[Federal Register Volume 68, Number 24 (Wednesday, February 5, 2003)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 5796-5800]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 03-2681]


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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

7 CFR Part 318

[Docket No. 00-052-2]


Fruits and Vegetables From Hawaii

AGENCY: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA.

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: We are amending the regulations to allow bell peppers, 
eggplant, mangoes, pineapple (other than smooth Cayenne), Italian 
squash, and tomatoes to be moved interstate from Hawaii if the fruits 
and vegetables undergo irradiation treatment at an approved facility. 
Treatment may be conducted either in Hawaii or in areas of the mainland 
United States where tropical fruit flies are not likely to become 
established. The fruits and vegetables will also have to meet certain 
additional requirements, including packaging requirements. This action 
relieves restrictions on the movement of these fruits and vegetables 
from Hawaii while continuing to provide protection against the spread 
of plant pests from Hawaii to other parts of the United States.

EFFECTIVE DATE: February 5, 2003.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Mr. Hesham A. Abuelnaga, Import 
Specialist, Phytosanitary Issues Management Team, PPQ, APHIS, 4700 
River Road Unit 140, Riverdale, MD 20737-1236; (301) 734-5334.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

    The Hawaiian Fruits and Vegetables regulations, contained in 7 CFR 
318.13 through 318.13-17 (referred to below as the regulations), 
govern, among other things, the interstate movement of fruits and 
vegetables from Hawaii. Regulation is necessary to prevent the spread 
of dangerous plant diseases and pests that occur in Hawaii.
    The regulations in Sec.  318.13-4f allow abiu, atemoya, carambola, 
litchi, longan, papaya, rambutan, and sapodilla to be moved interstate 
from Hawaii if, among other things, the fruits and vegetables undergo 
irradiation treatment in accordance with that section.
    On May 22, 2002, we published in the Federal Register (67 FR 35932-
35936, Docket No. 00-052-1) a proposal to amend the regulations to 
allow bell peppers, eggplant, mangoes, pineapple (other than smooth 
Cayenne), Italian squash, and tomatoes to be moved interstate from 
Hawaii if treated with irradiation in accordance with the requirements 
in Sec.  318.13-4f. The proposal was prompted by research by the 
Department's Agricultural Research Service (ARS) that showed that this 
irradiation treatment could eliminate infestations of fruit flies and 
other pests in those commodities. In that same document, we also 
proposed to amend the irradiation regulations to require cartons of 
fruits and vegetables that are being moved interstate in accordance 
with the regulations to be marked with irradiation indicators.
    We solicited comments concerning our proposal for 60 days ending 
July 22, 2002. We received six comments by that date. The comments were 
from researchers, a manufacturer of irradiation equipment, and 
representatives of a State government. The commenters generally 
supported the proposal. However, four commenters expressed concern over 
the proposed requirement for the use of

[[Page 5797]]

irradiation indicators. Also, another commenter raised concerns about 
including mangoes on the list of fruits approved for movement from 
Hawaii if treated with irradiation. These comments are discussed below 
by topic.

