoidable.
Our Response: The State Department of Health Polluted Runoff
Control Program and the State Office of
[[Page 25985]]
Planning, Coastal Zone Management Program, work together to address
nonpoint source pollution through outreach and education and programs
that utilize incentives. Under the Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization
Amendments, Section 6217, the State is required to meet various
conditions for approval of the State's Coastal Nonpoint Pollution
Control Program by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. To meet
these conditions, the State Department of Health is developing
administrative rules to create Statewide enforceable policies and
mechanisms to address nonpoint source pollution. These draft rules are
currently the subject of public informational meetings. Public comments
and suggestions received during these meetings will be considered
before final rules are drafted and proposed to the Governor.
At the present time, there is no permit requirement for nonpoint
source pollution. Moreover, the proposed rules regarding nonpoint
source pollution make no reference to either water quality standards or
to critical habitat. Until the State administrative rules are
finalized, the economic impact caused by the interplay of nonpoint
source pollution requirements and the designation of critical habitat
is entirely speculative.
(66) Comment: The designation of critical habitat will impose
costly procedural burdens on the Navy's ongoing efforts to clear
ordnance at Kahoolawe. A careful analysis of the benefits and burdens
of critical habitat designation may result in a determination that
critical habitat designation on Kahoolawe is not prudent, especially in
light of potential prescribed burns for clearing ordnance.
Our Response: Chapter VI, Section 3.e. of the DEA notes that
November 2003 marks the end of the Navy's congressionally-mandated
cleanup period. After that point, Kahoolawe Island Reserve Commission
(KIRC) is likely to seek some form of Federal assistance. In the event
that KIRC receives Federal funding in the future, the DEA estimates
section 7 consultation costs at $10,400 to $78,500 including minor
project modification costs (based on two to five consultations).
However, as noted above, the Service reduced the designation on
Kahoolawe for biological reasons, and the number of section 7
consultations over the next 10 years is expected to decrease to zero to
three consultations as a result. As such, the Addendum revises future
section 7 consultation costs to range from $0 to $47,100.
(67) Comment: Many commenters questioned the utility of critical
habitat designation because it will not result in on-the-ground
improvement of habitat or endangered species. Conversely, some
commenters pointed out that critical habitat will prevent the Federal
government from carrying out activities that destroy habitat or species
in need of recovery and that it will benefit the people of Maui by
preserving native forests, thus preventing erosion that pollutes water
and smothers reefs.
Our Response: There is little disagreement in the published
economic literature that real social welfare benefits can result from
the conservation and recovery of endangered and threatened species
(Bishop 1978, 1980; Brookshire and Eubanks 1983; Boyle and Bishop 1986;
Hageman 1985, Samples et al. 1986; Stoll and Johnson 1984). Such
benefits have also been ascribed to preservation of open space and
biodiversity (see examples in Pearce and Moran (1994) and Fausold and
Lilieholm (1999)), both of which are associated with species
conservation. Likewise, a regional economy can benefit from the
preservation of healthy populations of endangered and threatened
species, and the habitat on which these species depend.
It is not feasible, however, to fully describe and accurately
quantify these benefits in the specific context of the proposed
critical habitat for the plants, because no quantified data on the
value of the Maui and Kahoolawe species exists, and the Service is
unable to provide specific data on the change in the quality of the
ecosystem and the species as a result of the designation (for example,
how many fewer ungulates will roam into the critical habitat, how many
fewer invasive plants will be introduced as a result, and therefore how
many more of the plants will be present in the area). The discussion
presented in the DEA and in the Addendum provides examples of potential
benefits, which derive primarily from the listing of the species, based
on information obtained in the course of developing the economic
analysis. It is not intended to provide a complete analysis of the
benefits that could result from section 7 of the Act in general, or of
critical habitat designation in particular. In short, the Service
believes that the benefits of critical habitat designation are best
expressed in biological terms that can be weighed against the expected
cost impacts of the rulemaking.
(68) Comment: The State Department of Land and Natural Resources,
Land Division, requests that 15 tax map parcels be excluded from
critical habitat because they: (1) Are currently being leased for
activities that could be adversely affected by the designation (e.g.,
agricultural leases); (2) have been identified as parcels with possible
lease or development potential; (3) could suffer a significant loss in
value; or (4) include water sources of water systems.
Our Response: As noted earlier, the Service modified the critical
habitat designation for biological reasons, and as a result of the
changes, five of the 15 parcels were no longer within the designation.
The ten parcels remaining in the designation are located in Units A,
G1, G3, H, I1, I2, I3, I4, K, and L. These ten parcels overlap with the
designation in the amount of approximately 7,015 ac (2,839 ha).
Approximately 90 percent (6,305 ac (2,552 ha)) is within the
Conservation District. The other 10 percent (710 ac (287 ha)) is within
the Agricultural District.
Chapter VI, Section 3.g. of the DEA and Section 4.e. of the
Addendum discuss activities on Agricultural land and specifically
recognize that some of the State managed Agricultural land is leased
out to private entities as pasturage. DLNR-Land Division specifically
identified three parcels within the proposed critical habitat
designation that are leased for pasture purpose. Two of these parcels
are no longer within the designation. The third parcel, approximately
710 ac (287 ha) in the Agricultural District, remains within the
designation. No direct section 7 costs involving these leases are
anticipated because there is no known Federal involvement.
Indirect costs, specifically the possibility of restrictions on the
State's ability to lease the land caused by the interplay between
critical habitat designation and State law, are discussed in Section
5.b. of the Addendum. As noted in Section 5.b., the likelihood of a
future lawsuit interfering with existing agricultural activity within
the designated critical habitat is considered low, based upon review of
the existing Federal and State law provisions and professional
judgment. However, for illustration purposes, an estimate of the
potential impact is $7,100 per year utilizing the land rents of $10 per
acre per year (as used in the DEA) since DLNR did not provide any
additional information regarding the value of the affected leases.
Of the remaining ten parcels, DLNR did not identify which have
possible lease or development potential, could suffer a significant
loss in value, or include water sources for water systems. As noted
above, the portions of these
[[Page 25986]]
parcels that overlap with the designation are all located within the
Conservation District, where development is severely limited. Without
more information from DLNR, it is difficult to evaluate how these
parcels could suffer a significant loss in value as these parcels are
already subject to the restrictions of the Conservation District.
Finally, no costs are expected to occur from impacts to water systems,
because none of the plants are stream-dependent for their survival and
therefore would not cause a reduction in water diversion. In addition,
water infrastructure is considered a manmade feature and therefore its
operation and maintenance are not subject to critical habitat
provisions of section 7, because these features and structures normally
do not contain, and are not likely to develop, any primary constituent
elements.
Summary of Changes From the Revised Proposed Rule
Based on a review of public comments received on the proposed
determinations of critical habitat, we have reevaluated our proposed
designations and included several changes to the final designations of
critical habitat. These changes include the following:
(1) We published 139 critical habitat units for 60 plant species on
the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe.
(2) The scientific names were changed for the following non-listed
associated plant species found in the ``Supplementary Information:
Discussion of the Plant Taxa'' section: Thelypteris cyatheoides changed
to Christella cyatheoides (Palmer in press) in the discussions of
Cyanea glabra, Phlegmariurus mannii, and Pteris lydgatei; Lipochaeta
lavarum changed to Melanthera lavarum (Wagner and Robinson 2001) in the
discussion of Kanaloa kahoolawensis, Hedyotis coriacea, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, and Spermolepis hawaiiensis; Styphelia tameiameiae
changed to Leptecophylla tameiameiae (Weiller 1999) in the discussion
of Asplenium fragile var. insulare, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha,
Diellia erecta, Lysimachia lydgatei, Melicope adscendens, Neraudia
sericea, Phlegmariurus mannii, Plantago princeps, Platanthera
holochila, Remyi mauiensis, Sanicula purpurea, and Schiedea
haleakalensis; Lipochaeta integrifolia changed to Melanthera
integrifolia (Wagner and Robinson 2001) in the discussion of Centaurium
sebaeoides and Sesbania tomentosa; Pluchea symphytifolia changed to
Pluchea carolinensis (Wagner and Herbst 1995) in the discussions of
Cyrtandra munroi; Lycopodium cernuum changed to Lycopodiella cernua (
Palmer 2003) in the discussions of Platanthera holochila; Morelotia
gahniiformis changed to Gahnia gahniiformis in the discussions of
Platanthera holochila; and Sphenomeris chusana changed to Sphenomeris
chinensis in the discussion of Pteris lydgatei.
(3) We replaced the specific name of the associated native plant
species, Hibiscus arnottianus (which is not reported to occur on Maui),
with ``Hibiscus spp.'' in the discussion of Gouania vitifolia in the
``Supplementary Information: Discussion of the Plant Taxa'' and section
17.96.
(4) We removed the following species from the ``Supplementary
Information: Discussion of the Plant Taxa,'' as they are not reported
to occur on Maui: Chloris barbata was removed from the list of
associated native plant species for Kanaloa kahoolawensis; Andropogon
virginicus was removed from the list of associated native plant species
for Melicope balloui; and Pennisetum setaceum was removed from the list
of associated native plant species for Colubrina oppositifolia.
(5) For clarity regarding the number of location occurrences for
each species (which do not necessarily represent viable populations)
and the number of populations essential for the conservation of a
species (e.g., 8 to 10 populations with 100, 300, or 500 reproducing
individuals), we changed the word ``population'' to ``occurrence'' and
updated the number of occurrences in the ``Supplementary Information:
Discussion of the Plant Taxa'' section and in ``Table 2.--Summary of
existing occurrences and land ownership for 70 species reported from
Maui and Kahoolawe'' for the species listed below. In this final
critical habitat rule, we have used ``occurrence'' when reporting
collections or observations of one or more plants in a specific
location. We have used ``population'' when discussing conservation
goals for the Maui and Kahoolawe plants. We made the following changes
for these species: Alectryon macrococcus changed from seven populations
to 13 occurrences; Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum changed
from four populations to seven occurrences; Asplenium fragile var.
insulare changed from one population to two occurrences; Bidens
micrantha ssp. kalealaha changed from three populations to four
occurrences; Bonamia menziesii changed from four populations to six
occurrences; Cenchrus agrimonioides changed from two populations to one
occurrence; Clermontia samuelii changed from four populations to seven
occurrences; Colubrina oppositifolia changed from two populations to
one occurrence; Ctenitis squamigera changed from six populations to 12
occurrences; Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis changed from three
populations to five occurrences; Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora
changed from seven populations to nine occurrences; Cyanea lobata
changed from four populations to five occurrences; Cyanea mceldowneyi
changed from six populations to 11 occurrences; Cyrtandra munroi
changed from four populations to five occurrences; Dubautia plantaginea
ssp. humilis changed from one population to two occurrences; Flueggea
neowawraea changed from three populations to four occurrences; Geranium
arboreum changed from seven populations to 12 occurrences; Geranium
multiflorum changed from eight populations to 13 occurrences;
Hesperomannia arborescens changed from two populations to four
occurrences; Hesperomannia arbuscula changed from two populations to
eight occurrences; Mariscus pennatiformis changed from one population
to two occurrences; Melicope adscendens changed from two populations to
16 occurrences; Melicope balloui changed from two populations to three
occurrences; Melicope knudsenii changed from one population to four
occurrences; Melicope ovalis changed from one population to two
occurrences; Neraudia sericea changed from three populations to five
occurrences; Plantago princeps changed from five populations to eight
occurrences; Platanthera holochila changed from three populations to
five occurrences; Remya mauiensis changed from three populations to
five occurrences; Sanicula purpurea changed from five populations to
seven occurrences; Sesbania tomentosa changed from eight populations to
six occurrences; Spermolepis hawaiiensis changed from four populations
to five occurrences; Tetramolopium capillare changed from four
populations to five occurrences; Tetramolopium remyi changed from zero
populations to one occurrence; Vigna o-wahuensis changed from four
populations to two occurrences; and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense changed from
four populations to nine occurrences.
(6) We changed ``flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed
dispersal agents'' to ``reproduction cycles, dispersal agents'' in the
life history portion of the ``Supplementary Information: Discussion of
the Plant
[[Page 25987]]
Taxa'' section for the fern or fern ally species, Asplenium fragile
var. insulare, Ctenitis squamigera, Diellia erecta, Diplazium
molokaiense, Phlegmariurus mannii, and Pteris lydgatei.
(7) We revised the list of excluded, manmade features in the
``Criteria Used to Identify Critical Habitat'' and section 17.96 to
include additional features based on information received during the
public comment periods.
(8) We refined the elevation ranges for Alectryon macrococcus,
Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, Asplenium fragile var.
insulare, Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia rockii, Cenchrus agrimonioides,
Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp. mauiensis, Clermontia samuelii, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis
squamigera, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea lobata, Cyanea mceldowneyi, Cyrtandra
munroi, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Dubautia plantaginea
ssp. humilis, Flueggea neowawraea, Geranium arboreum, Geranium
multiflorum, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, Hesperomannia
arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Isodendrion
pyrifolium, Kanaloa kahoolawensis, Mariscus pennatiformis, Melicope
adscendens, Melicope balloui, Melicope knudsenii, Melicope mucronulata,
Peucedanum sandwicense, Phlegmariurus mannii, Phyllostegia mannii,
Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Pteris
lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, Sanicula purpurea, Sesbania tomentosa,
Tetramolopium capillare, Tetramolopium remyi, and Vigna o-wahuensis.
(9) We corrected the typographic error in the acreage published for
the revised proposed rule of critical habitat on Kahoolawe from 713 ha
(1,762 ac) to 7,683 ha (18,984 ac).
(10) We made revisions to the unit boundaries based on information
supplied by commenters, as well as information gained from field visits
to some of the sites, that indicated that the primary constituent
elements were not present in certain portions of the proposed unit,
that certain changes in land use had occurred on lands within the
proposed critical habitat that would preclude those areas from
supporting the primary constituent elements, or that the areas were not
essential to the conservation of the species in question. In addition,
areas were excluded based on weighing the benefits of inclusion versus
exclusion pursuant to section 4(b)(2) of the Act (see ``Economic
Analysis'').
(11) In the draft rule, we proposed that TNCH's Kapunakea and
Waikamoi Preserves and the State's upper Hanawi NAR not be included as
critical habitat pursuant to section 3(5)(A) of the Act, because they
are not in need of special management or protection. The reasons for
this were discussed in detail in the proposed rule. In this final rule
we have determined that they should also be excluded under section
4(b)(2) of the Act, because we have determined that the benefits of
exclusion exceed the benefits of inclusion due to the positive and
voluntary conservation efforts underway there (see discussion under
Analysis of Impacts Under Section 4(b)(2)).
A brief summary of the modifications made to each unit is given
below (see also Figure 1).
[[Page 25988]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.000
Maui A
This unit was proposed as critical habitat for 16 species:
Alectryon macrococcus; Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis;
Colubrina oppositifolia; Ctenitis squamigera; Cyanea glabra; Cyanea
lobata; Cyrtandra munroi; Gouania vitifolia; Hedyotis mannii;
Hesperomannia arbuscula; Phlegmariurus mannii; Platanthera holochila;
Plantago princeps; Pteris lydgatei; Remya mauiensis; and Sanicula
purpurea. We excluded the proposed critical habitat on ML&P lands
because the benefits of excluding them outweighed the benefits of
inclusion (see ``Analysis of Impacts Under Section 4(b)(2): Other
Impacts''). Proposed critical habitat in Maui A for Colubrina
oppositifolia, Plantago princeps, and Pteris lydgatei, all multi-island
species, was excluded. This area is not essential to the conservation
of these three species because it has a lower proportion of associated
native species and more nonnative species than other areas we consider
to be essential to the conservation of these three species. In
addition, there are at least eight other locations for each of these
species within their historical ranges on Maui and other islands which
provide habitat essential for their conservation and which are either
designated as critical habitat in this final rule or have been
designated or proposed for designation in other rules.
The area designated as critical habitat for the Maui endemic
species, Remya mauiensis, provides habitat within its historical range
for two populations. The area designated as critical habitat for the
following multi-island species provides habitat for two populations of
Alectryon macrococcus; three populations each of Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Ctenitis squamigera, and Cyanea glabra;
two populations of Cyanea lobata; four populations of Cyrtandra munroi;
one population of Gouania vitifolia; two populations each of Hedyotis
mannii and Hesperomannia arbuscula; one population each of
Phlegmariurus mannii and Platanthera holochila; and three populations
of Sanicula purpurea within their historical ranges.
These modifications resulted in the reduction from 3,884 ha (9,598
ac) to 1,632 ha (4,033 ac). This unit was renamed Maui 17--Alectryon
macrococcus--d, 17--Alectryon macrococcus--e, 17--Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis--a, 17--Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.
[[Page 25989]]
mauiensis--c, 17--Ctenitis squamigera--b, 17--Ctenitis squamigera--c,
17--Cyanea glabra--e, 17--Cyanea glabra--f, 17--Cyanea lobata--a, 17--
Cyrtandra munroi--a, 17--Cyrtandra munroi--b, 17--Gouania vitifolia--a,
17--Hedyotis mannii--a, 17--Hesperomannia arbuscula--a, 17--
Phlegmariurus mannii--d, 17--Platanthera holochila--c, 17--Remya
mauiensis--b, 17--Remya mauiensis--c, 17--Sanicula purpurea--b, 18--
Alectryon macrococcus--f, 18--Ctenitis squamigera--d, and 18--Remya
mauiensis--d.
Maui B
This unit was proposed as critical habitat for 11 species:
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis; Ctenitis squamigera; Cyanea
lobata; Cyrtandra munroi; Diplazium molokaiense; Hesperomannia
arborescens; Phlegmariurus mannii; Platanthera holochila; Plantago
princeps; Pteris lydgatei; and Sanicula purpurea. We excluded the
proposed critical habitat on ML&P lands because the benefits of
excluding them outweighed the benefits of inclusion (see ``Analysis of
Impacts Under Section 4(b)(2): Other Impacts''). As a result, no
critical habitat was designated for Hesperomannia arborescens, a multi-
island species, on Maui because all of the habitat proposed for this
species is within these lands. However, we have proposed (67 FR 37108)
and designated (68 FR 12981) critical habitat on other islands within
its historical range. We excluded the proposed critical habitat for the
multi-island species Ctenitis squamigera and Platanthera holochila in
Maui B. Areas proposed for these two species were excluded because they
are not essential to the conservation of these two species. We are
designating adequate and more appropriate habitat elsewhere on Maui for
these two species in this final rule and have designated or proposed
for designation habitat on other islands within their historical
ranges. There is a lower likelihood that the biological features
essential to these species will persist there because these areas have
a low likelihood of being managed by the landowner for conservation. In
addition, there are at least eight other locations for each of these
species within their historical ranges on Maui and other islands.
The area designated as critical habitat for the multi-island
species provides habitat within historical range for six populations of
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis; three populations each of
Cyanea lobata, Cyrtandra munroi, and Diplazium molokaiense; one
population each of Phlegmariurus mannii and Plantago princeps; two
populations of Pteris lidgatei; and four populations of Sanicula
purpurea.
These modifications resulted in the reduction from 4,736 ha (11,701
ac) to 1,760 ha (4,349 ac). This unit was renamed 17--Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis--b, 17--Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.
mauiensis--c, 17--Cyanea lobata--c, 17--Cyrtandra munroi--c, 17--
Diplazium molokaiense--c, 17--Phlegmariurus mannii--d, 17--Plantago
princeps--b, 17--Pteris lidgatei--a, 17--Sanicula purpurea--a, 17--
Sanicula purpurea--b, and 17--Sanicula purpurea--c.
Maui C
This unit was proposed as critical habitat for three species:
Brighamia rockii; Centaurium sebaeoides; and Sesbania tomentosa.
Modifications were made to this unit to exclude areas that do not
contain the primary constituent elements for these species.
The area designated as critical habitat for these multi-island
species provides habitat within their historical ranges for two
populations of Brighamia rockii and one population each of Centaurium
sebaeoides and Sesbania tomentosa.
These modifications resulted in the reduction from 356 ha (880 ac)
to 110 ha (270 ac). This unit was renamed 2--Brighamia rockii--a, 2--
Brighamia rockii--b, 2--Centaurium sebaeoides--b, and 1--Sesbania
tomentosa--a.
Maui D
This unit was proposed as critical habitat for 28 species: Cenchrus
agrimonioides; Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis; Ctenitis
squamigera; Cyanea glabra; Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana; Cyanea
lobata; Cyrtandra munroi; Diellia erecta; Diplazium molokaiense;
Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis; Gouania vitifolia; Hedyotis
coriacea; Hedyotis mannii; Hesperomannia arbuscula; Hibiscus
brackenridgei; Isodendrion pyrifolium; Lysimachia lydgatei; Neraudia
sericea; Peucedanum sandwicense; Phlegmariurus mannii; Plantago
princeps; Platanthera holochila; Pteris lydgatei; Remya mauiensis;
Sanicula purpurea; Spermolepis hawaiiensis; Tetramolopium capillare;
and Tetramolopium remyi. We excluded the proposed critical habitat in
Maui D for Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Cyrtandra munroi,
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Neraudia sericea, Tetramolopium capillare, and
Tetramolopium remyi. Areas proposed for these six species were excluded
because they are not essential to the conservation of these species.
There is a lower likelihood that the biological features essential to
these species will persist there because they have a lower proportion
of associated native species than other areas we consider to be
essential to the conservation of these six species and they have a low
likelihood of being managed for conservation. In addition, there are at
least eight other locations for each of these species designated
elsewhere on Maui and proposed or designated on other islands within
their historical ranges.
The area designated as critical habitat for the Maui endemic
species provides habitat for six populations of Dubautia plantaginea
ssp. humilis and four populations of Remya mauiensis within their
historical ranges. The area designated as critical habitat for the
multi-island species provides habitat for one population of Cenchrus
agrimonioides; two populations of Ctenitis squamigera; four populations
of Cyanea glabra; two populations each of Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyanea lobata, and Diellia erecta; three populations of
Diplazium molokaiense; one population of Gouania vitifolia; two
populations each of Hedyotis coriacea and Hedyotis mannii; five
populations of Hesperomannia arbuscula; three populations of Hibiscus
brackenridgei; eight populations of Lysimachia lydgatei; one population
each of Peucedanum sandwicense, Phlegmariurus mannii, Plantago
princeps, Platanthera holochila, and Pteris lidgatei; three populations
of Sanicula purpurea; and one population of Spermolepis hawaiiensis
within their historical ranges.
These modifications resulted in the reduction from 7,162 ha (17,698
ac) to 6,358 ha (15,709 ac). This unit was renamed 17--Cenchrus
agrimonioides--b, 17--Ctenitis squamigera--a, 17--Cyanea glabra--d,
17--Cyanea glabra--e, 17--Cyanea glabra--g, 17--Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana--a, 17--Cyanea lobata--b, 17--Diellia erecta--c, 17--Diellia
erecta--d, 17--Diellia erecta--e, 17--Diellia erecta--f, 17--Diplazium
molokaiense--c, 17--Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis--a, 17--Dubautia
plantaginea ssp. humilis--b, 17--Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis--c,
17--Gouania vitifolia--a, 17--Hedyotis coriacea--a, 17--Hedyotis
coriacea--b, 17--Hedyotis mannii--a, 17--Hesperomannia arbuscula--a,
17--Hesperomannia arbuscula--b, 17--Hibiscus brackenridgei--b, 17--
Lysimachia lydgatei--a, 17--Lysimachia lydgatei--b, 17--Lysimachia
lydgatei--c, 17--Lysimachia lydgatei--d, 17--Lysimachia lydgatei--e,
17--Peucedanum sandwicense--b, 17--Phlegmariurus mannii--e, 17--
Plantago
[[Page 25990]]
princeps--b, 17--Platanthera holochila--b, 17--Pteris lidgatei--b, 17--
Remya mauiensis--a, 17--Remya mauiensis--b, 17--Sanicula purpurea--b,
17--Spermolepis hawaiiensis--b, and 16--Hibiscus brackenridgei--a.
Maui E
This unit was proposed as critical habitat for two multi-island
species, Bonamia menziesii and Hibiscus brackenridgei. The entire unit
is eliminated from the final rule. There is a lower likelihood that the
biological features essential to these species will persist there
because the area has a low likelihood of being managed for conservation
and there are 10 other locations that have been designated or proposed
to meet the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations throughout their
historical ranges on this and other islands. There is also habitat
designated elsewhere on Maui for Bonamia menziesii and Hibiscus
brackenridgei. Exclusion of this unit from critical habitat for Bonamia
menziesii and Hibiscus brackenridgei resulted in the overall reduction
of 14,101 ha (34,843 ac) of critical habitat on Maui.
Maui F
No changes were made to Maui F. The area designated as critical
habitat for the multi-island species Vigna o-wahuensis provides habitat
within its historical range for one population. This unit remains 144
ha (357 ac) but was renamed 12--Vigna o-wahuensis--a.
Maui G
This unit was proposed as critical habitat for four species:
Brighamia rockii; Ischaemum byrone; Mariscus pennatiformis; and
Peucedanum sandwicense. Modifications were made to this unit to exclude
areas that do not contain the primary constituent elements for these
species. The portion excluded was not essential to the conservation of
these four species because it has a lower proportion of associated
native species than other areas we consider to be essential to the
conservation of these four species, it has a low likelihood of being
managed for conservation (Buck, in litt. 2002), and there are at least
eight other locations that have been designated or proposed to meet the
recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations throughout their historical ranges
on this and other islands.
The area designated as critical habitat for these multi-island
species provides habitat for one population of Brighamia rockii, two
populations each of Ischaemum byrone and Mariscus pennatiformis, and
one population of Peucedanum sandwicense within their historical
ranges.
These modifications resulted in the reduction from 83 ha (185 ac)
to 52 ha (128 ac). This unit was renamed 3--Brighamia rockii--c, 4--
Brighamia rockii--d, 5--Brighamia rockii--e, 5--Ischaemum byrone--a,
7--Ischaemum byrone--b, 5-- Mariscus pennatiformis--a, and 4--
Peucedanum sandwicense--a.
Maui H
This unit was proposed as critical habitat for 25 species:
Alectryon macrococcus; Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum;
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha; Bonamia menziesii; Cenchrus
agrimonioides; Clermontia lindseyana; Colubrina oppositifolia; Diellia
erecta; Diplazium molokaiense; Flueggea neowawraea; Geranium arboreum;
Geranium multiflorum; Lipochaeta kamolensis; Melicope adscendens;
Melicope knudsenii; Melicope mucronulata; Neraudia sericea;
Nototrichium humile; Phlegmariurus mannii; Phyllostegia mollis;
Plantago princeps; Sesbania tomentosa; Schiedea haleakalensis;
Spermolepis hawaiiensis; and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. We excluded the
proposed critical habitat on Ulupalakua and Haleakala Ranch lands
because the benefits of excluding these lands outweighed the benefits
of including them in critical habitat (see ``Analysis of Impacts Under
Section 4(b)(2)''). We excluded the proposed critical habitat for the
Maui endemics Geranium arboreum and Schiedea haleakalensis, and the
multi-island species Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Areas proposed for these
three species were excluded because we have proposed adequate and more
appropriate habitat elsewhere on Maui and, for Z. hawaiiense, on other
islands within its historical ranges. The portion excluded was not
essential to the conservation of these three species because it has a
lower proportion of associated native species than other areas we
consider to be essential to the conservation of these three species, it
has a low likelihood of being managed for conservation (Urdman in
litt., 2002; Silva in litt., 2002), and there are at least eight other
locations that have been designated or proposed to meet the recovery
goal of 8 to 10 populations throughout their historical ranges on this
and other islands. There is habitat designated elsewhere on Maui for
Geranium arboreum, Schiedea haleakalensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.
The area designated as critical habitat for the Maui endemic
species provides habitat for one population each of Argyroxiphium
sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum and Geranium multiflorum, four
populations of Lipochaeta kamolensis, and one population of Melicope
adscendens within their historical ranges. The area designated as
critical habitat for the multi-island species provides habitat for two
populations of Alectryon macrococcus; four populations of Bidens
micrantha ssp. kalealaha; one population each of Bonamia menziesii and
Cenchrus agrimonioides; two populations of Clermontia lindseyana; one
population each of Colubrina oppositifolia, Diellia erecta, Diplazium
molokaiense, and Flueggea neowawraea; two populations each of Melicope
knudsenii and Melicope mucronulata; three populations of Neraudia
sericea; two populations of Nototrichium humile; one population of
Phlegmariurus mannii; two populations of Phyllostegia mollis; and one
population each of Plantago princeps, Sesbania tomentosa, and
Spermolepis hawaiiensis within their historical ranges.
These modifications resulted in the reduction from 14,101 ha
(34,843 ac) to 9,823 ha (24,270 ac). This unit was renamed 9--
Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum--a, 9--Bidens micrantha
ssp. kalealaha--b, 9--Clermontia lindseyana--a, 9--Clermontia
lindseyana--b, 9--Diellia erecta--b, 9--Diplazium molokaiense--b, 9--
Flueggea neowawraea--a, 9--Geranium multiflorum--c, 9--Lipochaeta
kamolensis--a, 9--Melicope knudsenii--a, 9--Melicope mucronulata--a,
9--Neraudia sericea--a, 9--Nototrichium humile--a, 9--Phlegmariurus
mannii--b, 9--Phyllostegia mollis--b, 9--Plantago princeps--a, 10--
Alectryon macrococcus--b, 11--Lipochaeta kamolensis--b, 13--Alectryon
macrococcus--c, 13--Bonamia menziesii--a, 13--Cenchrus agrimonioides--
a, 13--Colubrina oppositifolia--a, 13--Flueggea neowawraea--b, 13--
Melicope adscendens--a, 13--Melicope knudsenii--b, 13--Melicope
mucronulata--b, 13--Sesbania tomentosa--b, and 13--Spermolepis
hawaiiensis--a.
Maui I
This unit was proposed as critical habitat for 11 species:
Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum; Asplenium fragile var.
insulare; Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha; Clermontia lindseyana;
Diellia erecta; Diplazium molokaiense; Geranium arboreum; Geranium
multiflorum; Phlegmariurus mannii; Phyllostegia mollis; and
[[Page 25991]]
Plantago princeps. We excluded the proposed critical habitat on
Haleakala Ranch lands because the benefits of excluding these lands
outweighed the benefits of including them in critical habitat (see
4(b)(2) exclusion section). We excluded the proposed critical habitat
for the Maui endemic Geranium arboreum and the multi-island species
Diplazium molokaiense, Phlegmariurus mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, and
Plantago princeps. The portion excluded was not essential to the
conservation of these five species because it has a lower proportion of
associated native species than other areas we consider to be essential
to the conservation of these five species. There is a lower likelihood
that the biological features essential to these species will persist
there because it has a low likelihood of being managed for conservation
(Silva in litt., 2002). There is habitat designated elsewhere on Maui
for Diplazium molokaiense, Geranium arboreum, Phlegmariurus mannii,
Phyllostegia mollis, and Plantago princeps.
The area designated as critical habitat for the Maui endemic
species provides habitat for one population of Argyroxiphium
sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, three populations of Geranium arboreum,
and six populations of Geranium multiflorum within their historical
ranges. The area designated as critical habitat for the multi-island
species provides habitat for two populations of Asplenium fragile var.
insulare, four populations of Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, and one
population each of Clermontia lindseyana and Diellia erecta within
their historical ranges.
These modifications resulted in the reduction from 3,491 ha (8,625
ac) to 2,961 ha (7,383 ac). This unit was renamed 9--Argyroxiphium
sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum--a, 9--Asplenium fragile var. insulare--
a, 9--Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha--b, 9--Clermontia lindseyana--b,
9--Diellia erecta--a, 9--Geranium multiflorum--b, 14--Geranium
arboreum--b, and 15--Geranium arboreum--c.
Maui J
This unit was proposed as critical habitat for eight species:
Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum; Asplenium fragile var.
insulare; Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha; Clermontia samuelii;
Geranium multiflorum; Plantago princeps; Platanthera holochila; and
Schiedea haleakalensis. We excluded the proposed critical habitat for
Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, Geranium multiflorum, and
Platanthera holochila in Maui J. This area is not essential to the
conservation of these three species because it has a lower proportion
of associated native species than other areas we consider to be
essential to the conservation of these three species. For the Maui
endemic Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, the recovery goal
is one population with more than 50,000 individuals. We are designating
habitat essential for the conservation of this species in Maui unit 9.
There are at least eight other locations on Maui which provide habitat
for the endemic species Geranium multiflorum that are being designated
as critical habitat. There are at least eight other locations in its
historical range on Maui and other islands that provide habitat for the
multi-island species Platanthera holochila that are being designated as
critical habitat, have been designated as critical habitat, or have
been proposed for designation.
The area designated as critical habitat for the Maui endemic
species Schiedea haleakalensis provides habitat within its historical
range for four populations. The area designated as critical habitat for
the multi-island species provides habitat for two populations of
Asplenium fragile var. insulare, three populations of Bidens micrantha
ssp. kalealaha, five populations of Clermontia samuelii, and one
population of Plantago princeps within their historical ranges.
These modifications resulted in the reduction from 5,790 ha (14,308
ac) to 5,785 ha (14,295 ac). This unit was renamed 9--Asplenium fragile
var. insulare--a, 9--Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha--a, 9--Clermontia
samuelii--a, 9--Plantago princeps--a, 9--Schiedea haleakalensis--a, and
9--Schiedea haleakalensis--b.
Maui K
This unit was proposed as critical habitat for 11 species:
Alectryon macrococcus; Clermontia samuelii; Cyanea copelandii ssp.
haleakalaensis; Cyanea glabra; Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora;
Geranium multiflorum; Melicope balloui; Melicope ovalis; Phlegmariurus
mannii; Plantago princeps; and Platanthera holochila. We excluded the
proposed critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus, Clermontia
samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea hamatiflora
ssp. hamatiflora, and Plantago princeps. This area is not essential to
the conservation of these five species because it has a lower
proportion of associated native species than other areas we consider to
be essential to the conservation of these five species, and there are
at least eight other locations that have been designated or proposed to
meet the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations throughout their
historical ranges on this and other islands.
The area designated as critical habitat for the Maui endemic
species provides habitat for six populations of Geranium multiflorum,
two populations of Melicope balloui, and three populations of Melicope
ovalis within their historical ranges. The area designated as critical
habitat for the multi-island species provides habitat for five
populations of Clermontia samuelii, three populations each of Cyanea
glabra and Phlegmariurus mannii, and one population of Platanthera
holochila within their historical ranges.
These modifications resulted in the reduction from 5,464 ha (13,502
ac) to 5,458 ha (13,487 ac). This unit was renamed 9--Clermontia
samuelii--a, 9--Cyanea glabra--b, 9--Cyanea glabra--c, 9--Geranium
multiflorum--b, 9--Melicope balloui--b, 9--Melicope ovalis--a, 9--
Phlegmariurus mannii--c, and 9--Platanthera holochila--a.
Maui L
This unit was proposed as critical habitat for 16 species:
Alectryon macrococcus; Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum;
Asplenium fragile var. insulare; Clermontia samuelii; Cyanea copelandii
ssp. haleakalaensis; Cyanea glabra; Cyanea hamatiflora ssp.
hamatiflora; Cyanea mceldowneyi; Diplazium molokaiense; Geranium
multiflorum; Melicope balloui; Phlegmariurus mannii; Phyllostegia
mannii; Phyllostegia mollis; Platanthera holochila; and Zanthoxylum
hawaiiense. We excluded the proposed critical habitat for the Maui
endemic Cyanea mceldowneyi, and the multi-island species Alectryon
macrococcus and Asplenium fragile var. insulare. The portion excluded
has a lower likelihood that the biological features essential to these
species will persist because it has a low likelihood of being managed
for conservation. In addition, there are at least eight other locations
that have been designated or proposed to meet the recovery goal of 8 to
10 populations throughout their historical ranges on this and other
islands.
The area designated as critical habitat for the Maui endemic
species provides habitat for one population of Argyroxiphium
sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, three populations of Cyanea copelandii
ssp. haleakalaensis and Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, seven
populations of Geranium multiflorum, and one
[[Page 25992]]
population of Melicope balloui within their historical ranges. The area
designated as critical habitat for the multi-island species provides
habitat for five populations of Clermontia samuelii; two populations
each of Cyanea glabra, Diplazium molokaiense, Phlegmariurus mannii, and
Phyllostegia mannii; and one population each of Phyllostegia mollis,
Platanthera holochila, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense within their
historical ranges.
These modifications resulted in the reduction from 4,612 ha (11,396
ac) to 3,608 ha (8,916 ac). This unit was renamed 8--Cyanea copelandii
ssp. haleakalaensis--a, 8--Cyanea glabra--a, 8--Cyanea hamatiflora ssp.
hamatiflora--a, 8--Diplazium molokaiense--a, 8--Geranium multiflorum--
a, 8--Melicope balloui--a, 8--Phlegmariurus mannii--a, 8--Phyllostegia
mannii--a, 8--Phyllostegia mollis--a, 8--Zanthoxylum hawaiiense--a, 9--
Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum--a, 9--Clermontia
samuelii--a, 9--Geranium multiflorum--b, and 9--Platanthera holochila--
a.
Maui M
This unit was proposed as critical habitat for Spermolepis
hawaiiense. The entire area proposed for this species is eliminated
from this final rule. There is a lower likelihood that the biological
features essential to these species will persist there because it has a
low likelihood of being managed for conservation (Buck, in litt. 2002)
and it has a lower proportion of associated native species than other
areas we consider to be essential to the conservation of this species.
In addition, there are 10 other locations that have been designated or
proposed to meet the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations throughout
their historical ranges on this and other islands. There is habitat
designated elsewhere on Maui for Spermolepis hawaiiense.
Kahoolawe A
This unit was proposed as critical habitat for four species:
Hibiscus brackenridgei; Kanaloa kahoolawensis; Sesbania tomentosa; and
Vigna o-wahuensis. We excluded the proposed critical habitat for
Hibiscus brackenridgei, Sesbania tomentosa, and Vigna o-wahuensis.
There is a lower likelhood that the biological features essential to
these species will persist there because it has a low likelihood of
being managed for conservation (KIRC, in litt. 2002) and it has a lower
proportion of associated native species than other areas we consider to
be essential to the conservation of this species. In addition, there
are 10 other locations that have been designated or proposed to meet
the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations throughout their historical
ranges on this and other islands. Modifications were also made to this
unit to exclude areas that do not contain the primary constituent
elements for Kanaloa kahoolawensis.
The area designated as critical habitat for the multi-island
species Kanaloa kahoolawensis provides habitat within its historical
range for seven populations.
These modifications resulted in the reduction from 7,683 ha (18,984
ac) to 1,175 ha (2,903 ac). This unit was renamed Kahoolawe 1--Kanaloa
kahoolawensis--a and Kahoolawe 2--Kanaloa kahoolawensis--b.
Kahoolawe B
This unit was proposed as critical habitat for two species: Kanaloa
kahoolawensis and Sesbania tomentosa. We excluded the proposed critical
habitat for the multi-island species Sesbania tomentosa. There is a
lower likelihood that the biological features essential to this species
will persist there because it has a low likelihood of being managed for
conservation (KIRC, in litt. 2002) and there are10 other locations that
have been designated to meet the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations
throughout its historical range on this and other islands.
The area designated as critical habitat for the multi-island
species Kanaloa kahoolawensis provides habitat within its historical
range for one population.
There was no change in the area proposed in the final designation.
It remains at 5 ha (12 ac). This unit was renamed Kahoolawe 3--Kanaloa
kahoolawensis--c.
Critical Habitat
Critical habitat is defined in section 3 of the Act as--(i) The
specific areas within the geographic area occupied by a species, at the
time it is listed in accordance with the Act, on which are found those
physical or biological features (I) essential to the conservation of
the species and (II) that may require special management considerations
or protection; and (ii) specific areas outside the geographic area
occupied by a species at the time it is listed, upon a determination
that such areas are essential for the conservation of the species.
``Conservation,'' as defined by the Act, means the use of all methods
and procedures that are necessary to bring an endangered or a
threatened species to the point at which listing under the Act is no
longer necessary.
Critical habitat receives protection under section 7 of the Act
through the prohibition against destruction or adverse modification of
critical habitat with regard to actions carried out, funded, or
authorized by a Federal agency. Section 7 also requires conferences on
Federal actions that are likely to result in the destruction or adverse
modification of proposed critical habitat. In our regulations at 50 CFR
402.02, we define destruction or adverse modification as ``* * * a
direct or indirect alteration that appreciably diminishes the value of
critical habitat for both the survival and recovery of a listed
species. Such alterations include, but are not limited to, alterations
adversely modifying any of those physical or biological features that
were the basis for determining the habitat to be critical.'' However,
in the March 15, 2001, decision of the United States Court of Appeals
for the Fifth Circuit (Sierra Club v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service et
al., 245 F.3d 434) regarding a not prudent finding, the Court found our
definition of destruction or adverse modification as currently
contained in 50 CFR 402.02 to be invalid. In response to this decision,
we are reviewing the regulatory definition of adverse modification in
relation to the conservation of the species.
In order to be included in a critical habitat designation, areas
within the geographical range of the species at the time of listing
must contain the physical or biological features essential to the
conservation of the species or, for an area outside the geographical
area occupied by the species at the time of listing, the area itself
must be essential to the conservation of the species (16 U.S.C.
1532(5)(A)).
Section 4 of the Act requires that we designate critical habitat
for a species, to the extent such habitat is determinable, at the time
of listing. When we designate critical habitat at the time of listing
or under short court-ordered deadlines, we may not have sufficient
information to identify all the areas essential for the conservation of
the species, we may inadvertently include areas that later will be
shown to be nonessential. Nevertheless, we are required to designate
those areas we know to be critical habitat, using the best information
available to us.
Within the geographic areas occupied by the species, we will
designate only areas that have features and habitat characteristics
that are necessary to sustain the species. If the information available
at the time of designation does not show that an area provides
essential life cycle needs of the species, then the
[[Page 25993]]
area should not be included in the critical habitat designation.
Our regulations state that ``The Secretary shall designate as
critical habitat areas outside the geographical area presently occupied
by a species only when a designation limited to its present range would
be inadequate to ensure the conservation of the species' (50 CFR
424.12(e)). Accordingly, when the best available scientific and
commercial data do not demonstrate that the conservation needs of the
species require designation of critical habitat outside of occupied
areas, we will not designate critical habitat in areas outside the
geographic area occupied by the species.
Our Policy on Information Standards Under the Endangered Species
Act, published in the Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34271),
provides criteria, establishes procedures, and provides guidance to
ensure that our decisions represent the best scientific and commercial
data available. It requires our biologists, to the extent consistent
with the Act and with the use of the best scientific and commercial
data available, to use primary and original sources of information as
the basis for recommendations to designate critical habitat. When
determining which areas are critical habitat, a primary source of
information should be the listing package for the species. Additional
information may be obtained from recovery plans, articles in peer-
reviewed journals, conservation plans developed by States and counties,
scientific status surveys and studies, and biological assessments or
other unpublished materials.
It is important to clearly understand that critical habitat
designations do not signal that habitat outside the designation is
unimportant or may not be required for recovery. Areas outside the
critical habitat designation will continue to be subject to
conservation actions that may be implemented under section 7(a)(1) and
to the regulatory protections afforded by the Act's 7(a)(2) jeopardy
standard and section 9 prohibitions, as determined on the basis of the
best available information at the time of the action. We specifically
anticipate that federally funded or assisted projects affecting listed
species outside their designated critical habitat areas may still
result in jeopardy findings in some cases. Similarly, critical habitat
designations made on the basis of the best available information at the
time of designation will not control the direction and substance of
future recovery plans, habitat conservation plans, or other species
conservation planning efforts if new information available to these
planning efforts calls for a different outcome. Furthermore, we
recognize that designation of critical habitat may not include all of
the habitat areas that may eventually be determined to be necessary for
the recovery of the species.
Prudency
Designation of critical habitat is not prudent when one or both of
the following situations exist: (i) The species is threatened by taking
or other human activity, and identification of critical habitat can be
expected to increase the degree of such threat to the species; or (ii)
such designation of critical habitat would not be beneficial to the
species (50 CFR 424.12(a)(1)).
To determine whether critical habitat would be prudent for each
species, we analyzed the potential threats and benefits for each
species in accordance with the court's order. In the final critical
habitat rule published for Kauai and Niihau plants, we determined that
designation of critical habitat was not prudent for Acaena exigua, a
species reported from Maui as well as from Kauai because it had not
been seen recently in the wild, and no genetic material of this species
was known to exist (68 FR 9115). In other final rules, we have found
that critical habitat would be prudent for the following 45 species
that are reported from Maui and Kahoolawe as well as from Lanai, Kauai,
Niihau, and Molokai: Adenophorus periens; Alectryon macrococcus; Bidens
micrantha ssp. kalealaha; Bonamia menziesii; Brighamia rockii; Cenchrus
agrimonioides; Centaurium sebaeoides; Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.
mauiensis; Clermontia samuelii; Ctenitis squamigera; Cyanea copelandii
ssp. haleakalaensis; Cyanea glabra; Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana;
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora; Cyanea lobata; Cyrtandra munroi;
Delissea undulata; Diellia erecta; Diplazium molokaiense; Flueggea
neowawraea; Hedyotis mannii; Hesperomannia arborescens; Hibiscus
brackenridgei; Ischaemum byrone; Isodendrion pyrifolium; Kanaloa
kahoolawensis; Mariscus pennatiformis; Melicope knudsenii; Melicope
mucronulata; Neraudia sericea; Peucedanum sandwicense; Phlegmariurus
mannii; Phyllostegia mannii; Phyllostegia mollis; Phyllostegia
parvilfora; Plantago princeps; Platanthera holochila; Pteris lidgatei;
Schiedea nuttallii; Sesbania tomentosa; Solanum incompletum;
Spermolepis hawaiiensis; Tetramolopium remyi; Vigna o-wahuensis; and
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (64 FR 48307, 68 FR 1219, 68 FR 9115, 68 FR
12981).
Due to low numbers of individuals and/or populations and their
inherent immobility, the other 24 plants may be vulnerable to
unrestricted collection, vandalism, or disturbance. However, we
examined the evidence available for these taxa and have not, at this
time, found specific evidence of taking, vandalism, collection or trade
of these taxa or of similar species. Consequently, while we remain
concerned that these activities could potentially threaten these 24
plant species in the future, consistent with applicable regulations (50
CFR 424.12(a)(1)(i)) and the court's discussion of these regulations,
we do not find that any of these species are currently threatened by
taking or other human activity, which would be exacerbated by the
designation of critical habitat.
In the absence of finding that critical habitat would increase
threats to a species, if there are any benefits to critical habitat
designation, then a prudent finding is warranted. The potential
benefits include: (1) Triggering section 7 consultation in new areas
where it would not otherwise occur; (2) focusing conservation
activities on the most essential area; (3) providing educational
benefits to State or county governments or private entities; and (4)
preventing people from causing inadvertent harm to the species.
In the case of these 24 species, there would be some benefits to
critical habitat. The primary regulatory effect of critical habitat is
the section 7 requirement that Federal agencies refrain from taking any
action that destroys or adversely affects critical habitat. Thirteen of
these species are reported on or near Federal lands (see Table 2 above,
under ``Discussion of Plant Taxa''), where actions are subject to
section 7 consultation. Although a majority of the species considered
in this rule are located exclusively on non-Federal lands with limited
Federal activities, there could be Federal actions affecting these
lands in the future. While a critical habitat designation for habitat
currently occupied by these species would not likely change the section
7 consultation outcome, since an action that destroys or adversely
modifies such critical habitat would also be likely to result in
jeopardy to the species, there may be instances where section 7
consultation would be triggered only if critical habitat were
designated. There would also be some educational or informational
benefits to the designation of critical habitat. Benefits of
designation would include the notification of land owners, land
managers, and the general public of the importance of protecting the
habitat of
[[Page 25994]]
these species and dissemination of information regarding their
essential habitat requirements.
Therefore, we believe that the designation of critical habitat is
prudent for these 24 plant species: Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp.
macrocephalum; Asplenium fragile var. insulare; Clermontia lindseyana;
Clermontia peleana; Colubrina oppositifolia; Cyanea mceldowneyi;
Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis; Geranium arboreum; Geranium
multiflorum; Gouania vitifolia; Hedyotis coriacea; Hesperomannia
arbuscula; Lipochaeta kamolensis; Lysimachia lydgatei; Melicope
adscendens; Melicope balloui; Melicope ovalis; Nototrichium humile;
Remya mauiensis; Sanicula purpurea; Schiedea haleakalensis; Schiedea
hookeri; Tetramolopium arenarium; and Tetramolopium capillare because
the potential benefits of critical habitat designation outweigh the
potential threats.
Methods
As required by the Act and regulations (section 4(b)(2) and 50 CFR
424.12), we used the best scientific information available to determine
areas that contain the physical and biological features that are
essential for the conservation of Adenophorus periens, Alectryon
macrococcus, Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, Asplenium
fragile var. insulare, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Bonamia
menziesii, Brighamia rockii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Centaurium
sebaeoides, Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.
mauiensis, Clermontia samuelii, Clermontia peleana, Colubrina
oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea copelandii ssp.
haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana,
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Cyanea lobata, Cyanea mceldowneyi,
Cyrtandra munroi, Delissea undulata, Diellia erecta, Diplazium
molokaiense, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis, Flueggea neowawraea,
Geranium arboreum, Geranium multiflorum, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis
coriacea, Hedyotis mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia
arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Isodendrion
pyrifolium, Kanaloa kahoolawensis, Lipochaeta kamolensis, Lysimachia
lydgatei, Mariscus pennatiformis, Melicope adscendens, Melicope
balloui, Melicope knudsenii, Melicope mucronulata, Melicope ovalis,
Neraudia sericea, Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum sandwicense,
Phlegmariurus mannii, Phyllostegia mannii, Phyllostegia mollis,
Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila,
Pteris lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea
haleakalensis, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea nuttallii, Sesbania
tomentosa, Solanum incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium
arenarium, Tetramolopium capillare, Tetramolopium remyi, Vigna o-
wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. This information included the
known locations, site-specific species information from the HINHP
database and our own rare plant database; species information from the
Center for Plant Conservation's (CPC's) rare plant monitoring database
housed at the University of Hawaii's Lyon Arboretum; island-wide
Geographic Information System (GIS) coverages (e.g., vegetation, soils,
annual rainfall, elevation contours, land ownership); the final listing
rules for these 69 species; the December 18, 2000, proposal; the April
3, 2002, revised proposal; information received during the public
comment periods and the public hearings; recent biological surveys and
reports; our recovery plans for these species; any species and
management information received from landowners, land managers, and
interested parties for the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe; discussions
with botanical experts; and recommendations from the Hawaii and Pacific
Plant Recovery Coordinating Committee (HPPRCC) (see also the discussion
below) (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; HPPRCC 1998; Service 1995a,
1995b, 1996a, 1996b, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999, 2001; 65 FR 66808; 67 FR
3940; CPC, in litt. 1999).
In 1994, the HPPRCC initiated an effort to identify and map habitat
believed to be important for the recovery of 282 endangered and
threatened Hawaiian plant species. The HPPRCC identified these areas on
most of the islands in the Hawaiian chain, and in 1999, we published
them in our Recovery Plan for the Multi-Island Plants (Service 1999).
The HPPRCC expects there will be subsequent efforts to further refine
the locations of important habitat areas and that new survey
information or research may also lead to additional refinement of
identifying and mapping of habitat important for the recovery of these
species.
The HPPRCC identified essential habitat areas for all listed,
proposed, and candidate plants and evaluated species of concern to
determine if essential habitat areas would provide for their habitat
needs. However, the HPPRCC's mapping of habitat is distinct from the
regulatory designation of critical habitat as defined by the Act. More
data have been collected since the recommendations made by the HPPRCC
in 1998. Much of the area that was identified by the HPPRCC as
inadequately surveyed has now been surveyed to some degree. New
location data for many species have been gathered. Also, the HPPRCC
identified areas as essential based on species clusters (areas that
included listed species, as well as candidate species and species of
concern) while we have only delineated areas that are essential for the
conservation of the specific listed species at issue. As a result, the
critical habitat designations in this rule include not only some
habitat that was identified as essential in the 1998 recommendations
but also habitat that was not identified as essential in those
recommendations.
Primary Constituent Elements
In accordance with section 3(5)(A)(i) of the Act and regulations at
50 CFR 424.12, in determining which areas to propose as critical
habitat, we are required to base critical habitat determinations on the
best scientific and commercial data available and to consider those
physical and biological features (primary constituent elements) that
are essential to the conservation of the species and that may require
special management considerations or protection. These features
include, but are not limited to: Space for individual and population
growth, and for normal behavior; food, water, air, light, minerals, or
other nutritional or physiological requirements; cover or shelter;
sites for breeding, reproduction, or rearing of offspring, germination,
or seed dispersal; and habitats that are protected from disturbance or
are representative of the historic geographical and ecological
distributions of a species.
Much of what is known about the specific physical and biological
requirements of Alectryon macrococcus, Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp.
macrocephalum, Asplenium fragile var. insulare, Bidens micrantha ssp.
kalealaha, Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia rockii, Cenchrus agrimonioides,
Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp. mauiensis, Clermontia samuelii, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis
squamigera, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora,
Cyanea lobata, Cyanea mceldowneyi, Cyrtandra munroi, Diellia erecta,
Diplazium molokaiense, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis, Flueggea
[[Page 25995]]
neowawraea, Geranium arboreum, Geranium multiflorum, Gouania vitifolia,
Hedyotis coriacea, Hedyotis mannii, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kanaloa
kahoolawensis, Lipochaeta kamolensis, Lysimachia lydgatei, Mariscus
pennatiformis, Melicope adscendens, Melicope balloui, Melicope
knudsenii, Melicope mucronulata, Melicope ovalis, Neraudia sericea,
Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phlegmariurus mannii,
Phyllostegia mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps,
Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, Sanicula
purpurea, Schiedea haleakalensis, Sesbania tomentosa, Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium capillare, Tetramolopium remyi, Vigna o-
wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is described in the
``Background'' section of this final rule.
We are unable to identify these features for Adenophorus periens,
Clermontia peleana, Delissea undulata, Phyllostegia parviflora,
Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea nuttallii, Solanum incompletum, and
Tetramolopium arenarium, which no longer occur on the islands of Maui
and Kahoolawe, because information on the physical and biological
features (i.e., the primary constituent elements) that are considered
essential to the conservation of these eight species on Maui and
Kahoolawe is not known. Therefore, we are not designating critical
habitat for these species on Maui. We are able to identify these
features for Hesperomannia arborescens, but we are not designating
critical habitat for this species on Maui for the reasons given in the
``Analysis of Impacts Under Section 4(b)(2): Other Impacts'' section.
All areas designated as critical habitat are within the historical
range of the 60 species at issue and contain one or more of the
physical or biological features (primary constituent elements)
essential for the conservation of the species.
As described in the discussions for each of the 60 species for
which we are designating critical habitat, we are defining the primary
constituent elements on the basis of the habitat features of the areas
from which the plant species are reported, as described by the type of
plant community (e.g., mesic Metrosideros polymorpha forest),
associated native plant species, locale information (e.g., steep rocky
cliffs, talus slopes, gulches, stream banks), and elevation. The
habitat features provide the ecological components required by the
plant. The type of plant community and associated native plant species
indicate specific microclimate (localized climatic) conditions,
retention and availability of water in the soil, soil microorganism
community, and nutrient cycling and availability. The locale indicates
information on soil type, elevation, rainfall regime, and temperature.
Elevation indicates information on daily and seasonal temperature and
sun intensity. Therefore, the descriptions of the physical elements of
the locations of each of these species, including habitat type, plant
communities associated with the species, location, and elevation, as
described in the ``Supplementary Information: Discussion of the Plant
Taxa'' section above, constitute the primary constituent elements for
these species on the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe.
Criteria Used To Identify Critical Habitat
The lack of detailed scientific data on the life history of these
plant species makes it impossible for us to develop a robust
quantitative model (e.g., population viability analysis (National
Research Council 1995)) to identify the optimal number, size, and
location of critical habitat units to achieve recovery (Beissinger and
Westphal 1998; Burgman et al. 2001; Ginzburg et al. 1990; Karieva and
Wennergren 1995; Menges 1990; Murphy et al. 1990; Taylor 1995).
However, based on the best information available at this time,
including information on which the listing of these species was based,
as well as their recovery plans, we have concluded that the current
size and distribution of the extant populations are not sufficient to
expect a reasonable probability of long-term survival and recovery of
these plant species.
For each of these species, the overall recovery strategy outlined
in the approved recovery plans includes: (1) Stabilization of existing
wild populations; (2) protection and management of habitat; (3)
enhancement of existing small populations and reestablishment of new
populations within historic range; and (4) research on species biology
and ecology (Service 1995a, 1995b, 1996a, 1996b, 1997, 1998a, 1998b,
1999, 2001). Thus, the long-term recovery of these species is dependent
upon the protection of existing population sites and potentially
suitable unoccupied habitat within their historic range.
The overall recovery goal stated in the recovery plans for each of
these species includes the establishment of 8 to 10 populations with a
minimum of 100 mature, reproducing individuals per population for long-
lived perennials, 300 mature, reproducing individuals per population
for short-lived perennials, and 500 mature, reproducing individuals per
population for annuals. (There is one specific exception to this
general recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for species that are
believed to be very narrowly distributed on a single island. The
recovery goal for Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum is one
population of more than 50,000 individuals, and the critical habitat
designations reflect this exception for this species.)
To be considered recovered, the populations of a multi-island
species should be distributed among the islands of its known historic
range (Service 1995a, 1995b, 1996a, 1996b, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999,
2001). A population, for the purposes of this discussion and as defined
in the recovery plans for these species, is a unit in which the
individuals could be regularly cross-pollinated and influenced by the
same small-scale events (such as landslides), and that contains a
minimum of 100, 300, or 500 mature, reproducing individuals, depending
on whether the species is a long-lived perennial, short-lived
perennial, or annual.
By adopting the specific recovery objectives enumerated above, the
adverse effects of genetic inbreeding and random environmental events
and catastrophes, such as landslides, hurricanes, or tsunamis, which
could destroy a large percentage of a species at any one time, may be
reduced (Menges 1990; Podolsky 2001). These recovery objectives were
initially developed by the HPPRCC and are found in all of the recovery
plans for these species. While they are expected to be further refined
as more information on the population biology of each species becomes
available, the justification for these objectives is found in the
current conservation biology literature addressing the conservation of
rare and endangered plants and animals (Beissinger and Westphal 1998;
Burgman et al. 2001; Falk et al. 1996; Ginzburg et al. 1990; Hendrix
and Kyhl 2000; Karieva and Wennergren 1995; Luijten et al. 2000; Meffe
and Carroll 1996; Menges 1990; Murphy et al. 1990; Podolsky 2001;
Quintana-Ascencio and Menges 1996; Taylor 1995; Tear et al. 1995; Wolf
and Harrison 2001). The overall goal of recovery in the short-term is a
successful population that can carry on basic life history processes,
such as establishment, reproduction, and dispersal, at a level where
the probability of extinction is low. In the long-term, the species and
its populations should be at a reduced risk
[[Page 25996]]
of extinction and be adaptable to environmental change through
evolution and migration.
Many aspects of a species' life history are typically considered to
determine guidelines for its interim stability and recovery, including
longevity, breeding system, growth form, fecundity, ramet (a plant that
is an independent member of a clone) production, survivorship, seed
longevity, environmental variation, and successional stage of the
habitat. Hawaiian species are poorly studied, and the only one of these
characteristics that can be uniformly applied to all Hawaiian plant
species is longevity (i.e., long-lived perennial, short-lived
perennial, and annual). In general, long-lived woody perennial species
would be expected to be viable at population levels of 50 to 250
individuals per population, while short-lived perennial species would
be viable at population levels of 1,500 to 2,500 individuals or more
per population. These population numbers were refined for Hawaiian
plant species by the HPPRCC (1994) due to the restricted distribution
of suitable habitat typical of Hawaiian plants and the likelihood of
smaller genetic diversity of several species that evolved from one
single introduction. For recovery of Hawaiian plants, the HPPRCC
recommended a general recovery guideline of 100 mature, reproducing
individuals per population for long-lived perennial species, 300
mature, reproducing individuals per population for short-lived
perennial species, and 500 mature, reproducing individuals per
population for annual species.
The HPPRCC also recommended the conservation and establishment of 8
to 10 populations to address the numerous risks to the long-term
survival and conservation of Hawaiian plant species. Although absent
the detailed information inherent to the types of population viability
analysis models described above (Burgman et al. 2001), this approach
employs two widely recognized and scientifically accepted goals for
promoting viable populations of listed species: (1) Creation or
maintenance of multiple populations so that a single or series of
catastrophic events cannot destroy the entire listed species (Luijten
et al. 2000; Menges 1990; Quintana-Ascencio and Menges 1996); and (2)
increasing the size of each population in the respective critical
habitat units to a level where the threats of genetic, demographic, and
normal environmental uncertainties are diminished (Hendrix and Kyhl
2000; Luijten et al. 2000; Meffe and Carroll 1996; Podolsky 2001;
Service 1997; Tear et al. 1995; Wolf and Harrison 2001). In general,
the larger the number of populations and the larger the size of each
population, the lower the probability of extinction (Meffe and Carroll
1996; Raup 1991). This basic conservation principle of redundancy
applies to Hawaiian plant species. By maintaining 8 to 10 viable
populations in several critical habitat units, the threats represented
by a fluctuating environment are alleviated and the species has a
greater likelihood of achieving long-term survival and recovery.
Conversely, loss of one or more of the plant populations within any
critical habitat unit could result in an increase in the risk that the
entire listed species may not survive and recover.
