[Federal Register Volume 67, Number 102 (Tuesday, May 28, 2002)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 37108-37272]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 02-11348]



[[Page 37107]]

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Part III





Department of the Interior





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Fish and Wildlife Service



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50 CFR Part 17



Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designations of Critical 
Habitat for Plant Species From the Island of Oahu, HI; Proposed Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 67, No. 102 / Tuesday, May 28, 2002 / 
Proposed Rules  

[[Page 37108]]


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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17

RIN 1018-AI24


Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designations of 
Critical Habitat for Plant Species From the Island of Oahu, HI

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION: Proposed rule concerning designation of critical habitat.

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SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), propose 
critical habitat for 99 of the 101 plant species known historically 
from the island of Oahu that are listed under the Endangered Species 
Act of 1973, as amended.
    Critical habitat is not proposed for two species, Pritchardia 
kaalae and Cyrtandra crenata. We propose that critical habitat 
designation is not prudent for Pritchardia kaalae because it would 
likely increase the threat from vandalism or collection of this species 
on Oahu. Critical habitat is not proposed for Cyrtandra crenata, a 
species known only from Oahu, and for which we propose that critical 
habitat designation is not prudent because it has not been seen 
recently in the wild and no viable genetic material of this species is 
known to exist.
    We propose critical habitat designations for 99 species within 25 
critical habitat units totaling approximately 45,067 hectares (111,364 
acres) on the island of Oahu.
    If this proposal is made final, section 7 of the Act requires 
Federal agencies to ensure that actions they carry out, fund, or 
authorize do not destroy or adversely modify critical habitat to the 
extent that the action appreciably diminishes the value of the critical 
habitat for the survival and recovery of the species. Section 4 of the 
Act requires us to consider economic and other relevant impacts of 
specifying any particular area as critical habitat.
    We solicit data and comments from the public on all aspects of this 
proposal, including data on the economic and other impacts of the 
designations. We may revise or further refine critical habitat 
boundaries prior to final designation based on habitat and plant 
surveys, public comment on the proposed critical habitat rule, and new 
scientific and commercial information.

DATES: We will accept comments until July 29, 2002. Public hearing 
requests must be received by July 12, 2002.

ADDRESSES: If you wish to comment, you may submit your comments and 
materials concerning this proposal by any one of several methods:
    1. You may submit written comments and information to the Field 
Supervisor, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Office, 300 
Ala Moana Blvd., Room 3-122, P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850-0001.
    2. You may hand-deliver written comments to our Pacific Islands 
Office at the address given above.
    3. You may send comments by electronic mail (e-mail) to: [email protected]. See the Public Comments Solicited section in 
Supplementary Information below for file format and other information 
about electronic filing.
    You may view comments and materials received, as well as supporting 
documentation used in the preparation of this proposed rule, by 
appointment, during normal business hours at the above address.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Paul Henson, Field Supervisor, Pacific 
Islands Office (see ADDRESSES section) (telephone: 808/541-3441; 
facsimile: 808/541-3470).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

    In the Lists of Endangered and Threatened Plants (50 CFR 17.12), 
there are 101 plant species that, at the time of listing, were reported 
from the island of Oahu. Fifty-six of these species are endemic to 
Oahu, while 45 species are reported from one or more other islands, as 
well as Oahu (Table 1).

                                            Table 1.--Summary of Island Distribution of 101 Species From Oahu
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                               Island distribution
                                                       -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        Species                                                                                                              NW Islands,
                                                            Kauai         Oahu         Molokai        Lanai         Maui         Hawaii      Kahoolawe,
                                                                                                                                               Niihau
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Abutilon sandwicense (No common name).................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Adenophorus periens (pendant kihi fern)...............             C            H              C            H             H              C  ............
Alectryon macrococcus (mahoe).........................             C             C             C  ............             C  ............  ............
Alsinidendron obovatum (No common name)...............  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Alsinidendron trinerve (No common name)...............  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Bonamia menziesii (No common name)....................             C             C            H              C             C             C  ............
Cenchrus agrimonioides (kamanomano)...................  ............             C  ............            H              C  ............       NW (H)
Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi).........................             C             C            H              C             C  ............  ............
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana (akoko)..........  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Chamaesyce deppeana (akoko)...........................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Chamaesyce herbstii...................................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Chamaesyce kuwaleana (akoko)..........................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Chamaesyce rockii (akoko).............................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Colubrina oppositifolia (kauila)......................  ............             C  ............  ............             C             C  ............
Colubrina squamigera (pauoa)..........................  ............             C  ............  ............             C             C  ............
Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa)...........................            H              C             C             C             C            H   ............
Cyanea acuminata (haha)...............................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Cyanea crispa (haha)..................................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (haha)..............  ............             C             C             C             C  ............  ............
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae (haha)..................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............

[[Page 37109]]

 
Cyanea humboltiana (haha).............................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Cyanea kolauensis (haha)..............................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Cyanea longiflora (haha)..............................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Cyanea pinnatifida (haha).............................  ............            H   ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Cyanea st.-johnii (haha)..............................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Cyanea superba (haha).................................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Cyanea truncata (haha)................................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Cyperus trachysanthos (puukaa)........................             C             C            H             H   ............  ............       Ni (H)
Cyrtandra crenata (haiwale)...........................  ............            H   ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Cyrtandra dentata (haiwale)...........................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Cyrtandra polyantha (haiwale).........................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Cyrtandra subumbellata (haiwale)......................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Cyrtandra viridiflora (haiwale).......................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Delissea subcordata (No common name)..................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Diellia erecta (No common name).......................            H              C             C            H              C             C  ............
Diellia falcata (No common name)......................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Diellia unisora (No common name)......................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Diplazium molokaiense (No common name)................            H             H             H             H              C  ............  ............
Dubautia herbstobatae (naenae)........................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Eragrostis fostergii (No common name).................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Eugenia koolauensis (nioi)............................  ............             C            H   ............  ............  ............  ............
Euphorbia haeleeleana (akoko).........................             C             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Flueggea neowawraea (mehamehame)......................             C             C            H   ............             C             C  ............
Gardenia mannii (nanu)................................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Gouania meyenii (No common name)......................             C             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Gouania vitifolia (No common name)....................  ............             C  ............  ............            H              C  ............
Hedyotis coriacea (kioele)............................  ............            H   ............  ............             C             C  ............
Hedyotis degeneri (No common name)....................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Hedyotis parvula (No common name).....................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Hesperomannia arborescens (No common name)............  ............             C             C            H              C  ............  ............
Hesperomannia arbuscula (No common name)..............  ............             C  ............  ............             C  ............  ............
Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau hele).................            R              C            H              C             C             C  ............
Isodendrion laurifolium (aupaka)......................             C             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Isodendrion longifolium (aupaka)......................             C             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho kula).............  ............            H             H             H             H              C       Ni (H)
Labordia cyrtandrae (kamakahala)......................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Lepidium arbuscula (anaunau)..........................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla (nehe).............  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Lipochaeta tenuifolia (nehe)..........................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis (No common name)  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Lobelia monostachya (No common name)..................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Lobelia niihauensis (No common name)..................             C             C  ............  ............  ............  ............       Ni (H)
Lobelia oahuensis (No common name)....................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Lysimachia filifolia (No common name).................             C             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Mariscus pennatiformis (No common name)...............            H             H   ............  ............             C            H          NW (C)
Marsilea villosa (ihi ihi)............................  ............             C             C  ............  ............  ............       Ni (H)
Melicope lydgatei (alani).............................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Melicope pallida (alani)..............................             C             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Melicope saint-johnii (alani).........................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Myrsine juddii (kolea)................................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Neraudia angulata (No common name)....................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Nototrichium humile (kului)...........................  ............             C  ............  ............            H   ............  ............
Peucedanum sandwicense (makou)........................             C             C             C  ............             C  ............  ............
Phlegmariurus nutans (wawaeiole)......................            H              C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Phyllostegia hirsuta (No common name).................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Phyllostegia kaalaensis (No common name)..............  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Phyllostegia mollis (No common name)..................  ............             C            H   ............             C  ............  ............
Phyllostegia parviflora (No common name)..............  ............             C  ............  ............            H             H   ............
Plantago princeps (laukahi kauhiwi)...................             C             C             C  ............             C            H   ............

[[Page 37110]]

 
Platanthera holochila (No common name)................             C            H              C  ............             C  ............  ............
Pritichardia kaalae (loulu)...........................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Pteris lidgatei (No common name)......................  ............             C            H   ............             C  ............  ............
Sanicula mariversa (No common name)...................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Sanicula purpurea (No common name)....................  ............             C  ............  ............             C  ............  ............
Schiedea hookeri (No common name).....................  ............             C  ............  ............            H   ............  ............
Schiedea kaalae (No common name)......................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Schiedea kealia (No common name)......................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Schiedea nuttallii (No common name)...................             C             C             C  ............            H   ............  ............
Sesbania tomentosa (ohai).............................             C             C             C            H              C             C   Ni (H), Ka
                                                                                                                                                      (C), NW (C)
Silene lanceolata (No common name)....................            H              C             C            H   ............             C  ............
Silene perlmanii (No common name).....................  ............            H   ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Solanum sandwicense (aiakeakua, popolo)...............             C            H   ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Spermolepis hawaiiensis (No common name)..............             C             C             C             C             C             C  ............
Stenogyne kanehoana (No common name)..................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Tetramolopium filiforme (No common name)..............  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum (No common       ............             C  ............            H   ............  ............  ............
 name)................................................
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa (oheohe)....................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Trematalobelia singularis (No common name)............  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Urera kaalae (opuhe)..................................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Vigna o-wahuensis (No common name)....................  ............            H              C             C             C             C   Ni (H), Ka
                                                                                                                                                      (C)
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana (olopu)........  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
Viola oahuesis (No common name).......................  ............             C  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
KEY:
 C (Current)--population last observed within the past 30 years.
 H (Historical)--population not seen for more than 30 years.
 R (Reported)--reported from undocumented observations.
 NW--NW Hawaiian Islands.
 Ka--Kahoolawe.
 Ni--Niihau.

    We have reconsidered our findings concerning whether designating 
critical habitat for these 56 federally protected plants from the 
island of Oahu is prudent. In this proposal, we are proposing that 
critical habitat is prudent for 54 of these species (Abutilon 
sandwicense, Alsinidendron obovatum, Alsinidendron trinerve, Chamaesyce 
celastroides var. kaenana, Chamaesyce deppeana, Chamaesyce herbstii, 
Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea 
crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyanea humboltiana, Cyanea 
koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea pinnatifida, Cyanea st.-johnii, 
Cyanea superba, Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra 
polyantha, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Delissea 
subcordata, Diellia falcata, Diellia unisora, Dubautia herbstobatae, 
Eragrostis fosbergii, Gardenia mannii, Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis 
parvula, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata 
var. leptophylla, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. 
koolauensis, Lobelia monostachya, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope lydgatei, 
Melicope saint-johnii, Myrsine juddii, Neraudia angulata, Phyllostegia 
hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea kaalae, 
Schiedea kealiae, Silene perlmanii, Stenogyne kanehoana, Tetramolopium 
filiforme, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Trematalobelia singularis, Urera 
kaalae, Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, and Viola oahuensis) 
because the potential benefits of designating critical habitat 
essential for the conservation of these species outweigh the risk that 
may result from human activity because of critical habitat designation.
    We propose that critical habitat designation is not prudent for 
Pritchardia kaalae because it would likely increase the threat from 
vandalism or collection of this species of loulu palm on Oahu. We 
propose that critical habitat designation is not prudent for Cyrtandra 
crenata, a species known only from Oahu that has not been seen recently 
in the wild and for which no viable genetic material is known to exist.
    Proposed prudency determinations for 45 other species (Adenophorus 
periens, Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus 
agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis 
squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyperus trachysanthos, 
Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Eugenia koolauensis, Euphorbia 
haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea,

[[Page 37111]]

Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, Hesperomannia 
arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, 
Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, Isodendrion 
pyrifolium, Lobelia niihauensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Mariscus 
pennatiformis, Marsilea villosa, Melicope pallida, Nototrichium humile, 
Peucedanum sandwicense, Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia mollis, 
Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, 
Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea 
nuttallii, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Solanum sandwicense, 
Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, and 
Vigna o-wahuensis) which are reported from Oahu as well as Kauai, 
Niihau, Maui, Kahoolawe, Lanai, Molokai, the Northwestern Hawaiian 
Islands, and/or the island of Hawaii were published in the proposed 
rules published on November 7, 2000, and January 28, 2000 (Kauai and 
Niihau, 65 FR 66808 and 67 FR 3939); on December 18, 2000 and April 3, 
2002 (Maui and Kahoolawe 65 FR 79192 and 67 FR 15856); on December 27, 
2000 and March 4, 2002 (Lanai 65 FR 82086 and 67 FR 9806); on December 
29, 2000 and April 5, 2002 (Molokai 65 FR 83158 and 67 FR 16492); on 
May 14, 2002 (Northwestern Hawaiian Islands 67 FR 34522), or elsewhere 
in this issue of the Federal Register (Hawaii Island).
    Critical habitat for 99 of these 101 species from Oahu is proposed 
at this time. Critical habitat is not proposed for two species, 
Pritchardia kaalae and Crytandra crenata, for which we determine that 
designation of critical habitat is not prudent for the reasons 
described above.

The Island of Oahu

    The island of Oahu was formed from the remnants of two large shield 
volcanoes, the younger Koolau volcano to the east and the older Waianae 
volcano to the west (60 FR 51398; Service 1995a, 1996b). Their original 
shield volcano shape has been lost as a result of extensive erosion, 
and today these volcanoes are called mountains or ranges, and consist 
of long, narrow ridges. The Koolau Mountains were built by eruptions 
that took place primarily along a northwest-trending rift zone and 
formed a range now approximately 60 kilometers (km) (37 miles (mi)) 
long (Service 1996b). Median annual rainfall for the Koolau Mountains 
varies from 100 to 710 centimeters (cm) (40 to 280 inches (in)), most 
of which is received at higher elevations along the entire length of 
the windward (northeastern) side (Service 1996b).
    The Waianae Mountains were built by eruptions that took place 
primarily along three rift zones. The two principal rift zones run in a 
northwestward and south-southeastward direction from the summit, and a 
lesser one runs to the northeast. The range is approximately 32 km (20 
mi) long. The caldera lies between the north side of Makaha Valley and 
the head of Nanakuli Valley (MacDonald et al. 1983). The Waianae 
Mountains are in the rain shadow of the parallel Koolau Mountains and 
receive much less rainfall, except for Mt. Kaala, the highest point on 
Oahu at 1,225 meters (m) (4,020 feet (ft)) (Wagner et al. 1999). The 
median annual rainfall for the Waianae Mountains varies from 51 to 19 
cm (20 to 75 in), with only the small summit area of Mt. Kaala 
receiving the highest amount (Service 1995a).

Discussion of the Plant Taxa

Species Endemic to Oahu

Abutilon sandwicense (No Common Name (NCN))

    Abutilon sandwicense, a member of the mallow family (Malvaceae) and 
a short-lived perennial, is a shrub that grows to 3 m (5 ft) tall and 
is covered with short glandular hairs. This species is distinguished 
from others in the genus by the green or reddish-brown tipped petals 
which extend beyond the sepals (Bates 1999).
    Abutilon sandwicense has been observed flowering in winter and 
spring. By summer, most plants have flowered and the fruits have 
usually dried up by fall. Fruit capsules develop within 6 weeks. 
Although seedlings are often initially abundant, few plants appear to 
survive to maturity for unknown reasons (56 FR 55770).
    Historically, Abutilon sandwicense was known from nearly the entire 
length of the Waianae Mountains, from Makaleha Valley to Nanakuli 
Valley. This species is now known from Huliwai Gulch, Kaawa Gulch, 
Kaimuhole Gulch, Palikea Gulch, Makaha Valley, Makaha-Waianae Kai 
Ridge, Makaleha Valley, Manuwai Gulch, Halona subdistrict, Mikilua 
subdistrict, Alaiheihe Gulch, and Nanakuli Valley on Federal, State, 
private, city, and county lands. The 16 known populations contain an 
estimated 253 to 263 individuals (Hawaii Heritage Program (HINHP) 
Database 2001; Bates 1999).
    Abutilon sandwicense typically grows on steep slopes or gulches in 
dry to mesic lowland forest between 149 and 875 m (489 and 2,870 ft) 
elevation. Associated species include Sapindus oahuensis (lonomea), 
Eugenia reinwardtiana (nioi), Hibiscus arnottianus (kokio keokeo), 
Psydrax odorata (alahee), Diospyros sandwicensis (lama), Reynoldsia 
sandwicensis (ohe), Nestegis sandwicensis (olopua), Antidesma 
pulvinatum (hame), Pittosporum sp. (hoawa), Pleomele sp. (hala pepe), 
Rauvolfia sandwicensis (hao), Myrsine lanaiensis (kolea), Pisonia sp. 
(papala kepau), Metrosideros polymorpha (ohia), Pipturus albidus 
(mamaki), and Elaeocarpus bifidus (kalia) (Bates 1999; HINHP Database 
2001; Environmental Division of the U.S. Army (EDA), in litt. 2001).
    The major threats to Abutilon sandwicense are competition from the 
alien plant species Pimenta dioica (allspice), Hyptis pectinata (Comb 
hyptis), Schinus terebinthifolius (Christmasberry), Syzygium cumini 
(Java plum), Clidemia hirta (Koster's curse), Ipomoea sp. (morning 
glory), Melinis minutiflora (molasses grass), Ficus microcarpa (Chinese 
banyan), Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava), Psidium guajava 
(guava), Kalanchoe pinnata (air plant), Oplismenus hirtellus 
(basketgrass), Ageratina riparia (haumakua pamakani), Leucaena 
leucocephala (koa haole), Toona ciliata (Australian red cedar), 
Grevillea robusta (silk oak), Montanoa hibiscifolia (tree daisy), 
Aleurites moloccana (kuku i), Rivina humilis (coral berry), Panicum 
maximum (Guinea grass), Melia azedarach (chinaberry), and Passiflora 
suberosa (huehue haole); fire; black twig borer (Xylosandrus 
compactus); Chinese rose beetle (Adoretus sinicus); feral pigs (Sus 
scrofa) and goats (Capra hircus); and trampling by feral cattle (Bos 
taurus) (56 FR 55770; Service 1998b).

Alsinidendron obovatum (NCN)

    Alsinidendron obovatum, a member of the pink family 
(Caryophyllaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a branching subshrub 
growing to 3 ft (1 m) tall with thick, somewhat fleshy leaves. This 
species and Alsinidendron trinerve can be distinguished from other 
members of the genus by their shrubby habit and fleshy purple sepals 
surrounding the capsule (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Alsinidendron obovatum generally flowers after about 2 years of 
growth. Plants flower and fruit year round, but flowering is usually 
heavier in winter and spring depending on the level of precipitation. 
Plants survive 3 to 6 years, unless there are drought conditions (56 FR 
55770).
    Historically, Alsinidendron obovatum was known from the northern 
and

[[Page 37112]]

southern end of the Waianae Range. This species remains in Keawapilau 
Gulch, Kahanakaiki Gulch, Makaleha, Kapuna Gulch, and Pahole Gulch on 
Federal and State lands. The five known populations contain about 8 to 
10 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001;Wagner et al. 
1999).
    Alsinidendron obovatum typically grows on ridges and slopes in 
lowland diverse mesic forest dominated by Acacia koa (koa) and 
Metrosideros polymorpha between 476 and 943 m (1,561 and 3,093 ft) 
elevation. Associated species include Bidens torta (kookoolau), 
Antidesma platyphyllum (hame), Cibotium chamissoi (hapuu), Hedyotis 
terminalis (manono), Pipturu sp. (mamaki), Machaerina sp. (uki), 
Peperomia sp. (ala ala wai nui), Perrottetia sandwicensis (olomea), 
Ilex anomala (kawau), Psydrax odorata, Coprosma sp. (pilo), Alyxia 
oliviformis (maile), or the endangered cyanea lingiflora (HINHP 
Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001).
    The major threats to Alsinidendron obovatum are competition from 
the aggressive alien plant species Melinus minutiflora, Schinus 
terebinthifolius, Psidium cattleianum, Blechnum occidentale (NCN), 
Clidemia hirta, Grevillea robusta, Stachytarpheta dichotoma (owi), 
Paspalum conjugatum (Hilo grass), and Rubus argutus (prickly Florida 
blackberry); habitat degradation by feral pigs; trampling by humans; 
rockslides, and the small number of populations (56 FR 55770; Service 
1998b).

Alsinidendron trinerve (NCN)

    Alsinidendron trinerve, a member of the pink family 
(Caryophyllaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is very similar in 
appearance to A. obovatum but differs in that it has a more open 
inflorescence (flowering part of plant) with peduncles (stalk of a 
flower) more than 2 cm (0.8 in) long, sepals (leaves of the outer 
series floral leaves, i.e., calyx) with an acute tip, and usually is 
found in wet forests above 914 m (3,000 ft) in elevation. Alsinidendron 
obovatum has a congested inflorescence with peduncles less than 2 cm 
(0.8 in) long, sepals with a rounded tip, and usually grows in mesic 
forests 550 to 792 m (1,800 to 2,600 ft) in elevation (Wagner et al. 
1999).
    Alsinidendron trinerve flowers and fruits throughout the year with 
the possible exception of fall (56 FR 55770).
    Historically, Alsinidendron trinerve was known from the north-
central and southern Waianae Mountains. This species is known to be in 
Makaleha Gulch, on Mt. Kaala and Puu Kalena on Federal and State lands. 
The three known populations total between 18 and 34 individuals (HINHP 
Database 2001; EDA Database 2001).
    Alsinidendron trinerve typically grows on slopes in wet forest or 
the wetter portions of diverse mesic forest dominated by Metrosideros 
polymorpha and Ilex anomala or Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet 
forest between 833 and 1,233 m (2,732 and 4,044 ft) elevation. 
Associated species include Machaerina sp., Hedyotis sp. (NCN), 
Peperomia sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, Athyrium sandwichianum 
(akolea), Broussaisia arguta (kanawao), Vaccinium sp. (ohelo), 
Phyllostegia sp. (NCN), Coprosma ochracea (pilo), Gunnera sp. (apeape), 
Nothoperanema rubiginosa, or Pipturus albidus (HINHP Database 2001; 
EDA, in litt. 2001; Wagner et al. 1999).
    The major threats to Alsinidendron trinerve are competition from 
the aggressive alien plant species Rubus argutus, Buddleia asiatica 
(butterfly bush), Clidemia hirta, and Kalanchoe pinnata; habitat 
degradation by feral pigs; trampling by humans along trails; and the 
small number of extant individuals (56 FR 55770; Service 1998b).

Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana (akoko)

    Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, a member of the spurge family 
(Euphorbiaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a low-growing or 
upright shrub to 5 ft (1.5 m) tall with milky sap and leaves which fall 
off during the dry season, are mostly hairless and are arranged in two 
opposite rows along the stem. This species is distinguished from other 
members of the genus in the area in which it grows in that it is a 
woody shrub; the other members of the genus in the area are herbs or 
small subshrubs (Koutnik and Huft 1999).
    Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana has been observed flowering 
and fruiting throughout the year, probably in response to 
precipitation. Fruits mature in three to four weeks and plants live 
from five to ten years. No additional information is available on 
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements or 
limiting factors (56 FR 55770).
    Historically, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana was known from 
the northwestern end of the Waianae Mountains as well as from one 
collection from the southeastern end of the Koolau Mountains. This 
taxon remains at Kaena Point, Keawaula, Alau Gulch, Waianae Kai, and 
Kahanahaiki on State land and land under Federal jurisdiction. The 13 
known populations contain 569 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Koutnik 
and Huft 1999).
    Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana typically grows in coastal dry 
shrubland on windward talus slopes, leeward rocky cliffs, open grassy 
slopes, or on vegetated cliff faces between sea level and 862 m (0 and 
2,827 ft) elevation. Associated species include: Lipochaeta lobata 
(nehe), Myoporum sandwicense (naio), Heteropogon contus (pili grass), 
Santalum sp.(ili ahi), Plumbago zeylanica (iliee), Psydrax odorata, 
Boerhavia sp. (alena), Waltheria indica (uhaloa), Dodonaea viscosa 
(aalii), Artemisia australis (ahinahina), Psilotum nudum (moa), 
Chamaesyce celastroides var. amplectans (akoko), Gossypium tomentosum 
(mao), Jacquemontia ovalifolia ssp. sandwicensis (pauohiiaka), Santalum 
freycinetianum (iliahi), or Sida fallax (ilima) (HINHP Database 2001; 
EDA, in litt. 2001).
    The major threats to Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana are 
competition from the alien plant species Leucaena leucocephala, Melinis 
repens (natal redtop), Schinus terebinthifolius, Pluchea symphytitfolia 
(sourbush), Hyptis pectinata, Panicum maximum, Grevillea robusta, and 
Acacia confusa (Formosakoa); fire; and effects of recreational 
activities (56 FR 55770; Service 1998b).

Chamaesyce deppeana (Akoko)

    Chamaesyce deppeana, a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) 
and a short-lived perennial, is an erect subshrub up to 1.2 m (4 ft) 
tall with fuzzy branches. The hairless leaves, generally oval-shaped 
and often notched at their tips, are between 5 and 20 millimeter (mm) 
(0.2 and 0.8 in) long and 5 and 12 mm (0.2 and 0.5 in) wide; they are 
arranged in two opposite rows along the stem. The leaf margins are 
usually toothed. The small, petalless flower clusters, 1.5 to 3 mm 
(0.06 to 0.1 in) wide, are borne singly in the leaf axils (point 
between the stem and leaf stalk) and produce small capsules about 2 mm 
(0.1 in) long. Seeds have not been observed. This species is 
distinguished from others in the genus by the following combination of 
characters leaves arranged in two rows on opposite sides of the 
branches, leaves glabrous, leaf apex notched, leaf margin toothed, and 
cyathia width (Koutnik and Huft 1999).
    Chamaesyce deppeana has been observed in flower in May and 
September. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, 
specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 
1998b).

[[Page 37113]]

    Historically, Chamaesyce deppeana was known only from southern 
Oahu. Because the few collections that were made were collected prior 
to the 20th century, it was thought to be extinct. In 1986, Joel Lau 
and Sam Gon of The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii (TNCH) rediscovered C. 
deppeana on State land in the southern Koolau Mountains of Oahu in 
Nuuanu Pali Wayside State Park near the Pali Lookout, a popular tourist 
attraction. About 50 individuals grow near there (HINHP Database 2001; 
Koutnik and Huft 1999).
    The habitat of the only known population of Chamaesyce deppeana is 
windward-facing ridge crests, cliff faces and mixed native cliffs with 
such plant species as Metrosideros polymorpha or Bidens sandvicensis 
(kookoolau) between 274 and 661 m (899 and 2,168 ft) elevation (HINHP 
Database 2001).
    The major threats to the single known population of Chamaesyce 
deppeana are competition for water, space, light, and nutrients with 
the alien plant species Casuarina equisetifolia (common ironwood), 
Paspalum conjugatum, and Schinus terebinthifolius; and extinction due 
to naturally caused events because of the limited number of individuals 
and restricted range. Fire and impact by humans threaten the species as 
well (59 FR 14482; Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001).

Chamaesyce herbstii (Akoko)

    Chamaesyce herbstii, a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) 
and a short-lived perennial, is a small tree ranging from 3 to 8 m (10 
to 26 ft) tall with thin, leathery leaves arranged in pairs on the same 
plane. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the 
length of the flowering stalk and the color of the angular fruits 
(Koutnik and Huft 1999).
    Chamaesyce herbstii has been observed in flower year-round in 
January, May, July, September, and October (Service 1998b).
    Historically, Chamaesyce herbstii was known from scattered 
populations in the northern and central Waianae Mountains on the island 
of Oahu. Currently, this species is known from four populations with 
between 162 and 164 individuals in the central and northern Waianae 
Mountains--South Ekahanui Gulch, Pahole (Kukuiula) Gulch, Kapuna Gulch, 
and West Makaleha-Central Makaleha. These populations are found on 
private and State lands (HINHP Database 2001; Geographic Decision 
Systems International (GDSI) 2001).
    Chamaesyce herbstii typically grows in shaded gulch bottoms and 
slopes in mesic Acacia koa/Metrosideros polymorpha lowland forests or 
diverse mesic forests at elevations between 435 and 886 m (1,427 and 
2,906 ft). Associated plant species include Xylosma sp. (maua), 
Pteralyxia sp. (kaulu), Morinda trimera (noni), Hedyotis sp., Coprosma 
sp., Pipturis albidus, Diplazium sandwichianum (hoio), Antidesma 
platyphyllum, Hibiscus arnottianus var. arnottianus (kokio keokeo), 
Melicope sp. (alani), Pouteria sandwicense (alaa), or Urera glabra 
(opuhe) (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001).
    The primary threats to Chamaesyce herbstii are habitat degradation 
and/or destruction by feral pigs; competition with alien plant species 
such as Clidemia hirta, Grevillea robusta, Passiflora suberosa, Psidium 
cattleianum, and Schinus terebinthifolius; potential fire; and a risk 
of extinction from naturally occurring events (such as hurricanes) and/
or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining 
populations (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; Service 1998b).

Chamaesyce kuwaleana (Akoko)

    Chamaesyce kuwaleana, a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) 
and a short-lived perennial, is an erect shrub 20 to 90 cm (8 to 36 in) 
tall with leaves arranged in two rows along the stem. This species is 
distinguished from other species of the genus in its habitat by its 
stalked, oval to rounded leaves with untoothed margins, and the bent 
stalk supporting the small capsule (Koutnik and Huft 1999).
    Chamaesyce kuwaleana bear fruits in spring and early summer and is 
usually done fruiting by fall. No further information is available on 
reproductive cycles, specific environmental requirements, or limiting 
factors (56 FR 55770).
    Historically, Chamaesyce kuwaleana was known from the central 
Waianae Mountains and Moku Manu Island off the eastern coast of Oahu. 
This species is currently known only from Kauaopuu Peak, Mauna Kuwale, 
Waianae Kai-Lualualei Ridge, Puu Kailio, and Kauaopuu in the Waianae 
Mountains, on Federal and State lands. The four populations contain 
around 2,001 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Koutnik and Huft 1999; 
GDSI 2001).
    Chamaesyce kuwaleana typically grows in thin guano soil on basaltic 
rock, on arid, exposed volcanic cliffs, on dry or mesic rocky ridges, 
or on sparsely vegetated slopes between sea level and 596 m (0 to 1,955 
ft) elevation. Associated species include Heteropogon contortus, Bidens 
sp. (kookoolau), Artemisia sp. (hinahina), Plectranthus parviflorus 
(ala ala wai nui), Chamaesyce sp. (akoko), Schiedea sp. (NCN), Carex 
sp. (NCN), Sida fallax, or Dodonaea viscosa (HINHP Database 2001; 
Koutnik and Huft 1999; Service 1998b).
    The major threats to Chamaesyce kuwaleana are competition from the 
alien plant species Leucaena leucocephala, Opuntia sp. (prickly pear), 
Cenchrus ciliaris (buffelgrass), Schinus terebinthifolius, Kalanchoe 
pinnata, and Melinis repens; fire; two-spotted leafhoppers (Saphonia 
rufofascia); and the small number of populations (56 FR 55770; Service 
1998b; HINHP Database 2001).

Chamaesyce rockii (Akoko)

    Chamaesyce rockii, a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) 
and a short-lived perennial, is usually a compact shrub or sometimes a 
small tree typically ranging from 0.5 to 2 m (1.6 to 6.6 ft) tall, but 
in protected sites it has been known to reach 4 m (13 ft) in height. 
This species differs from others in the genus in that it has large, 
red, capsular fruit (Koutnik and Huft 1999).
    Chamaesyce rockii has been observed fruiting in February. No other 
information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific 
environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).
    Chamaesyce rockii was known historically from scattered populations 
along the Koolau Mountains on the island of Oahu. Today, 16 populations 
are located in Waikakalaua Gulch, Kaukonahua-Kahana summit area, 
Punaluu-Kaluanui, Peahinaia Trail Laie-Kaipapau-Kawai Nui junction 
area, Puu Keahiakahoe, Halawa Trail, summit ridge between Aiea Ridge 
Trail and Waimano Trail, Ewa Forest Reserve, Halemano Gulch, Kawaiiki-
Opaeula Ridge, Puu Kainapuaa, Kawai Iki Stream, Maakua Gulch, and 
Kaipapau-Loloa Ridge, on State, Federal, and private lands. Currently 
the total number of plants is estimated to be between 641 and 773 
plants (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001).
    Chamaesyce rockii typically grows on gulch slopes, gulch bottoms, 
and ridge crests in wet Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis 
(uluhe) forest and shrubland between 208 and 871 m (682 and 2,857 ft) 
in elevation. Associated plant species include Bidens sp., Antidesma 
platyphyllum, Hedyotis terminalis, Psychotria spp. (kopiko), Melicope 
spp., Coprosma longifolia (pilo), Diplopterygium pinnatum (uluhe lau 
nui), Cibotium sp. (hapuu),

[[Page 37114]]

Broussaisia arguta, Dubautia laxa (naenae pua melemele), Machaerina 
sp., Psychotria fauriei (kopiko), Wikstroemia sp. (akia), or the 
endangered species Myrsine juddii (kolea) (HINHP Database 2001).
    The primary threats to Chamaesyce rockii are habitat degradation 
and/or destruction by feral pigs; trail clearing; potential impacts 
from military activities; and competition with alien plant species such 
as Paspalum conjugatum, Pterolepis glomerata (NCN), Leptospermum 
scoparium (tea tree), Psidium cattleianum, and Clidemia hirta (HINHP 
Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; Service 1998b).

Cyanea acuminata (Haha)

    Cyanea acuminata, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) 
and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched shrub 0.3 to 2 m (1 to 
6.6 ft) tall with inversely lance-shaped to narrowly egg-shaped or 
elliptic leaves. This species is distinguished from others in this 
endemic Hawaiian genus by the color of the petals and fruit and length 
of the calyx lobes, flowering stalk, and leaf stalks (Lammers 1999).
    Cyanea acuminata has been observed fruiting in February and 
November. No other information is available on reproductive cycles, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors 
(Service 1998b).
    Historically, Cyanea acuminata was known from 31 scattered 
populations in the Ko olau Mountains of Oahu. Currently, fewer than 200 
plants are known from 22 populations on private, city, county, State, 
and Federal lands on Puu o Kona, near South Kaukonahua Stream, in 
Halemano Gulch, Kawai Iki Gulch, near Poamoho Stream, on Schofield-Wai 
Kane Trail, Helemano-Punaluu summit ridge, Konahuanui, in Kamana Nui 
Valley, Pukele, in Makaua Gulch, on Niu-Waimanalo summit ridge, Waahila 
Ridge, Kaipapau, Puu Keahia Kahoe, Kaala, Kaluanui, Pia Gulch, 
Makaleha, and Maakua Gulch (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA 
Database 2001).
    Cyanea acuminata typically grows on slopes, ridges, or stream banks 
between 216 and 1,208 m (708 and 3,962 ft) elevation. The plants are 
found in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis, Acacia koa-
Metrosideros polymorpha wet or mesic forest or shrubland, or Diospyros 
sandwicensis-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic forest with one or 
more of the following associated native species Hibiscus sp. (aloalo), 
Charpentiera sp. (papala), Cyrtandra spp. (hai wale), Antidesma sp. 
(hame), Freycinetia arborea (ieie), Athyrium sandwichianum, Psychotria 
sp., Hedyotis sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, Melicope spp., Thelypteris 
sandwicensis (palapalaia), Hedyotis centranthoides (NCN), Broussaisia 
argutus, Pipturus albidus, Labordia sp. (kamakahala), Chamaesyce sp., 
Pisonia sp., Touchardia latifolia (olona), Machaerina sp., Sadleria sp. 
(amau), Wikstroemia sp., Dubautia laxa, Ilex anomala, Syzygium 
sandwicensis (ohia ha), or Phyllostegia sp. (HINHP Database 2001; 
Lammers 1999).
    The major threats to Cyanea acuminata are habitat degradation and/
or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military 
activities; potential predation by rats (Rattus rattus); competition 
with the alien plant species Aleurites moluccana, Cordyline fruticosa 
(ti), Schinus terebinthifolius, Musa sp., (banana), Passiflora 
suberosa, Dioscorea sp. (yam), Erigeron karvinskianus (daisy fleabane), 
Rubus argutus, Schinus terebinthifolius, Clidemia hirta, and Ageratina 
adenophora (Maui pamakani); and a risk of extinction from naturally 
occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small 
number of remaining individuals (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; 
Service 1998b).

Cyanea crispa (Haha)

    Cyanea crispa, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) 
and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched shrub with leaves 
clustered at the ends of succulent stems. The broad oval leaves, 30 to 
75 cm (12 to 30 in) long and 9 to 16 cm (3.5 to 6.3 in) wide, have 
undulating, smooth or toothed leaf margins. Each leaf is on a stalk 0.8 
to 4 cm (0.3 to 1.6 in) long. Clusters of three to eight fuzzy flowers 
grow on stalks 2 to 3 cm (0.8 to 1.2 in) long, with each flower borne 
on a stalk 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 in) long. The calyx lobes are oval or 
oblong, 6 to 12 mm (0.2 to 0.5 in) long, and often overlapping at their 
base. The fused petals, 4 to 6 cm (1.6 to 2.4 in) long and fuzzy, are 
pale magenta with darker longitudinal stripes. The fruits are spherical 
berries 1 cm (0.4 in) in diameter, that contain many minute, dark 
seeds. Cyanea crispa is distinguished from other species in this 
endemic Hawaiian genus by its leaf shape, distinct calyx lobes, and the 
length of the flowers and stalks of flower clusters (Lammers 1999).
    Cyanea crispa was observed in flower in April 1930. It was more 
recently observed fruiting in June and September. No further 
information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific 
environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b; 59 FR 
14482).
    Historically, Cyanea crispa was known from scattered locations 
throughout the upper elevations of the Koolau Mountains of Oahu from 
Kaipapau Valley to the north to Waialae Iki Ridge to the southeast. 
This species is now known from Federal, State, city, county, and 
private lands in Hidden Valley, Palolo Valley, Kapakahi Gulch, Moanalua 
Valley, Wailupe, Koolau Summit Trail, Kawaipapa Gulch, Maakua Gulch, 
Kaipapa Gulch, Maunawili, and Pia Valley. There are a total of 11 
locations containing a total of 56 individual plants (HINHP Database 
2001; EDA Database 2001).
    Cyanea crispa is found in habitats ranging from steep, open mesic 
forests to gentle slopes or moist gullies of closed wet forests and 
streambanks, at elevations between 56 and 959 m (184 and 3,146 ft ). 
Associated plant species include Diospyros sp. (lama), Pipturus 
albidus, Cibotium chamissoi, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Metrosideros 
polymorpha, Boehmeria grandis (akolea), Broussaisia argutus, Dubautia 
sp. (naenae), Psychotria sp., Thelypteris cyatheoides (palapalai), 
Antidesma platyphylla, Cyrtandra spp., Pisonia umbellifera (papala 
kepau), or Touchardia latifolia (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b).
    The major threats to Cyanea crispa are habitat alteration and 
predation by feral pigs; competition with the alien plant species 
Zingiber zerumbet (awapuhi), Setaria palmifolia (palm grass), 
Arthrostema ciliatum (NCN), Psidium guajava, Pterolepis glomerata, 
Schinus terebinthifolius, Rubus rosifolius (thimbleberry), Clidemia 
hirta, and Psidium cattleianum; and extinction due to naturally 
occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small 
number of remaining individuals, their limited gene pool, and 
restricted distribution (Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482).

Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae (Haha)

    Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, a member of the bellflower family 
(Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a shrub, usually 
unbranched, growing from 1 to 3.2 m (3.3 to 10.5 ft) tall with wide, 
deeply lobed leaves. This subspecies can be distinguished from the 
other two by its short, narrow, calyx lobes which are not fused or 
overlapping (Lammers 1999).
    Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae flowers and fruits year round, 
depending on rainfall. No further information is available on 
reproductive cycles, specific environmental

[[Page 37115]]

requirements, or limiting factors (59 FR 32932).
    Historically, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae was known from the 
southern Waianae Mountains from Puu Hapapa to Kaaikukai. This taxon is 
known to be extant in Kaluaa Gulch, Ekahanui Gulch, North Palawai 
Gulch, and Pahole Gulch. The populations are on State and private 
lands. A total of six populations are known which contain 16 
individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999; GDSI 2000).
    Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae typically grows on steep, moist, 
shaded slopes in diverse mesic to wet lowland forests between 404 and 
1,075 m (1,325 and 3,528 ft) elevation. Associated species include 
Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria hathewayi (kopiko), Streblus 
pendulinus (aiai), Perrottetia sandwicensis, Dubautia sp., Rumex sp. 
(sorrel), Chamaesyce sp., Coprosma sp., Nothocestrum sp. (aiea), 
Dryopteris unidentata (NCN), Freycinetia arborea, Cibotium chamissoi, 
Myrsine lessertiana (kolea lau nui), Hedyotis terminalis, Hedyotis 
acuminata (au), Selaginella arbuscula (lepelepe a moa), Charpentiera 
obovata (papala), Cyrtandra waianaeensis (hai wale), Pipturus albidus, 
Claoxylon sandwicense (poola), Pisonia umbellifera, Acacia koa, 
Metrosideros polymorpha, Antidesma platyphyllum, Diplazium 
sandwichianum, or Cyanea membranacea (haha) (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, 
in litt. 2001; Lammers 1999).
    The major threats to Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae are habitat 
degradation by feral pigs; competition from alien plant species such as 
Buddleia asiatica, Passiflora suberosa, Blechnum occidentale, 
Thelypteris parasitica (NCN), Psidium cattleianum, Aleurites moluccana, 
Toona ciliata, Setaria palmifolia, Rubus rosifolius, Lantana camara 
(lantana), Myrica faya (firetree), Ageratina riparia, Paspalum 
conjugatum, Clidemia hirta, and Schinus terebinthifolius; predation of 
seeds or fruits by introduced slugs; and extinction caused by naturally 
occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small 
number of extant individuals (HINHP Database 2001; 59 FR 32932; Service 
1998b).

Cyanea humboltiana (Haha)

    Cyanea humboltiana, a member of the bellflower family 
(Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched shrub 
with woody stems 1 to 2 m (3.2 to 6.6 ft) tall and inversely egg-shaped 
to broadly elliptic leaves. The leaf edges are hardened and have 
shallow, ascending rounded teeth. This species differs from others in 
this endemic Hawaiian genus by the downward bending flowering stalk and 
the length of the flowering stalk (Lammers 1999).
    Cyanea humboltiana has been observed in flower from September 
through January. No further information exists on reproductive cycles, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors 
(Service 1998b).
    Cyanea humboltiana was known historically from 17 populations from 
the central portion to the southern end of the Koolau Mountains of 
Oahu. Currently, between 133 and 239 plants are known from eight 
locations Konahuanui summit, Moanalua-Kaneohe summit, Wailupe summit, 
Poamoho Trail, Opaeula Gulch, Maakua Gulch, Kaluanui, and Lulumahu 
Gulch. These populations occur on Federal, private, State, city, and 
county lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).
    Cyanea humboltiana is usually found in wet Metrosideros polymorpha/
Dicranopteris linnearis lowland shrubland between 261 and 959 m (856 
and 3,146 ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include ferns, 
Hedyotis terminalis, Dubautia laxa, Cibotium chamissoi, Syzygium 
sandwicensis, Acacia koa, Psychotria mariniana (kopiko), Bobea elatior 
(ahakea), Sadleria sp., Wikstroemia sp., Broussaisia argutus, 
Phyllostegia sp., Melicope sp., Machaerina angustifolia (uki), Ilex 
anomala, or Scaevola mollis (naupaka kuahiwi) (HINHP Database 2001).
    The major threats to Cyanea humboltiana are habitat degradation 
and/or destruction by feral pigs; potential predation by rats; 
competition with the alien plant species Axonopus fissifolius (narrow-
leaved carpet grass), Erigeron karvinskianus, Pterolepis glomerata, 
Psidium cattleianum, and Clidemia hirta; and a risk of extinction from 
naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor, due to 
the small number of remaining populations. The Konahuanui summit 
population is also threatened by trampling by hikers (HINHP Database 
2001; 61 FR 53089; Service 1998b).

Cyanea koolauensis (Haha)

    Cyanea koolauensis, a member of the bellflower family 
(Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched shrub 
with woody stems, 1 to 1.5 m (3.5 to 5 ft) tall with linear to narrowly 
elliptic leaves with a whitish underside. The leaf edges are hardened 
with shallow, ascending rounded teeth. Cyanea koolauensis is 
distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the leaf 
shape and width; the whitish green lower leaf surface and; the lengths 
of the leaf stalks, calyx lobes, and hypanthium (Lammers 1999).
    Cyanea koolauensis has been observed in flower and fruit during the 
months of May through August. No other information is available on 
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or 
limiting factors (Service 1998b).
    Cyanea koolauensis was known historically from 27 scattered 
populations throughout the Koolau Mountains on Oahu. Currently, 25 
populations totaling fewer than 80 plants are known from the Waimea-
Malaekahana Ridge to Hawaii Loa Ridge in the Koolau Mountains. These 
populations occur on private, city, county, State, and Federal lands 
(HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).
    Cyanea koolauensis is usually found on slopes, streambanks, and 
ridge crests in wet Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis 
forest or shrubland at elevations between 163 and 959 m (535 and 3,146 
ft). Associated plant species include Acacia koa, Bobea elatior, 
Syzygium sandwicensis, Pittosporum sp. Dubautia sp., Cibotium sp., 
Hedyotis sp., Wikstroemia sp., Bidens sp., Machaerina sp., 
Diploterygium pinnatum, Pritchardia martii (loulu hiwa), Sadleria sp., 
Broussaisia argutus, Melicope sp., Antidesma platyphyllum, Psychotria 
mariniana, or Scaevola sp. (naupaka) (HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 
1999).
    The major threats to Cyanea koolauensis are habitat destruction by 
feral pigs; potential impacts from military activities; trail clearing, 
potential predation by rats; competition with the aggressive alien 
plant species Pterolepis glomerata, Heliocarpus popayanensis (moho), 
Clidemia hirta, and Psidium cattleianum; trampling by hikers; and a 
risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced 
reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals 
(HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; Service 1998b).

Cyanea longiflora (Haha)

    Cyanea longiflora, a member of the bellflower family 
(Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched shrub 
with woody stems 1 to 3 m (3.5 to 10 ft) long and elliptic or inversely 
lance-shaped leaves. Mature leaves have smooth or hardened leaf edges 
with shallow, ascending, rounded teeth. Cyanea longiflora differs from 
others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the fused calyx lobes (Lammers 
1999).

[[Page 37116]]

    Cyanea longiflora has been observed in flower in February, April, 
and May and in fruit in August. No further information is available on 
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or 
limiting factors (Service 1998b).
    Cyanea longiflora was known historically from five populations in 
the Waianae Mountains and six populations in the Koolau Mountains of 
Oahu. Currently, four populations with less than 217 individuals of 
this species are known on State, Federal, city, county, and private 
lands Makaha-Waianae Kai Ridge, Makaha Valley, Kapuna Gulch, and Pahole 
Gulch in the Waianae Mountains (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 
GDSI 2001).
    Cyanea longiflora is usually found on steep slopes, bases of 
cliffs, or ridge crests in mesic Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha 
lowland forest in the Waianae Mountains usually between 221 and 1,191 m 
(725 and 3,906 ft) elevation. Associated plant species include Cibotium 
sp., Schiedea sp., Psychotria sp., Antidesma sp., Dicranopteris 
linearis, Coprosma sp., or Syzygium sandwicensis (HINHP Database 2001; 
Lammers 1999).
    The major threats to Cyanea longiflora are habitat degradation and/
or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military 
activities; potential predation by rats; competition with the alien 
plant species Psidium cattleianum and Rubus argutus; potential fire; 
and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced 
reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining, widely 
dispersed populations (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; Service 
1998b).

Cyanea pinnatifida (Haha)

    Cyanea pinnatifida, a member of the bellflower family 
(Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a shrub, usually 
unbranched, growing from 0.8 to 3.0 m (2.6 to 10 ft) tall, with deeply 
lobed leaves. This species differs from other members of the genus on 
Oahu by its leaves, which are deeply cut into two to six lobes per 
side. The only other member of the genus on Oahu with lobed leaves has 
9 to 12 lobes per side (Lammers 1999).
    Cyanea pinnatifida has been observed flowering in August. No 
further information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, 
specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 
1998b).
    Historically, Cyanea pinnatifida was known from the central Waianae 
Mountains. The last known wild individual died in August 2001 (Trae 
Menard, TNCH, pers. comm., 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999). 
Currently, this species is known only from individuals under 
propagation at the University of Hawaii's Lyon Arboretum and the 
National Tropical Botanical Garden (Greg Koob, Service, pers. comm. 
2002).
    Cyanea pinnatifida typically grows on steep, wet, rocky slopes in 
diverse mesic forest between 450 and 881 m (1,476 and 2,890 ft) 
elevation. Associated plant species include Strongylodon ruber 
(nunuiiwi), Pisonia umbellifera, Pisonia sandwicensis (papala kepau), 
Psychotria sp., Canavalia sp. (awikiwiki), Diplazium sandwichianum, 
Pipturus albidus, and native ferns (HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999).
    The major threats to Cyanea pinnatifida are the small number of 
extant individuals; competition from the alien plant species Toona 
ciliata, Passiflora suberosa, Aleurites moluccana, Psidium cattleianum, 
Psidium guajava, Blechnum occidentale, and Clidemia hirta; habitat 
degradation by feral pigs; slugs; trampling by humans on or near 
trails; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or 
reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining 
individuals (56 FR 55770; Service 1998b).

Cyanea st-johnii (Haha)

    Cyanea st-johnii, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) 
and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched shrub with a woody stem 
30 to 60 cm (12 to 24 in) long with lance-shaped to inversely lance-
shaped leaves. The leaf edges are thickened, smoothly toothed, and curl 
under. This species is distinguished from others in this endemic 
Hawaiian genus by the length of the leaves, the distinctly curled leaf 
margins, and the petal color (Lammers 1999).
    Cyanea st-johnii has been observed in flower in July through 
September. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, 
longevity, specific requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).
    Cyanea st-johnii was known historically from 11 populations in the 
central and southern Koolau Mountains of Oahu. Currently, 57 plants are 
known from six locations Waimano Trail summit to Aiea Trail summit, the 
summit ridge crest between Manana and Kipapa Trails, between the summit 
of Aiea and Halawa trails, Summit Trail south of Poamoho Cabin, and 
Wailupe-Waimanalo summit ridge. These populations are found on city, 
county, private, and State lands, and lands under Federal jurisdiction 
(HINHP Database 2001; GDSI Database 2000).
    Cyanea st-johnii typically grows on wet, windswept slopes and 
ridges between 415 and 959 m (1,361 and 3,146 ft) elevation in 
Metrosideros polymorpha mixed lowland shrubland or Metrosideros 
polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis lowland shrubland. Associated plant 
species include Psychotria sp., Alyxia oliviformis, Melicope sp., 
Broussaisia argutus, Cibotium sp., Labordia sp., Scaevola mollis, 
Dubautia laxa, Hedyotis sp., Antidesma sp., Sadleria pallida (amau), 
Syzygium sandwicensis, Machaerina angustifolia, Bidens macrocarpa 
(kookoolau), Chamaesyce clusifolia (akoko), or Freycinetia arborea 
(HINHP Database 2001).
    The major threats to Cyanea st-johnii are habitat degradation and/
or destruction by feral pigs; potential predation by rats; slugs and 
snails; competition with the alien plant species Axonopus fissifolius, 
Sacciolepis indica (Glenwood grass), Andropogon virginicus 
(broomsedge), and Clidemia hirta; and a risk of extinction from 
naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the 
small number of remaining populations and individuals. The plants 
between the summit of Aiea and Halawa Trail are also threatened by 
trampling by hikers (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; Service 1998b).

Cyanea superba (Haha)

    Cyanea superba, of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a 
short-lived perennial, is a perennial with a very isolated geography 
and is morphologically very different from its closest relatives. It 
grows to 6 m (20 ft) tall and has a terminal rosette of large leaves 
each 50 to 100 cm long (20 to 40 in) by 10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 in) wide 
atop a simple, unbranched trunk (Lammers 1999).
    The flowering season of Cyanea superba varies from year to year 
depending on precipitation. It ranges from late August to early 
October. Generally, flowering is at its peak in early to mid-September. 
Fruits have been known to mature in 2 to 5 months, depending on 
climatic conditions (Service 1998b).
    Historically, Cyanea superba was collected from the gulches of 
Makaleha on Mt. Kaala in the Waianae Mountains of Oahu. Currently, 
there is one natural population on the Makua Military Reservation with 
one individual and an out-planted population of 140 individuals on 
State and Federal lands in the Waianae Mountains (Service 1998b; Matt 
Keir, EDA, pers. comm., 2001; HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA 
Database 2001).

[[Page 37117]]

    Cyanea superba grows in the understory on sloping terrain on a well 
drained rocky substrate within mesic forest between 232 and 872 m (761 
and 2,860 ft) in elevation with one or more of the following associated 
native species Diospyros sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, Xylosma sp., 
Nestegis sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., Hedyotis terminalis, and Pisonia 
brunoniana (papala kepau) (HINHP Database 2001).
    The major threats to Cyanea superba are degradation of its habitat 
due to competition with the alien plant species Schinus 
terebinthifolius, Aleurites moluccana., Psidium cattleianum, and 
Melinis minutiflora; wildfires generated in the nearby military firing 
range; feral pigs; a restricted range which makes it vulnerable to even 
a small, local, environmental disturbance and a single incident which 
could destroy a significant percentage of the known individuals; and 
the limited gene pool may depress reproductive vigor (56 FR 46235; 
Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001).