Irradiation Indicators

    We proposed to amend the irradiation provisions in Sec.  318.13-4f 
to require cartons of fruits and vegetables being moved interstate in 
accordance with the regulations to be marked with irradiation 
indicators. Specifically, we had proposed to add a new Sec.  318.13-
4f(b)(7) to read as follows: ``Indicators. Each carton of fruits and 
vegetables must bear an indicator device, securely attached prior to 
irradiation, that changes color or provides another clear visual change 
when it is exposed to radiation in the dose range required by this 
section for the pests for which the articles are being treated.'' Four 
commenters opposed this proposed requirement for numerous technical, 
operational, and cost-benefit reasons.
    One commenter referred to several studies that deal with the 
limitations of available radiation-sensitive indicators.\1\ 
Specifically, the commenter stated that dose fluctuations resulting 
from density variations caused by the arrangement, size, and weight of 
individual fruit within the subunits of a pallet would make irradiation 
indicators impractical and unreliable.
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    \1\ Ehlermann, D.A.E. (Federal Research Centre for Nutrition, 
Karlsruhe (Germany). Inst. of Process Engineering), ``Validation of 
a label dosimeter for food irradiation applications by subjective 
and objective means,'' Appl. Radiat. Isot.; v. 48(9), p. 1197-1201; 
1997.
    International Atomic Energy Agency, ``Standardized methods to 
verify absorbed dose in irradiated food for insect control,'' IAEA, 
Vienna, 2001, IAEA-TECDOC-1201.
    Razem, D. (Ruder Boskovic Inst., Zagreb (Croatia)), ``Dosimetric 
performance of and environmental effects on sterin irradiation 
indicator labels,'' Radiat. Phys. Chem.; v.49(4), p. 491-495.
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    Another commenter stated that the indicators that are currently 
available have not undergone adequate testing and standard development, 
and, therefore, their reliability is questionable. In addition, the 
commenter suggested that the added labor costs for the additional 
handling must be taken into account, offsetting the low cost of the 
production of the indicators themselves.
    One comment, which was reviewed and submitted by several 
researchers, offered detailed discussion of several issues related to 
the use of irradiation indicators. The comment referred to American 
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard E 1539-98, ``Standard 
Guide for the Use of Radiation-Sensitive Indicators.'' Section 7.3 of 
that document states: ``Some irradiation or storage conditions may 
result in false positive or negative observations. For these reasons, 
indicators should not be used as a criterion for product release. Also, 
external environmental influences may make the interpretation of the 
indicators meaningless outside the irradiation facility unless 
appropriate controls are used.'' The commenter indicated that, for 
several technical reasons, irradiation indicators can only be used 
effectively to show that products have been exposed to ``some'' 
radiation, and not to show the exact dose of radiation that a product 
has received.
    We have carefully analyzed all the data and opinions submitted 
recommending against the proposed indicator requirement and have 
decided to omit that requirement from this final rule. While we believe 
that an indicator could be employed as a useful ``cross check'' when 
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) inspectors are 
correlating the required interstate movement certificates with the 
cartons referred to in those documents to offer additional protection 
against the introduction of plant pests into the mainland United States 
from Hawaii, apparently there is no such indicator that is: (1) 
Currently available at low cost; (2) validated to be sensitive and 
reliable in the appropriate dose ranges; and (3) validated to be 
resistant to false positives and false negatives caused by 
environmental effects. Therefore, we have omitted proposed Sec.  
318.13-4f(b)(7) from this final rule.

Dosage Recommendations

    One commenter noted that there are only two studies to date that 
examine the relationship between radiation dose and fertility in the 
adult mango seed weevil (Sternochetus mangiferae (Fabricus), formerly 
known as Cryptorhynchus mangiferae). The commenter stated that these 
studies do not provide adequate support for the proposed dose of 100 Gy 
(10 krad), which was recommended by ARS research findings as a 
sufficient quarantine treatment for mango seed weevil. The commenter 
suggested that, based on the limited amount of research that has been 
done, Hawaiian mangoes should be subjected to higher doses of radiation 
than 100 Gy (10 krad). We had proposed a minimum ionizing irradiation 
dose of 250 Gy (25 krad) for mangoes, which we indicated would be 
effective in eliminating both fruit flies and the mango seed weevil.
    We have carefully analyzed the data and conducted a review of the 
available literature on this topic and have determined that a higher 
dose of irradiation for mango seed weevil is appropriate. Based on 
research by ARS (Follett, 1999) and by the International Consultative 
Group on Food Irradiation of the Food and Agriculture Organization of 
the United Nations,\2\ we are setting an irradiation dose level of 300 
Gy (30 krad) for mango seed weevil in this final rule. We believe that 
there is enough research and evidence to support this dose level as an 
effective quarantine treatment for mango seed weevil.
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    \2\ ``Irradiation as a Quarantine Treatment of Fresh Fruits and 
Vegetables,'' ICGFI, 1991. This publication also cited two other 
studies, (Heather and Corcoran, 1990) and (Jessup and Rigney, 1990), 
that supported an irradiation dose level of 300 Gy (30 krad) for 
mango seed weevil.
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    The same commenter also stated that a dose of 250 Gy is excessive 
for fruit flies. He indicated that ``recent research and analyses have 
demonstrated that studies finding that doses 150 Gy were 
needed most likely are in error,'' but did not identify specific 
studies or analyses. He asked when APHIS would consider lower doses.
    The research supporting this comment may have merit, but such 
research must be carefully evaluated and verified before we lower doses 
below the proposed level, which we know is effective. APHIS, in 
cooperation with ARS and others, will evaluate the lower doses 
recommended by this commenter. If we determine that lower doses are 
effective for fruit flies, we will initiate rulemaking in the future to 
reduce the doses. However, this evaluation process will take time, so 
in this final rule we are utilizing the dose of 250 Gy for fruit flies 
so that irradiation treatments may occur while this evaluation is 
underway.
    The same commenter also stated that there should be a range of time 
given for irradiation treatment the way that a time range is given for 
vapor heat treatment in the comparison table (see Table 3) in the 
proposed rule. The commenter also asked if the comparison table 
compared values for the same amount of fruit in both treatments.
    The comparison table was offered in the proposed rule's economic 
analysis to illustrate the relative cost and time-saving benefits of 
irradiation treatments when compared to the presently available vapor 
heat treatment, not to set specific values for the two treatments. 
Although the same amount of fruit was used in both treatments, it was 
not possible to give a time range for irradiation treatment comparable 
to the time range given for the heat vapor treatment because of the 
number of