Due to the reduced size of suitable habitat areas for these
Hawaiian plant species, they are now more susceptible to the variations
and weather fluctuations affecting quality and quantity of available
habitat, as well as direct pressure from hundreds of species of
nonnative plants and animals. Establishing and conserving 8 to10 viable
populations on one or more islands within the historic range of the
species will provide each species with a reasonable expectation of
persistence and eventual recovery, even with the high potential that
one or more of these populations will be eliminated by normal or random
adverse events, such as the hurricanes that occurred in 1982 and 1992
on Kauai, fires, and nonnative plant invasions (HPPRCC 1994; Luijten et
al. 2000; Mangel and Tier 1994; Pimm et al. 1998; Stacey and Taper
1992). We conclude that designation of adequate suitable habitat for 8
to 10 populations as critical habitat is essential to give the species
a reasonable likelihood of long-term survival and conservation, based
on currently available information.
In summary, the long-term survival and conservation of Hawaiian
plant species requires the designation of critical habitat units on one
or more of the Hawaiian islands with suitable habitat for 8 to 10
populations of each plant species. Some of this habitat is currently
not known to be occupied by these species. To recover the species, it
is essential to conserve suitable habitat in these unoccupied units,
which in turn will allow for the establishment of additional
populations through natural recruitment or managed reintroductions.
Establishment of these additional populations will increase the
likelihood that the species will survive and recover in the face of
normal and stochastic events (e.g., hurricanes, fire, and nonnative
species introductions) (Mangel and Tier 1994; Pimm et al. 1998; Stacey
and Taper 1992).
In this rule, we have defined the primary constituent elements
based on the general habitat features of the areas from which the
plants are reported, such as the type of plant community, the
associated native plant species, the physical location (e.g., steep
rocky cliffs, talus slopes, stream banks), and elevation. The areas we
are designating as critical habitat provide some or all of the habitat
components essential for the conservation of the 60 plant species.
Our approach to delineating critical habitat units was applied in
the following manner:
(1) Critical habitat was proposed and will be designated on an
island by island basis for ease of understanding for landowners and the
public, for ease of conducting the public hearing process, and for ease
of conducting public outreach. In Hawaii, landowners and the public are
most interested and affected by issues centered on the island on which
they reside.
(2) We focused on designating units representative of the known
current and historical geographic and elevational range of each
species; and
(3) We designated critical habitat units to allow for expansion of
existing wild populations and reestablishment of wild populations
within the historic range, as recommended by the recovery plans for
each species.
The proposed critical habitat units were delineated by creating
rough units for each species by screen digitizing polygons (map units)
using ArcView (Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc.), a
computer GIS program. The polygons were created by overlaying current
and historic plant location points onto digital topographic maps of
each of the islands.
The resulting shape files (delineating historic elevational range
and potentially suitable habitat) were then evaluated. Elevation ranges
were further refined and land areas identified as not suitable for a
particular species (i.e., not containing the primary constituent
elements) were avoided. The resulting shape files for each species were
then considered to define all suitable habitat on the island, including
occupied and unoccupied habitat.
These shape files of suitable habitat were further evaluated.
Several factors were used to delineate the proposed critical habitat
units from these land areas. We reviewed the recovery objectives as
described above and in recovery plans for each of the species to
determine if the number of populations and population size requirements
needed for conservation would be available within the suitable habitat
units identified as containing the
[[Page 25997]]
appropriate primary constituent elements for each species. If more than
the area needed for the number of recovery populations was identified
as potentially suitable, only those areas within the least disturbed
suitable habitat were included as proposed critical habitat. A
population for this purpose is defined as a discrete aggregation of
individuals located a sufficient distance from a neighboring
aggregation such that the two are not affected by the same small-scale
events and are not believed to be consistently cross-pollinated. In the
absence of more specific information indicating the appropriate
distance to assure limited cross-pollination, we are using a distance
of 1,000 m (3,280 ft) based on our review of current literature on gene
flow (Barret and Kohn 1991; Fenster and Dudash 1994; Havens 1998;
Schierup and Christiansen 1996).
The resulting critical habitat units were further refined by using
satellite imagery and parcel data to eliminate areas that did not
contain the appropriate vegetation or associated native plant species,
as well as features such as cultivated agriculture fields, housing
developments, and other areas that are unlikely to contribute to the
conservation of one or more of the 61 plant species for which critical
habitat was proposed on April 3, 2002. Geographic features (ridge
lines, valleys, streams, coastlines, etc.) or manmade features (roads
or obvious land use) that created an obvious boundary for a unit were
used as unit area boundaries.
Following publication of the proposed critical habitat rules, some
of which were revised, for 255 Hawaiian plants (67 FR 3940, 67 FR 9806,
67 FR 15856, 67 FR 16492, 67 FR 34522, 67 FR 36968, 67 FR 37108), we
re-evaluated proposed critical habitat, Statewide, for each species
using the applicable recovery guidelines (generally 8 to 10 populations
with a minimum of 100 mature, reproducing individuals per population
for long-lived perennials; 300 mature, reproducing individuals per
population for short-lived perennials; and 500 mature, reproducing
individuals per population for annuals) to determine if we had
inadvertently proposed for designation too much or too little habitat
to meet the essential recovery goals of 8 to 10 populations per species
distributed among the islands of the species' known historic range
(HINHP Database 2000, 2001; Wagner et al. 1990, 1999).
Based on comments and information we received during the comment
periods, we assessed the proposed critical habitat in order to
ascertain which areas contained the highest quality habitat, had the
highest likelihood of species conservation, and were geographically
distributed within the species' historical range and located a
sufficient distance from each other such that populations of a single
species are unlikely to be impacted by a single catastrophic event. We
ranked areas of the proposed critical habitat by the quality of the
primary constituent elements (e.g., intact native plant communities,
predominance of associated native plants versus nonnative plants),
potential as a conservation area (e.g., whether the land is zoned for
conservation or whether the landowner is already participating in plant
conservation actions), and current or expected management of known
threats (e.g., ungulate control; weed control; nonnative insect, slug,
and snail control). Areas that are zoned for conservation or have been
identified as a State Forest Reserve, NAR, Wildlife Preserve, State
Park, or are managed for conservation by a private landowner have a
high likelihood of providing conservation benefit to the species and
are therefore more essential than other comparable habitat outside of
those types of areas.
Areas that contain high quality primary constituent elements and
conservation potential (e.g., are zoned for conservation and have
ongoing or expected threat abatement actions) were ranked the most
essential. This ranking process also included determining which
habitats were representative of the historic geographical and
ecological distributions of the species (see ``Primary Constituent
Elements''). Of these most essential areas, we selected adequate area
to provide for 8 to 10 populations distributed among the islands of
each species' historical range. Of the proposed critical habitat for a
species, areas that were not ranked most essential to provide habitat
for populations above the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations were
determined not essential for the conservation of the species and were
excluded from the final designation.
In selecting areas of designated critical habitat, we made an
effort to avoid developed areas, such as towns and other similar lands,
that are unlikely to contribute to the conservation of the 60 species.
However, the minimum mapping unit that we used to approximate our
delineation of critical habitat for these species did not allow us to
exclude all such developed areas from the maps. In addition, existing
manmade features and structures within the boundaries of the mapped
unit, such as buildings; roads; aqueducts and other water system
features--including but not limited to pumping stations, irrigation
ditches, pipelines, siphons, tunnels, water tanks, gaging stations,
intakes, reservoirs, diversions, flumes, and wells; existing trails;
campgrounds and their immediate surrounding landscaped area; scenic
lookouts; remote helicopter landing sites; existing fences;
telecommunications towers and associated structures and equipment;
electrical transmission lines and distribution, and communication
facilities and regularly maintained associated rights-of-way and access
ways; radars, and telemetry antennas; missile launch sites; arboreta
and gardens; heiau (indigenous places of worship or shrines) and other
archaeological sites; airports; other paved areas; and lawns and other
rural residential landscaped areas do not contain one or more of the
primary constituent elements and are therefore excluded under the terms
of the final regulation. Federal actions limited to those areas would
not trigger a section 7 consultation unless they affect the species or
primary constituent elements in adjacent critical habitat.
In summary, for these species we utilized the approved recovery
plan guidance to identify appropriately sized land units containing
essential occupied and unoccupied habitat. Based on the best available
information, we believe these areas constitute the essential habitat on
Maui and Kahoolawe to provide for the recovery of these 60 species.
The approximate areas of the designated critical habitat by land
ownership or jurisdiction are shown in Table 4.
[[Page 25998]]
Table 4.--Approximate Critical Habitat Designated Area by Unit and Land Ownership or Jurisdiction, Maui County,
Hawaii
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit name State/local Private Federal Total
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maui 1--Centaurium sebaeoides--a 70 ha (174 ac).... <1 ha (<1 ac)..... .................. 70 ha (174 ac)
Maui 1--Sesbania tomentosa--a... 38 ha (94 ac)..... <1 ha (<1 ac)..... .................. 38 ha (94 ac)
Maui 2--Brighamia rockii--a..... 5 ha (14 ac)...... <1 ha (<1 ac)..... .................. 5 ha (14 ac)
Maui 2--Brighamia rockii--b..... 17 ha (42 ac)..... <1 ha (<1 ac)..... .................. 17 ha (42 ac)
Maui 2--Centaurium sebaeoides--b 14 ha (35 ac)..... 12 ha (30 ac)..... .................. 26 ha (65 ac)
Maui 3--Brighamia rockii--c..... <1 ha (<1 ac)..... 3 ha (9 ac)....... .................. 3 ha (9 ac)
Maui 4--Brighamia rockii--d..... 1 ha (2 ac)....... .................. .................. 1 ha (2 ac)
Maui 4--Peucedanum sandwicense-- 1 ha (2 ac)....... .................. .................. 1 ha (2 ac)
a.
Maui 5--Brighamia rockii--e..... 7 ha (16 ac)...... .................. .................. 7 ha (16 ac)
Maui 6--Ischaemum byrone--a..... 15 ha (35 ac)..... 3 ha (7 ac)....... .................. 18 ha (42 ac)
Maui 6--Mariscus pennatiformis-- 17 ha (40 ac)..... 13 ha (34 ac)..... .................. 30 ha (74 ac)
a.
Maui 7--Ischaemum byrone--b..... 11 ha (27 ac)..... .................. .................. 11 ha (27 ac)
Maui 8--Cyanea copelandii ssp. 5 ha (13 ac)...... 496 ha (1,225 ac). .................. 501 ha (1,238 ac)
haleakalaensis--a.
Maui 8--Cyanea glabra--a........ 448 ha (1,108 ac). 2 ha (4 ac)....... .................. 450 ha (1,112 ac)
Maui 8--Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. 48 ha (119 ac).... 563 ha (1,390 ac). .................. 611 ha (1,509 ac)
hamatiflora--a.
Maui 8--Cyanea mceldowneyi--a... 489 ha (1,208 ac). 1,638 ha (4,047 .................. 2,127 ha (5,255
ac). ac)
Maui 8--Diplazium molokaiense--a 87 ha (214 ac).... 488 ha (1,206 ac). .................. 575 ha (1,420 ac)
Maui 8--Geranium multiflorum--a. .................. 46 ha (113 ac).... .................. 46 ha (113 ac)
Maui 8--Melicope balloui--a..... 73 ha (181 ac).... 78 ha (192 ac).... .................. 151 ha (373 ac)
Maui 8--Phlegmariurus mannii--a. 101 ha (251 ac)... 120 ha (297 ac)... .................. 221 ha (548 ac)
Maui 8--Phyllostegia mannii--a.. 2 ha (4 ac)....... 568 ha (1,404 ac). .................. 570 ha (1,408 ac)
Maui 8--Phyllostegia mollis--a.. 128 ha (316 ac)... .................. .................. 128 ha (316 ac)
Maui 8--Zanthoxylum hawaiiense-- 362 ha (894 ac)... 1 ha (1 ac)....... .................. 363 ha (895 ac)
a.
Maui 9--Alectryon macrococcus--a 1,893 ha (4,678 <1 ha (<1 ac)..... .................. 1,893 ha (4,678
ac). ac)
Maui 9--Argyroxiphium 2,117 ha (5,232 852 ha (2,105 ac). 5,996 ha (14,816 8,965 ha (22,153
sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum-- ac). ac). ac)
a.
Maui 9--Asplenium fragile var. .................. .................. 362 ha (894 ac)... 362 ha (894 ac)
insulare--a.
Maui 9--Bidens micrantha ssp. 390 ha (965 ac)... 629 ha (1,554 ac). 543 ha (1,343 ac). 1,562 ha (3,862
kalealaha--a. ac)
Maui 9--Bidens micrantha ssp. 2,115 ha (5,229 .................. .................. 2,115 ha (5,229
kalealaha--b. ac). ac)
Maui 9--Clermontia lindseyana--a 177 ha (438 ac)... .................. .................. 177 ha (438 ac)
Maui 9--Clermontia lindseyana--b 60 ha (149 ac).... .................. .................. 60 ha (149 ac)
Maui 9--Clermontia samuelii--a.. 2,777 ha (6,863 .................. 353 ha (872 ac)... 3,130 ha (7,735
ac). ac)
Maui 9--Cyanea copelandii ssp. 391 ha (966 ac)... .................. 1,318 ha (3,258 1,709 ha (4,224
haleakalaensis--b. ac). ac)
Maui 9--Cyanea glabra--b........ .................. .................. 649 ha (1,605 ac). 649 ha (1,605 ac)
Maui 9--Cyanea glabra--c........ 363 ha (897 ac)... .................. .................. 363 ha (897 ac)
Maui 9--Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. 203 ha (503 ac)... .................. 1,107 ha (2,732 1,310 ha (3,235
hamatiflora--b. ac). ac)
Maui 9--Diellia erecta--a....... 2 ha (6 ac)....... .................. .................. 2 ha (6 ac)
Maui 9--Diellia erecta--b....... 174 ha (432 ac)... .................. .................. 174 ha (432 ac)
Maui 9--Diplazium molokaiense--b 162 ha (401 ac)... .................. .................. 162 ha (401 ac)
Maui 9--Flueggea neowawraea--a.. 52 ha (128 ac).... .................. .................. 52 ha (128 ac)
Maui 9--Geranium arboreum--a.... 731 ha (1,806 ac). .................. .................. 731 ha (1,806 ac)
Maui 9--Geranium multiflorum--b. 322 ha (795 ac)... 297 ha (735 ac)... 4,198 ha (10,372 4,817 ha (11,902
ac). ac)
Maui 9--Geranium multiflorum--c. 183 ha (450 ac)... .................. .................. 183 ha (450 ac)
Maui 9--Lipochaeta kamolensis--a 1,472 ha (3,638 2 ha (6 ac)....... .................. 1,474 ha (3,644
ac). ac)
Maui 9--Melicope balloui--b..... .................. .................. 394 ha (972 ac)... 394 ha (972 ac)
Maui 9--Melicope knudsenii--a... 28 ha (69 ac)..... .................. .................. 28 ha (69 ac)
Maui 9--Melicope mucronulata--a. 34 ha (83 ac)..... .................. .................. 34 ha (83 ac)
Maui 9--Melicope ovalis--a...... 1 ha (2 ac)....... .................. 933 ha (2,304 ac). 934 ha (2,306 ac)
Maui 9--Neraudia sericea--a..... 623 ha (1,539 ac). .................. .................. 623 ha (1,539 ac)
Maui 9--Nototrichium humile--a.. 382 ha (944 ac)... 15 ha (38 ac)..... .................. 397 ha (982 ac)
Maui 9--Phlegmariurus mannii--b. 383 ha (947 ac)... .................. .................. 383 ha (947 ac)
Maui 9--Phlegmariurus mannii--c. 224 ha (554 ac)... .................. 252 ha (622 ac)... 476 ha (1,176 ac)
Maui 9--Phyllostegia mollis--b.. 509 ha (1,256 ac). .................. .................. 509 ha (1,256 ac)
Maui 9--Plantago princeps--a.... .................. .................. 164 ha (406 ac)... 164 ha (406 ac)
Maui 9--Platanthera holochila--a 32 ha (80 ac)..... .................. 208 ha (516 ac)... 240 ha (596 ac)
Maui 9--Schiedea haleakalensis-- .................. .................. 26 ha (64 ac)..... 26 ha (64 ac)
a.
Maui 9--Schiedea haleakalensis-- .................. .................. 77 ha (189 ac).... 77 ha (189 ac)
b.
Maui 10--Alectryon macrococcus-- 372 ha (918 ac)... 30 ha (75 ac)..... .................. 402 ha (993 ac)
b.
Maui 11--Lipochaeta kamolensis-- 42 ha (105 ac).... .................. .................. 42 ha (105 ac)
b.
Maui 12--Vigna o-wahuensis--a... 144 ha (356 ac)... .................. .................. 144 ha (356 ac)
Maui 13--Alectryon macrococcus-- 419 ha (1,033 ac). .................. .................. 419 ha (1,033 ac)
c.
Maui 13--Bonamia menziesii--a... 536 ha (1,325 ac). .................. .................. 536 ha (1,325 ac)
[[Page 25999]]
Maui 13--Cenchrus agrimonioides-- 237 ha (585 ac)... .................. .................. 237 ha (585 ac)
a.
Maui 13--Colubrina 739 ha (1,827 ac). .................. .................. 739 ha (1,827 ac)
oppositifolia--a.
Maui 13--Flueggea neowawraea--b. 50 ha (124 ac).... .................. .................. 50 ha (124 ac)
Maui 13--Melicope adscendens--a. 160 ha (398 ac)... .................. .................. 160 ha (398 ac)
Maui 13--Melicope knudsenii--b.. 163 ha (403 ac)... .................. .................. 163 ha (403 ac)
Maui 13--Melicope mucronulata--b 194 ha (481 ac)... .................. .................. 194 ha (481 ac)
Maui 13--Sesbania tomentosa--b.. 78 ha (193 ac).... 1 ha (2 ac)....... .................. 79 ha (195 ac)
Maui 13--Spermolepis 91 ha (224 ac).... .................. .................. 91 ha (224 ac)
hawaiiensis--a.
Maui 14--Geranium arboreum--b... 282 ha (697 ac)... 170 ha (418 ac)... .................. 452 ha (1,115 ac)
Maui 15--Geranium arboreum--c... 177 ha (437 ac)... 490 ha (1,211 ac). .................. 667 ha (1,648 ac)
Maui 16--Hibiscus brackenridgei-- .................. 212 ha (524 ac)... .................. 212 ha (524 ac)
a.
Maui 17--Alectryon macrococcus-- 209 ha (517 ac)... 181 ha (448 ac)... .................. 390 ha (965 ac)
d.
Maui 17--Alectryon macrococcus-- 110 ha (270 ac)... <1 ha (1 ac)...... .................. 110 ha (271 ac)
e.
Maui 17--Cenchrus agrimonioides-- 118 ha (292 ac)... <1 ha (1 ac)...... .................. 118 ha (293 ac)
b.
Maui 17--Clermontia oblongifolia 16 ha (40 ac)..... <1 ha (<1 ac)..... .................. 16 ha (40 ac)
ssp. mauiensis--a.
Maui 17--Clermontia oblongifolia 696 ha (1,720 ac). <1 ha (<1 ac)..... .................. 696 ha (1,720 ac)
ssp. mauniensis--b.
Maui 17--Clermontia oblongifolia 293 ha (726 ac)... <2 ha (6 ac)...... .................. 295 ha (732 ac)
ssp. mauiensis--c.
Maui 17--Colubrina 132 ha (327 ac)... 44 ha (108 ac).... .................. 176 ha (435 ac)
oppositifolia--b.
Maui 17--Ctenitis squamigera--a. 953 ha (2,356 ac). 1,026 ha (2,534 .................. 1,979 ha (4,890
ac). ac)
Maui 17--Ctenitis squamigera--b. 478 ha (1,181 ac). 338 ha (837 ac)... .................. 816 ha (2,018 ac)
Maui 17--Ctenitis squamigera--c. 137 ha (336 ac)... <1 ha (1 ac)...... .................. 137 ha (337 ac)
Maui 17--Cyanea glabra--d....... 255 ha (630 ac)... .................. .................. 255 ha (630 ac)
Maui 17--Cyanea glabra--e....... 264 ha (652 ac)... 207 ha (511 ac)... .................. 471 ha (1,163 ac)
Maui 17--Cyanea glabra--f....... 188 ha (463 ac)... <1 ha (1 ac)...... .................. 188 ha (464 ac)
Maui 17--Cyanea glabra--g....... .................. 79 ha (194 ac).... .................. 79 ha (194 ac)
Maui 17--Cyanea grimesiana ssp. 10 ha (24 ac)..... 911 ha (2,249 ac). .................. 921 ha (2,273 ac)
grimesiana--a.
Maui 17--Cyanea lobata--a....... 132 ha (322 ac)... <1 ha (1 ac)...... .................. 132 ha (323 ac)
Maui 17--Cyanea lobata--b....... 112 ha (276 ac)... 2 ha (5ac)........ .................. 114 ha (281 ac)
Maui 17--Cyanea lobata--c....... 578 ha (1,427 ac). <1 ha (<1 ac)..... .................. 578 ha (1,427 ac)
Maui 17--Cyrtandra munroi--a.... 156 ha (385 ac)... <1 ha (1 ac)...... .................. 156 ha (386 ac)
Maui 17--Cyrtandra munroi--b.... 25 ha (62 ac)..... 213 ha (528 ac)... .................. 238 ha (590 ac)
Maui 17--Cyrtandra munroi--c.... 603 ha (1,490 ac). <1 ha (<1 ac)..... .................. 603 ha (1,490 ac)
Maui 17--Diellia erecta--c...... 22 ha (55 ac)..... .................. .................. 22 ha (55 ac)
Maui 17--Diellia erecta--d...... .................. 70 ha (172 ac).... .................. 70 ha (172 ac)
Maui 17--Diellia erecta--e...... 12 ha (30 ac)..... .................. .................. 12 ha (30 ac)
Maui 17--Diellia erecta--f...... 14 ha (34 ac)..... .................. .................. 14 ha (34 ac)
Maui 17--Diplazium molokaiense-- 30 ha (74 ac)..... 1,465 ha (3,619 .................. 1,495 ha (3,693
c. ac). ac)
Maui 17--Dubautia plantaginea 66 ha (164 ac).... 227 ha (550 ac)... .................. 293 ha (723 ac)
ssp. humilis--a.
Maui 17--Dubautia plantaginea 68 ha (168 ac).... 46 ha (115 ac).... .................. 114 ha (283 ac)
ssp. humilis--b.
Maui 17--Dubautia plantaginea 27 ha (66 ac)..... 68 ha (168 ac).... .................. 95 ha (234 ac)
ssp. humulis--c.
Maui 17--Gouania vitifolia--a... 446 ha (1,103 ac). 40 ha (95 ac)..... .................. 486 ha (1,198 ac)
Maui 17--Hedyotis coriacea--a... 106 ha (262 ac)... <1 ha (<1 ac)..... .................. 106 ha (262 ac)
Maui 17--Hedyotis coriacea--b... 138 ha (340 ac)... .................. .................. 138 ha (340 ac)
Maui 17--Hedyotis mannii--a..... 572 ha (1,414 ac). 1,662 ha (4,107 .................. 2,234 ha (5,521
ac). ac)
Maui 17--Hesperomannia 378 ha (933 ac)... 14 ha (35 ac)..... .................. 392 ha (968 ac)
arbuscula--a.
Maui 17--Hesperomannia .................. 436 ha (1,076 ac). .................. 436 ha (1,076 ac)
arbuscula--b.
Maui 17--Hibiscus brackenridgei-- 593 ha (1,463 ac). 74 ha (182 ac).... .................. 667 ha (1,645 ac)
b.
Maui 17--Isodendrion pyrifolium-- 224 ha (555 ac)... <1 ha (<1 ac)..... .................. 224 ha (555 ac)
a.
Maui 17--Lysimachia lydgatei--a. 64 ha (157 ac).... 26 ha (64 ac)..... .................. 90 ha (221 ac)
Maui 17--Lysimachia lydgatei--b. 42 ha (104 ac).... 116 ha (287 ac)... .................. 158 ha (391 ac)
Maui 17--Lysimachia lydgatei--c. 19 ha (46 ac)..... 28 ha (70 ac)..... .................. 47 ha (116 ac)
Maui 17--Lysimachia lydgatei--d. 28 ha (70 ac).... 70 ha (172 ac)... .................. 98 ha (242 ac)
Maui 17--Lysimachia lydgatei--e. 18 ha (44 ac)..... .................. .................. 18 ha (44 ac)
Maui 17--Neraudia sericea--b.... 1,026 (2,538 ac).. ha 162 ha (400 ac) .................. 1,188 ha (2,938
ac)
Maui 17--Peucedanum sandwicense-- .................. 117 ha (289 ac)... .................. 117 ha (289 ac)
b.
Maui 17--Phlegmariurus mannii--d 57 ha (141 ac).... <1 ha (<1 ac)..... .................. 57 ha (141 ac)
Maui 17--Phlegmariurus mannii--e 29 ha (72 ac)..... 6 ha (15 ac)...... .................. 35 ha (87 ac)
Maui 17--Plantago princeps--b... 23 ha (57 ac)..... 304 ha (750 ac)... .................. 327 ha (807 ac)
[[Page 26000]]
Maui 17--Platanthera holochila-- 4 ha (10 ac)...... 4 ha (9 ac)....... .................. 8 ha (19 ac)
b.
Maui 17--Platanthera holochila-- 189 ha (466 ac)... <1 ha (<1 ac)..... .................. 189 ha (466 ac)
c.
Maui 17--Pteris lidgatei--a..... 504 ha (1,246 ac). 664 ha (1,641 ac). .................. 1,168 ha (2,887
ac)
Maui 17--Pteris lidgatei--b..... .................. 163 ha (403 ac)... .................. 163 ha (403 ac)
Maui 17--Remya mauiensis--a..... 227 ha (562 ac)... 1 ha (2 ac)....... .................. 228 ha (564 ac)
Maui 17--Remya mauiensis--b..... 366 ha (904 ac)... 201 ha (496 ac)... .................. 567 ha (1,400 ac)
Maui 17--Remya mauiensis--c..... 31 ha (78 ac)..... <1 ha (<1 ac)..... .................. 31 ha (78 ac)
Maui 17--Sanicula purpurea--a... 29 ha (70 ac)..... 5 ha (13 ac)...... .................. 34 ha (83 ac)
Maui 17--Sanicula purpurea--b... 97 ha (240 ac).... 209 ha (516 ac)... .................. 306 ha (756 ac)
Maui 17--Sanicula purpurea--c... .................. 8 ha (19 ac)...... .................. 8 ha (19 ac)
Maui 17--Spermolepis 23 ha (56 ac)..... .................. .................. 23 ha (56 ac)
hawaiiensis--b.
Maui 17--Tetramolopium 1,106 ha (2,732 676 ha (1,672 ac). .................. 1,782 ha (4,404
capillare--a. ac). ac)
Maui 17--Tetramolopium remyi--a. 216 ha (536 ac)... 71 ha (176 ac).... .................. 287 ha (712 ac)
Maui 18--Alectryon macrococcus-- 5 ha (11 ac)...... 3 ha (6 ac)....... .................. 8 ha (17 ac)
f.
Maui 18--Colubrina 38 ha (92 ac)..... 26 ha (63 ac)..... .................. 64 ha (155 ac)
oppositifolia--c.
Maui 18--Ctenitis squamigera--d. 10 ha (24 ac)..... 4 ha (10 ac)...... .................. 14 ha (34 ac)
Maui 18--Remya mauiensis--d..... 1 ha (3 ac)....... 1 ha (3 ac)....... .................. 2 ha (6 ac)
Kahoolawe 1--Kanaloa 562 ha (1,388 ac). .................. .................. 562 ha (1,388 ac)
kahoolawensis--a.
Kahoolawe 2--Kanaloa 613 ha (1,515 ac). .................. .................. 613 ha (1,515 ac)
kahoolawensis--b.
Kahoolawe 3--Kanaloa 5 ha (12 ac)...... .................. .................. 5 ha (12 ac)
kahoolawensis--c.
Total*...................... 21,229 ha......... 8,858 ha.......... 8,805 ha.......... 38,897 ha
(52,458 ac)....... (21,890 ac)....... (21,757 ac)....... (96,115 ac)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Totals take into consideration overlapping individual species units.
Table 5.--Approximate Final Critical Habitat Area (ha (ac)), Essential
Area, and Excluded Area on Maui and Kahoolawe
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Area considered essential on 48,352 ha (119,480 ac)
Maui.
Area not included because of 6,741 ha (16,657 ac)
special management or
protection (State upper Hanawi
NAR, ML&P Puu Kukui WMA, and
TNCH Kupunukea and Waikamoi
Preserves) on Maui.
Area excluded under 4(b)(2) 3,894 ha (9,622 ac)
(Haleakala and Ulupalakua
Ranches) on Maui.
Final Critical Habitat on Maui. 37,717 ha (93,200 ac)
Final Critical Habitat on 1,180 ha (2,915 ac)
Kahoolawe.
Total Critical Habitat on Maui 38,897 ha (96,115)
and Kahoolawe.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Critical habitat includes habitat for 59 species primarily in the
upland portions of Maui, and for one species on Kahoolawe. Lands
designated as critical habitat have been divided into a total of 139
units. A brief description of each unit is presented below.
Descriptions of Critical Habitat Units
Maui 9--Alectryon macrococcus--a
This unit is critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus and is
1,893 ha (4,678 ac) on State and privately owned lands. The unit
contains Auwahi and Manawainui gulches including portions of Lualailua
Hills, Puu Kao, and Kamole and Kepuni gulches. It, in combination with
Maui 10--Alectryon macrococcus--b, Maui 13--Alectryon macrococcus--c,
and land on Ulupalakua and Haleakala ranches, provides habitat for two
populations of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-lived
perennial A. macrococcus and is currently unoccupied. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, mesic to wetter mesic and upper
dryland forest. This unit is essential to conservation of the species
because it provides for two populations within this multi-island
species' historical range on Maui that are some distance away from the
other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all
populations important for the conservation of the species on the island
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 10--Alectryon macrococcus--b
This unit is critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus and is 402
ha (993 ac) on State (Kahikinui Forest Reserve) and privately owned
land. The unit contains land from Pahihi Gulch to Kahalulu Gulch. It,
in combination with Maui 9--Alectryon macrococcus--a, Maui 13--
Alectryon macrococcus--c, and Haleakala and Ulupalakua ranches,
provides habitat for two populations of 100 mature, reproducing
individuals of the long-lived perennial A. macrococcus and is currently
unoccupied. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, mesic to
wetter mesic and upper dryland forest. This unit is essential to
conservation of the species because it provides for two populations
within this multi-island species' historical range on Maui that are
some distance away from the other critical habitat for this species, in
order to avoid all populations important for the conservation of the
species on the island from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Maui 13--Alectryon macrococcus--c
This unit is critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus and is 419
ha (1,033 ac) on State-owned land (Kanaio NAR). The unit contains the
area below
[[Page 26001]]
Puu Ouli. It, in combination with Ulupalakua and Haleakala ranches, and
Maui 9--Alectryon macrococcus--a and Maui 10--Alectryon macrococcus--b,
provides habitat for 2 populations of 100 mature, reproducing
individuals of the long-lived perennial A. macrococcus and is currently
unoccupied. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, mesic to
wetter mesic and upper dryland forest. This unit is essential to
conservation of the species because it provides for two populations
within this multi-island species' historical range on Maui that are
some distance away from the other critical habitat for this species, in
order to avoid all populations important for the conservation of the
species on the island from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Alectryon macrococcus--d
This unit is critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus and is 390
ha (965 ac) on State (West Maui Forest Reserve and the Panaewa Section
of West Maui NAR) and privately owned land. The unit contains portions
of Wahikuli and Kealii gulches and Puuiki, Kahoma, and Kanaha streams.
It, in combination with Maui 17--Alectryon macrococcus--e, Maui 18--
Alectryon macrococcus--f, and Kapunakea Preserve, provides habitat for
two populations of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-
lived perennial A. macrococcus and is currently unoccupied. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, mesic to wetter mesic and upper
dryland forest. This unit is essential to conservation of the species
because it provides for two populations within this multi-island
species' historical range on Maui that are some distance away from the
other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all
populations important for the conservation of the species on the island
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Alectryon macrococcus--e
This unit is critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus and is 110
ha (271 ac) on State (West Maui Forest Reserve) and privately owned
land. The unit contains Honokowai Stream. It, in combination with Maui
17--Alectryon macrococcus--d, Maui 18--Alectryon macrococcus--f and
Kapunakea Preserve, provides habitat for two populations of 100 mature,
reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial A. macrococcus and
is currently occupied by three plants. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, mesic to wetter mesic and upper dryland forest. This unit
is essential to the conservation of the species because it supports an
extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is important
for the expansion of the present population. It is some distance away
from the other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all
populations important for the conservation of the species on the island
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 18--Alectryon macrococcus--f
This unit is critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus and is 8 ha
(17 ac) on State (West Maui Forest Reserve) and privately owned land.
The unit contains Honokawai Valley. It, in combination with Maui 17--
Alectryon macrococcus--d, Maui 17--Alectryon macrococcus--e, and
Kapunakea Preserve, provides habitat for two populations of 100 mature,
reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial A. macrococcus and
is currently unoccupied. The habitat features contained in this unit
that are essential for this species include, but are not limited to,
mesic to wetter mesic and upper dryland forest. This unit is essential
to conservation of the species because it provides for two populations
within this multi-island species' historical range on Maui that are
some distance away from the other critical habitat for this species, in
order to avoid all populations important for the conservation of the
species on the island from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Maui 9--Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum--a
This unit is critical habitat for Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp.
macrocephalum and is 8,965 ha (22,153 ac) on State (Kula and Kahikinui
Forest Reserve), Federal (Haleakala National Park), and privately owned
land. The unit contains portions of Halalii Summit, Haleakala Summit,
Haleakala Crater, Hanakauhi Summit, Haupaakea Peak Summit, Hina Summit,
Honokahua Summit, Ka Moa o Pele Summit, Kalahaku Pali, Kalepeamoa
Summit, Kalua Awa Summit, Kaluaiki Crater, Kaluanui Crater, Kaluu o ka
Oo Crater, Kamaolii Summit, Kanahau Summit, Keoneheehee Ridge, Kilohana
Summit, Kolekole Summit, Koolau Gap, and Kumuiilahi. It provides
habitat for one population of greater than 50,000 mature, reproducing
individuals of the long-lived perennial A. sandwicense ssp.
macrocephalum and is currently occupied by 39,000 to 44,000 plants. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, lava flows with almost no soil
development and otherwise barren, unstable slopes of recent (less than
several thousand years old) volcanic cinder cones subject to frequent
formation of ice at night and extreme heating during cloudless days
with an annual precipitation of approximately 75 to 250 cm (29.6 to
98.4 in). This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is important for the expansion of the present population.
Although we do not feel that there is enough habitat designatied to
reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations, this species is a very
narrow endemic in terms of its alpine habitat requirement, and probably
never naturally occurred in more than a single or a few populations.
Maui 9--Asplenium fragile var. insulare--a
This unit is critical habitat for Asplenium fragile var. insulare
and is 362 ha (894 ac) on federally owned land (Haleakala National
Park). The unit contains Koolau Gap. This unit, in combination with
Waikamoi Preserve, provides habitat for two populations of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial A. fragile var.
insulare and is currently unoccupied. The habitat features contained in
this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, streamside hollows and grottos in gulches. This unit is
essential to conservation of the species because it provides for two
populations within this multi-island species' historical range on Maui
that are some distance away from the other critical habitat for this
species, in order to avoid all populations important for the
conservation of the species on the island from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 9--Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha--a
This unit is critical habitat for Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha
and is 1,562 ha (3,862 ac) on State (Kahikinui Forest Reserve),
Federal, and privately owned land. The unit contains portions of
Kumuiilahi and Haleakala summits, Pukai, Pahihi, and Waioale gulches,
Haleakala Crater, and Kumuiliahi. It provides habitat for 3 populations
of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial B.
micrantha ssp. kalealaha and is currently occupied by two plants. The
habitat features
[[Page 26002]]
contained in this unit that are essential for this species include, but
are not limited to, blocky lava flows with little or no soil
development, deep pit craters, and sheer rock walls in open canopy
montane shrubland. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports an extant colony of this species and
includes habitat that is important for the expansion of the present
population. It is some distance away from the other critical habitat
for this species, in order to avoid all populations important for the
conservation of the species on the island from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 9--Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha--b
This unit is critical habitat for Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha
and is 2,115 ha (5,229 ac) on State-owned land (Kahikinui Forest
Reserve). The unit is between Kanaio and Auwahi. It provides habitat
for 4 populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-
lived perennial B. micrantha ssp. kalealaha and is currently occupied
by 10 plants. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, blocky lava
flows with little or no soil development, deep pit craters, and sheer
rock walls in open canopy montane shrubland. This unit is essential to
the conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is important for the expansion
of the present population. It is some distance away from the other
critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all populations
important for the conservation of the species on the island from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 13--Bonamia menziesii--a
This unit is critical habitat for Bonamia menziesii and is 536 ha
(1,325 ac) on State (Kanaio NAR) land. The unit lies in the area
between Kanaio and Auwahi. It provides habitat for one population of
300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial B.
menziesii and is currently occupied by 5 plants. The habitat features
contained in this unit that are essential for this species include, but
are not limited to, aa lava in mixed open dry forest; Erythrina
sandwicensis lowland dry forest, or mesic mixed Metrosideros polymorpha
forest. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is important for the expansion of the present population.
It is some distance away from the other critical habitat for this
species, in order to avoid all populations important for the
conservation of the species on the island from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 2--Brighamia rockii--a
This unit is critical habitat for Brighamia rockii and is 5 ha (14
ac) on State and privately owned land. The unit lies near Lahoole Cape.
This unit provides habitat for one population of 100 mature,
reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial B. rockii and is
currently unoccupied. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to, rock
crevices on steep sea cliffs, often within the spray zone. This unit is
essential to conservation of the species because it provides for one
population within this multi-island species' historical range on Maui
that is some distance away from the other critical habitat for this
species, in order to avoid all populations important for the
conservation of the species on the island from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 2--Brighamia rockii--b
This unit is critical habitat for Brighamia rockii and is 17 ha (42
ac) on State and privately owned land. The unit contains Kaemi,
Lahoole, and Moho capes, Makalina Valley, Waiokila and Waiolai gulches,
Makamakaole Stream, and Puu Makawana Summit. This unit provides habitat
for one population of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-
lived perennial B. rockii and is currently unoccupied. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, rock crevices on steep sea cliffs,
often within the spray zone. This unit is essential to conservation of
the species because it provides for one population within this multi-
island species' historical range on Maui that is some distance away
from the other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all
populations important for the conservation of the species on the island
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 3--Brighamia rockii--c
This unit is critical habitat for Brighamia rockii and is 3 ha (9
ac) on State and privately owned land. The unit contains Waikamoi
Stream, Waihanepee Stream, and Puohokamoa Stream. This unit in
combination with Maui 4--Brighamia rockii--d and Maui 5--Brighamia
rockii--e, provides habitat for one population of 100 mature,
reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial B. rockii and is
currently unoccupied. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to, rock
crevices on steep sea cliffs, often within the spray zone. This unit is
essential to conservation of the species because it provides for one
population within this multi-island species' historical range on Maui
that is some distance away from the other critical habitat for this
species, in order to avoid all populations important for the
conservation of the species on the island from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 4--Brighamia rockii--d
This unit is critical habitat for Brighamia rockii and is 1 ha (2
ac) on State-owned land. The unit contains all of Keopuka Rock. This
unit provides habitat for one population in combination with Maui 3--
Brighamia rockii--c and Maui 5--Brighamia rockii--e, of 100 mature,
reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial B. rockii and is
currently unoccupied. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to, rock
crevices on steep sea cliffs, often within the spray zone. This unit is
essential to conservation of the species because it provides for one
population within this multi-island species' historical range on Maui
that is some distance away from the other critical habitat for this
species, in order to avoid all populations important for the
conservation of the species on the island from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 5--Brighamia rockii--e
This unit is critical habitat for Brighamia rockii and is 7 ha (16
ac) on State-owned land. The unit contains Moiki Point and Haipuaena
Stream. This unit provides habitat for one population in combination
with Maui 3--Brighamia rockii--c and Maui 4--Brighamia rockii--d, of
100 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial B.
rockii and is currently unoccupied. The habitat features contained in
this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, rock crevices on steep sea cliffs, often within the spray
zone. This unit is essential to conservation of the species because it
provides for one population within this multi-island species'
historical range on Maui that is some distance away from the other
critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all populations
important for the conservation of the species on the
[[Page 26003]]
island from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic
event.
Maui 13--Cenchrus agrimonioides--a
This unit is critical habitat for Cenchrus agrimonioides and is 237
ha (585 ac) on State (Kanaio NAR) land. The unit contains land between
Kanaio and Auwahi. This unit provides habitat for one population of 300
mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial C.
agrimonioides and is currently occupied by between one and 10 plants.
The habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, dry forest or Pleomele sp.-
Diospyros sp. forest. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports an extant colony of this species and
includes habitat that is important for the expansion of the present
population. It is some distance away from the other critical habitat
for this species, in order to avoid all populations important for the
conservation of the species on the island from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Cenchrus agrimonioides--b
This unit is critical habitat for Cenchrus agrimonioides and is 118
ha (293 ac) on State (West Maui Forest Reserve and Manawainui Plant
Sanctuary) and privately owned land. The unit contains Papalaua and
Manawainui gulches and Hanaulaiki. This unit provides habitat for one
population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial C. agrimonioides and is currently unoccupied. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, dry forest or Pleomele sp.-Diospyros
sp. forest. This unit is essential to conservation of the species
because it provides for one population within this multi-island
species' historical range on Maui that is some distance away from the
other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all
populations important for the conservation of the species on the island
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 1--Centaurium sebaeoides--a
This unit is critical habitat for Centaurium sebaeoides and is 70
ha (174 ac) on non-managed State and privately owned land. The unit
contains Alapapa Gulch, Honanana Gulch, Mokolea Point, Owaluhi Gulch,
Papanahoa Gulch, Papanalahoa Point, Poelua Bay, and Poelua Gulch. It
provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial C. sebaeoides and is currently
occupied by one plant. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to, dry
forest or Pleomele sp.-Diospyros sp. forest. This unit is essential to
the conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is important for the expansion
of the present population. It is some distance away from the other
critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all populations
important for the conservation of the species on the island from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 2--Centaurium sebaeoides--b
This unit is critical habitat for Centaurium sebaeoides and is 26
ha (65 ac) on State and privately owned land. The unit contains Alapapa
Gulch, Honanana Gulch, Lahoole Cape, Makamakaole Stream, Moho Cape,
Mokolea Point, Owaluhi Gulch, Papanahoa Gulch, Papanalahoa Point,
Poelua Bay, Poelua Gulch, Waihee Stream, Waihee Valley, Waiokila Gulch,
and Waiolai Gulch. This unit provides habitat for one population of 300
mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial C.
sebaeoides and is currently occupied by 10 plants. The habitat features
contained in this unit that are essential for this species include, but
are not limited to, dry forest or Pleomele sp.-Diospyros sp. forest.
This unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports an extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is
important for the expansion of the present population. It is some
distance away from the other critical habitat for this species, in
order to avoid all populations important for the conservation of the
species on the island from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Maui 9--Clermontia lindseyana--a
This unit is critical habitat for Clermontia lindseyana and is 177
ha (438 ac) on State-owned land. The unit contains Manawainui Gulch.
This unit provides habitat for one population of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial C. lindseyana and
is currently occupied by 330 plants. The habitat features contained in
this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, Acacia koa mesic forest. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species. It is some distance away from the other critical habitat
for this species, in order to avoid all populations important for the
conservation of the species on the island from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 9--Clermontia lindseyana--b
This unit is critical habitat for Clermontia lindseyana and is 60
ha (149 ac) on State-owned land (Kula Forest Reserve). The unit
contains no named natural features. This unit provides habitat for one
population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial C. lindseyana and is currently unoccupied. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, Acacia koa mesic forest. This unit is
essential to conservation of the species because it provides for one
population within this multi-island species' historical range on Maui
that is some distance away from the other critical habitat for this
species, in order to avoid all populations important for the
conservation of the species on the island from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis--a
This unit is critical habitat for Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.
mauiensis and is 16 ha (40 ac) on State and privately owned land. The
unit contains no named natural features. This unit provides habitat for
one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-
lived perennial C. oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis and is currently
unoccupied. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, sides of
ridges and ridge tops in Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated montane
forest. This unit is essential to conservation of the species because
it provides for one population within this multi-island species'
historical range on Maui that is some distance away from the other
critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all populations
important for the conservation of the species on the island from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis--b
This unit is critical habitat for Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.
mauiensis and is 696 ha (1,720 ac) on State (Kahakuloa Section of the
West Maui NAR) and privately owned land. The unit contains Eke Crater,
Konanano Gulch, and Kahakuloa Valley. This unit provides habitat for 4
populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of
[[Page 26004]]
the short-lived perennial C. oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis and is
currently unoccupied. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to, sides
of ridges and ridge tops in Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated montane
forest. This unit is essential to conservation of the species because
it provides for four populations within this multi-island species'
historical range on Maui that are some distance away from the other
critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all populations
important for the conservation of the species on the island from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis--c
This unit is critical habitat for Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.
mauiensis and is 295 ha (732 ac) on State (Honokowai Section of the
West Maui NAR) and privately owned land. The unit contains Violet Lake,
Amalu and Kapaloa streams, and Honokowai Valley. This unit provides
habitat for two populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of
the short-lived perennial C. oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis and is
currently occupied by one plant. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, sides of ridges and ridge tops in Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated
montane forest. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports an extant colony of this species and
includes habitat that is important for the expansion of the present
population. It is some distance away from the other critical habitat
for this species, in order to avoid all populations important for the
conservation of the species on the island from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 9--Clermontia samuelii--a
This unit is critical habitat for Clermontia samuelii and is 3,130
ha (7,735 ac) on State (Hana and Koolau Forest Reserve) and federally
(Haleakala National Park) owned land. The unit contains Anapanapa Lake,
Heleleikeoha Stream, Kawakoe Valley, and Kawaipapa Stream. This unit
provides habitat for 5 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial C. samuelii and is currently
occupied by 5 plants. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to, wet
Metrosideros polymorpha and M. polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis forest
or wet M. polymorpha and M. polymorpha-Cheirodendron trigynum forest.
This unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports an extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is
important for the expansion of the present population. Although we do
not believe that there is enough habitat that currently exists to reach
the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for this island-endemic
species, this unit is of an appropriate size so that each potential
population important for the conservation of the species within the
unit is geographically separated enough to avoid their destruction by
one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 13--Colubrina oppositifolia--a
This unit is critical habitat for Colubrina oppositifolia and is
739 ha (1,827 ac) on State (Kanaio NAR) land. The unit contains land
between Kanaio and Auwahi. This unit provides habitat for one
population of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-lived
perennial C. oppositifolia and is currently unoccupied. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, lowland dry and mesic forests
dominated by Diospyros sandwicensis. This unit is essential to
conservation of the species because it provides for one population
within this multi-island species' historical range on Maui that is some
distance away from the other critical habitat for this species, in
order to avoid all populations important for the conservation of the
species on the island from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Colubrina oppositifolia--b
This unit is critical habitat for Colubrina oppositifolia and is
176 ha (435 ac) on State (Panaewa Section of the West Maui NAR) and
privately owned land. The unit contains Kahoma and Kanaha Valleys and
Halona Stream. This unit provides habitat for one population of 100
mature, reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial C.
oppositifolia and is currently unoccupied. The habitat features
contained in this unit that are essential for this species include, but
are not limited to, lowland dry and mesic forests dominated by
Diospyros sandwicensis. This unit is essential to conservation of the
species because it provides for one population within this multi-island
species' historical range on Maui that is some distance away from the
other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all
populations important for the conservation of the species on the island
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 18--Colubrina oppositifolia--c
This unit is critical habitat for Colubrina oppositifolia and is 64
ha (155 ac) on State (West Maui Forest Reserve) and privately owned
land. The unit contains Honokowai Valley. This unit provides habitat
for one population of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-
lived perennial C. oppositifolia and is currently occupied by one
plant. The habitat features contained in this unit that are essential
for this species include, but are not limited to, lowland dry and mesic
forests dominated by Diospyros sandwicensis. This unit is essential to
the conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is important for the expansion
of the present population. It is some distance away from the other
critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all populations
important for the conservation of the species on the island from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Ctenitis squamigera--a
This unit is critical habitat for Ctenitis squamigera and is 1,979
ha (4,890 ac) on State (West Maui Forest Reserve) and privately owned
land. The unit contains Hokuula and Puu Lio summits, Nakalaloa and
Poohahoahoa streams, and Kapilau Ridge. This unit provides habitat for
two populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-
lived perennial C. squamigera and is currently occupied by 30 plants.
The habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, forest understory in
Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet forest, mesic forest, or diverse
mesic forest. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is important for the expansion of the present population.
It is some distance away from the other critical habitat for this
species, in order to avoid all populations important for the
conservation of the species on the island from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Ctenitis squamigera--b
This unit is critical habitat for Ctenitis squamigera and is 816 ha
(2,018 ac) on State (Panaewa Section of the West Maui NAR and West Maui
Forest Reserve) and privately owned land. The unit contains Wahikuli,
Hahakea and
[[Page 26005]]
Puuiki gulches, and Kanaha Stream. This unit provides habitat for two
populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial C. squamigera and is currently occupied by one plant. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, forest understory in
Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet forest, mesic forest, or diverse
mesic forest. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is important for the expansion of the present population.
It is some distance away from the other critical habitat for this
species, in order to avoid all populations important for the
conservation of the species on the island from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Ctenitis squamigera--c
This unit is critical habitat for Ctenitis squamigera and is 137 ha
(337 ac) on State (Honokowai Section of the West Maui NAR and West Maui
Forest Reserve) and privately owned land. The unit contains Kapaloa and
Amalu Streams. This unit provides habitat for one population, in
combination with Maui 18--Ctenitis squamigera--d and Kapunakea
Preserve, of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial C. squamigera and is currently occupied by 21 plants. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, forest understory in
Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet forest, mesic forest, or diverse
mesic forest. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is important for the expansion of the present population.
It is some distance away from the other critical habitat for this
species, in order to avoid all populations important for the
conservation of the species on the island from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 18--Ctenitis squamigera--d
This unit is critical habitat for Ctenitis squamigera and is 14 ha
(34 ac) on State (West Maui Forest Reserve) and privately owned land.
The unit contains no named natural features and provides habitat for
one population in combination with Maui 17--Ctenitis squamigera--c and
Kapunakea Preserve of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-
lived perennial C. squamigera and is currently unoccupied. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, forest understory in Metrosideros
polymorpha montane wet forest, mesic forest, or diverse mesic forest.
This unit is essential to conservation of the species because it
provides for one population within this multi-island species'
historical range on Maui that is some distance away from the other
critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all populations
important for the conservation of the species on the island from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 8--Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis--a
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea copelandii ssp.
haleakalaensis and is 501 ha (1,238 ac) on State and privately owned
land. The unit contains Opana Gulch, Kailua Stream, and Haiku Uka. This
unit provides habitat for 3 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial C. copelandii ssp.
haleakalaensis and is currently occupied by one plant. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, stream banks and wet talus slopes.
This unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports an extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is
important for the expansion of the present population. It is some
distance away from the other critical habitat for this species, in
order to avoid all populations important for the conservation of the
species on the island from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Maui 9--Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis--b
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea copelandii ssp.
haleakalaensis and is 1,709 ha (4,224 ac) on State (Hana Forest
Reserve) and federally (Haleakala National Park) owned land. The unit
contains Kaumakani Summit, Puu Kue Summit, Kipahulu Valley, Kaukaui
Gulch, and Palikea Stream. It provides habitat for 5 populations of 300
mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial C.
copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis and is currently occupied by 200 plants.
The habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, stream banks and wet talus
slopes. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is important for the expansion of the present population.
It is some distance away from the other critical habitat for this
species, in order to avoid all populations important for the
conservation of the species on the island from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 8--Cyanea glabra--a
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea glabra and is 450 ha
(1,112 ac) on State (Makawao Forest Reserve) and privately owned land.
The unit contains Wiohiwi Gulch. It provides habitat for two
populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial C. glabra and is currently unoccupied. The habitat features
contained in this unit that are essential for this species include, but
are not limited to, soil and rock stream banks in wet lowland forest.
This unit is essential to conservation of the species because it
provides for two populations within this multi-island species'
historical range on Maui that are some distance away from the other
critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all populations
important for the conservation of the species on the island from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 9--Cyanea glabra--b
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea glabra and is 649 ha
(1,605 ac) on federally owned land (Haleakala National Park). The unit
contains Kipahulu Valley, Palikea Stream, and Kaukaui Gulch. It
provides habitat for two populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial C. glabra and is currently
unoccupied. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, soil and
rock stream banks in wet lowland forest. This unit is essential to
conservation of the species because it provides for two populations
within this multi-island species' historical range on Maui that are
some distance away from the other critical habitat for this species, in
order to avoid all populations important for the conservation of the
species on the island from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Maui 9--Cyanea glabra--c
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea glabra and is 363 ha (897
ac) on State (Hana Forest Reserve) land. The unit contains Waihoi
Valley. It provides habitat for one population of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial C. glabra and is
currently unoccupied. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to, soil
and rock stream
[[Page 26006]]
banks in wet lowland forest. This unit is essential to conservation of
the species because it provides for one population within this multi-
island species' historical range on Maui that is some distance away
from the other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all
populations important for the conservation of the species on the island
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Cyanea glabra--d
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea glabra and is 255 ha (630
ac) on State (West Maui Forest Reserve) land. The unit contains Olowalu
Valley and Stream. It provides habitat for one population of 300
mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial C. glabra
and is currently unoccupied. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, soil and rock stream banks in wet lowland forest. This unit is
essential to conservation of the species because it provides for one
population within this multi-island species' historical range on Maui
that is some distance away from the other critical habitat for this
species, in order to avoid all populations important for the
conservation of the species on the island from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Cyanea glabra--e
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea glabra and is 471 ha
(1,163 ac) on State (Panaewa Section of the West Maui NAR, and West
Maui Forest Reserve) and privately owned land. The unit contains
Waihikuli, Hahakea and Puuiki gulches, and Kanaha and Halona streams.
It provides habitat for two populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial C. glabra and is currently
unoccupied. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, soil and
rock stream banks in wet lowland forest. This unit is essential to
conservation of the species because it provides for two populations
within this multi-island species' historical range on Maui that are
some distance away from the other critical habitat for this species, in
order to avoid all populations important for the conservation of the
species on the island from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Cyanea glabra--f
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea glabra and is 188 ha (464
ac) on State (Honokowai Section of the West Maui NAR, and West Maui
Forest Reserve) and privately owned land. The unit contains Amalu and
Kapaloa streams. It provides habitat for one population of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial C. glabra and is
currently unoccupied. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to, soil
and rock stream banks in wet lowland forest. This unit is essential to
conservation of the species because it provides for one population
within this multi-island species' historical range on Maui that is some
distance away from the other critical habitat for this species, in
order to avoid all populations important for the conservation of the
species on the island from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Cyanea glabra--g
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea glabra and is 79 ha (194
ac) on privately owned land. The unit contains Kauaula Valley. It
provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial C. glabra and is currently
occupied by 12 plants. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to, soil
and rock stream banks in wet lowland forest. This unit is essential to
the conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is important for the expansion
of the present population. It is some distance away from the other
critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all populations
important for the conservation of the species on the island from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana--a
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
and is 921 ha (2,273 ac) on State (West Maui Forest Reserve) and
privately owned land. The unit contains the Needle Summit, Poohahouhoa
Stream, Nakalaloa Stream, and Iao Valley. It provides habitat for two
populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial C. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana and is currently occupied by
fewer than 5 plants. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to, rocky
or steep slopes of stream banks in wet forest gulch bottoms. This unit
is essential to the conservation of the species because it supports an
extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is important
for the expansion of the present population. It is some distance away
from the other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all
populations important for the conservation of the species on the island
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 8--Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora--a
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea hamatiflora ssp.
hamatiflora and is 611 ha (1,509 ac) on State (Koolau Forest Reserve)
and privately owned land. The unit contains Haipuaena Stream,
Puohokamoa Stream, and Waikamoi Stream. It provides habitat for 3
populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial C. hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora and is currently occupied by
5 plants. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, montane wet
forest dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha with a Cibotium sp. and/or
native shrub understory or closed Acacia koa-M. polymorpha wet forest.
This unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports an extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is
important for the expansion of the present population. It is some
distance away from the other critical habitat for this species, in
order to avoid all populations important for the conservation of the
species on the island from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Maui 9--Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora--b
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea hamatiflora ssp.
hamatiflora and is 1,310 ha (3,235 ac) on State (Kipahulu and Hana
Forest Reserve) and federally owned (Haleakala National Park) land. The
unit contains Puu Ahulili Summit, Kipahulu Valley, Kaumakani Summit,
Kaukaui Gulch, and Palikea Stream. It provides habitat for 5
populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial C. hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora and is currently occupied by
13 plants. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, montane wet
forest dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha with a Cibotium sp. and/or
native shrub understory or closed Acacia koa-M. polymorpha wet forest.
This unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports an extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is
important for the expansion of the present population. It is some
distance away from the other critical habitat for this species, in
order to avoid all populations important for
[[Page 26007]]
the conservation of the species on the island from being destroyed by
one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Cyanea lobata--a
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea lobata and is 132 ha (323
ac) on State (Honokowai Section of the West Maui NAR, and West Maui
Forest Reserve) and privately owned land. The unit contains Kapaloa and
Amalu Streams. It provides habitat for two populations of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial C. lobata and is
currently occupied by at least one plant. The habitat features
contained in this unit that are essential for this species include, but
are not limited to, steep stream banks in deep shade in wet forest.
This unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports an extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is
important for the expansion of the present population. It is some
distance away from the other critical habitat for this species, in
order to avoid all populations important for the conservation of the
species on the island from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Cyanea lobata--b
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea lobata and is 114 ha (281
ac) on State (Panaewa Section of the West Maui NAR) and privately owned
land. The unit contains Kauaula Stream. It provides habitat for two
populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial C. lobata and is currently unoccupied. The habitat features
contained in this unit that are essential for this species include, but
are not limited to, steep stream banks in deep shade in wet forest.
This unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
provides for two populations within this multi-island species'
historical range on Maui that are some distance away from the other
critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all populations
important for the conservation of the species on the island from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Cyanea lobata--c
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea lobata and is 578 ha
(1,427 ac) on State (Kahakuloa Section of the West Maui NAR) and
privately owned land. The unit contains Honanana and Kahakuloa Streams.
It provides habitat for 3 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial C. lobata and is currently
unoccupied. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, steep
stream banks in deep shade in wet forest. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it provides for three populations
within this multi-island species' historical range on Maui that are
some distance away from the other critical habitat for this species, in
order to avoid all populations important for the conservation of the
species on the island from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Maui 8--Cyanea mceldowneyi--a
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea mceldowneyi and is 2,127
ha (5,255 ac) on State (Makawao and Koolau Forest Reserves) and
privately owned land. The unit contains area from Kahakapau Gulch to
the rim of Keanae Valley. It provides habitat for 5 populations of 300
mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial C.
mceldowneyi and is currently occupied by 33 plants. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, montane wet and mesic forest with
mixed Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is important for the expansion
of the present population. Although we do not feel that there is enough
habitat that currently exists to reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10
populations for this island-endemic species, this unit is of an
appropriate size so that each potential population important for the
conservation of the species within the unit is geographically separated
enough to avoid their destruction by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Cyrtandra munroi--a
This unit is critical habitat for Cyrtandra munroi and is 156 ha
(386 ac) on State (Honokowai Section of the West Maui NAR, and West
Maui Forest Reserve) and privately owned land. The unit contains Amalu
Stream. It provides habitat for two populations of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial C. munroi and is
currently unoccupied. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to, moist
to wet, moderately steep talus slopes. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it provides for two populations
within this multi-island species' historical range on Maui that are
some distance away from the other critical habitat for this species, in
order to avoid all populations important for the conservation of the
species on the island from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Cyrtandra munroi--b
This unit is critical habitat for Cyrtandra munroi and is 238 ha
(590 ac) on State and privately owned land. The unit contains Hahakea
and Puuiki gulches and Kahoma Stream. It provides habitat for two
populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial C. munroi and is currently occupied by at least one plant.
The habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, moist to wet, moderately steep
talus slopes. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is important for the expansion of the present population.