Cyanea truncata (Haha)

    Cyanea truncata, of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a 
short-lived perennial, is an unbranched or sparsely branched shrub 
covered with small sharp prickles and oval leaves, which are wider 
above their middle, and lined with hardened teeth along the margins. 
Cyanea truncata is distinguished from other members of this genus by 
the length of the flower cluster stalk, and the size of the flowers and 
flower lobes (Lammers 1999).
    Cyanea truncata was observed in flower in December 1919 and 
November 1980, the last time the species was observed before feral pigs 
extirpated that population. No other information exists on reproductive 
cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting 
factors (Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482).
    Historically, Cyanea truncata was known from Punaluu, Waikane, and 
Waiahole in the northern Koolau Mountains of Oahu. One population of at 
least one individual is known to exist in Hanaimoa Gulch on State and 
private lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).
    Cyanea truncata typically grows on windward slopes and streambanks 
in mesic to wet forests at elevations between 54 and 705 m (177 and 
2,312 ft). Associated plant species include Cyrtandra calpidicarpa (hai 
wale), Cyrtandra laxiflora (hai wale), Pipturus albidus, Cibotium 
chamissoi, Hibiscus arnottianus, Diospyros sandwicensis, Metrosideros 
polymorpha, Cyrtandra propinqua (hai wale), Neraudia melastomifolia 
(maaloa), or Pisonia umbellifera (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 
Lammers 1999).
    The major threats to Cyanea truncata are habitat degradation and 
predation by feral pigs; competition with the invasive alien plant 
species Cordyline fruticosa, Oplismenus hirtellus, Thelypteris 
parasitica, Clidemia hirta, and Psidium cattleianum; rats; slugs; and 
extinction due to naturally caused events and/or reduced reproductive 
vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals (59 FR 14482; 
Service 1998b).

Cyrtandra crenata (Haiwale)

    Cyrtandra crenata, a member of the African violet family 
(Gesneriaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a shrub 1 to 2 m (3 to 7 
ft) tall with few branches and leaves arranged in whorls of three, 
tufted at the end of branches. Cyrtandra crenata is distinguished from 
other species in the genus by the combination of its three-leaf 
arrangement, bilaterally symmetrical calyx, and brownish, hemispherical 
glands (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Cyrtandra crenata has been observed in flower in June. No other 
information exists on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific 
environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b; 59 FR 
14482).
    Historically, Cyrtandra crenata was known from Waikane Valley along 
the Waikane-Schofield Trail in the Koolau Mountains and was last 
observed in 1947 (HINHP Database 2001).
    Cyrtandra crenata typically grows on steep slopes, in ravines, or 
gulches in mesic to wet forests between elevations of 328 and 779 m 
(1,076 and 2,555 ft) with associated native plant species such as 
Metrosideros polymorpha, Dicranopteris linearis, and Machaerina 
angustifolia (Wagner et al. 1999; Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001).
    The primary threat to Cyrtandra crenata is extinction due to 
naturally caused events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the 
species' restricted range and the small number of individuals that are 
thought to exist (59 FR 14482; Service 1998b).

Cyrtandra dentata (Haiwale)

    Cyrtandra dentata, a member of the African violet family 
(Gesneriaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a sparingly branched 
shrub ranging from 1.5 to 5 m (5 to 16 ft) tall with papery textured 
leaves. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the 
number and arrangement of the flowers, the length of the bracts and 
flower stalks, and the shape of the leaves (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Cyrtandra dentata has been observed in flower and fruit in May and 
November. No other information exists on reproductive cycles, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors 
(Service 1998b).
    Cyrtandra dentata was historically known from six populations in 
the Waianae Mountains and three populations in the Koolau Mountains of 
Oahu. Currently, this species is found only in the Pahole Gulch, Kapuna 
Valley, Ekahanui Gulch, Keawapilau Gulch, Kahanahaiki, Kawai Iki Gulch, 
Opaeula Stream, and Makaleha Valley on Federal, State, city, and county 
lands (within TNCH's Honouliuli Preserve). The eight known populations 
total 136 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001; GDSI 
2001).
    Cyrtandra dentata typically grows in gulches, slopes, streambanks, 
or ravines in mesic or wet forest with Urera glabra, Acacia koa, 
Pisonia sandwicensis, Pipturis albidus, Metrosideros polymorpha, 
Pouteria sandwicensis, Pisonia umbellifera, or Syzygium sandwicensis at 
elevations between 255 and 953 m (836 and 3,126 ft) (HINHP Database 
2001; Wagner et al. 1999; EDA, in litt. 2001).
    The major threats to Cyrtandra dentata are competition with the 
alien plant species Schinus terebinthifolius, Psidium guajava, 
Aleurites moluccana, Thelypteris parasitica, Belchnum occidentale, 
Clidemia hirta, and Psidium cattleianum; potential predation by rats; 
potential fire; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring 
events (such as landslides/hurricanes/flooding) and/or reduced 
reproductive vigor, due to the small number of extant populations and 
individuals (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; Service 1998b).

Cyrtandra polyantha (Haiwale)

    Cyrtandra polyantha, a member of the African violet family 
(Gesneriaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched or few-
branched shrub 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) in height with leathery, elliptic, 
unequal leaves. Cyrtandra polyantha is distinguished from other species 
in the genus by the texture and hairiness of the leaf surfaces and the 
length, shape, and degree of cleft of the calyx. This species differs 
from C. crenata by the lack of short-stalked glands and by its leathery 
leaves, opposite leaf arrangement, and radially symmetrical calyx 
(Wagner et al. 1999).
    No information exists on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific 
environmental requirements, and limiting factors for Cyrtandra 
polyantha (Service 1998b).

[[Page 37118]]

    Historically, Cyrtandra polyantha was known from the Kalihi region 
and from Kulepeamoa Ridge above Niu Valley on the leeward (southwest) 
side of the southern Koolau Mountains. Currently, one population with 
three individuals is extant on the summit ridge between Kuliouou and 
Waimanalo on State and private lands (HINHP Database 2001).
    Cyrtandra polyantha grows on ridges of valleys in Metrosideros 
polymorpha mesic or wet forests at elevations between 331 and 762 m 
(1,086 and 2,499 ft). Cyrtandra polyantha probably grows in association 
with Machaerina angustifolia, Dicranopteris linearis, Broussaisia 
arguta, Coprosma foliosa (pilo), and Psychotria sp. (Service 1998b; 
HINHP Database 2001).
    The primary threats to Cyrtandra polyantha are habitat degradation 
by feral pigs; competition with the invasive plant species, Clidemia 
hirta, Melinus minutiflora, Ageratina adenophora, and Erigeron 
karvinskianus; extinction due to naturally caused events and/or reduced 
reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals and 
their restricted distribution (59 FR 14482; Service 1998b; HINHP 
Database 2001).

Cyrtandra subumbellata (Haiwale)

    Cyrtandra subumbellata, a member of the African violet family 
(Gesneriaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a shrub 2 to 3 m (6.6 to 
10 ft) tall. Papery in texture, the leaves are almost circular to egg-
shaped, 12 to 39 cm (4.7 to 15.4 in) long, and 3 to 19 cm (1.2 to 7.5 
in) wide (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Cyrtandra subumbellata has been observed in fruit in September. No 
other information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, 
specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 
1998b).
    Historically, Cyrtandra subumbellata was known from the Koolau 
Mountains of Oahu. Currently, there are two populations containing 12 
individuals in the central Koolau Mountains Schofield-Waikane Trail, 
Puu Ohulehule, and in Kaukonahua drainage on Federal, private, and 
State lands (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001).
    Cyrtandra subumbellata typically grows on moist, forested slopes or 
gulch bottoms dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or a mixture of 
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis-Acacia koa wet forests 
between 345 and 790 m (1,132 and 2,591 ft) elevation. Associated plant 
species include Machaerina sp., Boehmeria grandis, Broussaisia arguta, 
and Thelypteris sp. (palapalai) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 
Wagner et al. 1999).
    The primary threats to Cyrtandra subumbellata are competition with 
the alien plant species Clidemia hirta; impacts from military 
activities; predation by rats; fire; and risk of extinction from 
naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the 
small number of extant populations and individuals (HINHP Database 
2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).

Cyrtandra viridiflora (Haiwale)

    Cyrtandra viridiflora, a member of the African violet family 
(Gesneriaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a small shrub 0.5 to 2 m 
(1.6 to 6.6 ft) tall. This species is distinguished from others in the 
genus by the leaves, which are thick, fleshy, heart-shaped, and densely 
hairy on both surfaces (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Cyrtandra viridiflora has been observed in fruit and flower from 
May through September. No other information is available on 
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or 
limiting factors (Service 1998b).
    Historically, Cyrtandra viridiflora was known from scattered 
populations in the Koolau Mountains on the island of Oahu. This species 
is now known only from seven locations in the northern Koolau Mountains 
on Federal, State, and private lands at Kawainui-Laie summit divide, 
Kawainui-Kaipapau summit divide, Maakua-Kaipapau Ridge, and the 
Peahinaia Trail. Fifty-two plants are known from eight populations at 
Puu Kainapuaa, Maakua-Kaipapau Ridge, Kawai Nui Drainage, Opaeula 
Gulch, and Kawai Nui-Laie Divide (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).
    Cyrtandra viridiflora is usually found on wind-blown ridge tops in 
cloud-covered wet forest or shrubland at elevations between 443 and 867 
m (1,453 and 2,844 ft). Associated plant species include Diplopterygium 
(pinnatum), Psychotria sp., Freycinetia arborea, Dubautia sp., Ilex 
anomala, Melicope sp., Hedyotis sp., Cheirodendron platyphyllum 
(olapa), Broussaisia arguta, Metrosideros polymorpha, Syzygium 
sandwicensis, Machaerina sp., Metrosideros rugosa (lehua papa), or 
Dicranopteris linearis (HINHP Database 2001; Wagner et al. 1999; EDA, 
in litt. 2001).
    The major threats to Cyrtandra viridiflora are habitat degradation 
or destruction by feral pigs; impacts from military activities, 
predation by rats, competition with the alien plant species Clidemia 
hirta and Psidium catteianum; and risk of extinction from naturally 
occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small 
number of remaining populations and individuals (HINHP Database 2001; 
Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).

Delissea subcordata (NCN)

    Delissea subcordata, a member of the bellflower family 
(Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a branched or 
unbranched shrub 1 to 3 m (3.5 to 10 ft) tall. This species is 
distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the shape 
and size of the leaves, the length of the calyx lobes and corolla, and 
the hairless condition of the anthers (Lammers 1999).
    Fertile plants of Delissea subcordata have been observed in July. 
An examination of herbarium specimens show that this plant flowers 
throughout the year. No other information is available on reproductive 
cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting 
factors (Service 1998b).
    Historically, Delissea subcordata was known from scattered 
populations in the Waianae and Koolau Mountains of Oahu. A specimen 
collected by Mann and Brigham in the 1860s and labeled from the island 
of Kauai is believed to have been mislabeled. Delissea subcordata is 
now known from 18 populations at South Huliwai Gulch, Palikea Gulch, 
Kaluaa Gulch, South Mohiakea Gulch, Kahanahaiki Valley, Kapuhi Gulch, 
South Ekahanui Gulch, Waikoekoe Gulch, Pahole Gulch, Kaawa Gulch, North 
Palawai Gulch, Kealia land section, Kapuna Gulch, Keawapilau Gulch, 
North Huliwai Gulch, Kuaokala, and Kolekole. This species is found on 
private, Federal, and State lands. The total number of plants in the 18 
remaining populations is estimated to be fewer than 70 (HINHP Database 
2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).
    Delissea subcordata typically grows on moderate to steep gulch 
slopes in mixed mesic forests between 162 and 1,025 m (531 and 3,362 
ft) elevation. Associated plant species include a variety of native 
trees such as Acacia koa, Alyxia oliviformis, Hedyotis acuminata, 
Streblus pendulinus, Diospyros sandwicensis, Psydrax odoratum, Bobea 
sp. (ahakea), Myrsine lanaiensis, Claoxylon sandwicense, Charpentiera 
obovata, Chamaesyce multiformis (akoko), Pouteria sandwicensis, 
Antidesma sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, Pisonia sp., Diospyros 
hillebrandii (lama), Nestegis sandwicensis, or Psychotria hathewayi 
(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b).
    The major threats to Delissea subcordata are habitat degradation 
and/

[[Page 37119]]

or destruction by pigs and goats; impacts from military activities, 
including road construction and housing development; predation by rats 
and slugs; competition with the alien plant species Passiflora 
suberosa, Blechnum occidentale, Toona ciliata, Syzygium cumini, 
Oplismenus hirtellus, Pimenta dioica, Grevillea robusta, Melinus 
minutiflora, Schinus terebinthifolius, Clidemia hirta, Psidium 
cattleianum, and Lantana camara; fire; and a risk of extinction from 
naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the 
small number of remaining individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 
1998b; 61 FR 53089).

Diellia falcata (NCN)

    Diellia falcata, in the polypodium family (Polypodiaceae) and a 
short-lived perennial, grows from a rhizome (underground stem), 1 to 5 
cm (0.4 to 2 in) long and 0.5 to 2 cm (0.2 to 0.8 in) in diameter, 
which is covered with small black or maroon scales. This species is 
distinguished from others in the genus by the color and texture of its 
leaf stalk, the venation pattern of its fronds, the color of its 
scales, its rounded and reduced lower pinnae, and its separate sori 
arranged on marginal projections (Wagner 1952; Service 1998b).
    Diellia falcata hybridizes with Diellia unisora. It has been 
observed with fronds bearing sori (fern spores) year round. No other 
information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific 
environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).
    Historically, Diellia falcata was known from almost the entire 
length of the Waianae Mountains, from Manini Gulch to Palehua Iki, as 
well as from the Koolau Mountains of Oahu, from Kaipapau Valley to Aiea 
Gulch. This species remains in Waieli Gulch, Ekahanui Gulch, Makaleha 
Valley, Makaha Valley, Palikea Gulch, Makua Valley, Kaimuhole Gulch, 
Kuaokala-Manini Gulch, Pahole Gulch, Puu Ku Makalii, Kapuna Gulch, 
Mohiakea Gulch, Waianae Kai, Pualii Gulch, Napepeiauolelo Gulch, 
Kahanahaiki Valley, Nanakuli-Lualualei Ridge, Makua, Kamaileunu Ridge, 
Kaluaa Gulch, and Huliwai Gulch on Federal, State, city, county, and 
private lands. The 29 known locations contain fewer than 6,000 
individuals (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001).
    Diellia falcata is a terrestrial fern which typically grows in deep 
shade or open understory on moderate to moderately steep slopes and 
gulch bottoms in diverse mesic forest between 224 and 953 m (735 and 
3,126 ft) elevation. Associated species include Pisonia sandwicensis, 
Doodia kunthiana (NCN), Dryopteris unidentata, Antidesma sp., Nestegis 
sandwicensis, Alyxia oliviformis, Psydrax odorata, Pipturis sp., 
Metrosideros polymorpha, Freycinetia arborea, Athyrium sandwichianum, 
Dryopteris unidentata, Nephrolepis exaltata (kupukupu), Diospyros 
hillebrandii, Acacia koa, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Myrsine lanaiensis, 
Selaginella arbuscula, Carex meyenii (NCN), Sophora chrysophylla 
(mamane), Claoxylon sandwicense, Psychotria sp., Hibiscus sp., Xylosma 
sp., Melicope sp., Coprosma foliosa, Asplenium kaulfussii (NCN), 
Nothocestrum sp., Charpentiera sp., Hedyotis terminalis, Sapindus 
oahuensis, Diospyros sandwicensis, or Pouteria sandwicensis (HINHP 
Database 2001).
    The major threats to Diellia falcata are habitat degradation by 
feral goats and pigs; competition from the alien plant species Psidium 
cattleianum, Syzygium cumini, Schinus terebinthifolius, Passiflora 
suberosa, Pimenta dioica, Grevillea robusta, Lantana camara, Melinus 
minutiflora, Heliocarpus popayanensis, Blechnum occidentale, Kalanchoe 
pinnata, Ageratina riparia, Psidium guajava, Rubus argutus, Thelypteris 
parasitica, Toona ciliata, Passiflora lingularis (sweet granadilla), 
Aleurites moluccana, Clidemia hirta, Schefflera actinophylla (octopus 
tree), and Paspalum conjugatum; and fire (Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770; 
HINHP Database 2001).

Diellia unisora (NCN)

    Diellia unisora, a short-lived perennial in the fern family 
Polypodiaceae, grows from a slender, erect rhizome (underground stem), 
0.5 to 3 cm (0.2 to 1.2 in) tall and 0.5 to 1 cm (0.2 to 0.4 in) in 
diameter, which is covered with the bases of the leaf stalks and a few 
small black scales. This species is distinguished from others in the 
genus by a rhizome completely covered by the persisting bases of the 
leaf stalks, and few, very small scales; by sori mostly confined to the 
upper pinnae margins; and by delicate fronds gradually and 
symmetrically narrowing toward the apex (Wagner 1952).
    Diellia unisora hybridizes with Diellia falcata. Otherwise, little 
is known about its reproductive cycles, longevity, specific 
environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).
    Historically, Diellia unisora was known from steep, grassy, rocky 
slopes on the western side of the Waianae Mountains, Oahu. This species 
is known to be extant in four areas of the southern Waianae Mountains 
at South Ekahanui Gulch, Palawai Gulch, and the Pualii-Napepeiauolelo 
Ridge. The four known populations, which are on State and private 
lands, contain fewer than 800 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 
2001).
    Diellia unisora is a terrestrial fern which typically grows on 
moderate to steep slopes or gulch bottoms in deep shade or open 
understory mesic forest between 382 and 953 m (1,253 and 3,126 ft) 
elevation. Associated species include Coprosma sp., Rumex sp., 
Antidesma sp., Psychotria sp., Carex meyenii, Doryopteris unidentata, 
Chamaesyce multiformis, Dodonaea viscosa, Bidens torta, Eragrostis 
grandis (kawelu), Hedyotis terminalis, Alyxia oliviformis, Myrsine 
lessertiana, Hedyotis schlecthendahliana (kopa), Selaginella arbuscula, 
Acacia koa, or Metrosideros polymorpha (59 FR 32932; HINHP Database 
2001).
    The major threats to Diellia unisora are habitat degradation by 
feral pigs and competition from the alien plant species Ageratina 
riparia, Clidemia hirta, Schefflera actinophylla, Blechnum occidentale, 
Schinus terebinthifolius, Melinis minutiflora, Passiflora suberosa, and 
Psidium cattleianum (59 FR 32932; HINHP Database 2001).

Dubautia herbstobatae (Naenae)

    Dubautia herbstobatae, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae) 
and a short-lived perennial, is a small, spreading shrub to 50 cm (20 
in) tall. Dubautia herbstobatae is distinguished from other species on 
Oahu by the presence of the outer bracts of the flower heads fused, 
forming a cup surrounding the florets and the presence of one large 
vein showing in each leaf (Carr 1999).
    Dubautia herbstobatae is likely out-crossing and possibly self-
incompatible (i.e., pollen from the same plant will not produce seed). 
Flowering usually occurs in May and June. Pollination is almost 
certainly achieved by insect activity and fruit dispersal is probably 
quite localized and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring 
events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of 
remaining individuals (Service 1998b).
    Dubautia herbstobatae is known to be extant from four locations in 
the northern Waianae Mountains, on Ohikilolo and Kamaileunu Ridges, 
Keaau, and Waianae Kai on State lands and land under Federal 
jurisdiction; fewer than 100 individuals are known from these locations 
(HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).
    Dubautia herbstobatae typically grows on rock outcrops, ridges, 
moderate slopes, or vertical cliffs in dry

[[Page 37120]]

or mesic shrubland at elevations between 266 and 978 m (872 and 3,208 
ft). Associated species include Dodonaea viscosa, Artemisia australis, 
Chamaesyce celastroides (akoko), Schiedea mannii (NCN), Carex meyenii, 
Bidens torta, Metrosideros polymorpha, Lysimachia waianaensis (kolokolo 
kuahiwi), and Eragrostis variabilis (kawelu) (56 FR 55770; EDA, in 
litt. 2001; HINHP Database 2001)
    The major threats to Dubautia herbstobatae are habitat degradation 
by feral goats and pigs; competition from the alien plant species 
Ageratina riparia, Bromus mollis (soft chest), Melinis repens, 
Grevillea robusta, Schinus terebinthifolis, Leucana leucocephala, and 
Melinis minutiflora; fire; visitation and possible trampling by humans; 
and the small number of individuals (56 FR 55770).

Eragrostis fosbergii (NCN)

    Eragrostis fosbergii, a member of the grass family (Poaceae), is a 
perennial species with stout, tufted culms (stems) 61 to 102 cm (24 to 
40 in) long, which usually arise from an abruptly bent woody base. This 
species is distinguished from others in the genus by its stiffly 
ascending flowering stalk and the long hairs on the margins of the 
glumes and occasionally on the margins of the lemmas (O'Connor 1999).
    No information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, 
specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 
1998b).
    Historically, Eragrostis fosbergii was known only from the Waianae 
Mountains of Oahu, from the slopes of Mount Kaala and in Waianae Kai 
and its associated ridges. Only six individuals are known to remain in 
Waianae Kai and on Kumaipo Trail in four populations on Federal and 
State lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).
    Eragrostis fosbergii typically grows on ridge crests or moderate 
slopes in dry and mesic forests between 578 and 941 m (1,896 and 3,086 
ft) elevation. Associated plant species include; Chamaesyce sp., Alyxia 
oliviformis, Sphenomeris sp. (palaa), Nephrolepis exaltata, Doodia sp. 
(ohu pukupulauii), Bidens sp., Melicope sp., Acacia koa, Metrosideros 
polymorpha, Psydrax odorata, Dodonaea viscosa, or Eragrostis grandis 
(HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).
    The major threats to Eragrostis fosbergii are degradation of 
habitat by feral pigs and goats; competition with alien plant species 
such as Schinus terebinthifolis, Grevillea robusta, and Psidium 
cattleianum; trampling by hikers; hybridization with Eragrostis 
grandis; and a threat of extinction from random environmental events 
and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining 
populations and individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; G. 
Koob, pers. comm. 2001).

Gardenia mannii (Nanu)

    Gardenia mannii, a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a 
tree 5 to 15 m (16 to 50 ft) tall. This species is distinguished from 
others in the genus by the shape and number of the calyx spurs (Wagner 
et al 1999).
    Gardenia mannii has been observed in flower and fruit in June and 
September. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors. 
(Service 1998b)
    Historically, Gardenia mannii was known from seven widely scattered 
populations in the Waianae Mountains and 39 populations distributed 
along almost the entire length of the Koolau Mountains of Oahu. 
Currently, there are 31 populations of Gardenia mannii at Haleauau 
Gulch, Peahinaia Ridge, Kaunala Gulch and Kaunala-Waimea Ridge, Castle 
Trail, Halawa Valley and Halawa-Kalauao Ridge, Moanalua Valley, Makaua-
Kahana Ridge, Poamoho and Halemano Gulches, Kaluaa and Maunauna 
Gulches, Waimano Trail, Kawailoa Trail, Puu Hapapa and Waieli Gulch, 
Wiliwilinui Ridge, Koloa Stream, Waialae Nui-Kapakahi Ridge, Manaiki 
Valley, Laie Trail, Malaekahana-Waimea Summit Ridge, Haleauau Gulch, 
Schofield-Waikane Trail, Kaukonahua Gulch, Kapakahi Gulch, Manana 
Trail, Peahinaia Trail and Opaeula Stream, Kamana Nui Stream, Pukele, 
Hanaimoa Gulch, Papali Gulch, Kawai Nui, and Kaipapau Gulch. The 31 
extant populations occur on private, State, and Federal lands. The 
existing populations total between 69 and 80 plants (HINHP Database 
2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).
    Gardenia mannii is usually found on moderate to moderately steep 
gulch slopes, ridge crests, in gulch bottoms, and on streambanks in 
mesic or wet forests between 82 and 1,050 m (269 and 3,444 ft) in 
elevation. Associated plant species include Coprosma foliosa, Pisonia 
sp., Bobea sp., Syzygium sandwicensis, Melicope sp., Cheirodendron sp. 
(NCN), Perotettia sandwicensis, Elaeocarpus sp., Cibotium sp., 
Thelypteris sp., Pipturus sp., Ilex anomala, Freycinetia arborea, 
Boehmeria grandis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Pouteria sandwicensis, 
Acacia koa, Dicranopteris linearis, Antidesma platyphyllum, Broussaisia 
arguta, Hedyotis acuminata, Alyxia oliviformis, and Psychotria 
mariniana (HINHP Database 2001).
    The major threats to Gardenia mannii are habitat degradation and/or 
destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military activities; 
competition with alien plant species such as Toona ciliata, Passiflora 
suberosa, Psidium guajava, Leptospermum scoparium, Clidemia hirta, 
Rubus argutus, and Psidium cattleianum; fire; and risk of extinction 
from random environmental events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due 
to the widely dispersed, small number of remaining individuals. The 
Kapakahi Gulch population is also threatened by the black twig borer 
(HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; Service 1998b).

Hedyotis degeneri (NCN)

    Hedyotis degeneri, a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a 
prostrate shrub with four-sided stems and peeling, corky bark. This 
species can be distinguished from others in the genus on Oahu by its 
low-growing habit, the peeling corky layers on older stems, and the 
short, crowded, leafy shoots growing in the leaf axils; two varieties 
within the species are recognized Hedyotis var coprosmifolia and 
Hedyotis var. degeneri (Wagner et al. 1999).
    This species has been observed in flower in November, June, and 
July, and in fruit in July. No further information is available on 
flowering cycle, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, 
specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 
1998b).
    Historically, Hedyotis degeneri is known from Mt. Kaala in the 
northern Waianae Mountains. Variety coprosmifolia has not been 
collected since the 1980s and no current populations are known. Five 
populations, totaling 60 individuals, of variety degeneri are known 
from Makaleha, Pahole Gulch, Kahanahaiki, and Alaiheihe Gulch on 
Federal, State, city, and county lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; 
Wagner et al. 1999).
    Hedyotis degeneri typically grows on ridge crests in diverse mesic 
forest between 349 and 1,083 m (1,145 and 3,552 ft) elevation. 
Associated species include Styphelia tameiameiae (pukiawe), 
Dicranopteris linearis, Wikstroemia oahuensis (akia), Dodonaea viscosa, 
Alyxia oliviformis, Diospyros sandwicensis, Psychotria hathewayi, 
Cocculus sp. (huehue), Lysimachia hillebrandii (kolokolo kuahiwi), 
Chamaesyce multiformis, Lobelia yuccoides (NCN), Gahnia sp. (NCN), 
Pleomele sp., Carex meyenii, Psydrax odorata, Metrosideros

[[Page 37121]]

polymorpha, or Hedyotis terminalis (HINHP Database 2001).
    The major threats to Hedyotis degeneri are habitat destruction by 
feral pigs; competition from the alien plant species Grevillea robusta, 
Clidemia hirta, Blechnum occidentale, Toona ciliata, Psidium guajava, 
Ageratina adenophora, Rubus argutus, Schinus terebinthifolius, Melinis 
minutiflora, and Psidium cattleianum; and a threat of extinction from 
random environmental events and/or decreased reproductive vigor due to 
the small number of extant individuals and populations (HINHP Database 
2001).

Hedyotis parvula (NCN)

    Hedyotis parvula, a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a 
small, many-branched shrub, either upright or sprawling, with stems 
usually no more than 30 cm (1 ft) in length. Closely spaced, 
overlapping leaves which are uniform in size along the stem separate 
this species from other members of the genus on Oahu (Wagner et al. 
1999).
    Hedyotis parvula has been observed flowering in both winter and 
summer. The plant is found in dry areas and flowering may be induced by 
rain. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, 
specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 
1998b).
    Historically, Hedyotis parvula was known from the central and 
southern Waianae Mountains, from Makaleha Valley to Nanakuli Valley. 
Currently, this species is known from five locations on Federal, State, 
city, and county lands at Makaleha Ridge, Makua-Keaau Ridge, Lualualei-
Nananakuli Ridge, Ohikilolo Ridge, and Halona. Five populations 
totaling between 116 and 131 individuals are known (HINHP Database 
2001; EDA Database 2001; Wagner et al. 1999; GDSI 2001).
    Hedyotis parvula typically grows on and at the base of cliff faces, 
rock outcrops, and ledges in mesic habitat at elevations between 331 
and 1,160 m (1,086 and 3,805 ft). Associated species include Eragrostis 
sp. (kawelu), Carex sp., Rumex sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, Chamaesyce 
sp., Bidens sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Psydrax odorata, Metrosideros 
tremuloides (lehua ahihi), or Plectranthus parviflorus (alaala wai nui) 
(56 FR 55770; HINHP Database 2001; Wagner et al. 1999).
    The major threats to Hedyotis parvula are habitat degradation by 
feral goats and pigs; competition from the alien plant species 
Ageratina riparia, Myrica faya, Schinus terebinthifolius, and Melinis 
minutiflora; and a threat of extinction from random environmental 
events and/or decreased reproductive vigor due to the small number of 
individuals and populations (56 FR 55770; HINHP Database 2001).

Labordia cyrtandrae (Kamakahala)

    Labordia cyrtandrae, a member of the logania family (Loganiaceae), 
is a shrub 0.7 to 2 m (2.3 to 6.6 ft) tall. This species is 
distinguished from others in the genus by its fleshy, hairy, 
cylindrical stem which flattens upon drying, the shape and length of 
the floral bracts, and the length of the corolla tube and lobes (Wagner 
et al. 1999).
    Labordia cyrtandrae has been observed flowering from May through 
June, and fruiting from July through August, is sporadically fertile 
year round. The flowers are functionally unisexual and male and female 
flowers are on separate plants. No further information is available on 
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or 
limiting factors (Service 1998b).
    Historically, Labordia cyrtandrae was known from both the Waianae 
and Koolau Mountains of Oahu; in the Koolau Mountains, this species 
ranged from Kawailoa Trail to Waialae Iki, extending almost the entire 
length of the mountain range. This species currently is known only from 
20 individuals in nine populations in Haleauau Gulch, Mohiakea Gulch, 
Kaala, and Makaleha. These populations occur on State, city, county, 
and private lands (GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
    Labordia cyrtandrae typically grows in shady gulches, slopes, and 
glens in mesic to wet forests and shrublands dominated by Metrosideros 
polymorpha, Diplopterygium pinnatum, and/or Acacia koa between the 
elevations between 212 and 1,233 m (695 and 4,044 ft). Associated plant 
species include Broussaisia argutus, Cyrtandra sp., Phyllostegia sp., 
Dicranopteris linearis, Antidesma sp., Bidens torta, Artemisia 
australis, Dubautia plantaginea (naenae), Rumex sp., Lysimachia 
hillebrandii, Chamaesyce sp., Coprosma sp., Boehmeria grandis, 
Peperomia membranaceae (ala ala wai nui), Pouteria sandwicensis, 
Diplazium sandwichianum, Pipturus albidus, Perrottetia sandwicensis, or 
Psychotria sp. (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b).
    The greatest threats to Labordia cyrtandrae are habitat degradation 
and/or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military 
activities; competition with the alien plant species Axonopus 
fissifolius, Juncus planifolius (NCN), Setaria gracilis (yellow 
foxtail), Schinus terebinthifolius, Clidemia hirta, Rubus argutus, and 
Psidium cattleianum; fire; and risk of extinction from random 
environmental events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small 
number of remaining individuals and populations (HINHP Database 2001; 
Service 1998b).

Lepidium arbuscula (Anaunau)

    Lepidium arbuscula, a member of the mustard family (Brassicaceae), 
is a gnarled shrub 0.6 to 1.2 m (2 to 4 ft) tall. The species is 
distinguished from others in the genus by its height (Wagner et al. 
1999).
    Lepidium arbuscula has been observed in flower in February. No 
further information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, 
specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 
1998b).
    Historically, Lepidium arbuscula was known from 11 populations in 
the Waianae Mountains, Oahu. Currently, there are a total of 
approximately 1,000 individuals known from 10 locations on Federal, 
State, city, and county lands at Kamaileunu Ridge, Lualualei-Nanakuli 
Ridge, Kapuhi Gulch, northwest of Puu Kaua, Manini Gulch, Mohiakea 
Gulch, Ohikilolo Ridge, Makua-Keaau Ridge, the ridge between the Paahoa 
and Halona subdistricts, northwest of Puu Ku Makalii, and Halona 
subdistrict (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001).
    Lepidium arbuscula on Oahu generally grows on exposed ridge tops 
and cliff faces in mesic and dry vegetation communities between 131 and 
978 m (430 and 3,208 ft) elevation. This species is typically 
associated with native plant species such as Metrosideros polymorpha, 
Peperomia sp., Dryopteris unidentata, Sida fallax, Schiedea ligustrina 
(NCN), Artemisia australis, Rumex albescens (huahu ako), Styphelia 
tameiameiae, Psydrax odorata, Carex wahuensis (NCN), Chamaesyce 
multiformis, Lysimachia hillebrandii, Dubautia sp., Sophora 
chrysophylla, Dodonaea viscosa, Eragrostis sp., Bidens sp., or Carex 
meyenii (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b).
    The primary threats to Lepidium arbuscula are habitat degradation 
and/or destruction by feral goats; potential impacts from military 
activities; competition with alien plants; and fire. The population at 
the head of Kapuhi Gulch is also threatened by its proximity to a road 
(HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).

Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla (Nehe)

    Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, a member of the aster family 
(Asteraceae),

[[Page 37122]]

is a low, somewhat woody, perennial herb with arched or nearly 
prostrate stems that may be up to 150 cm (59 in) long. Aside from a 
very rare coastal species, this species is the only member of its genus 
on Oahu with four-parted disk florets. This variety has narrower 
leaves, spaced more closely along the stem, than those of Lipochaeta 
lobata var. lobata, the only other variety of the species (Wagner et 
al. 1999).
    Flowering of Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla is probably rain-
induced. Populations may consist of fewer distinct individuals than it 
appears because many ``individuals'' are connected underground by the 
roots and are probably clones. No further information is available on 
reproductive cycles, specific environmental requirements, or limiting 
factors (Service 1998b).
    Historically, Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla was known from the 
southern Waianae Mountains, from Kolekole Pass to Lualualei. Currently, 
there are a total of 147 individuals found in five locations on State, 
Federal, city, and county lands Lualualei-Nanakuli Ridge, Kauhiuhi, Puu 
Hapapa, Mikilua, and Kamaileunu Ridge, (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; 
EDA Database 2001; Wagner et al. 1999).
    Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla typically grows on cliffs, 
ridges, and slopes in dry or mesic shrubland at elevations between 256 
and 978 m (840 and 3,208 ft). Associated species include Diospyros sp., 
Eragrostis sp., Artemisia australis, Lipochaeta tenuis (nehe), 
Stenogyne sp. (NCN), Carex meyenii, Dodonaea viscosa, Peperomia sp., 
Psydrax odorata, and Bidens sp. (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 
2001).
    The major threats to Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla include 
competition from alien plant species such as Ageratina riparia, 
Passiflora suberosa, Lantana camara, Grevillea robusta, Kalanchoe 
pinnata, Erigeron karvinskianus, Ageratina adenophora, Schinus 
terebinthifolius, Leucaena leucocephala, and Melinis minutiflora; 
habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats; fire; and a threat of 
extinction from random environmental events and/or decreased 
reproductive vigor due to the small number of individuals and 
populations (HINHP Database 2001).

Lipochaeta tenuifolia (Nehe)

    Lipochaeta tenuifolia, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), 
is a low growing, somewhat woody perennial herb with short, more or 
less erect branches. Its five-parted disk florets and its deeply cut, 
stalkless leaves separate this species from other members of the genus 
(Wagner et al. 1999).
    Lipochaeta tenuifolia has been observed flowering in April. No 
other information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, 
specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 
1998b).
    Lipochaeta tenuifolia occurs in the northern half of the Waianae 
Mountains, from Kaluakauila Gulch to Kamaileunu Ridge and east to Mt. 
Kaala, and northwest, southwest, southeast, and north of Puu Ku Makalii 
on State, Federal, city, and county lands. The 12 known populations 
contain between 759 to 1,174 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; EDA 
Database 2001; GDSI 2001).
    Lipochaeta tenuifolia typically grows on ridgetops and bluffs in 
open areas and protected pockets of dry to mesic forests and shrublands 
and forests dominated by Diospyros sandwicensis at elevations between 
67 and 978 m (220 and 3,208 ft). Associated species include Diospyros 
sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Eragrostis sp., Artemisia australis, Schiedea 
sp., Carex meyenii, Rumex sp., Dubautia sp., Bryophyllum sp. (NCN), 
Osteomeles anthyllidifolia (ulei), Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Psydrax 
odorata, Doryopteris sp. (kumu niu), Santalum sp., Myoporum 
sandwicense, Sapindus oahuensis, or Bidens sp. (HINHP Database 2001; 
Wagner et al. 1999).
    The major threats to Lipochaeta tenuifolia are habitat degradation 
by feral goats and pigs; competition for light and space from alien 
plant species including Ageratina riparia, Blechnum occidentale, 
Grevillea robusta, Panicum maximum, Lantana camara, Hyptis pectinata, 
Rivina humilis, Aleurites moluccana, Toona ciliata, Coffea arabica 
(coffee), Schinus terebinithifolius, Leucaena leucocephala, Melinis 
minutiflora, and Psidium cattleianum; and fire (HINHP Database 2001; 56 
FR 55770).

Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis (NCN)

    Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, a member of the bellflower 
family (Campanulaceae), is an unbranched, woody shrub 0.3 to 1 m (1 to 
3.5 ft) tall. The species is distinguished from others in the genus by 
the length of the stem, the length and color of the corolla, the leaf 
width, the length of the floral bracts, and the length of the calyx 
lobes. The subspecies koolauensis is distinguished by the greenish or 
yellowish white petals and the branched flowering stalks (61 FR 53089; 
Lammers 1990).
    Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis has been observed in flower 
in September and fruit in December. No other information is available 
on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
or limiting factors (Service 1998b).
    Historically, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis was known from 
only two populations in the central Koolau Mountains on Oahu. 
Currently, this subspecies is known from four populations in the 
central Koolau Mountains; on Federal, State, and private lands Waimano-
Waiawa Ridge, Waimano, plateau above Sacred Falls, and Kaukonahua 
Gulch. The total number of plants is estimated to be fewer than 270 
(HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001).
    Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis typically grows on moderate 
to steep slopes in Metrosideros polymorpha lowland wet shrublands and 
bogs at elevations between 383 and 867 m (1,256 and 2,844 ft). 
Associated plant species include--Sadleria pallida, Isachne 
distichophylla (ohe), Vaccinium dentatum (ohelo), Cibotium sp., 
Melicope sp., Bidens sp., Scaevola sp., Machaerina angustifolia, 
Dicanthelium koolauensis (NCN), or Broussaisia arguta (HINHP Database 
2001; EDA, in litt. 2001).
    The primary threats to Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis are--
habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; competition with 
the alien plant species Axonopus fissifolius, Pterolepis glomerata, 
Sacciolepis indica, and Clidemia hirta; trampling by hikers; 
landslides; and risk of extinction from random environmental events 
and/or reduced reproductive vigor of the one remaining population 
(HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).

Lobelia monostachya (NCN)

    Lobelia monostachya, a member of the bellflower family 
(Campanulaceae), is a prostrate woody shrub with stems 15 to 25 cm (6 
to 10 in) long. The species is distinguished from others in the genus 
by its narrow, linear leaves without stalks and its short pink flowers 
(Lammers 1999).
    This species has been observed in flower in May and June. Further 
information is not available on reproductive cycles, longevity, 
specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 
1998b).
    Historically, Lobelia monostachya was known only from the Koolau 
Mountains and had not been seen since its original discovery in the 
1800s in Niu Valley, and in the 1920s in Manoa Valley. In 1994, Joel 
Lau discovered one individual in a previously unknown

[[Page 37123]]

location in Wailupe Valley on State and private lands. Currently, a 
total of three plants are known (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).
    Lobelia monostachya occurs on steep, sparsely vegetated cliffs in 
mesic shrubland between 44 and 614 m (144 and 2,014) elevation. 
Associated plant species include--Artemisia australis, Carex meyenii, 
Psilotum nudum, or Eragrostis sp. (HINHP Database 2001).
    The major threats to Lobelia monostachya are--predation by rats; 
competition with the alien plants Schinus terebinthifolius, Ageratum 
riparia, Kalanchoe pinnata, and Melinis minutiflora; and risk of 
extinction from random environmental events and/or reduced reproductive 
vigor due to the low number of individuals in the only known population 
(HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).

Lobelia oahuensis (NCN)

    Lobelia oahuensis, a member of the bellflower family 
(Campanulaceae), is a stout, erect, unbranched shrub 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 
ft) tall. Lobelia oahuensis differs from other members of the genus in 
having the following combination of characters erect stems 1 to 3 m (3 
to 10 ft) long, dense rosettes of leaves at the end of stems, lower 
leaf surfaces covered with coarse grayish or greenish hairs, and 
flowers 42 to 45 mm (1.7 to 1.8 in) long (Lammers 1999).
    This species was observed in flower during November. No further 
information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific 
environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).
    Historically, Lobelia oahuensis was known from Kahana Ridge, Kipapa 
Gulch, and the southeastern Koolau Mountains of Oahu. Ten populations 
totaling 42 individuals are located on private, State, and Federal 
lands. These populations occur on Mt. Olympus, Konahuanui summit, 
Waikakalaua-Waikane Ridge, Puu o Kona, the summit area between Aiea and 
Halawa Valley, Puu Keahiakahoe and the summit ridge south of Puu 
Keahiakahoe, Waialae Nui-Waimanalo and Kapakahi-Waimanalo, Puu Kalena, 
and Eleao (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001).
    Lobelia oahuensis grows on steep slopes between elevations of 415 
and 959 m (1,361 and 3,146 ft) on summit cliffs in cloudswept wet 
forests or in lowland wet shrubland that are frequently exposed to 
heavy wind and rain. Associated plant species include--Sadleria 
squarrosa (amau), Peperomia sp., Broussaisia arguta, Scaevola sp., 
Vaccinium sp., Hedyotis sp., Cibotium sp., Freycinetia arborea, 
Lycopodium sp. (wawae iole), Bidens sp., Wikstroemia sp., Phyllostegia 
sp., Syzygium sandwicensis, Melicope sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, 
Dicranopteris linearis, Machaerina angustifolia, Cheirodendron trigynum 
(olapa), Dubautia laxa, or Labordia hosakae (kamakahala) (HINHP 
Database 2001; Service 1998b; Lammers 1999).
    The primary threats to Lobelia oahuensis are--competition with the 
alien plant species Rubus rosifolius, Rubus argutus, Paspalum 
conjugatum, Erigeron karvinskianus, and Clidemia hirta and habitat 
degradation by feral pigs (HINHP Database 2001).

Melicope lydgatei (Alani)

    Melicope lydgatei, a member of the citrus family (Rutaceae), is a 
small shrub that has leaves arranged oppositely or in threes. The 
species' leaf arrangement (opposite or in groups of three), the amount 
of fusion of the fruit sections, and the hairless exocarp (outermost 
layer of the fruit wall) and endocarp (innermost layer) distinguish it 
from others in the genus (Wagner et al. 1999).
    This species has been observed in flower in May and in fruit from 
June to July. No other information is available on reproductive cycles, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors 
(Service 1998b).
    Melicope lydgatei was formerly known throughout the Koolau 
Mountains of Oahu from Hauula to Kahana, Kipapa Gulch to Waimano, and 
Kalihi Valley to Wailupe Valley. Only four populations, totaling 
between 14 to 15 individuals, remain within its historical range on 
State and private lands along Poamoho Trail, along Peahinaia Trail, and 
along Manana Trail (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).
    Melicope lydgatei typically grows in association with--Acacia koa, 
Metrosideros polymorpha, Dicranopteris linearis, Psychotria sp., 
Syzygium sandwicensis, or Bobea elatior on ridges in mesic and wet 
forests at elevations between 349 and 671 m (1,145 and 2,201 ft) (HINHP 
Database 2001; Service 1998b; EDA, in litt. 2001).
    The primary threat to Melicope lydgatei is a threat of extinction 
due to random environmental events and/or reduced reproductive vigor 
because of the small number of individuals and populations remaining 
(59 FR 14482).

Melicope saint-johnii (Alani)

    Melicope saint-johnii, a member of the rue family (Rutaceae), is a 
slender tree 3 to 6 m (10 to 20 ft) tall. The leaves are opposite or 
occasionally occur in threes on young lateral branches. The leaves are 
narrowly to broadly elliptic, sometimes elliptic egg-shaped or rarely 
lance-shaped. Three to 11 flowers are arranged on an flowering stalk 
and are usually functionally unisexual, with staminate (male) and 
pistillate (female) flowers. The staminate flowers have broadly egg-
shaped sepals which are hairless to sparsely covered with hair. The 
triangular petals are densely covered with hair on the exterior. The 
pistillate flowers are similar in hairiness to staminate flowers, but 
are slightly smaller in size. The dry fruit splits at maturity. The 
exocarp is hairless, whereas the endocarp is hairy. This species is 
distinguished from others in the genus by the combination of the 
hairless exocarp, the hairy endocarp, the densely hairy petals, and the 
sparsely hairy to smooth sepals (Stone et al. 1999).
    No information exists on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific 
environmental requirements, or limiting factors.
    Historically, Melicope saint-johnii was known from both the Waianae 
and Koolau Mountains at Makaha to Mauna Kapu in the Waianae Mountains 
and Papali Gulch in Hauula, Manoa-Aihualama, Wailupe, and Niu Valley in 
the Koolau Mountains. Today five locations of this species are found on 
Federal and private lands from the region between Puu Kaua and Puu 
Kanehoa to Mauna Kapu in the southern Waianae Mountains. Fewer than 170 
individuals of this species are known (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
    Melicope saint-johnii typically grows on mesic forested ridges and 
gulch bottoms between elevations of 240 and 953 m (787 and 3,126 ft). 
Associated native plant species include--Artemisia australis, 
Eragrostis sp., Hedyotis schlechtendahliana, Lysimachia hillebrandii, 
Bidens torta, Alyxia oliviformis, Carex wahuensis, Panicum beechyi 
(NCN), Rumex albescens, Pittosporum sp., Pleomele halapepe (hala pepe), 
Pipturus albidus, Metrosideros polymorpha, Coprosma longifolia, 
Labordia kaalae (kamakahala), or Psychotria hathewayi (HINHP Database 
2001).
    The primary threats to Melicope saint-johnii are habitat 
degradation and/or destruction by feral goats and pigs; potential 
predation by the black twig borer; potential fire; and competition with 
alien plant species such as Psidium cattleianum, Clidemia hirta, 
Passiflora suberosa, Melinis minutiflora, Schinus terebinthifolius, 
Myrica faya, Ageratum riparia, Passiflora subcordata (huehue haole), 
Lantana camara, Ageratina adenophora, and Grevillea robusta; and risk 
of extinction due to naturally-occurring events and/or reduced 
reproductive vigor because of the few

[[Page 37124]]

individuals remaining and their restricted distribution (Service 1998b; 
61 FR 53089; HINHP Database 2001).

Myrsine juddii (Kolea)

    Myrsine juddii, a member of the myrsine family (Myrsinaceae), is a 
many branched shrub ranging from 1 to 2 m (3.5 to 6.6 ft) tall. The 
leathery leaves are narrowly inverse lance-shaped or more elliptic. The 
upper leaf surface is hairless, whereas the lower surface is sparsely 
to moderately covered with short, coarse, stiff, whitish or brownish 
hairs toward the base and along the midrib. The leaf base is broadly 
wedge-shaped to heart-shaped, and the margins are smooth and curl 
under. The flowers are unisexual and the plants are dioecious (male and 
female flowers are on separate plants). Flowers occur in groups of four 
to eight in tight clusters surrounded by small bracts. The yellowish 
green petals are narrowly inverse lance-shaped. The fleshy, round fruit 
contains a single seed. This species is distinguished from others in 
the genus by the hairiness of the lower leaf surface and the shape of 
the leaf base. In addition, the hairy leaves distinguish this species 
from all other species of Myrsine on Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Myrsine juddii has been reported from only three populations in the 
central Koolau Mountains--the North Kaukonahua-Kahana Summit divide, 
Peahinaia Trail, and Puu Kainapuaa to Poamoho Trail. These populations 
are found on State and Federal lands. The total number is thought to be 
around 5,000 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).
    Myrsine juddii typically grows on ridge crests and gulch slopes in 
wet forests and shrublands dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or a 
mixture of Metrosideros polymorpha and Dicranopteris linearis at 
elevations between 384 and 867 m (1,260 and 2,844 ft). Associated plant 
species include-- Machaerina sp., Cheirodendron trigynum, Cheirodendron 
platyphyllum, Melicope clusiifolia (kolokolo mokihana), Psychotria 
mariniana, and Syzygium sandwicensis (Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089; GDSI 
2001; HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001).
    The primary threats to Myrsine juddii are habitat degradation and/
or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military 
activities; competition with alien plant species such as Clidemia hirta 
and Psidium cattleianum; and a risk of extinction from naturally 
occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small 
number of extant populations (Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089; HINHP 
Database 2001).

Neraudia angulata (NCN)

    Neraudia angulata, a member of the nettle family (Urticaceae), is 
an erect shrub 3 m (10 ft) tall. Leaves are thin and elliptic to oval 
in outline. The upper leaf surface has a few silky hairs, and the lower 
surface is moderately hairy. Flowers are male or female and grow on 
different plants. The female flowers produce a dry-walled fruit which 
is surrounded by fleshy, fused sepals. This species is distinguished 
from other species in its genus by the conspicuously angled, ridged, 
fleshy calyx in the female flower. There are two varieties, N. a. var. 
angulata and N. a. var. dentata, that differ in the types of leaf hairs 
on the lower surface of the leaves and the type of leaf margin (Wagner 
et al. 1999).
    Neraudia angulata flowers and fruits from early spring to summer. 
Fruits mature in about a month. No other information exists on 
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or 
limiting factors (Service 1998b).
    Historically, Neraudia angulata was known from almost the entire 
length of the Waianae Mountains, from Kaluakauila Gulch nearly to Puu 
Manawahua. This species is currently known from Kaluakauila Gulch along 
Makua-Keaau Ridge to Makaha-Waianae Kai Ridge, on Federal, State, city, 
county, and private lands. The five known populations are estimated to 
comprise approximately 51 individuals (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; 
EDA Database 2001).
    Neraudia angulata var. angulata typically grows on slopes, ledges, 
or gulches in lowland mesic or dry forest between 189 and 978 m (620 
and 3,208 ft) elevation. Associated plant species include-- Diospyros 
sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Bidens sp., Artemisia australis, Sida fallax, 
Carex meyenii, Psydrax odorata, Hibiscus sp., Pisonia sandwicensis 
(ulu), or Nestegis sandwicensis. Neraudia angulata var. dentata 
typically grows on cliffs, rock embankments, gulches, and slopes in 
mesic or dry forests between 110 and 978 m (361 and 3,208 ft). 
Associated native plant species include Diospyros sandwicensis, 
Diospyros hillebrandii, Dodonaea viscosa, Artemisia australis, Alyxia 
oliviformis, Sapindus oahuensis, Psydrax odorata, Pisonia sp., 
Antidesma pulvinatum, Nestegis sandwicensis, Myrsine lanaiensis, 
Hibiscus sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, Bidens torta, Canavalia sp., 
Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Carex sp., Charpentiera sp., Sida fallax, 
Streblus pendulinus, or Eragrostis sp. (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in 
litt. 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).
    The major threats to Neraudia angulata var. angulata are habitat 
degradation by feral goats and pigs; military activities; competition 
from the alien plant species Ageratina riparia, Schinus 
terebinthifolius, Passiflora subcordata, Melinis minutiflora, and 
Psidium cattleianum; fire; and the small number of extant individuals. 
The major threats to Neraudia angulata var. dentata are habitat 
degradation by feral pigs and goats; fire; and competition with the 
alien plant species Melinis minutiflora, Tecoma castanifolia (yellow 
elder), Schinus terebinthifolius, Melinis sp., Ageratina riparia, 
Montanoa hibiscifolia, Passiflora suberosa, Ageratina adenophora, 
Psidium guajava, Pimenta dioica, Aleurites moluccana, Syzygium cumini, 
Schefflera actinophylla, Oplismenus hirtellus, Leucaena leucocephala, 
Blechnum occidentale, and Erigeron karvinskianus (HINHP Database 2001; 
Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).