[[Page 5798]]

variables involved in the irradiation process. The irradiation exposure 
times that are necessary to ensure that the specified dose has been 
delivered and absorbed vary widely by commodity and by equipment, which 
is available from several different manufacturers of irradiation 
equipment. The Plant Protection and Quarantine Treatment Manual, which 
is incorporated by reference in 7 CFR Sec.  300.1, states that 
irradiation facilities must use ASTM Standard E 1261, ``Guide for 
Selection and Calibration of Dosimetry Systems for Radiation'' (or an 
equivalent international standard) as a guide for selection and 
calibration of an appropriate dosimetry system that matches the 
dosimeter requirements specific to their needs, and that irradiation 
exposure times must be evaluated for each commodity. The necessary 
dosage levels vary from 150 Gy (15 krad) to 300 Gy (30 krad) based on 
commodity, and each piece of equipment varies in the amount of time it 
takes to ensure that these dosage levels have been delivered and 
absorbed. Any time range given would not be able to take into account 
all of these possibilities and would therefore be inaccurate. We are 
not making any changes to the rule based on this comment.

Miscellaneous

    The regulations in Sec.  318.13-4f currently specify 250 Gy (25 
krad) as the minimum absorbed dose for all treated commodities. 
Because, as noted above, we are setting the minimum absorbed dose for 
mangoes at 300 Gy (30 krad), we have amended several paragraphs in 
Sec.  318.13-4f so that they refer to ``the specified dose'' rather 
than to 250 Gy (25 krad).
    Therefore, for the reasons given in the proposed rule and in this 
document, we are adopting the proposed rule as a final rule, with the 
changes discussed in this document.

Effective Date

    This is a substantive rule that relieves restrictions and, pursuant 
to the provisions of 5 U.S.C. 553, may be made effective less than 30 
days after publication in the Federal Register.
    This rule relieves restrictions on the interstate movement of bell 
peppers, eggplant, mangoes, pineapple (other than smooth Cayenne), 
Italian squash, and tomatoes from Hawaii to the mainland United States. 
Making this rule effective immediately will allow interested producers, 
as well as manufacturers of the irradiation equipment that will be used 
to treat these articles, to benefit from trade as soon as possible. 
Therefore, the Administrator of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection 
Service has determined that this rule should be effective upon 
publication in the Federal Register.

Executive Order 12866 and Regulatory Flexibility Act

    This rule has been reviewed under Executive Order 12866. The rule 
has been determined to be not significant for the purposes of Executive 
Order 12866 and, therefore, has not been reviewed by the Office of 
Management and Budget.
    We are amending the Hawaiian Fruits and Vegetables regulations to 
allow bell peppers, eggplant, mangoes, pineapple (other than smooth 
Cayenne), Italian squash, and tomatoes to be moved interstate from 
Hawaii if they are treated with irradiation in accordance with the 
regulations in Sec.  318.13-4f. Irradiation at certain dosages 
eliminates infestations of pests in fruits and vegetables. Irradiation 
also eliminates bacterial or fungal growth that can otherwise cause 
accelerated spoilage and result in illness. Bacterial contamination can 
come from soil, insects, bird or rodent droppings, or the water used in 
processing.