It is some distance away from the other critical habitat for this
species, in order to avoid all populations important for the
conservation of the species on the island from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Cyrtandra munroi--c
This unit is critical habitat for Cyrtandra munroi and is 603 ha
(1,490 ac) on State (Kahakuloa Section of the West Maui NAR) and
privately owned land. The unit contains Kahakuloa Valley, Honanana
Gulch, Keahikauo, and Makamakaole Stream. It provides habitat for 3
populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial C. munroi and is currently unoccupied. The habitat features
contained in this unit that are essential for this species include, but
are not limited to, moist to wet, moderately steep talus slopes. This
unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
provides for three populations within this multi-island species'
historical range on Maui that are some distance away from the other
critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all populations
important for the conservation of the species on the island from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 9--Diellia erecta--a
This unit is critical habitat for Diellia erecta and is 2 ha (6 ac)
on State-owned land (Kula Forest Reserve). The unit contains no named
natural features. It provides habitat for one population of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial D. erecta and is
currently unoccupied. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are
[[Page 26008]]
not limited to, granular soil with leaf litter and moss on north-facing
slopes in deep shade or gulch bottoms. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it provides for one population
within this multi-island species' historical range on Maui that is some
distance away from the other critical habitat for this species, in
order to avoid all populations important for the conservation of the
species on the island from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Maui 9--Diellia erecta--b
This unit is critical habitat for Diellia erecta and is 174 ha (432
ac) on State-owned land. The unit contains Puu Pane. It provides
habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of
the short-lived perennial D. erecta and is currently unoccupied. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, granular soil with leaf litter
and moss on north-facing slopes in deep shade or gulch bottoms. This
unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
provides for one population within this multi-island species'
historical range on Maui that is some distance away from the other
critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all populations
important for the conservation of the species on the island from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Diellia erecta--c
This unit is critical habitat for Diellia erecta and is 22 ha (55
ac) on State (West Maui Forest Reserve) land. The unit contains
Papalaua Gulch. It provides habitat for one population;in combination
with Maui 17--Diellia erecta--e and Maui 17--Diellia erecta--f, f 300
mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial D. erecta
and is currently unoccupied. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, granular soil with leaf litter and moss on north-facing slopes in
deep shade or gulch bottoms. This unit is essential to the conservation
of the species because it provides for one population within this
multi-island species' historical range on Maui that is some distance
away from the other critical habitat for this species, in order to
avoid all populations important for the conservation of the species on
the island from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic
event.
Maui 17--Diellia erecta--d
This unit is critical habitat for Diellia erecta and is 70 ha (172
ac) on privately owned land. The unit contains Iao Valley. It provides
habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of
the short-lived perennial D. erecta and is currently occupied by 20
plants. The habitat features contained in this unit that are essential
for this species include, but are not limited to, granular soil with
leaf litter and moss on north-facing slopes in deep shade or gulch
bottoms. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is important for the expansion of the present population.
It is some distance away from the other critical habitat for this
species, in order to avoid all populations important for the
conservation of the species on the island from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Diellia erecta--e
This unit is critical habitat for Diellia erecta and is 12 ha (30
ac) on State (Manawainui Plant Sanctuary) land. The unit contains no
named natural features. It provides habitat for one population,in
combination with Maui 17--Diellia erecta--c and Maui 17--Diellia
erecta--f, of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial D. erecta and is currently occupied by at least one plant.
The habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, granular soil with leaf litter
and moss on north-facing slopes in deep shade or gulch bottoms. This
unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports an extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is
important for the expansion of the present population. It is some
distance away from the other critical habitat for this species, in
order to avoid all populations important for the conservation of the
species on the island from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Diellia erecta--f
This unit is critical habitat for Diellia erecta and is 14 ha (34
ac) on State-owned land (West Maui Forest Reserve). The unit contains
Hanaulaiki. It provides habitat for one population in combination with
Maui 17--Diellia erecta--c and Maui 17--Diellia erecta--e, of 300
mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial D. erecta
and is currently occupied by one plant. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, granular soil with leaf litter and moss on north-facing
slopes in deep shade or gulch bottoms. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is important for the expansion
of the present population. It is some distance away from the other
critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all populations
important for the conservation of the species on the island from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 8--Diplazium molokaiense--a
This unit is critical habitat for Diplazium molokaiense and is 575
ha (1,420 ac) on State (Makawao Forest Reserve) and privately owned
land. The unit contains Puu o Kakae, Waikamoi, Honomanu, and Piinaau
streams. It provides habitat for two populations of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial D. molokaiense and
is currently occupied by at least one plant. The habitat features
contained in this unit that are essential for this species include, but
are not limited to, land near water courses, often in proximity to
waterfalls, in lowland or montane mesic forests. This unit is essential
to the conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony
of this species and includes habitat that is important for the
expansion of the present population. It is some distance away from the
other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all
populations important for the conservation of the species on the island
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 9--Diplazium molokaiense--b
This unit is critical habitat for Diplazium molokaiense and is 162
ha (401 ac) on State-owned land. The unit contains Manawainui Stream.
It provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial D. molokaiense and is
currently unoccupied. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to, land
near water courses, often in proximity to waterfalls, in lowland or
montane mesic forests. This unit is essential to the conservation of
the species because it provides for one population within this multi-
island species' historical range on Maui that is some distance away
from the other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all
populations important for the conservation of the species on the
[[Page 26009]]
island from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic
event.
Maui 17--Diplazium molokaiense--c
This unit is critical habitat for Diplazium molokaiense and is
1,495 ha (3,693 ac) on State (West Maui Forest Reserve) and privately
owned land. The unit contains the Needle Summit, Poohahouhoa and
Nakalaloa streams, and Iao Valley). It provides habitat for three
populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial D. molokaiense and is currently unoccupied. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, land near water courses, often in
proximity to waterfalls, in lowland or montane mesic forests. This unit
is essential to the conservation of the species because it provides for
three populations within this multi-island species' historical range on
Maui that is some distance away from the other critical habitat for
this species, in order to avoid all populations important for the
conservation of the species on the island from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis--a
This unit is critical habitat for Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis
and is 293 ha (723 ac) on State (West Maui Forest Reserve) and
privately owned land. The unit contains Kauaula Valley and Stream and
Niupoko. It provides habitat for three populations of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial D. plantaginea
ssp. humilis and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports habitat that is
necessary to the establishment of additional populations on Maui in
order to reach recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, wet, barren, steep, rocky, wind-blown cliffs. Although we do not
believe that there is enough habitat that currently exists to reach the
recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for this island-endemic species
this unit is some distance away from the other critical habitat for
this species, in order to avoid all populations important for the
conservation of the species from being destroyed by one naturally
occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis--b
This unit is critical habitat for Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis
and is 114 ha (283 ac) on State (West Maui Forest Reserve) and
privately owned land. The unit contains Lihau Summit and Olowalu
Valley. It provides habitat for two populations of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial D. plantaginea
ssp. humilis and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports habitat that is
necessary to the establishment of additional populations on Maui in
order to reach recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, wet, barren, steep, rocky, wind-blown cliffs. Although we do not
believe that there is enough habitat that currently exists to reach the
recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for this island-endemic species,
this unit is some distance away from the other critical habitat for
this species in order to avoid all populations important for the
conservation of the species from being destroyed by one naturally
occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis--c
This unit is critical habitat for Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis
and is 95 ha (234 ac) on State (West Maui Forest Reserve) and privately
owned land. The unit contains Iao Valley and Needle and Au Stream. It
provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial D. plantaginea ssp. humilis
and is currently occupied by 65 plants. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, wet, barren, steep, rocky, wind-blown cliffs. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports an
extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is important
for the expansion of the present population. Although we do not believe
that there is enough habitat that currently exists to reach the
recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for this island-endemic species,
this unit some distance away from the other critical habitat for this
species in order to avoid all populations important for the
conservation of the species from being destroyed by one naturally
occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 9--Flueggea neowawraea--a
This unit is critical habitat for Flueggea neowawraea and is 52 ha
(128 ac) on State-owned land (Department of Hawaiian Home Lands
(DHHL)). The unit contains Lualailua Hills. It provides habitat for one
population in combination with Ulupalakua Ranch of 100 mature,
reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial F. neowawraea and
is currently occupied by 4 plants. The habitat features contained in
this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, dry or mesic forest. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is important for the expansion
of the present population. It is some distance away from the other
critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all populations
important for the conservation of the species on the island from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 13--Flueggea neowawraea--b
This unit is critical habitat for Flueggea neowawraea and is 50 ha
(124 ac) on State-owned land. The unit contains land west of Auwahi
Gulch and south of Puu Ouli. In combination with Ulupalakua Ranch and
Maui 9--Flueggea neowawraea--a, it provides habitat for one population
of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial F.
neowawraea and is currently unoccupied. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, dry or mesic forest. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it provides for one population
within this multi-island species' historical range on Maui that is some
distance away from the other critical habitat for this species, in
order to avoid all populations important for the conservation of the
species on the island from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Maui 9--Geranium arboreum--a
This unit is critical habitat for Geranium arboreum and is 731 ha
(1,806 ac) on State (Kula Forest Reserve) land. The unit contains
Polipoli Summit. It provides habitat for 4 populations of 100 mature,
reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial G. arboreum and is
currently occupied by 12 plants. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, steep, damp, and shaded narrow canyons and gulches, steep banks,
and intermittent streams. This unit is essential to the conservation of
the species because it supports an extant colony of this species and
includes habitat that is important for the expansion of the present
population. Although we do not feel that there is enough habitat that
currently exists to reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for
this island-endemic species, the units are of an appropriate
[[Page 26010]]
distance apart to avoid their destruction by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Maui 14--Geranium arboreum--b
This unit is critical habitat for Geranium arboreum and is 452 ha
(1,115 ac) on State (Kula Forest Reserve) and privately owned land. The
unit contains Waiohuli Gulch. It provides habitat for one population of
100 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial G.
arboreum and is currently occupied by 22 plants. The habitat features
contained in this unit that are essential for this species include, but
are not limited to, steep, damp, and shaded narrow canyons and gulches,
steep banks, and intermittent streams. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is important for the expansion
of the present population. It is some distance away from the other
critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all populations
important for the conservation of the species on the island from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 15--Geranium arboreum--c
This unit is critical habitat for Geranium arboreum and is 667 ha
(1,648 ac) on State (Kula Forest Reserve) and privately owned land. The
unit contains land from Waiakoa to Kamehamenui. It provides habitat for
two populations of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-
lived perennial G. arboreum and is currently occupied by two plants.
The habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, steep, damp, and shaded narrow
canyons and gulches, steep banks, and intermittent streams. This unit
is essential to the conservation of the species because it supports an
extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is important
for the expansion of the present population. Although we do not feel
that there is enough habitat that currently exists to reach the
recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for this island-endemic species,
the units are of an appropriate distance apart to avoid their
destruction by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 8--Geranium multiflorum--a
This unit is critical habitat for Geranium multiflorum and is 46 ha
(113 ac) on privately owned land. The unit contains Honomanu and
Piihaau streams. It provides habitat for one population in combination
with Waikamoi Preserve of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of the
long-lived perennial G. multiflorum and is currently unoccupied. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, wet or mesic Metrosideros
polymorpha montane forest or alpine mesic forest, Leptecophylla
tameiameiae shrubland, Sophora chrysophylla subalpine dry forest, open
sedge swamps, fog-swept lava flows, or montane grasslands. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it provides for
one population within this multi-island species' historical range on
Maui that is some distance away from the other critical habitat for
this species, in order to avoid all populations important for the
conservation of the species on the island from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 9--Geranium multiflorum--b
This unit is critical habitat for Geranium multiflorum and is 4,817
ha (11,902 ac) on State (Koolau Forest Reserve), Federal (Haleakala
National Park), and privately owned land. The unit contains Anapanapa
Lake, Halalii Summit, Haleakala Crater, Hanakauhi Summit, Hina, Mauna
Summit, Honokahua Summit, Ka Moa o Pele Summit, Kalapawili Ridge, Kalua
Awa Summit, Kaluaiki Crater, Kaluanui Crater, Koolau Gap, Kuiki Summit,
Laie Cave, Laie Puu Summit, Lauulu Summit, Namana o ke Akua Summit,
Oili Puu Summit, Pohaku Palaha Summit, Puu Alaea Summit, Puu Kauaua
Summit, Puu Kumu Summit, Puu Maile Summit, Puu Mamane Summit, Puu Naue
Summit, Puu Nole Summit, and Waikekeehia. It provides habitat for 6
populations of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-lived
perennial G. multiflorum and is currently occupied by 122 plants. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, wet or mesic Metrosideros
polymorpha montane forest or alpine mesic forest, Leptecophylla
tameiameiae shrubland, Sophora chrysophylla subalpine dry forest, open
sedge swamps, fog-swept lava flows, or montane grasslands. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports an
extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is important
for the establishment of additional populations. It is some distance
away from the other critical habitat for this species, in order to
avoid all populations important for the conservation of the species on
the island from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic
event.
Maui 9--Geranium multiflorum--c
This unit is critical habitat for Geranium multiflorum and is 183
ha (450 ac) on State-owned land. The unit contains Manawainui Gulch. It
provides habitat for one population of 100 mature, reproducing
individuals of the long-lived perennial G. multiflorum and is currently
unoccupied. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, wet or
mesic Metrosideros polymorpha montane forest or alpine mesic forest,
Leptecophylla tameiameiae shrubland, Sophora chrysophylla subalpine dry
forest, open sedge swamps, fog-swept lava flows, or montane grasslands.
This unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
provides for one population within this multi-island species'
historical range on Maui that is some distance away from the other
critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all populations
important for the conservation of the species on the island from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Gouania vitifolia--a
This unit is critical habitat for Gouania vitifolia and is 486 ha
(1,198 ac) on State (Panaewa Section of the West Maui NAR) and
privately owned land. The unit contains Paupau Summit and Halona and
Kanaka streams. It provides habitat for one population of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial G. vitifolia and
is currently unoccupied. The habitat features contained in this unit
that are essential for this species include, but are not limited to,
the sides of ridges and gulches in dry to mesic forests. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it provides for
one population within this multi-island species' historical range on
Maui that is some distance away from the other critical habitat for
this species, in order to avoid all populations important for the
conservation of the species on the island from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Hedyotis coriacea--a
This unit is critical habitat for Hedyotis coriacea and is 106 ha
(262 ac) on State (Lihau Section of the West Maui NAR) and privately
owned land. The unit contains Olowalu Valley. It provides habitat for
one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-
lived perennial H. coriacea and is currently occupied by one plant. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, steep,
[[Page 26011]]
rocky slopes in dry lowland Dodonaea viscosa-dominated shrublands. This
unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports an extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is
important for the expansion of the present population. It is some
distance away from the other critical habitat for this species, in
order to avoid all populations important for the conservation of the
species on the island from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Hedyotis coriacea--b
This unit is critical habitat for Hedyotis coriacea and is 138 ha
(340 ac) on State-owned land (West Maui Forest Reserve). The unit
contains Ukumehame Valley. It provides habitat for one population of
300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial H.
coriacea and is currently unoccupied. The habitat features contained in
this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, steep, rocky slopes in dry lowland Dodonaea viscosa-
dominated shrublands. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it provides for one population within this multi-island
species' historical range on Maui that is some distance away from the
other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all
populations important for the conservation of the species on the island
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Hedyotis mannii--a
This unit is critical habitat for Hedyotis mannii and is 2,234 ha
(5,521 ac) on State (Panaewa Section of the West Maui NAR) and
privately owned land. The unit contains the Needle Summit, Poohahouhoa
Stream, Nakalaloa Stream, Iao Valley, Kauaula, Makila Stream, and
Kanaha Stream. It provides habitat for two populations of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial H. mannii and is
currently occupied by fewer than 10 plants. The habitat features
contained in this unit that are essential for this species include, but
are not limited to, basalt cliffs along stream banks in Metrosideros
polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis montane wet forest. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports an
extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is important
for the expansion of the present population. It is some distance away
from the other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all
populations important for the conservation of the species on the island
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Hesperomannia arbuscula--a
This unit is critical habitat for Hesperomannia arbuscula and is
392 ha (968 ac) on State (Panaewa Section of the West Maui NAR) and
privately owned land. The unit contains Panaewa Valley and Halona and
Kanaha streams. It provides habitat for two populations of 100 mature,
reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial H. arbuscula and is
currently unoccupied. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to, steep
forested slopes and ridges in mesic forest dominated by Metrosideros
polymorpha or Diospyros sandwicensis. This is essential to the
conservation of the species because it unit provides for two
populations within this multi-island species' historical range on Maui
that are some distance away from the other critical habitat for this
species, in order to avoid all populations important for the
conservation of the species on the island from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Hesperomannia arbuscula--b
This unit is critical habitat for Hesperomannia arbuscula and is
436 ha (1,076 ac) on privately owned land. The unit contains Iao Valley
and Needle, and Poohahaonao, Nakalaloa, and Kinihapai streams. It
provides habitat for 3 populations of 100 mature, reproducing
individuals of the long-lived perennial H. arbuscula and is currently
occupied by 10 plants. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to, steep
forested slopes and ridges in mesic forest dominated by Metrosideros
polymorpha or Diospyros sandwicensis. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is important for the expansion
of the present population. It is some distance away from the other
critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all populations
important for the conservation of the species on the island from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 16--Hibiscus brackenridgei--a
This unit is critical habitat for Hibiscus brackenridgei and is 212
ha (524 ac) on privately owned land. The unit contains Paleaanu and
Kaonohoa gulches and Kaunoahua Ridge. It provides habitat for one
population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial H. brackenridgei and is currently occupied by 8 plants. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, lowland dry forest, sometimes
with Erythrina sandwicensis as the dominant tree. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports an
extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is important
for the expansion of the present population. It is some distance away
from the other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all
populations important for the conservation of the species on the island
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Hibiscus brackenridgei--b
This unit is critical habitat for Hibiscus brackenridgei and is 667
ha (1,645 ac) on State (Lihau Section of the West Maui NAR, West Maui
Forest Reserve) and privately owned land. The unit contains Olowalu
Valley, Olowalu Stream, and Ukumehame. It provides habitat for two
populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial H. brackenridgei and is currently occupied by 14 plants. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, lowland dry forest, sometimes
with Erythrina sandwicensis as the dominant tree. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports an
extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is important
for the expansion of the present population. It is some distance away
from the other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all
populations important for the conservation of the species on the island
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 6--Ischaemum byrone--a
This unit is critical habitat for Ischaemum byrone and is 18 ha (42
ac) on State and privately owned land. The unit contains Kopiliula
Stream, Kapaula Gulch, Waiaaka Stream, Waiohue Bay and Paakea Gulch. It
provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial I. byrone and is currently
occupied by fewer than 10 plants. The habitat features contained in
this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, close proximity to the ocean, among rocks or on basalt
cliffs in windward coastal dry shrubland. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is important for the
[[Page 26012]]
expansion of the present population. It is some distance away from the
other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all
populations important for the conservation of the species on the island
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 7--Ischaemum byrone--b
This unit is critical habitat for Ischaemum byrone and is 11 ha (27
ac) on State-owned land (Waianapanapa State Park). The unit contains
Pailoa and Keawaiki Bays, and Pukaulaa Point. This unit provides
habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of
the short-lived perennial I. byrone and is currently occupied by 50 to
100 plants. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, close
proximity to the ocean, among rocks or on basalt cliffs in windward
coastal dry shrubland. This unit is essential to the conservation of
the species because it supports an extant colony of this species and
includes habitat that is important for the expansion of the present
population. It is some distance away from the other critical habitat
for this species, in order to avoid all populations important for the
conservation of the speciess on the island from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Isodendrion pyrifolium--a
This unit is critical habitat for Isodendrion pyrifolium and is 224
ha (555 ac) on State (Lihau Section of the West Maui NAR, West Maui
Forest Reserve) and privately owned land. The unit contains Olowalu
Valley, Olowalu Stream, and Ukumehame. It provides habitat for two
populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial I. pyrifolium and is currently unoccupied. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, close proximity to the ocean, among
rocks or on basalt cliffs in windward coastal dry shrubland. This unit
is essential to the conservation of the species because it provides for
two populations within this multi-island species' historical range on
Maui that are some distance away from the other critical habitat for
this species, in order to avoid all populations important for the
conservation of the species on the island from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 9--Lipochaeta kamolensis--a
This unit is critical habitat for Lipochaeta kamolensis and is
1,474 ha (3,644 ac) on State and privately owned land. The unit
contains Lualailua Hills and Manawainui, Kamole, and Palaha gulches. It
provides habitat for 4 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial L. kamolensis and is currently
occupied by 100 to 200 plants. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, gulches or gentle slopes outside gulches in dry shrubland. This
unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports an extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is
important for the expansion of the present population. Although we do
not believe that there is enough habitat that currently exists to reach
the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for this island-endemic
species, the units are of an appropriate distance apart to avoid their
destruction by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 11--Lipochaeta kamolensis--b
This unit is critical habitat for Lipochaeta kamolensis and is 42
ha (105 ac) on State-owned land. The unit contains Pahihi Gulch. It, in
combination with Haleakala Ranch lands, provides habitat for two
populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial L. kamolensis and is currently unoccupied. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports
habitat that is necessary to the establishment of additional
populations on Maui in order to reach recovery goals. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, gulches or gentle slopes outside
gulches in dry shrubland. Although we do not believe that there is
enough habitat that currently exists to reach the recovery goal of 8 to
10 populations for this island-endemic species, this unit is some
distance away from the other critical habitat for this species in order
to avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally
occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Lysimachia lydgatei--a
This unit is critical habitat for Lysimachia lydgatei and is 90 ha
(221 ac) on State (Lihau Section of the West Maui NAR, West Maui Forest
Reserve) and privately owned land. The unit contains Lihau Summit and
Olowalu Valley. It provides habitat for one population of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial L. lydgatei and is
currently occupied by 50 to 100 plants. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, sides of steep ridges in Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis-dominated wet to mesic shrubland or M.
polymorpha-Cheirodendron sp. montane forest. This unit is essential to
the conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is important for the expansion
of the present population. It is some distance away from the other
critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all populations
important for the conservation of the species on the island from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Lysimachia lydgatei--b
This unit is critical habitat for Lysimachia lydgatei and is 158 ha
(391 ac) on State (West Maui Forest Reserve) and privately owned land.
The unit contains Pohakea Gulch and Hanaula Summit. It, in combination
with Haleakala Ranch lands, provides habitat for 4 populations of 300
mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial L.
lydgatei and is currently unoccupied. The habitat features contained in
this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, sides of steep ridges in Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis-dominated wet to mesic shrubland or M.
polymorpha-Cheirodendron sp. montane forest. This unit is essential to
the conservation of the species because, in combination with Haleakala
Ranch, it provides for four populations within this multi-island
species' historical range on Maui that are some distance away from the
other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all
populations important for the conservation of the species on the island
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Lysimachia lydgatei--c
This unit is critical habitat for Lysimachia lydgatei and is 47 ha
(116 ac) on State (Panaewa Section of the West Maui NAR) and privately
owned land. The unit contains no named natural features. It, in
combination with Haleakala Ranch Lands, provides habitat for one
population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial L. lydgatei and is currently unoccupied. The habitat features
contained in this unit that are essential for this species include, but
are not limited to, sides of steep ridges in Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis-dominated wet to mesic shrubland or M.
polymorpha-Cheirodendron sp. montane forest. This unit is essential to
the conservation of the species because, in combination with Haleakala
Ranch, it provides for
[[Page 26013]]
one population within this multi-island species' historical range on
Maui that is some distance away from the other critical habitat for
this species, in order to avoid all populations important for the
conservation of the species on the island from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Lysimachia lydgatei--d
This unit is critical habitat for Lysimachia lydgatei and is 98 ha
(242 ac) on State (West Maui Forest Reserve) and privately owned land.
The unit contains Helu Summit. It provides habitat for one population
of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial L.
lydgatei and is currently occupied by 40 plants. The habitat features
contained in this unit that are essential for this species include, but
are not limited to, sides of steep ridges in Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis-dominated wet to mesic shrubland or M.
polymorpha-Cheirodendron sp. montane forest. This unit is essential to
the conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is important for the expansion
of the present population. It is some distance away from the other
critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all populations
important for the conservation of the species on the island from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Lysimachia lydgatei--e
This unit is critical habitat for Lysimachia lydgatei and is 18 ha
(44 ac) on State-owned land (West Maui Forest Reserve). The unit
contains Halepohaku Summit. It provides habitat for one population of
300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial L.
lydgatei and is currently occupied by 50 to 100 plants. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, sides of steep ridges in Metrosideros
polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis-dominated wet to mesic shrubland or
M. polymorpha-Cheirodendron sp. montane forest. This unit is essential
to the conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony
of this species and includes habitat that is important for the
expansion of the present population. It is some distance away from the
other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all
populations important for the conservation of the species on the island
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 6--Mariscus pennatiformis--a
This unit is critical habitat for Mariscus pennatiformis and is 30
ha (74 ac) on State and privately owned land. The unit contains Pahiha
Point, Kopiliula Stream, Paakea Gulch, Waiohue Bay, Waiaaka Stream,
Kapaula Gulch, and Hanawi Stream. It provides habitat for two
populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial M. pennatiformis and is currently occupied by two plants. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, cliffs with brown soil and
talus within reach of ocean spray. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is important for the expansion
of the present population. It is some distance away from the other
critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all populations
important for the conservation of the species on the island from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 13--Melicope adscendens--a
This unit is critical habitat for Melicope adscendens and is 160 ha
(398 ac) on State (Kanaio NAR) land. The unit contains no named natural
features. It, in combination with Ulupalakua Ranch land, provides
habitat for one population of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of
the long-lived perennial M. adscendens and is currently occupied by one
plant. The habitat features contained in this unit that are essential
for this species include, but are not limited to, aa lava with pockets
of soil in Nestegis sandwicensis-Pleomele auwahiensis-Dodonaea viscosa
lowland mesic forest or open dry forest. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is important for the expansion
of the present population. Although we do not believe that there is
enough habitat designated to reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10
populations, this species is a very narrow endemic and probably never
naturally occurred in more than a single or a few populations.
Maui 8--Melicope balloui--a
This unit is critical habitat for Melicope balloui and is 151 ha
(373 ac) on State (Makawao Forest Reserve) and privately owned land.
The unit contains Puu o Kakae. It, in combination with Waikamoi
Preserve land, provides habitat for one population of 100 mature,
reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial M. balloui and is
currently occupied by one plant. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, mesic to wet forest. This unit is essential to the conservation of
the species because it supports an extant colony of this species and
includes habitat that is important for the expansion of the present
population. Although we do not believe that there is enough habitat
that currently exists to reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations
for this island-endemic species, this unit is of an appropriate size so
that each potential population within the unit is geographically
separated enough to avoid their destruction by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Maui 9--Melicope balloui--b
This unit is critical habitat for Melicope balloui and is 394 ha
(972 ac) on federally owned land (Haleakala National Park). The unit
contains Kipahulu Valley and Palikea Stream. It provides habitat for
two populations of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-
lived perennial M. balloui and is currently occupied by 10 to 50
plants. The habitat features contained in this unit that are essential
for this species include, but are not limited to, mesic to wet forest.
This unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports an extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is
important for the expansion of the present population. Although we do
not believe that there is enough habitat that currently exists to reach
the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for this island-endemic
species, this unit is some distance away from the other critical
habitat for this species, in order to avoid all populations important
for the conservation of the species from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 9--Melicope knudsenii--a
This unit is critical habitat for Melicope knudsenii and is 28 ha
(69 ac) on State-owned land (Kanaio NAR). The unit contains no named
natural features. It, in combination with Ulupalakua Ranch land,
provides habitat for one population of 100 mature, reproducing
individuals of the long-lived perennial M. knudsenii and is currently
occupied by 12 plants. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to,
forested flats or talus slopes in Nestegis sandwicensis-Pleomele sp.
mixed open dry forests. This unit is essential to the conservation of
the species because it supports an extant
[[Page 26014]]
colony of this species and includes habitat that is important for the
expansion of the present population. It is some distance away from the
other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all
populations important for the conservation of the species on the island
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 13--Melicope knudsenii--b
This unit is critical habitat for Melicope knudsenii and is 163 ha
(403 ac) on State-owned land. The unit contains no named natural
features. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because, in combination with Ulupalakua Ranch, it provides habitat for
one population of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-lived
perennial M. knudsenii and is currently unoccupied. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, forested flats or talus slopes in
Nestegis sandwicensis-Pleomele sp. mixed open dry forests. This unit,
in combination with Ulupalakua Ranch, provides for one population
within this multi-island species' historical range on Maui that is some
distance away from the other critical habitat for this species, in
order to avoid all populations important for the conservation of the
species on the island from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Maui 9--Melicope mucronulata--a
This unit is critical habitat for Melicope mucronulata and is 34 ha
(83 ac) on State-owned land (Kanaio NAR). The unit contains no named
natural features. It, in combination with Ulupalakua Ranch, provides
habitat for one population of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of
the long-lived perennial M. mucronulata and is currently unoccupied.
The habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, gentle south-facing slopes in
lowland dry to mesic forest. This unit is essential to the conservation
of the species because, in combination with Haleakala Ranch, it
provides for one population within this multi-island species'
historical range on Maui that is some distance away from the other
critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all populations
important for the conservation of the species on the island from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 13--Melicope mucronulata--b
This unit is critical habitat for Melicope mucronulata and is 194
ha (481 ac) on State-owned land. The unit contains no named natural
features. It, in combination with Ulupalakua Ranch, provides habitat
for one population of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-
lived perennial M. mucronulata and is currently unoccupied. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, gentle south-facing slopes in lowland
dry to mesic forest. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because, in combination with Ulupalakua Ranch, it provides for
one population within this multi-island species' historical range on
Maui that is some distance away from the other critical habitat for
this species, in order to avoid all populations important for the
conservation of the species on the island from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 9--Melicope ovalis--a
This unit is critical habitat for Melicope ovalis and is 934 ha
(2,306 ac) on State and Federal (Haleakala National Park) land. The
unit contains Kipahulu Valley, Palikea Stream, and Kaukaui Gulch. It
provides habitat for 3 populations of 100 mature, reproducing
individuals of the long-lived perennial M. ovalis and is currently
occupied by 250 plants. The habitat features contained in this unit
that are essential for this species include, but are not limited to,
Acacia koa and Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated montane wet forests
along streams. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports an extant colony of this species and
includes habitat that is important for the expansion of the present
population. Although we do not believe that there is enough habitat
that currently exists to reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations
for this island-endemic species, this unit is of an appropriate size so
that each potential populations important for the conservation of the
specie within the unit is geographically separated enough to avoid
their destruction by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 9--Neraudia sericea--a
This unit is critical habitat for Neraudia sericea and is 623 ha
(1,539 ac) on State-owned land. The unit contains Manawainui Gulch,
Kamole Gulch and Puu Pane. It provides habitat for 3 populations of 300
mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial N. sericea
and is currently occupied by 4 plants. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, dry to mesic Metrosideros polymorpha-Dodonaea viscosa-
Leptecophylla tameiameiae shrubland or forest or Acacia koa forest.
This unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports an extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is
important for the expansion of the present population. It is some
distance away from the other critical habitat for this species, in
order to avoid all populations important for the conservation of the
species on the island from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Neraudia sericea--b
This unit is critical habitat for Neraudia sericea and is 1,188 ha
(2,938 ac) on State (Lihau Section of the West Maui NAR, West Maui
Forest Reserve) and privately owned land. The unit contains Olowalu
Valley, Pohakea, and Lihau, Hokuula, and Halepohaku summits. It
provides habitat for 4 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial N. sericea and is currently
occupied by one plant. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to, dry to
mesic Metrosideros polymorpha-Dodonaea viscosa-Leptecophylla
tameiameiae shrubland or forest or Acacia koa forest. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports an
extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is important
for the expansion of the present population. It is some distance away
from the other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all
recovery populations on the island from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 9--Nototrichium Humile--a
This unit is critical habitat for Nototrichium humile and is 397 ha
(982 ac) on State (DHHL) and privately owned land. The unit contains
Lualailua Hills. It provides habitat for two populations of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial N. humile and is
currently unoccupied. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to, old
cinder cones in dry shrubland. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it provides for two populations
within this multi-island species' historical range on Maui that are
some distance away from the other critical habitat for this species, in
order to avoid all populations important for the conservation of the
species on the island from being
[[Page 26015]]
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 4--Peucedanum sandwicense--a
This unit is critical habitat for Peucedanum sandwicense and is 1
ha (2 ac) on State-owned land. The unit contains all of Keopuka Rock.
It provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial P. sandwicense and is
currently occupied by 20 to 30 plants. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, sparsely vegetated steep to vertical cliff habitats with
little soil in mesic or coastal communities. This unit is essential to
the conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is important for the expansion
of the present population. It is some distance away from the other
critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all populations
important for the conservation of the species on the island from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Peucedanum sandwicense--b
This unit is critical habitat for Peucedanum sandwicense and is 117
ha (289 ac) on privately owned land. The unit contains Iao Valley. It
provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial P. sandwicense and is
currently unoccupied. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to,
sparsely vegetated steep to vertical cliff habitats with little soil in
mesic or coastal communities. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it provides for one population
within this multi-island species' historical range on Maui that is some
distance away from the other critical habitat for this species, in
order to avoid all populations important for the conservation of the
species on the island from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Maui 8--Phlegmariurus mannii--a
This unit is critical habitat for Phlegmariurus mannii and is 221
ha (548 ac) on State (Makawao Forest Reserve) and privately owned land.
The unit contains Puu o Kakae and Opana Gulch. It, in combination with
Waikamoi Preserve, provides habitat for two populations of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial P. mannii and is
currently occupied by at least one plant. The habitat features
contained in this unit that are essential for this species include, but
are not limited to, epiphytic growth on Metrosideros polymorpha,
Dodonaea viscosa, or Acacia koa trees in moist protected gulches or
mossy tussocks in mesic to wet montane M. polymorpha-Acacia koa
forests. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is important for the expansion of the present population.
It is some distance away from the other critical habitat for this
species, in order to avoid all populations important for the
conservation of the species on the island from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 9--Phlegmariurus mannii--b
This unit is critical habitat for Phlegmariurus mannii and is 383
ha (947 ac) on State-owned land. The unit contains Manawainui Gulch. It
provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial P. mannii and is currently
occupied by at least one plant. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, epiphytic growth on Metrosideros polymorpha, Dodonaea viscosa, or
Acacia koa trees in moist protected gulches or mossy tussocks in mesic
to wet montane M. polymorpha-Acacia koa forests. This unit is essential
to the conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony
of this species and includes habitat that is important for the
expansion of the present population. It is some distance away from the
other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all
populations important for the conservation of the species on the island
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 9--Phlegmariurus mannii--c
This unit is critical habitat for Phlegmariurus mannii and is 476
ha (1,176 ac) on State (Kipahulu Forest Reserve) and federally owned
land (Haleakala National Park). The unit contains Puu Anulili and
Manawainui Gulch. It provides habitat for 3 populations of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial P. mannii and is
currently occupied by two plants. The habitat features contained in
this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, epiphytic growth on Metrosideros polymorpha, Dodonaea
viscosa, or Acacia koa trees in moist protected gulches or mossy
tussocks in mesic to wet montane M. polymorpha-Acacia koa forests. This
unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports an extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is
important for the expansion of the present population. It is some
distance away from the other critical habitat for this species, in
order to avoid all populations important for the conservation of the
species on the island from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Phlegmariurus mannii--d
This unit is critical habitat for Phlegmariurus mannii and is 57 ha
(141 ac) on Dtate (Honokowai Section of the West Maui NAR) and
privately owned land. The unit contains Amahu and Kanaha streams. It
provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial P. mannii and is currently
occupied by at least one plant. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, epiphytic growth on Metrosideros polymorpha, Dodonaea viscosa, or
Acacia koa trees in moist protected gulches or mossy tussocks in mesic
to wet montane M. polymorpha-Acacia koa forests. This unit is essential
to the conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony
of this species and includes habitat that is important for the
expansion of the present population. It is some distance away from the
other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all
populations important for the conservation of the species on the island
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Phlegmariurus mannii--e
This unit is critical habitat for Phlegmariurus mannii and is 35 ha
(87 ac) on State (Lihau Section of the West Maui NAR and West Maui
Forest Reserve) and privately owned land. The unit contains Lihau
Summit. It provides habitat for one population of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial P. mannii and is
currently occupied by at least one plant. The habitat features
contained in this unit that are essential for this species include, but
are not limited to, epiphytic growth on Metrosideros polymorpha,
Dodonaea viscosa, or Acacia koa trees in moist protected gulches or
mossy tussocks in mesic to wet montane M. polymorpha-Acacia koa
forests. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is important for the expansion of the present
[[Page 26016]]
population. It is some distance away from the other critical habitat
for this species, in order to avoid all populations important for the
conservation of the species on the island from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 8--Phyllostegia mannii--a
This unit is critical habitat for Phyllostegia mannii and is 570 ha
(1,408 ac) on State (Makawao Forest Reserve) and privately owned land.
The unit contains Opana Gulch and Waikamoi, Honomanu, Haipuaena, and
Puohakamau streams. It provides habitat for two populations of 300
mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial P. mannii
and is currently unoccupied. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, gentle slopes and the steep sides of gulches in mesic to wet forest
dominated by Acacia koa and/or Metrosideros polymorpha. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it provides for
two populations within this multi-island species' historical range on
Maui that are some distance away from the other critical habitat for
this species, in order to avoid all populations important for the
conservation of the species on the island from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 8--Phyllostegia mollis--a
This unit is critical habitat for Phyllostegia mollis and is 128 ha
(316 ac) on State-owned land (Makawao Forest Reserve). The unit
contains Opana Gulch. It provides habitat for one population in
combination with Haleakala Ranch land of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial P. mollis and is currently
unoccupied. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, steep
slopes and gulches in mesic forest dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha
and/or Acacia koa. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it provides for one population within this multi-island
species' historical range on Maui that is some distance away from the
other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all
populations important for the conservation of the species on the island
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 9--Phyllostegia mollis--b
This unit is critical habitat for Phyllostegia mollis and is 509 ha
(1,256 ac) on State-owned land. The unit contains Puu Pane. It provides
habitat for two populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of
the short-lived perennial P. mollis and is currently unoccupied. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, steep slopes and gulches in
mesic forest dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha and/or Acacia koa.
This unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
provides for two populations within this multi-island species'
historical range on Maui that are some distance away from the other
critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all populations
important for the conservation of the species on the island from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 9--Plantago princeps--a
This unit is critical habitat for Plantago princeps and is 164 ha
(406 ac) on federally owned land (Haleakala National Park). The unit
contains Haleakala Summit and Kaopo Gap. It provides habitat for one
population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial P. princeps and is currently occupied by 44 plants. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, basalt cliffs that are
windblown with little vegetation in Metrosideros polymorpha lowland wet
forest, Acacia koa-M. polymorpha montane wet forest, or M. polymorpha
montane wet shrubland. This unit is essential to the conservation of
the species because it supports an extant colony of this species and
includes habitat that is important for the expansion of the present
population. It is some distance away from the other critical habitat
for this species, in order to avoid all populations important for the
conservation of the species on the island from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Plantago princeps--b
This unit is critical habitat for Plantago princeps and is 327 ha
(807 ac) on State (West Maui Forest Reserve) and privately owned land.
The unit contains Iao Valley and Kahoolewa Ridge. It provides habitat
for one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-
lived perennial P. princeps and is currently occupied by 51 plants. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, basalt cliffs that are
windblown with little vegetation in Metrosideros polymorpha lowland wet
forest, Acacia koa-M. polymorpha montane wet forest, or M. polymorpha
montane wet shrubland. This unit is essential to the conservation of
the species because it supports an extant colony of this species and
includes habitat that is important for the expansion of the present
population. It is some distance away from the other critical habitat
for this species, in order to avoid all populations important for the
conservation of the species on the island from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 9--Platanthera holochila--a
This unit is critical habitat for Platanthera holochila and is 240
ha (596 ac) on State (Hana Forest Reserve) and federally owned land
(Haleakala National Park). The unit contains Anapanapa Lake and
Kalapawili Ridge. It provides habitat for one population of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial P. holochila and
is currently unoccupied. The habitat features contained in this unit
that are essential for this species include, but are not limited to,
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis montane wet forest, M.
polymorpha mixed montane bog, or mesic scrubby M. polymorpha forest.
This unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
provides for one population within this multi-island species'
historical range on Maui that is some distance away from the other
critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all populations
important for the conservation of the species on the island from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Platanthera holochila--b
This unit is critical habitat for Platanthera holochila and is 8 ha
(19 ac) on State (West Maui Forest Reserve) and privately owned land.
The unit contains no named natural features. It, in combination with
Maui 17-Platanthera holochila--c, provides habitat for one population
of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial P.
holochila and is currently occupied by two plants. The habitat features
contained in this unit that are essential for this species include, but
are not limited to, Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis
montane wet forest, M. polymorpha mixed montane bog, or mesic scrubby
M. polymorpha forest. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports an extant colony of this species and
includes habitat that is important for the expansion of the present
population. It is some distance away from the other critical habitat
for this species, in order to avoid all populations important for the
[[Page 26017]]
conservation of the species on the island from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Platanthera holochila--c
This unit is critical habitat for Platanthera holochila and is 189
ha (466 ac) on State (Honokowai Section of the West Maui NAR) and
privately owned land. The unit contains Kapaloa and Amala streams. It,
in combination with Maui 17-Platanthera holochila--b, provides habitat
for one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-
lived perennial P. holochila and is currently unoccupied. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris
linearis montane wet forest, M. polymorpha mixed montane bog, or mesic
scrubby M. polymorpha forest. This unit, in combination with Maui 17-
Platanthera holochila--b, is essential to the conservation of the
species because it provides for one population within this multi-island
species' historical range on Maui that is some distance away from the
other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all
populations important for the conservation of the species on the island
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Pteris lidgatei--a
This unit is critical habitat for Pteris lidgatei and is 1,168 ha
(2,887 ac) on State (Kahakuloa Section of the West Maui NAR) and
privately owned land. The unit contains Eke Crater, Keahikauo Summit,
and Mananole Stream. It provides habitat for two populations of 300
mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial P.
lidgatei and is currently occupied by at least one plant. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, steep stream banks in wet Metrosideros
polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis montane forest. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports an
extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is important
for the expansion of the present population. It is some distance away
from the other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all
populations important for the conservation of the species on the island
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Pteris lidgatei--b
This unit is critical habitat for Pteris lidgatei and is 163 ha
(403 ac) on privately owned land. The unit contains Kauaula Valley. It
provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial P. lidgatei and is currently
occupied by at least one plant. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, steep stream banks in wet Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris
linearis montane forest. This unit is essential to the conservation of
the species because it supports an extant colony of this species and
includes habitat that is important for the expansion of the present
population. It is some distance away from the other critical habitat
for this species, in order to avoid all populations important for the
conservation of the species on the island from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Remya mauiensis--a
This unit is critical habitat for Remya mauiensis and is 228 ha
(564 ac) on State (West Maui Forest Reserve) and privately owned land.
The unit contains Ukumehame Valley and Hanaulaiki. It provides habitat
for two populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the
short-lived perennial R. mauiensis and is currently occupied by two
plants. The habitat features contained in this unit that are essential
for this species include, but are not limited to, steep, north or
northeast-facing slopes in mixed mesophytic forests or Metrosideros
polymorpha montane wet forests. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is important for the expansion
of the present population. Although we do not believe that there is
enough habitat that currently exists to reach the recovery goal of 8 to
10 populations for this island-endemic species, the units are essential
because they are an appropriate distance apart to avoid their
destruction by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Remya mauiensis--b
This unit is critical habitat for Remya mauiensis and is 567 ha
(1,400 ac) on State (West Maui Forest Reserve and Panaewa Section of
the West Maui NAR) and privately owned land. The unit contains Wahikuli
and Puuiki Gulches and Kula Valley. It provides habitat for two
populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial R. mauiensis and is currently occupied by at least one plant.
The habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, steep, north or northeast-
facing slopes in mixed mesophytic forests or Metrosideros polymorpha
montane wet forests. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports an extant colony of this species and
includes habitat that is important for the expansion of the present
population. Although we do not believe that there is enough habitat
that currently exists to reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations
for this island-endemic species, the units are essential because they
are an appropriate distance apart to avoid their destruction by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Remya mauiensis--c
This unit is critical habitat for Remya mauiensis and is 31 ha (78
ac) on State (West Maui Forest Reserve and Honokowai Section of the
West Maui NAR) and privately owned land. The unit contains Honokowai
Valley. It, in combination with Maui 18--Remya mauiensis--d and
Kapunakea Preserve, provides habitat for two populations of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial R. mauiensis and
is currently unoccupied. The habitat features contained in this unit
that are essential for this species include, but are not limited to,
steep, north or northeast-facing slopes in mixed mesophytic forests or
Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet forests. Although we do not believe
that there is enough habitat that currently exists to reach the
recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for this island-endemic species,
the units are essential because they are an appropriate distance apart
to avoid their destruction by one naturally occurring catastrophic
event.
Maui 18--Remya mauiensis--d
This unit is critical habitat for Remya mauiensis and is 2 ha (6
ac) on State (West Maui Forest Reserve) and privately owned land. The
unit contains no named natural features. It, in combination with Maui
17--Remya mauiensis--c and Kapunakea Preserve, provides habitat for two
populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial R. mauiensis and is currently unoccupied. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, steep, north or northeast-facing
slopes in mixed mesophytic forests or Metrosideros polymorpha montane
wet forests. Although we do not believe that there is enough habitat
that currently exists to reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations
for this island-endemic species, the units are essential because
[[Page 26018]]
they are an appropriate distance apart to avoid their destruction by
one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Sanicula purpurea--a
This unit is critical habitat for Sanicula purpurea and is 34 ha
(83 ac) on State (Kahakuloa Section of the West Maui NAR) and privately
owned land. The unit contains Eke Crater. It, in combination with Maui
17--Sanicula purpurea--c, provides habitat for one population of 300
mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial S.
purpurea and is currently unoccupied. The habitat features contained in
this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, open Metrosideros polymorpha mixed montane bogs. This unit
is essential to the conservation of the species because it, in
combination with Maui 17--Sanicula purpurea--c, provides for one
population within this multi-island species' historical range on Maui
that is some distance away from the other critical habitat for this
species, in order to avoid all populations important for the
conservation of the species from being destroyed by one naturally
occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Sanicula purpurea--b
This unit is critical habitat for Sanicula purpurea and is 306 ha
(756 ac) on State (Panaewa and Honokowai Sections of the West Maui NAR)
and privately owned land. The unit contains Kahoolewa, Kahoolewa Ridge,
Puu Kukui Summit, and Violet Lake. It provides habitat for 3
populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial S. purpurea and is currently occupied by 70 to 150 plants.
The habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, open Metrosideros polymorpha
mixed montane bogs. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports an extant colony of this species and
includes habitat that is important for the expansion of the present
population. It is some distance away from the other critical habitat
for this species, in order to avoid all populations important for the
conservation of the species on the island from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Sanicula purpurea--c
This unit is critical habitat for Sanicula purpurea and is 8 ha (19
ac) on privately owned land. The unit contains no named natural
features. It, in combination with Maui 17--Sanicula purpurea--a,
provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial S. purpurea and is currently
occupied by 50 plants. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to, open
Metrosideros polymorpha mixed montane bogs. This unit is essential to
the conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is important for the expansion
of the present population. It is some distance away from the other
critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all populations
important for the conservation of the species on the island from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 9--Schiedea haleakalensis--a
This unit is critical habitat for Schiedea haleakalensis and is 26
ha (64 ac) on federally owned land (Haleakala National Park). The unit
is located in Haleakala Crater. It provides habitat for one population
of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial S.
haleakalensis and is currently occupied by 20 plants. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, rock cracks on sheer cliffs adjacent
to barren lava; subalpine shrublands and grasslands with cinder,
weathered volcanic ash; or bare lava substrate with little or no soil
development and periodic freezing temperatures. This unit is essential
to the conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony
of this species and includes habitat that is important for the
expansion of the present population. Although we do not believe that
there is enough habitat that currently exists to reach the recovery
goal of 8 to 10 populations for this island-endemic species, the units
are essential because they are an appropriate distance apart to avoid
their destruction by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 9--Schiedea haleakalensis--b
This unit is critical habitat for Schiedea haleakalensis and is 77
ha (189 ac) on federally owned land (Haleakala National Park). The unit
is located in Haleakala Crater. It provides habitat for one population
of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial S.
haleakalensis and is currently occupied by at least one plant. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, rock cracks on sheer cliffs
adjacent to barren lava; subalpine shrublands and grasslands with
cinder, weathered volcanic ash; or bare lava substrate with little or
no soil development and periodic freezing temperatures. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports an
extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is important
for the expansion of the present population. Although we do not believe
that there is enough habitat that currently exists to reach the
recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for this island-endemic species,
the units are essential because they are an appropriate distance apart
to avoid their destruction by one naturally occurring catastrophic
event.
Maui 1--Sesbania tomentosa--a
This unit is critical habitat for Sesbania tomentosa and is 38 ha
(94 ac) on non-managed State and privately owned land. The unit
contains Honanana Gulch, Alapapa Gulch, Mokolea Point, and Papanahoa
Gulch. It provides habitat for one population of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Sesbania tomentosa
and is currently occupied by 30 plants. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, windswept slopes, sea cliffs, and cinder cones in Scaevola
taccada coastal dry shrublands. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is important for the expansion
of the present population. It is some distance away from the other
critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all populations
important for the conservation of the species on the island from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 13--Sesbania tomentosa--b
This unit is critical habitat for Sesbania tomentosa and is 79 ha
(195 ac) on State-owned land. The unit contains Pimoe and Pohakea
summits. This unit provides habitat for one population of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Sesbania tomentosa
and is currently occupied by 13 plants. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, windswept slopes, sea cliffs, and cinder cones in Scaevola
taccada coastal dry shrublands. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is important for the expansion
of the present population. It is some distance away from the other
critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all populations
important for the conservation of the species on the
[[Page 26019]]
island from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic
event.
Maui 13--Spermolepis hawaiiensis--a
This unit is critical habitat for Spermolepis hawaiiensis and is 91
ha (224 ac) on State (Kanaio NAR) land. The unit contains no named
natural features. It provides habitat for one population of 500 mature,
reproducing individuals of the annual S. hawaiiensis and is currently
occupied by 100 plants. The habitat features contained in this unit
that are essential for this species include, but are not limited to,
shady spots in Dodonaea viscosa lowland dry shrubland. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports an
extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is important
for the expansion of the present population. It is some distance away
from the other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all
populations important for the conservation of the species on the island
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Spermolepis hawaiiensis--b
This unit is critical habitat for Spermolepis hawaiiensis and is 23
ha (56 ac) on State-owned land (Lihau Section of the West Maui NAR).
The unit contains Olowalu Valley. It provides habitat for one
population of 500 mature, reproducing individuals of the annual S.
hawaiiensis and is currently occupied by 300 plants. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, shady spots in Dodonaea viscosa
lowland dry shrubland. This unit is essential to the conservation of
the species because it supports an extant colony of this species and
includes habitat that is important for the expansion of the present
population. It is some distance away from the other critical habitat
for this species, in order to avoid all populations important for the
conservation of the species on the island from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 17--Tetramolopium capillare--a
This unit is critical habitat for Tetramolopium capillare and is
1,782 ha (4,404 ac) on State (Lihau Section of the West Maui NAR, West
Maui Forest Reserve) and privately owned land. The unit contains
Halepohaku, Hanaulaiki, Helu, Koai, Lihau, Luakoi, and Ulaula summits.
It provides habitat for 6 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial T. capillare and is currently
occupied by 50 to 100 plants. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, rocky substrates in Heteropogon contortus lowland dry forest. This
unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports an extant colony of this species, includes habitat that is
important for the expansion of the present population, and is the only
habitat essential for the conservation of this species on Maui.
Although we do not feel that there is enough habitat that currently
exists to reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for this
island-endemic species, this unit is of an appropriate size so that
each potential populations important for the conservation of the specie
within the unit is geographically separated enough to avoid their
destruction by one naturally occurring event.
Maui 17--Tetramolopium remyi--a
This unit is critical habitat for Tetramolopium remyi and is 287 ha
(712 ac) on State (Lihau Section of the West Maui NAR, West Maui Forest
Reserve) and privately owned land. The unit contains Olowalu Stream and
Valley. It provides habitat for 3 populations of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial T. remyi and is
currently unoccupied. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to, red
sandy loam soil in dry Dodonaea viscosa-Heteropogon contortus
communities. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it provides for three populations within this multi-island
species' historical range on Maui that are some distance away from the
other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all
populations important for the conservation of the species from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 12--Vigna o-wahuensis--a
This unit is critical habitat for Vigna o-wahuensis and is 144 ha
(356 ac) on State-owned land. The unit contains area east of Kamanamana
Point. It provides habitat for one population of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial V. o-wahuensis and
is currently occupied by two plants. The habitat features contained in
this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, dry or mesic grassland or shrubland. This unit is essential
to the conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony
of this species and includes habitat that is important for the
expansion of the present population. It is some distance away from the
other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all
populations important for the conservation of the species on the island
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Maui 8--Zanthoxylum hawaiiense--a
This unit is critical habitat for Zanthoxylum hawaiiense and is 363
ha (895 ac) on State (Makawao Forest Reserve) and privately owned land.
The unit contains Kahakapao Stream. It provides habitat for one
population of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-lived
perennial Z. hawaiiense and is currently occupied by 3 plants. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, open lowland dry or mesic
Nestegis sandwicensis-Pleomele auwahiensis forests or Acacia koa-
Pleomele auwahiensis forest, or montane dry forest. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports an
extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is important
for the expansion of the present population. It is some distance away
from the other critical habitat for this species, in order to avoid all
populations important for the conservation of the species on the island
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Kahoolawe 1--Kanaloa kahoolawensis--a
This unit is critical habitat for Kanaloa kahoolawensis and is 562
ha (1,388 ac) on State (KIRC) land. The unit contains Keana Keiki, Laa
o Kealaikahiki, Honukanaenae, and Wai Honu Gulch. This unit provides
habitat for two populations of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of
the long-lived perennial K. kahoolawensis and is currently unoccupied.
The habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, steep, rocky talus slopes.
Although we do not believe that there is enough habitat that currently
exists to reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for this
island-endemic species, the units are essential because they are an
appropriate distance apart to avoid their destruction by one naturally
occurring catastrophic event.
Kahoolawe 2--Kanaloa kahoolawensis--b
This unit is critical habitat for Kanaloa kahoolawensis and is 613
ha (1,515 ac) on State (KIRC) land. The unit contains Aleale, Kunaka
Cave, Kamohio Bay, Iliililoa, Lae o Kuakaiwa, Lae O Kaka, Lae o Halona,
Keoheuli Bay,
[[Page 26020]]
Kaukamaka Gulch, Pali o Kalapakea, Kalua o Kamohoalii, Hula Kao, and
Lae o ka Ule. This unit provides habitat for 4 populations of 100
mature, reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial K.
kahoolawensis and is currently occupied by two plants. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, steep, rocky talus slopes. This unit
is essential to the conservation of the species because it supports an
extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is important
for the expansion of the present population. Although we do not feel
that there is enough habitat that currently exists to reach the
recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for this island-endemic species,
the units are of an appropriate distance apart to avoid their
destruction by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Kahoolawe 3--Kanaloa kahoolawensis--c
This unit is critical habitat for Kanaloa kahoolawensis and is 5 ha
(12 ac) on State (KIRC) land. The unit contains the entirety of Puu
Koae Islet. This unit, in combination with a portion of Kahoolawe 2--
Kanaloa kahoolawensis--b, provides habitat for one population of 100
mature, reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial K.
kahoolawensis and is currently unoccupied. The habitat features
contained in this unit that are essential for this species include, but
are not limited to, steep, rocky talus slopes. Although we do not
believe that there is enough habitat that currently exists to reach the
recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for this island-endemic species,
the units are essential because they are an appropriate distance apart
to avoid their destruction by one naturally occurring catastrophic
event.
Effects of Critical Habitat Designation
Section 7 Consultation
Section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires Federal agencies, including the
Service, to ensure that actions they fund, authorize, or carry out are
not likely to destroy or adversely modify critical habitat. If a
Federal action may affect a listed species or its critical habitat, the
responsible Federal action agency must enter into consultation with us.
Section 7(a)(4) of the Act requires Federal agencies (action agency) to
confer with us on any action that is likely to jeopardize the continued
existence of a species proposed for listing or result in destruction or
adverse modification of proposed critical habitat. Destruction or
adverse modification of critical habitat occurs when a Federal action
directly or indirectly alters critical habitat to the extent that it
appreciably diminishes the value of critical habitat for the
conservation of the species. Individuals, organizations, States, local
governments, and other non-Federal entities are affected by the
designation of critical habitat when their actions occur on Federal
lands, require a Federal permit, license, or other authorization, or
involve Federal funding. Regulations implementing this interagency
cooperation provision of the Act are codified at 50 CFR part 402.
Regulations at 50 CFR 402.16 require Federal agencies to reinitiate
formal consultation on previously reviewed actions under certain
circumstances, including instances where critical habitat is
subsequently designated and the Federal agency has retained
discretionary involvement, or control has been retained or is
authorized by law. Consequently, some Federal agencies may request
reinitiation of consultation or conferencing with us on actions for
which formal consultation has been completed, if those actions may
affect designated critical habitat or adversely modify or destroy
proposed critical habitat.
If we issue a biological opinion concluding that a project is
likely to result in the destruction or adverse modification of critical
habitat, we also provide ``reasonable and prudent alternatives'' to the
project, if any are identifiable. Reasonable and prudent alternatives
are defined at 50 CFR 402.02 as alternative actions identified during
consultation that can be implemented in a manner consistent with the
intended purpose of the action, that are consistent with the scope of
the Federal agency's legal authority and jurisdiction, that are
economically and technologically feasible, and that the Director
believes would avoid the likelihood of the destruction or adverse
modification of critical habitat. Reasonable and prudent alternatives
can vary from slight project modifications to extensive redesign or
relocation of the project. Costs associated with implementing a
reasonable and prudent alternative are similarly variable.
Activities on Federal lands that may affect the critical habitat of
one or more of the 60 plant species from Maui and Kahoolawe will
require section 7 consultation. Activities on private or State lands
requiring a permit from a Federal agency, such as a permit from the
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) under section 404 of the Clean
Water Act (33 U.S.C. 1344 et seq.,) the Department of Housing and Urban
Development, or a section 10(a)(1)(B) permit from us; or some other
Federal action, including funding (e.g., from the Federal Highway
Administration, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Federal
Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), or Department of Energy), regulation of airport improvement
activities by the FAA; and construction of communication sites licensed
by the Federal Communications Commission, may also be subject to the
section 7 consultation process. Federal actions not affecting critical
habitat and actions on non-Federal lands that are not federally funded,
authorized, or permitted would not require section 7 consultation as a
result of this rule designating critical habitat.
Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires us to briefly describe and
evaluate in any proposed or final regulation that designates critical
habitat those activities involving a Federal action that may adversely
modify such habitat or that may be affected by such designation. We
note that such activities may also jeopardize the continued existence
of the species.
Activities that, when carried out, funded, or authorized by a
Federal agency, may directly or indirectly destroy or adversely modify
critical habitat include, but are not limited to:
(1) Activities that appreciably degrade or destroy the primary
constituent elements including, but not limited to: Overgrazing;
maintenance of feral ungulates; clearing or cutting of native live
trees and shrubs, whether by burning or mechanical, chemical, or other
means (e.g., woodcutting, bulldozing, construction, road building,
mining, herbicide application); introducing or enabling the spread of
nonnative species; and taking actions that pose a risk of fire;
(2) Activities that alter watershed characteristics in ways that
would appreciably reduce groundwater recharge or alter natural, dynamic
wetland or other vegetative communities. Such activities may include
manipulation of vegetation, such as timber harvesting, residential and
commercial development, and grazing of livestock that degrades
watershed values;
(3) Rural residential construction that includes concrete pads for
foundations and the installation of septic systems in wetlands where a
permit under section 404 of the Clean Water Act would be required by
the Corps;
(4) Recreational activities that appreciably degrade vegetation;
(5) Mining of sand or other minerals;
[[Page 26021]]
(6) Introducing or encouraging the spread of nonnative plant
species into critical habitat units; and
(7) Importation of nonnative species for research, agriculture, and
aquaculture, and the release of biological control agents that would
have unanticipated deleterious effects on the listed species and the
primary constituent elements of their habitats.
If you have questions regarding whether specific activities will
likely constitute adverse modification of critical habitat, contact the
Field Supervisor, Pacific Islands Ecological Services Field Office (see
ADDRESSES section). Requests for copies of the regulations on listed
plants and animals, and inquiries about prohibitions and permits may be
addressed to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Endangered
Species, 911 N.E. 11th Ave., Portland, OR 97232-4181 (telephone 503/
231-2063; facsimile 503/231-6243).
Analysis of Managed Lands Under Section 3(5)(A)
Pursuant to the definition of critical habitat in section 3(5)(A)
of the Act, the primary constituent elements as found in any area so
designated must also require ``special management considerations or
protections.'' Adequate special management or protection is provided by
a legally operative plan that addresses the maintenance and improvement
of the essential elements and provides for the long-term conservation
of the species. We consider a plan adequate when it: (1) Provides a
conservation benefit to the species (i.e., the plan must maintain or
provide for an increase in the species' population or the enhancement
or restoration of its habitat within the area covered by the plan); (2)
provides assurances that the management plan will be implemented (i.e.,
those responsible for implementing the plan are capable of
accomplishing the objectives, have an implementation schedule and have
adequate funding for the management plan); and, (3) provides assurances
that the conservation plan will be effective (i.e., it identifies
biological goals, has provisions for reporting progress, and is of a
duration sufficient to implement the plan and achieve the plan's goals
and objectives). If an area is covered by a plan that meets these
criteria, it does not constitute critical habitat as defined by the Act
because the primary constituent elements found there are not in need of
special management or protection.
Currently occupied and historically known sites containing one or
more of the primary constituent elements considered essential to the
conservation of these 60 plant species were examined to determine the
adequacy of special management considerations or protection are
required and, consequently, whether such areas meet the definition of
critical habitat under section 3(5)(A). We reviewed all available
management information on these plants at these sites, including
published reports and surveys; annual performance and progress reports;
management plans; grants; memoranda of understanding and cooperative
agreements; DOFAW planning documents; internal letters and memos;
biological assessments and environmental impact statements; and section
7 consultations. Additionally, we contacted the major private
landowners on Maui and Kahoolawe by mail and we met with several
landowners between the publication of the revised proposal on April 3,
2002, and the end of the comment period on September 30, 2002, to
discuss their current management for the plants on their lands. We also
met with Maui District DOFAW staff to discuss management activities
they are conducting on Maui. In addition, we reviewed new biological
information and public comments received during the public comment
periods and at the public hearing.