Phyllostegia hirsuta (NCN)

    Phyllostegia hirsuta, a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), is 
an erect subshrub or vine with stems densely covered with coarse or 
stiff hairs. The wrinkled leaves are egg-shaped, and both leaf surfaces 
are moderately covered with long, flat hairs. The upper surface is 
inconspicuously dotted with glands, while the lower surface is more 
densely glandulose. The egg-shaped floral bracts are 3 to 6 mm (0.1 to 
0.2 in) long. The flowers have two lips the upper one is approximately 
3 mm (0.1 in) long and the lower one is 5 to 7 mm (0.2 to 0.3 in) long. 
The tubular portion of the flower is slightly curved. The corolla is 
white and usually purple-tinged on the upper lip. The fruit is a nutlet 
about 3 mm (0.1 in) long. This species is distinguished from others in 
the genus by the texture, hairiness, and size of the leaves and the 
length of the upper bracts (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Phyllostegia hirsuta has been observed in flower in February and in 
fruit in June. Cultivated material flowered in July. No other 
information on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental 
requirements, or limiting factors is available (Service 1998b).
    Historically, Phyllostegia hirsuta was known from widespread 
populations in the Waianae and Koolau Mountains on Oahu. Currently, 
this species is found in 23 locations with a total of between 214 and 
227 individuals from the ridge between Makaha and Waianae Kai to the 
south fork of North Palawai Gulch in the Waiaanae Mountains and from

[[Page 37125]]

Kawainui Gulch in Kawailoa Training Area to south Kaukonahua drainage 
in the Koolau Mountains. These populations occur on Federal, State, 
city, county, and private lands (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; EDA 
Database 2001).
    Phyllostegia hirsuta is usually found on steep, shaded slopes, 
cliffs, ridges, gullies, and streambanks in mesic or wet forests 
dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or a mixture of Metrosideros 
polymorpha and Dicranopteris linearis between 195 and 1,202 m (640 and 
3,943 ft) elevation. Associated plant species include Pisonia sp., 
Diplazium sandwichiana, Freycinetia arborea, Chamaesyce multiformis, 
Hibiscus sp., Rumex albescens, Machaerina angustifolia, Clermontia 
kekeana (oha wai), Perotettia sandwicenum, Cibotium sp., Hedyotis 
schlechtendahliana, Ilex anomala, Lysimachia hillebrandii, Melicope 
sp., Psychotria sp., Astelia sp. (painiu), Antidesma platyphyllum, 
Dubautia laxa, Cyanea membranacea, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Myrsine 
sandwicensis (kolea), Scaevola gaudichaudiana (naupaka kuahiwi), 
Pleomele sp., Dryopteris unidentata, Streblus pendulinus, Claoxylon 
sandwicense, Nothocestrum sp., Neraudia sp. (NCN), Zanthoxylum kauaense 
(ae), Labordia kaalae, Cyrtandra waianaeensis, Phyllostegia grandiflora 
(NCN), Liparis hawaiiensis (awapuhiakanaloa), Dubautia sherffiana 
(naenae), Pouteria sandwicensis, Brousaissia arguta, Pipturis sp., 
Coprosma longifolia, Hedyotis terminalis, Myrsine lessertiana, or 
native ferns (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).
    The primary threats to Phyllostegia hirsuta are habitat degradation 
and/or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military 
activities; rockslides; rats; and competition with Passiflora suberosa, 
Blechnum occidentale, Pimenta dioica, Paspalum conjugatum, Rubus 
rosifolius, Drymaria cordata, Axonopus fissifolius, Athyrium sp. (NCN), 
Adiantum raddianum, Melinis minutiflora, Physalis peruviana (poha), 
Buddleia asiatica, Schinus terebinthifolius, Clidemia hirta, Lantana 
camara, Rubus argutus, or Psidium cattleianum (HINHP Database 2001).

Phyllostegia kaalaensis (NCN)

    Phyllostegia kaalaensis, a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), 
is an herb. The egg-shaped leaves are 5 to 13 cm (2 to 5 in) long. 
Usually six flowers are arranged along a flowering stalk. The calyx is 
glabrous and the corolla tube is hairless. The species is distinguished 
from others of the genus by the spreading, pointed teeth on the leaf 
edges and by the hairs along the margins of the calyx and bracts 
(Wagner et al. 1999).
    No information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, 
specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 
1998b).
    Phyllostegia kaalaensis has been known from only six scattered 
populations in the Waianae Mountains of Oahu. Currently, this species 
is known from four populations containing a total of fewer than 45 
plants, in Waianae Kai, Pahole Gulch, central Ekahanui Gulch, Ekahanui 
Gulch, and Palikea Gulch. These populations occur on State and private 
lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).
    Phyllostegia kaalaensis is found on gulch slopes and bottoms and on 
almost vertical rock faces in mesic forest or Sapindus oahuensis forest 
between 374 and 796 m (1,227 and 2,611 ft) elevation. Associated plant 
include Myrsine lanaiensis, Myrsine lessertiana, Psychotria hathewayi, 
Antidesma platyphyllum, Diplazium sandwichianum, Pipturus albidus, 
Hibiscus sp., Claoxylon sandwicense, Neraudia melastomifolia, Streblus 
pendulinus, Pouteria sandwicensis, Freycinetia arborea, or Urera 
glabra, (HINHP Database 2001).
    The major threats to Phyllostegia kaalaensis are habitat 
degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs and goats; fire; trail 
clearing; competition with the alien plant species Rubus rosifolius, 
Thelypteris parasitica, Ageratina adenophora, Buddleia asiatica, 
Psidium guajava, Lantana camara, Blechnum occidentale, Passiflora 
suberosa, Aleurites moluccana, Cordyline fruticosa, Oplismenus 
hirtellus, Passiflora edulis (passion fruit), Passiflora ligularis, 
Toona ciliata, Schinus terebinthifolius, Passiflora subcordata, 
Clidemia hirta, and Psidium cattleianum; and risk of extinction from 
naturally-occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the 
small number of populations and individuals (Service 1998b; 61 FR 
53089; HINHP Database 2001).

Pritchardia kaalae (loulu)

    Pritchardia kaalae, a member of the palm family (Arecaceae), is a 
single-stemmed palm up to 5 m (16 ft) tall. The waxy, hairless leaves 
are thin and papery or thick and leathery. Sometimes small points, 
dots, or linear, rusty scales are scattered on the lower leaf surface. 
The flowering stalks are composed of one or more branches. The round 
fruits are approximately 2 cm (0.8 in) in diameter. Pritchardia kaalae 
is distinguished from other members of the genus by the hairless or 
scaly leaves (Read and Hodel 1999).
    Pritchardia kaalae plants have been observed in fruit in April, 
August and October and may fruit throughout the year. No other 
information exists on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific 
environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).
    Historically, Pritchardia kaalae was known from scattered 
populations in the central and north-central Waianae Mountains of Oahu. 
Currently, six populations are known from Manuwai Gulch, East Makaleha, 
Kaumokunui Gulch, Waianae Kai-Haleauau summit divide, Makua-Keaau Ridge 
and Makaha Valley, totaling about 200 individuals. These populations 
are located on Federal, State, city, and county lands (HINHP Database 
2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).
    Pritchardia kaalae is typically found on steep slopes and gulches 
in mesic forest or shrubland between elevations of 421 and 1,123 m 
(1,381 and 3,683 ft). Associated plant species include Dodonaea 
viscosa, Myrsine sp., Bidens sp., Pipturus sp., Dubautia sp., 
Metrosideros polymorpha, Eragrostis sp., Metrosideros tremuloides, or 
Tetraplasandra sp. (ohe ohe) (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 
53089; EDA, in litt. 2001).
    Major threats to Pritchardia kaalae are habitat degradation by 
feral pigs and goats; fruit predation by rats; potential impacts from 
military activities; competition with the alien plant species Schinus 
terebinthifolius, Ageratina adenophora, and Rubus argutus; potential 
fire; and risk of extinction from naturally-occurring events and/or 
reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of populations 
(Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).

Sanicula mariversa (NCN)

    Sanicula mariversa, a member of the parsley family (Apiaceae), is 
an upright herb, 40 to 70 cm (16 to 28 in) tall which produces a caudex 
(a single branched stem from a sturdy base) growing just beneath the 
surface of the soil. There are many heart- to kidney-shaped, leathery, 
three- to five-lobed leaves growing from the base of the plant. Leaves 
on the stem become smaller and more deeply lobed the closer they are to 
the tip of the stem. Flowers are arranged in one to four more or less 
flat-topped clusters; each cluster comprises 10 to 20 flowers and is 
located at the end of the stem or in the leaf axils. Each flower 
cluster has eight to 12 bracts beneath it and comprises both male and

[[Page 37126]]

hermaphroditic flowers. There are five nearly circular, fused, toothed, 
yellow petals. The egg-shaped fruit is covered with hooked prickles and 
separates into two single-seeded parts. The larger size of the plant 
and basal leaves, the color of the flower petals, and the hooked 
prickles on the fruit separate this species from others of the genus in 
Hawaii (Constance and Affolter 1999).
    Sanicula mariversa is known to flower from February through May, 
and fruits can be found until August. Dry fruits remain on 
infructescences for a long time and may persist beyond August. No 
further information is available on reproductive cycles, specific 
environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).
    Historically, Sanicula mariversa was known from the central Waianae 
Mountains from Makua-Keaau Ridge to Kaluaa-Lualualei Summit Ridge. This 
species is now extant on Ohikilolo Ridge, Keaau-Makaha Ridge, 
Kamaileunu Ridge, and northwest of Puu Kanehoa on Federal, State, city, 
and county lands. The four known populations contain approximately 170 
individuals (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).
    Sanicula mariversa typically grows on well-drained, dry slopes and 
rock faces in mesic shrublands and open grassy areas at elevations 
between 582 and 978 m (1,909 and 3,208 ft). Associated species include 
Carex meyenii, Eragrostis sp., Bidens torta, Metrosideros tremuloides, 
Doryopteris sp., or Metrosideros polymorpha (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, 
in litt. 2001).
    The major threats to Sanicula mariversa are habitat degradation by 
feral goats; fire; erosion; competition from the alien plant species 
Stachytarpheta dichotoma, Ageratina riparia, Erigeron karvinskianus, 
Schinus terebinthifolius, and Melinus minutiflora; trampling by humans 
on or near trails; and the risk of extinction due to the small number 
of populations (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 56 FR 55770).

Schiedea kaalae (NCN).

    Schiedea kaalae, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), has 
a short woody caudex less than 20 cm (8 in) long. The thick, single-
veined leaves are bunched at the top of the stem; they are long and 
elliptic or broader toward the tip and can reach a length of 24 cm (9.4 
in) and a width of 6 cm (2.4 in). Flowers are in a panicle (an open, 
much branched inflorescence). The flowers lack petals, but have purple 
bracts and sepals. Stamens and nectaries each number five and are about 
4 to 5 mm (0.2 in) long. Capsules are about 4 mm (0.2 in) long, and 
seeds are dark grayish brown and about 1 mm (0.04 in) long. This 
species can be distinguished from other members of its genus by its 
very short stems and its thick leaves with one conspicuous vein (Wagner 
et al. 1999).
    This plant has been observed in flower from March through June. 
Based on field and greenhouse observations, Schiedea kaalae has perfect 
flowers (each individual has both male and female reproductive organs). 
A series of experimental self-pollinations, within-population crosses, 
and crosses among populations have demonstrated that Schiedea kaalae 
experiences moderately strong inbreeding depression. These results 
indicate that reductions in population size could result in expression 
of inbreeding depression in seedlings, with potentially deleterious 
consequences for the long-term persistence of this species. Consistent 
with the evidence for inbreeding depression, Schiedea kaalae appears to 
be an outcrossing species. Under greenhouse conditions, flowers do not 
set fruit unless pollinated. In the field, this species was observed 
being visited by the introduced syrphid fly, Simosyrphus grandicornis. 
The fly did not appear to be foraging for nectar but may have been 
feeding on pollen. Individuals of Schiedea kaalae appear to be long-
lived, but there is no evidence of regeneration from seed under field 
conditions. Seedlings of Schiedea kaale, like those of other Schiedea 
species in mesic or wet sites are apparently consumed by introduced 
slugs and snails, which have been observed feeding on Schiedea 
membranacea, a mesic forest species from Kauai. Schiedea occurring in 
dry areas produce abundant seedlings following winter rains, presumably 
because dry areas have fewer alien predators (Service 1998b; Weller and 
Sakai, unpublished data).
    Historically, Schiedea kaalae was known from the north-central and 
south-central Waianae Mountains and the northern Koolau Mountains of 
Oahu. This species remains on State and private lands at Pahole Gulch, 
Kaluaa Gulch, Puu Kaua, Palawai Gulch, Maakua Gulch, Huliwai Gulch, and 
Makaua Stream. The eight known populations contain only 49 individuals 
(HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).
    Schiedea kaalae typically grows on steep slopes, cliffs, 
streambanks, and deep shade in diverse mesic and wet forests at 
elevations between 64 and 869 m (210 and 2,850 ft). Associated species 
include Pisonia sandwicensis, Psychotria hathewayi, Pouteria 
sandwicensis, Freycinetia arborea, Pipturus albidus, Cyrtandra 
laxiflora, Hedyotis acuminata, Selaginella arbuscula, Cyrtandra 
calpidicarpa, Boehmeria grandis, Claoxylon sandwicense, Diospyros 
hillebrandii, Dryopteris unidentata, Alyxia oliviformis, Charpentiera 
sp., Athyrium sandwichianum, Xylosma hawaiiensis (maua), Nothocestrum 
longifolium (aiea), Athyrium arnottii (hoio), or Pisonia umbellifera 
(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b).
    The major threats to Schiedea kaalae are habitat degradation by 
feral pigs and goats; competition from the alien plant species 
Passiflora suberosa, Psidium cattleianum, Blechnum occidentale, 
Ageratina riparia, Psidium guajava, Thlypteris parasitica, Oplismenus 
hirtellus, Cordyline fruticosa, Rubus rosifolius, Schinus 
terebinthifolius, Ageratina adenophora, Passiflora subcordata, Clidemia 
hirta, Melinus minutiflora, and Myrica faya; fire; predation by 
introduced slugs and snails; and the small number of extant individuals 
and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced 
reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals 
(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b).

Schiedea kealiae (NCN)

    Schiedea kealiae, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is 
a subshrub with weakly ascending to sprawling stems which form loose 
clumps. The lower stems are smooth while the upper stems and flowering 
stalk bear glands. The opposite leaves are lance-shaped to elliptic 
lance-shaped and conspicuously three-veined with a prominent midrib. 
The flowering stalk have numerous unisexual flowers in crowded 
clusters. The green sepals of the male flowers are approximately 2.5 mm 
(0.1 in) long. The sepals of the female flowers, 1.5 to 2.2 mm (0.06 to 
0.09 in) long, are slightly shorter. The nectaries are inconspicuous. 
The capsular fruit is 2 to 2.5 mm (0.08 to 0.1 in) long. The species is 
distinguished from others of this endemic Hawaiian genus by the length 
of the sepals and nectaries and the flowering stalk exclusively with 
stalkless glands (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Schiedea kealiae has been observed in flower in December. A series 
of self-pollinations, intra-populational crosses, and crosses among 
populations have demonstrated that many related Schiedea sp. experience 
moderately strong inbreeding depression. These results indicate that 
reductions in population size could result in expression of inbreeding 
depression among seedlings, with potentially deleterious consequences 
for the long

[[Page 37127]]

term persistence of this species. Individuals of Schiedea kealiae 
appear to be long-lived, however there is no evidence of regeneration 
from seed under field conditions. Seedlings of Schiedea species 
occurring in mesic or wet sites are apparently consumed by introduced 
slugs and snails, which have been observed feeding on Schiedea 
membranacea, a mesic forest species from Kauai. Schiedea occurring in 
dry areas produce abundant seedlings following winter rains, presumably 
because dry areas have fewer alien predators (Service 1998b; Weller and 
Sakai, unpublished data).
    Historically, Schiedea kealiae was known from the northern Waianae 
Mountains and one collection from the Palikea area, near the southern 
end of the same mountain range. Currently, four populations totaling 
between 265 and 315 plants are located on the cliffs above Dillingham 
Airfield and Camp Erdman and at Kaena Point at the northern end of the 
Waianae Mountains. These populations occur on private and State lands, 
and State lands under Federal jurisdiction (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 
2001; U.S. Army (Army) 2001b).
    Schiedea kealiae is usually found on steep slopes and cliff faces 
and bases in dry remnant Erythrina sandwicensis forest at elevations 
between 46 and 341 m (151 and 1,118 ft). Associated plant species 
include Sicyos sp. (anunu), Plumbago zeylanica, Lepidium bidentatum 
(anaunau), Lipochaeta remyi (nehe), Myoporum sandwicense, Hibiscus 
arnottianus, Psydrax odorata, Bidens sp., or Sida fallax (HINHP 
Database 2001).
    The major threats to Schiedea kealiae are competition with the 
alien plant species Schinus terebinthifolius, Panicum maximum, and 
Leucaena leucocephala; predation by introduced slugs and snails; lack 
of a pollinator; and risk of extinction from naturally-occurring events 
and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing 
populations. The Kaena Point population is additionally threatened by 
naturally-occurring rock slides and fire (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 
2001; 61 FR 53089).

Silene perlmanii (NCN)

    Silene perlmanii, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is 
a perennial plant with stems that are woody at the base. It usually is 
much branched from the base and often forms clumps. Stems are 30 to 50 
cm (12 to 20 in) long, and leaves are in the shape of narrow ellipses. 
A few flowers are arranged in clusters at the ends of stems. Each 
flower has fused sepals with five lobes and white, deeply notched 
petals. Mature capsules have not been seen. It is the only species of 
the genus on Oahu and can be distinguished from other Silene species by 
its white petals and a calyx which is more than 19 mm (0.7 in) long and 
densely covered with short hairs (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Silene perlmanii flowers in the spring, depending on climatic 
conditions. Flowers last for a day. Fruits develop in a few weeks. No 
further information is available on reproductive cycles, specific 
environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).
    Silene perlmanii was discovered in the 1980s and was known from a 
few individuals in two populations in the southern Waianae Mountains on 
Federal and privately owned lands. The populations were about 1.6 km (1 
mi) apart at Palikea and Palawai Gulch. As of December 1997, no 
individuals are known to be extant in the wild (GDSI 2001; HINHP 
Database 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770). Currently, this species is 
known only from individuals under propagation at the National Tropical 
Botanical Garden (G. Koob, pers. comm. 2002).
    Silene perlmanii typically grew on steep rocky slopes in Acacia 
koa-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic forest at elevations between 
493 and 919 m (1,617 and 3,014 ft) (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 
56 FR 55770).
    The major threats to Silene perlmanii are competition from the 
alien plant species Erigeron karvinskianus, Ageratina adenophora, 
Passiflora suberosa, Schinus terebinthifolius, Myrica faya, and Melinis 
minutiflora; feral pigs; and the risk of extinction from naturally-
occurring events and reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number 
of individuals (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 56 FR 55770).

Stenogyne kanehoana (NCN)

    Stenogyne kanehoana is a scandent vine in the mint family 
(Lamiaceae) with stems weakly four-angled, hairy, and 1 to 2 m (3 to 6 
ft) long. The leaves are oppositely arranged and are narrowly ovate to 
oblong-ovate, and thin but densely hairy. The flowers are in clusters 
of three to six per leaf axil; the petals are fused into a strongly 
curved tube, white or pale yellow with short, pink, corolla lobes. The 
fruit consists of four fleshy, black nutlets. Stenogyne kanehoana is 
distinguished from the only other member of the genus occurring on 
Oahu, S. kaalae, primarily by the size and color of its flowers. The 
flowers of S. kanehoana are large, white to yellow, and tipped in pink, 
while those of S. kaalae are small and deep purple (Weller and Sakai 
1999).
    Stenogyne kanehoana generally flowers from February through March, 
but flowering depends on precipitation and flowers have been noted from 
January to as late as April. Fruits mature within 6 weeks. The life 
span of this species appears to be about 7 to 12 years. No further 
information is available on reproductive cycles, specific environmental 
requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).
    Stenogyne kanehoana was known from the east ridge of Puu Kanehoa, 
Waianae Mountains, near the summit of the ridge connecting Puu Kanehoa 
with Puu Hapapa to the north and Puu Kaua to the south; a distance 
totaling approximately 2.8 km (1.75 mi). This population consisting of 
two plants near the summit of Puu Kanehoa on privately owned land was 
found dead recently. An additional population in Kaluaa Gulch was 
discovered in 2000 by Joan Yoshioka of TNCH. This population consist of 
one to six individual plants and is located on private owned land 
(HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; Service 1998b; 57 FR 20592).
    The remnant population of Stenogyne kanehoana is found in lowland 
mesic forest between 559 and 1,168 m (1,834 and 3,831 ft) elevation. 
Associated native plant species include Acacia koa, Metrosideros 
polymorpha, Psychotria sp., Freycinetia arborea, Bidens sp., Chamaesyce 
sp., Alyxia oliviformis, Cibotium sp., or Scaevola sp. (HINHP Database 
2001).
    The major threats to Stenogyne kanehoana are habitat degradation 
and competition for space, water, light, and nutrients by naturalized, 
alien species (especially Clidemia hirta, Schinus terebinthifolius, 
Psidium cattleianum, Passiflora suberosa, and Paspalum conjugatum). The 
extremely small number of individual plants and their restricted 
distribution increases the potential for extinction from naturally-
occurring events. Other potential threats which have been suggested 
include fire and deforestation, but, at present, these probably are not 
serious threats to the species. Feral pigs, the two spotted leafhopper, 
and hikers are also thought to be a threat to this species (Service 
1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 57 FR 20592).

Tetramolopium filiforme (NCN)

    Tetramolopium filiforme, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), 
is a dwarf shrub from 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 in) tall with complexly 
branched stems. The leaves are much longer than wide; from 1 to 2 cm 
(0.4 to 0.8 in) long and 0.4 to 1.2 mm (0.02 to 0.05 in) wide. The

[[Page 37128]]

flower heads are single or grouped in clusters of two to four, each 
having a bell-shaped involucre (one or more whorls of bracts situated 
below and close to a flower, flower cluster, or fruit). There are 35 to 
52 white or pale lavender ray florets in a single circle at the edge of 
the head. There are 18 to 30 maroon (rarely yellow) disk florets in the 
center of each head. The ray florets are female, while the disk florets 
function as male flowers. Fruits are achenes (a small dry indehiscent 
one-seeded fruit). This species is distinguished from the other extant 
species on Oahu by its separate male and female flowers both on the 
same plant, and its inflorescence of one to four heads (Lowrey 1999).
    In cultivation, Tetramolopium filiforme germinates in about 3 
weeks. Fifteen weeks after germination, the plants are approximately 9 
cm (3.5 in) high and they produce their first buds. The first blossoms 
are noted about 18 weeks after germination. During growth an 
inflorescence forms at the apex of each shoot while new shoots develop 
laterally. Tetramolopium filiforme is relatively short-lived and 
usually lives less than 5 years. In the wild, it usually flowers in the 
late winter or spring but flowering can also be induced by heavy 
rainfall (Service 1998b).
    Historically, Tetramolopium filiforme was known from the northern 
Waianae Mountains, from Ohikilolo Ridge, Keaau Valley, and Makaha 
Valley. This species remains in Keaau Valley, Kahanahaiki Valley, 
Makua-Keaau Ridge, Lualualei, Waianae Kai and Puu Kawiwi on Federal, 
State, city, and county lands. The six known populations are estimated 
to contain approximately 253 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; EDA 
Database 2001; GDSI 2001).
    Tetramolopium filiforme typically grows on dry cliff faces and 
ridges in dry and mesic forests at elevations of 247 to 978 m (810 to 
3,208 ft). Associated species include Bidens torta, Carex meyenii, 
Peperomia tetraphylla (ala ala wai nui), Schiedea sp., Sida fallax, 
Dodonaea viscosa, Artemisia australis, or Schiedea mannii (HINHP 
Database 2001).
    The major threats to Tetramolopium filiforme are habitat 
degradation by feral goats; competition from the alien plant species 
Ageratina riparia, Lantana camara, Melinis repens, Acacia confusa, 
Kalanchoe pinnata, Schinus terebinthifolius, Leucaena leucocephala, 
Melinis minutiflora, and Erigeron karvinskianus; fire; military 
activities; and a risk of extinction from naturally-occurring events 
and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining 
populations and trampling or collection by humans on or near trails 
(Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001).

Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa (Oheohe)

    Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, a member of the ginseng family 
(Araliaceae), is a tree 2.5 to 10 m (8 to 33 ft) tall, either hairless 
or with fuzzy, short-lived hairs on the young leaves and flower 
clusters. The leaves have seven to 21 leathery, oval to elliptic 
leaflets per leaf. Each leaflet is folded upward along the midvein. The 
flowers are usually arranged in threes or in an umbrella-shaped 
arrangement. Petals usually number five or six per flower, with an 
equal number of stamens. The ovary, which usually has three or four 
sections, appears placed atop the receptacle (base of the flower) in a 
superior position, due to the expansion of the ovary disk (outgrowth of 
the receptacle) and the reduction of the hypanthium (basal portion of 
the flower). Fruits are purplish, oval or top-shaded drupes, that 
enclose a papery endocarp and single seeds. Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa 
is distinguished from all other species in the genus in that its ovary 
appears fully superior (Lowrey 1999).
    This species was observed in flower and fruit in November 1991 and 
in fruit in May and September. No further information exists on 
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or 
limiting factors (Service 1998b).
    Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa was historically known from Punaluu, 
Waikakalaua Gulch, Mount Olympus, and the region between Niu and 
Wailupe, all in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu. This species was also 
sighted in the Waianae Range at Palikea in 1954. Currently, 20 
populations are scattered along the summit ridges of the Koolau 
Mountains from the region of Paumalu at the northern extreme to 
Kuliouou and Waimanalo at the southeastern most point, on Federal, 
State, city, and county lands. Fewer than 100 individuals are known 
(HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).
    Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa is typically found on windswept summit 
ridges, slopes, or in gullies in wet or sometimes mesic lowland forests 
and shrublands between elevations of 93 and 959 m (305 and 3,146 ft). 
Associated plant species include Cheirodendron sp., Antidesma 
platyphyllum, Syzygium sandwicensis, Hedyotis terminalis, 
Diplopterygium pinnatum, Melicope spp., Tetraplasandra oahuensis (ohe 
mauka), Bobea elaitor, Acacia koa, Cibotium chamissoi, Lobelia 
hypoleuca (NCN), Myrsine fosbergii (kolea), Pouteria sandwicensis, 
Wikstroemia sp., Sadleria sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, Cheirodendron 
sp., Dicranopteris linearis, Machaerina angustifolia, Freycinetia 
arborea, Broussaisia arguta, Psychotria spp., Labordia sp., Hedyotis 
fosbergii (manono), Bidens sp., Dubautia laxa, Cibotium sp., or the 
endangered Cyanea humboldtiara (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 59 
FR 14482).
    The major threats to Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa are competition with 
the alien plant species Pterolepis glomerata, Aleurites moluccana, 
Eucalyptus sp. (gum tree), Setaria palmifolia, Araucaria columnaris 
(Norfolk Island pine), Ardisia elliptica (shoebutton ardisia), 
Sacciolepis indica, Erigeron karvinskianus, Axonopus fissifolius, 
Paspalum conjugatum, Clidemia hirta and Psidium cattleianum; the two 
spotted leafhopper; habitat degradation by feral pigs; and reduced 
reproductive vigor due to the species' limited gene pool, a consequence 
of the small number of extant individuals (Service 1998b; HINHP 
Database 2001; 59 FR 14482).

Trematolobelia singularis (NCN)

    Trematolobelia singularis, a member of the bellflower family 
(Campanulacea), is an unbranched shrub with stems 0.6 to 1.5 m (2 to 5 
ft) long. The long and narrow leaves are 10 to 18 cm (4 to 7 in) long 
and 1 to 1.8 cm (0.4 to 0.7 in) wide. The unbranched, erect flowering 
stalk is 20 to 42 cm (8 to 16.5 in) long. The violet petals are about 5 
cm (0.2 in) long and collectively form a three-lobed tube. The largest 
lobe is curved downward and the other two are bent backward, giving the 
appearance of two lips. The capsules are almost round and contain 
numerous small, wind-dispersed seeds. This species differs from others 
of this endemic Hawaiian genus by the unbranched, erect flowering stalk 
(Lammers 1999).
    This species has been observed in flower in October. No additional 
information exists on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific 
environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).
    Trematolobelia singularis has been reported only from the southern 
Koolau Mountains. Approximately 165 plants are known from three 
populations Moanalua-Tripler Ridge summit to Puu Keahiakahoe, 
Konahuanui, and Puu Lanipo. These populations are found on State and 
private lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).
    This species usually grows on steep, windswept cliff faces or 
slopes in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris

[[Page 37129]]

linearis lowland wet shrubland from 545 to 953 m (1,788 to 3,126 ft) 
elevation. Associated plant species include Eugenia sp.(nioi), 
Wikstroemia sp., Melicope sp., Sadleria sp., Cibotium sp., Broussaisia 
arguta, or Dubautia laxa (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 
53089).
    The threats to Trematolobelia singularis are habitat degradation by 
feral pigs; potential predation by rats and slugs; competition with the 
aggressive alien plant species Clidemia hirta; and risk of extinction 
from naturally-occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due 
to the small number of extant populations are serious (Service 1998b; 
HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).

Urera kaalae (Opuhe)

    Urera kaalae, a member of the nettle family (Urticaceae), is a 
small tree or shrub 3 to 7 m (10 to 23 ft) tall. The sap of the plant 
becomes greenish black when exposed to air. The leaves are pale green, 
thin and membranous, heart-shaped, 10 to 27 cm (4 to 11 in) long by 5 
to 13 cm (2 to 5 in) wide, with three main veins and toothed margins. 
The flowers are either male or female and may grow on the same or 
different plants. They are arranged in three-branched inflorescences. 
Sepals of male flowers are fused into rather globe-shaped structures 
about 1.5 mm (0.06 in) long. Sepals of female flowers are less than 1 
mm (0.04 in) long, and the inner pair becomes slightly fleshy to 
enclose the achene along about half of its 1 mm (0.04 in) length. This 
species can be distinguished from the other Hawaiian species of the 
genus by its heart-shaped leaves (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Urera kaalae has been observed flowering in the spring. It is 
difficult to predict when seeds will be produced, and, when they are 
produced, they are often sterile. This may be an indication of 
pollinator limitation. The plants are fast-growing. No further 
information is available on reproductive cycles, specific environmental 
requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).
    Historically, Urera kaalae was known from the central to southern 
windward Waianae Mountains, from Waianae Uka to Kupehau Gulch. This 
species now occurs only in North and South Ekahanui, Pualii Gulch, 
Napepeiauolelo, Halona, and Kaluaa Gulches, North and South Palawai, 
Puu Hapapa, Napepeiauolelo Gulch, and Waianae Kai on Federal, State, 
and private lands. The 11 known populations contain approximately 41 
individuals (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).
    Urera kaalae typically grows on slopes and in gulches in diverse 
mesic forest at elevations of 439 to 1,074 m (1,440 to 3,523 ft). 
Associated species include Hibiscus sp., Alyxia oliviformis, Canavalia 
sp., Charpentiera sp., Senna gaudichaudii (kolomona), Claoxylon 
sandwicense, Pleomele sp., Xylosma hawaiiense, Chamaesyce sp., 
Antidesma platyphyllum, Athyrium sp., Streblus pendulinus, Hedyotis 
acuminata, Asplenium kaulfusii, Doryopteris sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, 
Freycinetia arborea, Pipturus albidus, Urera glabra, Psychotria sp., 
Diospyros hillebrandii, or Nestegis sandwicensis (Service 1998b; 61 FR 
53089; HINHP Database 2001; Wagner et al. 1999).
    The major threats to Urera kaalae are habitat degradation by feral 
pigs; competition from the alien plant species Psidium guajava, Pimenta 
dioica, Buddleia asiatica, Thelypteris parasitica, Rubus rosifolius, 
Clidemia hirta, Passiflora suberosa, Heliocarpus popayaensis, Schinus 
terebinthifolius, Myrica faya, Passiflora subcordata, Melinis 
minutiflora, and Psidium cattleianum; fire; rockslides; and the small 
number of extant individuals and a risk of extinction from naturally 
occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small 
number of remaining individuals (Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089; HINHP 
Database 2001).

Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana (Olopu)

    Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, a member of the violet 
family (Violaceae), is a branched shrub up to 90 cm (3 ft) tall. The 
toothed leaves, usually clustered at branch tips, are triangular-oval 
to heart-shaped in outline. Each flowering stalk produces one or two 
flowers with five sepals and five white, purple-tinged petals. Capsules 
contain dark brown to almost black seeds. This subspecies can be 
distinguished from the other members of the genus in the Waianae 
Mountains by the small size of its leaves (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana has been observed in fruit 
and flower in April, August and October. No further information is 
available on flowering cycle, pollination vectors, seed dispersal 
agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting 
factors (Service 1998b).
    Historically, Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana was known from 
the central and southern Waianae Mountains and Makaleha Valley. This 
taxon now occurs on Kamaileunu Ridge, Palikea Ridge (between Nanakuli 
and Lualualei), Puu Hapapa, Makua-Keaau Ridge, Halona, and Puu 
Kumakalii on Federal, State, city, and county lands. The five known 
populations contain 59 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 
2001; GDSI 2001).
    Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana typically grows on dry 
cliffs, rocky ledges, and steep slopes in mesic shrubland and cliff 
vegetation at elevations of 414 to 1,149 m (1,358 to 3,769 ft). 
Associated species include Sida fallax, Chamaesyce sp., Dodonaea 
viscosa, Schiedea sp., Dubautia sp., Peperomia sp., Lipochaeta tenuis, 
Rumex sp., Artemisia australis, Bidens torta, Carex meyenii, Eragrostis 
sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, or Styphelia tameiameiae (pukiawe) 
(Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770; HINHP Database 2001).
    The major threats to Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana are 
habitat degradation by feral goats and pigs; competition from the alien 
the plant species Myrica faya, Schinus terebinthifolius, Erigeron 
karvinskianus, Ageratina adenophora, Ageratum riparia, and Melinis 
minutiflora; fire; landslides; and the small number of extant 
individuals and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events 
and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining 
individuals (Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770; HINHP Database 2001).

Viola oahuensis (NCN)

    Viola oahuensis, a member of the violet family (Violaceae), is 
usually an erect, unbranched subshrub 6 to 40 cm (2.4 to 16 in) tall. 
The papery-textured leaves are elliptic-egg-shaped to elliptic. The 
leaf stalks are typically 0.5 to 1 cm (0.2 to 0.4 in) long. The 
narrowly triangular stipules (either pair of appendages borne at the 
base of the leaf in many plants) have fringed edges. One to two flowers 
are borne on stalks typically 25 to 60 mm (1 to 2.4 in) long. The 
petals are pale yellow, the upper ones 8 to 13 mm (0.3 to 0.5 in) long, 
the lateral ones 10 to 13.5 mm (0.4 to 0.5 in) long, and the lower one 
12 to 16 mm (0.5 to 0.6 in) long. The capsules are 9 to 16 mm (0.4 to 
0.6 in) long. This species is distinguished from other Hawaiian members 
of the genus by the stipule characters, the length of the leaf stalks, 
and the length and papery texture of the leaves (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Viola oahuensis has been observed flowering in August and 
September. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors 
(Service 1998b).
    Historically, Viola oahuensis was known from 17 populations in the 
Koolau Mountains of Oahu scattered

[[Page 37130]]

over about a 37 km (23 mi) distance from Puu Kainapuaa to Palolo. The 
nine extant populations, which total fewer than 200 individuals, are 
now found from the Kawainui-Koloa summit divide to the Waimalu-
Koolaupoko divide. These populations are found on Federal, State, and 
private lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).
    Viola oahuensis is generally found on exposed, windswept ridges of 
moderate to steep slope in wet Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris 
linearis shrublands and Metrosideros polymorpha mixed montane bogs in 
the cloud zone from 415 to 959 m (1,361 to 3,146 ft) elevation. This 
species typically grows among wind-stunted Broussaisia arguta, Cibotium 
sp., Labordia sp., Dubautia laxa, Wikstroemia sp., Hedyotis terminalis, 
Antidesma sp., Syzygium sandwicensis, Melicope sp., Bidens macrocarpa, 
Machaerina sp., Sadleria sp., or Vaccinium sp. (Service 1998b; HINHP 
Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).
    The primary threats to Viola oahuensis are habitat degradation and/
or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military 
activities; competition with Pterolepis sp. (NCN), Axonopus 
fissifolius, Clidemia hirta, Psidium cattleianum, and Paspalum 
conjugatum; and risk of extinction from naturally-occurring events and/
or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of populations 
(Service1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).

Multi-Island Species

Adenophorus periens (Pendant kihi fern)

    Adenophorus periens, a member of the grammitis family 
(Grammitidaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a small, pendant, 
epiphytic (not rooted on the ground) fern. This species differs from 
other species in this endemic Hawaiian genus by having hairs along the 
pinna (a leaflet or primary division of a pinnate leaf or frond) 
margins, by the pinnae being at right angles to the midrib axis, by the 
placement of the sori on the pinnae, and the degree of dissection of 
each pinna (Linney 1989).
    Little is known about the life history of Adenophorus periens, 
which seems to grow only in closed canopy dense forest with high 
humidity. Its breeding system is unknown but outbreeding is very likely 
to be the predominant mode of reproduction. Spores are dispersed by 
wind, possibly by water, and perhaps on the feet of birds or insects. 
Spores lack a thick resistant coat which may indicate their longevity 
is brief, probably measured in days at most. Due to the weak 
differences between the seasons in the habitats where this species is 
found, there seems to be no evidence of seasonality in growth or 
reproduction. Adenophorus periens appears to be susceptible to volcanic 
emissions and/or resultant acid precipitation. Additional information 
on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors is not available (Linney 1989).
    Historically, Adenophorus periens was known from Kauai, the Koolau 
Mountains of Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, it 
is known from several locations on Kauai, Molokai, and Hawaii. This 
species is no longer extant on the island of Oahu. It was collected in 
1909 on the west ridge of Palolo crater and the west ridge of Palolo 
Valley (HINHP Database 2001).
    Adenophorus periens grows epiphytically on trees in Metrosideros 
polymorpha and Metrosideros rugosa wet forests between 309 and 867 m 
(1,014 and 2,844 ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include 
Dicranopteris linearis, Cheirodendron spp., Machaerina angustifolia, 
Syzygium sanwicensis, Hedyotis terminalis, or Cibotium sp. (HINHP 
Database 2001).
    The threats to Adenophorus periens are habitat degradation by feral 
pigs and goats and competition with the alien plant species Psidium 
cattleianum (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; HINHP Database 2001).

Alectryon macrococcus (Mahoe)

    Alectryon macrococcus, a member of the soapberry family 
(Sapindaceae), consists of two varieties, macrococcus and auwahiensis, 
both trees with reddish brown branches and net veined paper, or 
leather, leaves with one to five pairs of sometimes asymmetrical egg-
shaped leaflets. The underside of the leaf has dense brown hairs, only 
when young in A. macrococcus var. macrococcus, and whether young or 
mature (persistent) in A. macrococcus var. auwahiensis. Alectryon 
macrococcus var. auwahiensis is only found on the island of Maui. The 
only member of its genus found in Hawaii, this species is distinguished 
from other members of its family by being a tree with a hard fruit 2.5 
cm (1 in) or more in diameter (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Alectryon macrococcus is a relatively slow growing, long lived tree 
that grows in xeric to mesic sites and is adapted to periodic drought. 
Little else is known about the life history of this species. Flowering 
cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, and specific 
environmental requirements are unknown (Service 1997).
    Currently and historically, Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus 
occurs on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. On Oahu, there are a total of 
34 populations containing around 300 individuals. These populations are 
found in Kapuna Gulch, Huliwai Gulch, Kaluaa Gulch, Ekahanui Gulch, 
Manuwai Gulch, Mohiakea Gulch, Makua Valley, Puu Ku Makalii, Nanakuli-
Lualualei Ridge, Palikea Gulch, Makaha, Pahole Gulch, Makaleha Valley, 
Waianae Kai, Waieli Gulch, Kaluakauila Gulch, Kaaua Gulch, Puu Hapapa, 
Mikilua subdistrict, Kaawa Gulch, and Napepeiauolelo Gulch on Federal, 
State, city, county, and private lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; 
EDA Database 2001; Wagner et al. 1999; EDA, in litt. 2001).
    Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus grows on slopes, ridges, or 
in gulches within mesic lowland forests between elevations of 367 and 
941 m (1,204 and 3,086 ft). Associated native plant species include 
Pisonia sandwicensis, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Streblus pendulinus, 
Psychotria hathewayi, Pouteria sandwicensis, Pisonia umbellifera, 
Diplazium sandwichianum, Claoxylon sandwicense, Neraudia sp., Pipturus 
albidus, Diospyros hillebrandii, Charpentiera sp., Hibiscus 
arnottianus, Metrosideros polymorpha, Diospyros sandwicensis, Nestegis 
sandwicensis, Pisonia sp., Xylosma sp., Antidesma platyphyllum, Myrsine 
lanaiensis, Psydrax odorata, Canavalia sp., or Alyxia oliviformis 
(HINHP Database 2001).
    The threats to Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus on Oahu are 
impacts of feral goats and pigs; impacts of the alien plant species 
Heliocarpos popayanensis, Toona ciliata, Syzygium cumini, Aleurites 
moluccana, Blechnum occidentale, Oplismenus hirtellus, Psidium guajava, 
Melinus minutiflora, Clidemia hirta, Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyu 
grass), Buddleia asiatica, Thelypteris parasitica, Rubus rosifolius, 
Passiflora suberosa, Lanatana camara, Schinus terebinthifolius, and 
Psidium cattleianum; damage from the black twig borer; seed predation 
by rats, mice (Mus domesticus), and insects; fire; depressed 
reproductive vigor; loss of pollinators; depressed reproductive vigor; 
and due to the very small remaining number of individuals and their 
limited distribution, a single natural or human-caused environmental 
disturbance could easily be catastrophic (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

[[Page 37131]]

Bonamia menziesii (NCN)

    Bonamia menziesii, a member of the morning glory family 
(Convolvulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a vine with twining 
branches that are fuzzy when young. This species is the only member of 
the genus that is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and differs from 
other genera in the family by its two styles, longer stems and 
petioles, and rounder leaves (Austin 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of Bonamia menziesii. 
Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).
    Historically, Bonamia menziesii was known from Kauai, the Waianae 
Mountains of Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and the Island of Hawaii. Currently, 
this species is extant on Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and the Island of 
Hawaii. There are 16 total populations containing a total of fewer than 
100 individual plants on Oahu. On Oahu, populations are found in Niu 
Valley, Makaleha Valley, Makua-Keaau Ridge, Wailupe, Waialae Nui-
Kapakahi Ridge and Kapakahi Gulch, Kaluakauila Gulch, Keawaula, Hawaii 
loa Ridge and Kului Gulch, Nanakuli Valley, Kuaokala, Halona, Waialae 
Iki, Kapuna Gulch, Mikilua, Waianae Kai, and Alaiheihe Gulch on 
Federal, State, and private lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA 
Database 2001).
    Bonamia menziesii is found on steep slopes or level ground in dry 
or mesic forest in open or closed canopy at elevations between 31 and 
809 m (102 and 2,654 ft). Associated species include Alyxia 
oliviformis, Pleomele sp., Sida fallax, Waltheria indica, Erythrina 
sandwicensis (wili wili), Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Sicyos sp., Acacia 
koa, Styphelia tameiameiae, Dodonaea viscosa, Metrosideros polymorpha, 
Psydrax odorata, Dianella sandwicensis (ukiuki), Diospyros 
sandwicensis, Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope anisata (mokihana), 
Melicope barbigera (alani), Myoporum sandwicense, Nestegis 
sandwicensis, Pisonia sp., Pittosporum sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, or 
Sapindus oahuensis (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999).
    The primary threats to Bonamia menziesii on Oahu are habitat 
degradation and possible predation by wild and feral pigs, goats, and 
cattle; competition with the alien plant species Pennisetum setaceum 
(fountain grass), Passiflora suberosa, Aleurites moluccana, Psidium 
cattleianum, Montanoa hibiscifolia, Schinus terebinthifolius, Grevillea 
robusta, Toona ciliata, Pimenta dioica, Kalanchoe pinnata, Panicum 
maximum, Melia azerdarach, Syzygium cumini, Leucaena leucocephala, 
Lantana camara, Hyptis pectinata, and Rivina humilis; fire; an alien 
bug (Physomerus grossipes); and military activities (59 FR 56333; 
Service 1999; HINHP Database 2001).

Cenchrus agrimonioides (Kamanomano)

    Cenchrus agrimonioides, a member of the grass family (Poaceae) and 
a short-lived perennial, is a grass with leaf blades which are flat or 
folded and have a prominent midrib. There are two varieties, Cenchrus 
agrimonioides var. laysanensis and Cenchrus agrimonioides var. 
agrimonioides. They differ from each other in that var. agrimonioides 
has smaller burs, shorter stems, and narrower leaves. Cenchrus 
agrimonioides var. laysanensis is only known from the Northwest 
Hawaiian Islands. This species is distinguished from others in the 
genus by the cylindrical to lance-shaped bur and the arrangement and 
position of the bristles (O'Conner 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of Cenchrus agrimonioides. 
Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors are generally unknown, however, this species has 
been observed to produce fruit year round (Service 1999).
    Historically, Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides was known 
from the Waianae Mountains of Oahu, Lanai, and Maui. This variety is 
currently extant on Oahu and Maui. Currently, Cenchrus agrimonioides 
var. agrimonioides is known from a total of eight populations 
containing between 113 and 118 individuals on Oahu. On Oahu, 
populations are found in the Pahole Gulch, on the Makaha-Waianae Kai 
Ridge, in or near Kahanahaiki Gulch, in east Makaleha, Puu Kaua, 
Huliwai Gulch, and in the Pualii Drainage, on Federal, State, city, 
county, and private lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 
2001; 61 FR 53108; Service 1999).
    Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides is usually found on dry 
upper slopes, or ridges in lowland mixed mesic forest at elevations 
between 357 and 890 m (1,171 and 2,919 ft). Associated plant species 
include Acacia koa, Metrosideros polymorpha, Alyxia oliviformis, 
Psydrax odorata, Diospyros sandwicensis, Carex wahuensis, Nestegis 
sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., Bobea sp., Chamaesyce multiformis, Gahnia 
beecheyi (NCN), Coprosma foliosa, Styphelia tameiameiae, or Eragrostis 
variabilis (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001).
    The major threats to Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides on 
Oahu are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; 
competition with the alien plant species Schinus terebinthifolius, 
Blechnum occidentale, Ageratina riparia, Psidium cattleianum, Grevillea 
robusta, Passiflora suberosa, Clidemia hirta, Casuarina sp. (ironwood), 
Paspalum conjugatum, and Rubus argutus; trampling and fire from 
military activities; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring 
events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of 
existing individuals (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 2001).

Centaurium sebaeoides (Awiwi)

    Centaurium sebaeoides, a member of the gentian family 
(Gentianaceae), is an annual herb with fleshy leaves and stalkless 
flowers. This species is distinguished from Centaurium erythraea, which 
is naturalized in Hawaii, by its fleshy leaves and the unbranched 
arrangement of the flower cluster (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Centaurium sebaeoides has been observed flowering in April. 
Flowering may be induced by heavy rainfall. Populations are found in 
dry areas, and plants are more likely to be found following heavy rains 
(56 FR 55770).
    Historically, Centaurium sebaeoides was known from Kauai, Oahu, 
Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. This species is currently extant on Kauai, 
Maui, Lanai, and Oahu. Currently on Oahu, three populations of this 
species remains with a total of between 60 and 80 individuals at Kaena 
Point, Koko Head, and on the slopes above Halona Point on State, 
private, city, and county lands (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 
Wagner et al. 1999).
    Centaurium sebaeoides typically grows in volcanic or clay soils or 
on cliffs in arid coastal areas or on coral plains below 368 m (1,207 
ft) elevation. Associated species include Artemisia sp., Bidens sp., 
Jacquemontia ovalifolia, Lipochaeta succulenta (nehe), or Lysimachia 
sp. (kolokolo kuahiwi) (HINHP Database 2001; 56 FR 55770; Wagner et al. 
1999).
    The major threats to Centaurium sebaeoides on Oahu are habitat 
degradation by feral goats and cattle; competition from the alien plant 
species Leucaena leucocephala; trampling by humans on or near trails; 
and fire (56 FR 55770; Service 1999).

Colubrina oppositifolia (Kauila)

    Colubrina oppositifolia, a member of the Buckthorn family 
(Rhamnaceae) and

[[Page 37132]]

a long-lived perennial, is a tree with extremely hard red wood. This 
species is readily distinguished from the other species in Hawaii by 
several characters opposite leaf position, dull leaf surface, and 
entire leaf margins (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Colubrina oppositifolia was observed in fruit and flower during 
September and June, and in flower during December and January. No other 
life history information is currently available (HINHP Database 2001).
    Historically, Colubrina oppositifolia was known from Oahu, Maui and 
the island of Hawaii. This species now occurs on the island of Hawaii, 
Oahu, and Maui. Currently there are a total of five populations 
containing a total of 61 individuals on Oahu. On Oahu, populations are 
found in Kaumokunui Gulch, Makaleha Valley, and Manuwai Gulch on State 
and private lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).
    Habitats of Colubrina oppositifolia are lowland dry and mesic 
forests dominated by Diospyros sandwicensis, found at elevations 
between 277 and 761 m (909 and 2,496 ft). Associated native species 
include Alyxia oliviformis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Sapindus oahuensis, 
Psydrax odorata, or Reynoldsia sandwicensis (HINHP Database 2001).
    The threats to this species on Oahu are habitat destruction by 
feral pigs and goats; competition with the alien plant species Syzygium 
cumini, Psidium cattleianum, Aleurites moluccana, Lantana camara, 
Pennisetum setaceum, and Schinus terebinthifolius; the introduction of 
black twig borer; Chinese rose beetles; fire; small population numbers; 
limited distributions; and disturbance by military and unauthorized 
personnel (59 FR 10305; Service 1996c; HINHP Database 2001).

Ctenitis squamigera (Pauoa)

    Ctenitis squamigera, a member of the wood fern family 
(Aspleniaceae), has a rhizome creeping above the ground that is densely 
covered with scales similar to those on the lower part of the leaf 
stalk. It can be readily distinguished from other Hawaiian species of 
Ctenitis by the dense covering of tan colored scales on its frond 
(Degener and Degener 1957).
    Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental 
requirements, and limiting factors are unknown for Ctenitis squamigera 
(Service 1998a).
    Historically, Ctenitis squamigera was recorded from Kauai; 
Kaluanui, southeast of Kahana Bay, Pauoa, Nuuanu, Niu, and Wailupe in 
the Koolau Mountains, Mt. Kaala NAR and Schofield Barracks in the 
Waianae Mountains of Oahu; Molokai; Maui; and the island of Hawaii. 
This species is currently extant on Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. 
Currently on Oahu, four populations with more than 80 individuals are 
found in the Waianae Mountains in Makaleha Valley, Kaaawa Gulch, Makua 
Valley and Waianae Kai Forest Reserve on Federal, State, and private 
lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).
    Ctenitis squamigera is found on gentle to steep slopes in 
Metrosideros polymorpha/Diospyros sandwicensis mesic forest and diverse 
mesic forest at elevations of 387 to 923 m (1,269 to 3,027 ft). 
Associated native plant taxa include Alyxia oliviformis, Hibiscus sp., 
Diospyros hillebrandii, Nestegis sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata, 
Pouteria sandwicensis, Carex meyenii, Dodonaea viscosa, Freycinetia 
arborea, Pisonia sp., Dryopteris unidentata, Doodia kunthiana, Myrsine 
sp., Psychotria sp., or Xylosma sp. (HINHP Database 2001).
    The primary threats to Ctenitis squamigera on Oahu are habitat 
degradation by feral pigs and goats; competition with the alien plant 
species, Blechnum occidentale, Ageratina riparia, Toona ciliata, 
Clidemia hirta, Aleurites moluccana, Syzygium cumini, Psidium guajava, 
Psidium cattleianum and Schinus terebinthifolius; fire; decreased 
reproductive vigor and extinction caused by naturally occurring events 
due to the small number of existing populations (Service 1998a; HINHP 
Database 2001; 59 FR 49025).

Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (Haha)

    Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, a member of the bellflower 
family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a shrub with 
pinnately divided leaves. This species is distinguished from others in 
this endemic Hawaiian genus by the pinnately lobed leaf margins and the 
width of the leaf blades. This subspecies is distinguished from the 
other two subspecies by the shape and size of the calyx lobes which 
overlap at the base (Lammers 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of Cyanea grimesiana ssp. 
grimesiana. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental 
requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).
    Currently and historically, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana is 
known from the Waianae and Koolau Mountains on Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, 
and Maui. On Oahu, there are populations known from Palikea Gulch, 
North Haleauau Gulch, Pahole NAR, Pia Gulch, Kului Gulch, and in 
Waialae Iki-Kapakahi on Federal, State, city, county, and private lands 
in a total of six populations containing nine individuals (HINHP 
Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).
    Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana is typically found in mesic 
forest often dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or Metrosideros 
polymorpha and Acacia koa, or on rocky or steep slopes of stream banks, 
at elevations between 114 and 746 m (374 and 2,447 ft). Associated 
plant species include Cyanea angustifolia (haha), Joinvillea sp. (ohe), 
Clermontia persicaefolia (oha wai), Melicope sp., Dicranopteris 
linearis, Coprosma sp., Alyxia oliviformis, Syzygium sandwicensis, 
Diplazium sandwichianum, Antidesma sp., Bobea sp., Myrsine sp., 
Nestegis sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., or Xylosma sp. (61 FR 53108; 
Service 1999).
    The threats to Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana on Oahu are 
habitat degradation and/or destruction caused by wild and feral goats 
and pigs; competition with the alien plant species, Clidemia hirta, 
Psidium cattleianum, and Toona ciliata; random naturally occurring 
events causing extinction due to the small number of existing 
individuals; fire; trampling by hikers and/or military activities; 
landslides; rats; and predation by various species of slugs (61 FR 
53108; Service 1999).