Effects on Producers and Shippers of Fruits and Vegetables

    Since 1995, the amount of land used for commercial production of 
mangoes in Hawaii has nearly tripled, and more than 7,500 new mango 
trees have been planted. However, producers in Hawaii have not been 
able to ship mangoes to the mainland United States due to the presence 
of the mango seed weevil in Hawaii (the mango seed weevil is not 
present in the mainland United States).\3\ The irradiation treatment in 
this final rule provides an effective quarantine treatment for the 
mango seed weevil that will protect against the introduction and 
dissemination of this pest into the mainland United States from Hawaii. 
This final rule opens the mainland U.S. mango market to Hawaiian 
mangoes.
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    \3\ The mango seed weevil attacks mango seeds, but rarely the 
fruit, and may cause slight fruit drop in production areas. The 
mango seed weevil poses no threat to other crops or flora. It is 
strictly monophagous.
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    U.S. production of mangoes has primarily been in southern Florida, 
with a smaller quantity grown in Hawaii and a negligible amount 
produced in California. According to the 1997 Census of Agriculture, 
there were 218 mango farms in Florida, 171 in Hawaii, and 2 in 
California. The total domestic harvest that year was about 2,829 metric 
tons, of which about 97 percent was produced in Florida and about 3 
percent (approximately 85 metric tons) produced in Hawaii. According to 
National Agricultural Statistics Service data, Hawaii produced 
approximately 72 metric tons of mangoes in 1999. It is unlikely that 
this final rule will result in a significant amount of mangoes being 
moved from Hawaii to the mainland United States because it is expected 
that nearly all mangoes produced in Hawaii will continue to be consumed 
within the State. Further, given that the United States imported 
219,000 metric tons of mangoes between September 1998 and August 1999, 
any movements of Hawaii-grown mangoes to the mainland United States 
will be insignificant in contrast to the volume of annual imports.
    Bell peppers, eggplant, pineapple (other than smooth Cayenne), 
Italian squash, and tomatoes are currently allowed to move interstate 
from Hawaii if they are first treated for Mediterranean fruit fly, 
oriental fruit fly, and melon fly with vapor heat in accordance with 
Sec.  318.13-4b. Tomatoes may also be moved interstate from Hawaii if 
they are treated with methyl bromide in accordance with Sec.  318.13-
4c. This rule provides for an alternative means of treating bell 
peppers, eggplant, pineapple (other than smooth Cayenne), Italian 
squash, and tomatoes from Hawaii for fruit flies and other pests.
    Since 1995, Hawaii's production of bell peppers, eggplant, Italian 
squash, and tomatoes has increased in value and volume (see tables 1 
and 2). Hawaii's production of pineapples (other than smooth Cayenne) 
has decreased by 4 percent, but its value has increased by 6 percent.

[[Page 5799]]