In determining whether a management plan or agreement provides
adequate management or protection, we first consider whether that plan
provides a conservation benefit to the species. We considered the
following threats and associated recommended management actions:
(1) The factors that led to the listing of the species, as
described in the final rules for listing each of the species. Effects
of clearing and burning for agricultural purposes and of invasive non-
native plant and animal species have contributed to the decline of
nearly all endangered and threatened plants in Hawaii (Cuddihy and
Stone 1990; Howarth 1985; Loope 1998; Scott et al. 1986; Service 1994,
1995, 1996, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1998c, 1999, 2001; Smith 1985; Stone
1985; Vitousek 1992; Wagner et al. 1985).
Current threats to these species include nonnative grass- and
shrub-carried wildfire; browsing, digging, rooting, and trampling from
feral ungulates (including axis deer, goats, cattle, and pigs); direct
and indirect effects of nonnative plant invasions, including alteration
of habitat structure and microclimate; and disruption of pollination
and gene-flow processes by adverse effects of mosquito-borne avian
disease on forest bird pollinators, direct competition between native
and non-native insect pollinators for food, and predation of native
insect pollinators by non-native hymenopteran insects (ants). In
addition, physiological processes such as reproduction and
establishment continue to be negatively affected by fruit- and flower-
eating pests such as non-native arthropods, molluscs, and rats, and
photosynthesis and water transport are affected by non-native insects,
pathogens, and diseases. Many of these factors interact with one
another, thereby compounding effects. Such interactions include non-
native plant invasions altering wildfire regimes, feral ungulates
carrying weeds and disturbing vegetation and soils, thereby
facilitating dispersal and establishment of nonnative plants, and
numerous nonnative insect species feeding on native plants, thereby
increasing their vulnerability and exposure to pathogens and disease
(Bruegmann et al. 2001; Cuddihy and Stone 1990; D'Antonio and Vitousek
1992; Howarth 1985; Mack 1992; Scott et al. 1986; Service 1995a, 1995b,
1996a, 1996b, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999, 2001; Smith 1985; Tunison et
al. 1992);
(2) The recommendations from the HPPRCC in their 1998 report to us
(``Habitat Essential to the Recovery of Hawaiian Plants''). As
summarized in this report, recovery goals for endangered Hawaiian plant
species cannot be achieved without the effective control of non-native
species threats, wildfire, and land use changes; and
(3) The management actions needed for assurance of survival and
ultimate recovery of these plants. These actions are described in our
recovery plans for these 60 species (Service 1995a, 1995b, 1996a,
1996b, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999, 2001), in the 1998 HPPRCC report to
us, and in various other documents and publications relating to plant
conservation in Hawaii (Cuddihy and Stone 1990; Mueller-Dombois 1985;
Smith 1985; Stone 1985; Stone et al. 1992). In addition to monitoring
the plant populations, these actions include, but are not limited to:
(1) Feral ungulate control; (2) non-native plant control; (3) rodent
control; (4) invertebrate pest control; (5) fire management; (6)
maintenance of genetic material of the endangered and threatened plant
species; (7) propagation, reintroduction, and augmentation of existing
populations into areas deemed essential for the recovery of these
species; (8) ongoing management of the wild, outplanted, and augmented
populations; and (9) habitat management and restoration in areas deemed
essential for the recovery of these species.
[[Page 26022]]
In general, taking all of the above recommended management actions
into account, the following management actions are important in
providing a conservation benefit to the species: Feral ungulate
control; wildfire management; non-native plant control; rodent control;
invertebrate pest control; maintenance of genetic material of the
endangered and threatened plant species; propagation, reintroduction,
and augmentation of existing populations into areas deemed essential
for the recovery of the species; ongoing management of the wild,
outplanted, and augmented populations; maintenance of natural
pollinators and pollinating systems, when known; habitat management and
restoration in areas deemed essential for the recovery of the species;
monitoring of the wild, outplanted, and augmented populations; rare
plant surveys; and control of human activities/access (Service 1995a,
1995b, 1996a, 1996b, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999, 2001). On a case-by-case
basis, these actions may rise to different levels of importance for a
particular species or area, depending on the biological and physical
requirements of the species and the location(s) of the individual
plants.
As shown in Table 2, the 60 species of plants are found on Federal,
State, and private lands on the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe.
Information received in response to our public notices; meetings with
landowners of Maui County and Maui District DOFAW staff; the December
18, 2000, and April 3, 2002, proposals; public comment periods; and the
March 20, 2001, and September 12, 2002, public hearings; as well as
information in our files, indicated that there is limited on-going
conservation management action for these plants, except as noted below.
Without management plans and assurances that the plans will be
implemented, we are unable to find that the other areas do require
special management or protection. The following discussion analyzes
current management plans that provide a conservation benefit to the
species to assess whether they meet the Service's requirements for
adequate management or protection
Federal Lands
The Sikes Act Improvements Act of 1997 (Sikes Act) requires each
military installation that includes land and water suitable for the
conservation and management of natural resources to complete, by
November 17, 2001, an Integrated Natural Resources Management Plan
(INRMP). An INRMP integrates implementation of the military mission of
the installation with stewardship of the natural resources found there.
Each INRMP includes an assessment of the ecological needs on the
installation, including needs to provide for the conservation of listed
species; a statement of goals and priorities; a detailed description of
management actions to be implemented to provide for these ecological
needs; and a monitoring and adaptive management plan. We consult with
the military on the development and implementation of INRMPs for
installations with listed species. We believe that bases that have
completed and approved INRMPs that address the needs of the species
generally do not meet the definition of critical habitat discussed
above, because they require no additional special management or
protection. Therefore, we do not include these areas in critical
habitat designations if they meet the following three criteria: (1) A
current INRMP must be complete and provide a conservation benefit to
the species; (2) the plan must provide assurances that the conservation
management strategies will be implemented; and (3) the plan must
provide assurances that the conservation management strategies will be
effective, by providing for periodic monitoring and revisions as
necessary. If all of these criteria are met, then the lands covered
under the plan would not meet the definition of critical habitat.
One species, Sesbania tomentosa, occurs on Kanaio Training Area
(Hawaii Army National Guard) lands on the island of Maui, and we
believe this land is essential for the conservation of this species. In
1998, funds were provided for protective fencing and monitoring of
Sesbania tomentosa on this land. Since then, however, these management
activities for Sesbania tomentosa have been curtailed due to a lack of
funding (Lt. Col. Richard Young, Hawaii Army National Guard, in litt.
2000). Because appropriate conservation management strategies have not
been adequately funded or effectively implemented for Sesbania
tomentosa on this land, we cannot at this time find that management of
this land under Federal jurisdiction is sufficient to find that they do
not meet the definition of critical habitat. Therefore, this area has
been included within the critical habitat units.
Contractors for the U.S. Navy are clearing the state-owned island
of Kahoolawe of military ordnance utilizing Congressional funding that
expires in 2003. The Navy has consulted with the Service under section
7 of the Act to ensure protection of threatened and endangered species
during the clearance activities. In June 1998, the State of Hawaii
Kahoolawe Island Reserve Commission developed an environmental
restoration plan for Kahoolawe (Social Science Research Institute,
University of Hawaii 1998). The plan, however, does not address
specific management actions to protect and conserve endangered plant
species. While the island is isolated and remote, and access is
restricted due to the presence of unexploded ordnance hazards, this
action alone is not sufficient to indicate that special management is
not required for the listed plant species, and areas on the island are
included within the critical habitat units for Kanaloa kahoolawensis.
State of Hawaii Lands
The Upper Areas of Hanawi Natural Area Reserve (HNAR)
Three plant species, Geranium multiflorum, and Clermontia samuelii
ssp. hanaensis, and Cyanea mceldowneyi are reported from the upper
areas of HNAR (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). The HNAR was
established in 1986, and comprises 3,035 ha (7,500 ac) of diverse
native ecosystems and endangered forest bird habitat. The Department of
Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) manages Natural Area Reserves, except
that any use must be specifically approved by the Natural Area Reserve
System Commission. The State holds Natural Area Reserves in trust and
they may not be non-nativeated except upon a finding by the DLNR of an
imperative and unavoidable necessity. DLNR must provide public notice
and conduct public hearings before revoking or modifying an executive
order that sets aside lands for the reserve system (Haw. Rev. Stat.
sections 195-1--195-11). The primary goals of the HNAR are to: (1)
Protect the upper areas of the reserve by fencing smaller manageable
units to restrict pig movements; (2) prevent degradation of native
forest by reducing feral ungulate damage; and (3) improve or maintain
the integrity of native ecosystems in selected areas of the preserve by
reducing the effects of non-native plants.
Specific management actions to address feral ungulate impacts
include the construction of fences, including strategic fencing of
smaller manageable units, and staff hunting. Currently, the upper 809
ha (2,000 ac) has been fenced and pigs removed. Fences have been
constructed along the western boundaries of the HNAR, along the 1,585 m
(5,200 ft) contour to the east up to the Haleakala National Park
boundary on State land. The Haleakala National
[[Page 26023]]
Park fence serves as the upper fence boundary for HNAR. Additionally,
fences have been constructed to separate three distinct management
units: Puu Alaea Unit, Poouli Unit, and Kuhiwai/Waieleele Unit. Since
the removal of pigs in these upper forest units of the HNAR, vegetation
monitoring has been implemented to determine recovery of native plant
species. Currently, a fence is being constructed along the 1,100 m
(3,600 ft) contour of the HNAR which will comprise the ``middle forest
unit'' (Willian Evanson, DLNR, pers. comm., 1999).
The nonnative plant control program within HNAR focuses on habitat-
modifying nonnative plants (weeds). A weed priority list has been
compiled for HNAR, and control and monitoring of the highest priority
species are ongoing. Weeds are controlled manually, chemically, or
through a combination of both. Monitoring transects help locate
developing populations of other priority weed species and, if
necessary, removal of these populations is conducted (DLNR 1989).
Because Geranium multiflorum and Clermontia samuelii ssp. hanaenis
and their habitats within the upper areas of HNAR (above 1,525 m (5,000
ft) elevation) are permanently protected and managed by State law and
because the continued successful management of this area is assured by
State funding, HRS 195-9 (Natural Area Reserve Fund; Heritage Program;
established) establishes in the state treasury a special fund known as
the natural area reserve fund to implement the purposes of this
chapter, including the identification, establishment, and management of
natural area reserves * * * the fund shall be administered by the
department [DLNR]. Since its establishment, DLNR has received funding
for this program each year from the Legislature and funding for natural
resource programs such as this is a high priority and unlikely to be
discontinued (Randy Kennedy, Native Resource Program Manager, DOFAW,
pers. comm. 2003). This area is not in need of special management
considerations or protection. Therefore, we have determined that the
State land within the upper areas of HNAR does not meet the definition
of critical habitat in the Act, and we are not designating this area as
critical habitat. Should the status of this reserve change, for example
by revocation or modification of the NAR, we will reconsider whether it
then meets the definition of critical habitat. If so, we have the
authority to propose to amend critical habitat to include such area at
that time (50 CFR 424.12(g)) as workload and resources allow.
Private Lands
The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii's Waikamoi and Kapunakea Preserves,
which are located on the northeastern slopes of Haleakala and in the
West Maui mountains, respectively
Lands within The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii's (TNCH) Maui
preserves were not included within proposed critical habitat. Sixteen
species (Alectryon macrococcus, Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp.
macrocephalum, Asplenium fragile var. insulare, Bonamia menziesii,
Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea lobata, Diplazium
molokaiense, Geranium arboreum, Geranium multiflorum, Melicope balloui,
Phlegmariurus mannii, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Remya
mauiensis, and Sanicula purpurea) are reported from TNCH's Waikamoi and
Kapunakea Preserves, which are located on the northeastern slopes of
Haleakala and in the West Maui mountains, respectively (TNCH 1997,
1998; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000). Both preserves were established
by grants of perpetual conservation easements from the private
landowners to TNCH and are included in the State's Natural Area
Partnership (NAP) program, which provides matching funds for the
management of private lands that have been permanently dedicated to
conservation (TNCH 1997, 1998).
Under the NAP program, the State of Hawaii provides matching funds
on a two-for-one basis for management of private lands dedicated to
conservation. In order to qualify for this program, the land must be
dedicated in perpetuity through transfer of fee title or a conservation
easement to the State or a cooperating entity. The land must be managed
by the cooperating entity or a qualified landowner according to a
detailed management plan approved by the Board of Land and Natural
Resources. Once approved, the six-year partnership agreement between
the State and the managing entity is automatically renewed each year so
that there are always six years remaining in the term, although the
management plan is updated and funding amounts are re-authorized by the
board at least every six years. By April 1 of any year, the managing
partner may notify the State that it does not intend to renew the
agreement; however, in such case the partnership agreement remains in
effect for the balance of the existing six-year term, and the
conservation easement remains in full effect in perpetuity. The
conservation easement may be revoked by the landowner only if State
funding is terminated without the concurrence of the landowner and
cooperating entity. Prior to terminating funding, the State must
conduct one or more public hearings. The NAP program is funded through
real estate conveyance taxes which are placed in a Natural Area Reserve
Fund. Participants in the NAP program must provide annual reports to
the DLNR and DLNR makes annual inspections of the work in the reserve
areas. See Haw. Rev. Stat. sections 195-1--195-11; Hawaii
Administrative Rules section 13-210.
Management programs within the preserves are documented in long-
range management plans and yearly operational plans. These plans detail
management measures that protect, restore, and enhance the rare plants
and their habitats within the preserves and in adjacent areas (TNCH
1997, 1998, 1999). These management measures address factors which led
to the listing of the ten species including control of nonnative
species of ungulates, rodents, and weeds. In addition, habitat
restoration and monitoring are also included in these plans.
The primary management goals for both Kapunakea and Waikamoi
Preserves are to (1) prevent degradation of native forest by reducing
feral ungulate damage; (2) improve or maintain the integrity of native
ecosystems in selected areas of the preserve by reducing the effects of
nonnative plants; (3) increase the understanding of threats posed by
small mammals and reduce their negative impact, where possible; (4)
prevent extinction of rare species in the preserve; (5) track the
biological and physical resources in the preserves and evaluate changes
in these resources over time; (6) identify new threats to the preserves
before they become established pests; and (7) build public
understanding and support for the preservation of natural areas, and
enlist volunteer assistance for preserve management (TNCH 1997, 1998).
The goal of the ungulate program is to bring pig populations to
zero as rapidly as possible. Specific management actions to address
feral ungulate impacts include the construction of fences, including
strategic fencing (fences placed in proximity to natural barriers such
as cliffs), annual monitoring of ungulate presence transects, and
trained staff and volunteer hunting. Since axis deer may also pose a
threat to the preserves, TNCH is a member of the Maui Axis Deer Group
(MADG) and staff meet regularly with other MADG members to seek
solutions. In Waikamoi Preserve, the management actions also include
working with community hunters in
[[Page 26024]]
conjunction with the East Maui Watershed Partnership (EMWP). In
Kapunakea Preserve, a system of transects extends the length of the
preserve to monitor resource threats, including ungulate presence. By
monitoring ungulate activity within the preserve, the staff is able to
assess the success of the hunting program. If increased hunting
pressure does not reduce feral ungulate activity in the preserves, the
preserve staff work with the hunting group to identify and implement
alternative methods (TNCH 1997, 1998).
The nonnative plant control program within both preserves focuses
on controlling habitat-modifying nonnative plants (weeds) in intact
native communities and preventing the introduction of additional non-
native plants. Based on the degree of threat to native ecosystems, a
weed priority list has been compiled for the preserves, and control and
monitoring of the highest priority species are ongoing. Weeds are
controlled manually, chemically, or through a combination of both.
Preventive measures (prevention protocol) are required by all who enter
the preserves. This protocol includes such things as brushing footgear
before entering the preserves to remove seeds of nonnative plants.
Weeds are monitored along transects annually, weed priority maps are
maintained, staff participate as members of the Melastome Action
Committee and the Maui Invasive Species Committee (MISC), and cooperate
with the State Division of Conservation and Resources Enforcement
(DOCARE) in marijuana control, as needed.
The effects of nonnative invertebrates and small mammals on native
Hawaiian ecosystems are poorly understood. Initial control measures
such as anti-coagulant diphacinone bait stations are being used to
control rats in areas of suspected impact; however, valid conclusions
from data gathered have not been drawn. Adaptive management will be
applied when new information becomes available (TNCH 1997, 1998).
Natural resource monitoring and research address the need to track
the biological and physical resources of the preserves and evaluate
changes in these resources to guide management programs. Vegetation is
monitored throughout the preserves to document long-term ecological
changes, and rare plant species are monitored to assess population
status. Cuttings of endangered plants are taken to the University of
Hawaii's tissue culture lab at Lyon Arboretum for propagation. In
addition, the preserve staff provides logistical support to scientists
and others who are conducting research within the preserves.
Kapunakea Preserve is adjacent to two areas that are also managed
to protect natural resources: Puu Kukui Watershed Management Area (WMA)
and the Honokowai section of the West Maui NAR. TNCH currently acts as
a consultant to Maui Land and Pineapple Company, managers of Puu Kukui
WMA, and has a Master Cooperative Agreement with DOFAW. These
agreements are used to coordinate management and sharing of staff and
equipment, and expertise to maximize management efficiency.
Waikamoi Preserve is adjacent to three other large areas that are
also managed to protect natural resources: Haleakala National Park,
Koolau Forest Reserve, and the State's Hanawi NAR. An agreement between
the DLNR, East Maui Irrigation Company, Keola Hana Maui Inc., Haleakala
Ranch Company, County of Maui, TNCH, and Haleakala National Park was
signed in order to implement a joint management plan (East Maui
Watershed Partnership Plan) for the entire East Maui Watershed.
Management efforts at Waikamoi complement the objectives of the plan as
much as possible. The partnership agreement is being used to coordinate
management and sharing of staff and equipment, and expertise to
maximize management efficiency (TNCH 1998).
Because the preserves and the continuing management plans being
implemented for these plants and their habitats within the preserves
provide a conservation benefit to the species and because they are
permanently protected and managed, these lands are not in need of
special management or protection. Therefore, we have determined that
the private lands within Waikamoi Preserve and Kapunakea Preserve do
not meet the definition of critical habitat in the Act, and we are not
designating these lands as critical habitat. Should the status of any
of these reserves change, for example by non-renewal of a partnership
agreement or termination of NAP funding, we will reconsider whether it
then meets the definition of critical habitat. If so, we have the
authority to propose to amend critical habitat to include such area at
that time (50 CFR 424.12(g)).
Maui Land and Pineapple Co., Ltd.
Maui Pineapple Company's Puu Kukui WMA, Located in The West Maui
Mountains
Lands within Maui Land and Pineapple Co.'s Puu Kukui Watershed
Management Area, located in the West Maui Mountains, were included in
proposed critical habitat on Maui. Eight species (Ctenitis squamigera,
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Cyanea lobata, Cyrtandra
munroi, Hesperomannia arborescens, Phlegmariurus mannii, Platanthera
holochila, and Sanicula purpurea) are reported from the Puu Kukui WMA
(GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Maui Land and Pineapple Co., Ltd.
undated). In the December 18, 2000, proposal we proposed that lands
within the Puu Kukui WMA were adequately managed for the conservation
of the listed species that occur on those lands and were not in need of
special management considerations or protection. Therefore, we proposed
that these lands did not meet the definition of critical habitat in the
Act, and we did not propose designation of these lands as critical
habitat. However, during the comment periods on the December 18, 2000,
proposal we received information from the Watershed Supervisor that
funding for the conservation and management of the listed plant species
on lands within Puu Kukui WMA was not adequate nor assured. However,
during the comment periods for the April 3, 2002, proposal we received
yet more information from the Watershed Supervisor that, contrary to
the previous comments submitted, funding for Puu Kukui WMA was indeed
secure. In his September 30, 2002, letter to us the Puu Kukui Watershed
Supervisor stated that since 1988 Maui Land and Pineapple has
proactively managed Puu Kukui Watershed and that they are currently in
their second, six-year contract with the State of Hawaii's NAP Program
to preserve the native biodiversity of their conservation lands. They
are also receiving funding from the Service to survey for rare plants
on their lands and build feral ungulate control fences for the
protection of listed plants. In other words, they have a history of
self-funding and conducting proactive conservation efforts in Puu
Kukui, they are enrolled in the State's NAP Program and they receive
funding from the Service to support their conservation efforts.
Therefore, we have determined that the private land within Puu Kukui
WMA does not meet the definition of critical habitat in the Act as
discussed below, and we are not designating critical habitat on this
land.
At just over 3,483 ha (8,600 ac), the Puu Kukui WMA is the largest
privately owned preserve in the State. In 1993, the Puu Kukui WMA
became the first private landowner participant in the NAP program. In
the NAP program, Puu Kukui WMA staff are pursuing four management
programs stipulated in
[[Page 26025]]
their Long Range Management Plan with an emphasis on reducing nonnative
species that immediately threaten the management area (Maui Pineapple
Company 1999).
The primary management goals within Puu Kukui WMA are to (1)
eliminate ungulate activity in all Puu Kukui management units; (2)
reduce the range of habitat-modifying weeds and prevent introduction of
nonnative plants; (3) reduce the negative impacts of non-native
invertebrates and small animals; (4) monitor and track biological and
physical resources in the watershed in order to improve management
understanding of the watershed's resources; and (5) prevent the
extinction of rare species within the watershed.
Specific management actions to address feral ungulates include the
construction of fences surrounding 10 management units and removal of
ungulates within the Puu Kukui WMA.
The nonnative plant control program within Puu Kukui WMA focuses on
habitat modifying weeds, prioritizing them according to the degree of
threat to native ecosystems, and preventing the introduction of new
weeds. The weed control program includes mapping and monitoring along
established transects and manual/mechanical control. Biological control
of Clidemia hirta was tried by releasing Antiblemma acclinalis moth
larvae.
Natural resource monitoring and research address the need to track
biological and physical resources of the Puu Kukui WMA and evaluate
changes to these resources in order to guide management programs.
Vegetation is monitored through permanent photo points, nonnative
species are monitored along permanent transects, and rare, endemic, and
indigenous species are monitored. Additionally, logistical and other
support for approved research projects, interagency cooperative
agreements, and remote survey trips within the watershed is provided.
For these reasons, Puu Kukui WMA meets the three criteria for
determining that an area is not in need of special management as
discussed above. Therefore, we have determined that the private land
within Puu Kukui WMA does not meet the definition of critical habitat
in the Act, and we are not designating this land as critical habitat.
Should the status of this reserve change, for example by non-renewal of
a partnership agreement or termination of NAP funding, we will
reconsider whether it then meets the definition of critical habitat. If
so, we have the authority to propose to amend critical habitat to
include such area at that time (50 CFR 424.12(g)).
In summary, we believe that the habitat within Waikamoi and
Kapunakea Preserves, Puu Kukui WMA, and the upper area (above 1,525 m
(5,000 ft)) of Hanawi NAR, are being adequately managed for the
conservation of the listed species that occur within these areas and
are not in need of special management considerations or protection.
Therefore, we have determined that these lands do not meet the
definition of critical habitat in the Act, and we are not designating
these lands as critical habitat.
Analysis of Impacts Under Section 4(b)(2)
Section 4(b)(2) of the Act requires us to designate critical
habitat on the basis of the best scientific information available, and
to consider the economic and other relevant impacts of designating a
particular area as critical habitat. We may exclude areas from critical
habitat upon a determination that the benefits of exclusion outweigh
the benefits of specifying such areas as critical habitat. We cannot
exclude such areas from critical habitat when exclusion will result in
the extinction of the species concerned.
Economic Impacts
Following the publication of the revised proposed critical habitat
designation on April 5, 2002, a draft economic analysis (DEA) was
prepared to estimate the potential economic impact of the proposed
designation in accordance with the Court's decision in the N.M.
Cattlegrowers Ass'n v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv., 248 F.3d 1277
(10th Cir. 2001). The draft analysis was made available for review on
October 2, 2002 (67 FR 61845). We accepted comments on the draft
analysis until November 2, 2002.
Our draft economic analysis evaluated the potential direct and
indirect economic impacts of section 7 associated with the proposed
critical habitat designation for the 61 plant species from the islands
of Maui and Kahoolawe over the next ten years. Direct impacts are those
related to consultations under section 7 of the Act. They include the
cost of completing the section 7 consultation process and potential
project modifications resulting from the consultation. Indirect impacts
are secondary costs and benefits that could occur coextensively with
critical habitat designation, but are not necessarily directly related
to the Act. Examples of indirect impacts include potential effects to
property values, potential effects of redistricting of land from
agricultural or urban to conservation, and social welfare benefits of
ecological improvements.
The categories of potential direct and indirect costs considered in
the analysis included the costs associated with: (1) Conducting section
7 consultations including incremental consultations and technical
assistance; (2) Modifications to projects, activities, or land uses
resulting from the section 7 consultations; (3) Uncertainty and public
perceptions resulting from the designation of critical habitat
including potential indirect costs resulting from the loss of hunting
opportunities and the interaction of State and local laws; and (4)
Potential offsetting beneficial impacts associated with critical
habitat, including educational benefits. The most likely economic
effects of critical habitat designation are on activities funded,
authorized, or carried out by a Federal agency (i.e., direct costs).
The analysis in the DEA incorporates two baselines: one which
addresses the impact of critical habitat designation that may be
``attributable co-extensively'' to the listing of the species and one
which addresses the incremental impact of the critical habitat
designation itself.
This Addendum utilizes one baseline and analyzes the impacts of
critical habitat designation that may be attributable co-extensively to
the listing of the species. Because of the potential uncertainty about
the benefits and economic costs resulting solely from critical habitat
designations, the Service believes that it is reasonable to estimate
the effects of the designation utilizing this approach to avoid
understating potential economic impacts. It is important to note that
the inclusion of impacts attributable co-extensively to the listing
does not convert the economic analysis into a tool to be considered in
the context of a listing decision.
The addendum incorporates public comments on the draft analysis and
makes other changes in the draft. These changes were primarily the
result of modifications made to the proposed critical habitat
designation based on biological information received during the comment
periods. In addition, we have completed an amendment to the addendum in
which we have examined the potential economic impacts of a critical
habitat designation in areas that were not included in the original
proposal because we believed they were areas essential to the
conservation of the species but did not require special management
considerations or protection and thus could be excluded from
designation under section 3(5)(a) of the Act.
[[Page 26026]]
Together, the draft economic analysis, the addendum and the
addendum amendment constitute our final economic analysis. The draft
economic analysis estimated the total direct cost of the designation of
critical habitat on Maui and Kahoolawe for the 60 plant species co-
extensive with the listing to be between $418,700 and $2,075,600 over
10 years. This direct cost was revised in the addendum to $241,700 to
$1,441,200 over 10 years. The reduction of $177,000 to $634,400 from
the costs estimated in the draft economic analysis is primarily due to
the exclusion of some proposed units and the significant reduction in
size of other proposed units. Using a seven percent discount rate and
assuming these direct costs are distributed evenly over the 10-year
period, the annualized direct costs range from $24,170 to $144,120 per
year.
Certain costs identified the final economic analysis are based on
``worst-case'' scenarios that, while possible, do not seem likely based
on past consultation histories for these species. In particular, the
final economic analysis includes an evaluation of potential indirect
costs associated with the designation of critical habitat for 60 plant
species on Maui and Kahoolawe. These reported costs are speculative
and, in general, thought to have a low probability of occurrence. In
addition, the final economic analysis discusses economic benefits in
qualitative terms rather than providing quantitative estimates because
of the lack of information available to estimate the economic benefits
of endangered species preservation and ecosystem improvements.
The likely direct cost impact of designating critical habitat on
Maui and Kahoolawe for the 60 plant species is estimated to be between
$24,170 to $144,120 per year over the next 10 years. This estimate,
however, includes areas that were proposed as critical habitat, but
have been excluded under sections 3(5)(a) and/or 4(b)(2) of the Act.
Therefore, the direct cost of designating critical habitat for these 60
plant species is likely to be somewhat less than this amount.
A more detailed discussion of our economic analysis is contained in
the draft economic analysis and the addendum. Both documents are
included in our administrative record and are available for inspection
at the Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (see ADDRESSES
section).
Other Impacts
As described in the ``Analysis of Managed Lands Under Section
3(5)(A)'' section above, based on our evaluation of the adequacy of
special management and protection that is provided in current
management plans involving Alectryon macrococcus, Argyroxiphium
sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, Asplenium fragile var. insulare,
Bonamia menziesii, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Clermontia
samuelii, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea lobata,
Cyanea mceldowneyi, Cyrtandra munroi, Diplazium molokaiense, Geranium
arboreum, Geranium multiflorum, Hesperomannia arborescens, Melicope
balloui, Phlegmariurus mannii, Plantago princeps, Platanthera
holochila, Remya mauiensis, and Sanicula purpurea in accordance with
section 3(5)(A)(i) of the Act, we have not included TNCH's Waikamoi and
Kapunakea Preserves, Maui Land and Pineapple's Puu Kukui WMA, and the
State's upper Hanawi NAR lands, in this final designation of critical
habitat. However, to the extent that special management considerations
and protection may be required for these areas, and they therefore meet
the definition of critical habitat according to section 3(5)(A)(i),
they are properly excluded from designation under section 4(b)(2) of
the Act, based on the following analysis.
In addition, approximately 3,894 ha (9,622 ac) within five proposed
critical habitat units (Maui units H, I1, I2, and I4) located on
private lands owned by Ulupalakua and Haleakala Ranches are excluded
from designation under section 4(b)(2) because the benefits provided by
these two landowners' voluntary conservation activities within and
adjacent to these units outweigh the benefits provided by a designation
of critical habitat.
The Service believes that designation of critical habitat on these
lands would be a disincentive to those that have demonstrated a
willingness to manage their lands in a manner compatible with the
conservation of listed and non-listed species on Maui and Kahoolawe.
Designation, therefore, would have a strong possibility of having a
detrimental effect on the recovery of the listed species on these
lands. The exclusion of these lands from critical habitat, on the other
hand, will help improve and maintain our positive relationship with the
landowners involved and it will also provide incentives to other
landowners on Maui and Kahoolawe to consider implementing similar
voluntary conservation activities, conservation partnerships, and
beneficial natural resource programs on their lands.
TNCH's Waikamoi and Kapunakea Preserves contain occupied habitat
for 13 species (Alectryon macrococcus, Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp.
macrocephalum, Asplenium fragile var. insulare, Bonamia menziesii,
Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea lobata, Diplazium
molokaiense, Geranium arboreum, Geranium multiflorum, Plantago
princeps, Platanthera holochila, and Sanicula purpurea) and unoccupied
habitat for three species (Melicope balloui, Phlegmariurus mannii, and
Remya mauiensis). The State's upper Hanawi NAR contains occupied
habitat for Clermontia samuelii and Geranium multiflorum, and
unoccupied habitat for Cyanea mceldowneyi. Eight species (Ctenitis
squamigera, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Cyanea lobata,
Cyrtandra munroi, Hesperomannia arborescens, Phlegmariurus mannii,
Platanthera holochila, and Sanicula purpurea) occur within the Maui
Land and Pineapple Company's Puu Kukui WMA. For a more detailed
description of the management activities conducted on TNCH's Waikamoi
and Kapunakea Preserves, the State's Hanawi NAR and Maui Land and
Pineapple's Puu Kukui WMA, see the ``Analysis of Managed Lands Under
Section 3(5)(A)'' section.
The portion of proposed unit Maui H on Ulupalakua Ranch lands is
occupied habitat for nine species: Alectryon macrococcus; Bonamia
menziesii; Cenchrus agrimonioides; Flueggea neowawraea; Geranium
arboreum; Lipochaeta kamolensis; Melicope adscendens; Melicope
knudsenii; and Melicope mucronulata. It is unoccupied habitat for three
species: Clermontia lindseyana; Colubrina oppositifolia; and Diellia
erecta.
Ulupalakua Ranch is involved in several important voluntary
conservation agreements and is currently carrying out some of these
activities for the conservation of these species. For example, the
Partners for Fish and Wildlife Auwahi and Puu Makua agreements were
entered into in fiscal year 1997 and 1998 with the stated purpose of
protecting and restoring dryland forest including construction of
exclosure fences, a greenhouse, access road, and propagation and
outplanting of native plants. Preservation of these areas conserves
critically endangered species of plants and animals in one of Hawaii's
most degraded ecosystem types (lowland dry forest). This management
strategy is consistent with recovery of these species. The Auwahi
agreement (Auwahi I Project) is between Ulupalakua Ranch, USGS-BRD, and
the Service. The Service provided funding ($64,388) for fence
materials, plant
[[Page 26027]]
propagation and outplanting, and weed control, Ulupalakua Ranch
provided labor and materials valued at $18,000, and USGS-BRD provided
materials and technical assistance as well as staff and volunteer
labor. In the 4 ha (10 ac) Auwahi project area, Ulupalakua Ranch has
built the exclosure fence, outplanted native plants grown in the
greenhouse including Alectryon macrococcus var. auwahiensis and
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, removed the majority of nonnative alien species
within the fence, and removed all ungulates. The Service provided
$31,675 through an agreement with Ulupalakua Ranch for restoration work
at Puu Makua. Ulupalakua Ranch has provided in-kind labor and materials
valued at $37,055 to construct a fence around the 40-ha (100-ac)
exclosure, removal of ungulates, control of nonnative plants and out-
planting of native plants. The first two tasks have been completed,
with weed control and out-planting ongoing.
A third voluntary partnership project undertaken in cooperation
with the Ulupalakua Ranch is the Auwahi II Dryforest Restoration
Project. The Service provided $76,500 (matched by in-kind services
valued at $52,000) for this 8-ha (20-ac) restoration effort adjacent to
the Auwahi I project. This project is ongoing, and will employ the same
methods used at Auwahi I: construct of ungulate exclosure fence; remove
ungulates; control nonnative plants; and out-plant native species
(including listed species).
In addition, Ulupalakua Ranch entered a partnership with Ducks
Unlimited, a private conservation organization, and the Natural
Resources Conservation Service's (NRCS) Wetland Reserve Program in
2000, to create wetland complexes suitable for two endangered birds,
the Hawaiian Goose, nene (Branta sandvicensis) and Hawaiian duck, koloa
(Anas wyvilliana). NRCS Wetland Reserve Program (WRP) provided $100,000
for funding and technical support to develop the wetland complex, Ducks
Unlimited provided matching funds and provided full survey, design,
construction management and completion of wetland development
practices, and Ulupalakua Ranch provided fencing, equipment, labor or
other in-kind services as required to match the WRP funds. Ducks
Unlimited also conducted waterfowl monitoring at the four ponds for one
full year after pond construction. In 2001, a 14 ha (35 ac) area was
fenced and encompassed four constructed artificial ponds and associated
upland habitat at a 1,585 m (5,200 ft) elevation site. The ponds were
created to attract nene and koloa pairs to forage and nest within the
protected pond/wetland area, which totals approximately 0.4 ha (1 ac)
of surface water, with 1-2 m (3-6 ft) depths filled and maintained by
natural hydrology and rainfall. Nene may naturally disperse to
Ulupalakua Ranch from Haleakala National Park and the few koloa now
present on Maui may disperse to potential higher elevation habitat at
the ranch. Normal grazing and management of pasture lands throughout
Ulupalakua Ranch will also provide additional foraging areas for nene.
As endangered species are anticipated on the ranch, Ulupalakua
Ranch is developing a Safe Harbor Agreement with the Service and the
State through the Safe Harbor program. The Safe Harbor program
encourages proactive management to benefit endangered and threatened
species on non-Federal lands by providing regulatory assurances to
landowners that no additional Endangered Species Act restrictions will
be imposed on future land, water, or resource use for enrolled lands.
The intended purpose of the ranch's Safe Harbor Agreement is to restore
and enhance foraging and breeding habitat for two endangered Hawaiian
waterbirds at Ulupalakua Ranch in East Maui. Under this Agreement,
Ulupalakua Ranch will create a fenced 14-ha (35-ac) pond/wetland area
and maintain it for 20 years. If endangered species are attracted to
the area, Ulupalakua Ranch's voluntary conservation activities will
contribute to recovery by increasing their reproduction, survival, and
distribution on Maui.
The portion of proposed units Maui H, I1, I2, and I4 on Haleakala
Ranch Company lands is occupied habitat for seven species: Alectryon
macrococcus; Cyanea mceldowneyi; Diellia erecta; Diplazium molokaiense;
Geranium arboreum; Melicope balloui; and Phlegmariurus mannii. It is
unoccupied habitat for 11 species: Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp.
macrocephalum; Asplenium fragile var. insulare; Clermontia lindseyana;
Cyanea glabra; Geranium multiflorum; Lipochaeta kamolensis; Neraudia
sericea; Phyllostegia mannii; Phyllostegia mollis; Plantago princeps;
and Platanthera holochila.
Haleakala Ranch Company is involved in several important voluntary
conservation agreements that benefit the species included in the
proposed critical habitat. For example, in the mid-1980s, Haleakala
Ranch Company granted TNCH a perpetual conservation easement that
included over 19,000 ha (47,000 ac) (Waikamoi Preserve) on Maui in
order to protect its native forest resources and watershed from damage
caused by pigs and cattle. Haleakala Ranch Company has been working
with the Central Maui Soil and Water Conservation District to address
soil and resource issues. In cooperation with the NRCS Environmental
Quality Incentives Program (EQIP), Haleakala Ranch Company has
implemented a weed control program that has been on-going for over 80
years. Eight years ago, the Haleakala Ranch Company Directors created
and filled a Land Steward position in order to shepherd the ranch's
conservation efforts and update the conservation plans for all
Haleakala Ranch Company lands.
In addition, the Service's Partners for Fish and Wildlife Puu Pahu
agreement with Haleakala Ranch Co. and NRCS within proposed unit Maui
I1 was entered into in fiscal year 2001 with the stated purpose of
protecting and restoring native subalpine dry shrubland. This agreement
included construction of a 6.9 km (4.3 mi) exclosure fence and removal
of ungulates within the area in order to allow the already semi-intact
native vegetation to regenerate. Preservation of this area conserves
critically endangered species of plants and animals in one of Hawaii's
most restricted ecosystem types (subalpine dry shrubland). This
management strategy is consistent with the recovery of these species.
The Service and NRCS provided funding for fencing materials ($91,418
from the Service) and are providing technical assistance on the
conservation of Geranium arboreum and restoration of the subalpine dry
shrubland. Haleakala Ranch Co. is building the fence and removing the
ungulates (in-kind cost-share valued at $28,875). This work is planned
for completion by August 30, 2003. Haleakala Ranch Co. has also worked
with DOFAW for the past 2 years on an ungulate-free reserve for native
habitat regeneration in the Waiopae area. Haleakala Ranch Co. is
fencing the area to improve grazing management from the forest to the
shoreline. These actions will include riparian protection to improve
habitat for native plants, especially Lipochaeta kamolensis and
Alectryon macrococcus, and watershed management.
According to our published recovery plans, recovery of the species
addressed in this rule will require self-sustaining populations
distributed across the landscape of sufficient robustness to withstand
periodic threats due to natural disaster or biological threats (Service
1995a, 1995b, 1996a, 1996b, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999, 2001). The
highest priority recovery tasks include active management such as plant
[[Page 26028]]
propagation and reintroduction, fire control, nonnative species
removal, and ungulate fencing. Failure to implement these management
measures, all of which require voluntary landowner support and
participation, virtually assures the extinction of these species. Many
of these types of conservation actions in these areas of Maui are
carried out as part of TNCH's, the State's, ML&P's, and Ulupalakua and
Haleakala Ranch's participation in landowner incentive-based programs,
and by actions taken on the landowner's initiative, as well as by
actions taken on the State's prioritization and initiative, and
Ulupalakua Ranch's and Haleakala Ranch's participation with the
Service's Partners for Fish and Wildlife. These activities, which are
described in more detail above, require substantial voluntary
cooperation by each entity and other cooperating landowners and local
residents.
The following analysis describes the likely conservation benefits
of a critical habitat designation compared to the conservation benefits
without critical habitat designation. In particular we considered: to
what extent a critical habitat designation would confer additional
regulatory conservation benefits on these species; to what extent the
designation would provide an educational benefit to the members of the
public that would lead to enhanced conservation; and whether the
critical habitat designation would have a positive, neutral, or
negative impact on voluntary conservation efforts on each landowner's
lands as well as other non-Federal lands on Maui that could contribute
to recovery.
(1) Benefits of Inclusion
These areas contain habitat essential to the conservation of the
species listed for each area as described above. The primary direct
benefit of inclusion of these lands as critical habitat would result
from the requirement under section 7 of the Act that Federal agencies
consult with us to ensure that any proposed Federal actions do not
destroy or adversely modify critical habitat.
The benefit of a critical habitat designation would ensure that any
actions authorized, funded or carried out by a Federal agency would not
likely destroy or adversely modify any critical habitat. Without
critical habitat, some site-specific projects might not trigger
consultation requirements under the Act in areas where species are not
currently present; in contrast, Federal actions in areas occupied by
listed species would still require consultation under section 7 of the
Act to determine if the action is likely to jeopardize the continued
existence of the listed species.
Much of the area on TNCH's lands is already occupied habitat for 13
of the 16 listed species. Therefore, any Federal activities that may
affect these areas will likely require section 7 jeopardy consultation.
Historically, we have conducted only one informal consultation under
section 7 regarding Federal actions on TNCH's land on Maui. This
consultation was conducted with the U.S. Department of Agriculture to
review the effect of feral pig removal on listed endangered and
threatened species within Waikamoi and Kapunakea Preserves. Thirteen of
the 60 species, Alectryon macrococcus, Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp.
macrocephalum, Asplenium fragile var. insulare, Bonamia menziesii,
Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea lobata, Diplazium
molokaiense, Geranium arboreum, Geranium multiflorum, Plantago
princeps, Platanthera holochila, and Sanicula purpurea, are known to
occur within the preserves.
Much of the area on State lands is already occupied habitat for two
of the three listed species. Therefore, any Federal activities that may
affect these areas will likely require section 7 jeopardy consultation.
Historically, we have conducted one formal consultation and 16 informal
consultations under section 7 on the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe for
one or more of the 60 plant species. None of these consultations
involved this State land.
Much of the area in the ML&P's Puu Kukui WMA is already occupied by
Ctenitis squamigera, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Cyanea
lobata, Cyrtandra munroi, Hesperomannia arborescens, Phlegmariurus
mannii, Platanthera holochila, and Sanicula purpurea. Therefore, any
Federal activities that may affect these areas will in all likelihood
require section 7 jeopardy consultation. Historically, we have
conducted one informal consultation for this property. It addressed the
beneficial effects of Federal funding for ungulate exclusion on listed
endangered and threatened species within the Puu Kukui Partnership
Project area.
On Maui, historically we have conducted only one formal
consultation and 16 informal consultations under section 7 for any of
the plant species found on Maui. Of these, only two informal
consultations were conducted on Ulupalakua Ranch. These were intra-
Service consultations on the effects of fencing and outplanting within
the Puu Makua Partnership Project area and the Auwahi Partnership
Project area (see discussion below).
We have never completed a section 7 consultation on Haleakala Ranch
Company's lands (although one is in the process of being completed for
the Puu Pahu project that the Service is funding in part).
As a result of the low level of previous Federal activity on these
lands, and after considering the future Federal activities that might
occur on these lands, it is the Service's opinion that there is likely
to be a low number of future Federal activities that would adversely
affect habitat on the lands described above. Therefore, we anticipate
little additional regulatory benefits from including these areas in
critical habitat beyond what is already provided by the existing
section 7 nexus for habitat areas occupied by the listed extant
species.
Another possible benefit of designating critical habitat is that
the designation can educate the public regarding the potential
conservation value of an area, which may contribute to conservation
efforts by other parties by clearly delineating areas of high
conservation value for certain species. Information about the species
for which suitable habitat was identified on these lands on Maui,
including other parties engaged in conservation activities, could have
a positive conservation benefit for the species.
While we believe this educational outcome is important for the
conservation of these species, we believe it has already been achieved
through the existing management, education, and public outreach efforts
carried out by land owners and their conservation partners. The Nature
Conservancy of Hawaii has a well-developed public outreach
infrastructure that includes magazines, newsletters, and well-
publicized public events on Maui and throughout Hawaii. The State has a
well-developed public outreach infrastructure that includes websites,
newsletters, and well-publicized public events on Maui and throughout
Hawaii. ML&P features the Puu Kukui Watershed preserve on its Web site
(http://www.maui.net/mauilnp/puu_kukui.html) and the Puu Kukui
Watershed department staff hold monthly volunteer weed service trips
throughout the year. An annual boardwalk hike ($1,500/person) for a
dozen people is held in August/September with one free ``prize'' slot
reserved for the student winner of an environmental essay contest from
Maui County high schools (Randy Bartlett, Watershed Management
Supervisor, ML&P, in litt., 2002). Through the
[[Page 26029]]
critical habitat designation process, the portion of unit Maui H that
lies within Ulupalakua Ranch and the portion of units Maui H, I1, I2,
and I4 that lie within Haleakala Ranch have been identified as
essential to the conservation of 25 of the 60 Maui plant species
addressed in this rule. In addition, the existing conservation
activities being conducted within proposed unit Maui H that lies within
Ulupalakua Ranch and the portion of proposed units Maui H, I1, I2, and
I4 that lie within Haleakala Ranch, as well as other portions of each
ranch, by the Service and other Federal agencies (e.g., USDA NRCS), the
State, and private organizations (e.g., Ducks Unlimited) demonstrate
that the public is already aware of the importance of this area for the
conservation of the species located on each ranch. These examples and
other media extol and explain the conservation importance of these
lands and their conservation value. A final designation of critical
habitat would simply affirm what is already widely accepted by Hawaii's
conservationists, public agencies, and most of the public concerning
the conservation value of these lands.
In sum, we believe that a critical habitat designation for listed
plants on these lands on Maui would provide a relatively low level of
additional regulatory conservation benefit to each of the plant species
beyond what is already provided by existing section 7 consultation
requirements due to the physical presence of the listed species. Any
regulatory conservation benefits would accrue through the benefit
associated with additional section 7 consultation associated with
critical habitat. Based on a review of past consultations and
consideration of the likely future activities in this specific area,
there is little Federal activity expected to occur on this land that
would trigger section 7 consultation. The Service also believes that a
final critical habitat designation provides little additional
educational benefits since the conservation value is already well known
by the landowner, the State, Federal agencies, private organizations,
and the public.
(2) Benefits of Exclusion
Proactive voluntary conservation efforts are necessary to prevent
the extinction and promote the recovery of these listed plant species
on Maui and other Hawaiian islands (Shogren et al. 1999, Wilcove and
Chen 1998, Wilcove et al. 1998). Consideration of this concern is
especially important in areas where species have been extirpated and
their recovery requires access and permission for reintroduction
efforts (Bean 2002, Wilcove et al. 1998). For example, three of the 16
species associated with Waikamoi and Kapunakea Preserve are extirpated
from TNCH lands, Cyanea mceldownei associated with Hawaii NAR lands,
three of the 12 species associated with proposed unit Maui H on
Ulupalakau Ranch, and 11 of the 18 species associated with proposed
units Maui H, I1, I2, and I4 on Haleakala Ranch Company are extirpated
from these respective lands, and repopulation is likely not possible
without human assistance and landowner cooperation. Although none of
the species associated with ML&P lands are extirpated, augmentation of
existing populations and establishment of new populations are also
likely not possible without human assistance and landowner cooperation.
As described earlier, TNCH, the State, and ML&P have a history of
entering into conservation agreements with various Federal and State
agencies and other private organizations on their lands. The Nature
Conservancy's mission is to preserve the plants, animals and natural
communities that represent the diversity of life on Earth by protecting
the lands and waters they need to survive. The State's NAR mission is
to preserve and protect representative samples of the Hawaiian
biological ecosystems and geological formations. One of ML&P's missions
is to practice prudent stewardship of their land and water resources
ensuring the protection of crucial water resources for the community,
as well as the rare and endangered species of plants and animals.
To address the conservation needs of the species in a larger area,
Ulupalakua Ranch has expanded their Partners for Fish and Wildlife
projects with the Service, in cooperation with the State NAR program
for conserving additional areas, which include the following important
voluntary actions by Ulupalakua Ranch: (1) Construction of exclosure
fencing around a portion of Ulupalakua Ranch and the Kanaio NAR (a
portion of proposed Maui unit H) with $50,000 provided by Service,
matched by in-kind services (e.g., labor and materials) valued at
$50,000; (2) Active management of feral ungulates that are negatively
impacting listed plants within the fenced areas; (3) Active management
of nonnative grasses and other fire hazards, and development of fire
control measures; and (4) Nursery propagation and planting of native
flora, including some of the 12 species, within the fenced areas.
Haleakala Ranch Company informed the Service that they are
currently devising management plans for conserving resources, which
include the following important voluntary actions by Haleakala Ranch
Company: (1) Construction of a 9 ha (22 ac) exclosure fence around
Keokea Gulch in Kihei to reduce sedimentation on the shoreline and reef
and to reduce the fire hazard in the area by using R-1 reclaimed water
to irrigate a riparian buffer. construction of an exclosure fence for a
dryland lava flow in the Keokea area. In cooperation with DOFAW, fence
construction of an exclosure in the Waiopae area for habitat protection
of native forest and riparian areas (proposed units H, I1, I2, and I4);
(2) Control of feral ungulates that are negatively impacting listed
plants within the fenced areas; (3) Control of nonnative grasses and
other fire hazards, and development of fire control measures; and (4)
Habitat protection for natural regeneration of native flora within the
fenced areas.
The Service believes that each of the listed species within these
areas is benefitting substantially from the landowner's proactive
management actions. Voluntary management actions include a reduction in
ungulate browsing and habitat conversion, a reduction in competition
with nonnative weeds, a reduction in risk of fire, and the
reintroduction of species currently extirpated from various areas, and
for which the technical ability to propagate these species currently
exists or will be developed in the near future.
The conservation benefits of critical habitat are primarily
regulatory or prohibitive in nature. But on Maui, simply preventing
``harmful activities'' alone will not slow the extinction of listed
plant species (Bean 2002). Where consistent with the discretion
provided by the Act, the Service believes it is necessary to implement
policies that provide positive incentives to private landowners to
voluntarily conserve natural resources and that remove or reduce
disincentives to conservation (Wilcove et al. 1998). Thus, we believe
it is essential for the recovery of these species to build on continued
conservation activities such as these with a proven partner, and to
provide positive incentives for other private landowners on Maui who
might be considering implementing voluntary conservation activities but
have concerns about incurring incidental regulatory or economic
impacts.
Approximately 80 percent of imperiled species in the United States
occur partly or solely on private lands where the Service has little
management
[[Page 26030]]
authority (Wilcove et al. 1996). In addition, recovery actions
involving the reintroduction of listed species onto private lands
require the voluntary cooperation of the landowner (Bean 2002, James
2002, Knight 1999, Main et al. 1999, Norton 2000, Shogren et al. 1999,
Wilcove et al. 1998). Therefore, ``a successful recovery program is
highly dependent on developing working partnerships with a wide variety
of entities, and the voluntary cooperation of thousands of non-Federal
landowners and others is essential to accomplishing recovery for listed
species' (Crouse et al. 2002). Because the Federal government manages
relatively little land on Maui, and because large tracts of land
suitable for conservation of threatened and endangered species are
mostly owned by private landowners, successful recovery of listed
species on Maui is especially dependent upon working partnerships and
the voluntary cooperation of non-Federal landowners.
Therefore, the Service believes that excluding these lands from
critical habitat will help maintain and improve our partnership
relationship with these landowners by recognizing their positive
contribution to conservation on Maui. It will also reduce the cost and
logistical burden of unnecessary regulatory oversight. We also believe
this recognition will provide other landowners with a positive
incentive to undertake voluntary conservation activities on their
lands, especially where there is no regulatory requirement to implement
such actions.
(3) The Benefits of Exclusion Outweigh the Benefits of Inclusion
Based on the above considerations, and consistent with the
direction provided in section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we have determined
that the benefits of excluding the following areas as critical habitat
for the Maui plant species concerned that occur on these lands as
described above: TNCH's Maui preserves, the State's Hawaii NAR, ML&P's
Kukui WMA, the Ulupalakua Ranch portion of proposed unit Maui H, and
the Haleakala Ranch portion of proposed units Maui H, I1, I2, and I4.
This conclusion is based on the following factors:
(i) TNCH's mission is to preserve the plants, animals and natural
communities that represent the diversity of life on Earth by protecting
the lands and waters they need to survive. Therefore, all of their
preserve lands are currently being managed on a voluntary basis in
cooperation with the Service, State, and other private organizations to
achieve important conservation goals. In the past, TNCH has cooperated
with Federal and State agencies, and private organizations to implement
voluntary conservation activities on their lands that have resulted in
tangible conservation benefits.
The State's NAR mission is to preserve and protect representative
samples of the Hawaiian biological ecosystems and geological
formations. Therefore, the Hanawi NAR lands are currently being managed
on a proactive basis in cooperation with the Service, the National
Park, and private organizations to achieve important conservation
goals. In the past, the State has cooperated with Federal agencies, and
private organizations to implement proactive conservation activities on
their lands that have resulted in tangible conservation benefits.
One of ML&P's missions is to practice prudent stewardship of their
land and water resources ensuring the protection of crucial water
resources for the community, as well as the rare and endangered species
of plants and animals. Therefore, all of their Puu Kukui WMA lands are
currently being managed on a voluntary basis in cooperation with the
Service, State, and other private organizations to achieve important
conservation goals. In the past, ML&P has cooperated with Federal and
State agencies, and private organizations to implement voluntary
conservation activities on their lands that have resulted in tangible
conservation benefits.
A substantial amount of the Ulupalakua Ranch portion of proposed
unit Maui H are currently being managed by the landowner on a voluntary
basis in cooperation with us, the State of Hawaii, and USGS-BRD to
achieve important conservation goals. In the past, Ulupalakua Ranch has
cooperated with us, the State, and other organizations to implement
voluntary conservation activities on their lands that have resulted in
tangible conservation benefits.
A substantial amount of the Haleakala Ranch Co. portion of proposed
units H, I1, I2, and I4 is currently being managed by the landowner on
a voluntary basis in cooperation with us, the State of Hawaii, USGS-
BRD, and TNCH to achieve important conservation goals. In the past,
Haleakala Ranch has cooperated with us, the State, and other
organizations to implement voluntary conservation activities on their
lands that have resulted in tangible conservation benefits.
(ii) Simple regulation of ``harmful activities'' is not sufficient
to conserve these species. Landowner cooperation and support is
required to prevent the extinction and promote the recovery of all of
the listed species on Maui due to the need to implement proactive
conservation actions such as ungulate management, weed control, fire
suppression, plant propagation, and outplanting.
The need for TNCH's cooperation is especially acute because 3 of
the 16 reported species are not currently found on the preserves.
Future conservation efforts, such as translocation of these three plant
species on to these lands and expansion of the extant species, will
require the cooperation of TNCH and other non-Federal landowners on
Maui. Exclusion of TNCH lands from this critical habitat designation
will help the Service maintain and improve this partnership by formally
recognizing the positive contributions of TNCH to plant recovery, and
by streamlining or reducing redundant regulatory oversight.
The need for the State's cooperation is also especially acute
because the upper Hanawi NAR is unoccupied by Cyanea mceldowneyi.
Future conservation efforts, such as translocation of this plant
species back into unoccupied habitat on this land and expansion of the
extant species, will require the cooperation of the State and other
non-Federal landowners on Maui. Exclusion of the State's Hanawi NAR
lands from this critical habitat designation will help the Service
maintain and improve this partnership by formally recognizing the
positive contributions of the State NAR to plant recovery, and by
streamlining or reducing unnecessary regulatory oversight.
The need for ML&P's cooperation is necessary because future
conservation efforts, such as expansion of the extant species, will
require the cooperation of ML&P and other non-Federal landowners on
Maui. Exclusion of ML&P lands from this critical habitat designation
will help the Service maintain and improve this partnership by formally
recognizing the positive contributions of ML&P to plant recovery, and
by streamlining or reducing unnecessary regulatory oversight.
The need for Ulupalakua Ranch's cooperation is important because
the proposed unit Maui H is unoccupied by 3 of the 12 species. Future
conservation efforts, such as translocation of these three plant
species back into unoccupied habitat on these lands, will require the
cooperation of Ulupalakua Ranch.
The need for Haleakala Ranch Co.'s cooperation is especially acute
because the proposed units Maui H, I1, I2, and I4 are unoccupied by 11
of the 18 species. Future conservation efforts,
[[Page 26031]]
such as reintroduction of these 11 plant species back into unoccupied
habitat on these lands, will require the cooperation of Haleakala Ranch
Co.
(iii) The Service believes the additional regulatory and
educational benefits of including these lands as critical habitat are
relatively small. The current partnership agreements between TNCH and
many organizations, the State and many organizations, ML&P and many
organizations, and current agreements between the Service and
Ulupalakua Ranch and Haleakala Ranch already provide significant
conservation and educational benefits.
The designation of critical habitat can serve to educate the
general public as well as conservation organizations regarding the
potential conservation value of an area, but this goal is already being
accomplished through the identification of this area in the management
plans described above and through public outreach efforts. Likewise,
there will be little additional Federal regulatory benefit to the
species because (a) there is a low likelihood that these proposed
critical habitat units will be negatively affected to any significant
degree by Federal activities requiring section 7 consultation, and (b)
on land owned by TNCH, the State, Ulupalakua and Haleakala Ranches, and
ML&P much of the areas are already occupied by listed species and a
section 7 nexus already exists. The Service is unable to identify any
other potential benefits associated with critical habitat for these
proposed units.
(iv) It is documented that publicly and privately owned lands and
lands owned by conservation organizations such as these, alone, are too
small and poorly distributed to provide for the conservation of most
listed species (Bean 2002, Crouse et al. 2002). Excluding these lands
from critical habitat may, by way of example, provide positive social,
legal, and economic incentives to other non-Federal landowners on Maui
who own lands that could contribute to listed species recovery if
voluntary conservation measures on these lands are implemented (Norton
2000, Main et al. 1999, Shogren et al. 1999, Wilcove and Chen 1998). As
resources allow, the Service would be willing to consider future
revisions or amendments to this final critical habitat rule if
landowners affected by this rule develop conservation programs or
partnerships (e.g., Habitat Conservation Plans, Safe Harbor Agreements,
conservation agreements, etc.) on their lands that outweigh the
regulatory and educational benefits of a critical habitat designation.
As described above, the overall benefits to these species of a
critical habitat designation for these areas are relatively small. In
contrast, we believe that this exclusion will enhance our existing
partnership with each landowner and it will set a positive example and
provide positive incentives to other non-Federal landowners who may be
considering implementing voluntary conservation activities on their
lands. There is a higher likelihood of beneficial conservation
activities occurring in these and other areas of Maui without
designated critical habitat than there would be with designated
critical habitat in these areas. In conclusion, we find that the
designation of critical habitat on the TNCH Maui preserves, the State's
Hawaii upper Hanawi NAR, ML&P's Kukui WMA, the Ulupalakua Ranch portion
of proposed unit Maui H, and the Haleakala Ranch portion of proposed
units Maui H, I1, I2, and I4 would most likely have a negative effect
on the recovery and conservation of the Maui plant species concerned.
Therefore, the Service's conclusion is that the net benefits of
excluding these areas from critical habitat outweigh the benefits of
including these areas.
(4) Exclusion of This Unit Will Not Cause Extinction of the Species
In considering whether or not exclusion of the TNCH preserve lands
might result in the extinction of any of the 16 reported species, the
Service first considered the impacts to the five species endemic to
Maui (Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, Geranium arboreum,
Geranium multiflorum, Melicope balloui, and Remya mauiensis).
For both the five endemic and the 11 ``multi-island'' species, it
is the Service's conclusion that the TNCH's mission and management
plans will provide as much or more net conservation benefits as would
be provided if these preserves were designated as critical habitat.
These management plans, which are described above, will provide
tangible proactive conservation benefits that will reduce the
likelihood of extinction for the listed plants in these areas of Maui
and increase their likelihood of recovery. Extinction for any of these
species as a consequence of this exclusion is unlikely because there
are no known threats in these preserves due to any current or
reasonably anticipated Federal actions that might be regulated under
section 7 of the Act. The DEA indicates that there may be future
programmatic consultations. These management actions were designed to
protect and provide for the conservation of these species and will not
create any threats or risks of extinction to these species. Further,
these areas are already occupied by 13 of the 16 species and thereby
benefit from the section 7 protections of the Act, should such an
unlikely Federal threat actually materialize. The exclusion of these
preserves will not increase the risk of extinction to any of these
species, and it may increase the likelihood that these species will
recover by encouraging other landowners to implement voluntary
conservation activities as TNCH has done.
In addition, critical habitat is being designated on other areas of
Maui for all five of the endemic species (9--Argyroxiphium sandwicense
ssp. macrocephalum--a, Maui 9--Geranium arboreum--a, Maui 14--Geranium
arboreum--b, Maui 15--Geranium arboreum--c, Maui 8--Geranium
multiflorum--a, Maui 9--Geranium multiflorum--b, Maui 9--Geranium
multiflorum--c, Maui 8--Melicope balloui--a, Maui 9--Melicope balloui--
b, Maui 17--Remya mauiensis--a, Maui 17--Remya mauiensis--b, Maui 17--
Remya mauiensis--c, and Maui 18--Remya mauiensis--d), and critical
habitat has been designated elsewhere on Maui, and proposed or
designated on other islands for the remaining 11 multi-island species
consistent with the guidance in recovery plans. These other
designations identify conservation areas for the maintenance and
expansion of the existing populations and are sufficient to prevent
extinction of the species concerned.