Cyperus trachysanthos (Puukaa)

    Cyperus trachysanthos, a member of the sedge family (Cyperaceae), 
is a perennial grass-like plant with a short rhizome (underground 
stem). The culms (aerial stems) are densely tufted, obtusely triangular 
in cross section, tall, sticky, and leafy at the base. This species is 
distinguished from others in the genus by the short rhizome, the leaf 
sheath with partitions at the nodes, the shape of the glumes, and the 
length of the culms (Koyama 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of Cyperus trachysanthos. 
Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).
    Historically, Cyperus trachysanthos was known from Niihau, Kauai, 
scattered locations on Oahu, Molokai, and Lanai. This species is now 
extant on Kauai and Oahu. On Oahu, it is known from the Kaena Point 
NAR, nearby Manini Gulch, State land at Diamond Head, Makapuu, Queens 
Beach, and the Kawainui Marsh area, on Federal, State, and private 
lands. There are six

[[Page 37133]]

populations with a total of 40 individuals on Oahu (HINHP Database 
2001; Service 1999)
    Cyperus trachysanthos is usually found in wet sites (mud flats, wet 
clay soil, seasonal ponds, or wet cliff seeps) on coastal cliffs or 
talus slopes at elevations above 248 m (813 ft). Associated native 
species include Hibiscus tiliaceus (hau) (Service 1999; Koyama 1999; 61 
FR 53108; HINHP Database 2001).
    The threats to Cyperus trachysanthos on Oahu are a risk of 
extinction from naturally occurring events due to the small number of 
populations; competition with alien plant species; feral goats; fire; 
off-road vehicles to all populations; and pumping of wetlands for flood 
and mosquito control; modifications to the wetland topography; mowing; 
herbicide application; and run-off from nearby Hawaii Army National 
Guard (HIARNG) activities such as the cleaning of vehicles, dumping of 
paints or thinners, or the use of pesticides to the Diamond Head 
population (61 FR 53108; Service 1999).

Diellia erecta (NCN)

    Diellia erecta, a member of the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae) 
and a short-lived perennial, is a fern that grows in tufts of three to 
nine lance shaped fronds which emerge from a rhizome covered with brown 
to dark gray scales. This species differs from other members of the 
genus in having brown or dark gray scales usually more than 2 cm (0.8 
in) in length, fused or separate sori (one of the dots on the underside 
of a fertile fern frond consisting of a cluster of spores) along both 
margins, shiny black midribs that have a hardened surface, and veins 
that do not usually encircle the sori (Degener and Greenwell 1950; 
Wagner 1952).
    Little is known about the life history of Diellia erecta. 
Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).
    Historically, Diellia erecta was known from Kauai; the Koolau 
Mountains on Oahu; Molokai; Lanai; Maui; and the island of Hawaii. 
Currently, it is known from Molokai, Maui, Oahu, and Hawaii. On Oahu, 
it is known from a single population containing at least 20 plants on 
Hawaii Loa Ridge on State and private lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 
2001).
    Diellia erecta is found on moderate to steep gulch slopes or 
sparsely vegetated rock faces in mesic forest at elevations between 118 
and 550 m (387 and 1,804 ft). Associated native plant species include 
Sapindus oahuensis, Psydrax odorata, Coprosma sp., Dodonaea viscosa, 
Dryopteris unidentata, Myrsine sp., Psychotria sp., Syzygium 
sandwicensis, or Wikstroemia sp. (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999).
    The major threats to Diellia erecta on Oahu are habitat degradation 
by pigs; competition with alien plant species, including Blechnum 
occidentale, Psidium cattleianum, Schinus terebinthifolius, Cordyline 
fruticosa, Oplismenus hirtellus, Schefflera actinophylla, Clidemia 
hirta, and Phymatosorus scolopendria (NCN); and random naturally 
occurring events causing extinction and/or reduced reproductive vigor 
due to the small number of existing individuals (HINHP Database 2001; 
59 FR 56333; Service 1999).

Diplazium molokaiense (NCN)

    Diplazium molokaiense, a member of the woodfern family 
(Dryopteridaceae), has a short prostrate rhizome. The leaf stalks are 
15 to 20 cm (6 to 8 in) long and green or straw colored. The frond is 
thin textured, ovate-oblong, 15 to 50 cm (6 to 20 in) long and 10 to 15 
cm (4 to 6 in) wide, truncate at the base, and pinnate with a 
pinnatifid apex. The sori are 0.8 to 1.3 cm (0.3 to 0.5 in) long and 
lie alongside the side veins of the pinnae. Diplazium molokaiense can 
be distinguished from other species of Diplazium in the Hawaiian 
Islands by a combination of characters, including venation pattern, the 
length and arrangement of the sori, frond shape, and the degree of 
dissection of the frond (Wagner and Wagner 1992).
    Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements 
and limiting factors are for Diplazium molokaiense are unknown (Service 
1998a).
    Historically, Diplazium molokaiense was found on Kauai, Makaleha 
and Schofield Barracks on Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. However, 
within the last 20 years, only one population of one individual has 
been recorded from Waiopai Gulch, East Maui on DHHL land. This species 
was last collected on Oahu in 1945 from Kolekole Pass to Kaala (HINHP 
Database 2001).
    Diplazium molokaiense on Oahu was found on steep rocky wooded gulch 
walls in wet forests from 618 to 1,202 m (2,027 to 3,943 ft) elevation 
(HINHP Database 2001).
    No other information is available for Diplazium molokaiense on 
Oahu.

Eugenia koolauensis (Nioi)

    Eugenia koolauensis, a member of the myrtle family (Myrtaceae), is 
a small tree or shrub between 2 and 7 m (7 and 23 ft) tall with branch 
tips covered with dense brown hairs. Eugenia koolauensis is one of two 
species in the genus that are native to Hawaii, it differs from the 
other species in having leaves that are densely hairy on the lower 
surface and leaf margins that curve under the leaves (Wagner et al. 
1999).
    This species has been observed in flower from February to December 
in various years. No other information exists on reproductive cycles, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors 
(Service 1998b).
    Eugenia koolauensis was historically known from Maunaloa on western 
Molokai and from Kaipapau Valley, Hanaimoa and Kahawainui Gulches, and 
a gully southeast of Kahuku on Oahu. Currently, this species is only 
found on Oahu in ten populations on Federal, State, and private lands 
Hanaimoa Gulch, Papali Gulch, Kaleleiki Gulch, Aimuu Gulch, Kaunala 
Gulch, Pahipahialua Gulch, Oio Gulch, and Palikea Gulch. A total of 
fewer than 70 individuals occur in the Koolau populations (HINHP 
Database 2001; EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001).
    Eugenia koolauensis is found on gentle to steep slopes or ridges in 
mesic or dry forests dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or Diospyros 
sp. from 57 to 437 m (187 to 1,433 ft) in elevation. Other associated 
plant species include Bobea elaitor, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Alyxia 
oliviformis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Dicranopteris linearis, Styphelia 
tameiameiae, Carex meyenii, Myrsine lessertiana, Nestegis sandwicensis, 
Pleomele halapepe, or Psydrax odorata (HINHP Database 2001; Service 
1998b).
    The major threats to Eugenia koolauensis on Oahu are habitat 
degradation by feral pigs; competition with alien plant species such as 
Casuarina equisetifolia, Eucalyptus sp., Cordyline fruticosa, 
Passiflora laurifolia (yellow granadilla), Oplismenus hirtellus, Acacia 
confusa, Araucaria columnaris, Toona ciliata, Melia azedarach, 
Grevillea robusta, Aleurites moluccana, Syzygium cumini, Passiflora 
suberosa, Panicum maximum, Hyptis pectinata, Ardisia elliptica, Schinus 
terebinthifolius, Clidemia hirta, Psidium cattleianum, and Lantana 
camara; and the limited numbers of this species make it vulnerable to 
extinction due to naturally caused events and reduced reproductive 
vigor (59 FR 14482; HINHP Database 2001).

Euphorbia haeleeleana (Akoko)

    Euphorbia haeleeleana, a member of the spurge family 
(Euphorbiaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a dioecious (female and 
male flowers on separate

[[Page 37134]]

plants) tree 3 to 14 m (10 to 46 ft) tall. The alternate leaves are 
papery in texture, elliptic, and usually 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 in) long 
and 4 to 6 cm (2 in) wide. Male trees bear many small male flowers 
within a cyathium (a compact inflorescence with small individual 
flowers). The female trees have cyathia with a single female flower 
surrounded by numerous abortive male flowers. The capsules (dry fruit 
that open at maturity) are round. This species is distinguished from 
others in the family in that it is a tree, whereas most of the other 
species are herbs or shrubs, as well as by the large leaves with 
prominent veins (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Individual trees of Euphorbia haeleeleana bear only male or female 
flowers, and must be cross-pollinated from a different tree to produce 
viable seed. This species sets fruit between August and October. Little 
else is known about the life history of this species. Reproductive 
cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting 
factors are unknown (Service 1999; Wagner et al. 1999).
    Euphorbia haeleeleana is known historically and currently from 
northwestern Kauai and the Waianae Mountains of Oahu. On Oahu, six 
populations of approximately 134 individuals are known from Keawaula 
Gulch, Kahanahaiki Valley, Kaumokunui-Kaumokuiki Ridge, and Alaieihe 
Gulch on Federal, State, and private lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 
2001; EDA Database 2001).
    Euphorbia haeleeleana on Oahu is usually found in dry forest that 
is often dominated by Diospyros sp. The plant is typically found at 
elevations between 156 and 586 m (512 and 1,922 ft). Associated plant 
species include Psydrax odorata, Dodonaea viscosa, Erythrina 
sandwicensis, Pleomele sp., Reynoldsia sandwicensis, or Sapindus 
oahuensis (HINHP Database 2001).
    The main threats to Euphorbia haeleeleana on Oahu are habitat 
degradation and/or destruction by wild and feral ungulates including 
goats and pigs; predation by rats; fire; potential military activities; 
and competition with the alien plant species, Panicum maximum, 
Grevillea robusta, Toona ciliata, Lantana camara, Aleurites moluccana, 
Syzygium cumini, Melia azedarach, Psidium cattleianum, Passiflora 
suberosa, Schinus terenbinthifolius, Hyptis pectinata, Melinus 
minutiflora, Kalanchoe pinnata, Caesalpinia decapetala (wait-a-bit), 
Ficus microcarpa, Digitaria insularis (sourgrass), Rivina humilis, 
Coffea arabica, and Leucaena leucocephala (HINHP Database 2001).

Flueggea neowawraea (Mehamehame)

    Flueggea neowawraea, a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) 
and a long-lived perennial, is a large tree up to 30 m (100 ft) tall 
and 2 m (7 ft) in diameter with white oblong pores covering its scaly, 
pale brown bark. The thin, papery, oval leaves, 4 to 14 cm (1.5 to 5.5 
in) long and 2 to 9 cm (0.8 to 3.5 in) wide, are green on the upper 
surface and pale green on the lower surface. This species is usually 
dioecious (having separate male and female plants) with unisexual 
flowers lacking petals. Male flowers, on stalks less than 4 mm (0.2 in) 
long, have five green sepals with brownish tips. The female flowers, on 
stalks 1 to 2.5 mm (0.04 to 0.1 in) long, have sepals of unequal length 
with irregular margins. This species is the only member of the genus 
found in Hawaii and can be distinguished from other species in the 
genus by its large size; scaly bark; the shape, size, and color of the 
leaves; flowers clustered along the branches; and the size and shape of 
the fruits (Hayden 1999).
    Individual trees of Flueggea neowawraea bear only male or female 
flowers, and must be cross-pollinated from a different tree to produce 
viable seed. Little else is known about the life history of this 
species. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental 
requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999; Hayden 
1999).
    Historically, Flueggea neowawraea was known from Molokai, Oahu, 
Kauai and the island of Hawaii. Currently, Flueggea neowawraea is known 
from Kauai, Oahu, east Maui, and Hawaii. On Oahu, Flueggea neowawraea 
is known from 19 locations with approximately 31 individuals on 
Federal, State, city, county, and private lands Makua Valley, Makaha, 
Alaiheihe Gulch, Kaluaa Gulch, Makaleha Valley, Ekahanui Gulch, Pahole 
Gulch, Keaau Valley, Kahanahaiki Valley, Kaawa Gulch, Waianae Kai, 
Palikea Gulch, Manuwai Gulch, Mohiakea Gulch, Kauhiuhi, Mikilua, and 
Lualualei (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).
    Flueggea neowawraea occurs on gulch slopes, ridge crests, or near 
streams in dry or mesic forest at elevations of 323 to 1,006 m (1,059 
to 3,300 ft). Associated plant species include Pisonia sandwicensis, 
Hibiscus arnottianus, Morinda sandwicensis (noni), Hedyotis terminalis, 
Alyxia oliviformis, Chamaesyce multiformis, Metrosideros polymorpha, 
Myrsine sp., Pleomele sp., Myoporum sandwicense, Pteralyxia sp., 
Pipturis albidus, Diospyros hillebrandii, Pisonia umbellifera, 
Charpentiera sp., Claoxylon sandwicensis, Antidesma platyphyllum, 
Sapindus oahuensis, Pittosporum sp., Erythrina sandwicensis, Diospyros 
sandwicense, Antidesma pulvinatum, Bobea sp., Psydrax odorata, Nestegis 
sandwicensis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Streblus pendulina, and 
Chamaesyce herbstii (akoko) (HINHP Database 2001; Hayden 1999).
    The primary threat to the continued existence of Flueggea 
neowawraea on Oahu is the black twig borer that has affected all known 
Flueggea neowawraea plants. Other major threats include habitat 
degradation by feral and wild ungulates, pigs and goats; competition 
with the alien plant species Aleurites moluccana, Schinus 
terebinthifolius, Psidium spp., Grevillea robusta, Paspalum conjugatum, 
Passiflora suberosa, Toona ciliata, Clidemia hirta, Lantana camara, 
Ficus macrophylla, Blechnum occidentale, Kalanchoe pinnata, Syzygium 
cumini, Ageratina riparia, Rivina sp., Melinis minutiflora, and Ficus 
microcarpa; fire; Chinese rose beetle; the small population size with 
its limited gene pool and depressed reproductive vigor, compounded by a 
requirement for cross-pollination because the species is dioecious; 
military activities are possible threats at the Lualualei Naval 
Reservation and the Army's Schofield Barracks; and predation of the 
fruit by rats (Service 1999; HINHP Database 2001).

Gouania meyenii (NCN)

    Gouania meyenii, a member of the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) and 
a short-lived perennial, is an erect to spreading shrub. The main 
character that tells this species apart from other members of its genus 
are its two to three winged fruits, peduncle length, and the hairiness 
of the fruits (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Gouania meyenii flowers from March to May. Seed capsules develop in 
about six to eight weeks. Plants appear to live about ten to 18 years 
in the wild. No other information exists on specific environmental 
requirements or limiting factors (Service 1998b).
    Historically, Gouania meyenii was known from central and southern 
areas of the Waianae Mountains, from Kamaileunu Ridge to Honouliuli. 
This species was also recorded from Diamond Head in 1831. Currently, 
this species is found on Oahu and Kauai. On Oahu, this species is found 
on Makaha-Waianae Kai Ridge on State, private, city, and county lands. 
The three known populations on Oahu contain an

[[Page 37135]]

estimated 63 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Wagner et al. 1999; GDSI 
2001).
    Gouania meyenii typically grows on moderate to steep slopes in dry 
shrubland or mesic lowland forest at elevations of 17 to 930 m (56 to 
3,050 ft). Associated plant species include Diospyros sandwicensis, 
Charpentiera sp., Alyxia oliviformis, Pisonia sp., Hibiscus sp., 
Canavalia sp., Sophora chrysophylla, Sida fallax, Schiedea sp., 
Dubautia sherffiana, Psydrax odorata, Eragrostis sp., Dryopteris 
unidentata, Sapindus oahuensis, Myrsine sp. (kolea) Dodonaea viscosa, 
Chamaesyce sp., Psychotria sp., Hedyotis sp., Melicope sp., Nestegis 
sandwicensis, Bidens sp., Carex meyenii, Diospyros sp., Lysimachia sp., 
or Senna gaudichaudii (HINHP Database 2001).
    The major threats to Gouania meyenii on Oahu are competition from 
the alien plant species Pimenta dioica, Psidium guajava, Lantana 
camara, Melinis minutiflora, Grevillea robusta, Leucaena leucocephala, 
Kalanchoe pinnata, Oplismenus hirtellus, Psidium cattleianum, and 
Schinus terebinthifolius; fire; habitat degradation by feral pigs and 
goats; and the small number of extant populations and a risk of 
extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive 
vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals (HINHP Database 
2001).

Gouania vitifolia (NCN)

    Gouania vitifolia, a member of the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae), 
is a climbing shrub or woody vine with tendrils. The species is the 
only Hawaiian member of the genus with tendrils and toothed leaf 
margins (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Gouania vitifolia flowers from March to May. Seed capsules develop 
in about 6 to 8 weeks. Plants appear to live about 10 to18 years in the 
wild. No other information exists on specific environmental 
requirements or limiting factors. (Service 1998b).
    Historically, Gouania vitifolia was known from West Maui; the Kau 
District of the island of Hawaii; and the northwestern portion of the 
Waianae Mountains in Makaleha, Keaau, and Waianae Kai Valleys on Oahu. 
Currently, this species is extant on Oahu and the island of Hawaii. On 
Oahu, it is known from two populations on State and private lands, 
located at Waianae Kai and Keaau Valley, totaling 44 individuals (HINHP 
Database 2001; GDSI 2001; Wagner et al. 1999).
    Gouania vitifolia typically grows on the sides of ridges and 
gulches in dry to mesic forests at elevations of 39 to 978 m (128 to 
3,208 ft). Associated plant species include Erythrina sandwicensis, 
Dodonea viscosa, Hibiscus arnottianus, Pipturis albidus, Urera glabra, 
Chamaesyce sp., Psychotria sp., Hedyotis sp., Melicope sp., Nestegia 
sandwicensis, Bidens sp., Carex meyenii, or Diospyros sandwicensis 
(Service 1998b).
    The major threats to Gouania vitifolia are competition from alien 
plant species particularly Panicum sp. (panic grass), Leucaena 
leucocephala, Toona ciliata, Passiflora suberosa, Aleurites moluccana, 
Melinis minutiflora, Hyptis pectinata, Cordyline fruticosa, Passilfora 
edulis, Passiflora ligularis, Oplismenus hirtellus, Lantana camara, 
Rubus argutus, Buddleia asiatica, Psidium cattleianum and Schinus 
terebinthifolius; habitat destruction by feral pigs; and a threat of 
random extinction and reduced reproductive vigor due to the small 
number of extant individuals (HINHP Database 2001; 59 FR 32932).

Hedyotis coriacea (Kioele)

    Hedyotis coriacea, a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a 
small shrub with leathery leaves which are generally elliptic to oblong 
in shape, 3 to 8 cm (1.2 to 3.1 in) long and usually 1.5 to 3 cm (0.6 
to 1.2 in) wide. This species is distinguished from others of the genus 
by its small, triangular calyx lobes, which do not enlarge in fruit, 
and the combination of capsules which are longer than wide and flower 
buds which are square in cross section (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of Hedyotis coriacea. 
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors 
are unknown (Service 1997).
    Historically, Hedyotis coriacea was known from the Waianae and 
Koolau Mountains on Oahu and the Army's Pohakuloa Training Area on the 
island of Hawaii. Currently, this species is extant on Maui and Hawaii. 
This species was last collected on Oahu in the 1800s (HINHP Database 
2001).
    Hedyotis coriacea is found on steep, rocky, slopes in dry to mesic 
Dodonaea viscosa dominated shrublands or forests at elevations of 57 to 
836 m (187 to 2,742 ft). Associated species include Metrosideros 
polymorpha, Styphelia tameiameiae, or Alyxia oliviformis (HINHP 
Database 2001; 57 FR 20772).
    The major threats to Hedyotis coriacea are the small number of 
remaining individuals; fire; and alien weeds (Service 1997; 57 FR 
20772).

Hesperomania arborescens (NCN)

    Hesperomannia arborescens, a member of the aster family 
(Asteraceae), is a small shrubby tree that usually stands 1.5 to 5 m (5 
to 16 ft) tall. This member of an endemic Hawaiian genus differs from 
other Hesperomannia species in having the following combination of 
characters erect to ascending flower heads, thick flower head stalks, 
and usually hairless and relatively narrow leaves (Wagner et al. 1999).
    This species was observed in flower from April through June and 
fruit during March and June. No other information is available on 
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors (Service 1998b).
    Hesperomannia arborescens was formerly known from Molokai, Lanai, 
and scattered populations throughout the Koolau Mountains, Oahu, from 
Koolauloa and Pupukea at its northern extreme to Konahuanui at the 
southern end. This species is now known from Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. 
On Oahu, there are 23 populations containing between 86 and 93 
individuals on private, city, county, State, and Federal lands at a few 
disjunct locations upslope of Kahuku, Laie, and Malaekahana; along 
Poamoho Trail above Poamoho Stream; along Waikane-Schofield Trail near 
the ridge summit; at Kipapa Gulch; on Halawa Ridge; Waimanalo-Niu 
divide, Kainawaanui, Kaukonahua Gulch, Maakua-Kaipapau Ridge, Kapakahi 
Gulch, Halemano-Opaeula Ridge, Kawailoa Trail, Kaimananui Gulch, and 
upper Palolo Valley to Niu Valley (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA 
Database 2001; Service 1998b).
    Hesperomannia arborescens on Oahu, is often found on slopes or 
ridges in association with Scaevola glabra (ohe naupaka), Broussaisia 
arguta, Melicope sp., Acacia koa, Machaerina angustifolia, Hedyotis 
terminalis, Tetraplasandra oahuensis, Scaevola gaudichaudiana (naupaka 
kahakai), Dubautia sp., Labordia sessilis (kamakahala), Cibotium sp., 
Perotettia sandwicensis, Pipturus sp., Wikstroemia sp., Cheirodendron 
sp., Coprosma sp., Myrsine sp., Bobea elatior, Hibiscus arnottianus, 
Metrosideros polymorpha, Nestegis sandwicensis, Dicranopteris linearis, 
Antidesma platyphyllum, Psychotria mariniana, Syzygium sandwicensis, 
and common Melicope spp. It typically grows on steep slopes, ridge 
tops, and gulches in lowland wet forests and occasionally in shrublands 
between 110 and 1,147 m (361 and 3,762 ft) in elevation (HINHP Database

[[Page 37136]]

2001; Wagner et al. 1999; Service 1998b).
    The major threats to Hesperomannia arborescens are habitat 
degradation by feral pigs and goats; competition with the alien plant 
species Clidemia hirta, Psidium cattleianum, Leptospermum scoparium, 
and Axonopus fissifolius; fire; impact by humans; and extinction due to 
random environmental events or reduced reproductive vigor due to this 
species' limited numbers (59 FR 14482; HINHP Database 2001)

Hesperomannia arbuscula (NCN)

    Hesperomannia arbuscula, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), 
is a small shrubby tree, 2 to 3.3 m (7 to 11 ft) tall. This species can 
be distinguished from other members of the genus by the erect flower 
heads and the leaves, usually hairy beneath, which are one to two times 
as long as wide (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Hesperomannia arbuscula usually flowers in the spring depending on 
precipitation. Seeds mature in about 6 weeks and trees last about 10 to 
15 years. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, 
specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 
1998b).
    Historically, Hesperomannia arbuscula was known from the central 
and southern Waianae Mountains, from Makaleha to Puu Kanehoa on Oahu, 
and from West Maui. This species is currently known to be extant on the 
Makaha-Waianae Kai Ridge and in Kaluaa and Kapuna Gulches on Oahu and 
on West Maui. The six known populations on Oahu contain between 90 and 
92 individuals on State, private, city, and county lands (HINHP 
Database 2001; GDSI 2001).
    Hesperomannia arbuscula on Oahu typically grows on slopes and 
ridges in dry to wet forest dominated by Acacia koa and Metrosideros 
polymorpha at elevations of 370 and 1,053 m (1,214 and 3,454 ft). 
Associated species include Syzygium sandwicensis, Freycinetia arborea, 
Antidesma sp., Bobea elatior, Hibiscus sp., Diospyros hillebrandii, 
Hedyotis terminalis, Bidens sp., Alyxia oliviformis, and Psychotria 
sp., or the endangered Cyanea longifleua (HINHP Database 2001; Service 
1998b; Wagner et al. 1999).
    The major threats to Hesperomannia arbuscula on Oahu are habitat 
degradation by feral pigs; competition from the alien plant species 
Lantana camara, Psidium cattleianum, Rubus argutus, Clidemia hirta, and 
Schinus terebinthifolius; trampling by humans; and the small number of 
populations and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events 
and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining 
individuals (56 FR 55770; HINHP Database 2001).

Hibiscus brackenridgei (Mao hau hele)

    Hibiscus brackenridgei, a member of the mallow family (Malvaceae), 
is a sprawling to erect shrub or small tree. This species differs from 
other members of the genus in having the following combination of 
characteristics yellow petals, a calyx consisting of triangular lobes 
with raised veins and a single midrib, bracts attached below the calyx, 
and thin stipules that fall off, leaving an elliptic scar. Three 
subspecies of Hibiscus brackenridgei are now recognized, brackenridgei, 
molokaiana, and mokuleianus. Subspecies molokaiana and mokuleianus are 
found on the island of Oahu. When we listed this species in 1994 only 
two subspecies, brackenridgei and mokuleianus, were recognized. 
Subsequent to the final rule listing this species in 1994, we became 
aware of Wilson's (1993) taxonomic treatment of this group in which 
Hibicsus brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana was changed to subspecies status 
and recognized as distinct from Hibicsus brackenridgei ssp. 
brackenridgei. Wilson's (1993) treatment is cited in the supplement in 
the revised edition of the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii as 
the basis for recognizing Hibicsus brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana. We 
will address this name change in a future Federal Register notice 
(HINHP Database 2000; Bates 1999; Wilson 1993; Wagner et al. 1999).
    Hibiscus brackenridgei is known to flower continuously from early 
February through late May, and intermittently at other times of year. 
Intermittent flowering may possibly be tied to day length. Little else 
is known about the life history of this plant. Pollination biology, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors 
are unknown (Service 1999).
    Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. mokuleianus is currently known from 
Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii; it may possibly occur on Kauai. On Oahu 
there are a total of fewer than 206 individual plants in five 
populations--Kaumokunui Gulch, Kawaiu Gulch, Palikea Gulch, Kihakapu 
Gulch, and Kaimuhole Gulch on State and private lands. Hibiscus 
brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana is currently known from Oahu. On Oahu, 
there are a total of 5 individual plants in one population in Makua 
Valley on land under federal jurisdiction (Joel Lau, TNCH, pers. comm., 
2001; HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).
    Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. mokuleianus on Oahu occurs on slopes, 
cliffs, and arid ledges in lowland dry forest and shrubland from 24 to 
490 m (79 to 1,607 ft) in elevation. Associated plant species include 
Erythrina sandwicensis, Heteropogon contortus, Waltheria indica, 
Doryopteris sp., Lepidium bidentatum, Lipochaeta remyi, Bidens 
amplectans (kookoolau), Chamaesyce sp., Reynoldsia sandwicensis, 
Pleomele halapepe, Diospyros hillebrandii, Dodonaea viscosa., Psydrax 
odorata, or Sida fallax. Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana occurs 
in dry shrublands between 23 and 580 m (75 to 1,902 ft) elevation. 
Associated plant species include Waltheria indica, Sida fallax, 
Doryopteris sp., Dodonea viscosa, and Heteropogon contortus (HINHP 
Database 2001; GDSI Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001).
    The primary threats to Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. mokuleianus on 
Oahu are habitat degradation and possible predation by pigs, goats, 
cattle, and rats; competition with the alien plant species Panicum 
maximum, Syzygium cumini, Melia azedarach, Aleurites moluccana, Hyptis 
pectinata, Leucaena leucocephala, Schinus terebinthifolius, Toona 
ciliata, Caesalpinia decapetala, Ageratum conyzoides, Glycine wightii 
(NCN), Grevillea robusta, Passiflora suberosa, Coffea arabica, 
Spathodea campanulata (African tulip tree), and Passiflora edulis; road 
construction; fire; and susceptibility extinction caused by random 
environmental events or reduced reproductive vigor due to small 
population size and a limited number of populations. The primary 
threats to Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana on Oahu are habitat 
degradation and possible predation by pigs and goats; competition with 
the alien plant species Panicum maximum, Leucaena leucocephala, and 
Ageratum conyzoides; fire; Chinese rose beetle; and susceptibility 
extinction caused by random environmental events or reduced 
reproductive vigor due to small population size and a limited number of 
populations (HINHP Database 2001; 59 FR 56333).

Isodendrion laurifolium (Aupaka)

    Isodendrion laurifolium, a member of the violet family (Violaceae), 
is a slender, straight shrub with few branches. The species is 
distinguished from others in the genus by its leathery, oblong-
elliptic, narrowly elliptic lance-shaped leaves (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive 
cycles, longevity, specific environmental

[[Page 37137]]

requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).
    Historically, Isodendrion laurifolium was known from scattered 
locations on Kauai and the Waianae and Koolau mountains of Oahu. 
Currently, this species is found on Kauai and Oahu. On Oahu, there are 
a total of between 22 and 23 individuals found in five locations on 
State, private, city, and county lands Makaha in the Waianae Mountains, 
East Makaleha Valley, Waianae Kai, Kaawa Gulch, and Kaumokunui Gulch, 
(Schofield Barracks Military Reservation) (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 
2001).
    Isodendrion laurifolium on Oahu is usually found between 90 and 959 
m (295 and 3,146 ft) elevation on gulch slopes, in ravines, and on 
ridges in diverse mesic or dry forest dominated by Metrosideros 
polymorpha, Acacia koa, Eugenia reinwardtiana, or Diospyros 
sandwicensis with one or more of the following associated native plant 
species Nestegis sandwicensis, Hibiscus arnottianus, Alyxia 
oliviformis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata, Carex wahuensis, 
Charpentiera tomentosa (papala), Doodia sp., Dryopteris unidentata, 
Sapindus sp. (soapberry), Antidesma pulvinatum, Smilax melastomifolia 
(hoi kuahiwi), Antidesma platyphyllum, Xylosma hawaiiense, Hedyotis 
terminalis, Pisonia sp., or Pouteria sandwicensis (HINHP Database 2001; 
Service 1999).
    The primary threats to Isodendrion laurifolium on Oahu are habitat 
degradation by feral goats and pigs; competition with the alien plant 
species Schinus terebinthifolius, Aleurites moluccana, Cordyline 
fruticosa, Psidium cattleianum, Toona ciliata, and Grevillea robusta; 
and a potential threat from military activities (HINHP Database 2001; 
61 FR 53108).

Isodendrion longifolium (Aupaka)

    Isodendrion longifolium, a member of the violet family (Violaceae), 
is a slender, straight shrub. The hairless, leathery, lance shaped 
leaves distinguish this species from others in the genus (Wagner et al. 
1999).
    Little is known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive 
cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting 
factors are unknown (Service 1999).
    Historically, Isodendrion longifolium was known from scattered 
locations on Kauai and the Waianae Mountains on Oahu. Currently, 
Isodendrion longifolium is known from populations on Kauai and Oahu. On 
Oahu, there are a total of 30 individual plants in four locations on 
Federal, State, and private lands Palikea Gulch, Kaawa Gulch, Makaua 
Gulch, and Kaukonahua Stream, (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001).
    Isodendrion longifolium on Oahu is found on steep slopes and stream 
banks in mixed mesic or lowland wet Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis forest, usually between 363 and 964 m (1,191 and 
3,162 ft) elevation. Associated plant species include Syzygium 
sandwicensis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Acacia koa, Psydrax odorata, 
Alyxia oliviformis, Melicope sp., Pittosporum sp., Carex sp., 
Selaginella arbuscula, Isachne pallens (NCN), Bobea brevipes (ahakea 
lau lii), Antidesma sp., Cyanea sp. (haha), Cyrtandra sp., Hedyotis 
terminalis, Peperomia sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, or Psychotria sp. 
(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999).
    The major threats to Isodendrion longifolium on Oahu are habitat 
degradation or destruction by feral goats and pigs; and competition 
with the alien plants, Clidemia hirta, Psidium cattleianum, Thelypteris 
parasitica, Paspalum conjugatum, Oplismenus hirtellus, Ageratina 
riparia, and Blechnum occidentale. The Palikea Gulch population is 
potentially threatened by fire (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53108).

Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho kula)

    Isodendrion pyrifolium, a member of the violet family (Violaceae), 
is a small, branched shrub. The species is distinguished from other 
taxa in the genus by its smaller, green-yellow flowers, and hairy 
stipules and leaf veins (Wagner et al. 1999).
    During periods of drought, this species will drop all but the 
newest leaves. After sufficient rains, the plants produce flowers with 
seeds ripening 1 to 2 months later. No further information is available 
on reproductive cycles, specific environmental requirements, or 
limiting factors (Service 1996c).
    Isodendrion pyrifolium was known historically from Oahu's central 
Waianae mountains, Maui, Hawaii, Niihau, Molokai, and Lanai. Currently, 
this species is found on Hawaii. This species was last collected on 
Oahu in the late 1800s (HINHP Database 2001).
    Isodendrion pyrifolium on Oahu was found on bare rocky hills and in 
wooded ravines in dry shrublands at low elevations from 363 to 964 m 
(1,191 to 3,162 ft.) (Wagner et al. 1999; HINHP Database 2001).
    No threat information is available for Isodendrion pyrifolium on 
Oahu.

Lobelia niihauensis (NCN)

    Lobelia niihauensis, a member of the bellflower family 
(Campanulaceae), is a small, branched shrub. This species is 
distinguished from others in the genus by its leaves lacking or nearly 
lacking leaf stalks, the magenta-colored flowers, the width of the 
leaf, and length of the flowers (56 FR 55770).
    Lobelia niihauensis flowers in late summer and early fall. Fruits 
mature a month to 6 weeks later. Plants are long-lived and are known to 
live as long as 20 years (Service 1998b).
    Historically, Lobelia niihauensis was known from the Waianae 
Mountains of Oahu (Uluhulu Gulch to Nanakuli Valley), from Kauai, and 
Niihau. It is now known to be extant only on Kauai and Oahu. On Oahu, 
this species remains on Ohikilolo Ridge, Kaimokuiki-Manuwai Ridge, 
Kamaileunu Ridge, Mt. Kaala, Makaha-Waianae Kai, Makua Military 
Reservation, Nanakuli, South Mohiakea Gulch, East of Puu Kalena, 
Kahanahaiki Valley, between Puu Hapapa and Puu Kanehoa, Puu Kailio, 
between Kolekole Pass and Puu Hapapa, North of Palikea, Puu Kaua-
Kauhiuhi-Pahoa-Halona subdistricts, and Lualualei Naval Magazine in 21 
populations containing between 362 and 397 individual plants on 
Federal, State, city, and county lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; 
EDA Database 2001).
    Lobelia niihauensis on Oahu typically grows on exposed mesic or dry 
cliffs and ledges, at elevations from 339 to 926 m (1,112 to 3,037 ft). 
Associated plant species include Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Dodonaea 
viscosa, Schiedea mannii, Carex meyenii, Doryopteris sp., Sida fallax, 
Styphelia tameiameiae, Eragrostis sp., Bidens sp., Plectranthus 
parviflorus, Lipochaeta tenuis, or Artemisia sp. (HINHP Database 2001; 
56 FR 55770).
    On Oahu, the major threats to Lobelia niihauensis are habitat 
degradation and predation by feral goats, rats, and slugs; fire; 
military activities; and competition from the alien plant species 
Schinus terebinthifolius, Leucaena leucocephala, Acacia confusa, 
Grevillea robusta, Lantana camara, Melinis minutiflora, Melinis repens, 
Ageratina riparia, Erigeron karvinskianus, Kalanchoe pinnata, and Ficus 
microcarpa (HINHP Database 2001; 56 FR 55770).

Lysimachia filifolia (NCN)

    Lysimachia filifolia, a member of the primrose family 
(Primulaceae), is a small shrub 15 to 50 cm (0.5 to 1.6 ft) tall. The 
linear leaves measure 15 to 54 mm (0.6 to 2.1 in) long and 0.3 to 1.8 
mm (0.01 to 0.07 in) wide and are

[[Page 37138]]

usually alternately arranged. They are single veined and sparsely hairy 
or hairless. The bell shaped flowers are reddish purple, 6 to 10 mm 
(0.2 to 0.4 in) long, and borne singly on flower stalks about 18 to 30 
mm (0.7 to 1.2 in) long which elongate upon fruiting. Fruits are thick, 
hard capsules about 5 mm (0.2 in) long which contain numerous minute, 
nearly black, irregularly shaped seeds. This species is distinguished 
from other taxa of the genus by its leaf shape and width, calyx lobe 
shape, and corolla length (Service 1995b).
    Little is known about the life history of Lysimachia filifolia. 
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors 
are unknown (Service 1995b).
    Historically, Lysimachia filifolia was known only from Kauai. This 
species is now known from Oahu and Kauai. On Oahu, there is one 
population containing a total of 50 individuals, on the slopes of 
Waiahole Valley in the Koolau Mountains on State land (HINHP Database 
2001; GDSI 2001).
    On Oahu, Lysimachia filifolia typically grows on mossy banks at the 
base of cliff faces within the spray zone of waterfalls or along 
streams in lowland wet forests at elevations of 65 to 798 m (213 to 
2,617 ft). Associated plants include mosses, ferns, liverworts, and 
Pilea peploides (NCN) (Service 1995b; HINHP Database 2001; Wagner et 
al. 1999).
    The major threat to Lysimachia filifolia on Oahu is competition 
with the alien plant species Ageratina riparia, Schefflera 
actinophylla, Cordyline fruticosa, Pluchea sp. (sourbush), and Blechnum 
occidentale. Additionally, individuals of the species are vulnerable to 
rock slides. Because only one population of Lysimachia filifolia occurs 
on each of only two islands, the species is threatened by extinction 
due to naturally caused events (HINHP Database 2001; 59 FR 09304).

Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN)

    Mariscus pennatiformis, a member of the sedge family (Cyperaceae), 
is a perennial plant with a woody root system covered with brown 
scales. The stout, smooth, three-angled stems are between 0.4 and 1.2 m 
(1.3 and 4 ft) long, slightly concave, and 3 to 7 mm (0.1 to 0.3 in) in 
diameter in the lower part. The three to five linear, somewhat leathery 
leaves are 8 to 17 mm (0.3 to 0.7 in) wide and at least as long as the 
stem. Each flower cluster, umbrella-shaped and moderately dense, is 4 
to 15 cm (1.5 to 6 in) long and five to 25 cm (2 to 10 in) wide. About 
five to 18 spikes, comprised of numerous spikelets, form each cluster. 
Each spikelet, measuring about 8 to 14 mm (0.3 to 0.6 in) in length, is 
yellowish brown or grayish brown and is comprised of eight to 25 
densely arranged flowers. The glumes (bracts beneath each flower), 
which are less than twice as long as wide, are spreading and overlap 
tightly. The lowest glume does not overlap the base of the uppermost 
glume. This species differs from other members of the genus by its 
three-sided, slightly concave, smooth stems; the length and number of 
spikelets; the leaf width; and the length and diameter of stems. The 
two subspecies are distinguished primarily by larger and more numerous 
spikelets, larger achenes (dry, one-seeded fruits), and more 
overlapping and yellower glumes in ssp. pennatiformis as compared with 
ssp. bryanii. Subsequent to the final rule listing this species in 
1994, we became aware of Tucker's (1994) treatment of this genus in 
which the genus Mariscus was changed to Cyperus. Tucker's (1994) 
treatment is cited in the supplement in the revised edition of the 
Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii as the basis for recognizing 
Mariscus as Cyperus. We will address this name change in a future 
Federal Register notice (Service 1999; Wagner et al. 1999).
    Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental 
requirements, and limiting factors are unknown for Mariscus 
pennatiformis ssp. pennatiformis (Service 1999).
    Historically, Mariscus pennatiformis was known from Kauai, Oahu 
(Waianae Mountains on a ridge above Makaha Valley), East Maui, the 
island of Hawaii, and from Laysan (ssp. bryani) in the Northwestern 
Islands. Only one population has been seen in the last 70 years on the 
main islands, when an unknown number of plants were seen sometime in 
Keanae Valley on Maui in the 1970s (HINHP Database 2001).
    Mariscus pennatiformis typically grows in mesic and wet 
Metrosideros polymorpha forest and Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa 
forest at elevations between 424 and 1,032 m (1,391 and 3,385 ft). The 
associated native plant species on Oahu are unknown (J. Lau, in litt. 
2001).
    No threat information is available for Mariscus pennatiformis on 
Oahu.

Marsilea villosa (Ihiihi)

    Marsilea villosa, a member of the marsilea family (Marsileaceae) is 
an aquatic to semiaquatic fern similar in appearance to a four-leaved 
clover that requires periodic flooding to complete its life cycle. The 
species is the only member of the genus native to Hawaii and is closely 
related to Marsilea vestita of the western coast of the United States 
(Service 1996a).
    Sexual reproduction of Marsilea villosa is initiated through the 
production of a hard sporocarp borne on the rhizome of a leaf pair 
node. The young sporocarp is covered with rust-colored hairs which are 
lost as the sporocarp matures. The sporocarp will mature only if the 
soil dries below threshold levels for leaf growth. The sporocarp 
remains in the soil for an extended period of time and must be 
scarified before it will open. It is not known how the sporocarp (a 
structure in or on which spores are produced) is scarified in Marsilea 
villosa but bacterial action is thought to erode the wall of the 
sporocarp to the point that water can be absorbed and force the 
sporocarp to open, as in other Marsilea species (Service 1996a).
    Marsilea villosa was historically known from Oahu, Molokai, and 
Niihau. Currently, it is found on Oahu and Molokai. There are four 
populations with an unknown total number of individuals on the island 
of Oahu Koko Head Crater, on the Lualualei Naval Reservation, 
Kealakipapa, and Ihiihilauakea, on Federal, city, county, and private 
lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; Service 1996a).
    Marsilea villosa typically grows in cinder craters, vernal pools 
surrounded by lowland dry forest vegetation, mud flats, or lowland 
grasslands at elevations 424 and 1,032 m (1,391 and 3,385 ft ft). 
Associated native plant species include Sida fallax (HINHP Database 
2001).
    The main reason for the decline of Marsilea villosa on Oahu is 
habitat destruction and the destruction of natural hydrology; many of 
the areas from which it is known to have occurred are now sugar cane 
fields, industrial parks, housing developments, and pastures. The 
greatest immediate threats to the survival of this species are the 
encroachment and competition from naturalized, exotic plants, such as 
Prosopis pallida (kiawe), Panicum maximum, Bidens pilosa and Cynodon 
dactylon (Bermuda grass); and the disturbance of areas where the plant 
grows by off-road vehicles or by grazing cattle; continued development 
and habitat degradation; fire; small population size; and 
fragmentation, trampling and other impacts from humans and introduced 
mammals (57 FR 27863; HINHP Database 2001).

Melicope pallida (Alani)

    Melicope pallida, a member of the citrus family (Rutaceae), is a 
tree with

[[Page 37139]]

grayish white hairs and black, resinous new growth. The species differs 
from Melicope haupuensis, Melicope knudsenii, and other members of the 
genus by presence of resinous new growth, leaves folded and in clusters 
of three, and fruits with separate carpels (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of Melicope pallida. 
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors 
are unknown (Service 1995b).
    Melicope pallida is currently and historically known from Kauai and 
Oahu on State and private lands from the Waianae Mountains, the base of 
Mount Kaala and near Palikea, within TNCH's privately owned Honouliuli 
Preserve. On Oahu, it is currently known from the base of Mount Kaala 
near Palikea in the Waianae Mountains. There is a single population 
with a single individual (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).
    Melicope pallida usually grows on steep rock faces in lowland dry 
or mesic forests at elevations of 234 to 841 m (768 to 2,758 ft). 
Associated plant species include Psychotria mariniana, Bobea elatior, 
Acacia koa, Cibotium sp., Wikstroemia oahuensis, Syzygium sandwicensis, 
Alyxia oliviformis, Dryopteris sp. (NCN), Metrosideros polymorpha, 
Pipturus albidus, Sapindus oahuensis, Tetraplasandra sp. (ohiohe), 
Xylosma hawaiiense or the endangered Abutilon sandwicense (HINHP 
Database 2001; 59 FR 09304).
    The major threat to Melicope pallida on Oahu is competition from 
introduced plants, especially Andropogon virginicus, Psidium 
cattleianum, Pterolepis glomerata, Clidemia hirta, and Toona ciliata. A 
potential threat to Melicope pallida is the black twig borer, which is 
known to occur in areas where this species grows and to feed on members 
of the genus Melicope. Additional threats to Melicope pallida are fire; 
habitat degradation by feral pigs; and extinction due to naturally 
caused events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number 
of existing individuals (HINHP Database 2001; 59 FR 09304).

Nototrichium humile (Kului)

    Nototrichium humile, a member of the amaranth family 
(Amaranthaceae), is an upright to trailing shrub with branched stems to 
1.5 m (5 ft) long. Stems and young leaves are covered with short hairs. 
Leaves are oppositely arranged, oval to oblong in outline, 3 to 9 cm 
(1.2 to 3.5 in) long, and 2 to 5 cm (0.8 to 2.0 in) wide. Stalkless 
flowers are arranged in a spike at the ends of the stem. Membranous 
bracts grow below each flower. Two of the bracts and the sepals fall 
off with the mature fruit. This species is distinguished from the only 
other species in the genus by its inflorescence, a slender spike 4 mm 
(0.2 in) in diameter or less, which is covered with short hairs (Wagner 
et al. 1999).
    Nototrichium humile is found on and at the base of rock cliffs and 
talus slopes in areas that do not receive full sun all day. Plants have 
been observed flowering after heavy rain, but flowering is generally 
heaviest in the spring and summer. Fruits mature a few weeks after 
flowering. In cultivation, this species is known to live for more than 
a decade (Service 1998b).
    Historically and currently, Nototrichium humile is known from Oahu 
and Maui. Currently, on Oahu, it is found in Kapuhi Gulch, Pahole 
Gulch, Kealia, Kahanahaiki, Kaluakauila Gulch, along Makua-Keaau Ridge 
to Makaha-Waianae Kai Ridge, and Nanakuli, where it occurs on Federal, 
State, city, county, and private lands. There are a total of 21 
populations containing between 775 and 995 individuals on the island of 
Oahu (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001).
    Nototrichium humile typically grows at elevations of 185 to 806 m 
(607 to 2,644 ft) on cliff faces, gulches, streambanks, or steep slopes 
in dry or mesic forests often dominated by Sapindus oahuensis or 
Diospyros sandwicensis. Associated species include Erythrina 
sandwicensis, Sicyos sp., Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Nestegis 
sandwicensis, Streblus pendulinus, Myoporum sandwicense, Metrosideros 
polymorpha, Antidesma pulvinatum, Pouteria sandwicensis, Charpentiera 
sp., Hibiscus sp., Alyxia oliviformis, Pisonia umbellifera, Lipochaeta 
tenuis, Stenogyne sp., Artemisia australis, Bidens cervicata 
(kookoolau), Carex wahuensis, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Peperomia sp., 
Dodoanea viscosa, Canavalia sp., Psydrax odorata, Syzygium 
sandwicensis, Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Pleomele sp., Eugenia 
reinwartiana, Myrsine lanaiensis, or the endangered species Abutilon 
sandwicense (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 56 FR 55770).
    On Oahu, the major threats to Nototrichium humile are habitat 
degradation by feral goats and pigs; military activities; competition 
from the alien plant species Grevillea robusta, Panicum maximum, 
Lantana camara, Hyptis pectinata, Rivina humilis, Aleurites moluccana, 
Toona ciliata, Coffea arabica, Passiflora suberosa, Melia azedarach, 
Syzygium cumini, Blechnum occidentale, Oplismenus hirtellus, Schefflera 
actinophylla, Spathodea campanulata, Psidium guajava, Triumfetta 
semitriloba (Sacramento bur), Buddleia asiatica, Ageratina adenophora, 
Ficus microphylla, Kalanchoe pinnata, Adiantum hispidulum, Caesalpinia 
decapetala, Cordyline fruticosa, Pimenta dioica, Montanoa hibiscifolia, 
Schinus terebinthifolius, Leucaena leucocephala, Melinis minutiflora, 
and Psidium cattleianum; road building and maintenance; and fire 
(Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 56 FR 55770).

Peucedanum sandwicense (Makou)

    Peucedanum sandwicense, a short lived perennial and a member of the 
parsley family (Apiaceae), is a parsley-scented, sprawling herb. Hollow 
stems arise from a short, vertical, perennial stem with several fleshy 
roots. This species is the only member of the genus in the Hawaiian 
Islands (Constance and Affolter 1999).
    Information on the life history of this plant, reproductive cycles, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors 
are generally unknown (Service 1995b).
    Historically and currently, Peucedanum sandwicense is known from 
Molokai, Maui, and Kauai. Discoveries in 1990 extended the known 
distribution of this species to the island of Oahu. O n Oahu, there are 
a total of four populations containing 51 individual plants on State, 
city, and county lands Keaau Valley, Puu Kawiwi, Waianae Kai, and 
Kamaileunu Ridge, (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).
    Peucedanum sandwicense grows on cliffs, slopes, and ridges in 
Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic forest between 395 and 977 m 
(1,296 and 3,205 ft) elevation and is associated with native species 
such as Dodonaea viscosa, Carex meyenii, Eragrostis sp, Santalum 
ellipticum (iliahialoe), Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Osteomeles 
anthyllidifolia, Scaevola sericea (naupaka kahakai), Senna 
gaudichaudii, Pittosporum halophilum (hoawa), Sida fallax, Plumbago 
zeylandica, Artemisia australis, Portulaca lutea (ihi), Lepidium 
bidentatum var. o-waihiense (anaunau), Schiedea globosa (NCN), 
Lipochaeta integrifolia (nehe), Peperomia remyi (alaala wai nui), 
Plechranthus parviflorus, and Dianella sandwicensis (Constance and 
Affolter 1999; Service 1995b; HINHP Database 2001).
    Threats to Peucedanum sandwicense on Oahu are habitat degradation 
by feral goats and pigs and competition with the non-native plant 
species Schinus

[[Page 37140]]

terebinthifolius, Melinis minutiflora, Kalanchoe pinnata, and Lantana 
camara (HINHP Database 2001).

Phlegmariurus nutans (Wawaeiole)

    Phlegmariurus nutans is a member of the clubmoss family 
(Lycopodiaceae). This species can be distinguished from others of the 
genus in Hawaii by its epiphytic habit, simple or forking fruiting 
spikes, and larger and stiffer leaves (59 FR 14482).
    This species has been observed fertile, with spores, in May and 
December. No other information is available on reproductive cycles, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors 
(Service 1998b).
    Historically, Phlegmariurus nutans was known from the island of 
Kauai and from scattered locations in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu, 
bounded by Kaluanui Valley to the north, Paalaa to the west, and Mount 
Tantalus to the south. On Oahu, this species is now known from only 
five populations containing seven individual plants on Federal and 
State lands Kaukonahua Gulch, Kahana, and Kaipapau Gulch, (HINHP 
Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).
    Phlegmariurus nutans on Oahu grows on tree trunks, usually on open 
ridges, forested slopes, and cliffs in Metrosideros polymorpha 
dominated wet forests, cliffs, and shrublands and occasionally mesic 
forests between 227 and 846 m (745 and 2,775 ft) in elevation. 
Associated native plant species include Machaerina angustifolia, 
Wikstroemia oahuensis, Antidesma platyphyllum, Syzygium sandwicensis, 
Elaphoglossum sp. (ekaha), Hibiscus sp., Psychotria mariniana, 
Cyrtandra laxiflora, Hedyotis terminalis, Broussaisia arguta, or 
Dicranopteris linearis (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001; 
Service 1998b).
    The primary threat to Phlegmariurus nutans on Oahu is 
susceptibility to extinction from naturally caused events and decreased 
reproductive vigor because of the small number of remaining individuals 
and limited distribution of the species. Additional threats to 
Phlegmariurus nutans are feral pigs; floods; and the alien plants 
Clidemia hirta, Paspalum conjugatum, Sacciolepis indica, and Psidium 
cattleianum (HINHP Database 2001).