                              Table 1.--Production of Selected Vegetables in Hawaii
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                                                                         Year
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                                             1995               1996               1997               1998
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                                                  Bell Peppers
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Volume (fresh weight in lbs.).......          2,400,000          2,600,000          2,000,000          3,000,000
Value...............................         $1,392,000         $1,248,000           $980,000         $1,500,000
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                                                    Eggplant
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Volume (fresh weight in lbs.).......          1,200,000          1,300,000          1,500,000          1,300,000
Value...............................           $984,000           $949,000         $1,185,000         $1,053,000
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                                     Pineapples (other than smooth Cayenne)
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Volume (fresh weight in lbs.).......        760,594,590        765,003,834        714,297,528        731,934,504
Value...............................        $87,360,000        $95,914,000        $91,721,000        $92,776,000
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                                                 Italian Squash
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Volume (fresh weight in lbs.).......            620,000            700,000          1,400,000          1,500,000
Value...............................           $316,000           $336,000           $700,000           $735,000
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                                                    Tomatoes
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Volume (fresh weight in lbs.).......          6,000,000          7,000,000         10,200,000         10,200,000
Value...............................         $2,910,000         $3,710,000         $5,508,000         $5,610,000
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 Table 2.--Change in Production of Selected Vegetables in Hawaii Between
                              1995 and 1998
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                     Volume (percent)   Value (percent)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bell peppers......................                 -4                 +6
Eggplant..........................                +70                +93
Pineapples (other than smooth                     +25                 +8
 Cayenne).........................
Italian squash....................                 +8                 +7
Tomatoes..........................               +142                +96
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    According to the Hawaii Agricultural Census, there were 27 farms 
growing pineapples for commercial sale in 1997. Twenty-two (or 82 
percent) of those farms harvested between 1 and 14 acres of pineapple. 
During the same year, 74 farms produced tomatoes for commercial sale (a 
total of 388 acres harvested). There are no official data with respect 
to the number of farms in Hawaii producing bell peppers, eggplant, and 
Italian squash during the same year. However, considering that in 1997 
there were 657 farms in Hawaii that harvested fruits and vegetables for 
sale (90 percent of which had less than 14 acres of crops planted), we 
believe that the majority of farms producing bell peppers, eggplant, 
and Italian squash for sale were small according to Small Business 
Administration (SBA) criteria. It is also likely that the majority of 
firms shipping bell peppers, eggplant, and Italian squash interstate 
from Hawaii are small according to SBA criteria.
    Regardless of their size, Hawaii's fruit and vegetable producers 
and shippers who move fruits and vegetables interstate from Hawaii will 
benefit from the availability of an additional treatment alternative, 
especially since this treatment is less time-consuming than the 
presently available vapor heat treatment (see Table 3).

      Table 3.--Comparison of Irradiation and Vapor Heat Treatments
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                      Irradiation          Vapor heat
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cost..........................  $0.22 to $0.33/kg       $0.20 to $0.50/
                                 (treatment cost).       kg
Treatment Time................  40 minutes............  1.5 to 7 hours
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Effects on Treatment Facilities

    The irradiation treatments for bell peppers, eggplants, mangoes, 
pineapples (other than smooth Cayenne), Italian squash, and tomatoes 
will take place mostly at a new facility that was recently built in 
Hawaii. However, it is possible that some of these fruits and 
vegetables could be shipped to the mainland United States and treated 
with irradiation at facilities in Illinois or New Jersey. At present, 
various other tropical fruits, such as papaya, litchi, rambutan, 
carambola, and atemoya are shipped from Hawaii to a facility in 
Illinois for cobalt irradiation treatment.
    On August 1, 2000, a new x-ray irradiation facility in Hawaii began 
treating papayas, which, after their x-ray treatment, are commercially 
shipped to the mainland United States. This facility treats between 500 
to 1,000 boxes of papayas per day, 4 days per week.
    This facility will be the primary irradiation facility to treat 
Hawaii-grown

[[Page 5800]]

bell peppers, eggplants, mangoes, pineapples (other than smooth 
Cayenne), Italian squash, and tomatoes before they are moved 
interstate. However, if there is not enough capacity at the Hawaiian 
plant for the fruits to be irradiated, the fruits can be sent for 
treatment to any of the three irradiation treatment facilities on the 
mainland United States.
    According to SBA criteria, the facility in Hawaii mentioned in the 
previous paragraphs is a small entity (i.e., an entity with annual 
sales of less than $5 million). Another firm that provides irradiation 
treatments for fruits and vegetables owns two irradiation facilities in 
Illinois and one facility in New Jersey. This other firm, which 
primarily provides irradiation treatment to sanitize medical devices, 
is not a small entity according to SBA criteria.
    This final rule benefits the Hawaiian treatment facility, and may 
benefit the mainland facilities if the Hawaiian facility cannot keep up 
with demand for treatment of fruits and vegetables moving interstate 
from Hawaii. The final rule could also potentially benefit U.S. 
mainland consumers by increasing the mainland's supply of those fruits 
and vegetables that will now be eligible for interstate movement with 
irradiation treatment.
    Under these circumstances, the Administrator of the Animal and 
Plant Health Inspection Service has determined that this action will 
not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small 
entities.