In considering whether or not exclusion of the State's upper Hanawi
NAR might result in the extinction of Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea
mceldowneyi, and Geranium multiflorum the Service considered potential
impacts. For all three endemic species, it is the Service's conclusion
that the State's NAR mission and management provide a significant
conservation benefit. The management will provide tangible proactive
conservation benefits that will reduce the likelihood of extinction for
the listed plants in this area of Maui and increase their likelihood of
recovery. Extinction for any of these species as a consequence of this
exclusion is unlikely because there are no known threats in the NAR due
to any current or reasonably anticipated Federal actions that might be
regulated under section 7 of the Act. Further, this area is already
occupied by two of the three species and thereby benefits from the
section 7 protections of the Act, should such an unlikely Federal
threat actually
[[Page 26032]]
materialize. The exclusion of this NAR will not increase the risk of
extinction to any of these species, and it may increase the likelihood
these species will recover by encouraging other landowners to implement
voluntary conservation activities as the State has done.
In addition, critical habitat is being designated on another area
of Maui for all three endemic species (Maui 9--Clermontia samuelii--a,
Maui 8--Cyanea mceldowneyi--a, Maui 8--Geranium multiflorum--a, Maui
9--Geranium multiflorum--b, and Maui 9--Geranium multiflorum--c). These
other designations identify conservation areas for the maintenance and
expansion of the existing populations.
In considering whether or not exclusion of the Puu Kukui WMA might
result in the extinction of any of the eight species, the Service first
considered the impacts to the Maui endemic, Hesperomannia arborescens.
For both the endemic Hesperomannia arborescens and the seven
``multi-island'' species, it is the Service's conclusion that ML&P's
mission and management programs will provide as much or more net
conservation benefits as would be provided if this area was designated
as critical habitat. These management programs, which are described
above, will provide tangible proactive conservation benefits that will
reduce the likelihood of extinction for the listed plants in these
areas of Maui and increase their likelihood of recovery. Extinction for
any of these species as a consequence of this exclusion is unlikely
because there are no known threats in Puu Kukui WMA due to any current
or reasonably anticipated Federal actions that might be regulated under
section 7 of the Act. Further, this area is already occupied by all of
the eight species and thereby benefit from the section 7 protections of
the Act, should such an unlikely Federal threat actually materialize.
The exclusion of Puu Kukui WMA will not increase the risk of extinction
to any of these species, and it may increase the likelihood these
species will recover by encouraging other landowners to implement
voluntary conservation activities as ML&P has done.
In addition, critical habitat has been designated elsewhere on
Maui, and proposed or designated on other islands for the remaining
seven multi-island species consistent with the guidance in recovery
plans. These other designations identify conservation areas for the
maintenance and expansion of the existing populations.
In considering whether or not exclusion of Ulupalakua Ranch's
proposed unit Maui H might result in the extinction of any of the 12
species, the Service first considered the impacts to the three species
endemic to Maui (Geranium arboreum, Lipochaeta kamolensis, and Melicope
adscendens), and second to the nine species known from Maui and one or
more other Hawaiian islands.
For both the three endemic and the nine ``multi-island'' species,
it is the Service's conclusion that the partnership agreements
developed by Ulupalakua Ranch and the Service will provide more net
conservation benefits than would be provided by designating the portion
of proposed unit Maui H as critical habitat. These agreements, which
are described above, will provide tangible proactive conservation
benefits that will reduce the likelihood of extinction for the listed
plants in this area of Maui and increase their likelihood of recovery.
Extinction for any of these species as a consequence of this exclusion
is unlikely because there are no known threats in this portion of
proposed unit Maui H due to any current or reasonably anticipated
Federal actions that might be regulated under section 7 of the Act.
Implementation of the partnership agreements between the landowner and
the Service and the exclusion of the portion of proposed unit Maui H
have the highest likelihood of preventing extinction of these 12
species, especially the species endemic to the island of Maui.
In addition, critical habitat is being designated on another area
of Maui for all three of the endemic species (Maui 9--Geranium
arboreum--a, Maui 9--Lipochaeta kamolensis--a, and Maui 13--Melicope
adscendens--a). These other designations identify conservation areas
for the maintenance and expansion of the existing populations.
In considering whether or not exclusion of Haleakala Ranch
Company's portions of proposed units Maui H, I1, I2, and I4 might
result in the extinction of any of the 18 species, the Service first
considered the impacts to the six species endemic to Maui
(Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, Cyanea mceldowneyi,
Geranium arboreum, Geranium multiflorum, Lipochaeta kamolensis, and
Melicope balloui), and second to the 12 species known from Maui and one
or more other Hawaiian islands.
For both the six endemic and the 12 ``multi-island'' species, it is
the Service's conclusion that the partnership agreements developed by
Haleakala Ranch and the Service will provide more net conservation
benefits than would be provided by designating the portion of proposed
units H, I1, I2, and I4 as critical habitat. These agreements, which
are described above, will provide tangible proactive conservation
benefits that will reduce the likelihood of extinction for the listed
plants in this area of Maui and increase their likelihood of recovery.
Extinction for any of these species as a consequence of this exclusion
is unlikely because there are no known threats in these portions of
proposed units Maui H, I1, I2, and I4 due to any current or reasonably
anticipated Federal actions that might be regulated under section 7 of
the Act. Implementation of the partnership agreements between the
landowner and the Service, and the exclusion of the portion of proposed
units Maui H, I1, I2, and I4, have the highest likelihood of preventing
extinction of these 18 species, especially the species endemic to the
island of Maui.
In addition, critical habitat is being designated on other areas of
Maui for all six of the endemic species (Maui 9--Argyroxiphium
sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum--a, Maui 8--Cyanea mceldowneyi--a, Maui
9--Geranium arboreum--a, Maui 14--Geranium arboreum--b, Maui 14--
Geranium arboreum--c, Maui 8--Geranium multiflorum--a, Maui 8--Geranium
multiflorum--b, Maui 9--Geranium multiflorum--c, Maui 9--Lipochaeta
kamolensis--a, Maui 8--Melicope balloui--a, and Maui 8--Melicope
balloui--b), and critical habitat has been designated elsewhere on
Maui, and proposed or designated on other islands for the remaining 12
multi-island species consistent with the guidance in the recovery plans
for these species. These other designations identify conservation areas
for the maintenance and expansion of the existing populations.
In addition, Sec. 195D-4 (Hawaii Revised Statutes, Endangered
species and threatened species) stipulates that species determined to
be endangered or threatened under the Federal ESA shall be deemed
endangered or threatened under the state law. It is unlawful under the
state law, with some exceptions, to ``take'' such species, or to
possess, sell, carry or transport them. For plants, take is defined in
the State statute as to ``cut, collect, uproot, destroy, injure, or
possess''. The statutory protections for these plants provide
additional assurances that exclusion of these areas from critical
habitat will not result in extinction of the species in question.
In sum, the above analysis concludes that an exclusion of these
areas from final critical habitat on Maui will have a net beneficial
impact with little risk of
[[Page 26033]]
negative impacts. Therefore the exclusion of these lands will not cause
extinction and should in fact improve the chance of recovery for
Alectryon macrococcus, Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum,
Asplenium fragile var. insulare, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus
agrimonioides, Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.
mauiensis, Clermontia samuelii, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis
squamigera, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea lobata, Cyanea mceldowneyi, Cyrtandra
munroi, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Flueggea neowawraea,
Geranium arboreum, Geranium multiflorum, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Lipochaeta kamolensis, Melicope adscendens, Melicope balloui, Melicope
knudsenii, Melicope mucronulata, Neraudia sericea, Phlegmariurus
mannii, Phyllostegia mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps,
Platanthera holochila, Remya mauiensis, and Sanicula purpurea.
Taxonomic Changes
At the time we listed Clermontia peleana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyanea lobata, Delissea undulata, Mariscus pennatiformis,
Phyllostegia parviflora, and Phyllostegia mollis, we followed the
taxonomic treatments in Wagner et al. (1990), the widely used and
accepted Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. For Phlegmariurus
mannii, we used the ``Revised Checklist of Hawaiian Pteridophytes''
(Wagner and Wagner 1994). Subsequent to the final listing, we became
aware of new taxonomic treatments of these species. Also, in the
recently published Hawaii's Ferns and Fern Allies (Plamer 2003), the
family name for Ctenitis squamigera has changed (from Aspleniaceae to
Dryopteridaceae). Due to the court-ordered deadlines, we are required
to publish this final rule to designate critical habitat on Maui and
Kahoolawe before we can prepare and publish a notice of taxonomic
changes for these nine species. We plan to publish a taxonomic change
notice for these nine species after we have published the final
critical habitat designations on Maui and Kahoolawe.
Required Determinations
Regulatory Planning and Review
In accordance with Executive Order 12866, the Office of Management
and Budget (OMB) has determined that this critical habitat designation
is not a significant regulatory action. This rule will not have an
annual economic effect of $100 million or more or adversely affect any
economic sector, productivity, competition, jobs, the environment, or
other units of government. This designation will not create
inconsistencies with other agencies' actions or otherwise interfere
with an action taken or planned by another agency. It will not
materially affect entitlements, grants, user fees, loan programs, or
the rights and obligations of their recipients. Finally, this
designation will not raise novel legal or policy issues. Accordingly,
OMB has not formally reviewed this final critical habitat designation.
Regulatory Flexibility Act
Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) (as amended by the Small
Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (SBREFA) of 1996),
whenever a Federal agency is required to publish a notice of rulemaking
for any proposed or final rule, it must prepare and make available for
public comment a regulatory flexibility analysis that describes the
effect of the rule on small entities (i.e., small businesses, small
organizations, and small governmental jurisdictions). However, no
regulatory flexibility analysis is required if the head of the agency
certifies that the rule will not have a significant economic impact on
a substantial number of small entities. SBREFA amended the RFA to
require Federal agencies to provide a statement of the factual basis
for certifying that a rule will not have a significant economic impact
on a substantial number of small entities.
Based on the information in our economic analysis (draft economic
analysis, supplement, and addendum), we are certifying that the
critical habitat designation for 60 Maui and Kahoolawe plant species
will not have a significant effect on a substantial number of small
entities because a substantial number of small entities are not
affected by the designation.
SBREFA does not explicitly define either ``substantial number'' or
``significant economic impact.'' Consequently, to assess whether a
``substantial number'' of small entities is affected by this
designation, this analysis considers the relative number of small
entities likely to be impacted in the area. Similarly, this analysis
considers the relative cost of compliance on the revenues/profit
margins of small entities in determining whether or not entities incur
a ``significant economic impact.'' Federal courts and Congress have
indicated that an RFA/SBREFA analysis should be limited to all impacts
to entities directly subject to the requirements of the regulation (See
Mid-Tex Electric Co-Op, Inc. v. F.E.R.C. and America Trucking
Associations, Inc. v. EPA.). As such, entities indirectly impacted by
the plant listings and critical habitat and, therefore, not directly
regulated by the listing or critical habitat designation are not
considered in this section of the analysis.
Small entities include small organizations, such as independent
non-profit organizations, and small governmental jurisdictions, such as
school boards and city and town governments that serve fewer than
50,000 residents, as well as small businesses. Refer to the draft
economic analysis for a further discussion of the definition of small
entities.
The RFA/SBREFA defines ``small governmental jurisdiction'' as the
government of a city, county, town, school district with a population
of less than 50,000. By this definition, Federal government agencies
are not small business under SBA guidelines, and State agencies are not
considered small governments under the RFA. The County of Maui is also
not a small governmental jurisdiction because its population was
approximately 128,240 in 2000.
SBREFA further defines ``small organization'' as any not-for-profit
enterprise that is independently owned and operated and is not dominant
in its field. The East Maui Watershed Partnership and the West Maui
Watershed Partnership are not independently owned but are public-
private partnerships between Federal agencies, State agencies, private
landowners, and community organizations that are dominant in setting
policy for watershed protection. While the definition of ``small
organization'' leaves some room for interpretation, based on the above
factors, the economic analysis does not consider either partnership to
be a ``small organization.'' Our draft economic analysis further
identified one other organization that may be affected by the critical
habitat designation on Maui, although, to this point, we have never
consulted with them directly or indirectly, as Hawaii Television
Broadcasters Association (HTBA). The HTBA is a Hawaii nonprofit
corporation that represents the common interests of Hawaii's television
broadcasters, each of which has annual revenues in excess of $750,000.
As the entity representing all the local broadcast stations, HTBA
appears to be dominant in its field and therefore does not appear to
meet SBREFA's definition of a ``small organization.''
[[Page 26034]]
The RFA/SBREFA requires that agencies use the SBA's definition of
``small business,'' which is codified at 13 CFR 121.201. The draft
economic analysis identified the following small businesses. Zond Pond,
a company formed to develop wind projects in Hawaii that have not yet
been constructed, and several livestock operations. Zond Pond currently
has no sales by which to evaluate whether it meets the definition of a
small business. However, our DEA concluded, based on a public
declaration from Zond Pond that it is not a small business and the
projected scale of its windfarm projects, that Zond Pond does not
qualify as a ``small business'' under SBA's small business definitions.
In 2000, there were 170 cattle livestock operations in Maui County. The
combined cattle sales of all of these operations in 2000 was about $3.2
millions (Statistics of Hawaii Agriculture, 2000). Since this implies
average annual cattles sales per business of $19,000, it is likely that
all of almost all of the Maui County cattle operations meet the
definition of a small business (annual sales less thant $750,000).
To determine if the rule would affect a substantial number of small
entities, we consider the number of small entities affected within
particular types of economic activities (e.g., housing development,
grazing, oil and gas production, timber harvesting, etc.) in this
particular area/market affected by the regulation. We apply the
``substantial number'' test individually to each industry to determine
if certification is appropriate. In estimating the numbers of small
entities potentially affected, we also consider whether their
activities have any Federal involvement. Some kinds of activities are
unlikely to have any Federal involvement, and so will not be affected
by critical habitat designation.
The primary projects and activities that might be affected by the
designation and could affect small entities include ranching operations
in Maui County. The economic analysis predicts that between zero and
two section 7 consultations will be conducted over the next 10 years on
ranches in Maui County. The economic analysis estimates that these
consultations may affect one to four businesses out of 170 (1 to two
percent) of the small businesses in the cattle industry in Maui County.
(This is an overestimate of the number of businesses potentially
affected because it is based on more consultations occurring than is
currently estimated.)
The entire island of Kahoolawe is under State ownership and within
the State Conservation District. The current and projected land uses on
Kahoolawe are land restoration and ordnance removal (Decision Analysts
Hawaii (DAHI) 2001). For these reasons, the draft economic analysis
concluded that the proposed rule would not affect a substantial number
of small entities on the island of Kahoolawe. Based on the above
analysis, a significant economic impact on a substantial number of
small entities will not result from the proposed critical habitat
designation on Maui and Kahoolawe.
This conclusion are supported by the history of consultations on
Maui. Since these 60 plant species were listed (between 1991 and 1999),
on the island of Maui we have conducted only one formal consultation
and 16 informal consultations, in addition to consultations on Federal
grants to State wildlife programs, which do not affect small entities.
Three informal consultations were conducted with the U.S. Air Force,
for the Maui Space Surveillance Site, who requested we review their
final draft ``Environmental Assessment, ``Integrated Natural Resources
Management Plan for the Maui Space Surveillance Complex,'' and the
effects of the construction of the surveillance site on listed and
proposed endangered and threatened species. Three informal
consultations were conducted with Haleakala National Park, regarding a
collecting permit for two of the 60 species, Geranium arboreum and
Geranium multiflorum, and we reviewed the ``Environmental Assessment
for Replacement of the Summit Comfort Station and Utilities Systems'
and a park highway resurfacing project. One informal consultation was
conducted with the Service's Ecological Services Program for the
effects of fencing and replanting on listed endangered and threatened
species within the Auwahi Partnership Project area. One informal
consultation was conducted with the Service's Ecological Services
Program for the effects of fencing and hunting on listed endangered and
threatened species within the Kahikinui Partnership Project area. One
informal consultation was conducted with the Service's Ecological
Services Program, for the effects of fencing and outplanting on listed
endangered and threatened species within the Puu Makua Partnership
Project area. One informal consultation was conducted with the Service
for the effects of ungulate exclusion on listed endangered and
threatened species within the Puu Kukui Partnership Project area. One
informal consultation was conducted with the Department of Defense for
review of the effects of the Kanaio National Guard Training Area on
listed endangered and threatened species and review of ``Natural
Resources Management Plan: Kanaio Guard Training Area.'' Two informal
consultations were conducted with the Department of Transportation for
review of the effects of the proposed Kihei-Upcountry Highway on listed
endangered and threatened species. One informal consultations was
conducted with the U.S. Department of Agriculture for review of the
effect of feral pig removal on listed endangered and threatened species
within Waikamoi and Kapunakea Preserves. One informal consultation was
conducted with the Service's Ecological Services Program for the
effects of fencing and replanting listed endangered and threatened
species within the Puu O Kali restoration area. One informal
consultation was conducted with NRCS for the effects of ranching
operations on listed endangered and threatened species within 38 acres
of private land. One formal consultation was conducted with the Federal
Aviation Administration (FAA) for the review of the ``Final
Environmental Impact Statement, Kahului Airport Improvements.''
None of these consultations affected or concerned small entities.
In all 16 informal consultations, we concurred with each agency's
determination that the project, as proposed, was not likely to
adversely affect listed species. For the formal consultation, we
determined that the airport improvement project, which included a
mandatory state-of-the-art alien species interdiction facility, was not
likely to jeopardize listed species nor adversely affect designated
critical habitat for Gouania hillebrandii on the island of Maui. In
addition, only the FAA's proposed airport improvement project is
ongoing. The FAA is not a small entity. Therefore, the requirement to
reinitiate consultation for ongoing projects will not affect a
substantial number of small entities on Maui.
There has been one informal consultation on the island of
Kahoolawe. The consultation was conducted on behalf of the Department
of the Navy for the effects of ordnance cleanup on listed endangered
and threatened species. The Department of the Navy is not a small
entity; therefore this consultation did not affect or concern small
entities. In this case, we concurred with the agency's determination
that the project as proposed was not likely to adversely affect listed
species. Although this project is ongoing, it does not affect nor
concern small entities, so the
[[Page 26035]]
requirement to reinitiate consultation for ongoing projects will not
affect a substantial number of small entities on Kahoolawe.
In addition, on Maui, nearly all of the land within the critical
habitat units is unsuitable for development, land uses, and activities.
This is due to their remote locations, lack of access, and rugged
terrain. Approximately 86 percent of this land, and all of the land on
Kahoolawe, is within the State Conservation District where State land-
use controls severely limit development and most activities, and
approximately 14 percent of this land is within the State Agricultural
District.
Even where the requirements of section 7 might apply due to
critical habitat, based on our experience with section 7 consultations
for all listed species, virtually all projects--including those that,
in their initial proposed form, would result in jeopardy or adverse
modification determinations under section 7--can be implemented
successfully with, at most, the adoption of reasonable and prudent
alternatives. These measures by definition must be economically
feasible and within the scope of authority of the Federal agency
involved in the consultation.
For these reasons, we are certifying that the designation of
critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus, Argyroxiphium sandwicense
ssp. macrocephalum, Asplenium fragile var. insulare, Bidens micrantha
ssp. kalealaha, Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia rockii, Cenchrus
agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Clermontia samuelii, Colubrina
oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea copelandii ssp.
haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana,
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Cyanea lobata, Cyanea mceldowneyi,
Cyrtandra munroi, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Dubautia
plantaginea ssp. humilis, Flueggea neowawraea, Geranium arboreum,
Geranium multiflorum, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, Hedyotis
mannii, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum
byrone, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kanaloa kahoolawensis, Lipochaeta
kamolensis, Lysimachia lydgatei, Mariscus pennatiformis, Melicope
adscendens, Melicope balloui, Melicope knudsenii, Melicope mucronulata,
Melicope ovalis, Neraudia sericea, Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum
sandwicense, Phlegmariurus mannii, Phyllostegia mannii, Phyllostegia
mollis, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei,
Remya mauiensis, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea haleakalensis, Sesbania
tomentosa, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium capillare,
Tetramolopium remyi, Vigna o-wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense will
not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small
entities. Therefore, a regulatory flexibility analysis is not required.
Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (5 U.S.C. 804(2))
Under the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (5
U.S.C. 801 et seq.), this rule is not a major rule. Our detailed
assessment of the economic effects of this designation are described in
the draft economic analysis, the final addendum and the supplement to
the economic analysis. Based on the effects identified in these
documents, we believe that this rule will not have an effect on the
economy of $100 million or more per year, will not cause a major
increase in costs or prices for consumers, and will not have
significant adverse effects on competition, employment, investment,
productivity, innovation, or the ability of U.S.-based enterprises to
compete with foreign-based enterprises. Refer to the final addendum to
the economic analysis for a discussion of the effects of this
determination.
Executive Order 13211
On May 18, 2001, the President issued Executive Order 13211, on
regulations that significantly affect energy supply, distribution, and
use. Executive Order 13211 requires agencies to prepare Statements of
Energy Effects when undertaking certain actions. According to OMB, this
rule is not a significant regulatory action under Executive Order
12866, and we do not expect to significantly affect energy production
supply and distribution facilities because no significant energy
production, supply, and distribution facilities are included within
designated critical habitat. Further, for the reasons described in the
economic analysis, we do not believe that designation of critical
habitat for the 60 species on Maui and Kahoolawe will affect future
energy production. Therefore, this action is not a significant energy
action, and no Statement of Energy Effects is required.
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.)
In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501
et seq.):
(a) This rule will not ``significantly or uniquely'' affect small
governments. A small Government Agency Plan is not required. Small
governments will not be affected unless they propose an action
requiring Federal funds, permits, or other authorizations. Any such
activities will require that the Federal agency ensure that the action
will not adversely modify or destroy designated critical habitat.
(b) This rule will not produce a Federal mandate on State or local
governments or the private sector of $100 million or greater in any
year, that is, it is not a ``significant regulatory action'' under the
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act. The designation of critical habitat
imposes no obligations on State or local governments.
Takings
In accordance with Executive Order 12630 (``Government Actions and
Interference with Constitutionally Protected Private Property
Rights''), we have analyzed the potential takings implications of
designating critical habitat for the 60 species from Maui and Kahoolawe
in a takings implications assessment. The takings implications
assessment concludes that this final rule does not pose significant
takings implications.
Federalism
In accordance with Executive Order 13132, this final rule does not
have significant Federalism effects. A Federalism assessment is not
required. In keeping with Department of Interior policy, we requested
information from appropriate State agencies in Hawaii. This rule
imposes no regulatory requirements unless an agency is seeking Federal
funding or authorization, so it does not have Federal implications. In
addition, this rule will not have substantial direct compliance costs
because many of the planned projects that could affect critical habitat
have no Federal involvement.
The designations may have some benefit to these governments, in
that the areas essential to the conservation of these species are more
clearly defined and the primary constituent elements of the habitat
necessary to the survival of the species are specifically identified.
While this definition and identification does not alter where and what
federally sponsored activities may occur, it may assist these local
governments in long-range planning, rather than waiting for case-by-
case section 7 consultation to occur.
[[Page 26036]]
Civil Justice Reform
In accordance with Executive Order 12988, the Department of the
Interiors's Office of the Solicitor has determined that this rule does
not unduly burden the judicial system and does meet the requirements of
sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of the Order. We have designated critical
habitat in accordance with the provisions of the Endangered Species
Act. The rule uses standard property descriptions and identifies the
primary constituent elements within the designated areas to assist the
public in understanding the habitat needs of the 60 plant species from
Maui and Kahoolawe.
Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.)
This rule does not contain any information collection requirements
for which OMB approval under the Paperwork Reduction Act is required.
An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to
respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a valid OMB
control number.
National Environmental Policy Act
We have determined that we do not need to prepare an Environmental
Assessment and/or an Environmental Impact Statement as defined by the
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 in connection with
regulations adopted pursuant to section 4(a) of the Endangered Species
Act. We published a notice outlining our reason for this determination
in the Federal Register on October 25, 1983 (48 FR 49244). This
determination does not constitute a major Federal action significantly
affecting the quality of the human environment.
Government-to-Government Relationship with Tribes
In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994,
``Government-to-Government Relations with Native American Tribal
Governments'' (59 FR 22951), Executive Order 13175, and the Department
of the Interior's manual at 512 DM 2, we readily acknowledge our
responsibility to communicate meaningfully with recognized Federal
Tribes on a government-to-government basis. We have determined that
there are no Tribal lands essential for the conservation of these 60
plant species. Therefore, designation of critical habitat for these 60
species does not involve any Tribal lands.
References Cited
A complete list of all references cited in this final rule is
available upon request from the Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife
Office (see ADDRESSES section).
Authors
The primary authors of this final rule are staff of the Pacific
Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (see ADDRESSES section).
List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17
Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements, Transportation.
Regulation Promulgation
0
Accordingly, we hereby amend part 17, subchapter B of chapter I, title
50 of the Code of Federal Regulations as set forth below:
PART 17--[AMENDED]
0
1. The authority citation for part 17 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361-1407; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1544; 16 U.S.C.
4201-4245; Pub. L. 99-625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted.
0
2. Amend Sec. 17.12(h), the List of Endangered and Threatened Plants,
as set forth below:
0
a. Under the table's heading FLOWERING PLANTS, by revising the entries
for Alectryon macrococcus, Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp.
macrocephalum, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Bonamia menziesii,
Brighamia rockii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides,
Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis,
Clermontia samuelii, Colubrina oppositifolia, Cyanea copelandii ssp.
haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana,
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Cyanea lobata, Cyanea mceldowneyi,
Cyrtandra munroi, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis, Flueggea
neowawraea, Geranium arboreum, Geranium multiflorum, Gouania vitifolia,
Hedyotis coriacea, Hedyotis mannii, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kanaloa
kahoolawensis, Lipochaeta kamolensis, Lysimachia lydgatei, Mariscus
pennatiformis, Melicope adscendens, Melicope balloui, Melicope
knudsenii, Melicope mucronulata, Melicope ovalis, Neraudia sericea,
Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia mannii,
Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Remya
mauiensis, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea haleakalensis, Sesbania
tomentosa, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium capillare,
Tetramolopium remyi, Vigna o-wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense to
read as follows: and
0
b. Under the table's heading FERNS AND ALLIES, by revising the entries
for Asplenium fragile var. insulare, Ctenitis squamigera, Diellia
erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, and Pteris lidgatei; by removing the
entry for Huperzia (=Phlegmariurus, =Lycopodium) mannii; and by adding
an entry for Phlegmariurus (=Lycopodum, =Huperzia) mannii to read as
follows.
Sec. 17.12 Endangered and threatened plants.
* * * * *
(h) * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Species
-------------------------------------------------------------------- Historic range Family Status When Critical habitat Special
Scientific name Common name listed rules
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Flowering Plants
* * * * * * *
Alectryon macrococcus.............. Mahoe......................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Sapindaceae................... E 467 17.99(a)(1), (c) and (e)(1)... NA
* * * * * * *
Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. Ahinahina..................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Asteraceae.................... T 467 17.99(e)(1)................... NA
macrocephalum.
* * * * * * *
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha.... Kookoolau..................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Asteraceae.................... E 467 17.96(b) and 17.99(e)(1)...... NA
* * * * * * *
Bonamia menziesii.................. None.......................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Convolvulaceae................ E 559 17.99(a)(1) and (e)(1)........ NA
* * * * * * *
Brighamia rockii................... Pua ala....................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Campanulaceae................. E 480 17.99(c) and (e)(1)........... NA
* * * * * * *
Cenchrus agrimonioides Kamanomano.................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Poaceae....................... E 592 17.99(e)(1)................... NA
[[Page 26037]]
(=Sandbur, agrimony)
* * * * * * *
Centaurium sebaeoides.............. Awiwi......................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Gentianaceae.................. E 448 17.99(a)(1), (c) and (e)(1)... NA
* * * * * * *
Clermontia lindseyana.............. Oha wai....................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Campanulaceae................. E 532 17.99(e)(1)................... NA
* * * * * * *
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. Oha wai....................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Campanulaceae................. E 467 17.99(e)(1)................... NA
mauiensis
* * * * * * *
Clermontia samuelii................ Oha wai....................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Campanulaceae................. E 666 17.99(e)(1)................... NA
* * * * * * *
Colubrina oppositifolia............ Kauila........................ U.S.A. (HI)................... Rhamnaceae.................... E 532 17.99(e)(1)................... NA
* * * * * * *
Cyanea copelandii ssp. Haha.......................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Campanulaceae................. E 666 17.99(e)(1)................... NA
haleakalaensis
* * * * * * *
Cyanea glabra...................... Haha.......................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Campanulaceae................. E 666 17.99(e)(1)................... NA
* * * * * * *
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. Haha.......................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Campanulaceae................. E 592 17.99(c) and (e)(1)........... NA
grimesiana
* * * * * * *
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. Haha.......................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Campanulaceae................. E 666 17.99(e)(1)................... NA
hamatiflora
* * * * * * *
Cyanea lobata...................... Haha.......................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Campanulaceae................. E 467 17.99(e)(1)................... NA
* * * * * * *
Cyanea mceldowneyi................. Haha.......................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Campanulaceae................. E 467 17.99(e)(1)................... NA
* * * * * * *
Cyrtandra munroi................... Haiwale....................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Gesneriaceae.................. E 467 17.99(e)(1)................... NA
* * * * * * *
Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis.. Naenae........................ U.S.A. (HI)................... Asteraceae.................... E 666 17.99(e)(1)................... NA
* * * * * * *
Flueggea neowawraea................ Mehamehame.................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Euphorbiaceae................. E 559 17.99(a)(1), (c), and (e)(1).. NA
* * * * * * *
Geranium arboreum.................. Hawaiian red-flowered geranium U.S.A. (HI)................... Geraniaceae................... E 465 17.99(e)(1)................... NA
* * * * * * *
Geranium multiflorum............... Nohoanu....................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Geraniaceae................... E 467 17.99(e)(1)................... NA
* * * * * * *
Gouania vitifolia.................. None.......................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Rhamnaceae.................... E 541 17.99(e)(1)................... NA
* * * * * * *
Hedyotis coriacea.................. Kioele........................ U.S.A. (HI)................... Rubiaceae..................... E 467 17.99(e)(1)................... NA
* * * * * * *
Hedyotis mannii.................... Pilo.......................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Rubiaceae..................... E 480 17.99(e)(1)................... NA
* * * * * * *
Hesperomannia arbuscula............ None.......................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Asteraceae.................... E 448 17.99(e)(1)................... NA
* * * * * * *
Hibiscus brackenridgei............. Mao hau hele.................. U.S.A. (HI)................... Malvaceae..................... E 559 17.99(c) and (e)(1)........... NA
* * * * * * *
Ischaemum byrone................... Hilo ischaemum................ U.S.A. (HI)................... Poaceae....................... E 532 17.99(a)(1), (c), and (e)(1).. NA
* * * * * * *
Isodendrion pyrifolium............. Wahine noho kula.............. U.S.A. (HI)................... Violaceae..................... E 532 17.99(c) and (e)(1)........... NA
* * * * * * *
Kanaloa kahoolawensis.............. Kohe malama malama o kanaloa.. U.S.A. (HI)................... Fabaceae...................... E 666 17.99(e)(2)................... NA
* * * * * * *
Lipochaeta kamolensis.............. Nehe.......................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Asteraceae.................... E 467 17.99(e)(1)................... NA
* * * * * * *
Lysimachia lydgatei................ None.......................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Primulaceae................... E 467 17.99(e)(1)................... NA
* * * * * * *
Mariscus pennatiformis............. None.......................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Cyperaceae.................... E 559 17.99(a)(1) and (e)(1)........ NA
* * * * * * *
Melicope adscendens................ Alani......................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Rutaceae...................... E 565 17.99(e)(1)................... NA
* * * * * * *
Melicope balloui................... Alani......................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Rutaceae...................... E 565 17.99(e)(1)................... NA
* * * * * * *
Melicope knudsenii................. Alani......................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Rutaceae...................... E 530 17.99(a)(1) and (e)(1)........ NA
* * * * * * *
Melicope mucronulata............... Alani......................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Rutaceae...................... E 467 17.99(c) and (e)(1)........... NA
* * * * * * *
Melicope ovalis.................... Alani......................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Rutaceae...................... E 565 17.99(e)(1)................... NA
* * * * * * *
Neraudia sericea................... None.......................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Urticaceae.................... E 559 17.99(c) and (e)(1)........... NA
* * * * * * *
Nototrichium humile................ Kului......................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Amaranthaceae................. E 448 17.99(e)(1)................... NA
* * * * * * *
Peucedanum sandwicense............. Makou......................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Apiaceae...................... T 530 17.99(a)(1), (c), and (e)(1).. NA
* * * * * * *
Phyllostegia mannii................ None.......................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Lamiaceae..................... E 480 17.99(c) and (e)(1)........... NA
[[Page 26038]]
* * * * * * *
Phyllostegia mollis................ None.......................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Lamiaceae..................... E 448 17.99(e)(1)................... NA
* * * * * * *
Plantago princeps.................. Laukahi kuahiwi............... U.S.A. (HI)................... Plantaginaceae................ E 559 17.99(a)(1), (c), and (e)(1).. NA
* * * * * * *
Platanthera holochila.............. None.......................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Orchidaceae................... E 592 17.99(a)(1) and (e)(1)........ NA
* * * * * * *
Remya mauiensis.................... Maui remya.................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Asteraceae.................... E 413 17.99(e)(1)................... NA
* * * * * * *
Sanicula purpurea.................. None.......................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Apiaceae...................... E 592 17.99(e)(1)................... NA
* * * * * * *
Schiedea haleakalensis............. None.......................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Caryophyllaceae............... E 467 17.99(e)(1)................... NA
* * * * * * *
Sesbania tomentosa................. Ohai.......................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Fabaceae...................... E 559 17.99(a)(1), (c), and (e)(1).. NA
* * * * * * *
Spermolepis hawaiiensis............ None.......................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Apiaceae...................... E 559 17.99(a)(1), (c), and (e)(1).. NA
* * * * * * *
Tetramolopium capillare............ Pamakani...................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Asteraceae.................... E 555 17.99(e)(1)................... NA
* * * * * * *
Tetramolopium remyi................ None.......................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Asteraceae.................... E 435 17.96(b) and 17.99(e)(1)...... NA
* * * * * * *
Vigna o-wahuensis.................. None.......................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Fabaceae...................... E 559 17.99(e)(1)................... NA
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense............. Ae............................ U.S.A. (HI)................... Rutaceae...................... E 532 17.99(a)(1), (c), and (e)(1).. NA
* * * * * * *
FERNS AND ALLIES
Asplenium fragile var. insulare.... None.......................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Aspleniaceae.................. E 553 17.99(e)(1)................... NA
* * * * * * *
Ctenitis squamigera................ Pauoa......................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Aspleniaceae.................. E 553 17.99(a)(1), (c), and (e)(1).. NA
* * * * * * *
Diellia erecta..................... Asplenium-leaved diellia..... U.S.A. (HI)................... Aspleniaceae.................. E 559 17.99(a)(1), (c), and (e)(1).. NA
* * * * * * *
Diplazium molokaiense.............. None.......................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Aspleniaceae.................. E 553 17.99(a)(1), (c), and (e)(1).. NA
* * * * * * *
Phlegmariurus Wawaeiole..................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Lycopodiaceae................. E 467 17.99(e)(1)................... NA
(=Lycopodium,=Huperzia) mannii.
* * * * * * *
Pteris lidgatei.................... None.......................... U.S.A. (HI)................... Adiantaceae................... E 553 17.99(c) and (e)(1)........... NA
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0
3. Amend Sec. 17.99 as set forth below:
0
a. By revising the section heading to read as follows: and
0
b. By adding paragraphs (e) and (f) to read as follows:
Sec. 17.99 Critical habitat; plants on the islands of Kauai, Niihau,
Molokai, Maui and Kahoolawe, HI.
* * * * *
(e) Maps and critical habitat unit descriptions for the islands of
Maui and Kahoolawe, HI. The following sections contain the legal
descriptions of the critical habitat units designated for the islands
of Maui and Kahoolawe, HI. Existing manmade features and structures
within the boundaries of the mapped areas, such as buildings; roads;
aqueducts and other water system features--including but not limited to
pumping stations, irrigation ditches, pipelines, siphons, tunnels,
water tanks, gaging stations, intakes, reservoirs, diversions, flumes,
and wells; existing trails; campgrounds and their immediate surrounding
landscaped area; scenic lookouts; remote helicopter landing sites;
existing fences; telecommunications towers and associated structures
and equipment; electrical transmission lines and distribution, and
communication facilities and regularly maintained associated rights-of-
way and access ways; radars and telemetry antennas; missile launch
sites; arboreta and gardens; heiau (indigenous places of worship or
shrines) and other archaeological sites; airports; other paved areas;
and lawns and other rural residential landscaped areas do not contain
the primary constituent elements described for each species in
paragraph (f) of this section, except for the elevation primary
constituent element, and therefore are not included in the critical
habitat designations.
(1) Maui. Critical habitat units are described below. Coordinates
in UTM Zone 4 with units in meters using North American Datum of 1983
(NAD83). The following map shows the general locations of the 136
critical habitat units designated on the island of Maui.
(i) Note: Map 1--Index map--follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P
[[Page 26039]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.001
(ii) Maui 1--Centaurium sebaeoides--a (71 ha; 174 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 93 boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: Start at 751112, 2326166; 754099, 2324756;
754053, 2324754; 754053, 2324754; 753973, 2324765; 753966, 2324891;
753771, 2325042; 753692, 2325076; 753669, 2325092; 753524, 2325277;
753446, 2325286; 753446, 2325286; 753388, 2325342; 753388, 2325342;
753381, 2325348; 753372, 2325347; 753367, 2325346; 753332, 2325352;
753325, 2325353; 753299, 2325342; 753270, 2325329; 753238, 2325323;
753221, 2325320; 753189, 2325314; 753085, 2325303; 753085, 2325303;
753085, 2325303; 753077, 2325294; 753069, 2325293; 752894, 2325153;
752865, 2325227; 752886, 2325361; 752884, 2325378; 752893, 2325419;
752878, 2325426; 752833, 2325446; 752831, 2325447; 752829, 2325444;
752827, 2325442; 752732, 2325363; 752732, 2325363; 752732, 2325363;
752725, 2325288; 752717, 2325268; 752711, 2325276; 752692, 2325301;
752671, 2325491; 752670, 2325500; 752591, 2325471; 752535, 2325474;
752535, 2325474; 752535, 2325474; 752475, 2325438; 752566, 2325581;
752580, 2325602; 752559, 2325613; 752455, 2325669; 752444, 2325674;
752441, 2325676; 752268, 2325670; 751992, 2325839; 751990, 2325840;
751898, 2325842; 751835, 2325769; 751804, 2325709; 751734, 2325826;
751730, 2325834; 751715, 2325826; 751714, 2325826; 751713, 2325825;
751653, 2325794; 751526, 2325562; 751530, 2325511; 751525, 2325510;
751492, 2325530; 751475, 2325549; 751475, 2325549; 751461, 2325680;
751461, 2325835; 751461, 2325837; 751461, 2325837; 751461, 2325837;
751273, 2325927; 751251, 2325921; 751218, 2325911; 751187, 2325954;
751173, 2325973; 751154, 2325968; 751123, 2325981; 751122, 2325980;
751117, 2326075; 751115, 2326111; 751112, 2326166; return to starting
point.
(B) Note: Map 2 follows:
[[Page 26040]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.002
(iii) Maui 1--Sesbania tomentosa--a (38 ha; 94 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 54 boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: Start at 752505, 2325951; 754099, 2324756;
754053, 2324754; 754053, 2324754; 753994, 2324762; 753966, 2324896;
753718, 2325117; 753656, 2325144; 753550, 2325285; 753389, 2325341;
753388, 2325342; 753384, 2325343; 753372, 2325347; 753346, 2325356;
753332, 2325352; 753332, 2325352; 753325, 2325353; 753300, 2325342;
753299, 2325342; 753238, 2325323; 753231, 2325321; 753221, 2325320;
753036, 2325303; 752894, 2325153; 752865, 2325227; 752886, 2325361;
752882, 2325396; 752886, 2325418; 752878, 2325426; 752850, 2325454;
752833, 2325446; 752829, 2325444; 752753, 2325409; 752739, 2325369;
752739, 2325369; 752732, 2325363; 752730, 2325339; 752708, 2325279;
752708, 2325280; 752700, 2325498; 752671, 2325491; 752593, 2325471;
752535, 2325474; 752535, 2325474; 752487, 2325446; 752567, 2325578;
752566, 2325581; 752559, 2325613; 752549, 2325657; 752455, 2325669;
752443, 2325670; 752444, 2325674; 752504, 2325951; 752505, 2325951;
return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 3 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.003
(iv) Maui 2--Brighamia rockii--a (6 ha; 14 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 29 boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: Start at 757892, 2319612; 757868, 2319613;
757861, 2319624; 757862, 2319690; 757862, 2319690; 757794, 2319720;
757771, 2319757; 757765, 2319756; 757726, 2319818; 757700, 2319852;
757688, 2319868; 757645, 2319908; 757645, 2319908; 757626, 2319942;
757626, 2319942; 757371, 2320024; 757371, 2320024; 757333, 2320052;
757268, 2320058; 757266, 2320058; 757272, 2320064; 757278, 2320070;
757288, 2320086; 757296, 2320107; 757292, 2320137; 757312, 2320161;
757387, 2320119; 757388, 2320120; 757892, 2319612; return to starting
point.
(B) Note: Map 4 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.140
(v) Maui 2--Brighamia rockii--b (17 ha; 42 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 47 boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: Start at 757133, 2322103; 757301, 2320290;
757290, 2320310; 757286, 2320313; 757279, 2320318; 757264, 2320330;
757264, 2320389; 757248, 2320415; 757247, 2320416; 757241, 2320425;
757211, 2320467;
[[Page 26041]]
757209, 2320469; 757193, 2320485; 757174, 2320504; 757148, 2320525;
757157, 2320542; 757190, 2320563; 757188, 2320568; 757183, 2320582;
757167, 2320630; 757140, 2320705; 757145, 2320746; 757139, 2320784;
757137, 2320794; 757102, 2320856; 757102, 2320918; 757125, 2321030;
757126, 2321037; 757127, 2321042; 757107, 2321136; 757104, 2321149;
757082, 2321207; 757031, 2321316; 757019, 2321449; 757019, 2321491;
757069, 2321583; 757108, 2321658; 757109, 2321661; 757127, 2321696;
757312, 2321727; 757278, 2321778; 757132, 2321784; 757073, 2321843;
757052, 2321922; 757086, 2322052; 757133, 2322103; 757133, 2322103;
return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 5 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.004
(vi) Maui 2--Centaurium sebaeoides--b (27 ha; 66 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 106 boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: Start at 757167, 2321145; 758803, 2318519;
758719, 2318510; 758683, 2318554; 758580, 2318620; 758534, 2318638;
758445, 2318673; 758344, 2318706; 758258, 2318748; 758224, 2318802;
758205, 2318870; 758210, 2318971; 758198, 2319087; 758172, 2319133;
758100, 2319189; 758059, 2319236; 757995, 2319372; 758013, 2319396;
758013, 2319396; 758013, 2319396; 757861, 2319563; 757861, 2319624;
757862, 2319690; 757794, 2319720; 757771, 2319757; 757727, 2319831;
757700, 2319852; 757658, 2319885; 757645, 2319908; 757626, 2319942;
757371, 2320024; 757267, 2320057; 757268, 2320058; 757272, 2320064;
757287, 2320085; 757291, 2320139; 757294, 2320164; 757273, 2320164;
757242, 2320158; 757201, 2320133; 757176, 2320121; 757115, 2320110;
757111, 2320116; 757132, 2320151; 757173, 2320169; 757193, 2320192;
757198, 2320217; 757211, 2320231; 757274, 2320293; 757290, 2320303;
757286, 2320313; 757285, 2320316; 757279, 2320318; 757259, 2320326;
757259, 2320339; 757260, 2320395; 757247, 2320416; 757243, 2320423;
757241, 2320425; 757213, 2320452; 757209, 2320469; 757205, 2320484;
757193, 2320485; 757184, 2320485; 757169, 2320504; 757152, 2320502;
757143, 2320509; 757089, 2320510; 757068, 2320516; 757067, 2320526;
757083, 2320535; 757093, 2320554; 757100, 2320567; 757138, 2320580;
757188, 2320568; 757191, 2320567; 757183, 2320582; 757171, 2320606;
757168, 2320622; 757167, 2320630; 757156, 2320685; 757142, 2320706;
757148, 2320745; 757139, 2320784; 757136, 2320795; 757126, 2320807;
757087, 2320802; 757054, 2320808; 757050, 2320822; 757051, 2320829;
757079, 2320846; 757094, 2320878; 757098, 2320909; 757087, 2320942;
757083, 2320967; 757092, 2320990; 757125, 2321030; 757127, 2321033;
757126, 2321037; 757124, 2321043; 757096, 2321047; 757094, 2321055;
757103, 2321074; 757107, 2321136; 757107, 2321139; 757167, 2321145;
return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 6 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.005
(vii) Maui 3--Brighamia rockii--c (4 ha; 9 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 31 boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: Start at 793379, 2311347; 793988, 2310722;
793937, 2310735; 793921, 2310750; 793918, 2310815; 793926, 2310829;
793943, 2310864; 793938, 2310875; 793940, 2310881; 793940, 2310881;
793940, 2310881; 793940, 2310881; 793940, 2310881; 793931, 2310894;
793906, 2310935; 793885, 2310962; 793883, 2310973; 793856, 2311001;
793796, 2311026; 793781, 2311037; 793781, 2311037; 793768, 2311053;
793690, 2311134; 793635, 2311144; 793569, 2311152; 793544, 2311158;
793534, 2311167; 793459, 2311247; 793399, 2311287; 793362, 2311345;
793379, 2311347; return to starting point.
[[Page 26042]]
(B) Note: Map 7 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.006
(viii) Maui 4--Brighamia rockii--d (1 ha; 2 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the entire offshore island located at
approximately: 794212, 2310986.
(B) Note: Map 8 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.007
(ix) Maui 4--Peucedanum sandwicense--a (1 ha; 2 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the entire offshore island located at
approximately: 794212, 2310986.
(B) Note: Map 9 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.008
(x) Maui 5--Brighamia rockii--e (6 ha; 15 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 46 boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: Start at 794814, 2310166; 794778, 2310176;
794770, 2310182; 794756, 2310193; 794756, 2310217; 794742, 2310240;
794739, 2310261; 794733, 2310282; 794733, 2310282; 794733, 2310282;
794732, 2310303; 794731, 2310313; 794728, 2310324; 794728, 2310324;
794728, 2310324; 794721, 2310337; 794712, 2310344; 794707, 2310362;
794706, 2310368; 794706, 2310368; 794706, 2310368; 794665, 2310393;
794660, 2310404; 794652, 2310413; 794642, 2310419; 794632, 2310428;
794632, 2310428; 794629, 2310436; 794625, 2310446; 794622, 2310523;
794573, 2310595; 794492, 2310647; 794439, 2310671; 794411, 2310685;
794335, 2310724; 794326, 2310728; 794266, 2310740;
[[Page 26043]]
794242, 2310754; 794222, 2310764; 794210, 2310773; 794177, 2310772;
794066, 2310705; 794050, 2310688; 794040, 2310715; 794043, 2310738;
794043, 2310738; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 10 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.009
(xi) Maui 6--Ischaemum byrone--a (17 ha; 43 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 34 boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: Start at 799822, 2306499; 801132, 2305284;
801131, 2305234; 801117, 2305232; 801048, 2305275; 800891, 2305373;
800731, 2305387; 800581, 2305284; 800517, 2305297; 800481, 2305305;
800472, 2305307; 800472, 2305307; 800265, 2305505; 800166, 2305599;
800166, 2305599; 800166, 2305599; 800159, 2305694; 800147, 2305843;
800147, 2305849; 800147, 2305849; 800190, 2305990; 800138, 2306094;
800138, 2306094; 800060, 2306148; 800001, 2306188; 800001, 2306188;
799917, 2306240; 799879, 2306263; 799874, 2306386; 799796, 2306425;
799795, 2306425; 799795, 2306425; 799795, 2306425; 799822, 2306499;
return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 11 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.010
(xii) Maui 6--Mariscus pennatiformis--a (30 ha; 75 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 47 boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: Start at 799656, 2306630; 799606, 2306800;
799516, 2306902; 799516, 2306902; 801972, 2305512; 801972, 2305512;
801981, 2305435; 801840, 2305416; 801825, 2305385; 801734, 2305421;
801628, 2305464; 801558, 2305455; 801466, 2305444; 801320, 2305260;
801117, 2305232; 801067, 2305263; 801048, 2305275; 800896, 2305373;
800734, 2305390; 800586, 2305288; 800517, 2305297; 800517, 2305297;
800481, 2305305; 800481, 2305305; 800289, 2305482; 800265, 2305505;
800171, 2305595; 800159, 2305694; 800150, 2305769; 800147, 2305842;
800147, 2305843; 800171, 2305927; 800190, 2305990; 800156, 2306059;
800136, 2306101; 800060, 2306148; 800060, 2306148; 800001, 2306188;
799917, 2306240; 799917, 2306240; 799886, 2306262; 799874, 2306391;
799795, 2306425; 799789, 2306428; 799723, 2306527; 799721, 2306530;
799656, 2306630; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 12 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.011
[[Page 26044]]
(xiii) Maui 7--Ischaemum byrone--b (11 ha; 27 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 15 boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: Start at 811597, 2302341; 811983, 2301617;
811982, 2301617; 811936, 2301585; 811916, 2301671; 811945, 2301774;
812026, 2301885; 812133, 2301927; 812193, 2301995; 812092, 2302061;
811938, 2302135; 811849, 2302164; 811717, 2302172; 811546, 2302307;
811597, 2302341; return to starting point.; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 13 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.012
(xiv) Maui 8--Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis--a (501 ha;
1,238 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 10 boundary points: Start at
787682, 2306203; 787708, 2306208; 787902, 2306166; 787967, 2306151;
788003, 2306143; 788005, 2306134; 788521, 2304072; 786138, 2304072;
785730, 2304957; 785457, 2305842; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 14 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.013
(xv) Maui 8--Cyanea glabra--a (450 ha; 1,112 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 29 boundary points: Start at
783933, 2305472; 783933, 2305473; 783961, 2305480; 784075, 2305511;
784100, 2305536; 784575, 2306024; 784578, 2306020; 786938, 2302713;
786676, 2302611; 786661, 2302613; 786491, 2302633; 786339, 2302653;
786280, 2302660; 786106, 2302680; 786032, 2302690; 785884, 2302707;
785796, 2302718; 785680, 2302732; 785510, 2302753; 785357, 2302772;
785246, 2302785; 785242, 2302786; 785188, 2302835; 784760, 2303276;
784660, 2303678; 784487, 2303704; 784079, 2304760; 784008, 2305132;
783955, 2305292; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 15 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.014
(xvi) Maui 8--Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora--a (611 ha; 1,509
ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 17 boundary points: Start at
789198, 2305890; 789215, 2305911; 789515, 2306162; 790281, 2306097;
790352, 2305511; 790360, 2305448; 790364, 2305412; 790482, 2304451;
789577, 2302791; 789530, 2302705; 789179, 2302726; 788179, 2302942;
788149, 2302948; 787716, 2303565; 788077, 2303893; 788127, 2304437;
788521, 2305059; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 16 follows:
[[Page 26045]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.015
(xvii) Maui 8--Cyanea mceldowneyi--a (2,127 ha; 5,256 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 56 boundary points: Start at
784578, 2306020; 784691, 2306136; 785400, 2306325; 785976, 2306411;
786598, 2306408; 786651, 2306403; 786837, 2306385; 787682, 2306203;
788005, 2306134; 789162, 2305885; 789198, 2305890; 789297, 2305904;
789492, 2305870; 790364, 2305412; 791696, 2304712; 791696, 2304710;
791671, 2304359; 791781, 2304297; 791780, 2304294; 791653, 2304101;
791627, 2303742; 791158, 2303230; 791158, 2302616; 791149, 2302250;
791407, 2301760; 791550, 2301582; 790766, 2302188; 790511, 2302348;
790503, 2302354; 790502, 2302354; 790198, 2302345; 790198, 2302344;
789827, 2302625; 788750, 2303441; 788540, 2303493; 788181, 2303547;
787765, 2303538; 787076, 2303479; 786758, 2303386; 786339, 2303226;
786095, 2303051; 785740, 2302863; 785554, 2302748; 785510, 2302753;
785357, 2302772; 785246, 2302785; 785206, 2302791; 785067, 2302898;
784947, 2303017; 784875, 2303047; 784803, 2303101; 784660, 2303678;
784551, 2303694; 783794, 2305326; 784087, 2305516; 784183, 2305615;
return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 17 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.016
(xviii) Maui 8--Diplazium molokaiense--a (574 ha; 1,419 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 91 boundary points: Start at
788179, 2302942; 788284, 2302790; 788714, 2302383; 789527, 2301802;
789911, 2301569; 789906, 2301556; 791083, 2300859; 791083, 2300858;
791164, 2300577; 790858, 2300440; 790545, 2300227; 790534, 2300210;
790469, 2300111; 790425, 2300143; 790396, 2300164; 790270, 2300253;
790224, 2300285; 790198, 2300304; 790089, 2300382; 790055, 2300406;
790028, 2300425; 789912, 2300508; 789880, 2300531; 789749, 2300625;
789706, 2300655; 789647, 2300697; 789572, 2300752; 789531, 2300780;
789502, 2300802; 789471, 2300823; 789458, 2300832; 789393, 2300880;
789355, 2300906; 789339, 2300917; 789210, 2301009; 789182, 2301030;
789152, 2301051; 789038, 2301132; 789009, 2301153; 788981, 2301173;
788864, 2301257; 788834, 2301279; 788804, 2301301; 788692, 2301381;
788635, 2301422; 788527, 2301498; 788489, 2301526; 788434, 2301565;
788343, 2301629; 788313, 2301650; 788288, 2301668; 788190, 2301738;
788141, 2301774; 788117, 2301792; 787998, 2301875; 787965, 2301899;
787938, 2301919; 787838, 2301989; 787796, 2302020; 787771, 2302038;
787661, 2302116; 787622, 2302144; 787597, 2302162; 787492, 2302236;
787423, 2302286; 787307, 2302369; 787253, 2302408; 787141, 2302489;
787105, 2302512; 787079, 2302531; 787026, 2302568; 787026, 2302569;
786951, 2302579; 786738, 2302604; 786661, 2302613; 786491, 2302633;
786339, 2302653; 786280, 2302660; 786106, 2302680; 786032, 2302690;
785884, 2302707; 785796, 2302718; 785680, 2302732; 785510, 2302753;
785504, 2302754; 785239, 2303033; 785221, 2303039; 785230, 2303043;
785221, 2303052; 785248, 2303050; 787496, 2303927; return to starting
point.
(B) Note: Map 18 follows:
[[Page 26046]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.017
(xix) Maui 8--Geranium multiflorum--a (46 ha; 113 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 32 boundary points: Start at
790534, 2300210; 790525, 2300071; 790425, 2300143; 790396, 2300164;
790270, 2300253; 790224, 2300285; 790198, 2300304; 790089, 2300382;
790055, 2300406; 790028, 2300425; 789912, 2300508; 789880, 2300531;
789749, 2300625; 789706, 2300655; 789647, 2300697; 789572, 2300752;
789531, 2300780; 789502, 2300802; 789466, 2300826; 789393, 2300880;
789355, 2300906; 789339, 2300917; 789210, 2301009; 789182, 2301030;
789152, 2301051; 789038, 2301132; 789009, 2301153; 788981, 2301173;
788881, 2301245; 789034, 2301393; 790128, 2300638; 790551, 2300470;
return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 19 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.018
(xx) Maui 8--Melicope balloui--a (151 ha; 374 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 42 boundary points: Start at
787661, 2302116; 787622, 2302144; 787597, 2302162; 787492, 2302236;
787423, 2302286; 787307, 2302369; 787253, 2302408; 787141, 2302489;
787105, 2302512; 787079, 2302531; 787026, 2302568; 787026, 2302569;
786951, 2302579; 786738, 2302604; 786661, 2302613; 786491, 2302633;
786339, 2302653; 786280, 2302660; 786106, 2302680; 786032, 2302690;
785884, 2302707; 785796, 2302718; 785680, 2302732; 785510, 2302753;
785357, 2302772; 785248, 2302785; 785306, 2302888; 785406, 2302943;
785630, 2303011; 785923, 2303157; 786143, 2303330; 786357, 2303424;
786541, 2303481; 786781, 2303481; 787100, 2303408; 787288, 2303230;
787513, 2302911; 787513, 2302859; 787634, 2302639; 787702, 2302252;
787717, 2302148; 787677, 2302105; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 20 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.019
(xxi) Maui 8--Phlegmariurus mannii--a (221 ha; 547 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 28 boundary points: Start at
787622, 2302144; 787597, 2302162; 787492, 2302236; 787423, 2302286;
787307, 2302369; 787253, 2302408; 787141, 2302489; 787105, 2302512;
787079, 2302531; 787026, 2302568; 787026, 2302569; 786951, 2302579;
786738, 2302604; 786661, 2302613; 786491, 2302633; 786339, 2302653;
786280, 2302660; 786106, 2302680; 786032, 2302690; 785884, 2302707;
785796,
[[Page 26047]]
2302718; 785680, 2302732; 785510, 2302753; 785414, 2302765; 785047,
2303112; 787157, 2303805; 787966, 2302253; 787643, 2302129; return to
starting point.
(B) Note: Map 21 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.020
(xxii) Maui 8--Phyllostegia mannii--a (570 ha; 1,407 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 26 boundary points: Start at
789827, 2302625; 789610, 2302774; 789577, 2302791; 788148, 2303539;
787484, 2303692; 786396, 2303777; 785739, 2304188; 785794, 2304239;
785860, 2304480; 785944, 2304792; 786485, 2304912; 787026, 2304936;
787302, 2305014; 787488, 2305093; 787615, 2305093; 788065, 2304906;
788906, 2304672; 789100, 2304588; 789615, 2304203; 789825, 2303873;
790084, 2303525; 790288, 2303290; 790396, 2303032; 790324, 2302870;
790294, 2302671; 790206, 2302365; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 22 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.021
(xxiii) Maui 8--Phyllostegia mollis--a (128 ha; 316 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 20 boundary points: Start at
785938, 2302701; 785884, 2302707; 785796, 2302718; 785680, 2302732;
785510, 2302753; 785357, 2302772; 785247, 2302785; 785274, 2302870;
785281, 2302986; 784974, 2303191; 784840, 2303242; 784725, 2303477;
785401, 2303682; 785589, 2303726; 785845, 2303639; 786322, 2303224;
786467, 2303065; 786660, 2302911; 786775, 2302757; 786962, 2302596;
return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 23 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.022
(xxiv) Maui 8--Zanthoxylum hawaiiense--a (362 ha; 895 ac)
(A) Unit consists of the following 24 boundary points: Start at
783221, 2305104; 783425, 2305329; 783765, 2305418; 783933, 2305472;
783961, 2305480; 783967, 2305482; 784075, 2305511; 784083, 2305519;
784480, 2305646; 784882, 2305244; 785713, 2303193; 785079, 2302889;
785056, 2302911; 784947, 2303017; 784803, 2303101; 784660, 2303678;
783584, 2303838; 783583, 2303838; 783559, 2304310; 783487, 2304405;
783488, 2304406; 783486, 2304406; 783228, 2304747; 783196, 2305076;
return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 24 follows:
[[Page 26048]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.023
(xxv) Maui 9--Alectryon macrococcus--a (1,893 ha; 4,678 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 87 boundary points: Start at
787503, 2286804; 787552, 2286825; 787793, 2286254; 787882, 2286300;
787924, 2286322; 787969, 2285836; 787982, 2285645; 788112, 2285409;
788112, 2285408; 788269, 2285261; 788387, 2285086; 788485, 2284821;
788486, 2284815; 788116, 2284626; 788115, 2284625; 786708, 2284032;
786514, 2283946; 786511, 2283963; 786509, 2283964; 786072, 2283891;
786071, 2283889; 786091, 2283757; 785721, 2283591; 782955, 2282353;
782675, 2282228; 779507, 2281898; 779470, 2281894; 779468, 2281911;
779453, 2282018; 779433, 2282157; 779422, 2282233; 779414, 2282298;
779404, 2282370; 779384, 2282500; 779372, 2282586; 779369, 2282603;
779370, 2282710; 779372, 2282813; 779377, 2282926; 779379, 2283091;
779379, 2283156; 779384, 2283260; 779385, 2283362; 779386, 2283461;
779389, 2283570; 779391, 2283672; 779394, 2283769; 779397, 2283875;
779398, 2283992; 779401, 2284094; 779401, 2284203; 779403, 2284241;
779406, 2284322; 779413, 2284560; 779419, 2284768; 779424, 2284997;
779552, 2285008; 780605, 2285094; 781897, 2285373; 781955, 2285060;
781922, 2284849; 781966, 2284605; 781901, 2284319; 782031, 2283673;
782383, 2282985; 782730, 2282341; 782731, 2282340; 783230, 2282513;
783231, 2282514; 783231, 2282515; 783112, 2282851; 782588, 2283565;
782997, 2283742; 783717, 2283910; 784941, 2284105; 784942, 2284105;
784943, 2284107; 784824, 2284610; 785088, 2284723; 785089, 2284725;
785013, 2285109; 785013, 2285110; 784720, 2285273; 784639, 2285527;
784482, 2285614; 784385, 2285911; 786496, 2286367; return to starting
point.