Phyllostegia mollis (NCN)

    Phyllostegia mollis, a short-lived member of the mint family 
(Lamiaceae), grows as a nearly erect, densely hairy, nonaromatic, 
perennial herb. Leaves are oval in outline with rounded teeth. Flowers, 
usually in groups of six, are spaced along a stem; there are two 
shorter flowering stems directly below the main stem. The flowers have 
fused sepals and white petals fused into a tube and flaring into a 
smaller upper and a larger lower lip. Fruits are fleshy, dark green to 
black nutlets. A suite of technical characteristics concerning the kind 
and amount of hair, the number of flowers in a cluster, and details of 
the various plant parts separate this species from other members of the 
genus (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Individual Phyllostegia mollis plants live for approximately 5 
years. The species is known to flower in late winter and spring. 
Additional information on the life history of this plant, reproductive 
cycles, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is 
generally unknown (Service 1998b).
    Historically, Phyllostegia mollis was known from the central and 
southern Waianae Mountains, from Mt. Kaala to Honouliuli, and from 
Makiki in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu; Molokai; and East Maui. 
Currently, this species is only known from Oahu and Maui. On Oahu, this 
species remains only in Kaluaa Gulch, Palawai Gulch, Puu Kumakalii, 
Mohiakea Gulch, Huliwai Gulch, Waieli Gulch, and Pualii Gulch on 
Federal and private lands. The eight populations contain between 85 and 
105 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).
    Phyllostegia mollis typically grows on steep slopes and in gulches 
in diverse mesic to wet forests at elevations of 519 to 928 m (1,702 to 
3,044 ft). Associated plant species include Pouteria sandwicensis, 
Antidesma platyphyllum, Dryopteris unidentata, Carex meyenii, 
Metrosideros polymorpha, Chamaesyce multiformis, Acacia koa, Claoxylon 
sandwicense, Alyxia oliviformis, Myrsine sp., Diospyros hillebrandii, 
Psychotria hathewayi, Pipturus alba, Urera glabra, or Pisonia 
umbellifera (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001).
    The major threats to Phyllostegia mollis are competition from the 
alien plant species Passiflora suberosa, Psidium cattleianum, Kalanchoe 
pinnata, Blechnum occidentale, Clidemia hirta, Ageratina adenophora, 
Thelypteris parasitica, Heliocarpus popayanensis, Rubus rosifolius, and 
Schinus terebinthifolius; rockslides; habitat degradation and predation 
by feral pigs and goats; and the small number of extant populations, 
which makes the species vulnerable to random mass mortality events 
(HINHP Database 2001).

Phyllostegia parviflora (NCN)

    Phyllostegia parviflora, a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), 
is a perennial herb with forward-bending hairs on the stems and 
straight or slightly curved hairs on the flowering stalk. The egg-
shaped to broadly egg-shaped, wrinkled leaves are usually 19 to 33 cm 
(7.5 to 13 in) long and 7.5 to 15.3 cm (3 to 6 in) wide. The leaf 
surfaces are usually conspicuously dotted with coarse or stiff hairs, 
especially along the veins, and the edges are toothed. The leaf stalks 
are typically 6 to 13.5 cm (2.4 to 5.3 in) long, with straight, 
spreading hairs. Usually six hairy flowers are arranged along a 
flowering stalk with a main terminal stem and many side branches 
immediately below. The individual flower stalks are usually 8 to 15 mm 
(0.3 to 0.6 in) long with rather coarse or stiff hairs. The calyx is 
bell-shaped and has short, stiff hairs. The corolla is white, sometimes 
tinged with purple, and has short, stiff hairs. The upper corolla lip 
is about 3 mm (0.1 in) long while the lower lip is about 6 to 9 mm (0.2 
to 0.4 in) long. The mature fruits are nutlets about 3 to 6 mm (0.1 to 
0.2 in) long. The species is distinguished from others of the genus by 
the egg-shaped to broadly egg-shaped leaves, leaf stalks usually 6 to 
13.5 cm (2.4 to 5.3 in) long, and the lower corolla lip 6 to 9 mm (0.24 
to 0.36 in) long. Phyllostegia parviflora var. glabriuscula has fewer 
glandular hairs in the inflorescence, less pubescent leaves, and 
usually unbranched inflorescences compared with Phyllostegia parviflora 
var. parviflora. Phyllostegia parviflora var. lydgatei has shorter leaf 
stalks, spreading hairs on the leaf stalks, and fewer gland-tipped 
hairs in the inflorescence. At the time of listing of this species, 
only two varieties were recognized, P. p. var. glabriuscula and P. p. 
var. parviflora. Subsequent to the final rule listing this species in 
1996, we became aware of Wagner et al. (1999) taxonomic treatment of 
this group in which Phyllostegia parviflora var. lydgatei was changed 
to variety status and recognized as distinct from Phyllostegia 
parviflora var. parviflora. Wagner et al. (1999) treatment is cited in 
the supplement in the revised edition of the Manual of the Flowering 
Plants of Hawaii as the basis for recognizing Phyllostegia parviflora 
var. lydgatei. This name change will be addressed in a future Federal 
Register notice (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Historically, Phyllostegia parviflora was known from three islands 
Oahu, Hawaii, and Maui. This species is now known only from two 
populations on Oahu. Phyllostegia parviflora var.

[[Page 37141]]

glabriuscula was only known from the island of Hawaii on private land 
and has not been observed since the 1800s. Phyllostegia parviflora var. 
parviflora was known from Oahu and Maui, but is now known from only 30 
plants on the east side of Puu Pauao, on State and Federal lands. 
Phyllostegia parviflora var. lydgatei is known from only four plants in 
North Pualii Gulch on private land (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).
    Phyllostegia parviflora var. lydgatei is typically found on 
moderate to steep slopes in mesic forest from 555 to 881 m (1,820 to 
2,890 ft) elevation. Native vegetation associated with Phyllostegia 
parviflora var. lydgatei includes Xylosma hawaiiense, Claoxylon 
sandwicense, Antidesma platyphyllum, Pouteria sandwicensis, Pipturus 
albidus, Myrsine lessertiana, Chamaesyce multiformis, Coprosma foliosa, 
Dryopteris unidentata, Selaginella arbuscula, or Pipturus alba. 
Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora is typically found in 
Metrosideros polymorpha mixed lowland wet forest from 232 to 867 m (761 
to 2,844 ft) elevation. Native vegetation associated with Phyllostegia 
parviflora var. parviflora includes Cibotium sp., Dicranopteris 
linearis, Broussaisia arguta, Antidesma sp., Pritchardia sp. (loulu), 
Tetraplasandra sp., Touchardia latifolia, Pipturus sp., Cheirodendron 
sp. (Olapa), Phyllostegia glabra (NCN), Cyrtandra sp., Syzygium 
sandwicensis, or Melicope sp. (HINHP Database 2001).
    The major threats to Phyllostegia parviflora var. lydgatei are 
habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; landslides, 
rockslides, competition with the alien plant species Schinus 
terebinthifolius, Passiflora suberosa, Rubus rosifolius, Psidium 
cattleianum, Ageratina adenophora, Thelypteris parasitica, and Rivina 
humilis; and extinction and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the 
small number of remaining individuals and in each respective 
population. The major threats to Phyllostegia parviflora var. 
parviflora on Oahu are competition with the alien plant species 
Clidemia hirta and Ageratina sp.; and extinction and/or reduced 
reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals and 
in each respective population (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 61 FR 
53108).

Plantago princeps (laukahi kuahiwi)

    Plantago princeps, a short-lived member of the plantain family 
(Plantaginaceae), is a small shrub or robust short lived perennial 
herb. This species differs from other native members of the genus in 
Hawaii by its large branched stems, flowers at nearly right angles to 
the axis of the flower cluster, and fruits that break open at a point 
two-thirds from the base. The four varieties, anomala, laxiflora, 
longibracteata, and princeps, are distinguished by the branching and 
pubescence of the stems; the size, pubescence, and venation of the 
leaves; the density of the inflorescence; and the orientation of the 
flowers (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of Plantago princeps. 
Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors are generally unknown. However, individuals have 
been observed in fruit from April through September (Service 1999).
    Plantago princeps is historically and currently found on Kauai, 
Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. It is no longer extant on the island of 
Hawaii. Plantago princeps var. anomala is currently known from Kauai; 
var. longibracteata is known from Kauai and Oahu; var. princeps is 
known from Oahu; and var. laxiflora is known from Molokai and Maui. On 
Oahu, there are currently no remaining populations of var. 
longibracteata, and six remaining populations consisting of between 130 
and 180 individuals of var. princeps on Federal, State, city, county, 
and private lands Palawai Gulch, Ekahanui Gulch, Nanakuli-Lualualei 
Ridge, Makua-Makaha Ridge, Mohiakea Gulch, and Pahole Gulch, (GDSI 
2001; HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001).
    On Oahu, Plantago princeps var. longibracteata is typically found 
on the sides of waterfalls and wet rock faces at around 64 and 835 m 
(210 and 2,739 ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include 
Lobelia gaudichaudii (NCN), Scaevola glabra, Bidens sp., Eugenia sp., 
Coprosma granadensis (makole), or Metrosideros rugosa (HINHP Database 
2001). Plantago princeps var. princeps is typically found on slopes and 
ledges in Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic forests and shrublands 
between 110 to 1,064 m (361 to 3,490 ft) elevation. Associated native 
plant species include Lysimachia sp., Chamaesyce sp., Eragrostis sp., 
Pilea peploides, Artemisia australis, Viola sp. (pamakani), Dubautia 
plantaginea, and Bidens sp. (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001).
    The primary threats to Plantago princeps var. longibracteata on 
Oahu are predation and habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats and 
competition with various alien plant species. The primary threats to 
Plantago princeps var. princeps on Oahu are rockslides and competition 
with the alien plant species Erigeron karvinskianus, Melinis 
minutiflora, and Schinus terebinthifolius (HINHP Database 2001; 59 FR 
56333; Service 1999).

Platanthera holochila (NCN)

    Platanthera holochila, a short-lived perennial and a member of the 
orchid family (Orchidaceae), is an erect, deciduous herb. The stems 
arise from underground tubers, the pale green leaves are lance to egg-
shaped and the greenish-yellow flowers occur in open spikes. This is 
the only species of this genus that occurs in the Hawaiian Islands 
(Wagner et al. 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive 
cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting 
factors are unknown (Service 1999).
    Historically, Platanthera holochila was known from Maui, Oahu, 
Molokai, and Kauai. Currently, Platanthera holochila is extant on 
Kauai, Molokai, and Maui. This species was last collected on Oahu in 
1938 in the area from Puu Kainapuaa to Kawainui-Kaipapau summit ridge 
and Kipapa Gulch (HINHP Database 2001).
    On Oahu, Platanthera holochila was found in Metrosideros 
polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis montane wet forest or Metrosideros 
polymorpha mixed montane bogs between 447 and 867 m (1,466 and 2,844 
ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include Cibotium sp., 
Coprosma ernodeoides (kukae nene), Styphelia tameiameiae, Wikstroemia 
sp., Scaevola chamissoniana (naupaka kuahiwi), Sadleria sp., Lythrum 
maritimum (pukamole), Deschampsia nubigena (hair grass), Luzula 
hawaiiensis (wood rush), Sisyrinchium acre (mauu la ili), Broussaisia 
arguta, Clermontia sp. (oha wai), Lycopodium cernuum (wawaeiole), 
Dubautia scabra (naenae), Polypodium pellucidum (ae), Mareletia 
gahniiformis (NCN), and Vaccinium reticulatum (ohelo ai) (61 FR 53108; 
Service 1999).

Pteris lidgatei (NCN)

    Pteris lidgatei, a short-lived member of the maidenhair fern family 
(Adiantaceae), is a coarse perennial herb, 0.5 to 1 m (1.6 to 3.3 ft) 
tall. It has a horizontal rhizome 1.5 cm (0.6 in) thick and at least 10 
cm (3.9 in) long when mature. The fronds, including the leaf stalks, 
are 60 to 95 cm (24 to 37 in) long and 20 to 45 cm (8 to 18 in) wide. 
The leafy portion of the frond is oblong-deltoid to broadly ovate-
deltoid, thick, brittle, and dark gray-green. The sori are apparently 
marginal in position, either fused into long linear sori, or more 
typically separated into distinct shorter

[[Page 37142]]

sori, with intermediate conditions being common. Pteris lidgatei can be 
distinguished from other species of Pteris in the Hawaiian Islands by 
the texture of its fronds and the tendency of the sori along the leaf 
margins to be broken into short segments instead of being fused into 
continuous marginal sori (Wagner and Wagner 1992; Wagner 1949).
    Additional information on the life history of this plant, 
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors is generally unknown (Service 1998a).
    Historically, Pteris lidgatei was found on Oahu, Molokai, and West 
Maui. Currently, this species is known from Oahu and Maui. Five 
populations with approximately 13 individuals occur on Oahu on Federal, 
State, and private lands Kaluanui, Kawainui drainage, Kaukonahua Gulch, 
Kawai Iki Stream, Waimano Stream and Waimano Gulch, (GDSI 2001; HINHP 
Database 2001; EDA Database 2001).
    Pteris lidgatei on Oahu grows on steep stream banks and cliffs 
around 75 m (246 ft) elevation in wet Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis forest with Cyrtandra sp., Machaerina 
angustifolia, Selaginella arbuscula, Isachne pallens, Thelypteris 
sandwicensis, Diploterygium pinnatum., Sadleria sp., Broussaisia 
arguta, Cibotium chamissoi, Dicranopteris linearis, Elaphoglossum 
crassifolium (ekaha), Sadleria squarrosa, Asplenium sp. (NCN), Doodia 
lyonii (NCN), or Sphenomeris chusana (palaa) (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, 
in litt. 2001).
    The primary threats to Pteris lidgatei on Oahu are competition with 
the alien plant species Psidium cattleianum, Sacciolepis indica, 
Thelypteris parasitica, Ageratina riparia, Paspalum conjugatum, 
Pterolepis glomerata, and Clidemia hirta; habitat destruction by feral 
pigs, and a risk of extinction due to random environmental events and a 
risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced 
reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals 
(HINHP Database 2001).

Sanicula purpurea (NCN)

    Sanicula purpurea, a short-lived member of the parsley family 
(Apiaceae), is a stout perennial herb, 8 to 36 cm (3 to 14 in) tall, 
arising from a massive perennial stem. The stems are tufted and 
branched, with the lower portion of the stem lying close to the ground, 
while the upper portion rises above the ground. The basal leaves are 
numerous and leathery in texture and are kidney-shaped or circular to 
egg-heart-shaped, with three to seven lobes. The leaf lobes are 
circular to inversely egg-shaped. The leaf veins are impressed on the 
upper surface and prominent on the lower surface. The leaf margins bear 
short, sharp teeth. The basal leaf stalks are slender and abruptly 
sheathed at the base. The leaves are palmately three-to five-lobed. The 
small purple, or cream-colored with a purple tinge, flowers occur in 
branched terminal clusters, each of which contains six to ten flowers. 
Each flower cluster contains one to three perfect flowers and five to 
seven staminate flowers. Below the inflorescence is a series of about 
ten oblong or inversely lance-shaped bracts. The nearly spherical 
fruits are covered with prickles. This species is distinguished from 
others in the genus by the number of flowers per cluster and by the 
color of the petals (Constance and Affolter 1999).
    Additional information on the life history of Sanicula purpurea, 
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors is generally unknown (Service 1999).
    Historically and currently, Sanicula purpurea is known from Oahu 
and West Maui. On Oahu, four populations totaling between 21 
individuals are currently known from Kaukonahua-Kahana Divide, 
Helemano-Punaluu Divide, the summit between Aiea and Waimano, and North 
Kaukonahue-Punaluu on Federal, State, and private lands (GDSI 2001; 
HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001).
    Sanicula purpurea on Oahu typically grows in open Metrosideros 
polymorpha mixed montane bogs and windswept shrublands within the cloud 
zone between 415 and 959 m (1,361 and 3,146 ft) elevation. Associated 
plant species include Cheirodendron sp., Sadleria pallida, Bidens sp., 
Dicanthelium koolauensis, Styphelia tameiameiae, Gahnia beechyi, 
Plantago pachyphylla (laukahi kuahiwi), Lycopodium sp., Vaccinium sp., 
or Machaerina angustifolia (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001).
    The major threats to Sanicula purpurea on Oahu are habitat 
degradation by feral pigs; a risk of extinction due to random 
environmental events, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the 
small number of existing populations; sun exposure; and competition 
with the alien plant species Axonopus fissifolius and Clidemia hirta 
(61 FR 53108; Service 1999; HINHP Database 2001).

Schiedea hookeri (NCN)

    Schiedea hookeri, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is 
a sprawling or clumped perennial herb. The stems, 0.3 to 0.5 m (1 to 
1.6 ft) long, curve slightly upward or lie close to the ground and 
often produce matted clumps. The thin, opposite leaves are narrowly 
lance-shaped to narrowly elliptic. The petalless, perfect flowers are 
borne in open branched inflorescences, which are hairy, somewhat 
sticky, and 5 to 22 cm (2 to 9 in) long. The lance-shaped sepals are 
green to purple and 3 to 4.5 mm (1.2 to 1.8 in) long. The fruit is a 
capsule about 3 mm (0.1 in) long. This species is distinguished from 
others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by its open, hairy, and sometimes 
sticky inflorescence, and by the size of the capsules (Wagner et al. 
1999).
    Little is known about the life history of Schiedea hookeri. Based 
on field and greenhouse observations, it is hermaphroditic, which means 
each individual has both male and female reproductive organs. Mature 
fruits have been observed in June and August. Schiedea hookeri appears 
to be an outcrossing species. Under greenhouse conditions, flowers do 
not set fruit unless pollinated. In the field, the species is presumed 
to be pollinated by insects, although none have been observed (a 
related species, Schiedea lydgatei on Molokai, is apparently pollinated 
by native, night-flying moths). A series of self-pollinations, within 
population crosses, and crosses among populations have demonstrated 
that Schiedea hookeri experiences moderately strong inbreeding 
depression. These results indicate that reductions in population size 
could result in expression of inbreeding depression among progeny, with 
deleterious consequences for the long-term persistence of this species. 
Individuals of Schiedea hookeri appear to be long-lived, but there is 
no evidence of reproduction from seed under field conditions. Seedlings 
of Schiedea occurring in mesic or wet sites are apparently consumed by 
introduced slugs and snails, which have been observed feeding on 
Schiedea membranacea, another mesic forest species that occurs on 
Kauai. In contrast to mesic-forest species, Schiedea occurring in dry 
areas produce abundant seedlings following winter rains, presumably 
because the drier sites have fewer alien consumers. Schiedea hookeri 
differs considerably through its range in potential for clonal growth. 
Plants from Kaluakauila Gulch are upright, and show little potential 
for

[[Page 37143]]

clonal spread. In contrast, clonal growth has been detected for 
individuals at Kaluaa Gulch, where the growth form is decumbent and 
plants apparently root at the nodes (Service 1999; HINHP Database 2001; 
Weller and Sakai, unpublished data).
    Historically, Schiedea hookeri was known from the Waianae Mountains 
of Oahu and from a single fragmentary collection from Haleakala on Maui 
that may represent Schiedea menziesii rather than Schiedea hookeri. 
Currently, this species is known from 17 populations on Oahu containing 
between 328 and 378 individuals in East Makaleha, Makaha-Waianae Kai 
Ridge, Kaluakauila Gulch, between Kalaulula and Kanewai Streams, Kaluaa 
Gulch, north of Puu Ku Makalii, Waianae Kai, Makua-Makaha Ridge, 
between Kolekole Pass and Puu Hapapa, southwest of Puu Kaua, Palikea 
Gulch, Makaha, Kamaileunu Ridge, and Kahanahaiki on Federal, State, 
city, county, and private lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA 
Database 2001; Service 1999).
    Schiedea hookeri on Oahu is usually found on slopes, cliffs and 
cliff bases, rock walls, and ledges in diverse mesic or dry lowland 
forest, often with Metrosideros polymorpha, Diospyros sandwicensis, or 
Diospyros hillebrandii dominant, and at elevations between 208 and 978 
m (682 and 3,208 ft). Associated plants species include Carex 
wahuensis, Psydrax odorata, Acacia koa, Bidens torta, Alyxia 
oliviformis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Hibiscus sp., Charpentiera 
tomentosa, Styphelia tameiameiae, Sida fallax, Pisonia sandwicensis, 
Lipochaeta tenuis, Stenogyne sp., Antidesma pulvinatum, Elaeocarpus 
bifidus, Dodonaea viscosa, Artemisia australis, Carex meyenii, or 
Eragrostis grandis (Service 1999).
    The primary threats to Schiedea hookeri on Oahu are habitat 
degradation and/or destruction by feral goats and pigs; competition 
with the alien plants species Schinus terebinthifolius, Kalanchoe 
pinnata, Blechnum occidentale, Passiflora suberosa, Clidemia hirta, 
Heliocarpus popayanensis, Psidium cattleianum, Ageratina riparia, 
Thelypteris parasitica, Toona ciliata, Melia azedarach, Grevillea 
robusta, Aleurites moluccana, Syzygium cumini, Panicum maximum, Hyptis 
pectinata, Lantana camara, Ageratina adenophora, Adiantum hispidulum, 
Melinis minutiflora, Pimenta dioica, Psidium guajava, and Cordyline 
fruticosa; and predation by introduced slugs and snails. The 
Kaluakauila Gulch population is also potentially threatened by fire and 
military activities (Service 1999).

Schiedea nuttallii (NCN)

    Schiedea nuttallii, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), 
is a generally hairless, erect subshrub. This species is distinguished 
from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by its habit, length of the 
stem internodes, length of the inflorescence, number of flowers per 
inflorescence, smaller leaves, smaller flowers, and smaller seeds 
(Wagner et al. 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of Schiedea nuttallii. Based 
on field and greenhouse observations, it is hermaphroditic (flowers 
contain both sexes). Plants located close to the Makua rim on Oahu have 
been under observation for 10 years, and they appear to be long-lived. 
Schiedea nuttallii appears to be an outcrossing species. Under 
greenhouse conditions, plants fail to set seed unless pollinated, 
suggesting that this species requires insects for pollination. 
Seedlings of Schiedea occurring in mesic or wet sites are apparently 
consumed by introduced slugs and snails. These have been observed 
feeding on Schiedea membranacea, another mesic forest species occurring 
on Kauai. In contrast to mesic forest species, Schiedea occurring in 
dry areas produce abundant seedlings following winter rains, presumably 
because there are fewer alien predators in drier sites. Fruits and 
flowers are abundant in the wet season but can be found throughout the 
year. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental 
requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).
    Historically Schiedea nuttallii was known from scattered locations 
on southeastern Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. Currently, known 
populations occur on Kauai, Oahu, and Molokai. On Oahu, five 
populations with 49 individuals are found on Pahole-Makua Ridge, 
Pahole-Kahanahaiki Ridge, Ekahanui Gulch Kahanahaiki Valley, and Pahole 
Gulch, on Federal, State, and private lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 
2001; EDA Database 2001; Service 1999).
    Schiedea nuttallii on Oahu typically grows on rock walls, forested 
slopes, and steep walls in Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland 
mesic forest and Metrosideros polymorpha-Dodonaea viscosa forest at 
elevations between 436 and 1185 m (1,430 and 3,887 ft). Associated 
native plant species include Alyxia oliviformis, Bidens torta, Psydrax 
odorata, Cibotium chamissoi, Hedyotis terminalis, Perrottetia 
sandwicensis, Ilex anomala, Coprosma sp., Peperomia sp., Machaerina 
sp., Pipturis sp., Antidesma platyphyllum, or the endangered Cyanea 
longiflora, (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt., 2001).
    Schiedea nuttalii on Oahu is seriously threatened by competition 
with the alien plant species Psidium cattleianum, Paspalum conjugatum, 
Clidemia hirta, Melinis minutiflora, Grevillea robusta, and Andropogon 
virginicus; predation by the black twig borer, slugs, and snails; 
habitat degradation by feral pigs; and a risk of extinction from 
naturally occurring events (e.g., landslides) and/or reduced 
reproductive vigor due to the small number of individuals (Service 
1999; 61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 2001).

Sesbania tomentosa (Ohai)

    Sesbania tomentosa, a short lived perennial and a member of the pea 
family (Fabaceae), is typically a sprawling shrub but may also be a 
small tree. Each compound leaf consists of 18 to 38 oblong to elliptic 
leaflets which are usually sparsely to densely covered with silky 
hairs. The flowers are salmon tinged with yellow, orange-red, scarlet 
or rarely, pure yellow. Sesbania tomentosa is the only endemic Hawaiian 
species in the genus, differing from the naturalized Sesbania sesban by 
the color of the flowers, the longer petals and calyx, and the number 
of seeds per pod (Geesink et al. 1999).
    The pollination biology of Sesbania tomentosa is being studied by 
David Hopper, a graduate student in the Department of Zoology at the 
University of Hawaii at Manoa. His preliminary findings suggest that 
although many insects visit Sesbania flowers, the majority of 
successful pollination is accomplished by native bees of the genus 
Hylaeus and that populations at Kaena Point on Oahu are probably 
pollinator limited. Flowering at Kaena Point is highest during the 
winter-spring rains, and gradually declines throughout the rest of the 
year. Other aspects of this plant's life history are unknown (Service 
1999).
    Currently, Sesbania tomentosa occurs on at least six of the eight 
main Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and 
Hawaii) and in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (Nihoa and Necker). It 
is no longer extant on Niihau and Lanai. On Oahu, Sesbania tomentosa is 
known from three populations of 54 to 55 wild and approximately 200 
outplanted individuals on State-owned land within the Kaena Point NAR 
and from Keawaula on State and private lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 
2001; 59 FR 56333; Service 1999).
    On Oahu, Sesbania tomentosa is found on cliff faces, broken basalt, 
and

[[Page 37144]]

sand dunes with rock outcrops in Scaevola sericea coastal dry shrubland 
and Sporobolus virginicus (aki aki), mixed grasslands between sea level 
and 152 m (499 ft) elevation. Associated plant species include 
Heliotropium sp. (ahinahina), Jacquemontia sandwicensis, Myoporum 
sandwicense, or Sida fallax, Lipochaeta sp., (HINHP Database 2001; 
Service 1999).
    The primary threats to Sesbania tomentosa on Oahu are competition 
with the alien plant species Leucana leucocephala and Lantana camara; 
lack of adequate pollination; seed predation by rats, mice and, 
potentially, non-native insects; and destruction by random 
environmental events (e.g., fire); hikers; and motorcycles and other 
all terrain vehicles (59 FR 56333; Service 1999; HINHP Database 2001).

Silene lanceolata (NCN)

    Silene lanceolata, a member of the pink family, is an upright, 
perennial plant with stems 15 to 50 cm (6 to 20 in) long, which are 
woody at the base. The narrow leaves are smooth except for a fringe of 
hairs near the base. Flowers are arranged in open clusters. The flowers 
are white with deeply-lobed, clawed petals. The capsule opens at the 
top to release reddish-brown seeds. This species is distinguished from 
Silene alexandri, the only other member of the genus found on Molokai, 
by its smaller flowers and capsules and its stamens, which are shorter 
than the sepals (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Currently, no life history information is available for Silene 
lanceolata (Service 1996d).
    The historical range of Silene lanceolata includes five Hawaiian 
Islands Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and the island of Hawaii. Silene 
lanceolata is presently extant on the islands of Molokai, Oahu, and 
Hawaii. On Oahu, there are two populations with 62 individuals located 
in Koiahi Gulch and Waianae Kai on Federal and State lands (GDSI 2001; 
HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001).
    On Oahu, Silene lanceolata grows on cliff faces and ledges of 
gullies in dry to mesic shrubland and cliff communities at elevations 
of about 351 to 978 m (1,151 to 3,208 ft). Associated native plant 
species include Artemisia aurstralis, Dodonaea viscosa, Schiedea manni, 
Bidens sp., Carex sp., Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Chamaesyce sp., 
Lysimachia sp. or the endangered Tetramolopium filfilforme (pamakani) 
(HINHP Database 2001).
    The threats to Silene lanceolata on Oahu are habitat destruction by 
feral goats and pigs; wildfires; and competition with the alien plant 
species Ageratina riparia, Schinus terebinthifolius, Lantana camara, 
Melinis repens, Melinis minutiflora, and Erigeron karvinskianus (HINHP 
Database 2001; 57 FR 46325; Service 1996d).

Solanum sandwicense (Popolo aiakeakua)

    Solanum sandwicense, a member of the nightshade family 
(Solanaceae), is a large sprawling shrub. The younger branches are more 
densely hairy than older branches and the oval leaves usually have up 
to four lobes along the margins. This short-lived perennial species 
differs from others of the genus in having dense hairs on young plant 
parts, a greater height, and its lack of prickles (Symon 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of Solanum sandwicense. 
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors 
are unknown (Service 1995b).
    Historically, Solanum sandwicense was known from both Oahu and 
Kauai. Currently, this species is only known from Kauai (Joan Yoshioka, 
TNCH, pers. comm., 2000; HINHP Database 2001; GDSI Database 2001; 65 FR 
66808 59 FR 09304; Service 1995b).
    Solanum sandwicense on Oahu was found on talus slopes and in 
streambeds in open, sunny areas at elevations between 131 and 1,006 m 
(430 and 3,300 ft). Associated plant species included Pisonia sp. or 
Psychotria sp. (59 FR 09304; Service 1995b; HINHP Database 2001).
    The major threats to populations of Solanum sandwicense on Oahu 
were habitat degradation by feral pigs; and competition with alien the 
plant species Passiflora suberosa, Psidium sp., and Schinus 
terebinthifolius; fire; landslides; and a risk of extinction from 
naturally occurring events and reduced reproductive vigor due to the 
small number of existing individuals (59 FR 09304; Service 1995b; HINHP 
Database 2001).

Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN)

    Spermolepis hawaiiensis, a member of the parsley family (Apiaceae), 
is a slender annual herb with few branches. Its leaves, dissected into 
narrow, lance-shaped divisions, are oblong to somewhat oval in outline 
and grow on stalks. Flowers are arranged in a loose, compound umbrella-
shaped inflorescence arising from the stem, opposite the leaves. 
Spermolepis hawaiiensis is the only member of the genus native to 
Hawaii. It is distinguished from other native members of the family by 
being a non-succulent annual with an umbrella-shaped inflorescence 
(Constance and Affolter 1999).
    Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental 
requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).
    Historically and currently, Spermolepis hawaiiensis is known from 
Kauai, Oahu, Lanai and the island of Hawaii. On Oahu, there are two 
known populations totaling between 110 and 910 individuals, on Makua-
Keaau Ridge and near the entrance of Diamond Head on State, Federal, 
city, and county lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 
2001).
    Spermolepis hawaiiensis on Oahu typically grows on steep-vertical 
cliffs or at the base of cliffs and ridges in coastal dry cliff 
vegetation at elevations of 25 to 839 m (82 to 2,752 ft). Associated 
plant species include Dodonaea viscosa, Artemisia australis, Bidens 
sp., Santalum ellipticum, Waltheria indica, Heteropogon contortus, or 
Doryopteris sp. (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt., 2001).
    The primary threats to Spermolepis hawaiiensis on Oahu are habitat 
degradation by feral goats; competition with various alien plant 
species such as Melinis minutiflora, Lantana camara, and grasses; and 
habitat destruction and extinction due to natural environmental events 
such as erosion, landslides, and rockslides due to natural weathering 
(HINHP Database 2001; 59 FR 56333; Service 1999).

Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum (NCN)

    Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, a member of the aster 
family (Asteraceae), is an erect shrub 12 to 36 cm (4.7 to 14 in) tall, 
branching near the ends of the stems. Leaves of this taxon are lance-
shaped, wider at the leaf tip, and measure 25 to 45 mm (1.0 to 1.8 in) 
long and 1 to 7 mm (0.04 to 0.3 in) wide. Flower heads are arranged in 
groups of six to 12. The involucre is bell-shaped and less than 4 mm 
(0.2 in) high. Florets are either female or bisexual, with both 
occurring on the same plant. There are 21 to 40 white to pinkish 
lavender ray florets 1 to 2 mm (0.04 to 0.08 in) long on the periphery 
of each head. In the center of each head there are four to eleven 
maroon to pale salmon disk florets. The fruits are achenes, 1.6 to 2.5 
mm (0.06 to 0.1 in) long and 0.5 to 0.8 mm (0.02 to 0.03 in) wide. This 
taxon can be distinguished from the other extant species on Oahu by its 
hermaphroditic (having both male and female flowers) disk flowers and 
its

[[Page 37145]]

inflorescence of six to 12 heads (Lowrey 1999).
    Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum is a short-lived perennial 
that has been observed producing fruit and flowers from April through 
July. No further other information is available on reproductive cycles, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (59 
FR 09304; Service 1995b).
    Historically, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum was known from 
nearly the entire length of the Waianae Mountains, from Makua Valley to 
Cachexia Ridge, as well as from the island of Lanai. On Oahu, a total 
of four populations of approximately 15 individual plants are currently 
known from Federal, State, and private lands on Mauna Kapu, Ekahanui-
Lualualei summit, Waianae Kai, and Puu Hapapa. TNCH has outplanted 
three individuals in a fenced exclosure within Honouliuli Preserve. 
These individuals have since died, yet two healthy Tetramolopium 
lepidotum ssp. lepidotum have sprouted near the exclosure (56 FR 55770; 
Lowrey 1999; Service 1998b; HINHP 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).
    Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum typically grows on grassy 
ridge tops, slopes, or cliffs in windblown dry forests at elevations of 
330 to 1,157 m (1,082 to 3,795 ft). Associated species include 
Eragrostis sp., Carex wahuensis, Bidens sp., or Metrosideros polymorpha 
(HINHP Database 2001).
    The major threats to Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum on Oahu 
are competition from the alien plant species Schinus terebinthifolius, 
Melinis minutiflora, and Andropogon virginicus; habitat degradation and 
predation by goats and pigs; fire; and the small number of populations 
(Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770; HINHP Database 2001).

Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN)

    Vigna o-wahuensis, a member of the pea family (Fabaceae), is a 
slender twining perennial herb with fuzzy stems. Each leaf is made up 
of three leaflets which vary in shape from round to linear, and are 
sparsely or moderately covered with coarse hairs. Flowers, in clusters 
of one to four, have thin, translucent, pale yellow or greenish yellow 
petals. The two lowermost petals are fused and appear distinctly 
beaked. The sparsely hairy calyx has asymmetrical lobes. The fruits are 
long slender pods that may or may not be slightly inflated and contain 
seven to 15 gray to black seeds. This species differs from others in 
the genus by its thin yellowish petals, sparsely hairy calyx, and thin 
pods which may or may not be slightly inflated (Geesink et al. 1999).
    Additional information on the life history of this plant, 
reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors are generally unknown (Service 1999).
    Historically, Vigna o-wahuensis was known from Niihau, Oahu, and 
Maui. Currently, Vigna o-wahuensis is known from the islands of 
Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii. There are no currently 
known populations on Niihau or Oahu. The last collection on Oahu was 
made in 1938 on the Mokulua Islets and North Islet (HINHP Database 
2001).
    Vigna o-wahuensis on Oahu occurred on open dry fossil reef, 
climbing over shrubs and grasses on limestone deposit and on fairly 
steep slopes from sea level to 609 m (0 to 1,998 ft) in elevation. The 
associated native plant species for this plant are unknown for Oahu 
(HINHP Database 2001).
    The threats for this species are unknown for Oahu.
    A summary of populations and landownership for these 101 plant 
species reported from Oahu is given in Table 2.

  Table 2.--Summary of Existing Populations Occurring on Oahu, and Landownership for 101 Species Reported From
                                                      Oahu
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Number of                Landownership/jurisdiction
                   Species                         current    --------------------------------------------------
                                                 populations       Federal           State           Private
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Abutilon sandwicense.........................              16       X \2\ \6\                X                X
Adenophorus periens..........................               0
Alectryon macrococcus........................              34    X\1\ \2\ \6\                X                X
Alsinidendron obovatum.......................               5            X\1\                X   ...............
Alsinidendron trinerve.......................               3            X\2\                X   ...............
Bonamia menziesii............................              16        X\1\ \6\                X                X
Cenchrus agrimonioides.......................               8        X\1\ \2\                X                X
Centaurium sebaeoides........................               3  ...............               X                X
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana.........              13            X\1\                X   ...............
Chamaesyce deppeana..........................               1  ...............               X   ...............
Chamaesyce herbstii..........................               4  ...............               X                X
Chamaesyce kuwaleana.........................               4            X\6\                X   ...............
Chamaesyce rockii............................              16   X \2\ \3\ \8\                X                X
Colubrina oppositifolia......................               5  ...............               X                X
Ctenitis squamigera..........................               4        X\1\ \2\                X                X
Cyanea acuminata.............................              22    X\2\ \3\ \8\                X                X
Cyanea crispa................................              11            X\3\                X                X
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana............               6            X\2\                X                X
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae................               6  ...............               X                X
Cyanea humboltiana...........................               8          X\3,8\                X                X
Cyanea koolauensis...........................              25    X\2\ \3\ \4\                X                X
                                                                          \8\
Cyanea longiflora............................               4  ...............               X                X
Cyanea pinnatifida...........................               0
Cyanea st.-johnii............................               6            X\3\                X                X
Cyanea superba...............................               1            X\1\                X   ...............
Cyanea truncata..............................               1  ...............               X                X
Cyperus trachysanthos........................               6            X\7\                X   ...............
Cyrtandra crenata............................               0
Cyrtandra dentata............................               8        X\1\ \3\                X   ...............
Cyrtandra polyantha..........................               1  ...............               X                X
Cyrtandra subumbellata.......................               2        X\2\ \8\                X                X

[[Page 37146]]

 
Cyrtandra viridiflora........................               8        X\3\ \8\                X                X
Delissea subcordata..........................              18        X\1\ \2\                X                X
Diellia erecta...............................               1  ...............               X                X
Diellia falcata..............................              29    X\1\ \2\ \6\                X                X
Diellia unisora..............................               4  ...............               X                X
Diplazium molokaiense........................               0
Dubautia herbstobatae........................               4            X\1\                X   ...............
Eragrostis fosbergii.........................               4            X\2\                X   ...............
Eugenia koolauensis..........................              10        X\3\ \4\                X                X
Euphorbia haeleeleana........................               6            X\1\                X                X
Flueggea neowawraea..........................              19    X\1\ \2\ \6\                X                X
Gardenia mannii..............................              31    X\2\ \3\ \4\                X                X
                                                                          \8\
Gouania meyenii..............................               3  ...............               X                X
Gouania vitifolia............................               2  ...............               X                X
Hedyotis coriacea............................               0
Hedyotis degeneri............................               5            X\1\                X   ...............
Hedyotis parvula.............................               5        X\1\ \6\                X   ...............
Hesperomannia arborescens....................              23    X\3\ \4\ \8\                X                X
Hesperomannia arbuscula......................               6  ...............               X                X
Hibiscus brackenridgei.......................               6        X\1\ \6\                X                X
Isodendrion laurifolium......................               5  ...............               X                X
Isodendrion longifolium......................               4            X\2\                X                X
Isodendrion pyrifolium.......................               0
Labordia cyrtandrae..........................               9  ...............               X                X
Lepidium arbuscula...........................              10    X\1\ \2\ \6\                X   ...............
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla...........               5        X\2\ \6\                X   ...............
Lipochaeta tenuifolia........................              12    X\1\ \2\ \6\                X   ...............
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis........               4    X\2\ \3\ \8\                X                X
Lobelia monostachya..........................               1  ...............               X                X
Lobelia niihauensis..........................              21    X\1\ \2\ \6\                X   ...............
Lobelia oahuensis............................              10    X\1\ \2\ \3\                X                X
                                                                          \8\
Lysimachia filifolia.........................               1  ...............               X   ...............
Mariscus pennatiformis.......................               0
Marsilea villosa.............................               4            X\6\                X                X
Melicope lydgatei............................               4            X\3\                X                X
Melicope pallida.............................               1  ...............               X                X
Melicope saint-johnii........................               5            X\6\   ...............               X
Myrsine juddii...............................               3            X\3\                X   ...............
Neraudia angulata............................               5    X\1\ \2\ \6\                X                X
Nototrichium humile..........................              21    X\1\ \2\ \6\                X                X
Peucedanum sandwicense.......................               4  ...............               X   ...............
Phlegmariurus nutans.........................               5    X\2\ \3\ \8\                X   ...............
Phyllostegia hirsuta.........................              23    X\2\ \3\ \6\                X                X
                                                                          \8\
Phyllostegia kaalaensis......................               4  ...............               X                X
Phyllostegia mollis..........................               8            X\2\                X
Phyllostegia parviflora......................               2            X\3\                X                X
Plantago princeps............................               6    X\1\ \2\ \3\                X                X
                                                                          \6\
Platanthera holochila........................               0
Pritichardia kaalae..........................               6        X\1\ \2\                X   ...............
Pteris lidgatei..............................               5    X\2\ \3\ \8\                X                X
Sanicula mariversa...........................               4        X\1\ \6\                X   ...............
Sanicula purpurea............................               4    X\2\ \3\ \8\                X                X
Schiedea hookeri.............................              17    X\1\ \2\ \6\                X                X
Schiedea kaalae..............................               8  ...............               X                X
Schiedea kealiae.............................               4            X\5\                X                X
Schiedea nuttallii...........................               5        X\1\ \2\                X                X
Sesbania tomentosa...........................               3  ...............               X                X
Silene lanceolata............................               2            X\1\                X   ...............
Silene perlmanii.............................               0
Solanum sandwicense..........................               0
Spermolepis hawaiiensis......................               2            X\1\                X   ...............
Stenogyne kanehoana..........................               1  ...............  ...............               X
Tetramolopium filiforme......................               6        X\1\ \6\                X   ...............
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum.......               4        X\2\ \6\                X                X
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa....................              20    X\2\ \3\ \4\                X                X
                                                                          \8\
Trematalobelia singularis....................               3  ...............               X                X
Urera kaalae.................................              11        X\2\ \6\                X                X
Vigna o-wahuensis............................               0
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana.......               5    X\1\ \2\ \6\                X   ...............

[[Page 37147]]

 
Viola oahuensis..............................               9    X\2\ \3\ \8\                X               X
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Makua Military Reservation.
\2\ Schofield Barracks Military Reservation/Schofield Barracks East Range.
\3\ Kawailoa Training Area.
\4\ Kahuku Training Area.
\5\ Dillingham Military Reservation.
\6\ Naval Magazine Pearl Harbor Lualualei Branch and Naval Computer and Telecommunication Area Master Station
  Pacific Transmitting Facility at Lualualei.
\7\ Hawaii Army National Guard.
\8\ Oahu Forest National Wildlife Refuge.

Previous Federal Action

    Federal action on these plants began as a result of section 12 of 
the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act) (16 U.S.C. 1531 et 
seq.), which directed the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution to 
prepare a report on plants considered to be endangered, threatened, or 
extinct in the United States. This report, designated as House Document 
No. 94-51, was presented to Congress on January 9, 1975. In that 
document, Abutilon sandwicense (as Abutilon sandwicense var. 
sandwicense), Adenophorus periens, Alectryon macrococcus (as Alectryon 
macrococcum var. macrococcum and Hesperomannia arborescens var. 
bushiana and var. swezeyi), Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus 
brackenridgei (as Hibiscus brackenridgei var. brackenridgei, var. 
mokuleianus, and var. ``from Hawaii''), Lipochaeta lobata var. 
leptophylla, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis (as Lobelia 
gaudichaudii var. koolauensis), Lobelia niihauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, 
Marsilea villosa, Melicope lydgatei (as Pelea descendens and Pelea 
lydgatei), Melicope pallida (as Pelea leveillei and Pelea pallida), 
Melicope saint-johnii (as Pelea saint-johnii var. elongata), Neraudia 
angulata, Nototricium humile, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia 
mollis, Plantago princeps (as Plantago princeps var. elata, var. 
laxifolia, var. princeps), Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, Lobelia 
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis (as Lobelia gaudichaudii var. 
koolauensis), Lobelia niihauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, Marsilea villosa, 
Pritchardia kaalae (as Pritchardia kaalae var. kaalae and var. minima), 
Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea kealiae, Sesbania tomentosa (as Sesbania 
hobdyi and Sesbania tomentosa var. tomentosa), Silene lanceolata, 
Solanum sandwicense (as Solanum hillebrandii and Solanum kauaiense), 
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa (as 
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa var. pupukeensis), Urera kaalae, Vigna o-
wahuensis (as Vigna sandwicensis var. heterophylla and var. 
sandwicensis), Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana (as Viola 
chamissoniana), and Viola oahuensis were considered endangered; Diellia 
erecta, Diellia unisora, Huperzia nutans (as Lycopodium nutans), 
Lipochaeta tenuifolia, Lobelia monostachya (as Lobelia hillebrandii 
var. monostachya), Lysimachia filifolia, and Phyllostegia hirsuta (as 
Phyllostegia hirsuta var. hirsuta and var. laxior) were considered 
threatened; and, Chamaesyce deppeana (as Euphorbia deppeana), Ctenitis 
squamigera, Diplazium molokaiense, Eugenia koolauensis (as Eugenia 
molokaiana), Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis cookiana, 
Hedyotis coriacea, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Plantago princeps (as 
Plantago princeps var. acaulis, var. denticulata, and var. queleniana), 
Pteris lidgatei, and Tetramolopium filiforme, were considered to be 
extinct. On July 1, 1975, we published a notice in the Federal Register 
(40 FR 27823) of our acceptance of the Smithsonian report as a petition 
within the context of section 4(c)(2) (now section 4(b)(3)) of the Act, 
and gave notice of our intention to review the status of the plant taxa 
named therein. As a result of that review, on June 16, 1976, we 
published a proposed rule in the Federal Register (41 FR 24523) to 
determine endangered status pursuant to section 4 of the Act for 
approximately 1,700 vascular plant taxa, including all of the above 
taxa considered to be endangered or thought to be extinct; Diellia 
erecta was also included in the 1976 document. The list of 1,700 plant 
taxa was assembled on the basis of comments and data received by the 
Smithsonian Institution and the Service in response to House Document 
No. 94-51 and the July 1, 1975, Federal Register publication.
    General comments received in response to the 1976 proposal are 
summarized in an April 26, 1978, Federal Register publication (43 FR 
17909). In 1978, amendments to the Act required that all proposals over 
2 years old be withdrawn. A 1-year grace period was given to proposals 
already over 2 years old. On December 10, 1979, we published a notice 
in the Federal Register (44 FR 70796) withdrawing the portion of the 
June 16, 1976, proposal that had not been made final, along with four 
other proposals that had expired. We published updated notices of 
review for plants on December 15, 1980 (45 FR 82479), September 27, 
1985 (50 FR 39525), February 21, 1990 (55 FR 6183), September 30, 1993 
(58 FR 51144), February 28, 1996 (61 FR 7596). A summary of the status 
categories for these 101 plant species in the 1980-1996 notices of 
review can be found in Table 3(a). We listed the 101 species as 
endangered or threatened between 1991 and 1996. A summary of the 
listing actions can be found in Table 3(b).

                    Table 3(a).--Summary of Candidacy Status for 101 Plant Species From Oahu
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                     Federal Register notice of review
                         Species                         -------------------------------------------------------
                                                            12/15/80       9/27/85       2/20/90       9/30/93
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Abutilon sandwicense....................................             C1            C1            C1
Adenophorus periens.....................................             C1            C1            C1

[[Page 37148]]

 
Alectryon macrococcus...................................             C1            C1            C1
Alsinidendron obovatum..................................             C1            C1            C1
Alsinidendron trinerve..................................             C1            C1            C1
Bonamia menziesii.......................................             C1            C1            C1
Cenchrus agrimonioides
Centaurium sebaeoides...................................  ............  ............             C1
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana
Chamaesyce deppeana.....................................             C1            C1            C1
Chamaesyce herbstii.....................................  ............  ............             C1
Chamaesyce kuwaleana....................................             C1            C1            C1
Chamaesyce rockii.......................................           3A            3A              C1
Colubrina oppositifolia
Ctenitis squamigera.....................................             C1            C1            C1
Cyanea acuminata
Cyanea crispa...........................................             C1            C1            C1
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana.......................             C1*           C1*           C1*
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae...........................             C1            C1 ............             C2
Cyanea humboltiana......................................  ............  ............             C2
Cyanea koolauensis......................................             C1            C1           3C
Cyanea longiflora
Cyanea pinnatifida......................................             C1            C1
Cyanea st.-johnii.......................................             C1            C1            C1
Cyanea superba..........................................             C1            C1           3C
Cyanea truncata.........................................             C1            C1            C1
Cyperus trachysanthos...................................  ............  ............             C1
Cyrtandra crenata.......................................  ............  ............  ............             C2
Cyrtandra dentata.......................................             C1            C1            C1
Cyrtandra polyantha.....................................  ............  ............            3C
Cyrtandra subumbellata..................................             C1            C1            C1
Cyrtandra viridiflora...................................             C1            C1            C2            C2
Delissea subcordata.....................................  ............  ............  ............             C2
Diellia erecta..........................................            3C            3C
Diellia falcata.........................................             C1            C1            C1
Diellia unisora.........................................             C1            C1            C1
Diplazium molokaiense...................................             C1            C1            C1*
Dubautia herbstobatae...................................             C1*           C1*           C1
Eragrostis fosbergii....................................             C1            C1            C1
Eugenia koolauensis.....................................             C1            C1            C1*           C2*
Euphorbia haeleeleana...................................             C1            C1            C1
Flueggea neowawraea.....................................             C1            C1            C1
Gardenia mannii
Gouania meyenii.........................................           3A            3A              C1
Gouania vitifolia.......................................             C1*           C1*           C1*
Hedyotis coriacea.......................................           3A            3A              C1
Hedyotis degeneri.......................................             C1            C1            C1
Hedyotis parvula........................................             C1            C1            C1
Hesperomannia arborescens...............................             C1            C1            C1
Hesperomannia arbuscula.................................             C1            C1            C1
Hibiscus brackenridgei..................................             C1            C1            C1
Isodendrion laurifolium.................................             C1            C1            C1
Isodendrion longifolium.................................             C1            C1            C1            C2
Isodendrion pyrifolium..................................             C1            C1            C1           3C
Labordia cyrtandrae.....................................             C1*           C1*         3A
Lepidium arbuscula......................................  ............  ............             C2            C2
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla......................  ............             C1*           C2            C2
Lipochaeta tenuifolia...................................             C1            C1            C1
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis...................             C1            C1            C1
Lobelia monostachya.....................................             C1            C1          3B
Lobelia niihauensis.....................................  ............             C1          3A
Lobelia oahuensis.......................................             C1            C1            C1
Lysimachia filifolia....................................             C1            C1            C1
Mariscus pennatiformis..................................             C2            C2            C1
Marsilea villosa........................................  ............  ............             C1
Melicope lydgatei.......................................  ............  ............  ............             C2
Melicope pallida........................................  ............             C1            C1 ............
Melicope saint-johnii...................................             C1            C1            C1
Myrsine juddii..........................................             C1            C1            C1*
Neraudia angulata.......................................  ............  ............             C1*............
Nototrichium humile.....................................             C1            C1           3C
Peucedanum sandwicense..................................             C1            C1            C1

[[Page 37149]]

 
Phlegmariurus nutans....................................             C1            C1            C1
Phyllostegia hirsuta....................................             C2            C2            C2
Phyllostegia kaalaensis.................................             C1            C2           3C
Phyllostegia mollis
Phyllostegia parviflora.................................             C1            C1            C1
Plantago princeps
Platanthera holochila...................................             C2            C2            C1
Pritchardia kaalae......................................             C1            C1            C1            C2
Pteris lidgatei.........................................            3C            3C
Sanicula mariversa......................................  ............  ............             C1 ............
Sanicula purpurea.......................................  ............  ............             C1 ............
Schiedea hookeri........................................  ............  ............  ............             C2
Schiedea kaalae.........................................             C1            C1            C1
Schiedea kealiae........................................            3C            3C
Schiedea nuttallii......................................  ............  ............  ............             C2
Sesbania tomentosa......................................             C1*           C1*           C1
Silene lanceolata.......................................             C1            C1            C1
Silene perlmanii........................................  ............  ............             C1
Solanum sandwicense.....................................             C1*           C1*           C1
Spermolepis hawaiiensis.................................  ............  ............             C1
Stenogyne kanehoana.....................................             C1            C1            C1
Tetramolopium filiforme.................................             C1            C1            C1
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum..................             C1            C1            C1
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa...............................           3B            3B              C1
Trematalobelia singularis...............................  ............  ............             C2            C2
Urera kaalae............................................             C1            C1            C1
Vigna o-wahuensis.......................................             C1            C1            C1
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana..................             C1            C1            C1
Viola oahuensis.........................................             C1            C1            C2            C2 
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Key:
C: Taxa for which the Service has on file sufficient information on the biological vulnerability and threat(s)
  to support proposals to list them as endangered or threatened species. (The 1996 Notice of Review discontinued
  the use of different categories of candidates (as described below; candidates were redefined as species
  meeting the definition of former C1 species.)
C1: Taxa for which the Service has on file enough sufficient information on biological vulnerability and
  threat(s) to support proposals to list them as endangered or threatened species.
C1*: Taxa of known vulnerable status in the recent past that may already have become extinct.
C2: Taxa for which there is some evidence of vulnerability, but for which there are not enough data to support
  listing proposals at this time.
3A: Taxa for which the Service has persuasive evidence of extinction. If rediscovered, such taxa might acquire
  high priority for listing.
3B: Names that, on the basis of current taxonomic understanding (usually as represented in published revisions
  and monographs), do not represent distinct taxa meeting the Act's definition of ``species''. Such supposed
  entities could be reevaluated in the future on the basis of new information.
3C: Taxa that have proven to be more abundant or widespread than previously believed and/or those that are not
  subject to any identifiable threat. If further research or changes in habitat conditions indicate a
  significant decline in any of these taxa, they may be reevaluated for possible inclusion in categories 1 or 2.
 