Executive Order 12372

    This program/activity is listed in the Catalog of Federal Domestic 
Assistance under No. 10.025 and is subject to Executive Order 12372, 
which requires intergovernmental consultation with State and local 
officials. (See 7 CFR part 3015, subpart V.)

Executive Order 12988

    This final rule has been reviewed under Executive Order 12988, 
Civil Justice Reform. This rule: (1) Preempts all State and local laws 
and regulations that are inconsistent with this rule; (2) has no 
retroactive effect; and (3) does not require administrative proceedings 
before parties may file suit in court challenging this rule.

Paperwork Reduction Act

    In accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 
3501 et seq.), the information collection or recordkeeping requirements 
included in this rule have been approved by the Office of Management 
and Budget (OMB) under OMB control number 0579-0198. Government 
Paperwork Elimination Act Compliance
    The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service is committed to 
compliance with the Government Paperwork Elimination Act (GPEA), which 
requires Government agencies in general to provide the public the 
option of submitting information or transacting business electronically 
to the maximum extent possible. For information pertinent to GPEA 
compliance related to this rule, please contact Mrs. Celeste Sickles, 
APHIS'' Information Collection Coordinator, at (301) 734-7477.

List of Subjects in 7 CFR Part 318

    Cotton, Cottonseeds, Fruits, Guam, Hawaii, Plant diseases and 
pests, Puerto Rico, Quarantine, Transportation, Vegetables, Virgin 
Islands.
    Accordingly, we are amending 7 CFR part 318 as follows:

PART 318--HAWAIIAN AND TERRITORIAL QUARANTINE NOTICES

    1. The authority citation for part 318 continues to read as 
follows:

    Authority: 7 U.S.C. 7711, 7712, 7714, 7731, 7754, and 7756; 7 
CFR 2.22, 2.80, and 371.3.


    2. Section 318.13-4f is amended as follows:
    a. By revising paragraphs (a), (b)(2)(i), (b)(5), and (b)(6)(ii) to 
read as set forth below.
    b. By adding, at the end of the section, the following: ``(Approved 
by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 0579-
0198)''.


Sec.  318.13-4f  Administrative instructions prescribing methods for 
irradiation treatment of certain fruits and vegetables from Hawaii.

    (a) Approved irradiation treatment. Irradiation, carried out in 
accordance with the provisions of this section, is approved as a 
treatment for the following fruits and vegetables at the specified dose 
levels:

   Irradiation for Fruit Flies and Seed Weevils in Hawaiian Fruits and
                               Vegetables
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                   Dose
                             Fruit                                (gray)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Abiu...........................................................      250
Atemoya........................................................      250
Bell pepper....................................................      250
Carambola......................................................      250
Eggplant.......................................................      250
Litchi.........................................................      250
Longan.........................................................      250
Mango..........................................................      300
Papaya.........................................................      250
Pineapple (other than smooth Cayenne)..........................      250
Rambutan.......................................................      250
Sapodilla......................................................      250
Italian squash.................................................      250
Tomato.........................................................      250
------------------------------------------------------------------------

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (2) * * *
    (i) Be capable of administering the minimum absorbed ionizing 
radiation doses specified in paragraph (a) of this section to the 
fruits and vegetables; \2\
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    \2\ The maximum absorbed ionizing radiation dose and the 
irradiation of food is regulated by the Food and Drug Administration 
under 21 CFR part 179.
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* * * * *
    (5) Dosage. The fruits and vegetables must receive the minimum 
absorbed ionizing radiation dose specified in paragraph (a) of this 
section.\5\
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    \5\ See footnote 2.
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    (6) * * *
    (ii) Absorbed dose must be measured using a dosimeter that can 
accurately measure the absorbed doses specified in paragraph (a) of 
this section.
* * * * *

    Done in Washington, DC this 30th day of January 2003.
Kevin Shea,
Acting Administrator, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.
[FR Doc. 03-2681 Filed 2-4-03; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 3410-34-P