(B) Note: Map 25 follows:
[[Page 26049]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.024
(xxvi) Maui 9--Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum--a
(9,041 ha; 22,340 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 159 boundary points: Start at
778986, 2288684; 778989, 2288687; 779048, 2288746; 779070, 2288768;
780400, 2290082; 780392, 2290088; 780380, 2290097; 781358, 2291060;
781772, 2291467; 783957, 2293620; 784132, 2293514; 784471, 2294125;
785753, 2295387; 785766, 2295377; 785773, 2295373; 785784, 2295366;
785798, 2295356; 785812, 2295346; 785831, 2295333; 785843, 2295325;
785871, 2295305; 785887, 2295294; 785904, 2295283; 785906, 2295281;
785922, 2295270; 785931, 2295264; 785949, 2295252; 785962, 2295242;
785975, 2295233; 785995, 2295220; 786007, 2295211; 786012, 2295208;
786032, 2295194; 786034, 2295193; 786047, 2295183; 786054, 2295179;
786071, 2295167; 786099, 2295147; 786102, 2295145; 786104, 2295144;
786108, 2295141; 786113, 2295137; 786127, 2295127; 786136, 2295121;
786146, 2295115; 786153, 2295110; 786155, 2295108; 786173, 2295096;
786193, 2295082; 786225, 2295060; 786238, 2295051; 786290, 2295015;
786293, 2295013; 786317, 2294997; 786332, 2294986; 786344, 2294978;
786351, 2294973; 786354, 2294971; 786363, 2294965; 786368, 2294961;
786378, 2294954; 786390, 2294945; 786395, 2294943; 786413, 2294930;
786415, 2294929; 786420, 2294926; 786424, 2294923; 786464, 2294895;
786474, 2294887; 786483, 2294882; 786493, 2294875; 786507, 2294865;
786518, 2294857; 786525, 2294853; 786537, 2294844; 786558, 2294830;
786582, 2294813; 786597, 2294803; 786600, 2294801; 786616, 2294789;
786634, 2294777; 786668, 2294753; 786701, 2294730; 786716, 2294721;
786759, 2294691; 786775, 2294680; 786777, 2294679; 786791, 2294668;
786810, 2294655; 786824, 2294646; 786843, 2294633; 786895, 2294597;
786905, 2294591; 786915, 2294583; 786917, 2294582; 786938, 2294566;
786957, 2294554; 786990, 2294532; 787001, 2294523; 787015, 2294513;
787022, 2294508; 787024, 2294508; 787025, 2294508; 787038, 2294530;
787082,
[[Page 26050]]
2294593; 786188, 2295812; 788190, 2297786; 788404, 2297994; 788742,
2298301; 788752, 2298310; 788754, 2298309; 788785, 2298291; 788906,
2298219; 788934, 2298204; 788940, 2298201; 788942, 2298200; 788965,
2298185; 789012, 2298158; 789034, 2298146; 789372, 2297947; 789683,
2297771; 789712, 2297753; 789756, 2297728; 789999, 2297585; 790577,
2297304; 790826, 2297180; 791591, 2296795; 794000, 2295593; 795810,
2295621; 795945, 2295623; 796322, 2295627; 796366, 2295628; 796367,
2295628; 796710, 2295632; 796712, 2295633; 796712, 2295635; 796322,
2295917; 796064, 2296102; 795805, 2296286; 795433, 2296550; 797565,
2295906; 797569, 2295864; 797581, 2295638; 797634, 2295413; 798056,
2292032; 798056, 2292031; 798107, 2291624; 798165, 2291162; 796929,
2290891; 796545, 2290807; 795794, 2290643; 795424, 2290939; 795382,
2290933; 789630, 2290134; 789516, 2290615; 789343, 2291348; 787469,
2291492; 786812, 2289742; 778932, 2288646; return to starting point.
(B) Excluding the area bounded by the following 42 boundary points
(76ha; 189ac):
Start at 784680, 2291987; 784747, 2292015; 784786, 2292031; 784910,
2292083; 784946, 2292099; 784984, 2292116; 785051, 2292143; 785110,
2292167; 785146, 2292182; 785204, 2292207; 785308, 2292250; 785341,
2292265; 785383, 2292282; 785501, 2292330; 785537, 2292346; 785576,
2292362; 785614, 2292410; 785643, 2292390; 785674, 2292428; 785689,
2292448; 785732, 2292503; 785780, 2292466; 785847, 2292414; 785871,
2292394; 785930, 2292350; 785942, 2292341; 785983, 2292310; 785993,
2292302; 786016, 2292284; 786041, 2292263; 786107, 2292213; 786138,
2292189; 786181, 2292155; 786209, 2292133; 786238, 2292111; 786263,
2292091; 785264, 2291677; 784769, 2291468; 784742, 2291524; 784703,
2291618; 784568, 2291939; 784568, 2291941; return to starting point.
(C) Note: Map 26 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.025
[[Page 26051]]
(xxvii) Maui 9--Asplenium fragile var. insulare--a (362 ha; 894
ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 74 boundary points: Start at
788543, 2298123; 788563, 2298140; 788600, 2298173; 788754, 2298309;
788785, 2298291; 788906, 2298219; 788934, 2298204; 788942, 2298200;
788965, 2298185; 789012, 2298158; 789097, 2298111; 789125, 2298094;
789154, 2298077; 789279, 2298004; 789310, 2297986; 789342, 2297969;
789450, 2297905; 789495, 2297879; 789521, 2297863; 789656, 2297787;
789683, 2297771; 789712, 2297753; 789841, 2297681; 789867, 2297664;
789901, 2297645; 789955, 2297614; 790033, 2297574; 790061, 2297560;
790093, 2297545; 790216, 2297485; 790249, 2297467; 790279, 2297452;
790304, 2297441; 790412, 2297387; 790443, 2297372; 790472, 2297357;
790581, 2297304; 790638, 2297276; 790666, 2297261; 790719, 2297235;
790800, 2297196; 790831, 2297181; 790865, 2297163; 790992, 2297102;
791409, 2296895; 791824, 2296689; 792240, 2296482; 792444, 2296380;
792449, 2296378; 792655, 2296275; 793070, 2296068; 793155, 2296026;
793157, 2295951; 793118, 2295890; 792901, 2295834; 792611, 2295823;
792304, 2295750; 791909, 2295901; 791480, 2296046; 791067, 2296068;
790755, 2296079; 790543, 2296118; 789819, 2296246; 789629, 2296452;
789535, 2296731; 789485, 2296976; 789512, 2297221; 789514, 2297223;
789451, 2297316; 789306, 2297478; 789212, 2297600; 789145, 2297717;
788799, 2298069; 788554, 2298124; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 27 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.026
(xxviii) Maui 9--Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha--a (1,563 ha;
3,861 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 16 boundary points: Start at
796545, 2290807; 796545, 2290801; 796458, 2289725; 796454, 2289679;
796453,
[[Page 26052]]
2289665; 794502, 2289839; 794488, 2289840; 794474, 2289837; 791519,
2289316; 789966, 2288718; 789516, 2290615; 790559, 2290844; 791422,
2291618; 791566, 2291747; 794576, 2292372; 796609, 2291606; return to
starting point.
(B) Note: Map 28 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.027
(xxix) Maui 9--Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha--b (2,116 ha; 5,229
ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 18 boundary points: Start at
779048, 2288746; 779070, 2288768; 779512, 2289205; 780627, 2289332;
782572, 2289555; 786928, 2290052; 786812, 2289742; 786580, 2289125;
786747, 2288730; 787145, 2287787; 782967, 2286486; 782162, 2286366;
781652, 2286290; 781485, 2286623; 781454, 2286686; 779524, 2286194;
779600, 2288162; 778935, 2288132; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 29 follows:
[[Page 26053]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.028
(xxx) Maui 9--Clermontia lindseyana--a (177 ha; 438 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 5 boundary points: Start at
787444, 2287080; 787071, 2286938; 786501, 2286762; 785851, 2288424;
786721, 2288791; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 30 follows:
[[Page 26054]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.029
(xxxi) Maui 9--Clermontia lindseyana--b (60 ha; 148 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 25 boundary points: Start at
776854, 2288875; 776854, 2288876; 776882, 2288864; 776920, 2288848;
776994, 2288817; 777561, 2288580; 777275, 2288186; 777275, 2287757;
777159, 2287487; 776983, 2287585; 776726, 2287694; 776756, 2287770;
776817, 2287928; 776860, 2288037; 776871, 2288068; 776895, 2288122;
776938, 2288237; 776979, 2288341; 777002, 2288401; 777006, 2288411;
777006, 2288412; 777006, 2288413; 777005, 2288413; 777005, 2288414;
776698, 2288553; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 31 follows:
[[Page 26055]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.030
(xxxii) Maui 9--Clermontia samuelii--a (3,130 ha; 7,734 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 27 boundary points: Start at
799099, 2295658; 799092, 2295661; 799244, 2295662; 799663, 2295668;
800082, 2295673; 800414, 2295677; 800379, 2295672; 800982, 2295684;
801296, 2295688; 801297, 2295688; 801369, 2295851; 802993, 2299556;
806459, 2298838; 807604, 2297939; 808913, 2296912; 805091, 2293218;
805090, 2293218; 801679, 2294214; 801640, 2294225; 801796, 2294569;
801346, 2294743; 801340, 2294745; 800636, 2295040; 800633, 2295036;
800632, 2295034; 800624, 2295037; 800620, 2295038; return to starting
point.
(B) Note: Map 32 follows:
[[Page 26056]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.031
(xiii) Maui 9--Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis--b (1,709 ha;
4,224 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 21 boundary points: Start at
805053, 2293180; 806644, 2292314; 808301, 2291412; 806062, 2289747;
805115, 2291183; 804741, 2291728; 804610, 2289526; 804598, 2289317;
803684, 2289877; 803296, 2290115; 802589, 2290350; 802215, 2290953;
801641, 2291671; 801871, 2292015; 801641, 2292647; 801699, 2293766;
802359, 2294139; 802646, 2294024; 802761, 2293680; 802962, 2293852;
803432, 2294063; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 33 follows:
[[Page 26057]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.032
(xxxiv) Maui 9--Cyanea glabra--b (650 ha; 1,605 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 50 boundary points: Start at
801146, 2294134; 801147, 2294134; 801185, 2294156; 801306, 2294225;
801376, 2294265; 801594, 2294228; 801679, 2294214; 801771, 2294198;
802073, 2294198; 802434, 2294198; 802655, 2294131; 802883, 2293924;
803365, 2293596; 803600, 2293468; 803707, 2293361; 803713, 2293247;
803425, 2292852; 803318, 2292564; 803312, 2292196; 803372, 2292055;
803713, 2291855; 803988, 2291687; 804008, 2291560; 803894, 2291480;
803680, 2291366; 803486, 2291265; 803305, 2291078; 803044, 2290763;
802850, 2290709; 802722, 2290743; 802542, 2290884; 802227, 2291017;
801979, 2291212; 801832, 2291439; 801745, 2291560; 801637, 2291660;
801550, 2291788; 801544, 2291848; 801604, 2291955; 801611, 2292069;
801517, 2292370; 801497, 2292538; 801443, 2292638; 801330, 2292757;
801229, 2292846; 801175, 2293006; 801182, 2293134; 801242, 2293401;
801142, 2293689; 801062, 2294018; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 34 follows:
[[Page 26058]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.033
(xxxv) Maui 9--Cyanea glabra--c (363 ha; 898 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 38 boundary points: Start at
805090, 2293218; 805068, 2293196; 805053, 2293181; 805053, 2293180;
804943, 2293067; 804871, 2293032; 804680, 2293002; 804400, 2293049;
804298, 2293049; 804161, 2293121; 804036, 2293276; 804024, 2293342;
803964, 2293634; 803917, 2293843; 803988, 2293950; 804084, 2294076;
804245, 2294261; 804298, 2294398; 804245, 2294571; 804191, 2294750;
804215, 2295007; 804304, 2295144; 804489, 2295275; 804573, 2295394;
804650, 2295454; 804895, 2295550; 805367, 2295538; 805534, 2295460;
805587, 2295365; 805695, 2295150; 805933, 2294828; 806166, 2294684;
806184, 2294631; 806178, 2294595; 805981, 2294362; 805677, 2294016;
805480, 2293718; 805188, 2293318; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 35 follows:
[[Page 26059]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.034
(xxxvi) Maui 9--Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora--b (1,309 ha;
3,235 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 34 boundary points: Start at
801996, 2294274; 803261, 2294116; 805475, 2292702; 805159, 2292328;
804474, 2292692; 804184, 2292587; 803762, 2292824; 803635, 2293097;
803235, 2293299; 803340, 2292930; 803288, 2292113; 803657, 2291823;
804421, 2291454; 804289, 2291058; 803920, 2290900; 803077, 2290716;
803548, 2289729; 803114, 2290141; 801935, 2289265; 800788, 2289185;
800516, 2289662; 800342, 2289966; 799912, 2289966; 799418, 2289552;
799034, 2289728; 799006, 2289910; 801285, 2290452; 801917, 2291085;
801678, 2291389; 801153, 2292060; 800860, 2293524; 801185, 2294156;
801306, 2294225; 801759, 2294089; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 36 follows:
[[Page 26060]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.035
(xxxvii) Maui 9--Diellia erecta--a (2 ha; 5 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 9 boundary points: Start at
776678, 2288562; 776714, 2288648; 776729, 2288680; 776747, 2288719;
776756, 2288719; 776808, 2288717; 776832, 2288598; 776823, 2288519;
776820, 2288498; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 37 follows:
[[Page 26061]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.036
(xxxviii) Maui 9--Diellia erecta--b (175 ha; 431 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 9 boundary points: Start at
787240, 2287564; 787475, 2287007; 786302, 2286613; 785862, 2287663;
785861, 2287662; 785789, 2287851; 785769, 2287902; 785806, 2287916;
786914, 2288334; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 38 follows:
[[Page 26062]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.037
(xxxix) Maui 9--Diplazium molokaiense--b (162 ha; 401 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 4 boundary points: Start at
786149, 2287088; 785806, 2288547; 786747, 2288730; 787339, 2287329;
return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 39 follows:
[[Page 26063]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.038
(xl) Maui 9--Flueggea neowawraea--a (52 ha; 128 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 6 boundary points: Start at
780345, 2283357; 781056, 2283374; 781342, 2282594; 781160, 2282542;
781012, 2282863; 780388, 2282689; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 40 follows:
[[Page 26064]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.039
(xli) Maui 9--Geranium arboreum--a (731 ha; 1,805 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 78 boundary points: Start at
776678, 2288562; 776714, 2288648; 776729, 2288680; 776769, 2288768;
776801, 2288841; 776816, 2288873; 776823, 2288888; 776854, 2288875;
776994, 2288817; 777437, 2288634; 777736, 2288504; 777822, 2288467;
778221, 2288151; 778821, 2288569; 778986, 2288684; 779630, 2288318;
780757, 2288633; 782012, 2288542; 781788, 2286699; 781485, 2286623;
779450, 2286115; 779447, 2286116; 779447, 2286118; 779447, 2286148;
779449, 2286273; 779451, 2286428; 779453, 2286528; 779457, 2286767;
779463, 2287069; 779466, 2287187; 779469, 2287405; 779474, 2287664;
779478, 2287896; 779480, 2288005; 779481, 2288094; 779481, 2288097;
779480, 2288099; 779379, 2288090; 779098, 2288064; 778964, 2288051;
778864, 2288041; 778675, 2288023; 778485, 2288006; 778407, 2287998;
778397, 2287997; 778396, 2287997; 778295, 2287839; 778290, 2287830;
778201, 2287689; 778141, 2287597; 778127, 2287576; 778122, 2287567;
778097, 2287528; 778072, 2287490; 778051, 2287458; 778008, 2287395;
777941, 2287295; 777929, 2287273; 777926, 2287268; 777872, 2287190;
777820, 2287111; 777670, 2287202; 777221, 2287452; 776983, 2287585;
776726, 2287694; 776756, 2287770; 776817, 2287928; 776860, 2288037;
776871, 2288068; 776895, 2288122; 776938, 2288237; 776979, 2288341;
777002, 2288401; 777006, 2288411; 777006, 2288412; 777006, 2288413;
777005, 2288413; 777005, 2288414; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 41 follows:
[[Page 26065]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.040
(xlii) Maui 9--Geranium multiflorum--b (4,817 ha; 11,903 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 155 boundary points: Start at
788163, 2297782; 788209, 2297823; 788474, 2298061; 788549, 2298128;
788563, 2298140; 788752, 2298310; 788754, 2298309; 788785, 2298291;
788906, 2298219; 788934, 2298204; 788940, 2298201; 788945, 2298198;
788965, 2298185; 789012, 2298158; 789097, 2298111; 789125, 2298094;
789154, 2298077; 789279, 2298004; 789310, 2297986; 789342, 2297969;
789450, 2297905; 789495, 2297879; 789521, 2297863; 789656, 2297787;
789683, 2297771; 789712, 2297753; 789841, 2297681; 789867, 2297664;
789901, 2297645; 789955, 2297614; 790033, 2297574; 790061, 2297560;
790093, 2297545; 790216, 2297485; 790249, 2297467; 790279, 2297452;
790304, 2297441; 790412, 2297387; 790443, 2297372; 790472, 2297357;
790581, 2297304; 790633, 2297278; 790637, 2297277; 790638, 2297276;
790666, 2297261; 790712, 2297238; 790778, 2297205; 790851, 2297171;
790865, 2297163; 790992, 2297102; 791049, 2297073; 791253, 2296971;
791748, 2296726; 792093, 2296555; 792239, 2296482; 792302, 2296451;
792444, 2296380; 792449, 2296378; 792490, 2296357; 792655, 2296275;
793070, 2296068; 793303, 2295953; 793307, 2295951; 793422, 2295894;
793425, 2295892; 793482, 2295864; 793485, 2295863; 793542, 2295834;
793701, 2295755; 794013, 2295601; 794376, 2295605; 794739, 2295608;
795102, 2295612; 795523, 2295618; 795945, 2295623; 796322, 2295627;
796366, 2295628; 796367, 2295628; 796710, 2295632; 796712, 2295633;
796712, 2295635; 796322, 2295917; 796064, 2296102; 795805, 2296286;
795412, 2296565; 794929, 2296911; 794586, 2297162; 794089, 2297517;
793843, 2297693; 793840, 2297695; 793717, 2297782; 793715, 2297784;
793592, 2297871; 793096, 2298227; 792850, 2298402; 792846, 2298405;
792724, 2298492; 792721, 2298494; 792661, 2298537; 792659, 2298539;
792630, 2298559; 792627, 2298561; 792614, 2298570; 792612, 2298572;
792606, 2298576; 792604, 2298578; 792602,
[[Page 26066]]
2298579; 792600, 2298581; 792599, 2298581; 792395, 2298727; 792392,
2298730; 792290, 2298802; 792288, 2298804; 792238, 2298839; 792236,
2298841; 792212, 2298858; 792210, 2298860; 792199, 2298867; 792197,
2298869; 792193, 2298872; 792190, 2298874; 792187, 2298876; 791820,
2299139; 792911, 2298800; 794323, 2298361; 795561, 2297771; 797414,
2297495; 797590, 2295645; 797591, 2295643; 797602, 2295643; 797615,
2295643; 797793, 2295645; 798243, 2295649; 800429, 2295671; 801112,
2295683; 801148, 2295656; 800620, 2295038; 800619, 2295037; 799580,
2293819; 798494, 2292544; 798490, 2292539; 798357, 2292680; 798374,
2292403; 798056, 2292031; 797894, 2291841; 792958, 2292187; 790618,
2291998; 789902, 2292186; 790128, 2293507; 789788, 2294035; 788807,
2294262; 788770, 2295129; 789109, 2296601; 789675, 2297733; 789185,
2297997; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 42 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.041
(xliii) Maui 9--Geranium multiflorum--c (182 ha; 451 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 4 boundary points: Start at
786997, 2288137; 784544, 2287319; 786824, 2289775; 786580, 2289125;
return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 43 follows:
[[Page 26067]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.042
(xliv) Maui 9--Lipochaeta kamolensis--a (1,475 ha; 3,644 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 42 boundary points: Start at
782955, 2282353; 783327, 2282400; 784164, 2282607; 784741, 2282683;
785726, 2282934; 786198, 2283073; 786228, 2282888; 786228, 2282887;
786230, 2282886; 786701, 2282954; 786702, 2282955; 786702, 2282956;
786655, 2283208; 787384, 2283423; 787548, 2283495; 787945, 2283669;
788905, 2284089; 788984, 2283995; 789152, 2283770; 789288, 2283565;
789391, 2283327; 789514, 2283129; 787773, 2282368; 786596, 2281853;
786087, 2281631; 786085, 2281630; 784789, 2281189; 784708, 2281139;
784251, 2281019; 784001, 2280899; 783805, 2280811; 781021, 2279811;
780368, 2279811; 780216, 2279920; 780139, 2280453; 780063, 2280787;
780052, 2280834; 779976, 2281160; 780031, 2281595; 780248, 2281900;
781662, 2282128; 782206, 2282259; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 44 follows:
[[Page 26068]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.043
(xlv) Maui 9--Melicope balloui--b (394 ha; 973 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 45 boundary points: Start at
801687, 2292860; 801740, 2293120; 801749, 2293217; 801736, 2293388;
801740, 2293476; 801793, 2293617; 801894, 2293723; 802092, 2293736;
802374, 2293512; 802708, 2293331; 802840, 2293212; 802889, 2293116;
802955, 2293094; 803069, 2293173; 803087, 2293287; 803047, 2293446;
803047, 2293538; 803140, 2293582; 803316, 2293437; 803545, 2293314;
803619, 2293116; 803769, 2292957; 804016, 2292781; 804266, 2292645;
804249, 2292561; 804051, 2292403; 803963, 2292244; 803945, 2292099;
803945, 2291945; 803928, 2291870; 803804, 2291844; 803681, 2291848;
803413, 2291949; 803272, 2292020; 803153, 2292051; 803109, 2292020;
803118, 2291804; 803091, 2291562; 802964, 2291430; 802770, 2291368;
802422, 2291298; 802088, 2291417; 802000, 2291518; 801758, 2292262;
801714, 2292447; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 45 follows:
[[Page 26069]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.044
(xlvi) Maui 9--Melicope knudsenii--a (28 ha; 69 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 26 boundary points: Start at
779378, 2283038; 779379, 2283091; 779379, 2283156; 779384, 2283260;
779385, 2283362; 779386, 2283461; 779389, 2283570; 779391, 2283672;
779394, 2283769; 779397, 2283858; 779397, 2283869; 779397, 2283875;
779398, 2283992; 779401, 2284094; 779401, 2284203; 779403, 2284241;
779406, 2284322; 779408, 2284377; 779408, 2284385; 779408, 2284390;
779413, 2284560; 779419, 2284768; 779424, 2285004; 779427, 2285134;
779523, 2285126; 779547, 2283051; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 46 follows:
[[Page 26070]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.045
(xlvii) Maui 9--Melicope mucronulata--a (34 ha; 83 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 23 boundary points: Start at
779374, 2282861; 779377, 2282926; 779379, 2283091; 779379, 2283156;
779384, 2283260; 779385, 2283362; 779386, 2283461; 779389, 2283570;
779391, 2283672; 779394, 2283769; 779397, 2283875; 779398, 2283992;
779401, 2284094; 779401, 2284203; 779403, 2284241; 779406, 2284322;
779413, 2284560; 779419, 2284768; 779424, 2285004; 779427, 2285144;
779552, 2285134; 779552, 2285008; 779544, 2282873; return to starting
point.
(B) Note: Map 47 follows:
[[Page 26071]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.046
(xlviii) Maui 9--Melicope ovalis--a (933 ha; 2,306 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 18 boundary points: Start at
803684, 2289877; 803574, 2289704; 803114, 2290141; 803112, 2290139;
801383, 2291766; 801145, 2291990; 800743, 2293514; 800900, 2294126;
801146, 2294134; 801147, 2294134; 801148, 2294134; 801758, 2294144;
804700, 2292498; 804245, 2292498; 803895, 2292463; 804438, 2291482;
804352, 2291008; 803667, 2290169; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 48 follows:
[[Page 26072]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.047
(xlix) Maui 9--Neraudia sericea--a (623 ha; 1,540 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 7 boundary points: Start at
787503, 2286804; 782284, 2285907; 782162, 2286366; 782046, 2286802;
786980, 2288178; 787198, 2287662; 787557, 2286813; return to starting
point.
(B) Note: Map 49 follows:
[[Page 26073]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.048
(l) Maui 9--Nototrichium humile--a (398 ha; 982 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 9 boundary points: Start at
780063, 2280787; 779707, 2280753; 779507, 2281898; 779466, 2282131;
779455, 2282613; 781370, 2282843; 781731, 2281716; 781818, 2281027;
781425, 2280917; return to starting point.
(B)Note: Map 50 follows:
[[Page 26074]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.049
(li) Maui 9--Phlegmariurus mannii--b (383 ha; 947 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 4 boundary points: Start at
787536, 2286861; 784465, 2286413; 784226, 2287486; 786946, 2288260;
return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 51 follows:
[[Page 26075]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.050
(lii) Maui 9--Phlegmariurus mannii--c (476 ha; 1,176 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 12 boundary points: Start at
801935, 2289265; 800788, 2289185; 800342, 2289966; 799912, 2289966;
799418, 2289552; 799083, 2289679; 799034, 2289728; 798541, 2290221;
798585, 2290346; 801831, 2290999; 802185, 2291070; 803010, 2290064;
return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 52 follows:
[[Page 26076]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.051
(liii) Maui 9--Phyllostegia mollis--b (508 ha; 1,256 ac)
(A) Unit consists of the following 9 boundary points: Start at
787430, 2287113; 786267, 2286707; 785468, 2286458; 784537, 2286331;
784388, 2286734; 784109, 2287909; 785061, 2288163; 785507, 2288294;
786709, 2288819; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 53 follows:
[[Page 26077]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.052
(liv) Maui 9--Plantago princeps--a (164 ha; 406 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 13 boundary points: Start at
794508, 2291589; 794636, 2292209; 795824, 2291911; 796274, 2290033;
796133, 2290112; 796008, 2290304; 795864, 2290318; 795807, 2290385;
795821, 2290462; 795400, 2290907; 795299, 2291051; 795213, 2291075;
794614, 2291434; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 54 follows:
[[Page 26078]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.053
(lv) Maui 9--Platanthera holochila--a (241 ha; 596 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 18 boundary points: Start at
800379, 2295672; 800982, 2295684; 801296, 2295688; 801297, 2295688;
801367, 2295845; 802309, 2296025; 802197, 2294658; 801820, 2294614;
801346, 2294743; 801343, 2294744; 800511, 2295191; 800001, 2295168;
799735, 2294991; 799557, 2294880; 799402, 2294969; 798778, 2295470;
799935, 2295528; 800349, 2295462; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 55 follows:
[[Page 26079]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.054
(lvi) Maui 9--Schiedea haleakalensis--a (26 ha; 64 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 4 boundary points: Start at
789350, 2295087; 789223, 2294975; 788711, 2295251; 789089, 2295825;
return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 56 follows:
[[Page 26080]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.055
(lvii) Maui 9--Schiedea haleakalensis--b (77 ha; 189 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 8 boundary points: Start at
794791, 2292187; 795274, 2292032; 795602, 2291475; 795788, 2291001;
795397, 2290929; 795031, 2291796; 794146, 2291863; 793984, 2292184;
return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 57 follows:
[[Page 26081]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.056
[[Page 26082]]
(lviii) Maui 10--Alectryon macrococcus--b (402 ha; 992 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 25 boundary points: Start at
790161, 2287892; 790167, 2287894; 792132, 2288649; 792550, 2288788;
792695, 2288207; 792207, 2288023; 792491, 2286865; 792021, 2286624;
791018, 2286111; 790896, 2286265; 790745, 2286503; 790526, 2286863;
790525, 2286864; 790342, 2287060; 790170, 2287235; 790166, 2287238;
790160, 2287244; 790149, 2287257; 790135, 2287278; 790113, 2287317;
790099, 2287341; 790085, 2287359; 790061, 2287386; 790031, 2287426;
790244, 2287538; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 58 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.057
(lix) Maui 11--Lipochaeta kamolensis--b (42 ha; 105 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 16 boundary points: Start at
791492, 2285251; 791757, 2285370; 791758, 2285368; 792019, 2284935;
792107, 2284459; 792107, 2284447; 792107, 2284163; 792103, 2284162;
791825, 2284087; 791831, 2284136; 791831, 2284137; 791825, 2284347;
791825, 2284348; 791736, 2284527; 791629, 2284802; 791506, 2285203;
return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 59 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.058
(lx) Maui 12--Vigna o-wahuensis--a (144 ha; 357 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 27 boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: Start at Start at 771207, 2278581; 771207,
2278581; 772344, 2278517; 773349, 2278461; 773349, 2278461; 773349,
2278461; 773296, 2277638; 773294, 2277610; 772830, 2277758; 772830,
2277758; 772839, 2278087; 772691, 2278009; 772697, 2277944; 772464,
2277817; 772464, 2277818; 772464, 2277873; 772302, 2277904; 772291,
2277823; 772291, 2277823; 771941, 2277804; 772001, 2278009; 771861,
2277996; 771858, 2277785; 771283, 2278049; 771283, 2278049; 771283,
2278049; 771207, 2278581; return to starting point.; return to starting
point.
(B) Note: Map 60 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.059
(lxi) Maui 13--Alectryon macrococcus--c (418 ha; 1,034 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 20 boundary points: Start at
777409, 2281715; 777399, 2281716; 775210, 2281944; 775397, 2282390;
775399, 2282405; 775595, 2284266; 776003, 2284682; 776042, 2284722;
776732,
[[Page 26083]]
2284778; 776737, 2284731; 776802, 2284151; 776861, 2283642; 776886,
2283406; 776919, 2283097; 776983, 2282542; 777020, 2282206; 777020,
2282205; 777021, 2282204; 777365, 2282220; 777408, 2281728; return to
starting point.
(B) Note: Map 61 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.060
(lxii) Maui 13--Bonamia menziesii--a (536 ha; 1,325 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 18 boundary points: Start at
777534, 2280121; 777558, 2279855; 777557, 2279856; 775339, 2281114;
774656, 2281501; 775099, 2281680; 775397, 2282390; 775399, 2282405;
775433, 2282731; 775436, 2282755; 776398, 2283391; 776891, 2283357;
776919, 2283097; 776983, 2282542; 777020, 2282206; 777020, 2282205;
777021, 2282204; 777348, 2282219; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 62 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.061
(lxiii) Maui 13--Cenchrus agrimonioides--a (237 ha; 586 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 15 boundary points: Start at
775397, 2282390; 775399, 2282405; 775513, 2283488; 776422, 2283239;
776896, 2283308; 776919, 2283097; 776983, 2282542; 777020, 2282206;
777020, 2282205; 777021, 2282204; 777071, 2282206; 777077, 2282162;
777341, 2282162; 777390, 2281851; 775204, 2281929; return to starting
point.
(B) Note: Map 63 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.062
(lxiv) Maui 13--Colubrina oppositifolia--a (739 ha; 1,827 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 20 boundary points: Start at
777399, 2281716; 777534, 2280121; 777557, 2279856; 777566, 2279748;
774460, 2279633; 774498, 2280191; 774520, 2280511; 774805, 2280290;
774901, 2280438; 775339, 2281114; 775626, 2281557; 775438, 2281627;
775884, 2283410; 776885, 2283418; 776886, 2283406; 776919, 2283097;
776983, 2282542; 776985, 2282522; 777010, 2282190; 777361, 2282167;
return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 64 follows:
[[Page 26084]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.063
(lxv) Maui 13--Flueggea neowawraea--b (50 ha; 123 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 6 boundary points: Start at
776821, 2283991; 776861, 2283642; 776886, 2283406; 776899, 2283288;
776236, 2283166; 776192, 2283998; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 65 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.064
(lxvi) Maui 13--Melicope adscendens--a (161 ha; 397 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 12 boundary points: Start at
776003, 2284682; 776019, 2285054; 776489, 2284998; 776709, 2284972;
776737, 2284731; 776802, 2284151; 776844, 2283785; 776865, 2283600;
776886, 2283406; 776919, 2283097; 776928, 2283019; 775938, 2283164;
return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 66 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.065
(lxvii) Maui 13--Melicope knudsenii--b (163 ha; 403 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 11 boundary points: Start at
776489, 2284998; 776552, 2285180; 776688, 2285156; 776737, 2284731;
776802, 2284151; 776854, 2283698; 776863, 2283625; 776886, 2283406;
776919, 2283097; 776948, 2282847; 775700, 2282749; return to starting
point.
(B) Note: Map 67 follows:
[[Page 26085]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.066
(lxviii) Maui 13--Melicope mucronulata--b (195 ha; 481 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 13 boundary points: Start at
776560, 2285179; 776688, 2285156; 776737, 2284731; 776802, 2284151;
776834, 2283873; 776873, 2283524; 776886, 2283406; 776919, 2283097;
776973, 2282631; 776189, 2282501; 775681, 2282604; 775689, 2282754;
776094, 2283897; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 68 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.067
(lxix) Maui 13--Sesbania tomentosa--b (79 ha; 195 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 6 boundary points: Start at
774498, 2280191; 773607, 2281357; 774253, 2281429; 774901, 2280438;
775045, 2280217; 774598, 2280060; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 69 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.068
(lxx) Maui 13--Spermolepis hawaiiensis--a (91 ha; 225 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 4 boundary points: Start at
776697, 2282941; 776828, 2281119; 776127, 2281124; 776388, 2282905;
return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 70 follows:
[[Page 26086]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.069
(lxxi) Maui 14--Geranium arboreum--b (452 ha; 1,116 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 9 boundary points: Start at
780754, 2291599; 780710, 2291446; 780373, 2290270; 780279, 2290173;
780278, 2290174; 778398, 2291590; 779750, 2293350; 781334, 2292030;
781340, 2292025; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 71 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.070
(lxxii) Maui 15--Geranium arboreum--c (667 ha; 1,648 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 39 boundary points: Start at
783428, 2296641; 784570, 2295895; 784440, 2295690; 784206, 2295457;
782957, 2294208; 782956, 2294207; 782421, 2293422; 782263, 2293191;
782223, 2293416; 782187, 2293615; 781338, 2294254; 781096, 2294510;
780818, 2294804; 781473, 2295735; 782282, 2296409; 782490, 2296948;
782522, 2296937; 782582, 2296918; 782616, 2296907; 782636, 2296900;
782656, 2296893; 782679, 2296886; 782713, 2296875; 782816, 2296841;
782839, 2296833; 782858, 2296827; 782895, 2296816; 782965, 2296793;
783029, 2296772; 783050, 2296765; 783073, 2296758; 783093, 2296751;
783114, 2296744; 783182, 2296721; 783227, 2296707; 783263, 2296695;
783282, 2296689; 783304, 2296681; 783388, 2296654; return to starting
point.
(B) Note: Map 72 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.071
(lxxiii) Maui 16--Hibiscus brackenridgei--a (212 ha; 523 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 27 boundary points: Start at
756769, 2303771; 756794, 2303787; 756914, 2303864; 757007, 2303958;
757033, 2304013; 757058, 2304068; 757053, 2304123; 757071, 2304153;
757104, 2304208; 757162, 2304244; 757198, 2304267; 757206, 2304365;
757138, 2304395; 757037, 2304471; 756959, 2304605; 757541, 2304994;
758421, 2304900; 758402, 2304566; 758427, 2304491; 758605, 2304369;
758716, 2304323; 758665, 2303806; 758665,
[[Page 26087]]
2303805; 758615, 2303558; 758067, 2303509; 756894, 2303623; 756774,
2303746; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 73 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.072
(lxxiv) Maui 17--Alectryon macrococcus--d (391 ha; 965 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 27 boundary points: Start at
746095, 2314835; 746096, 2314835; 746207, 2314953; 746887, 2314706;
747096, 2314630; 747103, 2314277; 747172, 2314023; 747194, 2313958;
747189, 2313958; 747258, 2313703; 747500, 2311983; 747492, 2311912;
747502, 2311779; 746629, 2311755; 746420, 2311719; 746022, 2311962;
746024, 2312026; 746020, 2312039; 746014, 2312318; 746038, 2312650;
746002, 2313394; 746052, 2313940; 746048, 2313940; 745960, 2314381;
745954, 2314592; 745934, 2314718; 745938, 2314873; return to starting
point.
(B) Note: Map 74 follows:
[[Page 26088]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.073
(lxxv) Maui 17--Alectryon macrococcus--e (110 ha; 271 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 105 boundary points: Start at
747695, 2315652; 747693, 2315665; 747695, 2315687; 747702, 2315718;
747713, 2315745; 747728, 2315775; 747729, 2315792; 747729, 2315793;
747717, 2315811; 747717, 2315812; 747697, 2315822; 747681, 2315836;
747675, 2315860; 747677, 2315876; 747681, 2315899; 747681, 2315918;
747667, 2315950; 747648, 2315974; 747620, 2315996; 747585, 2316012;
747546, 2316034; 747526, 2316055; 747508, 2316086; 747494, 2316109;
747476, 2316129; 747447, 2316142; 747409, 2316159; 747389, 2316169;
747365, 2316186; 747345, 2316212; 747336, 2316228; 747328, 2316244;
747312, 2316282; 747299, 2316323; 747290, 2316361; 747289, 2316384;
747289, 2316392; 747296, 2316429; 747296, 2316430; 747296, 2316431;
747260, 2316441; 747214, 2316449; 747159, 2316459; 747125, 2316462;
747109, 2316472; 747100, 2316476; 747078, 2316500; 747077, 2316501;
747055, 2316503; 747024, 2316497; 746977, 2316510; 746946, 2316512;
746922, 2316518; 746881, 2316516; 746836, 2316520; 746786, 2316524;
746741, 2316526; 746698, 2316533; 746655, 2316550; 746617, 2316562;
746584, 2316571; 746551, 2316595; 746533, 2316622; 746505, 2316643;
746458, 2316680; 746457, 2316680; 746411, 2316689; 746410, 2316689;
746348, 2316682; 746338, 2316683; 746337, 2316682; 746335, 2316658;
746329, 2316659; 746231, 2316679; 746501, 2317239; 746647, 2317164;
746706, 2317135; 746859, 2317060; 746968, 2317006; 747190, 2316887;
747229, 2316866; 747344, 2316808; 747418, 2316781; 747517, 2316751;
747602, 2316733; 747628, 2316729; 747715, 2316716; 747716, 2316715;
747717,
[[Page 26089]]
2316715; 747937, 2316652; 748040, 2316630; 748046, 2316620; 748049,
2316619; 748181, 2316434; 748179, 2316409; 748181, 2316406; 748176,
2316380; 748164, 2316249; 748053, 2316110; 747990, 2316024; 747963,
2315953; 747889, 2315855; 747846, 2315782; 747792, 2315728; 747733,
2315650; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 75 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.074
(lxxvi) Maui 17--Cenchrus agrimonioides--b (119 ha; 293 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 55 boundary points: Start at
753366, 2304292; 753617, 2305024; 753566, 2305394; 753780, 2305464;
754068, 2305512; 754084, 2305461; 754013, 2305321; 754480, 2305078;
754546, 2305000; 754621, 2304863; 754699, 2304812; 754764, 2304356;
754769, 2304263; 754770, 2304254; 754759, 2304261; 754670, 2304324;
754542, 2304415; 754352, 2305097; 754319, 2305108; 754132, 2305170;
754163, 2305075; 754239, 2304985; 754242, 2304971; 754278, 2304785;
754347, 2304463; 754340, 2304443; 754333, 2304422; 754326, 2304400;
754314, 2304365; 754314, 2304364; 754278, 2304259; 754277, 2304259;
754068, 2304164; 754067, 2304164; 754066, 2304164; 754065, 2304164;
753918, 2304149; 753825, 2304139; 753832, 2304195; 753908, 2304800;
753751, 2304765; 753675, 2304217; 753632, 2303912; 753617, 2303805;
753611, 2303762; 753577, 2303756; 753550, 2303751; 753534, 2303749;
753531, 2303748; 753152, 2303682; 753163, 2303713; 753304, 2304113;
753310,
[[Page 26090]]
2304130; 753365, 2304285; 753367, 2304292; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 76 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.075
(lxxvii) Maui 17--Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis--a (16 ha;
40 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 12 boundary points: Start at
746327, 2317071; 746357, 2317155; 746471, 2317255; 746647, 2317164;
746706, 2317135; 746859, 2317060; 746968, 2317006; 747190, 2316887;
747229, 2316866; 747288, 2316836; 746433, 2316935; 746323, 2317068;
return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 77 follows:
[[Page 26091]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.076
(lxxviii) Maui 17--Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis--b (696
ha; 1,720 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 130 boundary points: Start at
752453, 2314975; 752453, 2314976; 752416, 2314975; 752381, 2314973;
752342, 2314967; 752250, 2315013; 752158, 2315058; 752138, 2315091;
752117, 2315151; 752108, 2315196; 752103, 2315252; 752113, 2315300;
752112, 2315302; 752096, 2315325; 752085, 2315344; 752070, 2315374;
752051, 2315406; 752026, 2315438; 751991, 2315478; 751949, 2315532;
751900, 2315589; 751856, 2315640; 751831, 2315694; 751805, 2315739;
751802, 2315745; 751780, 2316007; 751791, 2316023; 751792, 2316024;
751792, 2316025; 751785, 2316046; 751774, 2316078; 751771, 2316121;
751767, 2316164; 751778, 2316192; 751794, 2316230; 751799, 2316258;
751807, 2316311; 751812, 2316339; 751828, 2316408; 751840, 2316469;
751842, 2316535; 751836, 2316587; 751832, 2316640; 751828, 2316678;
751828, 2316679; 751812, 2316711; 751793, 2316765; 751774, 2316831;
751763, 2316879; 751754, 2316929; 751744, 2317001; 751727, 2317051;
751703, 2317090; 751693, 2317225; 751691, 2317254; 751693, 2317261;
751698, 2317290; 751694, 2317322; 751695, 2317366; 751697, 2317415;
751702, 2317462; 751715, 2317522; 751728, 2317571; 751747, 2317619;
751767, 2317682; 751769, 2317710; 751778, 2317751; 751782, 2317790;
751782, 2317791; 751769, 2317829; 751750, 2317859; 751741, 2317901;
751738, 2317949; 751738, 2317997; 751730, 2318034; 751729, 2318035;
751714, 2318045; 751713, 2318046; 751712, 2318046; 751690, 2318034;
751665,
[[Page 26092]]
2318030; 751651, 2318051; 751640, 2318085; 751632, 2318124; 751599,
2318608; 751517, 2319810; 751458, 2320229; 751458, 2320252; 751458,
2320253; 751454, 2320260; 751411, 2320566; 751402, 2320630; 751401,
2320638; 751430, 2320630; 751621, 2320578; 751649, 2319822; 751885,
2319941; 752122, 2319497; 752334, 2320586; 752346, 2320647; 752379,
2320632; 752380, 2320629; 752654, 2319615; 752861, 2319645; 752861,
2319260; 752506, 2319113; 752802, 2318906; 752358, 2318344; 752506,
2318166; 752477, 2317338; 752654, 2317131; 752832, 2318285; 753305,
2318817; 753393, 2318669; 753778, 2318965; 754192, 2319231; 754441,
2319131; 754485, 2319104; 754399, 2318787; 754458, 2318403; 754519,
2318419; 754431, 2318127; 754060, 2318058; 753902, 2318028; 753875,
2318023; 753250, 2317363; 753146, 2316807; 752799, 2316077; 752486,
2315000; 752460, 2314964; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 78 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.077
(lxxix) Maui 17--Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis--c (296 ha;
732 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 262 boundary points: Start at
750654, 2312939; 750658, 2312963; 750658, 2312964; 750644, 2312989;
750610, 2313159; 750421, 2313289; 750102, 2313508; 750074, 2313542;
750046, 2313594; 750046, 2313595; 749977, 2313657; 749957, 2313674;
749879,
[[Page 26093]]
2313766; 749865, 2313785; 749864, 2313785; 749692, 2313889; 749655,
2313912; 749653, 2313912; 749594, 2313900; 749427, 2313998; 749481,
2314008; 749517, 2314015; 749719, 2314022; 749762, 2314024; 749763,
2314024; 749764, 2314024; 749764, 2314025; 749764, 2314060; 749776,
2314062; 749776, 2314445; 749768, 2314447; 749769, 2314498; 749768,
2314500; 749767, 2314500; 748184, 2314906; 748105, 2314940; 748092,
2314945; 748090, 2314947; 748089, 2314948; 748069, 2314973; 748068,
2314973; 748029, 2314987; 748007, 2315005; 748001, 2315029; 748005,
2315065; 748005, 2315083; 747994, 2315106; 747975, 2315127; 747954,
2315161; 747942, 2315193; 747940, 2315201; 747933, 2315253; 747929,
2315289; 747930, 2315329; 747935, 2315356; 747931, 2315379; 747914,
2315403; 747887, 2315423; 747857, 2315454; 747831, 2315482; 747792,
2315504; 747772, 2315512; 747727, 2315626; 748615, 2316119; 748666,
2316120; 748680, 2316102; 748682, 2316095; 748687, 2316079; 748691,
2316057; 748698, 2316026; 748698, 2316025; 748717, 2315987; 748727,
2315962; 748733, 2315944; 748738, 2315922; 748743, 2315901; 748750,
2315885; 748758, 2315876; 748759, 2315875; 748770, 2315868; 748796,
2315863; 748806, 2315862; 748826, 2315861; 748849, 2315847; 748876,
2315834; 748913, 2315824; 748949, 2315807; 748960, 2315800; 749000,
2315773; 749021, 2315756; 749067, 2315724; 749090, 2315709; 749140,
2315671; 749173, 2315647; 749188, 2315640; 749205, 2315627; 749223,
2315614; 749244, 2315605; 749332, 2315568; 749353, 2315555; 749385,
2315535; 749404, 2315524; 749421, 2315514; 749470, 2315477; 749479,
2315464; 749486, 2315451; 749500, 2315430; 749524, 2315402; 749550,
2315385; 749571, 2315373; 749617, 2315351; 749628, 2315342; 749652,
2315326; 749666, 2315306; 749677, 2315288; 749682, 2315280; 749701,
2315256; 749720, 2315236; 749736, 2315224; 749781, 2315186; 749804,
2315173; 749833, 2315147; 749874, 2315098; 749888, 2315088; 749934,
2315046; 749960, 2315009; 750020, 2314928; 750057, 2314876; 750072,
2314855; 750097, 2314830; 750120, 2314809; 750138, 2314798; 750173,
2314786; 750215, 2314763; 750223, 2314758; 750232, 2314754; 750246,
2314737; 750265, 2314720; 750286, 2314703; 750288, 2314702; 750454,
2314143; 750461, 2314125; 750462, 2314110; 750462, 2314098; 750469,
2314075; 750476, 2314039; 750478, 2314029; 750479, 2314015; 750481,
2313991; 750479, 2313958; 750479, 2313946; 750479, 2313933; 750476,
2313919; 750468, 2313903; 750450, 2313871; 750441, 2313851; 750441,
2313850; 750438, 2313827; 750440, 2313794; 750439, 2313772; 750436,
2313747; 750437, 2313723; 750437, 2313700; 750439, 2313671; 750438,
2313647; 750435, 2313610; 750436, 2313597; 750436, 2313596; 750441,
2313585; 750451, 2313562; 750456, 2313545; 750463, 2313528; 750465,
2313510; 750469, 2313497; 750469, 2313496; 750477, 2313484; 750491,
2313465; 750505, 2313443; 750510, 2313432; 750515, 2313420; 750526,
2313409; 750541, 2313398; 750551, 2313389; 750560, 2313367; 750565,
2313356; 750572, 2313334; 750578, 2313319; 750591, 2313304; 750609,
2313283; 750640, 2313257; 750643, 2313255; 750652, 2313247; 750674,
2313233; 750689, 2313219; 750704, 2313203; 750713, 2313180; 750725,
2313151; 750736, 2313118; 750747, 2313077; 750753, 2313062; 750767,
2313040; 750774, 2313031; 750792, 2313015; 750803, 2313003; 750815,
2312997; 750834, 2312921; 750866, 2312797; 750864, 2312784; 750864,
2312768; 750864, 2312767; 750868, 2312756; 750877, 2312736; 750881,
2312727; 750882, 2312717; 750888, 2312691; 750895, 2312668; 750904,
2312647; 750904, 2312646; 750905, 2312646; 751008, 2312240; 751019,
2312199; 751038, 2312126; 751038, 2312124; 751038, 2312092; 751037,
2312087; 751022, 2312131; 751013, 2312201; 750784, 2312291; 750742,
2312502; 750763, 2312476; 750804, 2312434; 750835, 2312384; 750877,
2312324; 750877, 2312323; 750878, 2312323; 750879, 2312323; 750880,
2312324; 750889, 2312378; 750889, 2312379; 750885, 2312387; 750887,
2312412; 750887, 2312413; 750876, 2312455; 750851, 2312517; 750819,
2312576; 750799, 2312595; 750799, 2312596; 750798, 2312596; 750757,
2312591; 750749, 2312590; 750747, 2312611; 750734, 2312726; 750739,
2312751; 750739, 2312752; 750730, 2312793; 750712, 2312846; 750711,
2312846; 750711, 2312847; 750691, 2312851; 750690, 2312851; 750687,
2312849; 750672, 2312852; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 79 follows:
[[Page 26094]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.078
(lxxx) Maui 17--Colubrina oppositifolia-b (176 ha; 436 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 67 boundary points: Start at
744959, 2311780; 744794, 2311780; 744757, 2311853; 744803, 2311913;
744873, 2311930; 745003, 2311908; 745103, 2311941; 745246, 2312013;
745237, 2312047; 745184, 2312054; 745082, 2312024; 744998, 2311962;
744940, 2311972; 744855, 2311959; 744843, 2311979; 744786, 2311969;
744644, 2311877; 744574, 2311856; 744542, 2311859; 744531, 2311866;
744526, 2311860; 744468, 2311866; 744468, 2311918; 744513, 2311972;
744523, 2311989; 744820, 2312059; 744992, 2312075; 744984, 2312177;
744929, 2312317; 744741, 2312341; 744737, 2312339; 744736, 2312339;
744734, 2312365; 744653, 2312345; 744609, 2312328; 744558, 2312437;
744633, 2312480; 744679, 2312478; 744722, 2312477; 744785, 2312485;
744871, 2312454; 744945, 2312517; 745143, 2312557; 745196, 2312680;
745264, 2312714; 745351, 2312931; 745805, 2313017; 745826, 2313019;
745913, 2313025; 745975, 2312628; 746367, 2312736; 746475, 2312844;
746618, 2312761; 746666, 2312733; 746657, 2312639; 746654, 2312523;
746558, 2311971; 746539, 2311801; 746492, 2311692; 746250, 2311692;
746219, 2311706; 746197, 2311706; 745959, 2311825; 745773, 2311844;
745572, 2311939; 745404, 2311822; 745147, 2311780; return to starting
point.
(B) Note: Map 80 follows:
[[Page 26095]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.079
(lxxxi) Maui 17--Ctenitis squamigera--a (1,979 ha; 4,891 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 58 boundary points: Start at
754711, 2310770; 755224, 2310599; 755234, 2310596; 755269, 2310584;
755320, 2310567; 755364, 2310585; 755366, 2310585; 755661, 2310703;
755670, 2310709; 756015, 2310849; 756300, 2310859; 756582, 2310767;
756724, 2310720; 756903, 2310594; 756939, 2310479; 756941, 2310469;
756961, 2310369; 756961, 2310368; 756967, 2310338; 756918, 2310152;
756801, 2309745; 756244, 2308954; 756153, 2308971; 755784, 2309203;
755328, 2308843; 754727, 2308566; 754703, 2308555; 754391, 2308291;
754206, 2308013; 754199, 2308002; 754164, 2307624; 754157, 2307555;
753944, 2307384; 753924, 2307060; 754322, 2306732; 754390, 2306683;
754409, 2306473; 754314, 2306226; 754335, 2306032; 754344, 2305953;
754346, 2305896; 754350, 2305895; 754350, 2305894; 754356, 2305843;
754191, 2305795; 754037, 2305734; 752927, 2305830; 751646, 2306112;
751009, 2307051; 750478, 2308025; 750460, 2309016; 750885, 2309547;
751648, 2309754; 751721, 2310011; 752535, 2310277; 752735, 2310348;
753433, 2310829; 753806, 2311124; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 81 follows:
[[Page 26096]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.080
(lxxxii) Maui 17--Ctenitis squamigera--b (816 ha; 2,017 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 33 boundary points: Start at
745855, 2313035; 745916, 2313043; 745773, 2313571; 745745, 2313671;
745742, 2313671; 745733, 2313825; 745726, 2313936; 745666, 2314939;
746095, 2314835; 746096, 2314835; 746207, 2314953; 746887, 2314706;
747359, 2314534; 747735, 2314300; 747988, 2314266; 747997, 2314050;
748006, 2313828; 748025, 2313740; 748103, 2313389; 748166, 2313105;
748233, 2312800; 748392, 2312568; 748570, 2312307; 748631, 2312228;
748652, 2312200; 748748, 2312058; 748822, 2312005; 749297, 2311460;
749584, 2311129; 749324, 2311150; 749143, 2311192; 746617, 2311468;
745999, 2312213; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 82 follows:
[[Page 26097]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.081
(lxxxiii) Maui 17--Ctenitis squamigera--c (137 ha; 338 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 133 boundary points: Start at
747966, 2315141; 747954, 2315161; 747942, 2315193; 747940, 2315201;
747933, 2315253; 747929, 2315289; 747930, 2315329; 747935, 2315356;
747931, 2315379; 747914, 2315403; 747887, 2315423; 747857, 2315454;
747831, 2315482; 747792, 2315504; 747750, 2315521; 747726, 2315545;
747722, 2315552; 747704, 2315583; 747698, 2315635; 747693, 2315665;
747695, 2315687; 747702, 2315718; 747713, 2315745; 747728, 2315775;
747729, 2315792; 747729, 2315793; 747717, 2315811; 747717, 2315812;
747702, 2315820; 747691, 2315827; 747681, 2315836; 747675, 2315860;
747677, 2315876; 747681, 2315899; 747681, 2315918; 747667, 2315950;
747648, 2315974; 747620, 2315996; 747585, 2316012; 747546, 2316034;
747526, 2316055; 747508, 2316086; 747494, 2316109; 747476, 2316129;
747447, 2316142; 747409, 2316159; 747389, 2316169; 747365, 2316186;
747345, 2316212; 747336, 2316228; 747328, 2316244; 747312, 2316282;
747299, 2316323; 747290, 2316361; 747289, 2316384; 747289, 2316392;
747296, 2316429; 747296, 2316430; 747296, 2316431; 747260, 2316441;
747214, 2316449; 747159, 2316459; 747125, 2316462; 747109, 2316472;
747100, 2316476; 747078, 2316500; 747077, 2316501; 747055, 2316503;
747024, 2316497; 746977, 2316510; 746946, 2316512; 746922, 2316518;
746881, 2316516; 746836, 2316520; 746786, 2316524; 746741, 2316526;
746698, 2316533; 746655, 2316550; 746617, 2316562; 746584, 2316571;
746551, 2316595; 746533, 2316622; 746505,
[[Page 26098]]
2316643; 746458, 2316680; 746457, 2316680; 746411, 2316689; 746410,
2316689; 746348, 2316682; 746338, 2316683; 746337, 2316682; 746335,
2316658; 746329, 2316659; 746194, 2316687; 746199, 2316707; 746200,
2316707; 746199, 2316708; 746198, 2316709; 746186, 2316712; 746160,
2316720; 746128, 2316738; 746127, 2316738; 746095, 2316749; 746058,
2316757; 746020, 2316765; 745994, 2316766; 745962, 2316761; 745913,
2316779; 745961, 2316812; 746173, 2316962; 746267, 2317022; 746270,
2317031; 746278, 2317037; 746327, 2317071; 746357, 2317155; 746377,
2317211; 746405, 2317289; 746423, 2317280; 747344, 2316808; 747450,
2316773; 747517, 2316751; 747602, 2316733; 747628, 2316729; 747715,
2316716; 747716, 2316715; 747719, 2316715; 747767, 2316674; 747991,
2316589; 748152, 2316547; 748190, 2316422; 748188, 2316396; 748181,
2316327; 748153, 2316030; 747996, 2315412; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 83 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.082
(lxxxiv) Maui 17--Cyanea glabra--d (255 ha; 630 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 36 boundary points: Start at
750480, 2308143; 750494, 2308421; 750414, 2308545; 750406, 2308713;
750523, 2308867; 750465, 2308969; 750450, 2309254; 750575, 2309437;
750794, 2309576; 750969, 2309576; 751203, 2309517; 751401, 2309386;
751474, 2309254; 751664, 2309057; 751905, 2308859; 752286, 2308801;
752468,
[[Page 26099]]
2308742; 752636, 2308589; 752607, 2308362; 752505, 2308165; 752461,
2307938; 752381, 2307755; 752125, 2307492; 751913, 2307434; 751803,
2307507; 751766, 2307712; 751781, 2307880; 751781, 2308019; 751744,
2308194; 751511, 2308421; 751262, 2308406; 751130, 2308296; 750969,
2308019; 750882, 2307872; 750736, 2307872; 750545, 2308026; return to
starting point.
(B) Note: Map 84 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.083
(lxxxv) Maui 17--Cyanea glabra--e (470 ha; 1,163 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 28 boundary points: Start at
746593, 2314813; 746887, 2314706; 747359, 2314534; 747735, 2314300;
748095, 2314252; 748080, 2314231; 747997, 2314050; 747967, 2313985;
747921, 2313749; 747890, 2313343; 748044, 2312415; 748090, 2312169;
748396, 2311456; 748418, 2311379; 748403, 2311287; 748254, 2311251;
747983, 2311220; 747495, 2311082; 747412, 2311052; 747044, 2311200;
746967, 2311589; 746567, 2312918; 746485, 2313343; 746485, 2313738;
746526, 2314164; 746521, 2314359; 746546, 2314733; 746555, 2314791;
return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 85 follows:
[[Page 26100]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.084
(lxxxvi) Maui 17--Cyanea glabra--f (188 ha; 465 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 122 boundary points: Start at
748090, 2314947; 748089, 2314948; 748069, 2314973; 748068, 2314973;
748029, 2314987; 748007, 2315005; 748001, 2315029; 748005, 2315065;
748005, 2315083; 747994, 2315106; 747975, 2315127; 747954, 2315161;
747942, 2315193; 747940, 2315201; 747933, 2315253; 747929, 2315289;
747930, 2315329; 747935, 2315356; 747931, 2315379; 747914, 2315403;
747887, 2315423; 747857, 2315454; 747831, 2315482; 747792, 2315504;
747750, 2315521; 747726, 2315545; 747722, 2315552; 747704, 2315583;
747698, 2315635; 747693, 2315665; 747695, 2315687; 747702, 2315718;
747713, 2315745; 747728, 2315775; 747729, 2315792; 747729, 2315793;
747717, 2315811; 747717, 2315812; 747697, 2315822; 747681, 2315836;
747675, 2315860; 747677, 2315876; 747681, 2315899; 747681, 2315918;
747667, 2315950; 747648, 2315974; 747620, 2315996; 747585, 2316012;
747546, 2316034; 747526, 2316055; 747508, 2316086; 747494, 2316109;
747476, 2316129; 747447, 2316142; 747409, 2316159; 747389, 2316169;
747365, 2316186; 747345, 2316212; 747336, 2316228; 747328, 2316244;
747312, 2316282; 747299, 2316323; 747290, 2316361; 747289, 2316384;
747289, 2316392; 747296, 2316429; 747296, 2316430; 747296, 2316431;
747260, 2316441; 747214, 2316449; 747159, 2316459; 747125, 2316462;
747109, 2316472; 747100, 2316476; 747078, 2316500; 747077, 2316501;
747055, 2316503; 747024, 2316497; 746977, 2316510; 746946, 2316512;
746922, 2316518; 746881, 2316516; 746836,
[[Page 26101]]
2316520; 746828, 2316521; 746834, 2316631; 746839, 2316939; 746859,
2317060; 746968, 2317006; 747190, 2316887; 747229, 2316866; 747344,
2316808; 747418, 2316781; 747450, 2316773; 747628, 2316729; 747716,
2316715; 747717, 2316715; 747733, 2316713; 747829, 2316717; 747887,
2316715; 747903, 2316702; 747932, 2316692; 747932, 2316691; 747967,
2316688; 748003, 2316690; 748029, 2316693; 748649, 2316082; 748735,
2315935; 748738, 2315922; 748743, 2315901; 748750, 2315885; 748758,
2315876; 748759, 2315875; 748770, 2315868; 748775, 2315867; 748793,
2315836; 748906, 2315667; 748901, 2315549; 748798, 2315451; 748660,
2315374; 748372, 2314933; 748352, 2314863; 748326, 2314870; return to
starting point.