Federal Register Notices of Review:
1980: 45 FR 82479
1985: 50 FR 39525
1990: 55 FR 6183
1993: 58 FR 51144
1996: 61 FR 7596


                                         Table 3(b).--Summary of Listing Actions for 101 Plant Species From Oahu
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                              Proposed rule                      Final rule                 Proposed critical habitat
             Species               Federal  status -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                       Date       Federal Register       Date       Federal Register       Date       Federal  Register
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Abutilon sandwicense.............  E                  09/28/90  55 FR 39664             10/29/91  56 FR 55770
Adenophorus periens..............  E                  09/14/93  58 FR 48012             11/10/94  59 FR 56333             11/07/00  65 FR 66808
                                                                                                                          01/28/02  67 FR 3939
                                                                                                                          03/04/02  67 FR 9806
                                                                                                                          04/05/02  67 FR 16492
Alectryon macrococcus............  E                  05/24/91  56 FR 23842             05/15/92  57 FR 20772             11/07/00  65 FR 66808
                                                                                                                          12/18/00  65 FR 79192
                                                                                                                          12/29/00  65 FR 83158
                                                                                                                          01/28/02  67 FR 3939
                                                                                                                          04/03/02  67 FR 15856
                                                                                                                          04/05/02  67 FR 16492
Alsinidendron obovatum...........  E                  09/28/90  55 FR 39664             10/29/91  56 FR 55770
Alsinidendron trinerve...........  E                  09/28/90  55 FR 39664             10/29/91  56 FR 55770

[[Page 37150]]

 
Bonamia menziesii................  E                  09/14/93  58 FR 48012             11/10/94  59 FR 56333             11/07/00  65 FR 66808
                                                                                                                          12/18/00  65 FR 79192
                                                                                                                          12/27/00  65 FR 82086
                                                                                                                          01/28/02  67 FR 3939
                                                                                                                          04/03/02  67 FR 15856
                                                                                                                          03/04/02  67 FR 9806
Cenchrus agrimonioides...........  E                  10/02/95  60 FR 51417             10/10/96  61 FR 53108             12/18/00  65 FR 79192
                                                                                                                          04/03/02  67 FR 15856
                                                                                                                          03/04/02  67 FR 9806
Centaurium sebaeoides............  E                  09/28/90  55 FR 39664             10/29/91  56 FR 55770             11/07/00  65 FR 66808
                                                                                                                          12/18/00  65 FR 79192
                                                                                                                          12/27/00  65 FR 82086
                                                                                                                          12/29/00  65 FR 83158
                                                                                                                          01/28/02  67 FR 3939
                                                                                                                          04/03/02  67 FR 15856
                                                                                                                          03/04/02  67 FR 9806
                                                                                                                          04/05/02  67 FR 16492
Chamaesyce celastroides var.       E                  09/28/90  55 FR 39664             10/29/91  56 FR 55770
 kaenana.
Chamaesyce deppeana..............  E                  10/14/92  57 FR 47028             03/28/94  59 FR 14482
Chamaesyce herbstii..............  E                  10/02/95  55 FR 51398             10/10/96  61 FR 53089
Chamaesyce kuwaleana.............  E                  09/28/90  55 FR 39664             10/29/91  56 FR 55770
Chamaesyce rockii................  E                  10/02/95  60 FR 51398             10/10/96  61 FR 53089
Colubrina oppositifolia..........  E                  12/17/92  57 FR 59951             03/04/94  59 FR 10305             12/18/00  65 FR 79192
                                                                                                                          04/03/02  67 FR 15856
                                                                                                                          05/28/02  HI PR
Ctenitis squamigera..............  E                  06/24/93  58 FR 34231             09/26/94  59 FR 49025             12/18/00  65 FR 79192
                                                                                                                          12/27/00  65 FR 82086
                                                                                                                          01/28/02  67 FR 3939
                                                                                                                          04/03/02  67 FR 15856
                                                                                                                          03/04/02  67 FR 9806
                                                                                                                          04/05/02  67 FR 16492
                                                                                                                          05/28/02  HI PR
Cyanea acuminata.................  E                  10/02/95  60 FR 51398             10/10/96  61 FR 53089                       ....................
Cyanea crispa....................  E                  10/14/92  57 FR 47028             03/28/94  59 FR 14482                       ....................
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana  E                  10/02/95  60 FR 51417             10/10/96  61 FR 53108             12/18/00  65 FR 79192
                                                                                                                          12/27/00  65 FR 82086
                                                                                                                          12/29/00  65 FR 83158
                                                                                                                          04/03/02  67 FR 15856
                                                                                                                          03/04/02  67 FR 9806
                                                                                                                          04/05/02  67 FR 16492
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae....  E                  12/14/92  57 FR 59066             06/27/94  59 FR 32932                       ....................
Cyanea humboltiana...............  E                  10/02/95  60 FR 51398             10/10/96  61 FR 53089                       ....................
Cyanea koolauensis...............  E                  10/02/95  60 FR 51398             10/10/96  61 FR 53089                       ....................
Cyanea longiflora................  E                  10/02/95  60 FR 51398             10/10/96  61 FR 53089                       ....................
Cyanea pinnatifida...............  E                  09/28/90  55 FR 39664             10/29/91  56 FR 55770                       ....................
Cyanea st.-johnii................  E                  10/02/95  60 FR 51389             10/10/96  61 FR 53089                       ....................
Cyanea superba...................  E                  07/17/90  55 FR 29072             09/11/91  56 FR 46235                       ....................
Cyanea truncata..................  E                  10/14/92  57 FR 47028             03/28/94  59 FR 14482                       ....................
Cyperus trachysanthos............  E                  10/02/95  60 FR 51417             10/10/96  61 FR 53108             11/07/00  65 FR 66808
                                                                                                                          01/28/02  67 FR 3939
                                                                                                                          03/04/02  67 FR 9806
Cyrtandra crenata................  E                  10/14/92  57 FR 47028             03/28/94  59 FR 14482                       ....................
Cyrtandra dentata................  E                  10/02/95  60 FR 51398             10/10/96  61 FR 53089                       ....................
Cyrtandra polyantha..............  E                  10/14/92  57 FR 47028             03/28/94  59 FR 14482                       ....................
Cyrtandra subumbellata...........  E                  10/02/95  60 FR 51398             10/10/96  61 FR 53089                       ....................
Cyrtandra viridiflora............  E                  10/02/95  60 FR 51398             10/10/96  61 FR 53089                       ....................
Delissea subcordata..............  E                  10/02/95  60 FR 51398             10/10/96  61 FR 53089                       ....................
Diellia erecta...................  E                  09/14/93  58 FR 48012             11/10/94  59 FR 56333             12/18/00  65 FR 79192
                                                                                                                          12/29/00  65 FR 83158
                                                                                                                          01/28/02  67 FR 3939
                                                                                                                          04/03/02  67 FR 15856
                                                                                                                          03/04/02  67 FR 9806
                                                                                                                          04/05/02  67 FR 16492
                                                                                                                          05/28/02  HI PR
Diellia falcata..................  E                  09/28/90  55 FR 39664             10/29/91  56 FR 55770                       ....................
Diellia unisora..................  E                  12/14/92  57 FR 39066             06/27/94  59 FR 32932                       ....................

[[Page 37151]]

 
Diplazium molokaiense............  E                  06/24/93  58 FR 34231             09/26/94  59 FR 49025             12/18/00  65 FR 79192
                                                                                                                          01/28/02  67 FR 3939
                                                                                                                          04/03/02  67 FR 15856
                                                                                                                          03/04/02  67 FR 9806
                                                                                                                          04/05/02  67 FR 16492
Dubautia herbstobatae............  E                  09/28/90  55 FR 39664             10/29/91  56 FR 55770                       ....................
Eragrostis fosbergii.............  E                  10/02/95  60 FR 51398             10/10/96  61 FR 53089
Eugenia koolauensis..............  E                  10/14/92  57 FR 47028             03/28/94  59 FR 14482             04/05/02  67 FR 16492
Euphorbia haeleeleana............  E                  10/02/95  60 FR 51417             10/10/96  61 FR 53108             11/07/00  65 FR 66808
                                                                                                                          01/28/02  67 FR 3939
Flueggea neowawraea..............  E                  09/14/93  58 FR 48012             11/10/94  59 FR 56333             11/07/00  65 FR 66808
                                                                                                                          12/18/00  65 FR 79192
                                                                                                                          01/28/02  67 FR 3939
                                                                                                                          04/03/02  67 FR 15856
                                                                                                                          04/05/02  67 FR 16492
                                                                                                                          05/28/02  HI PR
Gardenia mannii..................  E                  10/02/95  60 FR 51398             10/10/96  61 FR 53089
Gouania meyenii..................  E                  09/28/90  55 FR 39664             10/29/91  56 FR 55770             11/07/00  65 FR 66808
                                                                                                                          01/28/02  67 FR 3939
Gouania vitifolia................  E                  12/14/92  57 FR 59066             06/27/94  59 FR 32932
Hedyotis coriacea................  E                  05/24/91  56 FR 23772             05/15/92  56 FR 20772             12/18/00  65 FR 79192
                                                                                                                          04/03/02  67 FR 15856
                                                                                                                          05/28/02  HI PR
Hedyotis degeneri................  E                  09/28/90  55 FR 39664             10/29/91  56 FR 55770
Hedyotis parvula.................  E                  09/28/90  55 FR 39664             10/29/91  56 FR 55770
Hesperomannia arborescens........  E                  10/14/92  57 FR 47028             03/28/94  59 FR 14482             12/18/00  65 FR 79192
                                                                                                                          12/29/00  65 FR 83158
                                                                                                                          04/03/02  67 FR 15856
                                                                                                                          03/04/02  67 FR 9806
                                                                                                                          04/05/02  67 FR 16492
Hesperomannia arbuscula..........  E                  09/28/90  55 FR 39664             10/29/91  56 FR 55770             12/18/00  65 FR 79192
                                                                                                                          04/03/02  67 FR 15856
Hibiscus brackenridgei...........  E                  09/14/93  58 FR 48012             11/10/94  59 FR 56333             12/18/00  65 FR 79192
                                                                                                                          12/27/00  65 FR 82086
                                                                                                                          01/28/02  67 FR 3939
                                                                                                                          04/03/02  67 FR 15856
                                                                                                                          03/04/02  67 FR 9806
                                                                                                                          04/05/02  67 FR 16492 HI PR
                                                                                                                          05/28/02
Isodendrion laurifolium..........  E                  10/02/95  60 FR 51417             10/10/96  61 FR 53108             11/07/00  65 FR 66808
                                                                                                                          01/28/02  67 FR 3939
Isodendrion longifolium..........  E                  10/02/95  60 FR 51417             10/10/96  61 FR 53108             11/07/00  65 FR 66808
                                                                                                                          01/28/02  67 FR 3939
Isodendrion pyrifolium...........  T                  12/17/92  57 FR 59951             03/04/94  59 FR 10305                       ....................
Labordia cyrtandrae..............  E                  10/02/95  60 FR 51398             10/10/96  61 FR 53089                       ....................
Lepidium arbuscula...............  E                  10/02/95  60 FR 51398             10/10/96  61 FR 53089                       ....................
Lipochaeta lobata var.             E                  09/28/90  55 FR 39664             10/29/91  56 FR 55770                       ....................
 leptophylla.
Lipochaeta tenuifolia............  E                  09/28/90  55 FR 39664             10/29/91  56 FR 55770                       ....................
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp.          E                  10/02/95  60 FR 51398             10/10/96  61 FR 53089                       ....................
 koolauensis.
Lobelia monostachya..............  E                  10/02/95  60 FR 51398             10/10/96  61 FR 53089                       ....................
Lobelia niihauensis..............  E                  09/28/90  55 FR 39664             10/29/91  56 FR 55770             11/07/00  65 FR 66808
                                                                                                                          01/28/02  67 FR 3939
Lobelia oahuensis................  E                  10/14/92  57 FR 47028             03/28/94  59 FR 14482                       ....................
Lysimachia filifolia.............  E                  10/30/91  56 FR 55862             02/25/94  59 FR 09304             11/07/00  65 FR 66808
                                                                                                                          01/28/02  67 FR 3939
Mariscus pennatiformis...........  E                  09/14/93  58 FR 58012             11/10/94  59 FR 56333             12/18/00  65 FR 79192
                                                                                                                          01/28/02  67 FR 3939
                                                                                                                          04/03/02  67 FR 15856
                                                                                                                          05/14/02  67 FR 34522 HI PR
                                                                                                                          05/28/02
Marsilea villosa.................  E                  02/15/91  56 FR 6349              06/22/92  57 FR 27863             12/29/00  65 FR 83158
                                                                                                                          04/05/02  67 FR 16492
Melicope lydgatei................  E                  10/14/92  57 FR 47028             03/28/94  59 FR 14482                       ....................
Melicope pallida.................  E                  10/30/91  56 FR 55862              2/25/94  59 FR 09304             11/07/00  65 FR 66808
                                                                                                                          01/28/02  67 FR 3939
Melicope saint-johnii............  E                  10/02/95  60 FR 51398             10/10/96  61 FR 53089                       ....................
Myrsine juddii...................  E                  10/02/95  60 FR 51398             10/10/96  61 FR 53089                       ....................
Neraudia angulata................  E                   9/28/90  55 FR 39664             10/29/91  56 FR 55770                       ....................
Nototrichium humile..............  E                   9/28/90  55 FR 39664             10/29/91  56 FR 55770                       ....................

[[Page 37152]]

 
Peucedanum sandwicense...........  E                  10/30/91  56 FR 55862             02/25/94  59 FR 09304             11/07/00  65 FR 66808
                                                                                                                          12/18/00  65 FR 79192
                                                                                                                          12/29/00  65 FR 83158
                                                                                                                          01/28/02  67 FR 3939
                                                                                                                          04/03/02  67 FR 15856
                                                                                                                          04/05/02  67 FR 16492
Phlegmariurus nutans.............  E                  10/14/92  57 FR 47028             03/28/94  59 FR 14482                       ....................
Phyllostegia hirsuta.............  T                  10/02/95  60 FR 51398             10/10/96  61 FR 53089                       ....................
Phyllostegia kaalaensis..........  E                  10/02/95  60 FR 51398             10/10/96  61 FR 53089                       ....................
Phyllostegia mollis..............  E                  09/28/90  55 FR 39664             10/29/91  56 FR 55770             12/18/00  65 FR 79192
                                                                                                                          04/03/02  67 FR 15856
                                                                                                                          04/05/02  67 FR 16492
Phyllostegia parviflora..........  E                  10/02/95  60 FR 51417             10/10/96  61 FR 53108                       ....................
Plantago princeps................  E                  09/14/93  58 FR 48012             11/10/94  59 FR 56333             11/07/00  65 FR 66808
                                                                                                                          12/18/00  65 FR 79192
                                                                                                                          01/28/02  67 FR 3939
                                                                                                                          04/03/02  67 FR 15856
                                                                                                                          04/05/02  67 FR 16492
Platanthera holochila............  E                  10/02/95  60 FR 51417             10/10/96  61 FR 53108             11/07/00  65 FR 66808
                                                                                                                          12/18/00  65 FR 79192
                                                                                                                          12/29/00  65 FR 83158
                                                                                                                          01/28/00  67 FR 3939
                                                                                                                          04/03/02  67 FR 15856
                                                                                                                          04/05/02  67 FR 16492
Pritichardia kaalae..............  E                  10/02/95  60 FR 51398             10/10/96  61 FR 53089                       ....................
Pteris lidgatei..................  E                  06/24/93  58 FR 34231             09/26/94  59 FR 49025             12/18/00  65 FR 79192
                                                                                                                          04/03/02  67 FR 15856
                                                                                                                          04/05/02  67 FR 16492
Sanicula mariversa...............  E                  09/28/90  55 FR 39664             10/29/91  56 FR 55770                       ....................
Sanicula purpurea................  E                  10/02/95  60 FR 51417             10/10/96  61 FR 53108             12/18/00  65 FR 79192
                                                                                                                          04/03/02  67 FR 15856
Schiedea hookeri.................  E                  10/02/95  60 FR 51417             10/10/96  61 FR 53108           ..........  ....................
Schiedea kaalae..................  E                  09/28/90  55 FR 39664             10/29/91  56 FR 55770           ..........  ....................
Schiedea kealiae.................  E                  10/02/95  60 FR 51398             10/10/96  61 FR 53089           ..........  ....................
Schiedea nuttallii...............  E                  10/02/95  60 FR 51417             10/10/96  61 FR 53108             11/07/00  65 FR 66808
                                                                                                                          12/29/00  65 FR 83158
                                                                                                                          04/05/02  67 FR 16492
Sesbania tomentosa...............  E                  09/14/93  58 FR 48012             11/10/94  59 FR 56333             11/07/00  65 FR 66808
                                                                                                                          12/18/00  65 FR 79192
                                                                                                                          12/29/00  65 FR 83158
                                                                                                                          01/28/02  67 FR 3939
                                                                                                                          04/03/02  67 FR 15856
                                                                                                                          03/04/02  67 FR 9806
                                                                                                                          04/05/02  67 FR 16492
                                                                                                                          05/14/02  67 FR 34522
                                                                                                                          05/28/02  HI PR
Silene lanceolata................  E                  09/20/91  56 FR 47718             10/08/92  57 FR 46325             12/29/00  65 FR 83158
                                                                                                                          01/28/02  67 FR 3939
                                                                                                                          04/05/02  67 FR 16492
                                                                                                                          05/28/02  HI PR
Silene perlmanii.................  E                  09/28/90  55 FR 39664             10/29/91  56 FR 55770           ..........  ....................
Solanum sandwicense..............  E                  10/30/91  56 FR 55862             02/25/94  59 FR 09304             11/07/00  65 FR 66808
                                                                                                                          01/28/02  67 FR 3939
Spermolepis hawaiiensis..........  E                  09/14/93  58 FR 48012             11/10/94  59 FR 56333             11/07/00  65 FR 66808
                                                                                                                          12/18/00  65 FR 79192
                                                                                                                          12/27/00  65 FR 82086
                                                                                                                          12/29/00  65 FR 83158
                                                                                                                          01/28/02  67 FR 3939
                                                                                                                          04/03/02  67 FR 15856
                                                                                                                          03/04/02  67 FR 9806
                                                                                                                          04/05/02  67 FR 16492
                                                                                                                          05/28/02  HI PR
Stenogyne kanehoana..............  E                  01/23/91  56 FR 2493              05/13/92  57 FR 20592           ..........  ....................
Tetramolopium filiforme..........  E                  09/28/90  55 FR 39664             10/29/91  56 FR 55770           ..........  ....................
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.       E                  09/28/90  55 FR 39664             10/29/91  56 FR 55770           ..........  ....................
 lepidotum.
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa........  E                  10/14/92  57 FR 47028             03/28/94  59 FR 14482           ..........  ....................
Trematalobelia singularis........  E                  10/02/95  60 FR 51398             10/10/96  61 FR 53089           ..........  ....................
Urera kaalae.....................  E                  09/28/90  55 FR 39664             10/29/91  56 FR 55770           ..........  ....................

[[Page 37153]]

 
Vigna o-wahuensis................  E                  09/14/93  58 FR 48012             11/10/94  59 FR 56333             12/18/00  65 FR 79192
                                                                                                                          12/29/00  65 FR 83158
                                                                                                                          01/28/02  67 FR 3939
                                                                                                                          04/03/02  67 FR 15856
                                                                                                                          03/04/02  67 FR 9806
                                                                                                                          04/05/02  67 FR 16492
                                                                                                                          05/28/02  HI PR
Viola chamissoniana ssp.           E                  09/28/90  55 FR 39664             10/29/91  56 FR 55770           ..........  ....................
 chamissoniana.
Viola oahuensis..................  E                  10/02/95  60 FR 51398             10/10/96  61 FR 53089           ..........  ....................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Key: E = Endangered.
 T = Threatened.

Critical Habitat

    Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as amended, and implementing 
regulations (50 CFR 424.12) require that, to the maximum extent prudent 
and determinable, the Secretary will find that critical habitat 
designation is not prudent when one or both of the following situations 
exist: (1) the species is threatened by taking or other human activity, 
and identification of critical habitat can be expected to increase the 
degree of threat to the species, or (2) such designation of critical 
habitat would not be beneficial to the species. At the time each plant 
was listed, we determined that designation of critical habitat was not 
prudent because it would not benefit the plant and/or would increase 
the degree of threat to the species.
    The not prudent determinations for these species, along with 
others, were challenged in Conservation Council for Hawaii v. Babbitt, 
2 F. Supp. 2d 1280 (D. Haw. 1998). On March 9, 1998, the United States 
District Court for the District of Hawaii, directed us to review the 
prudency determinations for 245 listed plant species in Hawaii, 
including these 101 species reported from Oahu. Among other things, the 
court held that, in most cases, we did not sufficiently demonstrate 
that the species are threatened by human activity or that such threats 
would increase with the designation of critical habitat. The court also 
held that we failed to balance any risks of designating critical 
habitat against any benefits (id. at 1283-85).
    Regarding our determination that designating critical habitat would 
have no additional benefits to the species above and beyond those 
already provided through the section 7 consultation requirement of the 
Act, the court ruled that we failed to consider the specific effect of 
the consultation requirement on each species (id. at 1286-88). In 
addition, the court stated that we did not consider benefits outside of 
the consultation requirements. In the court's view, these potential 
benefits include substantive and procedural protections. The court held 
that, substantively, designation establishes a ``uniform protection 
plan'' prior to consultation and indicates where compliance with 
section 7 of the Act is required. Procedurally, the court stated that 
the designation of critical habitat educates the public and State and 
local governments and affords them an opportunity to participate in the 
designation (id. at 1288). The court also stated that private lands may 
not be excluded from critical habitat designation even though section 7 
requirements apply only to Federal agencies. In addition to the 
potential benefit of informing the public, State, and local governments 
of the listing and of the areas that are essential to the species' 
conservation, the court found that there may be Federal activity on 
private property in the future, even though no such activity may be 
occurring there at the present (id. at 1285-88).
    On August 10, 1998, the court ordered us to publish proposed 
critical habitat designations or non-designations for at least 100 
species by November 30, 2000, and to publish proposed designations or 
non-designations for the remaining 145 species by April 30, 2002 (24 F. 
Supp. 2d 1074).
    On November 30, 1998, we published a notice in the Federal Register 
requesting public comments on our reevaluation of whether designation 
of critical habitat is prudent for the 245 Hawaiian plants at issue (63 
FR 65805). The comment period closed on March 1, 1999, and was reopened 
from March 24, 1999, to May 24, 1999 (64 FR 14209). We received more 
than 100 responses from individuals, non-profit organizations, the 
Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW), county governments, and 
Federal agencies (U.S. Department of Defense--Army, Navy, Air Force). 
Only a few responses offered information on the status of individual 
plant species or on current management actions for one or more of the 
245 Hawaiian plants. While some of the respondents expressed support 
for the designation of critical habitat for 245 Hawaiian plants, more 
than 80 percent opposed the designation of critical habitat for these 
plants. In general, these respondents opposed designation because they 
believed it will cause economic hardship, discourage cooperative 
projects, polarize relationships with hunters, or potentially increase 
trespass or vandalism on private lands. In addition, commenters also 
cited a lack of information on the biological and ecological needs of 
these plants which, they suggested, may lead to designation based on 
guesswork. The respondents who supported the designation of critical 
habitat cited that designation would provide a uniform protection plan 
for the Hawaiian Islands; promote funding for management of these 
plants; educate the public and State government; and protect 
partnerships with landowners and build trust.
    On November 7, 2000, we published the first of the court-ordered 
prudency determinations and proposed critical habitat designations or 
non-designations for 76 Kauai and Niihau plants (65 FR 66808). The 
prudency determinations and proposed critical habitat designations for 
Maui and Kahoolawe plants were published December 18, 2000 (65 FR 
79192), for Lanai plants on December 27, 2000 (65 FR 82086), and for 
Molokai plants on December 29, 2000 (65 FR 83157). All of these 
proposed rules had been sent to the Federal Register on or by November 
30, 2000, as required by the court's order. In those proposals, we 
determined that critical habitat was prudent for 45

[[Page 37154]]

species (Adenophorus periens, Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, 
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, Colubrina oppositifolia, 
Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyperus 
trachysanthos, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Eugenia 
koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania 
meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, Hesperomannia 
arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, 
Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, Isodendrion 
pyrifolium, Lobelia niihauensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Mariscus 
pennatiformis, Marsilea villosa, Melicope pallida, Nototrichium humile, 
Peucedanum sandwicense, Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia mollis, 
Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, 
Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea 
nuttallii, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Solanum sandwicense, 
Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, and 
Vigna o-wahuensis) that are reported from Oahu as well as on Kauai, 
Niihau, Maui, Kahoolawe, Lanai, or Molokai.
    On October 3, 2001, we submitted a joint stipulation with Earth 
Justice Legal Defense Fund requesting extension of the court order for 
the final rules to designate critical habitat for plants from Kauai and 
Niihau (July 30, 2002), Maui and Kahoolawe (August 23, 2002), Lanai 
(September 16, 2002), and Molokai (October 16, 2002), citing the need 
to revise the proposals to incorporate or address new information and 
comments received during the comment periods. The joint stipulation was 
approved and ordered by the court on October 5, 2001. In the revised 
proposed rules published on January 28, 2002 (67 FR 3939), March 4, 
2002 (67 FR 9806), April 3, 2002 (67 FR 15856), and April 5, 2002 (67 
FR 16492), we proposed that designation of critical habitat was prudent 
for Eugenia koolauensis, Gouania vitifolia, Isodendrion pyrifolium, 
Nototrichium humile, Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia parviflora, 
Schiedea hookeri, and Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, eight 
species reported from Oahu as well as Kauai, Maui, Molokai, and Lanai. 
The designation of critical habitat is proposed for all of these 
species on Oahu.
    On May 14, 2002, we published the prudency determinations and 
proposed critical habitat designations for the Northwestern Hawaiian 
Islands plants (67 FR 34522) and in this issue of the Federal Register 
we are publishing the prudency determinations and proposed critical 
habitat designations for the Hawaii Island plants. Publication of this 
proposal for plants from Oahu is consistent with the August 10, 1998, 
court order.

Critical Habitat

    Critical habitat is defined in section 3 of the Act as--(i) The 
specific areas within the geographic area occupied by a species, at the 
time it is listed in accordance with the Act, on which are found those 
physical or biological features (I) essential to the conservation of 
the species and (II) that may require special management considerations 
or protection; and (ii) specific areas outside the geographic area 
occupied by a species at the time it is listed, upon a determination 
that such areas are essential for the conservation of the species. 
``Conservation'' means the use of all methods and procedures that are 
necessary to bring an endangered or a threatened species to the point 
at which listing under the Act is no longer necessary.
    Critical habitat receives protection under section 7 of the Act 
through the prohibition against destruction or adverse modification of 
critical habitat with regard to actions carried out, funded, or 
authorized by a Federal agency. Section 7 also requires conferences on 
Federal actions that are likely to result in the destruction or adverse 
modification of proposed critical habitat. Aside from the added 
protection that may be provided under section 7, the Act does not 
provide other forms of protection to lands designated as critical 
habitat. Because consultation under section 7 of the Act does not apply 
to activities on private or other non-Federal lands that do not involve 
a Federal nexus, critical habitat designation would not afford any 
additional regulatory protections under the Act.
    Critical habitat also provides non-regulatory benefits to the 
species by informing the public and private sectors of areas that are 
important for species recovery and where conservation actions would be 
most effective. Designation of critical habitat can help focus 
conservation activities for a listed species by identifying areas that 
contain the physical and biological features that are essential for the 
conservation of that species, and can alert the public as well as land-
managing agencies to the importance of those areas. Critical habitat 
also identifies areas that may require special management 
considerations or protection, and may help provide protection to areas 
where significant threats to the species have been identified to help 
to avoid accidental damage to such areas.
    In order to be included in a critical habitat designation, the 
habitat must be ``essential to the conservation of the species.'' 
Critical habitat designations identify, to the extent known and using 
the best scientific and commercial data available, habitat areas that 
provide at least one of the physical or biological features essential 
to the conservation of the species (primary constituent elements, as 
defined at 50 CFR 424.12(b)). Section 3(5)(C) of the Act states that 
not all areas that can be occupied by a species should be designated as 
critical habitat unless the Secretary determines that such areas are 
essential to the conservation of the species. Our regulations (50 CFR 
424.12(e)) also state that, ``The Secretary shall designate as critical 
habitat areas outside the geographic area presently occupied by the 
species only when a designation limited to its present range would be 
inadequate to ensure the conservation of the species.''
    Section 4(b)(2) of the Act requires that we take into consideration 
the economic impact, and any other relevant impact, of specifying any 
particular area as critical habitat. We may exclude areas from critical 
habitat designation when the benefits of exclusion outweigh the 
benefits of including the areas within critical habitat, provided the 
exclusion will not result in extinction of the species.
    Our Policy on Information Standards Under the Endangered Species 
Act, published on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34271), provides criteria, 
establishes procedures, and provides guidance to ensure that our 
decisions represent the best scientific and commercial data available. 
It requires that our biologists, to the extent consistent with the Act 
and with the use of the best scientific and commercial data available, 
use primary and original sources of information as the basis for 
recommendations to designate critical habitat. When determining which 
areas are critical habitat, a primary source of information should be 
the listing rule for the species. Additional information may be 
obtained from a recovery plan, articles in peer-reviewed journals, 
conservation plans developed by States and counties, scientific status 
surveys and studies, and biological assessments or other unpublished 
materials.
    Section 4 of the Act requires that we designate critical habitat 
based on what we know at the time of designation. Habitat is often 
dynamic, and species may move from one area to another over time. 
Furthermore, we recognize that designation of critical habitat may not

[[Page 37155]]

include all of the habitat areas that may eventually be determined to 
be necessary for the recovery of the species. For these reasons, 
critical habitat designations do not signal that habitat outside the 
designation is unimportant or may not be required for recovery. Areas 
outside the critical habitat designation will continue to be subject to 
conservation actions that may be implemented under section 7(a)(1) of 
the Act and to the regulatory protections afforded by the section 
7(a)(2) jeopardy standard and the section 9 prohibitions, as determined 
on the basis of the best available information at the time of the 
action. Federally funded or assisted projects affecting listed species 
outside their designated critical habitat areas may still result in 
jeopardy findings in some cases. Similarly, critical habitat 
designations made on the basis of the best available information at the 
time of designation will not control the direction and substance of 
future recovery plans, habitat conservation plans (HCPs), or other 
species conservation planning efforts if new information available to 
these planning efforts calls for a different outcome.

A. Prudency Redeterminations

    In other proposals (65 FR 66808, 65 FR 79192, 65 FR 82086, 65 FR 
83158, 67 FR 3939, 67 FR 9806, 67 FR 15856, 67 FR 16492), we proposed 
that designation of critical habitat was prudent for 45 plants that are 
reported from Oahu as well as from Kauai, Niihau, Lanai, Maui, 
Kahoolawe, and Molokai. These 45 species are: Adenophorus periens, 
Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, 
Centaurium sebaeoidea, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, 
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyperus trachysanthos, Diellia 
erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Eugenia koolauensis, Euphorbia 
haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, 
Hedyotis coriacea, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, 
Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion 
longifolium, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Lobelia niihauensis, Lysimachia 
filifolia, Mariscus pennatiformis, Marsilea villosa, Melicope pallida, 
Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phlegmariurus nutans, 
Phyllostegia mollis, Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago princeps, 
Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea 
hookeri, Schiedea nuttallii, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, 
Solanum sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium lepidotum 
ssp. lepidotum, and Vigna o-wahuensis.
    To determine whether critical habitat would be prudent for each of 
the 56 species for which a prudency determination has not been made 
previously, we analyzed the potential threats and benefits for each 
species in accordance with the court's order. These 56 plants were 
listed as endangered species under the Act between 1991 and 1996. At 
the time each plant was listed, we determined that designation of 
critical habitat was not prudent because designation would increase the 
degree of threat to the species and/or would not benefit the plant. We 
examined the evidence currently available for each of these species and 
found specific evidence of vandalism, disturbance, and/or the threat of 
unrestricted collection for one species of Pritchardia, the native 
palm. At the time of listing, we determined that designation of 
critical habitat was not prudent for Pritchardia kaalae because it 
would increase the degree of threat from vandalism or collecting, and 
would provide no benefit (61 FR 53108). Recently, we received 
information on the commercial trade in palms conducted through the 
internet (Grant Canterbury, Service, in litt. 2000). Several nurseries 
advertise and sell seedlings and young plants, including 13 species of 
Hawaiian Pritchardia. Seven of these species are federally protected, 
including Pritchardia kaalae. In light of this information, we believe 
that designation of critical habitat would likely increase the threat 
from vandalism or collection to this species of Pritchardia on the 
island of Oahu. These plants are easy to identify, and they are 
attractive to collectors of rare palms either for their personal use or 
to trade or sell for personal gain (Johnson 1996). We believe that the 
evidence shows that these species of palm may be attractive to such 
collectors. The final listing rule for this species contained only 
general information on its distribution, but the publication of precise 
maps and descriptions of critical habitat in the Federal Register would 
make this species more vulnerable to incidents of vandalism or 
collection, and, therefore, contribute to the decline of these species 
and make recovery more difficult.
    We acknowledge that critical habitat designation, in some 
situations, may provide some value to the species, for example, by 
identifying areas important for conservation and calling attention to 
those areas in need of special protection. However, for Pritchardia 
kaalae, we believe that the benefits of designating critical habitat do 
not outweigh the potential increased threats from vandalism or 
collection. Given the above considerations, we propose that designation 
of critical habitat for Pritchardia kaalae is not prudent.
    One species, Cyrtandra crenata, endemic to the island of Oahu, is 
no longer extant in the wild. Cyrtandra crenata was last collected in 
1932 from Waikane Valley (HINHP Database 2001). In addition, this 
species is not known to be in storage or under propagation. Under these 
circumstances, we propose that designation of critical habitat for 
Cyrtandra crenata is not prudent because such designation would be of 
no benefit to this species. If this species is rediscovered, we may 
revise this proposal to incorporate or address new information as new 
data becomes available (See 16 U.S.C. 1532(5)(B); 50 CFR 424.13(f)).
    We examined the evidence available for the other 54 taxa and have 
not, at this time, found specific evidence of taking, vandalism, 
collection or trade of these taxa or of similar species. Consequently, 
while we remain concerned that these activities could potentially 
threaten these 54 plant species in the future, consistent with 
applicable regulations (50 CFR 424.12(a)(1)(i)) and the court's 
discussion of these regulations, we do not find that any of these 
species are currently threatened by taking or other human activity, 
which would be exacerbated by the designation of critical habitat.
    In the absence of finding that critical habitat would increase 
threats to a species, if there are any benefits to critical habitat 
designation, then a prudent finding is warranted. The potential 
benefits include (1) triggering section 7 consultation in new areas 
where it would not otherwise occur because, for example, it is or has 
become unoccupied or the occupancy is in question; (2) focusing 
conservation activities on the most essential areas; (3) providing 
educational benefits to State or county governments or private 
entities; and (4) preventing people from causing inadvertent harm to 
the species. In the case of these 54 plant species there would be some 
benefit to critical habitat. The primary regulatory effect of critical 
habitat is the section 7 requirement that Federal agencies refrain from 
taking any action that destroys or adversely affects critical habitat. 
Thirty-nine of these species are reported from federally owned lands or 
lands under Federal jurisdiction (Abutilon sandwicense, Alsinidendron 
obovatum, Alsinidendron trinerve, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, 
Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea

[[Page 37156]]

crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea 
koolauensis, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea superba, Cyrtandra dentata, 
Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Delissea subcordata, 
Diellia falcata, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Gardenia 
mannii, Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, Lipochaeta lobata var. 
leptophylla, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. 
koolauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope lydgatei, Melicope saint-
johnii, Myrsine juddii, Neraudia angulata, Phyllostegia hirsuta, 
Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea kealiae, Tetramolopium filiforme, 
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Urera kaalae, Viola chamissoniana ssp. 
chamissoniana, and Viola oahuensis) (see Table 2), where most actions 
would be subject to section 7. While some of the species are located 
exclusively on non-Federal lands with limited Federal activities, there 
could be Federal actions affecting these lands in the future. While a 
critical habitat designation for habitat currently occupied by these 
species would be unlikely to change the section 7 consultation outcome, 
since an action that destroys or adversely modifies such critical 
habitat would also be likely to result in jeopardy to the species, 
there may be instances where section 7 consultation would be triggered 
only if critical habitat were designated. There may also be some 
educational or informational benefits to the designation of critical 
habitat. Educational benefits include the notification of landowner(s), 
land managers, and the general public of the importance of protecting 
the habitat of these species and dissemination of information regarding 
their essential habitat requirements, particularly for Cyanea 
pinnatifida and Silene perlmanii, two species currently only in 
propagation. Therefore, we propose that designation of critical habitat 
is prudent for 54 plant species: Abutilon sandwicense, Alsinidendron 
obovatum, Alsinidendron trinerve, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, 
Chamaesyce deppeana, Chamaesyce herbstii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, 
Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana 
ssp. obatae, Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea 
longiflora, Cyanea pinnatifida, Cyanea st.-johinii, Cyanea superba, 
Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra polyantha, Cyrtandra 
subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Delissea subcordata, Diellia 
falcata, Diellia unisora, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, 
Gardenia mannii, Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, Labordia 
cyrtandrae, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, 
Lipochaeta tenuifolia, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia 
monostachya, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope lydgatei, Melicope saint-
johnii, Myrsine juddii, Neraudia angulata, Phyllostegia hirsuta, 
Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea 
kealiae, Silene perlmanii, Stenogyne kanehoana, Tetramolopium 
filiforme, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Trematalobelia singularis, Urera 
kaalae, Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, and Viola oahuensis.

B. Methods

    As required by the Act (section 4(b)(2)) and regulations at 50 CFR 
424.12, we used the best scientific data available to determine areas 
that are essential to conserve Abutilon sandwicense, Adenophorus 
periens, Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron obovatum, Alsinidendron 
trinerve, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Centaurium 
sebaeoides, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, Chamaesyce deppeana, 
Chamaesyce herbstii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Chamaesyce rockii, Colubrina 
oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea crispa, 
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, 
Cyanea humboltiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea 
pinnatifida, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea superba, Cyanea truncata, 
Cyperus trachysanthos, Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra polyantha, 
Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Delissea subcordata, 
Diellia erecta, Diellia falcata, Diellia unisora, Diplazium 
molokaiense, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Eugenia 
koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea, Gardenia 
mannii, Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, Hedyotis 
degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia 
arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion 
longifolium, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lepidium 
arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, 
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia monostachya, Lobelia 
niihauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Mariscus 
pennatiformis, Marsilea villosa, Melicope pallida, Melicope saint-
johnii, Myrsine juddii, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile, Pelea 
lydgatei, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia 
hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Phyllostegia mollis, Phyllostegia 
parviflora, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, 
Sanicula mariversa, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea 
kaalae, Schiedea kealiae, Schiedea nuttallii, Sesbania tomentosa, 
Silene lanceolata, Silene perlmanii, Solanum sandwicense, Spermolepis 
hawaiiensis, Stenogyne kanehoana, Tetramolopium filiforme, 
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, 
Trematalobelia singularis, Urera kaalae, Vigna o-wahuensis, Viola 
chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, and Viola oahuensis. This information 
included the known locations, site-specific species information from 
the HINHP database and our own rare plant database; species information 
from the Center for Plant Conservation's (CPC) rare plant monitoring 
database housed at the University of Hawaii's Lyon Arboretum; island-
wide Geographic Information System (GIS) coverages, (e.g. vegetation, 
soils, annual rainfall, elevation contours, land ownership); the final 
listing rules for these 99 species; recent biological surveys and 
reports; our recovery plans for these 99 species; discussions with 
botanical experts; and recommendations from the Hawaii Pacific Plants 
Recovery Coordinating Committee (HPPRCC) (see also the discussion 
below) (Service 1994, 1995a, 1995b, 1996a, 1996b, 1996c, 1996d, 1997, 
1998a, 1998b, 1999; HPPRCC 1998; HINHP Database 2000, CPC in litt. 
1999; J. Lau et al., pers. comm., 2001).
    In 1994, the HPPRCC initiated an effort to identify and map habitat 
it believed to be important for the recovery of 282 endangered and 
threatened Hawaiian plant species. The HPPRCC identified these areas on 
most of the islands in the Hawaiian chain, and in 1999, we published 
them in our Recovery Plan for the Multi-Island Plants (Service 1999). 
The HPPRCC expects there will be subsequent efforts to further refine 
the locations of important habitat areas and that new survey 
information or research may also lead to additional refinement of 
identifying and mapping of habitat important for the recovery of these 
species.
    The HPPRCC identified essential habitat areas for all listed, 
proposed, and candidate plants and evaluated species of concern to 
determine if essential habitat areas would provide for their habitat 
needs. However, the HPPRCC's mapping of habitat is distinct from the 
regulatory designation of critical habitat as defined by the Act. More 
data has been collected since the recommendations made by the HPPRCC

[[Page 37157]]

in 1998. Much of the area that was identified by the HPPRCC as 
inadequately surveyed has now been surveyed in some way. New location 
data for many species has been gathered. Also, the HPPRCC identified 
areas as essential based on species clusters (areas that included 
listed species as well as candidate species, and species of concern) 
while we have only delineated areas that are essential for the 
conservation of the 99 listed species at issue. As a result, the 
proposed critical habitat designations in this proposed rule include 
not only some habitat that was identified as essential in the 1998 
recommendation but also habitat that was not identified as essential in 
those recommendations.

C. Primary Constituent Elements

    In accordance with section 3(5)(A)(i) of the Act and regulations at 
50 CFR 424.12, in determining which areas to propose as critical 
habitat, we are required to base critical habitat determinations on the 
best scientific and commercial data available and to consider those 
physical and biological features (primary consistent elements) that are 
essential to the conservation of the species and that may require 
special management considerations or protection. Such requirements 
include, but are not limited to, space for individual and population 
growth, and for normal behavior; food, water, air, light, minerals, or 
other nutritional or physiological requirements; cover or shelter; 
sites for breeding, reproduction, or rearing of offspring, germination, 
or seed dispersal; and habitats that are protected from disturbance or 
are representative of the historic geographical and ecological 
distributions of a species.
    In previous proposals (65 FR 66808, 65 FR 79192, 65 FR 82086, 65 FR 
83158, 67 FR 3939, 67 FR 9806, 67 FR 15856, 67 FR 16492), we determined 
that designation of critical habitat was prudent for 45 plants 
(Adenophorus periens, Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, 
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, Colubrina oppositifolia, 
Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyperus 
trachysanthos, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Eugenia 
koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania 
meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, Hesperomannia 
arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, 
Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, Isodendrion 
pyrifolium, Lobelia niihauensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Mariscus 
pennatiformis, Marsilea villosa, Melicope pallida, Nototrichium humile, 
Peucedanum sandwicense, Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia mollis, 
Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, 
Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea 
nuttallii, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Solanum sandwicense, 
Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, and 
Vigna o-wahuensis) that are reported from Oahu as well as from Kauai, 
Niihau, Maui, Kahoolawe, Lanai, and/or Molokai.
    In this proposal, we have determined that designation of critical 
habitat is prudent for 54 plants (Abutilon sandwicense, Alsinidendron 
obovatum, Alsinidendron trinerve, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, 
Chamaesyce deppeana, Chamaesyce herbstii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, 
Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana 
ssp. obatae, Cyanea humboltiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, 
Cyanea pinnatifida, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea superba, Cyanea truncata, 
Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra polyantha, Cyrtandra subumbellata, 
Cyrtandra viridiflora, Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata, Diellia 
unisora, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Gardenia mannii, 
Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lepidium 
arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, 
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia monostachya, Lobelia 
oahuensis, Melicope lydgatei, Melicope saint-johnii, Myrsine juddii, 
Neraudia angulata, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, 
Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea kealiae, Silene 
perlmanii, Stenogyne kanehoana, Tetramolopium filiforme, Tetraplasandra 
gymnocarpa, Trematalobelia singularis, Urera kaalae, Viola 
chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, and Viola oahuensis) reported only 
from Oahu.
    Ten of the 99 species (Adenophorus periens, Cyanea pinnatifida, 
Diplazium molokaiense, Hedyotis coriacea, Isodendrion pyrifolium, 
Mariscus pennatiformis, Platanthera holochila, Silene perlmanii, 
Solanum sandwicense, and Vigna o-wahuensis) no longer occur on Oahu. 
Eight of these species (Adenophorus periens, Diplazium molokaiense, 
Hedyotis coriacea, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Mariscus pennatiformis, 
Platanthera holochila, Solanum sandwicense, and Vigna o-wahuensis) 
occur on one or more other Hawaiian Islands. Cyanea pinnatifida and 
Silene perlmanii are currently extant only in propagation. Based on the 
information available at this time, we have identified the physical and 
biological features that are considered essential to the conservation 
of all ten species on Oahu. Therefore, we were able to identify the 
specific areas outside the geographic areas occupied by these species 
at the time of their listing (unoccupied habitat) that are essential 
for the conservation of Adenophorus periens, Cyanea pinnatifida, 
Diplazium molokaiense, Hedyotis coriacea, Isodendrion pyrifolium, 
Mariscus pennatiformis, Platanthera holochila, Silene perlmanii, 
Solanum sandwicense, and Vigna o-wahuensis.
    All areas proposed as critical habitat are within the historical 
range of one or more of the 99 species at issue and contain one or more 
of the physical or biological features (primary constituent elements) 
essential for the conservation of one or more of the species.
    As described in the discussions for each of the 99 species for 
which we are proposing critical habitat, we are proposing to define the 
primary constituent elements on the basis of the habitat features of 
the areas in which the plant species are reported from, as described by 
the type of plant community, associated native plant species, locale 
information (e.g., steep rocky cliffs, talus slopes, stream banks), and 
elevation. The habitat features provide the ecological components 
required by the plant. The type of plant community and associated 
native plant species indicates specific microclimate conditions, 
retention and availability of water in the soil, soil microorganism 
community, and nutrient cycling and availability. The locale provides 
information on soil type, elevation, rainfall regime, and temperature. 
Elevation indicates information on daily and seasonal temperature and 
sun intensity. Therefore, the descriptions of the physical elements of 
the locations of each of these species, including habitat type, plant 
communities associated with the species, location, and elevation, as 
described in the Supplementary Information-Discussion of the Plant Taxa 
section above, constitute the primary constituent elements for these 
species on Oahu.

D. Criteria Used To Identify Critical Habitat

    Based on the comments received during the public comment periods 
following publication of the four proposals to designate critical 
habitat for Hawaiian plants on Kauai and Niihau (65 FR 66808), Maui and 
Kahoolawe (65 FR 79192), Lanai (65 FR 82086), and Molokai (65 FR 
83158), we have reevaluated the manner in which

[[Page 37158]]

we delineated proposed critical habitat. In addition, we met with 
members of the HPPRCC, and State and Federal agencies to discuss 
criteria and methods to delineate critical habitat units for these 
Hawaiian plants.
    The lack of detailed scientific data on the life history of these 
plant species makes it impossible for us to develop a robust 
quantitative model (e.g., population viability analysis) to identify 
the optimal number, size, and location of critical habitat units to 
achieve recovery (Beissinger and Westphal 1998; Burgman et al. 2001; 
Ginzburg et al. 1990; Karieva and Wennergren 1995; Menges 1990; Murphy 
et al. 1990; Taylor 1995). At this time, and consistent with the 
listing of these species and their recovery plans, the best available 
information leads us to conclude that the current size and distribution 
of the extant populations are not sufficient to expect a reasonable 
probability of long-term survival and recovery of these plant species. 
Therefore, we used the best available information, including expert 
scientific opinion to identify potentially suitable habitat within the 
known historic range of each species.
    We considered several factors in the selection and proposal of 
specific boundaries for critical habitat for these 99 species. For each 
of these species, the overall recovery strategy outlined in the 
approved recovery plans includes the following components: (1) 
Stabilization of existing wild populations, (2) protection and 
management of habitat, (3) enhancement of existing small populations 
and reestablishment of new populations within historic range, and (4) 
research on species' biology and ecology (Service 1994, 1995a, 1995b, 
1996a, 1996b, 1996c, 1996d, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999). Thus, the long-
term recovery of these species is dependent upon the protection of 
existing population sites and potentially suitable unoccupied habitat 
within historic range.
    The overall recovery goal stated in the recovery plans for each of 
these species includes the establishment of 8 to 10 populations with a 
minimum of 100 mature individuals per population for long-lived 
perennials, 300 mature individuals per population for short-lived 
perennials, and 500 mature individuals per population for annuals. 
There are some specific exceptions to this general recovery goal of 8 
to10 populations for multi-island species (see discussion below on 
Marsilea villosa) and for species that are believed to be very narrowly 
distributed on a single island, and the proposed critical habitat 
designations reflect this exception for these species. To be considered 
recovered, each population of a species endemic to the island of Oahu 
should occur on the island to which it is endemic, and likewise the 
populations of a multi-island species should be distributed among the 
islands of its known historic range (Service 1994, 1995a, 1995b, 1996a, 
1996b, 1996c, 1996d, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999). A population, for the 
purposes of this discussion and as defined in the recovery plans for 
these species, is a unit in which the individuals could be regularly 
cross-pollinated, and influenced by the same small-scale events (such 
as landslides), and containing 100, 300, or 500 mature individuals, 
depending on whether the species is a long-lived perennial, short-lived 
perennial, or annual.
    Marsilea villosa, a short-lived perennial aquatic fern, was 
historically known from six populations on three different islands, 
Molokai, Oahu, and Niihau. This species is now extant only on Oahu and 
Molokai. Delisting objectives for this species include protection and 
stabilization of at least six (rather than 8 to 10) geographically 
distinct, self-sustaining populations (either three on Oahu and three 
on Molokai or three on Oahu, two on Molokai, and one on Niihau), stable 
or increasing population sizes, no active management needed, and self-
maintenance of each population through two successive floods resulting 
in sexual reproduction. Delisting objectives for Marsilea villosa do 
not include a specific number of mature individuals per population 
because of its clonal nature (it is extemely difficult to distinguish 
between individuals in clonal plant species) (Service 1996c).
    By adopting the specific recovery objectives enumerated above, the 
adverse effects of genetic inbreeding and random environmental events 
and catastrophes, such as landslides, hurricanes, or tsunamis that 
could destroy a large percentage of the species at any one time may be 
reduced (Menges 1990; Podolsky 2001). These recovery objectives were 
initially developed by the HPPRCC and are found in all of the recovery 
plans for these species. While they are expected to be further refined 
as more information on the population biology of each species becomes 
available, the justification for these objectives is found in the 
current conservation biology literature addressing the coonservation of 
rare and endangered plants and animals (Beissinger and Westphal 1998; 
Burgman et al. 2001; Falk et al. 1996; Ginzburg et al. 1990; Hendrix 
and Kyhl 2000; Karieva and Wennergren 1995; Luijten et al. 2000; Meffe 
and Carroll 1997; Menges 1990; Murphy et al. 1990; Quintana-Ascencio 
and Menges 1996; Taylor 1995; Tear et al. 1995; Wolf and Harrison 
2001). The overall goal of recovery in the short-term is a successful 
population that can carry on basic life-history processes, such as 
establishment, reproduction, and dispersal, at a level where the 
probability of extinction is low. In the long-term, the species and its 
populations should be at a reduced risk of extinction and be adaptable 
to environmental change through evolution and migration.
    The long-term objectives, as reviewed by Pavlik, range from 50 to 
2,500 individuals per population, based largely on research and 
theoretical modeling on endangered animals. Many aspects of species 
life history are typically considered to determine guidelines for 
species interim stability and recovery, including longevity, breeding 
system, growth form, fecundity, ramet (a plant that is an independent 
member of a clone) production, survivorship, seed duration, 
environmental variation, and successional stage of the habitat. 
Hawaiian species are poorly studied, and the only one of the afore-
mentioned characteristics that can be uniformly applied to all Hawaiian 
plant species is longevity (i.e., long-lived perennial, short-lived 
perennial, and annual). In general, long-lived woody perennial species 
would be expected to be viable at population levels of 50 to 250 
individuals per population, while short-lived perennial species would 
be viable at population levels of 1,500 to 2,500 individuals or more 
per population. These population numbers were refined for Hawaiian 
plant species by the HPPRCC (1994) due to the restricted distribution 
of suitable habitat typical of Hawaiian plants and the likelihood of 
smaller genetic diversity of several species that evolved from one 
single introduction. For recovery of Hawaiian plants, the HPPRCC 
recommended a general recovery guideline of 100 mature individuals per 
population for long-lived perennial species, 300 mature individuals per 
population for short-lived perennial species, and 500 mature 
individuals per population for annual species.
    The HPPRCC also recommended the conservation and establishment of 8 
to10 populations to address the numerous risks to the long-term 
survival and conservation of Hawaiian plant species. Although absent 
the detailed information inherent to the types of PVA models described 
above (Burgman et al. 2001), this approach nevertheless

[[Page 37159]]

employs two widely recognized and scientifically accepted goals for 
promoting viable populations of listed species: (1) Creation or 
maintenance of multiple populations so that a single or series of 
catastrophic events cannot destroy the whole listed species (Luijten et 
al. 2000; Menges 1990; Quintana-Ascencio and Menges 1996); and (2) 
increasing the size of each population in the respective critical 
habitat units to a level where the threats of genetic, demographic, and 
normal environmental uncertainties are diminished (Hendrix and Kyhl 
2000; Luijten et al. 2000; Meffe and Carroll 1997; Service 1997; Tear 
et al. 1995; Wolf and Harrison 2001). In general, the larger the number 
of populations and the larger the size of each population, the lower 
the probability of extinction (Raup 1991; Meffe and Carroll 1997). This 
basic conservation principle of redundancy applies to Hawaiian plants. 
By maintaining 8 to10 viable populations in the several proposed 
critical habitat units, the threats represented by a fluctuating 
environment are alleviated and the species has a greater likelihood of 
achieving long-term survival and conservation. Conversely, loss of one 
or more of the plant populations within any critical habitat unit could 
result in an increase in the risk that the entire listed species may 
not survive and recover.
    Due to the reduced size of suitable habitat areas for these 
Hawaiian plant species, they are now more susceptible to the variations 
and weather fluctuations affecting quality and quantity of available 
habitat, as well as direct pressure from hundreds of species of non-
native plants and animals. Establishing and conserving 8 to 10 viable 
populations on one or more islands(s) within the historic range of the 
species will provide each species with a reasonable expectation of 
persistence and eventual recovery, even with the high potential that 
one or more of these populations will be eliminated by normal or random 
adverse events, such as hurricanes, fires, and alien plant invasions 
(HPPRCC 1994; Luijten et al. 2000; Mangel and Tier 1994; Pimm et al. 
1998; Stacey and Taper 1992). We conclude that designation of adequate 
suitable habitat for 8 to 10 populations as critical habitat will help 
give the species a reasonable likelihood of long-term survival and 
recovery, based on currently available information.
    In summary, the long-term survival and recovery requires the 
designation of critical habitat units on one or more of the Hawaiian 
islands with suitable habitat for 8 to 10 populations of each plant 
species, with the exceptions discussed above. Some of this habitat is 
currently not known to be occupied by these species. To recover the 
species, it will be necessary to conserve suitable habitat in these 
unoccupied units, which in turn will allow for the establishment of 
additional populations through natural recruitment or managed 
reintroductions. Establishment of these additional populations will 
increase the likelihood that the species will survive and recover in 
the face of normal and stochastic events (e.g., hurricanes, fire, and 
non-native species introductions) (Pimm et al. 1998; Stacey and Taper 
1992; Mangel and Tier 1994).
    In this proposal, we have defined the primary constituent elements 
on the basis of the habitat features of the areas in which the plants 
are reported from such as the type of plant community, the associated 
native plant species, the physical location (e.g., steep rocky cliffs, 
talus slopes, stream banks), and elevation. The areas we are proposing 
to designate as critical habitat provide some or all of the habitat 
components essential for the conservation of one or more of the 99 
plant species.
    We have delineated proposed critical habitat units in the following 
manner:
    1. We focused on designating units representative of the known 
current and historical geographic and elevational range of each 
species;
    2. Proposed critical habitat units would allow for expansion of 
existing wild populations and reestablishment of wild populations 
within historic range, as recommended by the recovery plans for each 
species; and
    3. Critical habitat boundaries were delineated in such a way that 
areas with overlapping occupied or potentially suitable unoccupied 
habitat could be depicted clearly (multi-species units).
    We began by creating rough models for each species by screen 
digitizing polygons (map units) using ArcView (ESRI), a computer GIS 
program. The polygons were created by overlaying current and historic 
plant location points onto a digital map of the island's elevation 
range and vegetation types.
    The resulting shape files (delineating historic range and 
potential, suitable habitat) were then evaluated. Elevation ranges were 
further refined and land areas identified as not suitable for a 
particular species (i.e., not containing the primary constituent 
elements) were avoided. The resulting shape files for each species then 
were considered to define all suitable habitat on the island, including 
occupied and unoccupied habitat.
    These shape files of potentially suitable habitat were further 
evaluated. Several factors were then used to delineate the proposed 
critical habitat units from these land areas. We reviewed the recovery 
objectives as described above and in recovery plans for each of the 
species to determine if the number of populations and population size 
requirements needed for full recovery would be available within the 
critical habitat units identified as containing the appropriate primary 
constituent elements for each species. If more than the area needed for 
the number of recovery populations was identified as potentially 
suitable, only those areas within the least disturbed suitable habitat 
were designated as proposed critical habitat. A population for this 
purpose is defined as a discrete aggregation of individuals located a 
sufficient distance from a neighboring aggregation such that the two 
are not affected by the same small-scale events and are not believed to 
be consistently cross-pollinated. In the absence of more specific 
information indicating the appropriate distance to assure limited 
cross-pollination, we are using a distance of 1,000 m (3,281 ft) based 
on our review of current literature on gene flow (Barret and Kohn 1991; 
Fenster and Dudash 1994; Havens 1998; Schierup and Christiansen 1996).
    Using the above criteria, we delineated the proposed critical 
habitat for each species. When species units overlapped, we combined 
units for ease of mapping. Such critical habitat units encompass a 
number of plant communities. Using satellite imagery and parcel data we 
then eliminated areas that did not contain the appropriate vegetation, 
associated native plant species, or features such as cultivated 
agriculture fields, housing developments or other areas that are 
unlikely to contribute to the conservation of one or more of the 99 
plant species. Geographic features (ridge lines, valleys, streams, 
coastlines, etc.) or man-made features (roads or obvious land use) that 
created an obvious boundary for a unit were used as unit area 
boundaries. We also used watershed delineations to dissect very large 
proposed critical habitat units in order to simplify the unit mapping 
and their descriptions.
    Within the critical habitat boundaries, adverse modification under 
section 7 generally would occur only if the primary constituent 
elements are affected. Therefore, not all activities within critical 
habitat would trigger an adverse modification conclusion. In defining 
critical habitat boundaries, we made an attempt to avoid areas, such as 
towns and other similar lands that are unlikely to contribute to the

[[Page 37160]]

conservation of the 99 species. However, the minimum mapping unit that 
we used to approximate our delineation of critical habitat for these 
species did not allow us to exclude all such developed areas. In 
addition, existing features and structures within the boundaries of the 
mapped units, such as buildings, roads, aqueducts, telecommunications 
equipment, telemetry antennas, radars, missile launch sites, arboreta 
and gardens, heiau (indigenous places of worship or shrines), airports, 
other paved areas, and other rural residential areas do not contain one 
or more of the primary constituent elements and would be excluded under 
the terms of this proposed regulation. Federal actions limited to those 
areas, therefore, would not trigger a section 7 consultation, unless 
they affect the species and/or primary constituent elements in adjacent 
critical habitat.
    In summary, for most of these species we utilized the approved 
recovery plan guidance to identify appropriately sized land units 
containing suitable occupied and unoccupied habitat. These areas are 
our best estimation of the habitat necessary to provide for the 
recovery of these 99 species.

E. Managed Lands

    Currently occupied or historically known sites containing one or 
more of the primary constituent elements considered essential to the 
conservation of these 99 plant species were examined to determine if 
additional special management considerations or protection are required 
above those currently provided. We reviewed all available management 
information on these plants at these sites, including published reports 
and surveys; annual performance and progress reports; management plans; 
grants; memoranda of understanding and cooperative agreements; DOFAW 
planning documents; internal letters and memos; biological assessments 
and environmental impact statements; and section 7 consultations.
    Pursuant to the definition of critical habitat in section 3 of the 
Act, the primary constituent elements as found in any area so 
designated must also require ``special management considerations or 
protections.'' Adequate special management or protection is provided by 
a legally operative plan that addresses the maintenance and improvement 
of the essential elements and provides for the long-term conservation 
of the species. We consider a plan adequate when it: (1) Provides a 
conservation benefit to the species (i.e., the plan must maintain or 
provide for an increase in the species' population or the enhancement 
or restoration of its habitat within the area covered by the plan); (2) 
provides assurances that the management plan will be implemented (i.e., 
those responsible for implementing the plan are capable of 
accomplishing the objectives, have an implementation schedule and/or 
have adequate funding for the management plan); and, (3) provides 
assurances the conservation plan will be effective (i.e., it identifies 
biological goals, has provisions for reporting progress, and is of a 
duration sufficient to implement the plan and achieves the plan's goals 
and objectives). If an area is covered by a plan that meets these 
criteria, it does not constitute critical habitat as defined by the Act 
because the primary constituent elements found there are not in need of 
special management.
    In determining and weighing the relative significance of the 
threats that would need to be addressed in management plans or 
agreements, we considered the following:
    (1) The factors that led to the listing of the species, as 
described in the final rules for listing each of the species. Effects 
of clearing and burning for agricultural purposes and of invasive non-
native plant and animal species have contributed to the decline of 
nearly all endangered and threatened plants in Hawaii (Smith 1985; 
Howarth 1985; Stone 1985; Wagner et al. 1985; Scott et al. 1986; 
Cuddihy and Stone 1990; Vitousek 1992; Service 1994, 1995a, 1995b, 
1996a, 1996b, 1996c, 1996d, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999; Loope 1998).
    Current threats to these species include non-native grass and 
shrub-carried wildfire; browsing, digging, rooting, and trampling from 
feral ungulates (including goats, deer, and pigs); direct and indirect 
effects of non-native plant invasions, including alteration of habitat 
structure and microclimate; and disruption of pollination and gene-flow 
processes by adverse effects of mosquito-borne avian disease on forest 
bird pollinators, direct competition between native and non-native 
insect pollinators for food, and predation of native insect pollinators 
by non-native hymenopteran insects (ants). In addition, physiological 
processes such as reproduction and establishment continue to be stifled 
by fruit and flower eating pests such as non-native arthropods, 
mollusks, and rats, and photosynthesis and water transport affected by 
non-native insects, pathogens and diseases. Many of these factors 
interact with one another, thereby compounding effects. Such 
interactions include non-native plant invasions altering wildfire 
regimes, feral ungulates vectoring weeds and disturbing vegetation and 
soils thereby facilitating dispersal and establishment of non-native 
plants, and numerous non-native insects feeding on native plants, 
thereby increasing their vulnerability and exposure to pathogens and 
disease (Howarth 1985; Smith 1985; Scott et al. 1986; Cuddihy and Stone 
1990; Mack 1992; D'Antonio and Vitousek 1992; Tunison et al. 1992; 
Service 1994, 1995a, 1995b, 1996a, 1996b, 1996c, 1996d, 1997, 1998a, 
1998b, 1999; Bruegmann et al. 2001).
    (2) The recommendations from the HPPRCC in their 1998 report to us 
(``Habitat Essential to the Recovery of Hawaiian Plants''). As 
summarized in this report, recovery goals for endangered Hawaiian plant 
species cannot be achieved without the effective control of non-native 
species threats, wildfire, and land use changes.
    (3) The management actions needed for assurance of survival and 
ultimate recovery of Hawaii's endangered plants. These actions are 
described in our recovery plans for these 99 species (Service 1994, 
1995a, 1995b, 1996a, 1996b, 1996c, 1996d, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999), in 
the 1998 HPPRCC report to us (HPPRCC 1998), and in various other 
documents and publications relating to plant conservation in Hawaii 
(Mueller-Dombois 1985; Smith 1985; Stone 1985; Cuddihy and Stone 1990; 
Stone et al. 1992). In addition to monitoring the plant populations, 
these actions include, but are not limited to: (1) Feral ungulate 
control; (2) non-native plant control; (3) rodent control; (4) 
invertebrate pest control; (5) fire management; (6) maintenance of 
genetic material of the endangered and threatened plants species; (7) 
propagation, reintroduction, and/or augmentation of existing 
populations into areas deemed essential for the recovery of these 
species; (8) ongoing management of the wild, outplanted, and augmented 
populations; and (9) habitat management and restoration in areas deemed 
essential for the recovery of these species.
    In general, taking all of the above recommended management actions 
into account, the following management actions are ranked in order of 
importance (Service 1994, 1995a, 1995b, 1996a, 1996b, 1996c, 1996d, 
1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999). It should be noted, however, that, on a 
case-by-case basis, some of these actions may rise to a higher level of 
importance for a particular species or area, depending on the 
biological and physical requirements of the species and the

[[Page 37161]]

location(s) of the individual plants: feral ungulate control; wildfire 
management; non-native plant control; rodent control; invertebrate pest 
control; maintenance of genetic material of the endangered and 
threatened plant species; propagation, reintroduction, and/or 
augmentation of existing populations into areas deemed essential for 
the recovery of the species; ongoing management of the wild, 
outplanted, and augmented populations; maintenance of natural 
pollinators and pollinating systems, when known; habitat management and 
restoration in areas deemed essential for the recovery of the species; 
monitoring of the wild, outplanted, and augmented populations; rare 
plant surveys; and control of human activities/access.
    As shown in Table 2, the proposed critical habitat designations for 
99 species of plants are found on Federal, State, and private lands on 
the island of Oahu. Information received in response to our public 
notices, meetings, and information in our files indicated that there is 
some on-going conservation management action for these plants, as noted 
below. However, without management plans and assurances that the plans 
will be implemented, we are unable to find that the land in question 
does not require special management or protection.

Federal Lands

    The Sikes Act Improvements Act of 1997 (Sikes Act) requires each 
military installation that includes land and water suitable for the 
conservation and management of natural resources to complete, by 
November 17, 2001, an INRMP. An INRMP integrates implementation of the 
military mission of the installation with stewardship of the natural 
resources found there. Each INRMP includes an assessment of the 
ecological needs on the installation, including needs to provide for 
the conservation of listed species; a statement of goals and 
priorities; a detailed description of management actions to be 
implemented to provide for these ecological needs; and a monitoring and 
adaptive management plan. We consult with the military on the 
development and implementation of INRMPs for installations with listed 
species. We believe that bases that have completed and approved INRMPs 
that address the needs of the species generally do not meet the 
definition of critical habitat discussed above, because they require no 
additional special management or protection. Therefore, we do not 
include these areas in critical habitat designations if they meet the 
following three criteria: (1) A current INRMP must be complete and 
provide a conservation benefit to the species; (2) the plan must 
provide assurances that the conservation management strategies will be 
implemented; and (3) the plan must provide assurances that the 
conservation management strategies will be effective, by providing for 
periodic monitoring and revisions as necessary. If all of these 
criteria are met, then the lands covered under the plan would not meet 
the definition of critical habitat.

Lands Under U.S. Army Jurisdiction

    The Army has six installations under its jurisdiction on Oahu-
Dillingham Military Reservation (DMR), Kawailoa Training Area (KLOA), 
Kahuku Training Area (KTA), Makua Military Reservation (MMR), Schofield 
Barracks Military Reservation (SBMR) and Schofield Barracks East Range 
(SBER). All of these lands are administered by the Army Garrison, 
Hawaii for various types of routine military training. The Army has 
written an Integrated Natural Resources Management Plan (INRMP) for all 
of the Oahu training areas (Army 2001b), Ecosystem Management Plan 
(Army 1998), an Endangered Species Management Plan (Research 
Corporation of Hawaii (RCUH) 1998), a Wildland Fire Management Plan 
(which is finalized only for MMR at this time) (Army 2000), monthly 
summary reports (Col. W.E. Ryan III, Army, in litt. 2000-2002), and 
annual reports on the natural resources management projects performed 
under the Ecosystems Management Program for all of these installations 
(RCUH 1998, 1999, and 2000). These documents indicate that some of the 
management actions identified in these plans, including their 2001 
INRMP, have been implemented and have proven beneficial to populations 
of some species. However, current management is not sufficient to 
address the on-going threats to the listed plant species on these 
lands. In addition, there is currently no guarantee of long-term 
funding for management actions that are ongoing or future management 
actions. The Army is currently engaged in or will begin discussions 
with the Service to identify training-related impacts to the listed 
plant species at SBMR, SBER, KLOA, KTA, and DMR and develop measures 
that avoid, minimize and offset those impacts. However, more 
comprehensive management documents have not been completed at this 
time. Therefore, we can not, at this time, find that management on 
these lands under Federal jurisdiction is adequate to preclude a 
proposed designation of critical habitat.

Dillingham Military Reservation

    Four species, Cyperus trachysanthos, Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. 
mokuleianus, Nototrichium humile, and Schiedea kealiae are reported 
from the Army's Dillingham Military Reservation, though only Schiedea 
kealiae is currently known to occur on this land (Army 2001b; HINHP 
Database 2001). We believe this land is needed for the recovery of one 
or more of these four species. Currently, the Army is not implementing 
any management actions for these listed species at the Dillingham 
Military Reservation (HINHP Database 2001; Army 2001b). In addition, 
proposed management actions identified for Schiedea kealiae in the 2001 
INRMP are ``subject to available funding''. We do not believe that 
appropriate conservation management strategies have been adequately 
funded or effectively implemented. Therefore, we cannot at this time 
find that management of this land under Federal jurisdiction is 
adequate to preclude a proposed designation of critical habitat. 
However, if an INRMP or other endangered species management plan that 
addresses the maintenance and improvement of the essential elements for 
the listed plant species reported from Dillingham Military Reservation, 
and provides for their long-term conservation and assurances that it 
will is completed and implemented, we will reassess the critical 
habitat boundaries in light of these management plans. Also, we may 
exclude these military lands under section 4(b)(2) of the Act if 
benefits of exclusion outweigh the benefits of including the areas 
within critical habitat, provided the exclusion will not result in 
extinction of the species.

Kahuku Training Area

    Ten species, Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea 
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, 
Eugenia koolauensis, Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, 
Phyllostegia hirsuta, and Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, are reported from 
the Army's Kahuku Training Area though only Cyanea koolauensis, Eugenia 
koolauensis, Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, and 
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa are currently known to occur on this land 
(HINHP Database 2001; Army 2001b). We believe this land is needed for 
the recovery of one or more of these 10 species. Currently, management 
actions for listed plants at Kahuku Training Area consists of weed 
control around known populations of Eugenia koolauensis and collection 
of

[[Page 37162]]

propagules for propagation and eventual outplanting (Army 2001b). 
Proposed management actions identified for listed plant species in the 
2001 INRMP are ``subject to available funding''. We do not believe that 
there are sufficient assurances that appropriate conservation 
management strategies will be adequately funded or effectively 
implemented. Therefore, we cannot at this time find that management of 
this land under Federal jurisdiction is adequate to preclude a proposed 
designation of critical habitat. However, if an INRMP or other 
endangered species management plan that addresses the maintenance and 
improvement of the essential elements for the listed plant species 
reported from Kahuku Training Area, and provides for their long-term 
conservation and assurances that it will is completed and implemented, 
we will reassess the critical habitat boundaries in light of these 
management plans. Also, we may exclude these military lands under 
section 4(b)(2) of the Act if benefits of exclusion outweigh the 
benefits of including the areas within critical habitat, provided the 
exclusion will not result in extinction of the species.

Kawailoa Training Area

    Twenty-nine species, Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea 
acuminata, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea 
humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea st.-johnii, 
Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Delissea subcordata, Eugenia 
koolauensis, Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, Labordia 
cyrtandrae, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, 
Melicope lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia 
hirsuta, Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago princeps, Platanthera 
holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra 
gymnocarpa, and Viola oahuensis, are reported from the Army's Kawailoa 
Training Area, and 23 of the 29 plant species (Chamaesyce rockii, 
Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea 
koolauensis, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra 
viridiflora, Eugenia koolauensis, Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia 
arborescens, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, 
Melicope lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia 
hirsuta, Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago princeps, Pteris lydgatei, 
Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, and Viola oahuensis) are 
currently known to occur on this land (HINHP Database 2001; Army 
2001b). We believe this land is needed for the recovery of one or more 
of these 29 species. Currently, management for listed plant species at 
Kawailoa Training area includes monitoring to examine population 
health, the collection of propagules for ex-situ propagation, and the 
identification of threats to these populations. The populations of 
Cyanea st.-johnii and Cyrtandra viridiflora have been intensely 
monitored since 1999. The Army plans to construct a fenced exclosure 
around the Cyrtandra viridiflora population to protect the individuals 
from browsing by feral ungulates. Gardenia mannii has been actively 
monitored for threats and competition from exotic plants but no fences 
have been erected to prevent browsing from feral pigs (Army 2001b). 
Proposed management actions identified for listed plant species in the 
2001 INRMP are ``subject to available funding''. We do not believe that 
the current management measures are sufficient to address the primary 
threats to these species, nor do we believe that there are appropriate 
assurances that appropriate conservation management strategies will be 
adequately funded or effectively implemented. Therefore, we cannot at 
this time find that management of this land under Federal jurisdiction 
is adequate to preclude a proposed designation of critical habitat. 
However, if an INRMP or other endangered species management plan that 
addresses the maintenance and improvement of the essential elements for 
the listed plant species reported from Kawailoa Training Area, and 
provides for their long-term conservation and assurances that it will 
be implemented, we will reassess the critical habitat boundaries in 
light of these management plans. Also, we may exclude these military 
lands under section 4(b)(2) of the Act if benefits of exclusion 
outweigh the benefits of including the areas within critical habitat, 
provided the exclusion will not result in extinction of the species.

Makua Military Reservation

    Thirty-one species, Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron obovatum, 
Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce celastroides var. 
keanana, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea superba, Cyrtandra dentata, 
Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata, Dubautia herbstobatae, Euphorbia 
haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea, Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, 
Hibiscus brackenridgei, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, 
Lobelia niihauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium 
humile, Plantago princeps, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea hookeri, 
Schiedea nuttallii, Silene lanceolata, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, 
Tetramolopium filiforme, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, and 
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, are reported from the Army's 
Makua Military Reservation, and all but Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. 
lepidotum are currently known to occur on this land (HINHP Database 
2001; Army 2001b). We believe this land is needed for the recovery of 
one or more of these 31 species. Currently, management for listed plant 
species at Makua Military Reservation includes monitoring to examine 
population health, the collection of propagules for ex-situ 
propagation, and the identification of threats to these populations. 
Seeds of Alectryon macroccocus, Alsinidendron obovatum, Cenchrus 
agrinomioides, Cyanea superba ssp. superba, Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis 
parvula, Sanicula mariversa, Silene lanceolata, and Viola chamissoniana 
ssp. chamissoniana have been collected and propagated for future 
reintroduction into protected habitat. Slug control has been initiated 
on populations of Alsinidendron obovatum and intensive rat control has 
been implemented for Euphorbia haeleeleana. Erosion barriers have been 
constructed to protect Sanicula mariversa populations. Fenced 
exclosures have been constructed around populations of Cenchrus 
agrinomioides, Cyanea superba ssp. superba, Cyrtandra dentata, Delissea 
subcordata, and Diellia falcata to protect them from browsing by feral 
ungulates. Fenced exclosures for some species are not possible due to 
unexploded ordnance hazards near individual plants, for example, of 
Flueggea neowawraea (Army 2001b). While we believe that some of these 
species specific actions may control threats in the short term, we do 
not believe that these measures are sufficient to address the primary 
threats to all of the species reported from Makua Military Reservation 
at this time. The Army has completed a programmatic section 7 
consultation with the Service for Makua Military Reservation. We issued 
a biological opinion of no jeopardy for the Army's routine training on 
June 23, 1999. Part of the Army's proposed action included the 
development and implementation of an Implementation Plan (IP) to 
outline detailed steps needed to stabilize the species impacted by Army 
training. The IP is still in the development phase and may not be 
completed for another year.

[[Page 37163]]

If the implementation plan addresses the maintenance and improvement of 
the essential elements for the listed plant species reported from Makua 
Military Reservation, and provides for their long-term conservation and 
assurances that it will be implemented, we will reassess the critical 
habitat boundaries in light of the Implementation Plan. However, we 
cannot at this time find that management of this land under Federal 
jurisdiction is adequate to preclude a proposed designation of critical 
habitat. In addition, we may exclude these military lands under section 
4(b)(2) of the Act if benefits of exclusion outweigh the benefits of 
including the areas within critical habitat, provided the exclusion 
will not result in extinction of the species.

Schofield Barracks East Range

    Seventeen species, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea 
koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea st.johnii, Cyrtandra 
subumbellata, Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, Isodendrion 
laurifolium, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, 
Plegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula 
pupurea, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, and Viola oahuensis, are reported 
from the Army's Schofield Barracks East Range, and all but Cyanea 
longiflora, Cyanea st.johnii, and Lobelia oahuensis are currently known 
to occur on this land (HINHP Database 2001; Army 2001b). We believe 
this land is needed for the recovery of one or more of these 17 
species. Currently, management for listed plant species at Schofield 
Barracks East Range includes monitoring of some plant populations, the 
collection of propagules for ex-situ propagation, and the 
identification of threats to the rare plant populations. Phlegmariurus 
nutans is the only species at Schofield Barracks East Range that has 
been collected for ex-situ propagation and results have been 
unsuccessful (Army 2001b). Proposed management actions identified for 
listed plant species in the 2001 INRMP are ``subject to available 
funding''. We do not believe that the current management measures are 
sufficient to address the primary threats to these species, nor do we 
believe that there are sufficient assurances that appropriate 
conservation management strategies will be adequately funded or 
effectively implemented. Therefore, we cannot at this time find that 
management of this land under Federal jurisdiction is adequate to 
preclude a proposed designation of critical habitat. However, if an 
INRMP or other endangered species management plan that addresses the 
maintenance and improvement of the essential elements for the listed 
plant species reported from Schofield Barracks East Range, and provides 
for their long-term conservation and assurances that it will be 
implemented, we will reassess the critical habitat boundaries in light 
of these management plans. Also, we may exclude these military lands 
under section 4(b)(2) of the Act if benefits of exclusion outweigh the 
benefits of including the areas within critical habitat, provided the 
exclusion will not result in extinction of the species.

Schofield Barracks Military Reservation

    Thirty-four species, Abutilon sandwicense, Alectryon macrococcus, 
Alsinidendron trinerve, Cenchrus agriminioides, Ctenitis squamigera, 
Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea grimesiana 
ssp. obatae, Cyanea superba, Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata, 
Diplazium molokaiense, Eragrostis fosbergii, Flueggea neowawraea, 
Gardenia mannii, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lepidium 
arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, 
Lobelia niihauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium 
humile, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps, 
Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea nuttalii, Solanum sandwicense, Stenogyne 
kanehoana, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, Urera kaalae, and 
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, are reported from the Army's 
Schofield Barracks Military Reservation and 23 of the 34 plant species 
are currently known to occur on this land (HINHP Database 2001; Army 
2001b). Eleven species, Cenchrus agriminioides, Ctenitis squamigera, 
Cyanea grimesiana ssp obatae, Cyanea superba, Diplazium molokaiense, 
Eragrostis fosbergii, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile, Schiedea 
nuttalii, Solanum sandwicense, and Stenogyne kanehoana are only known 
from historical records. We believe this land is needed for the 
recovery of one or more of these 34 species. Currently, management for 
listed plant species at Schofield Barracks Military Reservation 
includes rare plant surveys and the identification and monitoring of 
threats to the rare plant species. Propagules of Alectryon macrococcus, 
Flueggea neowawraea, Gardenia mannii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Urera 
kaalae, and Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana have been collected 
and are being propagated for outplanting into protected habitat. 
Propagated individuals of Flueggea neowawraea, and Urera kaalae have 
already been outplanted into habitat that is protected by ungulate 
exclosure fences and is regularly monitored for alien plant species. 
Monitoring for many of the rare plants at Schofield Barracks Military 
Reservation is restricted due to unexploded ordnance hazards (Army 
2001b). Proposed management actions identified for listed plant species 
in the 2001 INRMP are ``subject to available funding''. We do not 
believe that the current management measures are sufficient to address 
the primary threats to these species, nor do we believe that there are 
sufficient assurances that appropriate conservation management 
strategies will be adequately funded or effectively implemented. 
Therefore, we cannot at this time find that management of this land 
under Federal jurisdiction is adequate to preclude a proposed 
designation of critical habitat. However, if an INRMP or other 
endangered species management plan that addresses the maintenance and 
improvement of the essential elements for the listed plant species 
reported from Schofield Barracks Military Reservation, and provides for 
their long-term conservation and assurances that it will be 
implemented, we will reassess the critical habitat boundaries in light 
of these management plans. Also, we may exclude these military lands 
under section 4(b)(2) of the Act if benefits of exclusion outweigh the 
benefits of including the areas within critical habitat, provided the 
exclusion will not result in extinction of the species.

Hawaii Army National Guard

    One plant species, Cyperus trachysanthos, occurs on HIARNG lands at 
Diamond Head Crater (HINHP Database 2001). We conducted surveys and 
prepared management plans for all HIARNG lands in Hawaii, including 
Diamond Head Crater (Service 1998c and 2001). Current management on 
HIARNG lands at Diamond Head include rare plant seed collection for 
off-site propagation, fire control, some weed control, and some habitat 
restoration. However, these actions are not sufficient to address the 
on-going threats to this species on this land. In addition, currently 
there is no guarantee that appropriate conservation management 
strategies will be adequately funded or effectively implemented. 
Therefore, we cannot, at this time, find that management on these lands 
is adequate to preclude a proposed designation of critical habitat.

[[Page 37164]]

Naval Magazine Pearl Harbor Lualualei Branch and Naval Computer and 
Telecommunication Area Master Station Pacific Transmitting Facility at 
Lualualei

    The U.S. Navy (Navy) owns or leases much of Lualualei Valley, which 
is operated as a naval magazine and transmitting facility. One species, 
Marsilea villosa, occurs on land at the Naval Computer and 
Telecommunications Area Master Station Pacific Radio Transmitting 
Facility at Lualualei and we believe this land is needed for the 
recovery of this species. Some management actions to protect and 
maintain the population are included in the 2001 INRMP but these 
actions have not been adequately funded or effectively implemented 
(HINHP Database 2001; Navy 2001a). Therefore, we cannot at this time 
find that management of this land under Federal jurisdiction is 
adequate to preclude a proposed designation of critical habitat. 
However, if an INRMP or other endangered species management plan that 
addresses the maintenance and improvement of the essential elements for 
Marsilea villosa, and provides for its long-term conservation and 
assurances that it will be implemented, we will reassess the critical 
habitat boundaries in light of these management plans. Also, we may 
exclude this military land under section 4(b)(2) of the Act if benefits 
of exclusion outweigh the benefits of including the area within 
critical habitat, provided the exclusion will not result in extinction 
of the species.
    Twenty-three species, Abutilon sandwicense, Alectryon macrococcus, 
Bonamia menziesii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Diellia falcata, Flueggea 
neowawraea, Hedyotis parvula, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata, 
Lipochaeta tenuifolia, Lobelia niihauensis, Marsilea villosa, Melicope 
saint-johnii, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile, Phyllostegia 
hirsuta, Plantago princeps, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea hookeri, 
Tetramolopium filiforme, Tetramolopium lepidotum, Urera kaalae, and 
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, are reported from the Naval 
Magazine Pearl Harbor Lualualei Branch land and we believe this land is 
needed for the recovery of one or more of these 23 species (HINHP 
Database 2001; Navy 2001b). One fenced exclosure at the Halona 
management area has been erected to protect Abutilon sandwicense from 
feral ungulates, and another exclosure at Puu Hapapa protects Abutilon 
sandwicense, Bonamia menziesii, Fleuggea neowawraea, Lipochaeta lobata 
var. leptophylla, and Nototrichium humile from browsing by feral 
ungulates. Other management actions include some monitoring of rare 
plants, surveying for rare plants and controlling some invasive plants 
in rare plant habitats (The Traverse Group 1988; Navy 1997, 2001a, 
2001b). We do not believe that these measures are sufficient to address 
the primary threats to these species on this land, nor do we believe 
that appropriate conservation management strategies have been 
adequately funded or effectively implemented. Therefore, we cannot at 
this time find that management of this land under Federal jurisdiction 
is adequate to preclude a proposed designation of critical habitat. 
However, if an INRMP or other endangered species management plan that 
addresses the maintenance and improvement of the essential elements for 
these plant species, and provides for their long-term conservation and 
assurances that it will be implemented, we will reassess the critical 
habitat boundaries in light of these management plans. Also, we may 
exclude this military land under section 4(b)(2) of the Act if benefits 
of exclusion outweigh the benefits of including the area within 
critical habitat, provided the exclusion will not result in extinction 
of the species.

Oahu Forest National Wildlife Refuge

    The Oahu Forest National Wildlife Refuge was established to protect 
and manage a portion of some of the best remaining native forest in the 
northern Koolau Mountains of Oahu. The southern portion of the refuge 
is owned by the Service, while the northern portion is private land 
leased by the Army as part of Schofield Barracks Military Reservation 
and included as an overlay refuge. Sixteen plant species (Chamaesyce 
rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea humboldtiana, 
Cyrtrandra subumbellata, Cyrtrandra viridiflora, Gardenia mannii, 
Hesperomannia arborescens, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, 
Lobelia oahuensis, Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Pteris 
lydgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, and Viola 
oahuensis) are reported from the refuge lands (HINHP Database 2001). 
The refuge was established in December 2000 and no management plan has 
been developed yet. We have included this area within the critical 
habitat proposal.

State of Hawaii Lands

    The State lands on the island of Oahu include ceded and leased 
lands, and those that are administered by the Department of Hawaiian 
Home Lands (DHHL), the Division of State Parks, and the Department of 
Land and Natural Resources (DLNR). Eighty-six plants are reported from 
State lands (Abutilon sandwicense, Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron 
obovatum, Alsinidendron trinerve, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus 
agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce celastroides var. 
kaenana, Chamaesyce deppeana, Chamaesyce herbstii, Chamaesyce 
kuwaleana, Chamaesyce rockii, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis 
squamigera, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. 
grimesiana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea 
koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea superba, 
Cyanea truncata, Cyperus trachysanthos, Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra 
polyantha, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Delissea 
subcordata, Diellia erecta, Diellia falcata, Diellia unisora, Dubautia 
herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Eugenia koolauensis, Euphorbia 
haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea, Gardenia mannii, Gouania meyenii, 
Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, Hesperomannia 
arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, 
Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, 
Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, Lipochaeta 
tenuifolia, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia monostachya, 
Lobelia niihauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Marsilea 
villosa, Melicope lydgatei, Melicope pallida, Myrsine juddii, Neraudia 
angulata, Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phlegmariurus 
nutans, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Phyllostegia 
parviflora, Plantago princeps, Pteris lydgatei, Sanicula mariversa, 
Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea kealiae, 
Schiedea nuttallii, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Spermolepis 
hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium filiforme, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. 
lepidotum, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis, Urera 
kaalae, Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, and Viola oahuensi). 
DLNR lands on Oahu are made up of Forest Reserves, Game Hunting Units, 
and Natural Area Reserves (NAR). Within DLNR, DOFAW administers all of 
these lands.
    Many of DLNR's programs provide beneficial effects to endangered 
species and their habitat. Hawaii DOFAW

[[Page 37165]]

management actions on Oahu include fences that have been built to 
exclude feral ungulates from rare plant sites, propagation and 
dissemination of native tree species that help restore native plant 
assemblages around the island, participation in a cooperative watershed 
management partnership with other Federal and State agencies and 
private land owners, and administration of programs that either 
directly or indirectly benefit endangered species and their habitats.
    DOFAW has four fenced areas on Oahu for the protection of rare 
plants. An area of approximately 101 ha (250 ac) is fenced in Pahole 
Gulch within Pahole NAR for the protection of numerous endangered plant 
species and the endangered land snail Achatinella mustelina. DOFAW is 
currently seeking funding for an additional large fence within Pahole 
NAR in adjacent Kapuna Gulch. In addition, DOFAW has constructed three 
other, small rare plant exclosures for the protection of extant rare 
plant populations and reintroduction of propagated material (Marie 
Bruegmann, Service, pers. comm., 2001).
    DOFAW's Natural Area Reserves System (NARS) was established in 1970 
with the intent to preserve and maintain unique Hawaiian ecosystems and 
geological features. The island of Oahu has three NARs that encompass a 
total of 728 ha (1,799 ac). All three of these NARs harbor endangered 
species and are managed primarily to maintain the native ecosystems 
that support these species. Management plans have been developed for 
these NARs and intensive management actions that have occurred in the 
NARs include construction of feral ungulate exclosure fences around 
particularly unique plant communities and endangered species; treatment 
of endangered tree species for invasive alien insects, physical and 
chemical control of alien plant populations, rat baiting, and feral cat 
trapping (DLNR 1988a and b, 1990).
    The other DOFAW-administered program on the island that has 
indirect benefits to endangered plant species is the Hawaii Forest 
Stewardship Program (FSP). Forest Stewardship projects are designed to 
be implemented over a 1-year period where private landowners are 
provided funds to establish forestry projects over a 4-year period and 
maintain these projects over the subsequent 10 years. Projects can be 
variable in nature and use native and non-native species. A few of 
these projects that have focused on native forest habitat restoration 
in areas that harbor endangered plant species have demonstrated success 
in restoring native forest habitat suitable for the maintenance and 
recovery of endangered plant species. We believe that private 
landowners in this program have the potential to contribute to the 
recovery of endangered plant species. However, no FSP projects have 
been implemented on Oahu to date (Vickie Caraway, DOFAW, pers. comm., 
2001).
    Numerous efforts by the State of Hawaii on Oahu contribute to the 
conservation of listed plant species, including their rare plant 
management activities and administration of the NARs. However, these 
programs do not adequately address the threats to the listed plant 
species on their lands. In addition, there are no comprehensive 
management plans for the long-term conservation of endangered and 
threatened plants on these lands, no updated detailed reports on 
management actions conducted, and no assurances that management actions 
will be implemented. Therefore, we cannot, at this time, find that 
management on these State lands is adequate to preclude a proposed 
designation of critical habitat.

Partnership (Federal-State-Private) Lands

Koolau Mountains Watershed Partnership

    Thirty-five species (Bonamia menziesii, Chamaesyce deppeana, 
Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana 
ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea st.-
johnii, Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra polyantha, 
Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Diellia erecta, Eugenia 
koolauensis, Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, Isodendrion 
longifolium, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia 
monostachya, Lobelia oahuensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Melicope 
lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia hirsuta, 
Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago princeps, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula 
purpurea, Schiedea kaalae, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia 
singularis, and Viola oahuensis) are reported from the Koolau Mountains 
Watershed Management lands owned by State, Federal, and private 
entities on Oahu (GDSI Database 2001; HINHP Database 2001). In an 
effort to better protect native biological resources, landowners and 
other interested parties established a voluntary partnership to 
cooperatively manage some of the lands within the Koolau Mountains. The 
partnership cooperative agreement, signed in 1999, indicates the shared 
interest in the joint management of threats shared by the landowners 
involved. The partnership is completing a natural resources management 
plan that will include, feral animal and alien plant control measures, 
collaborative research projects, and habitat protection and restoration 
(Craig Rowland, Service, pers. comm., 2001). Because no management plan 
is developed yet, management has been implemented only in small areas, 
and there is no long-term commitment of funding, we cannot, at this 
time, find that management on these lands is adequate to preclude a 
proposed designation of critical habitat.

Opaeula Watershed Protection Project

    The partners in this effort are Kamehameha Schools, the Army, 
DOFAW, and the Service. The project, located on land owned by 
Kamehameha Schools in the Koolau Mountains, entails construction of an 
ungulate exclusion fence and removal of ungulates from within the 61 ha 
(150 ac) enclosure. The wet summit crest shrubland and forest within 
the enclosure contains four of the 99 species: Chamaesyce rockii, 
Cyrtandra viridiflora, Myrsine juddii, and Viola oahuensis (C. Rowland, 
pers. comm., 2002). Because there is no management plan and no long-
term commitment of funding, we cannot, at this time, find that 
management on this land is adequate to preclude a proposed designation 
of critical habitat.

Waianae Mountains Feral Goat Management Group

    The Waianae Mountains Feral Goat Management Group is a voluntary 
group composed of 12 Federal, State, and county agencies and private 
organizations with the mission of ``* * * working together 
cooperatively to manage feral goats for the protection of Hawaiian 
plants, animals, watersheds, and ecosystems.'' The group has developed 
short-term goals and has ongoing projects regarding feral goat control 
in the Waianae Mountains, but has no detailed plan and no long-term 
funding, or jurisdiction other than on the lands of each participating 
agency or organization. In addition, the group is only addressing one 
of the many threats to endangered plants in the Waianae Mountains. 
Therefore, we cannot, at this time, find that management on these lands 
is adequate to preclude a proposed designation of critical habitat.

[[Page 37166]]

Private Lands

Honouliuli Preserve

    The Honouliuli Preserve is a 1,494 ha (3,692 ac) preserve managed 
by TNCH through a long-term lease with the landowner, the Estate of 
James Campbell. Several rare native plant communities and endangered 
animals, along with 25 plant species (Abutilon sandwicense, Alectryon 
macrococcus, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaescye herbstii, Cyanea 
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Delissea 
subcordata, Diellia falcata, Diellia unisora, Flueggea neowawraea, 
Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. 
leptophylla, Melicope saint-johnii, Neraudia angulata, Phyllostegia 
hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Phyllostegia mollis, Phyllostegia 
parviflora, Plantago princeps, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, 
Stenogyne kanehoana, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, and Urera 
kaalae). TNCH has developed a management plan for the preserve that 
includes ungulate control, rodent control, weed control, fire control, 
and reintroduction of endangered and other rare plant species (TNCH 
1997). Some of the management actions identified have been implemented 
and have proven beneficial to populations of some species, and a new 
plan is currently being developed to incorporate more rare plant 
management and reintroduction actions (TNCH, in litt. 2000; Trae 
Menard, TNCH, pers. comm., 2001). However, these actions do not 
adequately address the on-going threats to the listed plant species on 
this land. In addition, there is currently no guarantee of long-term 
funding for ongoing or future management actions. Therefore, we cannot, 
at this time, find that management on these private lands is adequate 
to preclude a proposed designation of critical habitat.

Ihiihilauakea Preserve

    TNCH also manages the Ihiihilauakea Preserve on Oahu, through a 
conservation agreement with the City and County of Hawaii. This 
preserve harbors one endangered species, Marsilea villosa. There is an 
existing management plan for the site (TNCH 1990), and a new site 
restoration plan is being developed that will involve turning the 
preserve over to a local community group for volunteer management. TNCH 
has conducted periodic weed control efforts at this site, but there is 
no long-term commitment of funds for adequate management (T. Menard, 
pers. comm., 2001). Therefore, for these reasons we cannot, at this 
time, find that management on these lands is adequate to preclude a 
proposed designation of critical habitat.
    If we receive information during the public comment period that any 
of the lands within the proposed designations are actively managed to 
promote the conservation and recovery of the 99 listed species at issue 
in this proposed designation, in accordance with long term conservation 
management plans or agreements, and there are assurances that the 
proposed management actions will be implemented and effective, we can 
consider this information when making a final determination of critical 
habitat.
    In addition, we are aware that other private landowners and the 
State of Hawaii are considering the development of land management 
plans or agreements that may promote the conservation and recovery of 
endangered and threatened plant species on the island of Oahu. We 
support these efforts and provide technical assistance whenever 
possible. We are also soliciting comments on whether future development 
and approval of conservation measures (e.g., Habitat Conservation 
Plans, Conservation Agreements, Safe Harbor Agreements) should trigger 
revision of designated critical habitat to exclude such lands and, if 
so, by what mechanism.
    The proposed critical habitat units described below constitute our 
best assessment of the physical and biological features needed for the 
conservation of the 99 plant species, and the special management needs 
of these species, and are based on the best scientific and commercial 
information available and described above. We put forward this proposal 
acknowledging that we may have incomplete information regarding many of 
the primary biological and physical requirements for these species. 
However, both the Act and the relevant court order requires us to 
proceed with designation at this time based on the best information 
available. As new information accrues, we may reevaluate which areas 
warrant critical habitat designation. We anticipate that comments 
received through the public review process and from any public 
hearings, if requested, will provide us with additional information to 
use in our decision making process and in assessing the potential 
impacts of designating critical habitat for one or more of these 
species.
    The approximate areas of proposed critical habitat by landownership 
or jurisdiction are shown in Table 4.

               Table 4.--Approximate Proposed Critical Habitat Area by Unit and Land Ownership or Jurisdiction, Honolulu County, Oahu \1\.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
           Unit name                      State/local                      Private                       Federal                        Total
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oahu A.........................  5,778 ha (14,278 ac).........  1,901 ha (4,698 ac).........  824 ha (2,036 ac)...........  8,503 ha (21,013 ac)
                                 .............................  ............................  ............................  ............................
Oahu B.........................  34 ha (83 ac)................  ............................  ............................  34 ha (83 ac)
                                 .............................  ............................  ............................  ............................
Oahu C.........................  14 ha (35 ac)................  ............................  ............................  14 ha (35 ac)
Oahu D.........................  110 ha (271 ac)..............  ............................  ............................  110 ha (271 ac)
Oahu E.........................  38 ha (94 ac)................  ............................  ............................  38 ha (94 ac)
Oahu F.........................  44 ha (109 ac)...............  ............................  37 ha (91 ac)...............  81 ha (200 ac)
Oahu G.........................  .............................  ............................  16 ha (40 ac)...............  16 ha (40 ac)
Oahu H.........................  .............................  ............................  28 ha (68 ac)...............  28 ha (68 ac)
Oahu I.........................  1,138 ha (2,813 ac)..........  3,056 ha (7,552 ac).........  914 ha (2,258 ac)...........  5,109 ha (12,623 ac)
                                 .............................  ............................  ............................  ............................
Oahu J.........................  .............................  ............................  10 ha (25 ac)...............  10 ha (25 ac)
Oahu K.........................  .............................  ............................  7 ha (18 ac)................  7 ha (18 ac)
Oahu L.........................  7,938 ha (19,617 ac).........  21,170 ha (52,313 ac).......  960 ha (2,371 ac)...........  30,068 ha (74,301 ac)
Oahu M.........................  <1 ha (<1 ac)................  99 ha (245 ac)..............  ............................  100 ha (246 ac)
Oahu N.........................  5 ha (12 ac).................  ............................  ............................  5 ha (12 ac)
Oahu O.........................  184 ha (455 ac)..............  247 ha (611 ac).............  ............................  431 ha (1,066 ac)
Oahu P.........................  2 ha (3 ac)..................  ............................  ............................  2 ha (3 ac)

[[Page 37167]]

 
Oahu Q.........................  1 ha (3 ac)..................  ............................  ............................  1 ha (3 ac)
Oahu R.........................  6 ha (15 ac).................  ............................  ............................  6 ha (15 ac)
Oahu S.........................  4 ha (12 ac).................  ............................  ............................  4 ha (12 ac)
Oahu T.........................  4 ha (9 ac)..................  ............................  ............................  4 ha (9 ac)
Oahu U.........................  27 ha (67 ac)................  ............................  ............................  27 ha (67 ac)
Oahu V.........................  4 ha (10 ac).................  ............................  ............................  4 ha (10 ac)
Oahu W.........................  339 ha (839 ac)..............  <1 ha (<1 ac)...............  ............................  340 ha (840 ac)
Oahu X1........................  117 ha (290 ac)..............  ............................  ............................  117 ha (290 ac)
Oahu X2........................  8 ha (21 ac).................  ............................  ............................  8 ha (21 ac)
                                --------------------------------
Total..........................  15,797 ha (39,037 ac)........  26,474 ha (65,420 ac).......  2,796 ha (6,907 ac).........  45,067 ha (111,364 ac)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Area differences due to digital mapping discrepancies between TMK data (GDSI 2000) and USGS coastline, or differences due to rounding.

    Proposed critical habitat includes habitat for 99 species under 
private, State, and Federal jurisdiction (owned and leased lands), with 
Federal lands including lands managed by the Department of Defense and 
the Service. Lands proposed as critical habitat have been divided into 
25 units (Oahu A through Oahu X) on the island of Oahu. A brief 
description of each unit is presented below.

Descriptions of Critical Habitat Units

Oahu A

    The proposed unit Oahu A provides occupied habitat for 58 species: 
Abutilon sandwicense, Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron obovatum, 
Alsinidendron trinerve, Bonamia menzeisii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, 
Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, Chamaesyce 
herbstii, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea 
acuminata, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea 
superba, Cyperus trachysanthos, Cyrtandra dentata, Delissea subcordata, 
Diellia falcata, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Eugenia 
koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Fluggea neowawraea, Gardenia 
mannii, Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis 
parvula, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus 
brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, 
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. 
leptophylla, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, Lobelia niihauensis, Melicope 
pallida, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum 
sandwicense, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, 
Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea 
hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea kealiae, Schiedea nuttallii, 
Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, 
Tetramolopium filiforme, Urera kaalae, and Viola chamissoniana ssp. 
chamissoniana. It is proposed for designation because it contains the 
physical and biological features that are considered essential for 
their conservation on Oahu and provides habitat to support one or more 
of the 8 to 10 populations and 100 mature individuals per population 
for Alectryon macrococcus, Colubrina oppositifolia, Flueggea 
neowawraea, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, 
Melicope pallida, Schiedea nuttallii, and Vigna o-wahuensis; or 300 
mature individuals per population for Abutilon sandwicense, 
Alsinidendron obovatum, Alsinidendron trinerve, Bonamia menzeisii, 
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce celastroides 
var. kaenana, Chamaesyce herbstii, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea 
acuminata, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea 
superba, Cyperus trachysanthos, Cyrtandra dentata, Delissea subcordata, 
Diellia falcata, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Eugenia 
koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Gardenia mannii, Gouania meyenii, 
Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, Hibiscus 
brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, 
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. 
leptophylla, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, Lobelia niihauensis, Neraudia 
angulata, Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia 
hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago 
princeps, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, 
Schiedea kealiae, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Tetramolopium 
filiforme, Urera kaalae, and Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana; or 
500 mature individuals per population for Spermolepis hawaiiensis, 
throughout their known historical range considered by the recovery 
plans to be necessary for the conservation of each species. This unit 
also provides unoccupied habitat for seven species: Diplazium 
molokaiense, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Mariscus pennatiformis, Solanum 
sandwicense, Stenogyne kaneohoana, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. 
lepidotum, and Vigna o-wahuense. Designation of this unit is essential 
to the conservation of these species because it contains the physical 
and biological features that are considered essential for their 
conservation on Oahu, and provides habitat to support one or more 
additional populations necessary to meet the recovery objectives for 
these species of 8 to 10 populations and 100 mature individuals per 
population for Vigna o-wahuense, or 300 mature individuals per 
population for Diplazium molokaiense, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Mariscus 
pennatiformis, Solanum sandwicense, Stenogyne kaneohoana, and 
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, throughout their known 
historical range (see the discussion of conservation requirements in 
Section D, and in the table for Oahu A).
    This unit contains a total of 8,503 ha (21,013 ac) on State 
(Kuaokala Game Management Area, Kaena Point Natural Area Reserve and 
State Park, Kaala Natural Area Reserve, Waianae Kai Forest Reserve, 
Makua Keauu Forest Reserve, Mokuleia Forest Reserve, and Pahole Natural 
Area Reserve), Federal (Makua Military Reservation, Schofield Barracks 
Military Reservation, and Dillingham Military Reservation), and private 
lands. The natural features found in this unit are Kaneana Cave, Manini 
Pali, Alei Pali, Kauhao Pali, Mahoe Pali, Peacock Flat, Kamaileunu

[[Page 37168]]

Ridge, Kaala, Kamaile Heiau summit, Kaupakuhale summit, Puu Pueo, Puu 
Iki, Puu Pane, Kamaohanui summit, Puu Kamaileunu, Puu Kawiwi, Puu 
Kepauala, Puu Keaau, Alau Gulch, Haili Gulch, Uluhulu Gulch, and Nihoa 
Gulch.
    The following key should be used for critical habitat units Oahu A 
through Oahu X tables:
    Key:
    1. This unit is needed to meet the recovery plan objectives of 8 to 
10 viable populations (self perpetuating and sustaining for at least 5 
years) with 100 to 500 mature, reproducing individuals per species 
throughout its historical range as specified in the recovery plans.
    2. Island endemic.
    3. Multi-island species with current locations on other islands.
    4. Multi-island species with no current locations on other islands.
    5. Current locations do not necessarily represent viable 
populations with the required number of mature individuals.
    6. Several current locations may be affected by one naturally 
occurring, catastrophic event.
    7. Species with variable habitat requirements, usually over wide 
areas. Wide ranging species require more space per individual over more 
land area to provide needed primary constituent elements to maintain 
healthy population size.
    8. Not all currently occupied habitat was determined to be 
essential to the recovery of the species.
    9. Life history, long-lived perennial-100 mature, reproducing 
individuals per population.
    10. Life history, short-lived perennial-300 mature, reproducing 
individuals per population.
    11. Life history, annual-500 mature, reproducing individuals per 
population.
    12. Narrow endemic, the species probably never naturally occurred 
in more than a single or a few populations.
    13. Species has extremely restricted, specific habitat 
requirements.
    14. Hybridization is possible so distinct populations of related 
species should not overlap, requiring more land area.

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Oahu B

    The proposed unit Oahu B provides occupied habitat for three 
species: Bonamia menzeisii, Euphorbia haeleeleana, and Nototrichium 
humile. It is proposed for designation because it contains the physical 
and biological features that are considered essential for their 
conservation on Oahu, and provides habitat to support one or more of 
the 8 to 10 populations and 300 mature individuals per population for 
these species throughout their known historical range considered by the 
recovery plans to be necessary for the conservation of each species. 
This unit also provides unoccupied habitat for four species: Gouania 
vitifolia, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium, and Neraudia 
angulata. Designation of this unit is essential to the conservation of 
these species because it contains the physical and biological features 
that are considered essential for their conservation on Oahu, and 
provides habitat to support one or more additional populations 
necessary to meet the recovery objectives for these species of 8 to 10 
populations and 300 mature individuals per population throughout their 
known historical range (see the discussion of conservation requirements 
in Section D, and in the table for Oahu B).
    This unit contains a total of 34 ha (83 ac) on State lands 
(Kuaokala Forest Reserve and Kaena Point State Park). The natural 
features found in this unit are the cliffs below Kuaokala Ridge.