(B) Note: Map 86 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.085
(lxxxvii) Maui 17--Cyanea glabra--g (79 ha; 195 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 33 boundary points: Start at
749398, 2310143; 749470, 2310348; 749639, 2310451; 749793, 2310523;
750055, 2310548; 750137, 2310615; 750188, 2310687; 750190, 2310697;
750274, 2310725; 750348, 2310711; 750440, 2310656; 750505, 2310582;
750523, 2310503; 750496, 2310420; 750440, 2310332; 750385, 2310295;
750292, 2310277; 750204, 2310203; 750149, 2310105; 750167, 2310022;
750223, 2309925; 750209, 2309842; 750144,
[[Page 26102]]
2309773; 750006, 2309708; 749881, 2309611; 749770, 2309532; 749691,
2309527; 749585, 2309541; 749502, 2309629; 749437, 2309759; 749444,
2309766; 749408, 2309876; 749398, 2309979; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 87 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.086
(lxxxviii) Maui 17--Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana--a (920 ha;
2,273 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 26 boundary points: Start at
755402, 2311063; 755355, 2310968; 755230, 2311019; 755226, 2311019;
754833, 2311178; 753854, 2311761; 753088, 2311437; 753109, 2310920;
752629, 2309941; 753391, 2309839; 754118, 2310001; 755127, 2310494;
755241, 2309743; 754863, 2309251; 753812, 2308620; 751175, 2309545;
751031, 2309863; 750935, 2311100; 751464, 2311599; 751968, 2311905;
753055, 2312211; 753463, 2312289; 754058, 2312313; 754688, 2312061;
755127, 2311731; 755547, 2311353; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 88 follows:
[[Page 26103]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.087
(lxxxix) Maui 17--Cyanea lobata--a (131 ha; 324 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 133 boundary points: Start at
747973, 2315130; 747957, 2315156; 747952, 2315167; 747942, 2315193;
747940, 2315201; 747933, 2315253; 747929, 2315289; 747930, 2315329;
747935, 2315356; 747931, 2315379; 747914, 2315403; 747887, 2315423;
747857, 2315454; 747831, 2315482; 747792, 2315504; 747750, 2315521;
747726, 2315545; 747722, 2315552; 747704, 2315583; 747698, 2315635;
747693, 2315665; 747695, 2315687; 747702, 2315718; 747713, 2315745;
747728, 2315775; 747729, 2315792; 747729, 2315793; 747717, 2315811;
747717, 2315812; 747697, 2315822; 747681, 2315836; 747675, 2315860;
747677, 2315876; 747681, 2315899; 747681, 2315918; 747667, 2315950;
747648, 2315974; 747620, 2315996; 747585, 2316012; 747546, 2316034;
747526, 2316055; 747508, 2316086; 747494, 2316109; 747476, 2316129;
747447, 2316142; 747409, 2316159; 747389, 2316169; 747365, 2316186;
747345, 2316212; 747336, 2316228; 747328, 2316244; 747312, 2316282;
747299, 2316323; 747290, 2316361; 747289, 2316384; 747289, 2316392;
747296, 2316429; 747296, 2316430; 747296, 2316431; 747260, 2316441;
747214, 2316449; 747159, 2316459; 747125, 2316462; 747109, 2316472;
747103, 2316475; 747094, 2316483; 747078, 2316500; 747077, 2316501;
747055, 2316503; 747024, 2316497; 746977, 2316510; 746946, 2316512;
746922, 2316518; 746881, 2316516; 746850, 2316519; 746759, 2316594;
746828, 2316776; 746943, 2317018; 747229, 2316866; 747344, 2316808;
747418, 2316781; 747517, 2316751; 747602,
[[Page 26104]]
2316733; 747628, 2316729; 747716, 2316715; 747717, 2316715; 747733,
2316713; 747887, 2316715; 747903, 2316702; 747932, 2316692; 747932,
2316691; 747967, 2316688; 748003, 2316690; 748041, 2316695; 748056,
2316696; 748113, 2316703; 748141, 2316706; 748159, 2316704; 748168,
2316702; 748201, 2316684; 748211, 2316678; 748218, 2316670; 748236,
2316643; 748254, 2316624; 748267, 2316607; 748276, 2316584; 748310,
2316551; 748349, 2316494; 748389, 2316441; 748415, 2316408; 748446,
2316368; 748446, 2316367; 748505, 2316331; 748531, 2316319; 748548,
2316311; 748549, 2316310; 748562, 2316282; 748574, 2316250; 748575,
2316245; 748585, 2316225; 748587, 2316220; 748589, 2316217; 748596,
2316201; 748610, 2316189; 748613, 2316186; 748649, 2316141; 748655,
2316134; 748446, 2315991; 748398, 2315949; 748126, 2315586; 748029,
2315400; 748003, 2315327; 747976, 2315313; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 89 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.088
(xc) Maui 17--Cyanea lobata--b (114 ha; 282 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 35 boundary points: Start at
747903, 2311009; 747443, 2310953; 747432, 2310952; 747407, 2310938;
747319, 2310932; 747154, 2311018; 747024, 2311018; 746814, 2310852;
746755, 2310801; 746678, 2310811; 746652, 2310844; 746630, 2310853;
746617, 2310888; 746652, 2311053; 746661, 2311200; 746971, 2311433;
746952,
[[Page 26105]]
2311505; 747422, 2311441; 747662, 2311441; 747812, 2311501; 748142,
2311441; 748322, 2311471; 748472, 2311441; 748564, 2311384; 748784,
2311284; 748999, 2311226; 749324, 2311150; 749769, 2311083; 749908,
2311040; 749987, 2311042; 750063, 2311077; 750068, 2311092; 750118,
2311050; 748942, 2310916; 748618, 2311096; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 90 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.089
(xci) Maui 17--Cyanea lobata--c (578 ha; 1,427 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 62 boundary points: Start at
751691, 2317255; 751693, 2317261; 751698, 2317290; 751694, 2317322;
751695, 2317366; 751697, 2317415; 751702, 2317462; 751715, 2317522;
751728, 2317571; 751747, 2317619; 751767, 2317682; 751769, 2317710;
751778, 2317751; 751782, 2317790; 751782, 2317791; 751769, 2317829;
751750, 2317859; 751741, 2317901; 751738, 2317949; 751738, 2317997;
751730, 2318034; 751729, 2318035; 751714, 2318045; 751713, 2318046;
751712, 2318046; 751690, 2318034; 751665, 2318030; 751651, 2318051;
751640, 2318085; 751632, 2318124; 751599, 2318608; 751517, 2319810;
751458, 2320230; 751458, 2320252; 751458, 2320253; 751454, 2320260;
751411, 2320566; 751406, 2320602; 751619, 2320598; 752334, 2320586;
752403, 2320585; 752415, 2320564; 752418, 2320564; 752509, 2320573;
752522, 2320567; 753547, 2320078; 753862, 2319691; 753884, 2319664;
753681, 2319159; 753622, 2319012; 753234, 2318678; 753089, 2318512;
752913,
[[Page 26106]]
2318248; 752876, 2317830; 752886, 2317088; 752845, 2317055; 752810,
2316993; 752718, 2316956; 752684, 2316929; 752465, 2317006; 751895,
2317211; 751704, 2317136; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 91 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.090
(xcii) Maui 17--Cyrtandra munroi--a (156 ha; 386 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 95 boundary points: Start at
748364, 2314860; 748184, 2314906; 748126, 2314931; 748112, 2314937;
748019, 2315110; 747987, 2315114; 747975, 2315127; 747954, 2315161;
747942, 2315193; 747940, 2315201; 747933, 2315253; 747929, 2315289;
747930, 2315329; 747935, 2315356; 747931, 2315379; 747914, 2315403;
747887, 2315423; 747857, 2315454; 747831, 2315482; 747792, 2315504;
747750, 2315521; 747726, 2315545; 747722, 2315552; 747704, 2315583;
747698, 2315635; 747693, 2315665; 747695, 2315687; 747702, 2315718;
747713, 2315745; 747728, 2315775; 747728, 2315776; 747736, 2315775;
747729, 2315788; 747729, 2315792; 747729, 2315793; 747717, 2315811;
747717, 2315812; 747711, 2315815; 747676, 2315871; 747677, 2315876;
747681, 2315899; 747681, 2315918; 747667, 2315950; 747648, 2315974;
747620, 2315996; 747594, 2316008; 747441, 2316258; 748156, 2316363;
746590, 2316862; 746278, 2317037; 746327, 2317071; 746397, 2317266;
746423,
[[Page 26107]]
2317280; 746706, 2317135; 747190, 2316887; 747344, 2316808; 747418,
2316781; 747517, 2316751; 747602, 2316733; 747628, 2316729; 747716,
2316715; 747717, 2316715; 747733, 2316713; 747829, 2316717; 747887,
2316715; 747903, 2316702; 747932, 2316692; 747932, 2316691; 747967,
2316688; 748003, 2316690; 748041, 2316695; 748056, 2316696; 748113,
2316703; 748141, 2316706; 748159, 2316704; 748168, 2316702; 748201,
2316684; 748211, 2316678; 748218, 2316670; 748236, 2316643; 748254,
2316624; 748267, 2316607; 748276, 2316584; 748310, 2316551; 748349,
2316494; 748389, 2316441; 748415, 2316408; 748434, 2316383; 748660,
2315859; 749291, 2315291; 748450, 2315523; 748051, 2315943; 748324,
2315397; 748156, 2315355; 748219, 2314997; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 92 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.091
(xciii) Maui 17--Cyrtandra munroi--b (238 ha; 589 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 40 boundary points: Start at
745826, 2313019; 745846, 2313034; 745916, 2313043; 745773, 2313571;
745748, 2313661; 745886, 2313757; 745733, 2313825; 745730, 2313826;
745724, 2313911; 745726, 2313936; 745729, 2313970; 745961, 2314006;
746362, 2314006; 746980, 2313974; 748012, 2313772; 748025, 2313740;
748177, 2313379; 748103, 2313389; 747126, 2313526; 747399, 2313295;
747315, 2313253; 748093, 2313127; 748166, 2313105; 748366, 2313043;
748639, 2312664; 748513, 2312517; 748392, 2312568; 747862, 2312790;
747601,
[[Page 26108]]
2312741; 746746, 2312824; 746468, 2312889; 746275, 2312760; 746103,
2312739; 746034, 2312754; 746391, 2313022; 746769, 2312917; 747126,
2313043; 746286, 2313169; 745836, 2312964; 745821, 2313015; return to
starting point.
(B) Note: Map 93 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.092
(xciv) Maui 17--Cyrtandra munroi--c (603 ha; 1,490 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 62 boundary points: Start at
751599, 2318608; 751517, 2319810; 751458, 2320238; 751458, 2320252;
751458, 2320253; 751454, 2320260; 751411, 2320566; 751402, 2320630;
751430, 2320630; 751624, 2320630; 751619, 2320598; 751540, 2320146;
751687, 2319726; 751897, 2319894; 752023, 2319831; 752128, 2319390;
752191, 2319978; 752191, 2320188; 752380, 2320629; 752380, 2320630;
752418, 2320564; 752675, 2320125; 752612, 2319495; 752906, 2319726;
752843, 2319096; 752654, 2319053; 752885, 2318906; 752401, 2318318;
752570, 2318087; 752633, 2317183; 752780, 2318339; 753263, 2318864;
753681, 2319159; 753684, 2319161; 753684, 2319160; 753831, 2319264;
754230, 2319264; 754381, 2319169; 754437, 2319134; 754441, 2319131;
754485, 2319104; 754628, 2319014; 754566, 2318549; 754622, 2318566;
754580, 2318228; 754222, 2317936; 754060, 2318058; 753962, 2318131;
753902, 2318028; 753788, 2317835; 753638, 2317579; 753215, 2317416;
753086,
[[Page 26109]]
2317157; 753119, 2317020; 752717, 2316300; 752443, 2316447; 752443,
2316679; 752107, 2317204; 751897, 2316784; 751861, 2316826; 751721,
2317157; 751884, 2317774; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 94 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.093
(xcv) Maui 17--Diellia erecta--c (22 ha; 55 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 28 boundary points: Start at
754348, 2304465; 754342, 2304448; 754333, 2304422; 754330, 2304413;
754327, 2304404; 754314, 2304365; 754306, 2304342; 754244, 2304245;
754151, 2304186; 753923, 2304157; 753916, 2304179; 753904, 2304271;
753923, 2304437; 753945, 2304452; 753997, 2304441; 754126, 2304441;
754188, 2304474; 754185, 2304570; 754133, 2304717; 753971, 2304953;
753963, 2305019; 754019, 2305159; 754078, 2305174; 754177, 2305056;
754236, 2304923; 754258, 2304820; 754258, 2304743; 754306, 2304647;
return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 95 follows:
[[Page 26110]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.094
(xcvi) Maui 17--Diellia erecta--d (70 ha; 172 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 36 boundary points: Start at
755224, 2310599; 755233, 2310600; 755234, 2310596; 755254, 2310511;
755254, 2310380; 755223, 2310289; 755066, 2310201; 754953, 2310084;
754848, 2310040; 754796, 2309997; 754796, 2309936; 754748, 2309779;
754591, 2309692; 754495, 2309692; 754404, 2309722; 754277, 2309731;
754216, 2309744; 754129, 2309718; 753641, 2309683; 753549, 2309805;
753423, 2309923; 753362, 2310023; 753362, 2310136; 753480, 2310171;
753589, 2310145; 753658, 2310188; 753754, 2310193; 753811, 2310162;
753863, 2310097; 754173, 2309970; 754408, 2309962; 754626, 2310066;
754713, 2310276; 754744, 2310446; 754796, 2310524; 754922, 2310572;
return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 96 follows:
[[Page 26111]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.095
(xcvii) Maui 17--Diellia erecta--e (12 ha; 29 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 29 boundary points: Start at
754760, 2304616; 754771, 2304529; 754782, 2304447; 754796, 2304431;
754826, 2304297; 754824, 2304296; 754782, 2304278; 754773, 2304280;
754723, 2304289; 754601, 2304370; 754538, 2304427; 754486, 2304579;
754443, 2304647; 754438, 2304725; 754437, 2304765; 754435, 2304770;
754432, 2304809; 754406, 2304960; 754432, 2305008; 754513, 2304931;
754542, 2304817; 754542, 2304724; 754561, 2304654; 754638, 2304599;
754693, 2304584; 754715, 2304617; 754708, 2304702; 754712, 2304743;
754722, 2304737; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 97 follows:
[[Page 26112]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.096
(xcviii) Maui 17--Diellia erecta--f (14 ha; 34 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 26 boundary points: Start at
753632, 2303912; 753625, 2303862; 753619, 2303819; 753617, 2303805;
753606, 2303762; 753541, 2303750; 753534, 2303749; 753531, 2303748;
753440, 2303770; 753436, 2303843; 753444, 2303891; 753396, 2304028;
753410, 2304101; 753403, 2304190; 753429, 2304234; 753422, 2304323;
753436, 2304448; 753469, 2304533; 753517, 2304603; 753565, 2304584;
753569, 2304536; 753565, 2304407; 753558, 2304356; 753569, 2304289;
753565, 2304238; 753632, 2304017; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 98 follows:
[[Page 26113]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.097
(xcix) Maui 17--Diplazium molokaiense--c (1,495 ha; 3,693 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 104 boundary points: Start at
754546, 2312287; 754606, 2312288; 754610, 2312288; 754834, 2312292;
755095, 2312393; 755436, 2312152; 755603, 2312078; 755737, 2311831;
755740, 2311819; 755830, 2311503; 755790, 2311369; 755790, 2311220;
755790, 2311209; 755633, 2311121; 755402, 2311063; 755230, 2311019;
754988, 2311042; 754931, 2311008; 754820, 2310941; 754711, 2310770;
754680, 2310721; 754687, 2310533; 754794, 2310520; 754921, 2310553;
755041, 2310620; 755269, 2310584; 755294, 2310580; 755295, 2310580;
755357, 2310584; 755364, 2310585; 755366, 2310585; 755395, 2310587;
755690, 2310701; 755823, 2310420; 755837, 2310132; 755810, 2309871;
755636, 2309671; 755034, 2309443; 754723, 2309107; 754733, 2309062;
754399, 2308969; 754265, 2308862; 754185, 2308821; 753679, 2309015;
753403, 2308902; 753162, 2308507; 753021, 2308494; 752921, 2308661;
752767, 2308768; 752647, 2308828; 752480, 2308948; 752259, 2308982;
752072, 2308935; 751858, 2309310; 751530, 2309577; 751323, 2309597;
751242, 2309744; 751129, 2309778; 750935, 2309778; 750741, 2309898;
750741, 2310145; 750801, 2310333; 750841, 2310553; 750661, 2310848;
750527, 2311202; 750607, 2311396; 750888, 2311744; 751101, 2311891;
751115, 2311894; 751125, 2311897; 751138, 2311901; 751197, 2311915;
751210, 2311916; 751252, 2311917; 751334, 2311913; 751353, 2311910;
751415, 2311923; 751428, 2311924; 751575, 2311921; 751719, 2311957;
751730, 2311960; 751766, 2311969; 751772, 2311971; 751845, 2311984;
751888,
[[Page 26114]]
2311992; 751889, 2311992; 751963, 2312014; 751997, 2312034; 752095,
2312064; 752096, 2312064; 752393, 2312158; 752547, 2312326; 752774,
2312419; 752975, 2312526; 753137, 2312560; 753296, 2312593; 753510,
2312586; 753690, 2312439; 753831, 2312419; 754009, 2312447; 754051,
2312453; 754245, 2312393; 754379, 2312336; 754499, 2312286; return to
starting point.
(B) Note: Map 99 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.098
(c) Maui 17--Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis--a (293 ha; 723 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 125 boundary points: Start at
750756, 2309574; 750804, 2309536; 750834, 2309494; 750822, 2309406;
750716, 2309394; 750457, 2309300; 750422, 2309212; 750451, 2309153;
750581, 2309053; 750581, 2308953; 750557, 2308895; 750410, 2308848;
750298, 2308848; 750116, 2308936; 750004, 2308936; 749946, 2308818;
749940, 2308653; 749940, 2308495; 749916, 2308454; 749810, 2308430;
749722, 2308430; 749505, 2308412; 749410, 2308336; 749228, 2308271;
749058, 2308271; 748869, 2308348; 748681, 2308365; 748587, 2308383;
748528, 2308459; 748617, 2308589; 748711, 2308689; 748922, 2308783;
749016, 2308753; 749158, 2308753; 749352, 2308753; 749516, 2308712;
749652, 2308718; 749734, 2308753; 749804, 2308971; 749840, 2309042;
749860, 2309196; 749755, 2309277; 749635, 2309321; 749341, 2309445;
749279, 2309518; 749193, 2309518; 748880,
[[Page 26115]]
2309633; 748847, 2309691; 748794, 2309691; 748592, 2309801; 748577,
2309878; 748659, 2309998; 748847, 2310041; 749020, 2310032; 749159,
2309974; 749231, 2309825; 749293, 2309657; 749447, 2309561; 749553,
2309522; 749735, 2309527; 749995, 2309570; 750105, 2309647; 750283,
2309719; 750360, 2309806; 750322, 2309931; 750230, 2310080; 750240,
2310137; 750298, 2310229; 750447, 2310267; 750548, 2310344; 750596,
2310459; 750524, 2310671; 750471, 2310849; 750389, 2310887; 750269,
2310849; 750077, 2310599; 749687, 2310426; 749673, 2310363; 749678,
2310306; 749711, 2310262; 749659, 2310238; 749466, 2310238; 749313,
2310157; 749106, 2310209; 748952, 2310267; 748779, 2310301; 748799,
2310402; 749039, 2310671; 749245, 2310728; 749495, 2310724; 749639,
2310728; 749841, 2310757; 750048, 2310820; 750077, 2310863; 750120,
2311094; 750274, 2311175; 750432, 2311146; 750466, 2311103; 750557,
2311031; 750610, 2310949; 750663, 2310887; 750716, 2310805; 750845,
2310709; 750956, 2310680; 751009, 2310589; 751042, 2310536; 751124,
2310459; 751172, 2310407; 751182, 2310320; 751163, 2310248; 751124,
2310176; 751105, 2310075; 751095, 2309974; 751066, 2309888; 751057,
2309811; 751081, 2309767; 751143, 2309739; 751211, 2309700; 751196,
2309643; 751163, 2309614; 751095, 2309580; 750990, 2309566; 750927,
2309604; 750831, 2309652; 750778, 2309652; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 100 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.099
[[Page 26116]]
(ci) Maui 17--Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis--b (114 ha; 283
ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 42 boundary points: Start at
748770, 2307854; 748911, 2307842; 749022, 2307918; 749146, 2308060;
749652, 2308195; 749769, 2308283; 749887, 2308248; 749916, 2308101;
749969, 2308007; 750287, 2307895; 750298, 2307813; 750304, 2307713;
750457, 2307630; 750628, 2307566; 750681, 2307507; 750698, 2307336;
750669, 2307178; 750492, 2306983; 750510, 2306836; 750463, 2306601;
750363, 2306507; 750263, 2306519; 750146, 2306648; 750010, 2306719;
749963, 2306831; 749999, 2306960; 750198, 2307195; 750257, 2307325;
750157, 2307466; 749987, 2307619; 749993, 2307666; 749975, 2307748;
749904, 2307771; 749775, 2307771; 749646, 2307724; 749428, 2307695;
749146, 2307571; 748964, 2307542; 748834, 2307583; 748758, 2307583;
748699, 2307654; 748705, 2307830; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 101 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.100
(cii) Maui 17--Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis--c (95 ha; 234
ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 38 boundary points: Start at
755740, 2311819; 755809, 2311825; 755868, 2311853; 756001, 2311820;
756000, 2311819; 756067, 2311803; 756113, 2311777; 756198, 2311730;
756271, 2311594; 756244, 2311522; 756130, 2311477; 756013, 2311418;
755972, 2311382; 755885, 2311350; 755759, 2311305; 755487, 2311142;
755383,
[[Page 26117]]
2311142; 755306, 2311137; 755211, 2311119; 755098, 2311119; 755016,
2311160; 754948, 2311155; 754917, 2311105; 754908, 2311137; 754808,
2311160; 754713, 2311191; 754627, 2311327; 754627, 2311336; 754604,
2311481; 754604, 2311617; 754627, 2311667; 754740, 2311690; 754754,
2311721; 754971, 2311830; 755143, 2311893; 755356, 2311925; 755537,
2311875; 755664, 2311812; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 102 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.101
(ciii) Maui 17--Gouania vitifolia--a (485 ha; 1,198 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 41 boundary points: Start at
747141, 2310897; 746995, 2310813; 746754, 2310674; 746408, 2310474;
746263, 2310363; 745972, 2310265; 745966, 2310304; 745798, 2310840;
745541, 2310836; 745477, 2310914; 745480, 2310933; 745471, 2310939;
745465, 2310964; 745411, 2311024; 745368, 2311075; 745241, 2311145;
745197, 2311199; 745057, 2311247; 745052, 2311257; 745043, 2311276;
745010, 2311405; 744912, 2311365; 744842, 2311439; 744842, 2311486;
744842, 2311603; 744848, 2311671; 744847, 2311673; 744850, 2311702;
744959, 2311780; 744998, 2311808; 745212, 2311808; 745549, 2311923;
745721, 2312269; 745854, 2312631; 746251, 2312595; 746652, 2312824;
747641, 2312506; 747841, 2311974; 748141,
[[Page 26118]]
2311198; 748215, 2311076; 747319, 2311000; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 103 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.102
(civ) Maui 17--Hedyotis coriacea--a (106 ha; 262 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 17 boundary points: Start at
748229, 2306846; 748395, 2306645; 748650, 2306411; 748979, 2306067;
748838, 2305871; 748820, 2305865; 748469, 2305574; 748339, 2305505;
748218, 2305574; 748077, 2305651; 747887, 2305845; 747810, 2305946;
747709, 2306127; 747636, 2306281; 747610, 2306361; 747634, 2306377;
747850, 2306700; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 104 follows:
[[Page 26119]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.103
(cv) Maui 17--Hedyotis coriacea--b (138 ha; 340 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 15 boundary points: Start at
750175, 2304106; 750114, 2304143; 749603, 2304436; 749378, 2304612;
749292, 2304605; 749240, 2304605; 749225, 2304642; 749247, 2304740;
749311, 2304807; 749416, 2304901; 749540, 2305122; 749716, 2305336;
749855, 2305464; 750041, 2305656; 750931, 2304991; return to starting
point.
(B) Note: Map 105 follows:
[[Page 26120]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.104
(cvi) Maui 17--Hedyotis mannii--a (2,234 ha; 5,521 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 91 boundary points: Start at
754727, 2308566; 754627, 2308441; 754539, 2308313; 754379, 2308137;
754206, 2308013; 754067, 2307913; 753787, 2307825; 753291, 2307841;
752907, 2307913; 752547, 2308073; 752153, 2308222; 751739, 2308265;
751304, 2308250; 750705, 2308040; 750420, 2307876; 750121, 2307846;
749836, 2307996; 749821, 2308340; 749939, 2308602; 749944, 2308823;
750001, 2309070; 749859, 2309265; 749711, 2309330; 749709, 2309329;
749451, 2309383; 749360, 2309453; 749225, 2309542; 748982, 2309613;
748668, 2309703; 748413, 2309823; 748114, 2309823; 747994, 2309943;
747935, 2310342; 747935, 2310343; 748094, 2310374; 748180, 2310466;
747930, 2310531; 747921, 2311010; 747919, 2311126; 747942, 2311477;
747949, 2311590; 748084, 2311980; 748174, 2312070; 748443, 2311980;
748833, 2311995; 748934, 2311945; 749571, 2311633; 749803, 2311489;
749939, 2311346; 749971, 2311313; 750085, 2311145; 750491, 2310953;
750699, 2310953; 750827, 2310993; 750971, 2311129; 750974, 2311127;
751010, 2311307; 751322, 2311611; 751900, 2311832; 752386, 2311832;
752622, 2311893; 752820, 2312105; 753056, 2312250; 753254, 2312280;
753543, 2312212; 754098, 2312113; 754402, 2312029; 754775, 2311832;
755109, 2311680; 755208, 2311596; 755307, 2311467; 755368, 2311315;
755337, 2311208; 755201, 2311071; 754934, 2311041; 754496, 2311070;
754383, 2311003; 754117, 2310737; 754049, 2310524; 754079, 2310418;
754794, 2310076; 754904, 2310075; 754980, 2310014; 754995, 2309839;
754919, 2309679; 754889, 2309596; 754767, 2309514; 754827, 2309305;
754907,
[[Page 26121]]
2309113; 754907, 2308945; 754851, 2308721; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 106 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.105
(cvii) Maui 17--Hesperomannia arbuscula--a (392 ha; 968 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 19 boundary points: Start at
747921, 2311010; 747903, 2311009; 747525, 2310992; 747443, 2310953;
747190, 2310834; 747141, 2310897; 746634, 2311554; 746203, 2312157;
745979, 2312604; 746368, 2312645; 748186, 2312479; 748631, 2312228;
748848, 2312105; 748934, 2311945; 749268, 2311327; 749365, 2311159;
749509, 2311034; 748847, 2310882; 748737, 2311047; return to starting
point.
(B) Note: Map 107 follows:
[[Page 26122]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.106
(cviii) Maui 17--Hesperomannia arbuscula--b (435 ha; 1,076 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 36 boundary points: Start at
752168, 2310821; 752476, 2311020; 752645, 2311166; 753026, 2311401;
753239, 2311511; 754450, 2311761; 754890, 2311665; 755015, 2311408;
754831, 2311291; 754347, 2311203; 753481, 2310799; 753232, 2310491;
753247, 2310271; 753459, 2310095; 753701, 2309890; 754112, 2309875;
754567, 2310044; 754773, 2310102; 754912, 2310014; 754949, 2309787;
754736, 2309611; 754479, 2309391; 754391, 2309156; 754142, 2309105;
753841, 2309244; 753599, 2309427; 753349, 2309449; 753078, 2309251;
752982, 2309229; 752461, 2309361; 752190, 2309530; 751999, 2309758;
751904, 2310058; 751860, 2310256; 751955, 2310528; 752087, 2310748;
return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 108 follows:
[[Page 26123]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.107
(cix) Maui 17--Hibiscus brackenridgei--b (672 ha; 1,661 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 60 boundary points: Start at
752075, 2304457; 752048, 2304451; 750687, 2304151; 750686, 2304151;
750403, 2304088; 749884, 2303974; 749722, 2304095; 749666, 2304138;
749584, 2304189; 748359, 2304949; 747620, 2305411; 747479, 2305820;
747343, 2306214; 747263, 2306446; 747200, 2306630; 747191, 2306692;
747101, 2307299; 747121, 2307299; 747120, 2307301; 747329, 2307289;
747571, 2307254; 748096, 2307179; 748214, 2307162; 748499, 2306705;
748671, 2306455; 749034, 2306050; 749215, 2305860; 749378, 2305670;
749491, 2305783; 749783, 2305937; 749811, 2305928; 750938, 2307038;
750193, 2305638; 750202, 2305598; 750197, 2305412; 750122, 2305158;
750027, 2304930; 749905, 2304760; 750011, 2304702; 750197, 2304744;
750446, 2304940; 750546, 2305015; 750695, 2305036; 750679, 2304967;
750621, 2304845; 750589, 2304670; 750818, 2304506; 751161, 2304400;
751352, 2304808; 751305, 2304993; 751305, 2305126; 751352, 2305195;
751442, 2305221; 751741, 2304837; 751924, 2304837; 752039, 2305135;
752222, 2305135; 752452, 2305777; 752612, 2305410; 752197, 2304484;
return to starting point.
(B) Excluding the area bounded by the following 11 boundary points
(6ha; 15ac): Start at 749362, 2305641; 749057, 2305433; 748930,
2305439; 749226, 2305793; 749363, 2305641; 749363, 2305641; 749363,
2305641; 749363, 2305641; 749363, 2305641; 749363, 2305641; 749362,
2305640; return to starting point.
(C) Note: Map 109 follows:
[[Page 26124]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.108
(cx) Maui 17--Isodendrion pyrifolium--a (224 ha; 555 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 20 boundary points: Start at
750686, 2304151; 750460, 2304101; 750214, 2304047; 749928, 2303984;
749903, 2303978; 749898, 2303977; 749722, 2304095; 749584, 2304189;
749409, 2304307; 748359, 2304949; 747620, 2305407; 747479, 2305820;
747331, 2306254; 747670, 2306395; 747898, 2306699; 748388, 2305794;
748679, 2305440; 749287, 2304896; 749758, 2304696; 750700, 2304154;
return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 110 follows:
[[Page 26125]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.109
(cxi) Maui 17--Lysimachia lydgatei--a (89 ha; 221 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 28 boundary points: Start at
748761, 2307434; 748761, 2307462; 748898, 2307517; 749159, 2307627;
749233, 2307705; 749329, 2307723; 749389, 2307755; 749654, 2307824;
749737, 2307865; 749879, 2307929; 750007, 2307916; 750080, 2307833;
750099, 2307732; 750103, 2307664; 750186, 2307558; 750273, 2307434;
750250, 2307334; 750076, 2307201; 749911, 2307100; 749842, 2307040;
749801, 2306857; 749663, 2306972; 749549, 2307022; 749480, 2307040;
749242, 2307059; 749086, 2307127; 748830, 2307334; 748761, 2307421;
return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 111 follows:
[[Page 26126]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.110
(cxii) Maui 17--Lysimachia lydgatei--b (220 ha; 544 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 67 boundary points: Start at
754164, 2307624; 754188, 2307607; 754367, 2307487; 754541, 2307436;
754599, 2307426; 754834, 2307383; 755113, 2307365; 755261, 2307345;
755428, 2307345; 755624, 2307370; 755652, 2307375; 755657, 2307376;
755704, 2307385; 755734, 2307365; 755806, 2307294; 755803, 2307069;
755794, 2307046; 755803, 2307043; 755697, 2306874; 755624, 2306756;
755515, 2306552; 755490, 2306519; 755377, 2306367; 755334, 2306276;
755319, 2306243; 755262, 2306193; 755163, 2306105; 755088, 2306079;
755078, 2306075; 754935, 2306024; 754857, 2305996; 754748, 2305990;
754614, 2305982; 754412, 2306019; 754341, 2306032; 754341, 2306031;
754336, 2306037; 754319, 2306054; 754254, 2306105; 754083, 2306112;
753970, 2306152; 753941, 2306203; 753985, 2306280; 754050, 2306349;
754192, 2306403; 754247, 2306469; 754327, 2306603; 754312, 2306694;
754272, 2306781; 754214, 2306829; 753999, 2306850; 753861, 2306832;
753774, 2306836; 753618, 2306774; 753523, 2306770; 753494, 2306847;
753541, 2306949; 753640, 2306978; 753730, 2307025; 753825, 2307130;
753890, 2307243; 753940, 2307388; 754036, 2307519; 754021, 2307625;
754007, 2307650; 754021, 2307697; 754054, 2307701; return to starting
point.
(B) Excluding the area bounded by the following 19 boundary points
(62ha; 153ac): Start at 754495, 2306605; 754472, 2306625; 754334,
2306901; 754090, 2307018; 754065, 2307098; 754087, 2307266; 754141,
2307512; 754162, 2307496; 754243, 2307436;
[[Page 26127]]
754381, 2307316; 755039, 2307210; 755145, 2307181; 755188, 2307116;
755155, 2306981; 755028, 2306781; 754890, 2306567; 754808, 2306523;
754788, 2306512; 754588, 2306523; return to starting point.
(C) Note: Map 112 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.111
(cxiii) Maui 17--Lysimachia lydgatei--c (47 ha; 117 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 18 boundary points: Start at
748746, 2311133; 748917, 2311048; 749167, 2311011; 749305, 2311059;
749438, 2311006; 749422, 2310952; 749353, 2310873; 749060, 2310745;
748858, 2310670; 748624, 2310729; 748411, 2310793; 748135, 2310920;
747970, 2311000; 747997, 2311080; 748066, 2311154; 748289, 2311240;
748433, 2311255; 748512, 2311234; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 113 follows:
[[Page 26128]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.112
(cxiv) Maui 17--Lysimachia lydgatei--d (98 ha; 241 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 30 boundary points: Start at
750135, 2309496; 750181, 2309483; 750177, 2309446; 750122, 2309373;
750090, 2309281; 749925, 2309130; 749801, 2309038; 749773, 2308951;
749416, 2308836; 749077, 2308814; 748834, 2308882; 748623, 2309020;
748486, 2309217; 748335, 2309450; 748293, 2309574; 748321, 2309638;
748385, 2309698; 748523, 2309757; 748582, 2309771; 748738, 2309734;
748885, 2309721; 748999, 2309606; 749123, 2309519; 749251, 2309487;
749329, 2309405; 749498, 2309322; 749682, 2309322; 749842, 2309350;
749906, 2309400; 750025, 2309450; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 114 follows:
[[Page 26129]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.113
(cxv) Maui 17--Lysimachia lydgatei--e (18 ha; 44 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 22 boundary points: Start at
751408, 2306523; 751429, 2306563; 751478, 2306669; 751724, 2306831;
751767, 2306892; 751846, 2306916; 751871, 2306886; 751843, 2306831;
751785, 2306736; 751755, 2306654; 751746, 2306529; 751718, 2306404;
751575, 2306347; 751374, 2306334; 751307, 2306322; 751264, 2306246;
751164, 2306182; 751133, 2306194; 751136, 2306234; 751188, 2306328;
751240, 2306423; 751359, 2306493; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 115 follows:
[[Page 26130]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.114
(cxvi) Maui 17--Neraudia sericea--b (1,189 ha; 2,938 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 56 boundary points: Start at
754350, 2305894; 755139, 2305668; 755567, 2305273; 755828, 2305033;
755089, 2305043; 755087, 2305045; 754979, 2305016; 754831, 2305142;
754762, 2305147; 754540, 2305162; 754519, 2305074; 754515, 2305057;
754540, 2305011; 754546, 2305000; 754546, 2305000; 754621, 2304863;
754699, 2304812; 754760, 2304616; 754771, 2304529; 754777, 2304488;
754780, 2304459; 754601, 2304367; 754542, 2304415; 754486, 2304579;
754439, 2304653; 754438, 2304725; 754437, 2304765; 754435, 2304770;
754349, 2304956; 754320, 2305103; 754319, 2305108; 754309, 2305107;
754214, 2305093; 754235, 2304991; 754278, 2304785; 754282, 2304767;
754351, 2304474; 754342, 2304448; 754333, 2304422; 754324, 2304394;
754323, 2304390; 754277, 2304259; 754255, 2304193; 754171, 2304150;
754067, 2304164; 753832, 2304195; 753811, 2304198; 753675, 2304217;
753449, 2304247; 749789, 2306260; 748476, 2307315; 748455, 2307820;
749832, 2308208; 752082, 2307325; 752168, 2306959; 754128, 2305958;
return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 116 follows:
[[Page 26131]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.115
(cxvii) Maui 17--Peucedanum sandwicense--b (117 ha; 289 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 41 boundary points: Start at
755661, 2310703; 755670, 2310709; 755718, 2310743; 755890, 2310863;
755896, 2310864; 756325, 2310873; 756497, 2310849; 756549, 2310816;
756582, 2310768; 756582, 2310767; 756578, 2310701; 756602, 2310559;
756578, 2310444; 756578, 2310273; 756549, 2310135; 756463, 2310087;
756387, 2310011; 756287, 2309973; 756216, 2309911; 756116, 2309892;
756068, 2309906; 755992, 2309963; 755930, 2310082; 755806, 2310140;
755735, 2310078; 755697, 2309982; 755659, 2309873; 755587, 2309811;
755502, 2309811; 755430, 2309835; 755292, 2309835; 755140, 2309730;
755002, 2309797; 754882, 2310059; 754982, 2310125; 755002, 2310244;
755068, 2310268; 755221, 2310259; 755344, 2310382; 755492, 2310463;
755573, 2310625; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 117 follows:
[[Page 26132]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.116
(cxviii) Maui 17--Phlegmariurus mannii--d (57 ha; 140 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 34 boundary points: Start at
749731, 2314023; 749762, 2314024; 749763, 2314024; 749764, 2314024;
749764, 2314025; 749766, 2314245; 749769, 2314498; 749768, 2314500;
749767, 2314500; 749602, 2314542; 750115, 2314813; 750120, 2314809;
750138, 2314798; 750173, 2314786; 750215, 2314763; 750223, 2314758;
750232, 2314754; 750246, 2314737; 750265, 2314720; 750286, 2314703;
750288, 2314702; 750386, 2314362; 750454, 2314143; 750461, 2314125;
750462, 2314110; 750462, 2314098; 750469, 2314075; 750476, 2314039;
750478, 2314029; 750479, 2314015; 750481, 2313991; 750479, 2313958;
750479, 2313948; 750046, 2313750; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 118 follows:
[[Page 26133]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.117
(cxix) Maui 17--Phlegmariurus mannii--e (35 ha; 87 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 5 boundary points: Start at
749857, 2307053; 749164, 2307491; 749922, 2307722; 750135, 2307470;
750105, 2307233; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 119 follows:
[[Page 26134]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.118
(cxx) Maui 17--Plantago princeps--b (327 ha; 808 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 16 boundary points: Start at
755885, 2311350; 755922, 2311264; 755790, 2311220; 755197, 2311022;
755103, 2311031; 754021, 2311640; 752538, 2311146; 752284, 2312106;
752542, 2312180; 753629, 2312550; 753645, 2312555; 753846, 2312495;
754009, 2312447; 754379, 2312336; 754546, 2312287; 755617, 2311968;
return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 120 follows:
[[Page 26135]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.119
(cxxi) Maui 17--Platanthera holochila--b (8 ha; 19 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 7 boundary points: Start at
754412, 2306019; 754341, 2306032; 754341, 2306031; 754290, 2306152;
754075, 2306222; 754409, 2306447; 754465, 2306113; return to starting
point.
(B) Note: Map 121 follows:
[[Page 26136]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.120
(cxxii) Maui 17--Platanthera holochila--c (189 ha; 467 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 99 boundary points: Start at
749766, 2314500; 748184, 2314906; 748128, 2314930; 748092, 2314946;
748091, 2314947; 748090, 2314947; 748089, 2314948; 748069, 2314973;
748068, 2314973; 748029, 2314987; 748007, 2315005; 748001, 2315029;
748005, 2315065; 748005, 2315083; 747994, 2315106; 747975, 2315127;
747954, 2315161; 747942, 2315193; 747940, 2315201; 747933, 2315253;
747929, 2315289; 747930, 2315329; 747935, 2315356; 747931, 2315379;
747914, 2315403; 747887, 2315423; 747885, 2315426; 748574, 2316083;
748639, 2316154; 748649, 2316141; 748680, 2316102; 748682, 2316095;
748687, 2316079; 748691, 2316057; 748698, 2316026; 748698, 2316025;
748717, 2315987; 748731, 2315953; 748738, 2315922; 748743, 2315901;
748750, 2315885; 748758, 2315876; 748759, 2315875; 748770, 2315868;
748796, 2315863; 748806, 2315862; 748826, 2315861; 748849, 2315847;
748876, 2315834; 748913, 2315824; 748949, 2315807; 748960, 2315800;
749000, 2315773; 749021, 2315756; 749067, 2315724; 749090, 2315709;
749140, 2315671; 749173, 2315647; 749188, 2315640; 749205, 2315627;
749223, 2315614; 749244, 2315605; 749315, 2315575; 749336, 2315565;
749353, 2315555; 749385, 2315535; 749404, 2315524; 749421, 2315514;
749470, 2315477; 749479, 2315464; 749486, 2315451; 749500, 2315430;
749524, 2315402; 749550, 2315385; 749571, 2315373; 749617, 2315351;
749628, 2315342; 749652, 2315326; 749666, 2315306; 749677, 2315288;
749682, 2315280; 749701, 2315256; 749720, 2315236; 749736, 2315224;
749781, 2315186; 749797, 2315177; 749814, 2315164; 749833, 2315147;
749874,
[[Page 26137]]
2315098; 749888, 2315088; 749934, 2315046; 749960, 2315009; 750020,
2314928; 750057, 2314876; 750072, 2314855; 750097, 2314830; 750120,
2314809; 750138, 2314798; 750139, 2314798; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 122 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.121
(cxxiii) Maui 17--Pteris lidgatei--a (1,168 ha; 2,887 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 211 boundary points: Start at
751582, 2312795; 751577, 2312796; 751528, 2312835; 751509, 2312866;
751494, 2312898; 751477, 2312924; 751470, 2312949; 751455, 2312970;
751447, 2312990; 751430, 2313008; 751409, 2313034; 751396, 2313055;
751392, 2313077; 751379, 2313115; 751372, 2313144; 751371, 2313166;
751372, 2313195; 751376, 2313220; 751378, 2313242; 751391, 2313266;
751395, 2313289; 751399, 2313300; 751407, 2313325; 751423, 2313372;
751434, 2313402; 751442, 2313431; 751445, 2313445; 751458, 2313470;
751460, 2313473; 751483, 2313503; 751510, 2313537; 751525, 2313552;
751530, 2313556; 751547, 2313568; 751557, 2313585; 751561, 2313589;
751596, 2313611; 751632, 2313629; 751663, 2313639; 751692, 2313653;
751724, 2313678; 751730, 2313685; 751736, 2313691; 751741, 2313698;
751753, 2313712; 751774, 2313739; 751802, 2313779; 751812, 2313796;
751834, 2313826; 751848, 2313852; 751858, 2313865; 751891, 2313928;
751915,
[[Page 26138]]
2313975; 751943, 2314006; 751962, 2314018; 751999, 2314023; 752033,
2314016; 752081, 2313996; 752123, 2313971; 752153, 2313965; 752154,
2313965; 752187, 2313971; 752206, 2313984; 752220, 2314004; 752241,
2314040; 752255, 2314066; 752280, 2314106; 752298, 2314135; 752326,
2314169; 752350, 2314207; 752375, 2314234; 752375, 2314235; 752380,
2314285; 752390, 2314310; 752394, 2314322; 752394, 2314323; 752390,
2314361; 752385, 2314401; 752376, 2314456; 752359, 2314508; 752350,
2314542; 752334, 2314592; 752332, 2314632; 752340, 2314668; 752351,
2314710; 752369, 2314743; 752392, 2314761; 752420, 2314774; 752451,
2314798; 752466, 2314821; 752482, 2314848; 752505, 2314885; 752505,
2314886; 752505, 2314887; 752495, 2314905; 752453, 2314975; 752453,
2314976; 752448, 2314976; 752453, 2314984; 752376, 2314996; 752366,
2314973; 752362, 2314970; 752342, 2314967; 752250, 2315013; 752158,
2315058; 752138, 2315091; 752117, 2315151; 752108, 2315196; 752103,
2315252; 752113, 2315300; 752112, 2315302; 752096, 2315325; 752085,
2315344; 752070, 2315374; 752051, 2315406; 752026, 2315438; 751991,
2315478; 751949, 2315532; 751900, 2315589; 751856, 2315640; 751831,
2315694; 751805, 2315739; 751802, 2315745; 751780, 2316007; 751791,
2316023; 751792, 2316024; 751792, 2316025; 751785, 2316046; 751774,
2316078; 751771, 2316121; 751767, 2316164; 751778, 2316192; 751794,
2316230; 751799, 2316258; 751807, 2316311; 751812, 2316339; 751828,
2316408; 751840, 2316469; 751842, 2316535; 751836, 2316587; 751832,
2316640; 751828, 2316678; 751828, 2316679; 751812, 2316711; 751793,
2316765; 751774, 2316831; 751763, 2316879; 751754, 2316929; 751744,
2317001; 751727, 2317051; 751703, 2317090; 751693, 2317225; 751691,
2317254; 751693, 2317261; 751698, 2317290; 751694, 2317322; 751695,
2317366; 751697, 2317415; 751702, 2317462; 751715, 2317522; 751728,
2317571; 751747, 2317619; 751767, 2317682; 751769, 2317710; 751778,
2317751; 751782, 2317790; 751782, 2317791; 751769, 2317829; 751750,
2317859; 751741, 2317901; 751738, 2317949; 751738, 2317997; 751730,
2318034; 751729, 2318035; 751714, 2318045; 751713, 2318046; 751712,
2318046; 751690, 2318034; 751665, 2318030; 751651, 2318051; 751640,
2318085; 751632, 2318124; 751632, 2318131; 751630, 2318160; 751587,
2318788; 752124, 2318723; 752171, 2318701; 752172, 2318700; 752441,
2318572; 753228, 2318261; 753719, 2317901; 753788, 2317835; 754546,
2317117; 754543, 2317112; 754622, 2317045; 754855, 2316824; 754646,
2316585; 754736, 2315958; 754586, 2315928; 754347, 2315718; 754257,
2315300; 754257, 2315031; 753809, 2314373; 753450, 2314284; 753121,
2313985; 753151, 2313566; 752822, 2313357; 752434, 2312998; 752317,
2312676; 752314, 2312669; 752040, 2312664; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 123 follows:
[[Page 26139]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.122
(cxxiv) Maui 17--Pteris lidgatei--b (164 ha; 404 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 9 boundary points: Start at
750072, 2310995; 750282, 2311145; 750670, 2311085; 750850, 2311354;
750790, 2310427; 750969, 2309740; 750670, 2309949; 750341, 2309680;
749086, 2310009; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 124 follows:
[[Page 26140]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.123
(cxxv) Maui 17--Remya mauiensis--a (228 ha; 564 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 61 boundary points: Start at
754336, 2306037; 754335, 2306032; 754334, 2306014; 754022, 2305314;
754484, 2305080; 754534, 2305022; 754537, 2305016; 754540, 2305011;
754621, 2304863; 754699, 2304812; 754773, 2304280; 754776, 2304259;
754769, 2304263; 754670, 2304324; 754605, 2304364; 754603, 2304366;
754542, 2304415; 754499, 2304541; 754356, 2305091; 754320, 2305103;
754319, 2305108; 754309, 2305107; 754122, 2305169; 754172, 2305069;
754235, 2304991; 754238, 2304988; 754242, 2304971; 754278, 2304785;
754282, 2304767; 754312, 2304638; 754336, 2304537; 754343, 2304451;
754343, 2304450; 754342, 2304448; 754333, 2304422; 754327, 2304403;
754279, 2304263; 754165, 2304205; 754078, 2304169; 753828, 2304146;
753911, 2304797; 753750, 2304769; 753606, 2303761; 753602, 2303760;
753576, 2303756; 753552, 2303751; 753534, 2303749; 753531, 2303748;
753515, 2303745; 753154, 2303686; 753252, 2303966; 753304, 2304113;
753310, 2304130; 753365, 2304285; 753367, 2304292; 753628, 2305002;
753472, 2305975; 753622, 2306887; 754189, 2306927; 754311, 2306887;
754387, 2306765; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 125 follows:
[[Page 26141]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.124
(cxxvi) Maui 17--remya mauiensis--b (567 ha; 1,401 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 30 boundary points: Start at
746995, 2310813; 746762, 2310659; 746754, 2310674; 746719, 2310734;
746452, 2311437; 746303, 2311773; 746170, 2312397; 746101, 2312866;
746244, 2312994; 746324, 2313016; 746372, 2313015; 746273, 2313672;
746174, 2314527; 746227, 2314946; 746887, 2314706; 747359, 2314534;
747564, 2314406; 747564, 2313642; 747609, 2313176; 747674, 2312935;
747689, 2312936; 747743, 2312584; 747871, 2312291; 748089, 2311885;
748185, 2311619; 748123, 2311444; 748084, 2311336; 748036, 2311038;
747487, 2310984; 747263, 2310990; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 126 follows:
[[Page 26142]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.125
(cxxvii) Maui 17--Remya mauiensis--c (32 ha; 78 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 52 boundary points: Start at
747792, 2315504; 747750, 2315521; 747726, 2315545; 747722, 2315552;
747704, 2315583; 747698, 2315635; 747693, 2315665; 747695, 2315687;
747702, 2315718; 747713, 2315745; 747728, 2315775; 747729, 2315792;
747729, 2315793; 747717, 2315811; 747717, 2315812; 747697, 2315822;
747681, 2315836; 747675, 2315860; 747677, 2315876; 747681, 2315899;
747681, 2315918; 747667, 2315950; 747648, 2315974; 747620, 2315996;
747585, 2316012; 747546, 2316034; 747526, 2316055; 747508, 2316086;
747494, 2316109; 747476, 2316129; 747447, 2316142; 747409, 2316159;
747389, 2316169; 747365, 2316186; 747345, 2316212; 747336, 2316228;
747328, 2316244; 747312, 2316282; 747299, 2316323; 747290, 2316361;
747289, 2316384; 747289, 2316392; 747296, 2316429; 747296, 2316430;
747296, 2316431; 747295, 2316431; 747296, 2316436; 747510, 2316405;
748060, 2316161; 747945, 2315810; 747915, 2315650; 747824, 2315486;
return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 127 follows:
[[Page 26143]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.126
(cxxviii) Maui 17--Sanicula purpurea--a (34 ha; 84 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 26 boundary points: Start at
752495, 2314905; 752453, 2314975; 752453, 2314976; 752416, 2314975;
752381, 2314973; 752342, 2314967; 752250, 2315013; 752158, 2315058;
752138, 2315091; 752117, 2315151; 752108, 2315196; 752103, 2315252;
752113, 2315300; 752112, 2315302; 752096, 2315325; 752085, 2315344;
752070, 2315374; 752051, 2315406; 752043, 2315416; 752194, 2315469;
752315, 2315502; 752449, 2315352; 752817, 2315548; 752838, 2315319;
752900, 2315143; 752499, 2314898; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 128 follows:
[[Page 26144]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.127
(cxxix) Maui 17--Sanicula purpurea--b (306 ha; 756 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 270 boundary points: Start at
749939, 2311346; 750305, 2311362; 749759, 2311879; 749818, 2312144;
750261, 2312204; 750099, 2312396; 750276, 2312410; 750113, 2312661;
750261, 2312735; 750185, 2313139; 750220, 2313118; 750265, 2313091;
750306, 2313067; 750358, 2313037; 750373, 2313023; 750566, 2312802;
750568, 2312798; 750565, 2312761; 750564, 2312729; 750574, 2312687;
750574, 2312686; 750581, 2312676; 750586, 2312670; 750636, 2312621;
750675, 2312576; 750701, 2312549; 750729, 2312518; 750733, 2312514;
750763, 2312476; 750804, 2312434; 750835, 2312384; 750877, 2312324;
750877, 2312323; 750878, 2312323; 750879, 2312323; 750880, 2312324;
750889, 2312378; 750889, 2312379; 750885, 2312387; 750887, 2312412;
750887, 2312413; 750876, 2312455; 750851, 2312517; 750819, 2312576;
750799, 2312595; 750799, 2312596; 750798, 2312596; 750757, 2312591;
750749, 2312590; 750747, 2312611; 750734, 2312726; 750739, 2312751;
750739, 2312752; 750730, 2312793; 750712, 2312846; 750711, 2312846;
750711, 2312847; 750691, 2312851; 750690, 2312851; 750687, 2312849;
750671, 2312852; 750654, 2312855; 750651, 2312867; 750650, 2312873;
750649, 2312880; 750650, 2312898; 750652, 2312927; 750658, 2312963;
750658, 2312964; 750636, 2313003; 750632, 2313007; 750567, 2313111;
750565, 2313117; 750562, 2313122; 750571, 2313119; 750482, 2313247;
750468, 2313267; 749907, 2313828; 750025, 2313946; 749907, 2314271;
750187, 2314463; 750305, 2314315; 750379,
[[Page 26145]]
2313917; 750339, 2314523; 750386, 2314362; 750414, 2314272; 750454,
2314143; 750461, 2314125; 750462, 2314110; 750462, 2314098; 750469,
2314075; 750476, 2314039; 750478, 2314029; 750479, 2314015; 750481,
2313991; 750479, 2313958; 750479, 2313946; 750479, 2313933; 750476,
2313919; 750468, 2313903; 750450, 2313871; 750441, 2313851; 750441,
2313850; 750438, 2313827; 750440, 2313794; 750439, 2313772; 750436,
2313747; 750437, 2313723; 750437, 2313700; 750439, 2313671; 750438,
2313647; 750435, 2313610; 750436, 2313597; 750436, 2313596; 750441,
2313585; 750451, 2313562; 750456, 2313545; 750463, 2313528; 750465,
2313510; 750469, 2313497; 750469, 2313496; 750477, 2313484; 750491,
2313465; 750505, 2313443; 750510, 2313432; 750515, 2313420; 750526,
2313409; 750541, 2313398; 750551, 2313389; 750560, 2313367; 750565,
2313356; 750572, 2313334; 750578, 2313319; 750591, 2313304; 750609,
2313283; 750640, 2313257; 750643, 2313255; 750652, 2313247; 750674,
2313233; 750689, 2313219; 750704, 2313203; 750713, 2313180; 750725,
2313151; 750736, 2313118; 750747, 2313077; 750753, 2313062; 750767,
2313040; 750774, 2313031; 750792, 2313015; 750803, 2313003; 750815,
2312997; 750834, 2312921; 750866, 2312797; 750864, 2312784; 750864,
2312768; 750864, 2312767; 750868, 2312756; 750877, 2312736; 750881,
2312727; 750882, 2312717; 750888, 2312691; 750895, 2312668; 750904,
2312647; 750904, 2312646; 750905, 2312646; 751008, 2312240; 751038,
2312126; 751038, 2312124; 751038, 2312088; 751038, 2312083; 751034,
2312059; 751040, 2312045; 751059, 2311963; 751065, 2311938; 751066,
2311935; 751077, 2311889; 751077, 2311888; 751078, 2311887; 751079,
2311887; 751095, 2311890; 751115, 2311894; 751125, 2311897; 751154,
2311907; 751190, 2311915; 751210, 2311916; 751266, 2311917; 751317,
2311916; 751353, 2311910; 751415, 2311923; 751455, 2311926; 751502,
2311927; 751574, 2311945; 751610, 2311953; 751637, 2311945; 751638,
2311945; 751682, 2311949; 751730, 2311960; 751772, 2311971; 751845,
2311984; 751888, 2311992; 751889, 2311992; 751963, 2312014; 752001,
2312036; 752045, 2312060; 752095, 2312064; 752133, 2312081; 752177,
2312098; 752226, 2312119; 752255, 2312146; 752255, 2312147; 752257,
2312154; 752258, 2312161; 752260, 2312173; 752260, 2312174; 752259,
2312178; 752259, 2312186; 752255, 2312201; 752254, 2312203; 752242,
2312224; 752209, 2312264; 752181, 2312294; 752174, 2312305; 752146,
2312343; 752130, 2312360; 752109, 2312384; 752089, 2312404; 752052,
2312430; 752018, 2312454; 751992, 2312468; 751944, 2312486; 751906,
2312492; 751887, 2312501; 751874, 2312514; 751860, 2312545; 751852,
2312558; 751828, 2312576; 751812, 2312583; 751790, 2312588; 751769,
2312599; 751747, 2312616; 751708, 2312656; 751683, 2312672; 751660,
2312697; 751625, 2312730; 751609, 2312742; 751590, 2312761; 751567,
2312785; 751582, 2312795; 751605, 2312809; 752078, 2312676; 752317,
2312676; 752521, 2312676; 752964, 2312750; 753643, 2312602; 753629,
2312550; 753611, 2312482; 753082, 2312425; 752728, 2312174; 752491,
2311908; 752255, 2311908; 751812, 2311746; 751295, 2311716; 751059,
2311495; 750881, 2311509; 750704, 2311347; 750630, 2311007; 750360,
2311126; 750081, 2311078; 749999, 2311246; 749928, 2311346; return to
starting point.
(B) Note: Map 129 follows:
[[Page 26146]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.128
(cxxx) Maui 17--Sanicula purpurea--c (8 ha; 19 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 19 boundary points: Start at
752386, 2314300; 752390, 2314310; 752394, 2314322; 752394, 2314323;
752390, 2314361; 752385, 2314401; 752376, 2314456; 752359, 2314508;
752350, 2314542; 752334, 2314592; 752332, 2314632; 752340, 2314668;
752351, 2314710; 752369, 2314743; 752392, 2314761; 752420, 2314774;
752448, 2314795; 752604, 2314395; 752382, 2314282; return to starting
point.
(B) Note: Map 130 follows:
[[Page 26147]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.129
(cxxxi) Maui 17--Spermolepis hawaiiensis--b (23 ha; 56 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 15 boundary points: Start at
747559, 2305612; 747617, 2305791; 747703, 2306156; 747789, 2306167;
747843, 2306153; 747942, 2306144; 748010, 2306130; 748096, 2306137;
748170, 2306086; 748184, 2306061; 748161, 2306016; 748049, 2305919;
747908, 2305689; 747771, 2305547; 747640, 2305517; return to starting
point.
(B) Note: Map 131 follows:
[[Page 26148]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.130
(cxxxii) Maui 17--Tetramolopium capillare--a (1,783 ha; 4,405 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 106 boundary points: Start at
753165, 2303717; 753304, 2304113; 753310, 2304130; 753365, 2304285;
753367, 2304292; 753234, 2304365; 753213, 2304104; 753136, 2303909;
753136, 2303821; 753136, 2303653; 753134, 2303650; 753042, 2303454;
752244, 2304494; 752075, 2304457; 751171, 2304258; 750787, 2304513;
750132, 2305024; 749428, 2305569; 749226, 2305793; 748731, 2306342;
748269, 2306956; 748096, 2307179; 747868, 2307474; 747703, 2307791;
747578, 2308164; 747558, 2308516; 747523, 2308819; 747420, 2309233;
747378, 2309647; 747392, 2310068; 747618, 2310281; 747935, 2310342;
747979, 2310351; 748255, 2310282; 748531, 2310151; 748738, 2310172;
748844, 2310234; 749327, 2310432; 749542, 2310481; 749646, 2310558;
749937, 2310662; 750058, 2310701; 750146, 2310783; 750157, 2310794;
750168, 2310853; 750181, 2310898; 750231, 2310909; 750364, 2310903;
750415, 2310935; 750473, 2310938; 750521, 2310903; 750537, 2310855;
750542, 2310826; 750524, 2310786; 750524, 2310648; 750566, 2310619;
750648, 2310507; 750656, 2310478; 750627, 2310436; 750582, 2310409;
750574, 2310385; 750590, 2310361; 750601, 2310316; 750582, 2310287;
750555, 2310253; 750534, 2310213; 750502, 2310197; 750509, 2310184;
750399, 2310047; 750432, 2309865; 750350, 2309706; 750179, 2309579;
750058, 2309475; 749910, 2308997; 749965, 2308782; 749916, 2308579;
749932, 2308442; 749954, 2308271; 750042, 2307941; 750166, 2307867;
750187, 2307736; 750256, 2307612; 750284,
[[Page 26149]]
2307494; 750442, 2307287; 750465, 2307217; 750753, 2306922; 751036,
2306728; 751439, 2306361; 751774, 2306157; 752327, 2305947; 752871,
2305768; 753260, 2305683; 753470, 2305652; 753563, 2305652; 753626,
2305636; 753874, 2305566; 754007, 2305496; 754053, 2305450; 753820,
2305169; 753540, 2304928; 753462, 2304711; 753427, 2304482; 753399,
2304426; 753396, 2304292; 753299, 2304046; 753237, 2303876; return to
starting point.
(B) Excluding the area bounded by the following 11 boundary points
(6ha; 15ac): Start at 749362, 2305641; 749057, 2305433; 748930,
2305439; 749226, 2305793; 749363, 2305641; 749363, 2305641; 749363,
2305641; 749363, 2305641; 749363, 2305641; 749363, 2305641; 749362,
2305640; return to starting point.
(C) Note: Map 132 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.131
(cxxxiii) Maui 17--Tetramolopium remyi--a (288 ha; 711 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 34 boundary points: Start at
750702, 2304154; 750687, 2304151; 750686, 2304151; 750680, 2304150;
749916, 2304019; 748359, 2304949; 747628, 2305445; 747343, 2306214;
747283, 2306377; 747263, 2306446; 747206, 2306648; 747191, 2306692;
746912, 2307495; 746967, 2307530; 747135, 2307579; 747275, 2307621;
747405, 2307590; 747464, 2307541; 747496, 2307408; 747571, 2307254;
747576, 2307243; 747664, 2307114; 747769,
[[Page 26150]]
2306921; 747937, 2306568; 748094, 2306298; 748227, 2306099; 748294,
2305966; 748613, 2305521; 748914, 2305226; 749056, 2305056; 749264,
2304887; 749718, 2304706; 750413, 2304302; 750566, 2304230; return to
starting point.
(B) Note: Map 133 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.132
[[Page 26151]]
(cxxxiv) Maui 18--Alectryon macrococcus--f (7 ha; 18 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 7 boundary points: Start at
745986, 2315882; 746238, 2315748; 746249, 2315743; 746785, 2315459;
746095, 2315676; 746082, 2315680; 745946, 2315723; return to starting
point.
(B) Note: Map 134 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.133
(cxxxv) Maui 18--Colubrina oppositifolia--c (64 ha; 157 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 34 boundary points: Start at
745633, 2315799; 745216, 2315967; 745220, 2316095; 745062, 2316193;
745156, 2316554; 745218, 2316810; 745110, 2316866; 745095, 2316969;
745651, 2316773; 745745, 2316673; 745748, 2316670; 745741, 2316666;
745700, 2316637; 745682, 2316625; 745668, 2316564; 745666, 2316551;
745660, 2316498; 745660, 2316496; 745660, 2316495; 745656, 2316346;
745650, 2316196; 745644, 2316064; 745644, 2316063; 745645, 2316063;
746238, 2315748; 746249, 2315743; 746713, 2315497; 746710, 2315483;
746095, 2315676; 746082, 2315680; 745637, 2315820; 745636, 2315820;
745635, 2315819; 745634, 2315807; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 135 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.134
(cxxxvi) Maui 18--Ctenitis squamigera--d (14 ha; 35 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 13 boundary points: Start at
745644, 2316064; 745644, 2316063; 745645, 2316063; 746238, 2315748;
746249, 2315743; 746785, 2315459; 746095, 2315676; 746082, 2315680;
745637, 2315820; 745636, 2315820; 745635, 2315819; 745641, 2316066;
745644, 2316067; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 136 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.135
(cxxxvii) Maui 18--Remya mauiensis--d (2 ha; 6 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 3 boundary points: Start at
746322, 2315704; 746785, 2315459; 746309, 2315609; return to starting
point.
(B) Note: Map 137 follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
[[Page 26152]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.136
(cxxxviii) Table of Protected Species Within Each Critical Habitat
Unit for Maui
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maui 1--Centaurium sebaeoides--a.................. Centaurium sebaeoides.
Maui 1--Sesbania tomentosa--a..................... Sesbania tomentosa.
Maui 2--Brighamia rockii--a....................... ............................. Brighamia rockii.
Maui 2--Brighamia rockii--b....................... ............................. Brighamia rockii.
Maui 2--Centaurium sebaeoides--b.................. Centaurium sebaeoides.
Maui 3--Brighamia rockii--c....................... ............................. Brighamia rockii.
Maui 4--Brighamia rockii--d....................... ............................. Brighamia rockii.
Maui 4--Peucedanum sandwicense--a................. Peucedanum sandwicense.
Maui 5--Brighamia rockii--e....................... ............................. Brighamia rockii.
Maui 6--Ischaemum byrone--a....................... Ischaemum byrone.
Maui 6--Mariscus pennatiformis--a................. Mariscus pennatiformis.
Maui 7--Ischaemum byrone--b....................... Ischaemum byrone.
Maui 8--Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis--a.. Cyanea copelandii ssp.
haleakalaensis.
Maui 8--Cyanea glabra--a.......................... ............................. Cyanea glabra.
Maui 8--Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora--a.... Cyanea hamatiflora ssp.
hamatiflora..
[[Page 26153]]
Maui 8--Cyanea mceldowneyi--a..................... Cyanea mceldowneyi.
Maui 8--Diplazium molokaiense--a.................. Diplazium molokaiense.
Maui 8--Geranium multiflorum--a................... ............................. Geranium multiflorum.
Maui 8--Melicope balloui--a....................... Melicope balloui.
Maui 8--Phlegmariurus mannii--a................... Phlegmariurus mannii.
Maui 8--Phyllostegia mannii--a.................... ............................. Phyllostegia mannii.
Maui 8--Phyllostegia mollis--a.................... ............................. Phyllostegia mollis.
Maui 8--Zanthoxylum hawaiiense--a................. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.
Maui 9--Alectryon macrococcus--a.................. ............................. Alectryon macrococcus.
Maui 9--Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. Argyroxiphium sandwicense
macrocephalum--a. ssp. macrocephalum.
Maui 9--Asplenium fragile var. insulare--a........ ............................. Asplenium fragile
var.insulare.
Maui 9--Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha--a........ Bidens micrantha ssp.
kalealaha.
Maui 9--Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha--b........ Bidens micrantha ssp.
kalealaha.
Maui 9--Clermontia lindseyana--a.................. Clermontia lindseyana.
Maui 9--Clermontia lindseyana--b.................. ............................. Clermontia lindseyana.
Maui 9--Clermontia samuelii--a.................... Clermontia samuelii.
Maui 9--Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis--b.. Cyanea copelandii ssp.
haleakalaensis.
Maui 9--Cyanea glabra--b.......................... ............................. Cyanea glabra.
Maui 9--Cyanea glabra--c.......................... ............................. Cyanea glabra.
Maui 9--Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora--b.... Cyanea hamatiflora ssp.
hamatiflora.
Maui 9--Diellia erecta--a......................... ............................. Diellia erecta.
Maui 9--Diellia erecta--b......................... ............................. Diellia erecta.
Maui 9--Diplazium molokaiense--b.................. ............................. Diplazium molokaiense.
Maui 9--Flueggea neowawraea--a.................... Flueggea neowawraea.
Maui 9--Geranium arboreum--a...................... Geranium arboreum.
Maui 9--Geranium multiflorum--b................... Geranium multiflorum.
Maui 9--Geranium multiflorum--c................... ............................. Geranium multiflorum.
Maui 9--Lipochaeta kamolensis--a.................. Lipochaeta kamolensis.
Maui 9--Melicope balloui--b....................... Melicope balloui.
Maui 9--Melicope knudsenii--a..................... Melicope knudsenii.
Maui 9--Melicope mucronulata--a................... ............................. Melicope mucronulata.
Maui 9--Melicope ovalis--a........................ Melicope ovalis.
Maui 9--Neraudia sericea--a....................... Neraudia sericea.
Maui 9--Nototrichium humile--a.................... ............................. Nototrichium humile.
Maui 9--Phlegmariurus mannii--b................... Phlegmariurus mannii.
Maui 9--Phlegmariurus mannii--c................... Phlegmariurus mannii.
Maui 9--Phyllostegia mollis--b.................... ............................. Phyllostegia mollis.
Maui 9--Plantago princeps--a...................... Plantago princeps.
Maui 9--Platanthera holochila--a.................. ............................. Platanthera holochila.
Maui 9--Schiedea haleakalensis--a................. Schiedea haleakalensis.
Maui 9--Schiedea haleakalensis--b................. Schiedea haleakalensis.
Maui 10--Alectryon macrococcus--b................. ............................. Alectryon macrococcus.
Maui 11--Lipochaeta kamolensis--b................. ............................. Lipochaeta kamolensis.
Maui 12--Vigna o-wahuensis--a..................... Vigna o-wahuensis.
Maui 13--Alectryon macrococcus--c................. ............................. Alectryon macrococcus.
Maui 13--Bonamia menziesii--a..................... Bonamia menziesii.
Maui 13--Cenchrus agrimonioides--a................ Cenchrus agrimonioides.
Maui 13--Colubrina oppositifolia--a............... ............................. Colubrina oppositifolia.
Maui 13--Flueggea neowawraea--b................... ............................. Flueggea neowawraea.
Maui 13--Melicope adscendens--a................... Melicope adscendens.
Maui 13--Melicope knudsenii--b.................... ............................. Melicope knudsenii.
Maui 13--Melicope mucronulata--b.................. ............................. Melicope mucronulata.
Maui 13--Sesbania tomentosa--b.................... Sesbania tomentosa.
Maui 13--Spermolepis hawaiiensis--a............... Spermolepis hawaiiensis.
Maui 14--Geranium arboreum--b..................... Geranium arboreum.
Maui 15--Geranium arboreum--c..................... Geranium arboreum.
Maui 16--Hibiscus brackenridgei--a................ Hibiscus brackenridgei.
Maui 17--Alectryon macrococcus--d................. ............................. Alectryon macrococcus.
Maui 17--Alectryon macrococcus--e................. Alectryon macrococcus.
Maui 17--Cenchrus agrimonioides--b................ ............................. Cenchrus agrimonioides.
Maui 17--Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis--a ............................. Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.
mauiensis.
Maui 17--Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis--b ............................. Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.
mauiensis.
Maui 17--Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis--c Clermontia oblongifolia ssp.
mauiensis.
Maui 17--Colubrina oppositifolia--b............... ............................. Colubrina oppositifolia.
Maui 17--Ctenitis squamigera--a................... Ctenitis squamigera.
Maui 17--Ctenitis squamigera--b................... Ctenitis squamigera.
Maui 17--Ctenitis squamigera--c................... Ctenitis squamigera.
Maui 17--Cyanea glabra--d......................... ............................. Cyanea glabra.
[[Page 26154]]
Maui 17--Cyanea glabra--e......................... ............................. Cyanea glabra.
Maui 17--Cyanea glabra--f......................... ............................. Cyanea glabra.
Maui 17--Cyanea glabra--g......................... Cyanea glabra.
Maui 17--Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana--a..... Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana.
Maui 17--Cyanea lobata--a......................... Cyanea lobata.
Maui 17--Cyanea lobata--b......................... ............................. Cyanea lobata.
Maui 17--Cyanea lobata--c......................... ............................. Cyanea lobata.
Maui 17--Cyrtandra munroi--a...................... ............................. Cyrtandra munroi.
Maui 17--Cyrtandra munroi--b...................... Cyrtandra munroi.
Maui 17--Cyrtandra munroi--c...................... ............................. Cyrtandra munroi.
Maui 17--Diellia erecta--c........................ ............................. Diellia erecta.
Maui 17--Diellia erecta--d........................ Diellia erecta.
Maui 17--Diellia erecta--e........................ Diellia erecta.
Maui 17--Diellia erecta--f........................ Diellia erecta.
Maui 17--Diplazium molokaiense--c................. ............................. Diplazium molokaiense.
Maui 17--Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis--a..... ............................. Dubautia plantaginea ssp.
humilis.
Maui 17--Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis--b..... ............................. Dubautia plantaginea ssp.
humilis.
Maui 17--Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis--c..... Dubautia plantaginea ssp.
humilis.
Maui 17--Gouania vitifolia--a..................... ............................. Gouania vitifolia.
Maui 17--Hedyotis coriacea--a..................... Hedyotis coriacea.
Maui 17--Hedyotis coriacea--b..................... ............................. Hedyotis coriacea.
Maui 17--Hedyotis mannii--a....................... Hedyotis mannii.
Maui 17--Hesperomannia arbuscula--a............... ............................. Hesperomannia arbuscula.
Maui 17--Hesperomannia arbuscula--b............... Hesperomannia arbuscula.
Maui 17--Hibiscus brackenridgei--b................ Hibiscus brackenridgei.
Maui 17--Isodendrion pyrifolium--a................ ............................. Isodendrion pyrifolium.
Maui 17--Lysimachia lydgatei--a................... Lysimachia lydgatei.
Maui 17--Lysimachia lydgatei--b................... ............................. Lysimachia lydgatei.
Maui 17--Lysimachia lydgatei--c................... ............................. Lysimachia lydgatei.
Maui 17--Lysimachia lydgatei--d................... Lysimachia lydgatei.
Maui 17--Lysimachia lydgatei--e................... Lysimachia lydgatei.
Maui 17--Neraudia sericea--b...................... Neraudia sericea.
Maui 17--Peucedanum sandwicense--b................ ............................. Peucedanum sandwicense.
Maui 17--Phlegmariurus mannii--d.................. Phlegmariurus mannii.
Maui 17--Phlegmariurus mannii--e.................. Phlegmariurus mannii.
Maui 17--Plantago princeps--b..................... Plantago princeps.
Maui 17--Platanthera holochila--b................. Platanthera holochila.
Maui 17--Platanthera holochila--c................. ............................. Platanthera holochila.
Maui 17--Pteris lidgatei--a....................... Pteris lidgatei.
Maui 17--Pteris lidgatei--b....................... Pteris lidgatei.
Maui 17--Remya mauiensis--a....................... Remya mauiensis.
Maui 17--Remya mauiensis--b....................... Remya mauiensis.
Maui 17--Remya mauiensis--c....................... ............................. Remya mauiensis.
Maui 17--Sanicula purpurea--a..................... ............................. Sanicula purpurea.
Maui 17--Sanicula purpurea--b..................... Sanicula purpurea.
Maui 17--Sanicula purpurea--c..................... Sanicula purpurea.
Maui 17--Spermolepis hawaiiensis--b............... Spermolepis hawaiiensis.
Maui 17--Tetramolopium capillare--a............... Tetramolopium capillare.
Maui 17--Tetramolopium remyi--a................... ............................. Tetramolopium remyi.
Maui 18--Alectryon macrococcus--f................. ............................. Alectryon macrococcus.
Maui 18--Colubrina oppositifolia--c............... Colubrina oppositifolia.
Maui 18--Ctenitis squamigera--d................... ............................. Ctenitis squamigera.
Maui 18--Remya mauiensis--d....................... ............................. Remya mauiensis.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(cxxxix) Critical habitat unit descriptions and maps, and a
description of primary constituent elements, for Family Rhamnaceae:
Gouania hillebrandi on the island of Maui is provided in 50 CFR
17.96(a).
(2) Kahoolawe. Critical habitat units are described below.
Coordinates in UTM Zone 4 with units in meters using North American
Datum of 1983 (NAD83).
(i) Kahoolawe 1--Kanaloa kahoolawensis--a (62 ha; 1,388 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 53 boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: 741288, 2270367; 739913, 2271787; 739924,
2271802; 740037, 2271790; 740156, 2271842; 740226, 2271995; 740142,
2272051; 740036, 2272014; 740031, 2272022; 740031, 2272025; 740030,
2272030; 740266, 2272329; 740273, 2272338; 740375, 2272265; 740467,
2272316; 740500, 2272422; 740407, 2272520; 740392, 2272537; 740396,
2272546; 740401, 2272558; 740521, 2272815; 740529, 2272822; 740631,
2272765; 741148, 2272741; 741302, 2272644; 741524, 2272620; 741689,
2272648; 742016, 2272620; 742142, 2272660; 742340, 2272628; 742578,
2272668; 742844, 2272680; 743224, 2272571; 743406, 2272470; 743438,
2272325; 743389, 2272115; 743244, 2271885; 743103, 2271711; 742901,
2271404; 742784, 2271259; 742687, 2271170; 742453, 2271077; 742344,
2271053; 742190, 2271025; 741883, 2270952; 741673, 2270912; 741508,
2270875; 741415, 2270795; 741326, 2270714; 741290, 2270597; 741282,
2270508; 741286, 2270423; 741288, 2270367; return to starting point.
[[Page 26155]]
(B) Note: Map 138 follows :
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.137
(ii) Kahoolawe 2--Kanaloa kahoolawensis--b (613 ha; 1,516 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the following 131 boundary points and the
intermediate coastline: 756526, 2276870; 756534, 2276893; 748810,
2270407; 748804, 2270414; 748801, 2270602; 748829, 2270694; 748896,
2270675; 748956, 2270592; 749080, 2270581; 749149, 2270650; 749452,
2271037; 749659, 2271200; 749547, 2271037; 749432, 2270760; 749397,
2270670; 749534, 2270492; 749529, 2270389; 749599, 2270339; 749724,
2270439; 749837, 2270680; 749914, 2270865; 749962, 2271002; 750002,
2271142; 750187, 2271420; 750335, 2271525; 750605, 2271469; 750812,
2271310; 750943, 2271192; 750958, 2270952; 750945, 2270692; 751093,
2270402; 751195, 2270154; 751278, 2270019; 751272, 2270015; 751343,
2269909; 751373, 2270074; 751419, 2270068; 751438, 2269987; 751483,
2269952; 751538, 2270023; 751576, 2269978; 751565, 2269934; 751553,
2269794; 751670, 2269694; 751700, 2269639; 751893, 2269652; 751933,
2269679; 751928, 2269742; 752308, 2269927; 752533, 2270032; 752756,
2270029; 752909, 2270054; 752896, 2270169; 753054, 2270282; 753219,
2270392; 753537, 2270482; 753667, 2270557; 753667, 2270551; 753757,
2270587; 754009, 2270497; 754207, 2270480; 754355, 2270585; 754382,
2270807; 754562, 2270710; 754677, 2270807; 754877, 2270822; 755212,
2270710; 755390, 2270580; 755480, 2270660; 755510, 2270495; 755605,
2270439; 755680, 2270285; 755747, 2270135; 755897, 2270132; 755995,
2270202; 756108, 2270312; 756168, 2270405; 756226, 2270450; 756341,
2270495; 756393, 2270550; 756401, 2270645; 756338, 2270782; 756333,
2270950; 756408, 2271057; 756523, 2271185; 756716, 2271328; 756763,
2271353; 756916, 2271408; 757056, 2271503; 757164, 2271635; 757209,
2271808; 757224, 2271970; 757214, 2271970; 757214, 2272116; 757154,
2272171; 757116, 2272326; 757101, 2272408; 756891, 2272366; 756608,
2272333; 756386, 2272378; 756271, 2272488; 756198, 2272593; 756078,
2272571; 755795, 2272388; 755508, 2272205; 755210, 2272115; 754942,
2272025; 754947, 2272036; 754785, 2271960; 754550, 2271868; 754339,
2271898; 754289, 2272068; 754297, 2272223; 754327, 2272463; 754339,
2272518; 754412, 2273006; 754327, 2273668; 754665, 2274523; 754833,
2274812; 754954, 2275312; 754948, 2275650; 754918, 2275963; 755008,
2276059; 755062, 2276282; 755068, 2276565; 755008, 2276710; 755767,
2276457; 756140, 2276495; 756363, 2276718; 756518, 2276871; 756526,
2276870; return to starting point.
(B) Note: Map 139 follows:
[[Page 26156]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.138
(iii) Kahoolawe 3--Kanaloa kahoolawensis--c (5 ha; 12 ac).
(A) Unit consists of the entire offshore island located at
approximately: 749231, 2269900.
(B) Note: Map 140 follows:
[[Page 26157]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14MY03.139
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
(iv) Table of Protected Species Within Each Critical Habitat Unit
for Kahoolawe
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kahoolawe 1--Kanaloa kahoolawensis--a.. ......................... Kanaloa kahoolawensis.
Kahoolawe 2--Kanaloa kahoolawensis--b.. Kanaloa kahoolawensis....
Kahoolawe 3--Kanaloa kahoolawensis--c.. ......................... Kanaloa kahoolawensis.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(f) Plants on Maui and Kahoolawe; Constituent elements.
(1) Flowering Plants.
Family Amaranthaceae: Nototrichium humile (kului)
Maui 9--Nototrichium humile--a, identified in the legal description
in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Nototrichium humile on Maui. Within this unit, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat include, but are not
limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Old cinder cones in dry shrubland containing one or more of the
following associated native species: Dodonaea viscosa, Erythrina
sandwicensis, Heteropogon contortus, or Nototrichium sandwicense; and
(ii) Elevations between 338 and 734 m (1,110 and 2,407 ft).
[[Page 26158]]
Family Apiaceae: Peucedanum sandwicense (makou)
Maui 4--Peucedanum sandwicense--a and Maui 17--Peucedanum
sandwicense--b, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Peucedanum
sandwicense on Maui. Within these units, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat include, but are not limited
to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Sparsely vegetated steep to vertical cliff habitats with little
soil in mesic or coastal communities and containing one or more of the
following associated native species: Artemisia australis, Bidens spp.,
Carex spp., Chamaesyce spp., Diospyros sandwicensis, Eragrostis spp.,
Hedyotis littoralis, Lysimachia mauritiana, Metrosideros polymorpha,
Pandanus tectorius, Peperomia spp., Scaevola taccada, or Schiedea
globosa; and
(ii) Elevations between 0 and 1,132 m (0 and 3,714 ft).
Family Apiaceae: Sanicula purpurea (NCN)
Maui 17--Sanicula purpurea--a, Maui 17--Sanicula purpurea--b, and
Maui 17--Sanicula purpurea--c, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Sanicula purpurea on Maui. Within these units, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat include, but are not
limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Open Metrosideros polymorpha mixed montane bogs and containing
one or more of the following associated native plant taxa:
Argyroxiphium caliginis, Argyroxiphium grayanum, Gahnia beecheyi,
Geranium hillebrandii, Lagenifera maviensis, Leptecophylla tameiameiae,
Lycopodium sp., Machaerina sp., Myrsine vaccinioides, Oreobolus
furcatus, Plantago pachyphylla, or Viola maviensis; and
(ii) Elevations between 1,195 and 1,761 m (3,921 and 5,778 ft).
Family Apiaceae: Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN)
Maui 13--Spermolepis hawaiiensis--a, and Maui 17--Spermolepis
hawaiiensis--b, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Spermolepis
hawaiiensis on Maui. Within these units, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat include, but are not limited
to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Shady spots in Dodonaea viscosa lowland dry shrubland and
containing one or more of the following associated native species:
Diospyros sp., Eragrostis variabilis, Erythrina sandwicensis, Gouania
hillebrandii, Heteropogon contortus, Melanthera lavarum, Myoporum
sandwicense, Pleomele sp., Santalum ellipticum, Sida fallax, or
Wikstroemia sp.; and
(ii) Elevations between 221 and 742 m (725 and 2,434 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum
(ahinahina)
Maui 9--Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum--a, identified
in the legal description in paragraph (e)(1) of this section,
constitutes critical habitat for Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp.
macrocephalum on Maui. Within this unit, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat include, but are not limited
to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Lava flows and otherwise barren, unstable slopes of recent
(less than several thousand years old) volcanic cinder cones, or
Deschampsia grasslands; or a mean annual precipitation of approximately
75 to 250 cm (29.6 to 98.4 in); or substrate with almost no soil
development and subject to frequent formation of ice at night and
extreme heating during cloudless days; or alpine dry shrubland; and the
presence of one or more of the following associated native plant
species: Agrostis sandwicensis, Deschampsia nubigena, Dubautia
menziesii, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Silene struthioloides,
Tetramolopium humile, or Trisetum glomeratum; and
(ii) Elevations between 1,508 and 3,053 m (4,947 and 10,016 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha (kookoolau)
Maui 9--Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha--a and Maui 9--Bidens
micrantha ssp. kalealaha--b, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha on Maui. Within these units, the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat
include, but are not limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Blocky lava flows with little or no soil development, or deep
pit craters, or sheer rock walls in open canopy Metrosideros
polymorpha-Acacia koa forest; montane shrubland; Sophora chrysophylla
forest or cliff face, and the presence of one or more of the following
associated native plant species: Coprosma montana, Dodonaea viscosa,
Dubautia menziesii, Dubautia platyphylla, Leptecophylla tameiameiae,
Santalum haleakalae, or Vaccinium reticulatum; and
(ii) Elevations between 1,317 and 2,565 m (4,321 and 8,414 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis (naenae)
Maui 17--Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis--a, Maui 17--Dubautia
plantaginea ssp. humilis--b, and Maui 17--Dubautia plantaginea ssp.
humilis--c, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Dubautia plantaginea ssp.
humilis on Maui. Within these units, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat include, but are not limited
to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Wet, barren, steep, rocky, wind-blown cliffs containing one or
more of the following associated native plant species: Bidens sp.,
Carex sp., Eragrostis variabilis, Hedyotis formosa, Lysimachia remyi,
Metrosideros polymorpha, Pipturus albidus, Plantago princeps, or
Pritchardia sp.; and
(ii) Elevations between 291 and 1,593 m (955 and 5,226 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Hesperomannia arbuscula (NCN)
Maui 17--Hesperomannia arbuscula--a and Maui 17--Hesperomannia
arbuscula--b, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1)
of this section, constitute critical habitat for Hesperomannia
arbuscula on Maui. Within these units, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat include, but are not limited
to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Steep forested slopes and ridges in mesic forest dominated by
Metrosideros polymorpha or Diospyros sandwicensis and containing one or
more of the following associated native plant species: Alyxia
oliviformis, Bidens sp., Cheirodendron sp., Clermontia sp., Cyanea sp.,
Psychotria sp., or Tetraplasandra sp.; and
(ii) Elevations between 412 and 1,422 m (1,352 and 4,665 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Lipochaeta kamolensis (nehe)
Maui 9--Lipochaeta kamolensis--a and Maui 11--Lipochaeta
kamolensis--b, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1)
of this section, constitute critical habitat for Lipochaeta kamolensis
on Maui. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent
elements of critical habitat include, but are not limited to, the
habitat components provided by:
[[Page 26159]]
(i) Gulches or gentle slopes outside gulches in dry shrubland and
containing one or more of the following associated native plant
species: Dodonaea viscosa, Ipomoea indica, or Plumbago zeylanica; and
(ii) Elevations between 40 and 602 m (132 and 1,974 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Remya mauiensis (NCN)
Maui 17--Remya mauiensis--a, Maui 17--Remya mauiensis--b, Maui 17--
Remya mauiensis--c, and Maui 18--Remya mauiensis--d, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Remya mauiensis on Maui. Within these units, the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat
include, but are not limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Steep, north or northeast-facing slopes in mixed mesophytic
forests or Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet forests and containing
one or more of the following associated native species: Alyxia
oliviformis, Diospyros sandwicensis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Dodonaea
viscosa, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Lysimachia remyi, Melicope sp.,
Microlepia strigosa, Myrsine lessertiana, Nestegis sandwicensis,
Pleomele auwahiensis, Psychotria mariniana, Wikstroemia sp., or Xylosma
hawaiiense; and
(ii) Elevations between 435 and 1,228 m (1,427 and 4,029 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Tetramolopium capillare (pamakani)
Maui 17--Tetramolopium capillare--a, identified in the legal
description in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitutes critical
habitat for Tetramolopium capillare on Maui. Within this unit, the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat
include, but are not limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Rocky substrates in Heteropogon contortus lowland dry forest or
in Metrosideros polymorpha-Leptecophylla tameiameiae montane mesic or
wet shrubland and wet cliff faces and containing one or more of the
following associated plant species: Dodonaea viscosa or Myoporum
sandwicense; and
(ii) Elevations between 155 and 1,432 m (509 and 4,698 ft).
Family Asteraceae: Tetramolopium remyi (NCN)
Maui 17--Tetramolopium remyi--a, identified in the legal
description in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitutes critical
habitat for Tetramolopium remyi on Maui. Within this unit, the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat
include, but are not limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Dry, exposed ridges or flats in lowland dry shrubland and
containing one or more of the following associated native plant
species: Bidens mauiensis, Bidens menziesii, Dodonaea viscosa,
Eragrostis atropioides, Heteropogon contortus, Lipochaeta heterophylla,
or Waltheria indica; and
(ii) Elevations between 85 and 550 m (279 and 1,804 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Brighamia rockii (pua ala)
Maui 2--Brighamia rockii--a, Maui 2--Brighamia rockii--b, Maui 3--
Brighamia rockii--c, Maui 4--Brighamia rockii--d, and Maui 5--Brighamia
rockii--e, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of
this section, constitute critical habitat for Brighamia rockii on Maui.
Within these units, the currently known primary constituent elements of
critical habitat include, but are not limited to, the habitat
components provided by:
(i) Steep sea cliffs, often within the spray zone, in coastal dry
to mesic forests and shrublands and containing one or more of the
following associated plant species: Diospyros sandwicensis, Osteomeles
anthyllidifolia, Psydrax odorata, or Scaevola taccada; and
(ii) Elevations between 0 and 146 m (0 and 479 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Clermontia lindseyana (haha)
Maui 9--Clermontia lindseyana--a and Maui 9--Clermontia
lindseyana--b, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1)
of this section, constitute critical habitat for Clermontia lindseyana
on Maui. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent
elements of critical habitat include, but are not limited to, the
habitat components provided by:
(i) Acacia koa mesic forest containing one or more of the following
associated native plant species: Coprosma sp., Cyrtandra spp., Ilex
anomala, Myrsine sp., or native fern species; and
(ii) Elevations between 1,147 and 1,868 m (3,762 and 6,129 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis (oha eai)
Maui 17--Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis--a, Maui 17--
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis--b, and Maui 17--Clermontia
oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis--c, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis on Maui. Within these units, the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat
include, but are not limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) The sides and tops of ridges in Metrosideros polymorpha-
dominated montane wet forest and containing one or more of the
following associated native plant species: Cheirodendron sp.,
Clermontia sp., Coprosma sp., Dicranopteris linearis, Hedyotis sp.,
Ilex anomala, Melicope sp., or Myrsine sp.; and
(ii) Elevations between 539 and 1,738 m (1,768 and 5,702 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Clermontia samuelii (oha wai)
Maui 9--Clermontia samuelii--a, identified in the legal description
in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Clermontia samuelii on Maui. Within this unit, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat include, but are not
limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Wet Metrosideros polymorpha and M. polymorpha-Dicranopteris
linearis forest or wet M. polymorpha and M. polymorpha-Cheirodendron
trigynum forest containing one or more of the following associated
native plant species: Adenophorus tamariscinus, Broussaisia arguta,
Carex alligata, Cibotium spp., Clermontia arborescens ssp. waihiae,
Clermontia sp., Diplazium sandwichianum, Dubautia sp., Hedyotis
hillebrandii, Hedyotis terminalis, Hedyotis sp., Melicope clusiifolia,
Melicope spp., Peperomia obovatilimba, Psychotria mariniana, Rubus
hawaiiensis, Tetraplasandra oahuensis, or Vaccinium spp.; and
(ii) Elevations between 724 and 2,244 m (2,375 and 7,362 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis (haha)
Maui 8--Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis--a and Maui 9--Cyanea
copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis--b, identified in the legal descriptions
in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis on Maui. Within these units, the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat
include, but are not limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Stream banks or wet scree slopes or forest understory in
montane wet or mesic forest dominated by Acacia koa and/or Metrosideros
polymorpha and containing one or more of the following associated
native plant species: Broussaisia arguta, Cibotium sp.,
[[Page 26160]]
Hedyotis acuminata, Perrottetia sandwicensis, or Psychotria
hawaiiensis; and
(ii) Elevations between 616 and 1,411 m (2,021 and 4,630 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea glabra (haha)
Maui 8--Cyanea glabra--a, Maui 9--Cyanea glabra--b, Maui 9--Cyanea
glabra--c, Maui 17--Cyanea glabra--d, Maui 17--Cyanea glabra--e, Maui
17--Cyanea glabra--f, and Maui 17--Cyanea glabra--g, identified in the
legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Cyanea glabra on Maui. Within these units, the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat
include, but are not limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Soil and rock stream banks in wet lowland forest dominated by
Acacia koa and/or Metrosideros polymorpha and containing one or more of
the following associated native plant species: Boehmeria grandis,
Cheirodendron trigynum, Christella cyatheoides, Cibotium sp.,
Clermontia kakeana, Coprosma sp., Cyanea elliptica, Diplazium sp.,
Dodonaea viscosa, Dubautia plantaginea, Perrottetia sandwicensis,
Pipturus albidus, Psychotria sp., Sadleria sp., Touchardia latifolia,
or Xylosma hawaiiense or; and
(ii) Elevations between 413 and 1,569 m (1,355 and 5,149 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (haha)
Maui 17--Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana--a, identified in the
legal description in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitutes
critical habitat for Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana on Maui. Within
this unit, the currently known primary constituent elements of critical
habitat include, but are not limited to, the habitat components
provided by:
(i) Rocky or steep slopes of stream banks in wet forest gulch
bottoms often dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha and containing one
or more of the following associated native plant species: Antidesma
sp., Bobea sp., Myrsine sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., or
Xylosma sp.; and
(ii) Elevations between 312 and 1,617 m (1,024 and 5,305 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora (haha)
Maui 8--Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora--a and Maui 9--Cyanea
hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora--b, identified in the legal descriptions
in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora on Maui. Within these units, the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat
include, but are not limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Montane wet forest dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha, with a
Cibotium sp. and/or native shrub understory or closed Acacia koa-
Metrosideros polymorpha wet forest containing one or more of the
following associated native plant species: Athyrium microphyllum,
Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron trigynum, Cyanea aculeatiflora,
Cyanea kunthiana, Dicranopteris linearis, Diplazium sandwichianum,
Melicope sp., Myrsine sp., or Vaccinium sp.; and
(ii) Elevations between 767 and 1,553 m (2,515 and 5,095 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea lobata (haha)
Maui 17--Cyanea lobata--a, Maui 17--Cyanea lobata--b, and Maui 17--
Cyanea lobata--c, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Cyanea lobata
on Maui. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent
elements of critical habitat include, but are not limited to, the
habitat components provided by:
(i) Steep stream banks in deep shade in wet forest and containing
one or more of the following associated native plant species: Antidesma
sp., Athyrium sp., Clermontia kakeana, Cyrtandra spp., Freycinetia
arborea, Metrosideros polymorpha, Morinda trimera, Peperomia sp.,
Pipturus albidus, Pleomele sp., Psychotria sp., Touchardia latifolia,
or Xylosma sp.; and
(ii) Elevations between 260 and 1,530 m (853 and 5,020 ft).
Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea mceldowneyi (haha)
Maui 8--Cyanea mceldowneyi--a, identified in the legal description
in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Cyanea mceldowneyi on Maui. Within this unit, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat include, but are not
limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Montane wet and mesic forest with mixed Metrosideros
polymorpha-Acacia koa and containing one or more of the following
associated native plant species: Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron
trigynum, Cibotium sp., Clermontia arborescens, Cyrtandra sp.,
Dicranopteris linearis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Hedyotis sp., or
Melicope clusiifolia; and
(ii) Elevations between 837 and 1,348 m (2,745 and 4,423 ft).
Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea haleakalensis (NCN)
Maui 9--Schiedea haleakalensis--a and Maui 9--Schiedea
haleakalensis--b, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Schiedea
haleakalensis on Maui. Within these units, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat include, but are not limited
to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Rock cracks on sheer cliffs adjacent to barren lava and
subalpine shrublands; or grasslands with cinder, or weathered volcanic
ash, or bare lava substrate with little or no soil development and
periodic freezing temperatures; and containing one or more of the
following associated native plant species: Artemisia mauiensis, Bidens
micrantha, Dubautia menziesii, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Vaccinium
reticulatum, or Viola chamissoniana; and
(ii) Elevations between 1,678 and 2,434 m (5,505 and 7,986 ft).
Family Convolvulaceae: Bonamia menziesii (NCN)
Maui 13--Bonamia menziesii--a, identified in the legal description
in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Bonamia menziesii on Maui. Within this unit, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat include, but are not
limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Aa lava in mixed open dry forest or Erythrina sandwicensis
lowland dry forest, or in mesic mixed Metrosideros polymorpha forest
and containing one or more of the following associated native plant
species: Acacia koaia, Achyranthes splendens, Alphitonia ponderosa,
Alyxia oliviformis, Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa,
Lipochaeta rockii, Myoporum sandwicense, Nestegis sandwicensis,
Nothocestrum latifolium, Nototrichium sp., Osteomeles anthyllidifolia,
Pleomele auwahiensis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Reynoldsia sandwicensis,
Santalum ellipticum, Sicyos sp., Sida fallax, or Xylosma hawaiiensis;
and
(ii) Elevations between 221 and 836 m (725 and 2,743 ft).
Family Cyperaceae: Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN)
Maui 6--Mariscus pennatiformis--a, identified in the legal
description in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitutes critical
habitat for Mariscus pennatiformis on Maui. Within this
[[Page 26161]]
unit, the currently known primary constituent elements of critical
habitat include, but are not limited to, the habitat components
provided by:
(i) Cliffs with brown soil and talus within reach of ocean spray in
Pandanus tectorius coastal wet forests and containing one or more of
the following associated native plant species: Cyperus laevigatus,
Eragrostis spp., Ipomoea sp., Lysimachia mauritiana, or Sadleria
pallida; and
(ii) Elevations between 0 and 134 m (0 and 440 ft).
Family Euphorbiaceae: Flueggea neowawraea (mehamehame)
Maui 9--Flueggea neowawraea--a and Maui 13--Flueggea neowawraea--b,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Flueggea neowawraea on Maui.
Within these units, the currently known primary constituent elements of
critical habitat include, but are not limited to, the habitat
components provided by:
(i) Dry or mesic forest containing one or more of the following
associated native plant species: Alectryon macrococcus, Antidesma
pulvinatum, Bobea timonioides, Charpentiera sp., Diospyros sp.,
Diplazium sandwichianum, Myrsine lanaiensis, Nesoluma polynesicum,
Nestegis sandwicensis, Pleomele auwahiensis, Pleomele sp., Pouteria
sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, or
Tetraplasandra sp.; and
(ii) Elevations between 633 and 971 m (2,078 and 3,186 ft).
Family Fabaceae: Kanaloa kahoolawensis (kohe malama malama o Kanaloa)
Kahoolawe 1-- Kanaloa kahoolawensis--a, Kahoolawe 2--Kanaloa
kahoolawensis--b, and Kahoolawe 3--Kanaloa kahoolawensis--c, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(2) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Kanaloa kahoolawensis on Kahoolawe.
Within these units, the currently known primary constituent elements of
critical habitat include, but are not limited to, the habitat
components provided by:
(i) Steep, rocky talus slopes in mixed coastal shrubland and
containing one or more of the following associated native plants:
Bidens mauiensis, Capparis sandwichiana, Melanthera lavarum, Portulaca
molokiniensis, Senna gaudichaudii, or Sida fallax; and
(ii) Elevations between 0 and 305 m (0 and 1,000 ft).
Family Fabaceae: Sesbania tomentosa (ohai)
Maui 1--Sesbania tomentosa--a and Maui 13--Sesbania tomentosa--b,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Sesbania tomentosa on Maui.
Within these units, the currently known primary constituent elements of
critical habitat include, but are not limited to, the habitat
components provided by:
(i) Windswept slopes, sea cliffs, and cinder cones in Scaevola
taccada coastal dry shrublands and containing one or more of the
following associated native plant species: Bidens sp., Diospyros
sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Jacquemontia ovalifolia ssp.
sandwicensis, Melanthera integrifolia, or Sida fallax; and
(ii) Elevations between 0 and 542 m (0 and 1,778 ft).
Family Fabaceae: Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN)
Maui 12--Vigna o-wahuensis--a, identified in the legal description
in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Vigna o-wahuensis on Maui. Within this unit, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat include, but are not
limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Dry or mesic grassland or shrubland containing one or more of
the following associated plant species: Chamaesyce sp., or Dodonaea
viscosa; and
(ii) Elevations between 0 and 50 m (0 and 164 ft).
Family Gentianaceae: Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi)
Maui 1--Centaurium sebaeoides--a and Maui 2--Centaurium
sebaeoides--b, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1)
of this section, constitute critical habitat for Centaurium sebaeoides
on Maui. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent
elements of critical habitat include, but are not limited to, the
habitat components provided by:
(i) Volcanic or clay soils or cliffs, in windward coastal areas,
containing one or more of the following associated native plant
species: Bidens mauiensis, Lycium sandwicense, Melanthera integrifolia,
Panicum torridum, Lysimachia mauritiana, Scaevola taccada, or Schiedea
globosa; and
(ii) Elevations between 0 and 129 m (0 and 423 ft).
Family Geraniaceae: Geranium arboreum (nohoanu)
Maui 9--Geranium arboreum--a, Maui 14--Geranium arboreum--b, and
Maui 15--Geranium arboreum--c, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Geranium arboreum on Maui. Within these units, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat include, but are not
limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Steep, damp and shaded narrow canyons and gulches, steep banks,
and intermittent streams in Sophora chrysophylla subalpine dry
shrubland or Metrosideros polymorpha montane forest and containing one
or more of the following associated native plant species: Dodonaea
viscosa, Dryopteris wallichiana, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Rubus
hawaiiensis, or Vaccinium reticulatum; and
(ii) Elevations between 1,472 and 2,184 m (4,830 and 7,164 ft).
Family Geraniaceae: Geranium multiflorum (nohoanu)
Maui 8--Geranium multiflorum--a, Maui 9--Geranium multiflorum--b,
and Maui 9--Geranium multiflorum--c, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Geranium multiflorum on Maui. Within these units, the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat
include, but are not limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Wet or mesic Metrosideros polymorpha montane forest or alpine
mesic forest, Leptecophylla tameiameiae shrubland, Sophora chrysophylla
subalpine dry forest, open sedge swamps, fog-swept lava flows, or
montane grasslands and containing one or more of the following
associated native plant species: Coprosma montana, Dryopteris glabra,
Dryopteris wallichiana, Hedyotis sp., Leptecophylla tameiameiae
Metrosideros polymorpha, Rubus hawaiiensis, Sadleria cyatheoides, or
Vaccinium sp.; and
(ii) Elevations between 1,538 and 2,710 m (5,045 and 8,890 ft).
Family Gesneriaceae: Cyrtandra munroi (haiwale)
Maui 17--Cyrtandra munroi--a, Maui 17--Cyrtandra munroi--b, and
Maui 17--Cyrtandra munroi--c, identified in the legal descriptions in
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Cyrtandra munroi on Maui. Within these units, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat include, but are not
limited to, the habitat components provided by:
[[Page 26162]]
(i) Rich, moist to wet, moderately steep talus slopes in lowland
wet Metrosideros polymorpha forest and containing one or more of the
following associated native plant species: Alyxia oliviformis, Bobea
sp., Clermontia sp., Coprosma sp., Cyrtandra spp., Diospyros sp.,
Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis acuminata, Melicope sp., Myrsine sp.,
Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pipturus sp., Pittosporum sp., Pouteria
sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., Sadleria sp., Scaevola sp., Sicyos sp.,
Strongylodon ruber, Xylosma sp., or Zanthoxylum kauense; and
(ii) Elevations between 468 and 1,108 m (1,535 and 3,635 ft).
Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia mannii (NCN)
Maui 8--Phyllostegia mannii--a, identified in the legal description
in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Phyllostegia mannii on Maui. Within this unit, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat include, but are not
limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Gentle slopes and the steep sides of gulches in mesic to wet
forest dominated by Acacia koa and/or Metrosideros polymorpha and
containing one or more of the following associated native plant
species: Alyxia oliviformis, Cheirodendron trigynum, Dicranopteris
linearis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Melicope spp., or Myrsine
lessertiana; and
(ii) Elevations between 1,069 and 1,348 m (3,506 and 4,421 ft).
Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia mollis (NCN)
Maui 8--Phyllostegia mollis--a and Maui 9--Phyllostegia mollis--b,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Phyllostegia mollis on Maui.
Within these units, the currently known primary constituent elements of
critical habitat include, but are not limited to, the habitat
components provided by:
(i) Steep slopes and gulches in mesic forest dominated by
Metrosideros polymorpha and/or Acacia koa and containing one or more of
the following associated native plant species: Alyxia oliviformis,
Cheirodendron trigynum, Diplazium sandwichianum, Melicope spp., or
Myrsine lessertiana; and
(ii) Elevations between 1,164 and 1,878 m (3,818 and 6,161 ft).
Family Malvaceae: Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau hele)
Maui 16--Hibiscus brackenridgei--a and Maui 17--Hibiscus
brackenridgei--b, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Hibiscus
brackenridgei on Maui. Within these units, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat include, but are not limited
to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Lowland dry forest sometimes with Erythrina sandwicensis as the
dominant tree containing one or more of the following associated native
plant species: Achyranthes sp., Chamaesyce celastroides var. lorifolia,
Chenopodium sp., Diospyros sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Melanthera lavarum,
Myoporum sandwicense, Nototrichium sp., annual Panicum spp., Psydrax
odorata, Schiedea salicaria, or Sida fallax; and
(ii) Elevations between 85 and 771 m (279 and 2,530 ft).
Family Orchidaceae: Platanthera holochila (NCN)
Maui 9--Platanthera holochila--a, Maui 17--Platanthera holochila--
b, and Maui 17--Platanthera holochila--c, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Platanthera holochila on Maui. Within these units, the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat
include, but are not limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis montane wet
forest, M. polymorpha mixed montane bog, or mesic scrubby M. polymorpha
forest and containing one or more of the following associated native
plant species: Broussaisia arguta, Cibotium sp., Clermontia sp.,
Coprosma ernodeoides, Deschampsia nubigena, Dubautia scabra, Gahnia
gahniiformis, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Luzula hawaiiensis,
Lycopodiella cernua, Oreobolus furcatus, Polypodium pellucidum,
Sadleria sp., Scaevola chamissoniana, Sisyrinchium acre, Vaccinium
reticulatum, or Wikstroemia sp.; and
(ii) Elevations between 669 and 2,314 m (2,195 and 7,592 ft).
Family Plantaginaceae: Plantago princeps (laukahi kuahiwi)
Maui 9--Plantago princeps--a and Maui 17--Plantago princeps--b,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Plantago princeps on Maui.
Within these units, the currently known primary constituent elements of
critical habitat include, but are not limited to, the habitat
components provided by:
(i) Basalt cliffs that are windblown with little vegetation in
Metrosideros polymorpha lowland wet forest, Acacia koa-M. polymorpha
montane wet forest, or M. polymorpha montane wet shrubland and
containing one or more of the following associated native plant
species: Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Chamaesyce celastroides,
Cyanea spp., Dryopteris sp., Dubautia menziesii, Dubautia plantaginea
ssp. humilis, Eragrostis variabilis, Hedyotis formosa, Leptecophylla
tameiameiae, Melicope ovalis, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pipturus
albidus, or Touchardia latifolia; and
(ii) Elevations between 281 and 2,460 m (922 and 8,070 ft).
Family Poaceae: Cenchrus agrimonioides (kamanomano (= sandbur,
agrimony))
Maui 13--Cenchrus agrimonioides--a, and Maui 17--Cenchrus
agrimonioides--b, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Cenchrus
agrimonioides on Maui. Within these units, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat include, but are not limited
to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Dry forest or Pleomele sp.-Diospyros sp. forest and containing
one or more of the following associated native plant species: Alyxia
oliviformis, Dodonaea viscosa, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, or Santalum
ellipticum; and
(ii) Elevations between 528 and 1,091 m (1,732 and 3,579 ft).
Family Poaceae: Ischaemum byrone (Hilo ischaemum)
Maui 6--Ischaemum byrone--a and Maui 7--Ischaemum byrone--b,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Ischaemum byrone on Maui.
Within these units, the currently known primary constituent elements of
critical habitat include, but are not limited to, the habitat
components provided by:
(i) Close proximity to the ocean, among rocks or on basalt cliffs
in windward coastal dry shrubland and containing one or more of the
following associated native plant species: Bidens sp., Fimbristylis
cymosa, or Scaevola taccada; and
(ii) Elevations between 0 and 132 m (0 and 432 ft).
Family Primulaceae: Lysimachia lydgatei (NCN)
Maui 17--Lysimachia lydgatei--a, Maui 17--Lysimachia lydgatei--b,
Maui 17--Lysimachia lydgatei--c, Maui 17--Lysimachia lydgatei--d, and
Maui 17--Lysimachia lydgatei--e, identified in the
[[Page 26163]]
legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute
critical habitat for Lysimachia lydgatei on Maui. Within these units,
the currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat
include, but are not limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Sides of steep ridges in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris
linearis-dominated wet to mesic shrubland or M. polymorpha-
Cheirodendron spp. montane forest and containing one or more of the
following associated native plant species: Astelia sp., Broussaisia
arguta, Coprosma spp., Dodonaea viscosa, Eurya sandwicensis, Ilex
anomala, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Lycopodium spp., Ochrosia spp.,
Vaccinium spp., or mat ferns such as Dicranopteris spp.; and
(ii) Elevations between 829 and 1,432 m (2,720 and 4,698 ft).
Family Rhamnaceae: Colubrina oppositifolia (kauila)
Maui 13--Colubrina oppositifolia--a, Maui 17--Colubrina
oppositifolia--b, and Maui 18--Colubrina oppositifolia--c, identified
in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section,
constitute critical habitat for Colubrina oppositifolia on Maui. Within
these units, the currently known primary constituent elements of
critical habitat include, but are not limited to, the habitat
components provided by:
(i) Lowland dry and mesic forests dominated by Diospyros
sandwicensis and containing one or more of the following associated
native plant species: Bidens micrantha spp. micrantha, Canavalia spp.,
Dodonaea viscosa, Freycinetia arborea, Metrosideros polymorpha,
Microlepia strigosa, Pleomele auwahiensis, Psydrax odorata, Reynoldsia
sandwicensis, or Wikstroemia sp.; and
(ii) Elevations between 193 and 844 m (633 and 2,769 ft).
Family Rhamnaceae: Gouania vitifolia (NCN)
Maui 17--Gouania vitifolia--a, identified in the legal description
in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Gouania vitifolia on Maui. Within this unit, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat include, but are not
limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) The sides of ridges and gulches in dry to mesic forests and
containing one or more of the following associated native plant
species: Bidens sp., Carex meyenii, Chamaesyce spp., Diospyros
sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Erythrina sandwicensis, Hedyotis sp.,
Hibiscus spp., Melicope sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Pipturus albidus,
Psychotria sp., or Urera glabra; and
(ii) Elevations between 357 and 1,167 m (1,171 and 3,829 ft).
Family Rubiaceae: Hedyotis coriacea (kioele)
Maui 17--Hedyotis coriacea--a and Maui 17--Hedyotis coriacea--b,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Hedyotis coriacea on Maui.
Within these units, the currently known primary constituent elements of
critical habitat include, but are not limited to, the habitat
components provided by:
(i) Steep, rocky slopes in dry lowland Dodonaea viscosa-dominated
shrublands and containing one or more of the following associated
native plant species: Bidens menziesii, Gouania hillebrandii,
Melanthera lavarum, Myoporum sandwicense, Schiedea menziesii, or Sida
fallax; and
(ii) Elevations between 159 and 754 m (522 and 2,474 ft).
Family Rubiaceae: Hedyotis mannii (pilo)
Maui 17--Hedyotis mannii--a, identified in the legal description in
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Hedyotis mannii on Maui. Within this unit, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat include, but are not limited
to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Basalt cliffs along stream banks in Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis montane wet forest and containing one or more of
the following associated native plant species: Boehmeria grandis, Carex
meyenii, Cyrtandra grayi, Cyrtandra hawaiensis, Cyrtandra platyphylla,
Cyanea sp., Hedyotis acuminata, Isachne distichophylla, Machaerina sp.,
Phyllostegia sp., Pipturus albidus, Psychotria sp., Touchardia
latifolia, or Urera glabra; and
(ii) Elevation between 340 and 1,593 m (1,115 and 5,226 ft).
Family Rutaceae: Melicope adscendens (alani)
Maui 13--Melicope adscendens--a, identified in the legal
description in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitutes critical
habitat for Melicope adscendens on Maui. Within this unit, the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat
include, but are not limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Aa lava with pockets of soil in Nestegis sandwicensis-Pleomele
auwahiensis-Dodonaea viscosa lowland mesic forest or open dry forest
and containing one or more of the following associated native plant
species: Alphitonia ponderosa, Chamaesyce celastroides var. lorifolia,
Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Pouteria
sandwicensis, Santalum ellipticum, or Xylosma hawaiiensis; and
(ii) Elevations between 761 and 1,209 m (2,497 and 3,967 ft).
Family Rutaceae: Melicope balloui (alani)
Maui 8--Melicope balloui--a and Maui 9--Melicope balloui--b,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Melicope balloui on Maui.
Within these units, the currently known primary constituent elements of
critical habitat include, but are not limited to, the habitat
components provided by:
(i) Mesic to wet forest containing one or more of the following
associated native plant species: Acacia koa, Cibotium chamissoi,
Cibotium glaucum, Diplazium sandwichianum, Melicope clusiifolia,
Metrosideros polymorpha, or Sadleria pallida; and
(ii) Elevations between 781 and 1,544 m (2,561 and 5,267 ft).
Family Rutaceae: Melicope knudsenii (alani)
Maui 9--Melicope knudsenii--a and Maui 13--Melicope knudsenii--b,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Melicope knudsenii on Maui.
Within these units, the currently known primary constituent elements of
critical habitat include, but are not limited to, the habitat
components provided by:
(i) Forested flats or talus slopes in Nestegis sandwicensis-
Pleomele sp. mixed open dry forests and containing one or more of the
following associated native plant species: Alphitonia ponderosa,
Dodonaea viscosa, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Santalum ellipticum, or
Xylosma hawaiiensis; and
(ii) Elevations between 648 and 1,231 m (2,125 and 4,039 ft).
Family Rutaceae: Melicope mucronulata (alani)
Maui 9--Melicope mucronulata--a and Maui 13--Melicope mucronulata--
b, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Melicope mucronulata on Maui.
Within these units, the currently known primary constituent elements of
critical habitat include, but are not limited to, the habitat
components provided by:
[[Page 26164]]
(i) Gentle south-facing slopes in lowland dry to mesic forest and
containing one or more of the following associated species: Antidesma
pulvinatum, Dodonaea viscosa, Melicope hawaiensis, Nestegis
sandwicensis, Pleomele auwahiensis, Pouteria sandwicensis, or Streblus
pendulinus; and
(ii) Elevations between 625 and 1,232 m (2,050 and 4,042 ft).
Family Rutaceae: Melicope ovalis (alani)
Maui 9--Melicope ovalis--a, identified in the legal description in
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitutes critical habitat for
Melicope ovalis on Maui. Within this unit, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat include, but are not limited
to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Acacia koa and Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated montane wet
forests along streams and containing one or more of the following
associated species: Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron trigynum,
Dicranopteris linearis, Dubautia plantaginea, Hedyotis hillebrandii,
Labordia hedyosmifolia, Machaerina angustifolia, Perrottetia
sandwicensis, or Wikstroemia oahuensis; and
(ii) Elevations between 753 and 1,537 m (2,469 and 5,042 ft).
Family Rutaceae: Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (ae)
Maui 8--Zanthoxylum hawaiiense--a, identified in the legal
description in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitutes critical
habitat for Zanthoxylum hawaiiense on Maui. Within this unit, the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat
include, but are not limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Open lowland dry or mesic Nestegis sandwicensis-Pleomele
auwahiensis forest or Acacia koa-Pleomele auwahiensis forest or montane
dry forest and containing one or more of the following associated
native species: Alectryon macrococcus, Alphitonia ponderosa,
Charpentiera sp., Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Melicope
sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine lanaiensis, Osteomeles
anthyllidifolia, Pisonia sp., Santalum ellipticum, Sophora
chrysophylla, Streblus pendulinus, or Xylosma hawaiiensis; and
(ii) Elevations between 869 and 1,298 m (2,852 and 4,260 ft).
Family Sapindaceae: Alectryon macrococcus (mahoe)
Maui 9--Alectryon macrococcus--a, Maui 10--Alectryon macrococcus--
b, Maui 13--Alectryon macrococcus--c, Maui 17--Alectryon macrococcus--
d, Maui 17--Alectryon macrococcus--e, and Maui 18--Alectryon
macrococcus--f, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph
(e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Alectryon
macrococcus on Maui. Within these units, the currently known primary
constituent elements of critical habitat include, but are not limited
to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Mesic to wetter mesic and upper dryland forest and containing
one or more of the following associated native plant species:
Alphitonia ponderosa, Antidesma platyphylla, Antidesma pulvinatum,
Bobea sandwicensis, Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Nestegis
sandwicensis, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Pittosporum confertiflorum,
Pittosporum glabrum, Pouteria sandwicensis, Santalum ellipticum,
Streblus pendulinus, Xylosma hawaiiensis, or Xylosma sp.; and
(ii) Elevations between 333 and 1,191 m (1,092 and 3,909 ft).
Family Urticaceae: Neraudia sericea (NCN)
Maui 9--Neraudia sericea--a and Maui 17--Neraudia sericea--b,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Neraudia sericea on Maui.
Within these units, the currently known primary constituent elements of
critical habitat include, but are not limited to, the habitat
components provided by:
(i) Dry to mesic Metrosideros polymorpha-Dodonaea viscosa-
Leptecophylla tameiameiae shrubland or forest or Acacia koa forest and
containing one or more of the following associated native plant
species: Bobea sp., Coprosma sp., Cyrtandra oxybapha, Cyrtandra spp.,
Diospyros sp., Hedyotis sp., Sida fallax, or Urera glabra; and
(ii) Elevations between 198 and 1,658 m (650 and 5,439 ft).
Family Violaceae: Isodendrion pyrifolium (aupaka)
Maui 17--Isodendrion pyrifolium--a, identified in the legal
description in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitutes critical
habitat for Isodendrion pyrifolium on Maui. Within this unit, the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat
include, but are not limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Dry shrubland containing one or more of the following
associated native plant taxa: Capparis sandwichiana, Dodonaea viscosa,
Myoporum sandwicense, or Psydrax odorata; and
(ii) Elevations between 85 and 534 m (279 and 1,752 ft).
(2) Ferns and Allies.
Family Adiantaceae: Pteris lidgatei (NCN)
Maui 17--Pteris lidgatei--a and Maui 17--Pteris lidgatei--b,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Pteris lidgatei on Maui.
Within these units, the currently known primary constituent elements of
critical habitat include, but are not limited to, the habitat
components provided by:
(i) Steep stream banks in wet Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris
linearis montane forest and containing one or more of the following
native plant species: Christella cyatheoides, Cibotium chamissoi,
Dicranopteris linearis, Elaphoglossum crassifolium, Sadleria squarrosa,
or Sphenomeris chinensis; and
(ii) Elevations between 213 and 1,593 m (699 and 5,226 ft).
Family Aspleniaceae: Asplenium fragile var. insulare (NCN)
Maui 9--Asplenium fragile var. insulare--a, identified in the legal
description in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitutes critical
habitat for Asplenium fragile var. insulare on Maui. Within this unit,
the primary constituent elements of critical habitat include, but are
not limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Streamside hollows and grottos in gulches in mesic to dry
subalpine shrubland dominated by Leptecophylla tameiameiae and Sadleria
cyatheoides, with scattered Metrosideros polymorpha and containing one
or more of the following native plant species: Dryopteris wallichiana,
Grammitis hookeri, or Pteris cretica; and
(ii) Elevations between 1,964 and 2,407 m (6,445 and 7,896 ft).
Family Aspleniaceae: Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa)
Maui 17--Ctenitis squamigera--a, Maui 17--Ctenitis squamigera--b,
Maui 17--Ctenitis squamigera--c, and Maui 18--Ctenitis squamigera--d,
identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this
section, constitute critical habitat for Ctenitis squamigera on Maui.
Within these units, the primary constituent elements of critical
habitat include, but are not limited to, the habitat components
provided by:
[[Page 26165]]
(i) Forest understory in Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet
forest, mesic forest, or diverse mesic forest and containing one or
more of the following native plant species: Alyxia oliviformis,
Antidesma sp., Bobea sp., Canavalia sp., Coprosma sp., Dicranopteris
linearis, Doodia sp., Dryopteris sp., Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis
terminalis, Hibiscus kokio ssp. kokio, Myrsine sp., Peperomia sp.,
Pittosporum sp., Pleomele sp., Pritchardia sp., Psychotria sp., Remya
mauiensis, Sadleria sp., Schiedea pubescens var. pubescens, or Xylosma
sp.; and
(ii) Elevations between 275 and 1,421 m (902 and 4,662 ft).
Family Aspleniaceae: Diellia erecta (NCN)
Maui 9--Diellia erecta--a, Maui 9--Diellia erecta--b, Maui 17--
Diellia erecta--c, Maui 17--Diellia erecta--d, Maui 17--Diellia
erecta--e, and Maui 17--Diellia erecta--f, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Diellia erecta on Maui. Within these units, the currently
known primary constituent elements of critical habitat include, but are
not limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Steep slopes or gulch sides in deep shade in Acacia koa-
Metrosideros polymorpha low- to mid-elevation mesic forest and
containing one or more of the following associated native plant
species: Coprosma sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Dryopteris unidentata,
Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Melicope sp., Myrsine sp., Osteomeles
anthyllidifolia, or Psychotria sp.; and
(ii) Elevations between 338 and 1,695 m (1,109 and 5,561 ft).
Family Aspleniaceae: Diplazium molokaiense (NCN)
Maui 8--Diplazium molokaiense--a, Maui 9--Diplazium molokaiense--b,
and Maui 17--Diplazium molokaiense--c, identified in the legal
descriptions in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical
habitat for Diplazium molokaiense on Maui. Within these units, the
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat
include, but are not limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Water courses, often in proximity to waterfalls, in lowland or
montane mesic Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa forest; and
(ii) Elevations between 273 and 1,885 m (896 and 6,186 ft).
Family Lycopodiaceae: Phlegmariurus mannii (wawaeiole)
Maui 8--Phlegmariurus mannii--a, Maui 9--Phlegmariurus mannii--b,
Maui 9--Phlegmariurus mannii--c, Maui 17--Phlegmariurus mannii--d, and
Maui 17--Phlegmariurus mannii--e, identified in the legal descriptions
in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, constitute critical habitat for
Phlegmariurus mannii on Maui. Within these units, the currently known
primary constituent elements of critical habitat include, but are not
limited to, the habitat components provided by:
(i) Epiphytic growth on Metrosideros polymorpha, Dodonaea viscosa,
or Acacia koa trees in moist protected gulches or mossy tussocks in
mesic to wet montane Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa forests and
containing one or more of the following associated native plant
species: Astelia menziesii, Athyrium sp., Cheirodendron trigynum,
Coprosma sp., Cyanea sp., Cyrtandra sp., Ilex anomala, Leptecophylla
tameiameiae, Machaerina sp., Myrsine sp., Sadleria sp., Thelypteris
sp., or Vaccinium sp.; and
(ii) Elevations from 952 and 1,688 m (3,122 and 5,539 ft).
* * * * *
Dated: April 18, 2003.
Craig Manson,
Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks.
[FR Doc. 03-10107 Filed 5-13-03; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P