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Oahu C

    The proposed unit Oahu C provides occupied habitat for one species: 
Bonamia menzeisii. It is proposed for designation because it contains 
the physical and biological features that are considered essential for 
its conservation on Oahu, and provides habitat to support one or more 
of the 8 to 10 populations and 300 mature individuals per population 
for Bonamia menzeisii, throughout its known historical range considered 
by the recovery plan to be necessary for the conservation of this 
species (see the discussion of conservation requirements in Section D, 
and in the table for Oahu C).
    This unit contains a total of 14 ha (35 ac) on State lands 
(Kuaokala Forest Reserve and Kuaokala Game Management Area).

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Oahu D

    The proposed unit Oahu D provides occupied habitat for five 
species: Bonamia menzeisii, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Neraudia angulata, 
Nototrichium humile, and Schiedea hookeri. It is proposed for 
designation because it contains the physical and biological features 
that are considered

[[Page 37181]]

essential for their conservation on Oahu, and provides habitat to 
support one or more of the 8 to 10 populations and 300 mature 
individuals per population for these species throughout their known 
historical range considered by the recovery plans to be necessary for 
the conservation of each species. This unit also provides unoccupied 
habitat for four species: Chamesyce celastroides var. kaenana, Hibiscus 
brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium, and Gouania vitifolia. 
Designation of this unit is essential to the conservation of these 
species because it contains the physical and biological features that 
are considered essential for their conservation on Oahu, and provides 
habitat to support one or more additional populations necessary to meet 
the recovery objectives for these species of 8 to 10 populations and 
300 mature individuals per population for these species throughout 
their known historical range (see the discussion of conservation 
requirements in Section D, and in the table for Oahu D).
    This unit contains a total of 110 ha (271 ac) on State (Kuaokala 
Forest Reserve and Kaena Point State Park) and Federal (Makua Military 
Reservation) lands. The natural features found in this unit are 
Kaluakauila Stream and Punapohaku Stream.

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Oahu E

    The proposed unit Oahu E provides occupied habitat for one species: 
Chamaesyce kuwaleana. It is proposed for designation because it 
contains the physical and biological features that are considered 
essential for its conservation on Oahu, and provides habitat to support 
one or more of the 8 to 10 populations and 300 mature individuals per 
population, throughout its known historical range considered by the 
recovery plan to be necessary for the conservation of the species (see 
the discussion of conservation requirements in Section D, and in the 
table for Oahu E).
    This unit contains a total of 38 ha (94 ac) on State land. The 
natural features found in this unit are Mauna Kuwale and Paheehee 
Ridge.

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Oahu F

    The proposed unit Oahu F provides occupied habitat for one species: 
Chamaesyce kuwaleana. It is proposed for designation because it 
contains the physical and biological features that are considered 
essential for its conservation on Oahu, and provides habitat to support 
one or more of the 8 to 10 populations and 300 mature individuals per 
population, throughout its known historical range considered by the 
recovery plan to be necessary for the conservation of the species. This 
unit also provides unoccupied habitat for one species: Isodendrion 
pyrifolium. Designation of this unit is essential to the conservation 
of this species because it contains the physical and biological 
features that are considered essential for its conservation on Oahu, 
and provides habitat to support one or more additional populations 
necessary to meet the recovery objectives for this species of 8 to 10 
populations and 300 mature individuals throughout its known historical 
range (see the discussion of conservation requirements in Section D, 
and in the table for Oahu F).
    This unit contains a total of 81 ha (200 ac) on State (Waianae Kai 
Forest Reserve) and Federal (Lualualei Naval Magazine) lands. The 
natural feature found in this unit is Kauaopuu.

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Oahu G

    The proposed unit Oahu G provides occupied habitat for two species: 
Tetramolopium filiforme and Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana. It 
is proposed for designation because it contains the physical and 
biological features that are considered essential for their 
conservation on Oahu, and provides habitat to support one or more of 
the 8 to 10 populations and 300 mature individuals per population for 
these species throughout their known historical range considered by the 
recovery plans to be necessary for the conservation of each species 
(see the discussion of conservation requirements in Section D, and in 
the table for Oahu G).
    This unit contains a total of 16 ha (40 ac) on Federal land 
(Lualualei Naval Magazine and Schofield Barracks Military Reservation). 
The natural feature found in this unit is Puu Ku Makalii.

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Oahu H

    The proposed unit Oahu H provides occupied habitat for one species: 
Chamaesyce kuwaleana. It is proposed for designation because it 
contains the physical and biological features that are considered 
essential for its conservation on Oahu, and provides habitat to support 
one or more of the 8 to 10 populations and 300 mature individuals per 
population, throughout its known historical range considered by the 
recovery plan to be necessary for the conservation of the species (see 
the discussion of conservation requirements in Section D, and in the 
table for Oahu H).
    This unit contains a total of 28 ha (68 ac) on Federal land 
(Lualualei Naval Magazine). The natural feature found in this unit is 
Puu Kailio.

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Oahu I

    The proposed unit Oahu I provides occupied habitat for 32 species: 
Abutilon sandwicense, Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menzeisii, 
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce herbstii, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. 
obatae, Cyrtandra dentata, Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata, 
Diellia unisora, Fluggea neowawraea, Gardenia mannii, Hedyotis parvula, 
Hesperomannia arbuscula, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. 
leptophylla, Lobelia niihauensis, Melicope saint-johnii, Neraudia 
angulata, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Phyllostegia 
mollis, Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago princeps, Sanicula mariversa, 
Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea nuttallii, Stenogyne 
kanehoana, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, Urera kaalae, and 
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana. It is proposed for designation 
because it contains the physical and biological features that are 
considered essential for their conservation on Oahu, and provides 
habitat to support one or more of the 8 to 10 populations and 100 
mature individuals per population for Alectryon macrococcus, Flueggea 
neowawraea, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Melicope saint-johnii, and 
Schiedea nuttallii; or 300 mature individuals per population for 
Abutilon sandwicense, Bonamia menzeisii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, 
Chamaesyce herbstii, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyrtandra dentata, 
Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata, Diellia unisora, Gardenia mannii, 
Hedyotis parvula, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. 
leptophylla, Lobelia niihauensis, Neraudia angulata, Phyllostegia 
hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Phyllostegia mollis, Phyllostegia 
parviflora, Plantago princeps, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea hookeri, 
Schiedea kaalae, Stenogyne kanehoana, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. 
lepidotum, Urera kaalae, and Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, 
throughout their known historical range considered by the recovery 
plans to be necessary for the conservation of each species. This unit 
also provides unoccupied habitat for 10 species: Alsinidendron 
obovatum, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Cyanea pinnatifida, Gouania meyenii, 
Hedyotis coriacea, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isondendrion pyrifolium, 
Melicope pallida, Silene perlmanii, and Solanum sandwicense. 
Designation of this unit is essential to the conservation of these 
species because it contains the physical and biological features that 
are considered essential for their conservation on Oahu, and provides 
habitat to support one or more additional populations necessary to meet 
the recovery objectives for these species of 8 to 10 populations and 
100 mature individuals per population for Melicope pallida; or 300 
mature individuals per population for Alsinidendron obovatum, 
Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Cyanea pinnatifida, Gouania meyenii, Hedyotis 
coriacea, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isondendrion pyrifolium, Silene 
perlmanii, and Solanum sandwicense, throughout their known historical 
range (see the discussion of conservation requirements in Section D, 
and in the table for Oahu I).
    This unit contains a total of 5,109 ha (12,623 ac) on State 
(Nanakuli Forest Reserve), Federal (Lualualei Naval Magazine and 
Schofield Barracks Military Reservation), City and County of Honolulu, 
and private (Honouliuli Preserve) lands. The natural features found in 
this unit are Pohakea Pass, Akupu, Palehua, Palikea Ridge, Maunauna 
summit, Palikea summit, Mauna Kapu, Puu Heleakala, Puu Kaua, Puu 
Hapapa, Puu Kuua, Puu Kanehoa, Puu Manawahua, Puu Poulihale, and Puu 
Moopuna.

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Oahu J

    The proposed unit Oahu J provides occupied habitat for one species: 
Marsilea villosa. It is proposed for designation because it contains 
the physical and biological features that are considered essential for 
its conservation on Oahu, and provides habitat to support one or more 
of the 6 populations throughout its known historical range considered 
by the recovery plan to be necessary for the conservation of the 
species (see the discussion of conservation requirements in Section D, 
and in the table for Oahu J).
    This unit contains a total of 10 ha (25 ac) on Federal land 
(Lualualei Naval Magazine).

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Oahu K

    The proposed unit Oahu K provides occupied habitat for one species: 
Marsilea villosa. It is proposed for designation because it contains 
the physical and biological features that are considered essential for 
its conservation on Oahu, and provides habitat to support one or more 
of the 6 populations throughout its known historical range considered 
by the recovery plan to be necessary for the conservation of the 
species (see the discussion of conservation requirements in Section D, 
and in the table for Oahu K).
    This unit contains a total of 7 ha (18 ac) on Federal land 
(Lualualei Naval Magazine).

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Oahu L

    The proposed unit Oahu L provides occupied habitat for 35 species: 
Bonamia menzeisii, Chamaesyce deppeana, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea 
acuminata, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea 
humbotiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea truncata, 
Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra polyantha, Cyrtandra subumbellata, 
Cyrtandra viridiflora, Diellia erecta, Eugenia koolauensis, Gardenia 
mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia 
cyrtandrae, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia monostachya, 
Lysimachia filifolia, Melicope lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phlegmariurus 
nutans, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago 
princeps, Pteris lydgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea kaalae, 
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Trematalobelia singularis, and Viola 
oahuensiis. It is proposed for designation because it contains the 
physical and biological features that are considered essential for 
their conservation on Oahu, and provides habitat to support one or more 
of the 8 to 10 populations and 100 mature individuals per population 
for Hesperomannia arborescens, Melicope lydgatei, and Tetraplasandra 
gymnocarpa; or 300 mature individuals per population for Bonamia 
menzeisii, Chamaesyce deppeana, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea acuminata, 
Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea humbotiana, 
Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra 
dentata, Cyrtandra polyantha, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra 
viridiflora, Diellia erecta, Eugenia koolauensis, Gardenia mannii, 
Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. 
koolauensis, Lobelia monostachya, Lysimachia filifolia, Myrsine juddii, 
Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia parviflora, 
Plantago princeps, Pteris lydgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea kaalae, 
Trematalobelia singularis, and Viola oahuensiis, throughout their known 
historical range considered by the recovery plans to be necessary for 
the conservation of each species. This unit also provides unoccupied 
habitat for 10 species: Adenophorus periens, Chamaesyce celastroides 
var. kaenana, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea superba, Delissea subcordata, 
Hedyotis coriacea, Isodendrion laurifolium, Lobelia oahuensis, 
Platanthera holochila, and Solanum sandwicense. Designation of this 
unit is essential to the conservation of these species because it 
contains the physical and biological features that are considered 
essential for their conservation on Oahu, and provides habitat to 
support one or more additional populations necessary to meet the 
recovery objectives for these species of 8 to 10 populations and 300 
mature individuals per population for these species throughout their 
known historical range (see the discussion of conservation requirements 
in Section D, and in the table for Oahu L).
    This unit contains a total of 30,068 ha (74,301 ac) on State 
(Pupukea-Paumalu Forest Reserve, Hauula Forest Reserve, Sacred Falls 
State Park, Kaipapau Forest Reserve, Kahana Valley State Park, Ewa 
Forest Reserve, Waiahole Forest Reserve, Kaneohe Forest Reserve, Keaiwa 
Heiau State Recreation Area, Honolulu Watershed Forest Reserve, 
Kuliouou Forest Reserve, and Waahila Ridge State Park), Federal (Fort 
Shafter, Oahu Forest National Wildlife Refuge, Schofield Barracks 
Military Reservation, Kawailoa Training Area, and Kahuku Training 
Area), City and County of Honolulu, and private lands. The natural 
features found in this unit are Nuuanu Pali, Kaau Crater, Waipuhia 
Falls, Sacred Falls, Manoa Falls, Pauoa Flats, Waahila Ridge, 
Kulepiamoa Ridge, Mauumae Ridge, Kaumala Ridge, Wiliwilinui Ridge, 
Waiakeakua Stream, Naniuapo Stream, Waaloa Stream, Luaalaea Stream, 
Konahuanui summit, Mount Kawela, Kainawaaunui summit, Nanaikaalaea 
summit, Napuumaia summit, Puu Kaaumakua, Palikea summit, Puu Kainapuaa, 
Puu Kamana, Puu Kapu, Puu Kawipoo, Puu Keahia Kahoe, Puu Lanihuli, Puu 
Lanipo, Puu Nukohe, Puu o Kona, Puu Pauao, Puu Peahinaia, Puu Pia, Puu 
Uau, Puu Kahuauli, Eleao summit, Ulimakoli summit, Mount Olympus, and 
Laulaupoe Gulch.

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Oahu M

    The proposed unit Oahu M provides unoccupied habitat for two 
species: Centaurium sebaeoides and Sesbania tomentosa. Designation of 
this unit is essential to the conservation of these species because it 
contains the physical and biological features that are considered 
essential for their conservation on Oahu, and provides habitat to 
support one or more additional populations necessary to meet the 
recovery objectives for these species of 8 to 10 populations and 300 
mature individuals per population throughout their known historical 
range (see the discussion of conservation requirements in Section D, 
and in the table for Oahu M).
    This unit contains a total of 100 ha (246 ac) on State (Malaekahana 
State Recreation Area), Federal (James Campbell National Wildlife 
Refuge), and private lands. The natural feature found in this unit is 
the coastline from Kahuku Point to Makahoa Point.

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Oahu N

    The proposed unit Oahu N provides unoccupied habitat for two 
species: Centaurium sebaeoides and Sesbania tomentosa. Designation of 
this unit is essential to the conservation of these species because it 
contains the physical and biological features that are considered 
essential for their conservation on Oahu, and provides habitat to 
support one or more additional populations necessary to meet the 
recovery objectives for these species of 8 to 10 populations and 300 
mature individuals per population throughout their known historical 
range (see the discussion of conservation requirements in Section D, 
and in the table for Oahu N).
    This unit contains a total of 5 ha (12 ac) on State lands. This 
unit is the Mokuauia Island State Seabird Sanctuary.

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Oahu O

    The proposed unit Oahu O provides occupied habitat for three 
species: Cyanea crispa, Cyanea truncata, and Schiedea kaalae. It is 
proposed for designation because it contains the physical and 
biological features that are considered essential for their 
conservation on Oahu, and provides habitat to support one or more of 
the 8 to 10 populations and 300 mature individuals per population for 
each species throughout their known historical range considered by the 
recovery plans to be necessary for the conservation of each species 
(see the discussion of conservation requirements in Section D, and in 
the table for Oahu O).
    This unit contains a total of 431 ha (1,066 ac) on State (Kahana 
Valley State Park) and private lands. The natural features found in 
this unit are Puu Manamana and Secret Valley.

[[Page 37212]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.089

Oahu P

    The proposed unit Oahu P provides occupied habitat for three 
species: Bonamia menzeisii, Euphorbia haeleeleana, and Nototrichium 
humile. It is proposed for designation because it contains the physical 
and biological features that are considered essential for their 
conservation on Oahu, and provides habitat to support one or more of 
the 8 to 10 populations and 300 mature individuals per population for

[[Page 37213]]

each species throughout their known historical range considered by the 
recovery plans to be necessary for the conservation of each species. 
This unit also provides unoccupied habitat for three species: Gouania 
vitifolia, Hibiscus brackenridgei, and Isodendrion pyrifolium. 
Designation of this unit is essential to the conservation of these 
species because it contains the physical and biological features that 
are considered essential for their conservation on Oahu, and provides 
habitat to support one or more additional populations necessary to meet 
the recovery objectives for these species of 8 to 10 populations and 
300 mature individuals per population throughout their known historical 
range (see the discussion of conservation requirements in Section D, 
and in the table for Oahu P).
    This unit contains a total of 2 ha (3 ac) on City and County of 
Honolulu land. This unit is Mokolii Island (Chinaman's Hat), part of 
Kualoa Regional Park.

[[Page 37214]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.090


[[Page 37215]]



Oahu Q

    The proposed unit Oahu Q provides unoccupied habitat for one 
species: Sesbania tomentosa. Designation of this unit is essential to 
the conservation of this species because it contains the physical and 
biological features that are considered essential for its conservation 
on Oahu, and provides habitat to support one or more additional 
populations necessary to meet the recovery objectives for Sesbania 
tomentosa of 8 to 10 populations and 300 mature individuals per 
population throughout its known historical range (see the discussion of 
conservation requirements in Section D, and in the table for Oahu Q).
    This unit contains a total of 1 ha (3 ac) on State land. This unit 
is a portion of the Moku Manu State Seabird Sanctuary.

[[Page 37216]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.091


[[Page 37217]]



Oahu R

    The proposed unit Oahu R provides unoccupied habitat for two 
species: Chamaesyce kuwaleana and Sesbania tomentosa. Designation of 
this unit is essential to the conservation of these species because it 
contains the physical and biological features that are considered 
essential for their conservation on Oahu, and provides habitat to 
support one or more additional populations necessary to meet the 
recovery objectives for these species of 8 to 10 populations and 300 
mature individuals per population throughout their known historical 
range (see the discussion of conservation requirements in Section D, 
and in the table for Oahu R).
    This unit contains a total of 6 ha (15 ac) on State land. This unit 
is a portion of the Moku Manu State Seabird Sanctuary.

[[Page 37218]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.092


[[Page 37219]]



Oahu S

    The proposed unit Oahu S provides unoccupied habitat for two 
species: Sesbania tomentosa and Vigna o-wahuense. Designation of this 
unit is essential to the conservation of these species because it 
contains the physical and biological features that are considered 
essential for their conservation on Oahu, and provides habitat to 
support one or more additional populations necessary to meet the 
recovery objectives for these species of 8 to 10 populations and 300 
mature individuals per population throughout their known historical 
range (see the discussion of conservation requirements in Section D, 
and in the table for Oahu S).
    This unit contains a total of 4 ha (12 ac) on State land. This unit 
is one of the Mokulua Islands State Seabird Sanctuary.

[[Page 37220]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.093


[[Page 37221]]



Oahu T

    The proposed unit Oahu T provides unoccupied habitat for two 
species: Sesbania tomentosa and Vigna o-wahuense. Designation of this 
unit is essential to the conservation of these species because it 
contains the physical and biological features that are considered 
essential for their conservation on Oahu, and provides habitat to 
support one or more additional populations necessary to meet the 
recovery objectives for each species of 8 to 10 populations and 300 
mature individuals per population throughout their known historical 
range (see the discussion of conservation requirements in Section D, 
and in the table for Oahu T).
    This unit contains a total of 4 ha (9 ac) on State land. This unit 
is one of the Mokulua Islands State Seabird Sanctuary.

[[Page 37222]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.094


[[Page 37223]]



Oahu U

    The proposed unit Oahu U provides unoccupied habitat for three 
species: Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Sesbania tomentosa, and Vigna o-
wahuense. Designation of this unit is essential to the conservation of 
these species because it contains the physical and biological features 
that are considered essential for their conservation on Oahu, and 
provides habitat to support one or more additional populations 
necessary to meet the recovery objectives for these species of 8 to 10 
populations and 100 mature individuals per population of Vigna o-
wahuense, or 300 mature individuals per population of Chamaesyce 
kuwaleana and Sesbania tomentosa, throughout their known historical 
range (see the discussion of conservation requirements in Section D, 
and in the table for Oahu U).
    This unit contains a total of 27 ha (67 ac) on State land. This 
unit is the Manana Island State Seabird Sanctuary.

[[Page 37224]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.095


[[Page 37225]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.096


[[Page 37226]]



Oahu V

    The proposed unit Oahu V provides unoccupied habitat for one 
species: Sesbania tomentosa. Designation of this unit is essential to 
the conservation of this species because it contains the physical and 
biological features that are considered essential for its conservation 
on Oahu, and provides habitat to support one or more additional 
populations necessary to meet the recovery objectives for this species 
of 8 to 10 populations and 300 mature individuals per population 
throughout its known historical range (see the discussion of 
conservation requirements in Section D, and in the table for Oahu V).
    This unit contains a total of 4 ha (10 ac) on State land. This unit 
is the Kaohikaipu Island State Seabird Sanctuary.

[[Page 37227]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.097


[[Page 37228]]



Oahu W

    The proposed unit Oahu W provides occupied habitat for two species: 
Centaurium sebaeoides and Marsillea villosa. It is proposed for 
designation because it contains the physical and biological features 
that are considered essential for their conservation on Oahu, and 
provides habitat to support one or more of the 8 to 10 populations and 
300 mature individuals per population for Centaurium sebaeoides, or one 
or more of the 6 populations for Marsilea villosa, throughout their 
known historical range considered by the recovery plans to be necessary 
for the conservation of each species. This unit also provides 
unoccupied habitat for one species: Cyperus trachysanthos. Designation 
of this unit is essential to the conservation of this species because 
it contains the physical and biological features that are considered 
essential for its conservation on Oahu, and provides habitat to support 
one or more additional populations necessary to meet the recovery 
objectives for this species of 8 to 10 populations and 300 mature 
individuals throughout its known historical range (see the discussion 
of conservation requirements in Section D, and in the table for Oahu 
W).
    This unit contains a total of 340 ha (840 ac) on private and City 
and County of Honolulu lands. The natural features found in this unit 
are portions of Koko Head, Nonoula, Ihiihilauakea, Kuamoo Kane, and Puu 
Mai.

[[Page 37229]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.098


[[Page 37230]]



Oahu X

    The proposed unit Oahu X (X1 and X2) provides occupied habitat for 
two species: Cyperus trachysanthos and Spermolepis hawaiiensis. It is 
proposed for designation because it contains the physical and 
biological features that are considered essential for their 
conservation on Oahu, and provides habitat to support one or more of 
the 8 to 10 populations and 300 mature individuals per population for 
Cyperus trachysanthos, or 500 mature individuals for Spermolepis 
hawaiiensis, throughout their known historical range considered by the 
recovery plans to be necessary for the conservation of each species. 
This unit also provides unoccupied habitat for two species: Gouania 
meyenii and Marsilea villosa. Designation of this unit is essential to 
the conservation of these species because it contains the physical and 
biological features that are considered essential for their 
conservation on Oahu, and provides habitat to support one or more 
additional populations necessary to meet the recovery objectives for 
these species of 8 to 10 populations and 300 mature individuals for 
Gouania meyenii, or one or more of the 6 populations for Marsilea 
villosa, throughout their known historical range (see the discussion of 
conservation requirements in Section D, and in the table for Oahu X).
    This unit contains a total of 125 ha (290 ac) on State land and 
land leased to the Hawaii Army National Guard. This unit contains units 
X1 and X2. This unit is a portion of the Diamond Head State Monument 
and includes the Kuilei Cliffs portion of the crater.

[[Page 37231]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.099

Effects of Critical Habitat Designation

Section 7 Consultation

    Section 7(a) of the Act requires Federal agencies, including the 
Service, to ensure that actions they fund, authorize, or carry out do 
not destroy or adversely modify critical habitat. Destruction or 
adverse modification occurs when a Federal action directly or 
indirectly alters critical habitat to the extent it appreciably 
diminishes the value of critical habitat for the conservation of the 
species. Individuals, organizations, States, local governments, and 
other non-Federal entities are affected by the designation of critical 
habitat only if their actions occur on

[[Page 37232]]

Federal lands, require a Federal permit, license, or other 
authorization, or involve Federal funding.
    Section 7(a) of the Act requires Federal agencies to evaluate their 
actions with respect to any species that is proposed or listed as 
endangered or threatened and with respect to its critical habitat, if 
any is designated or proposed. Regulations implementing this 
interagency cooperation provision of the Act are codified at 50 CFR 
part 402. Section 7(a)(4) of the Act requires Federal agencies to 
confer with us on any action that is likely to jeopardize the continued 
existence of a species proposed for listing or result in destruction or 
adverse modification of proposed critical habitat. Conference reports 
provide conservation recommendations to assist the agency in 
eliminating conflicts that may be caused by the proposed action. The 
conservation recommendations in a conference report are advisory.
    We may issue a formal conference report, if requested by the 
Federal action agency. Formal conference reports include an opinion 
that is prepared according to 50 CFR 402.14, as if the species was 
listed or critical habitat was designated. We may adopt the formal 
conference report as the biological opinion when the species is listed 
or critical habitat is designated, if no substantial new information or 
changes in the action alter the content of the opinion (see 50 CFR 
402.10(d)).
    If a Federal action may affect a listed species or its critical 
habitat, the responsible Federal agency (action agency) must enter into 
formal consultation with us. Through this consultation, the Federal 
action agency would ensure that the permitted actions do not destroy or 
adversely modify critical habitat.
    If we issue a biological opinion concluding that a project is 
likely to result in the destruction or adverse modification of critical 
habitat, we would also provide reasonable and prudent alternatives to 
the project, if any are identifiable. Reasonable and prudent 
alternatives are defined at 50 CFR 402.02 as alternative actions 
identified during consultation that can be implemented in a manner 
consistent with the intended purpose of the action, that are consistent 
with the scope of the Federal agency's legal authority and 
jurisdiction, that are economically and technologically feasible, and 
that the Director believes would avoid destruction or adverse 
modification of critical habitat. Reasonable and prudent alternatives 
can vary from slight project modifications to extensive redesign or 
relocation of the project. Costs associated with implementing a 
reasonable and prudent alternative are similarly variable.
    Regulations at 50 CFR 402.16 require Federal agencies to reinitiate 
consultation on previously reviewed actions under certain 
circumstances, including instances where critical habitat is 
subsequently designated and the Federal agency has retained 
discretionary involvement, or control has been retained or is 
authorized by law. Consequently, some Federal agencies may request 
reinitiation of consultation or conferencing with us on actions for 
which formal consultation has been completed if those actions may 
affect designated critical habitat or adversely modify or destroy 
proposed critical habitat.
    Activities on Federal lands that may affect critical habitat of one 
or more of the 99 plant species will require Section 7 consultation. 
Activities on private or State lands requiring a permit from a Federal 
agency, such as a permit from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) 
under section 404 of the Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. 1344 et seq.), or a 
section 10(a)(1)(B) permit from us, or some other Federal action, 
including funding (e.g. from the Federal Highway Administration, 
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Federal Emergency Management 
Agency (FEMA)), permits from the Department of Housing and Urban 
Development, activities funded by the Environmental Protection Agency 
(EPA), Department of Energy, or any other Federal agency; regulation of 
airport improvement activities by the FAA; and construction of 
communication sites licensed by the Federal Communication Commission 
will also continue to be subject to the section 7 consultation process. 
Federal actions not affecting critical habitat and actions on non-
Federal lands that are not federally funded, authorized, or permitted 
do not require section 7 consultation.
    Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires us to briefly describe and 
evaluate in any proposed or final regulation that designates critical 
habitat those activities involving a Federal action that may adversely 
modify such habitat or that may be affected by such designation. We 
note that such activities may also jeopardize the continued existence 
of the species.
    Activities that, when carried out, funded, or authorized by a 
Federal agency, may directly or indirectly adversely affect critical 
habitat include, but are not limited to:
    (1) Activities that appreciably degrade or destroy the primary 
constituent elements including, but not limited to: overgrazing; 
maintenance of feral ungulates; clearing or cutting of native live 
trees and shrubs, whether by burning or mechanical, chemical, or other 
means (e.g., woodcutting, bulldozing, construction, road building, 
mining, herbicide application); introducing or enabling the spread of 
non-native species; and taking actions that pose a risk of fire;
    (2) Activities that alter watershed characteristics in ways that 
would appreciably reduce groundwater recharge or alter natural, dynamic 
wetland or other vegetative communities. Such activities may include 
water diversion or impoundment, excess groundwater pumping, 
manipulation of vegetation such as timber harvesting, residential and 
commercial development, and grazing of livestock or horses that 
degrades watershed values;
    (3) Rural residential construction that includes concrete pads for 
foundations and the installation of septic systems where a permit under 
section 404 of the Clean Water Act would be required by the Corps;
    (4) Recreational activities that appreciably degrade vegetation;
    (5) Mining of sand or other minerals;
    (6) Introducing or encouraging the spread of non-native plant 
species; and
    (7) Importation of non-native species for research, agriculture, 
and aquaculture, and the release of biological control agents.
    If you have questions regarding whether specific activities will 
likely constitute adverse modification of critical habitat, contact the 
Field Supervisor, Pacific Islands Office (see ADDRESSES section). 
Requests for copies of the regulations on listed plants and animals, 
and inquiries about prohibitions and permits may be addressed to the 
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Branch of Endangered Species/Permits, 
911 N.E. 11th Ave., Portland, OR 97232-4181 (telephone 503/231-2063; 
facsimile 503/231-6243).

Relationship to Habitat Conservation Plans and Other Planning Efforts

    Currently, there are no HCPs that include any of the plant species 
discussed in this proposal as covered species. In the event that future 
HCPs covering any of the discussed plant species are developed within 
the boundaries of designated critical habitat, we will work with 
applicants to encourage them to provide for protection and management 
of habitat areas essential to the conservation of the species. This 
could be accomplished by either directing development and habitat 
modification to nonessential

[[Page 37233]]

areas, or appropriately modifying activities within essential habitat 
areas so that such activities will not adversely modify the primary 
constituent elements. The HCP development process would provide an 
opportunity for more intensive data collection and analysis regarding 
the use of particular areas by these plant species. If an HCP that 
addresses one or more of the 99 plant species as covered species is 
ultimately approved, we will reassess the critical habitat boundaries 
in light of the HCP. We intend to undertake this review when the HCP is 
approved, but funding and priority constraints may influence the timing 
of such a review.

Economic and Other Relevant Impacts

    Section 4(b)(2) of the Act requires us to designate critical 
habitat on the basis of the best scientific and commercial information 
available and to consider the economic and other relevant impacts of 
designating a particular area as critical habitat. We may exclude areas 
from critical habitat upon a determination that the benefits of such 
exclusions outweigh the benefits of specifying such areas as critical 
habitat. We cannot exclude such areas from critical habitat when such 
exclusion will result in the extinction of the species concerned.
    We will conduct an analysis of the economic impact of designating 
these areas as critical habitat and in accordance with recent decisions 
in the N.M. Cattlegrowers Ass'n v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv., 248 
F.3d 1277 (10th Cir. 2001) prior to a final determination. The economic 
analysis will include detailed information on the baseline costs and 
benefits of the critical habitat designation regardless of whether the 
costs are coextensive with listing, where such estimates are available. 
This information on the baseline will allow a fuller appreciation of 
the economic impacts associated with critical habitat designation. When 
completed, we will announce the availability of the revised draft 
economic analysis with a notice in the Federal Register, and we will 
open a public comment period on the draft economic analysis and re-open 
the comment period on the proposed rule at that time.
    We will utilize the final economic analysis, and take into 
consideration all comments and information regarding economic or other 
impacts submitted during the public comment period and the public 
hearing, if requested, to make final critical habitat designations. We 
may exclude areas from critical habitat upon a determination that the 
benefits of such exclusions outweigh the benefits of specifying such 
areas as part of critical habitat; however, we cannot exclude areas 
from critical habitat when such exclusion will result in the extinction 
of the species.

Public Comments Solicited

    It is our intent that any final action resulting from this proposal 
be as accurate and as effective as possible. Therefore, we solicit 
comments or suggestions from the public, other concerned governmental 
agencies, the scientific community, industry or any other interested 
party concerning this proposed rule.
    We invite comments from the public that provide information on 
whether lands within proposed critical habitat are currently being 
managed to address conservation needs of these listed plants. As stated 
earlier in this proposed rule, if we receive information that any of 
the areas proposed as critical habitat are adequately managed, we may 
delete such areas from the final rule, because they would not meet the 
definition in section 3(5)(A)(i) of the Act. In determining adequacy of 
management, we must find that the management effort is sufficiently 
certain to be implemented and effective so as to contribute to the 
elimination or adequate reduction of relevant threats to the species.
    We are soliciting comment in this proposed rule on whether current 
land management plans or practices applied within areas proposed as 
critical habitat adequately address the threats to these listed 
species.
    We are aware that the State of Hawaii and some private landowners 
are considering the development and implementation of land management 
plans or agreements that may promote the conservation and recovery of 
endangered and threatened plant species on the island of Oahu. We are 
soliciting comments in this proposed rule on whether current land 
management plans or practices applied within the areas proposed as 
critical habitat provide for the conservation of the species by 
adequately addressing the threats. We are also soliciting comments on 
whether future development and approval of conservation measures (e.g., 
HCPs, Conservation Agreements, Safe Harbor Agreements) should be 
excluded from critical habitat and if so, by what mechanism.
    In addition, we are seeking comments on the following:
    (1) The reasons why critical habitat for any of these species is 
prudent or not prudent as provided by section 4 of the Act and 50 CFR 
424.12(a)(1);
    (2) The reasons why any particular area should or should not be 
designated as critical habitat for any of these species, as critical 
habitat is defined by section 3 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1532 (5));
    (3) Specific information on the amount and distribution of habitat 
for the 99 species, and what habitat is essential to the conservation 
of the species and why;
    (4) Land use practices and current or planned activities in the 
subject areas and their possible impacts on proposed critical habitat;
    (5) Any economic or other impacts resulting from the proposed 
designations of critical habitat, including any impacts on small 
entities, energy development, low income households, and local 
governments;
    (6) Economic and other potential values associated with designating 
critical habitat for the above plant species such as those derived from 
non-consumptive uses (e.g., hiking, camping, birding, enhanced 
watershed protection, increased soil retention, ``existence values,'' 
and reductions in administrative costs);
    (7) The methodology we might use, under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, 
in determining if the benefits of excluding an area from critical 
habitat outweigh the benefits of specifying the area as critical 
habitat; and
    (8) The effects of critical habitat designation on military lands, 
and how it would affect military activities, particularly military 
lands at Makua Military Reservation, Schofield Barracks East Range, 
Schofield Barracks Military Reservation, Kawailoa Training Area, Kahuku 
Training Area, Dillingham Military Reservation, Naval Magazine Pearl 
Harbor Lualualei Branch and Naval Computer Telecommunication Area 
Master Station Pacific Transmitting Facility at Lualualei, Hawaii Army 
National Guard lands at Diamond Head; whether there will be a 
significant impact on military readiness or national security if we 
designate critical habitat on these facilities; and whether these 
facilities should be excluded from the designation under section 
4(b)(2) of the Act.
    If you wish to comment, you may submit your comments and materials 
concerning this proposal by any of several methods:
    (1) You may submit written comments and information to the Field 
Supervisor, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Office, 300 
Ala Moana Blvd., P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850-0001.
    (2) You may send comments by electronic mail (e-mail) to: 
[email protected]. If you submit comments by e-mail, please 
submit them as an ASCII file and avoid the use of special characters 
and any

[[Page 37234]]

form of encryption. Please also include ``Attn: RIN 1018-AI24'' and 
your name and return address in your e-mail message. If you do not 
receive a confirmation from the system that we have received your e-
mail message, contact us directly by calling our Honolulu Fish and 
Wildlife Office at telephone number 808/541-3441.
    (3) You may hand-deliver comments to our Honolulu Fish and Wildlife 
Office at the address under (1) above.
    Comments and materials received, as well as supporting 
documentation used in preparation of the proposal to designate critical 
habitat, will be available for inspection, by appointment, during 
normal business hours at the address under (1) above. Our practice is 
to make comments, including names and home addresses of respondents, 
available for public review during regular business hours. Individual 
respondents may request that we withhold their home address, which we 
will honor to the extent allowable by law. There also may be 
circumstances in which we would withhold a respondent's identity, as 
allowable by law. If you wish us to withhold your name and/or address, 
you must state this request prominently at the beginning of your 
comment. To the extent consistent with applicable law, we will make all 
submissions from organizations or businesses, and from individuals 
identifying themselves as representatives or officials of organizations 
or businesses, available for public inspection in their entirety.
    The comment period closes on July 29, 2002. We are seeking comments 
or suggestions from the public, other concerned governmental agencies, 
the scientific community, industry, or any other interested parties 
concerning the proposed rule.

Public Hearing

    The Act provides for a public hearing on this proposal, if 
requested. Requests for public hearings must be made within 45 days of 
the date of publication of this proposal in the Federal Register.
    Anyone wishing to make an oral statement for the record is 
encouraged to provide a written copy of their statement and present it 
to us at the hearing. In the event there is a large attendance, the 
time allotted for oral statements may be limited. Oral and written 
statements receive equal consideration. There are no limits to the 
length of written comments presented at the hearing or mailed to the 
Service. For additional information on public hearings see the 
ADDRESSES section.

Peer Review

    In accordance with our policy published on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 
34270), we will seek the expert opinions of at least three appropriate 
and independent specialists regarding this proposed rule. The purpose 
of such a review is to ensure listing and critical habitat decisions 
are based on scientifically sound data, assumptions, and analyses. We 
will send copies of this proposed rule to these peer reviewers 
immediately following publication in the Federal Register. We will 
invite the peer reviewers to comment, during the public comment period, 
on the specific assumptions and conclusions regarding the proposed 
designations of critical habitat.
    We will consider all comments and data received during the 60-day 
comment period on this proposed rule during preparation of a final 
rulemaking. Accordingly, the final decision may differ from this 
proposal.

Clarity of the Rule

    Executive Order 12866 requires each agency to write regulations and 
notices that are easy to understand. We invite your comments on how to 
make this proposed rule easier to understand including answers to 
questions such as the following: (1) Are the requirements in the 
proposed rule clearly stated? (2) Does the proposed rule contain 
technical language or jargon that interferes with the clarity? (3) Does 
the format of the proposed rule (grouping and order of sections, use of 
headings, paragraphing, etc.) aid or reduce its clarity? (4) Is the 
description of the proposed rule in the Supplementary Information 
section of the preamble helpful in understanding the document? (5) What 
else could we do to make the proposed rule easier to understand?
    Send a copy of any comments that concern how we could make this 
notice easier to understand to: Office of Regulatory Affairs, 
Department of the Interior, Room 7229, 1849 C Street, NW, Washington, 
DC 20240.

Taxonomic Changes

    At the time we listed Hibiscus brackenridgei, Phyllostegia 
parviflora, and Mariscus pennatiformis, we followed the taxonomic 
treatments in Wagner et al. (1990), the widely used and accepted Manual 
of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Subsequent to the final listings for 
these three species, we became aware of new taxonomic treatments for 
these species (See Discussion of Plant Taxa). Due to the court-ordered 
deadlines, we are required to publish this proposal to designate 
critical habitat on Oahu before we can prepare and publish a notice of 
taxonomic changes for these three species. We propose to publish a 
taxonomic change notice for these three species after we have published 
the final critical habitat designations on Oahu.

Required Determinations

Regulatory Planning and Review

    In accordance with Executive Order 12866, this document is a 
significant rule and was reviewed by the Office of Management and 
Budget (OMB) in accordance with the four criteria discussed below. We 
are preparing an economic analysis of this proposed action, which will 
be available for public comment, to determine the economic consequences 
of designating the specific areas identified as critical habitat. The 
availability of the draft economic analysis will be announced in the 
Federal Register so that it is available for public review and 
comments.
    (a) While we will prepare an economic analysis to assist us in 
considering whether areas should be excluded pursuant to section 4 of 
the Act, we do not believe this rule will have an annual economic 
effect of $100 million or more or adversely affect in a material way 
the economy, a sector of the economy, productivity, competition, jobs, 
the environment, public health or safety, or State or local governments 
or communities. Therefore, at this time, we do not believe a cost 
benefit and economic analysis pursuant to Executive Order 12866 is 
required. We will revisit this if the economic analysis indicates 
greater impacts than currently anticipated.
    The dates for which the 99 plant species were listed as threatened 
or endangered can be found in Table 3(b). Consequently, and as needed, 
we conduct formal and informal section 7 consultations with other 
Federal agencies to ensure that their actions will not jeopardize the 
continued existence of these species. Under the Act, critical habitat 
may not be adversely modified by a Federal agency action. Critical 
habitat does not impose any restrictions on non-Federal persons unless 
they are conducting activities funded or otherwise sponsored, 
authorized, or permitted by a Federal agency (see Table 5).

[[Page 37235]]



                    Table 5.--Impacts of Critical Habitat Designation for 99 Plants From Oahu
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                         Additional activities
                                        Activities potentially affected by species      potentially affected by
      Categories of activities                         listing only                        critical habitat
                                                                                            designation \1\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Federal Activities Potentially       Activities conducted by the Federal Government   These same activities
 Affected \2\.                        (e.g., Army Corps of Engineers, Department of    carried our by Federal
                                      Transportation, Department of Defense,           agencies in designated
                                      Department of Agriculture, Environmental         areas where section 7
                                      Protection Agency, Federal Emergency             consultations would not
                                      Management Agency, Federal Aviation              have occurred but for the
                                      Administration, Federal Communications           critical habitat
                                      Commission, Department of the Interior) or       designation.
                                      that require a Federal action (permit,
                                      authorization, or funding) and may remove or
                                      destroy habitat for these plants by
                                      mechanical, chemical, or other means (e.g.,
                                      overgrazing, clearing, cutting native live
                                      trees and shrubs, water diversion,
                                      impoundment, groundwater pumping, road
                                      building, mining, herbicide application,
                                      recreational use, etc.) or appreciably
                                      decrease habitat value or quality through
                                      indirect effects (e.g. edge effects, invasion
                                      of exotic plants or animals, fragmentation of
                                      habitat).
Private or other non-Federal         Activities that require a Federal action         These same activities
 Activities Potentially Affected      (permit, authorization, or funding) and may      carried out in designated
 \3\.                                 remove or destroy habitat for these plants by    areas where section 7
                                      mechanical, chemical, or other means (e.g.,      consultations would not
                                      overgrazing, clearing, cutting native live       have occurred but for the
                                      trees and shrubs, water diversion,               critical habitat
                                      impoundment, groundwater pumping, road           designation.
                                      building, mining, herbicide application,
                                      recreational use, etc.) or appreciably
                                      decrease habitat value or quality through
                                      indirect effects (e.g., edge effects, invasion
                                      of exotic plants or animals, fragmentation of
                                      habitat).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ This column represents activities potentially affected by the critical habitat designation in addition to
  those activities potentially affected by listing the species.
\2\ Activities initiated by a Federal agency.
\3\ Activities initiated by a private or other non-Federal entity that may need Federal authorization or
  funding.

    .Section 7 of the Act requires Federal agencies to ensure that they 
do not jeopardize the continued existence of these species. Based on 
our experience with these species and their needs, we conclude that 
most Federal or federally-authorized actions that could potentially 
cause an adverse modification of the proposed critical habitat would 
currently be considered as ``jeopardy'' under the Act in areas occupied 
by the species because consultation would already be required due to 
the presence of the listed species, and the duty to avoid adverse 
modification of critical habitat would not trigger additional 
regulatory impacts beyond the duty to avoid jeopardizing the species. 
Accordingly, we do not expect the designation of currently occupied 
areas as critical habitat to have any additional incremental impacts on 
what actions may or may not be conducted by Federal agencies or non-
Federal persons that receive Federal authorization or funding.
    The designation of areas as critical habitat where section 7 
consultations would not have occurred but for the critical habitat 
designation (that is, in areas currently unoccupied by the listed 
species), may have impacts that are not attributable to the species 
listing on what actions may or may not be conducted by Federal agencies 
or non-Federal persons who receive Federal authorization or funding. We 
will evaluate any impact through our economic analysis (under section 4 
of the Act; see Economic Analysis section of this rule). Non-Federal 
persons who do not have a Federal nexus with their actions are not 
restricted by the designation of critical habitat.
    (b) We do not expect this rule to create inconsistencies with other 
agencies' actions. As discussed above, Federal agencies have been 
required to ensure that their actions do not jeopardize the continued 
existence of the 99 plant species since their listing between 1991 and 
1996. For the reasons discussed above, the prohibition against adverse 
modification of critical habitat would be expected to impose few, if 
any, additional restrictions to those that currently exist in the 
proposed critical habitat on currently occupied lands. However, we will 
evaluate any impact of designating areas where section 7 consultations 
would not have occurred but for the critical habitat designation 
through our economic analysis. Because of the potential for impacts on 
other Federal agency activities, we will continue to review this 
proposed action for any inconsistencies with other Federal agency 
actions.
    (c) We do not expect this proposed rule, if made final, to 
significantly affect entitlements, grants, user fees, loan programs, or 
the rights and obligations of their recipients. Federal agencies are 
currently required to ensure that their activities do not jeopardize 
the continued existence of a listed species, and, as discussed above, 
we do not anticipate that the adverse modification prohibition, 
resulting from critical habitat designation will have any incremental 
effects in areas of occupied habitat on any Federal entitlement, grant, 
or loan program. We will evaluate any impact of designating areas where 
section 7 consultation would not have occurred but for the critical 
habitat designation through our economic analysis.
    (d) OMB has determined that this rule may raise novel legal or 
policy issues and, as a result, this rule has undergone OMB review.

Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.)

    Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as 
amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act 
(SBREFA) of 1996), whenever an agency is required to publish a notice 
of rulemaking for any proposed or final rule, it must prepare and make 
available for public comment a regulatory flexibility analysis that 
describes the effects of the rule on small entities (i.e., small 
businesses, small organizations, and small government jurisdictions). 
However, no regulatory flexibility analysis is required if the head of 
the agency certifies the rule will not have a significant economic 
impact on a substantial number of small entities. SBREFA amended the 
Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) to require Federal agencies to provide 
a statement of the factual basis for certifying that the rule will not 
have a significant economic effect on a substantial number of small 
entities. SBREFA also amended the RFA to require a certification 
statement. In today's rule, we are certifying that the rule will not 
have a significant effect on

[[Page 37236]]

a substantial number of small entities. However, should our economic 
analysis provide a contrary indication, we will revisit this 
determination at that time. The following discussion explains our 
rationale.
    According to the Small Business Administration, small entities 
include small organizations, such as independent non-profit 
organizations, and small governmental jurisdictions, including school 
boards and city and town governments that serve fewer than 50,000 
residents, as well as small businesses. Small businesses include 
manufacturing and mining concerns with fewer than 500 employees, 
wholesale trade entities with fewer than 99 employees, retail and 
service businesses with less than $5 million in annual sales, general 
and heavy construction businesses with less than $27.5 million in 
annual business, special trade contractors doing less than $11.5 
million in annual business, and agricultural businesses with annual 
sales less than $750,000. To determine if potential economic impacts to 
these small entities are significant, we consider the types of 
activities that might trigger regulatory impacts under this rule as 
well as the types of project modifications that may result. In general, 
the term significant economic impact is meant to apply to a typical 
small business firm's business operations.
    To determine if the rule would affect a substantial number of small 
entities, we consider the number of small entities affected within 
particular types of economic activities (e.g., housing development, 
grazing, oil and gas production, timber harvesting, etc.). We apply the 
``substantial number'' test individually to each industry to determine 
if certification is appropriate. In some circumstances, especially with 
proposed critical habitat designations of very limited extent, we may 
aggregate across all industries and consider whether the total number 
of small entities affected is substantial. In estimating the numbers of 
small entities potentially affected, we also consider whether their 
activities have any Federal involvement; some kinds of activities are 
unlikely to have any Federal involvement and so will not be affected by 
critical habitat designation.
    Designation of critical habitat only affects activities conducted, 
funded, or permitted by Federal agencies; non-Federal activities are 
not affected by the designation. In areas where the species is present, 
Federal agencies are already required to consult with us under section 
7 of the Act on activities that they fund, permit, or implement that 
may affect Abutilon sandwicense, Adenophorus periens, Alectryon 
macrococcus, Alsinidendron obovatum, Alsinidendron trinerve, Bonamia 
menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce 
celastroides var. kaenana, Chamaesyce deppeana, Chamaesyce herbstii, 
Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Chamaesyce rockii, Colubrina oppositifolia, 
Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana 
ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyanea humboltiana, 
Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea pinnatifida, Cyanea st.-
johnii, Cyanea superba, Cyanea truncata, Cyperus trachysanthos, 
Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra polyantha, Cyrtandra subumbellata, 
Cyrtandra viridiflora, Delissea subcordata, Diellia erecta, Diellia 
falcata, Diellia unisora, Diplazium molokaiense, Dubautia herbstobatae, 
Eragrostis fosbergii, Eugenia koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, 
Flueggea neowawraea, Gardenia mannii, Gouania meyenii, Gouania 
vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, 
Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus 
brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, 
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lepidium arbuscula, 
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, Lobelia 
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia monostachya, Lobelia 
niihauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Mariscus 
pennatiformis, Marsilea villosa, Melicope pallida, Melicope saint-
johnii, Myrsine juddii, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile, Pelea 
lydgatei, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia 
hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Phyllostegia mollis, Phyllostegia 
parviflora, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, 
Sanicula mariversa, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea 
kaalae, Schiedea kealiae, Schiedea nuttallii, Sesbania tomentosa, 
Silene lanceolata, Silene perlmanii, Solanum sandwicense, Spermolepis 
hawaiiensis, Stenogyne kanehoana, Tetramolopium filiforme, 
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, 
Trematalobelia singularis, Urera kaalae, Vigna o-wahuensis, Viola 
chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, and Viola oahuensis. If these 
critical habitat designations are finalized, Federal agencies must also 
consult with us if their activities may affect designated critical 
habitat. However, in areas where the species is present, we do not 
believe this will result in any additional regulatory burden on Federal 
agencies or their applicants because consultation would already be 
required due to the presence of the listed species, and the duty to 
avoid adverse modification of critical habitat would not trigger 
additional regulatory impacts beyond the duty to avoid jeopardizing the 
species.
    Even if the duty to avoid adverse modification does not trigger 
additional regulatory impacts in areas where the species is present, 
designation of critical habitat could result in an additional economic 
burden on small entities due to the requirement to reinitiate 
consultation for ongoing Federal activities. However, since these 99 
plant species were listed (between 1991 and 1996), there have been two 
formal consultations, and we have conducted 23 informal consultations, 
in addition to consultations on Federal grants to State wildlife 
programs, which would not affect small entities. Two formal 
consultations were conducted on behalf of the Army, for review of the 
``Biological Assessment for Programmatic Section 7 Consultation on 
Routine Military Training at Makua Military Reservation, and Makua 
Endangered Species Mitigation Plan''. Thirty-nine of the 99 species, 
Alectryon macrococcus, Abutilon sandwicense, Alsinidendron obovatum, 
Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce celastroides var. 
kaenana, Chamesyce herbstii, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis 
squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea longiflora, 
Cyanea superba, Cyrtandra dentata, Delissea subcordata, Diellia 
falcata, Dubautia herbstobatae, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea 
neowawraea, Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, Hesperomannia 
arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta 
tenuifolia, Lobelia niihauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, Neraudia angulata, 
Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, 
Plantago princeps, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea 
kaalae, Schiedea nuttallii, Silene lanceolata, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, 
Tetramolopium filiforme, and Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, 
were reported from the action area.
    One informal consultation was conducted on behalf of the Army for a 
flood control study, who requested information on the candidate, 
proposed, or listed threatened or endangered species within the 
vicinity of the project area. One of the 99 species, Cyanea superba was 
reported historically from the project area. One informal

[[Page 37237]]

consultation was conducted on behalf of U.S. Air Force for the Kaena 
Point Tracking Station site, who requested a list of the endangered, 
threatened, and proposed species that occur on or in the vicinity of 
the site. Two of the 99 species, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana 
and Nototrichium humile were reported from the vicinity of the site. 
One informal consultation was conducted on behalf of the Navy in regard 
to Lualualei Naval Magazine, who requested comments on the July 11, 
1995 ``Work Plan for the Implementation of Priority Conservation 
Measures to Protect Rare and Endangered Biological Resources at Naval 
Magazine Lualualei, Headquarters, Oahu, Hawaii''. Six of the 99 
species, Abutilon sandwicense, Flueggea neowawraea, Hedyotis parvula, 
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, Neraudia angulata var. dentata, and 
Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana were reported from the project 
area. Two informal consultations were conducted on behalf of the Army, 
who requested comments on the November 1995 Preliminary Draft 
Endangered Species Management Plan (ESMP) for the Oahu Training Areas 
(OTA) and review of revisions to the plan. Fifty-eight of the 99 
species, Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron obovatum, Alsinidendron 
trinerve, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce 
celastroides var. kaenana, Chamaesyce herbstii, Chamaesyce rockii, 
Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana 
ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyanea humboltiana, 
Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea superba, Cyrtandra 
dentata, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Delissea 
subcordata, Diellia falcata, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eugenia 
koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea, Gardenia 
mannii, Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, Hesperomannia arborescens, 
Hesperomannia arbuscula, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lepidium arbuscula, 
Lipochaeta tenuifolia, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia 
niihauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile, 
Pelea lydgatei, Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia hirsuta, 
Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps, Pteris 
lidgatei, Sanicula mariversa, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea hookeri, 
Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea kealiae, Schiedea nuttallii, Silene 
lanceolata, Tetramolopium filiforme, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Urera 
kaalae, Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, and Viola oahuensis, 
were reported from the project area. Two informal consultations were 
conducted on behalf of the FAA, for the effects of relocation and 
demolition of the FAA's Diamond Head facility. One of the 99 species, 
Schiedea adamantis was reported from the project area. Two informal 
consultations was conducted on behalf of the Department of 
Transportation, who requested a list of the proposed and listed 
threatened and endangered species in the vicinity of the proposed 
corridor for the North-South Road Project and our concurrence with the 
project. Two of the 99 species, Centaurium sebaeoides and Marsillea 
villosa were reported from the project area. One informal consultation 
was conducted on behalf of the U.S. Coast Guard, for the effects of 
lowering of antenna spans at the Haiku Valley Omega Station. Two of the 
99 species, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa and Trematalobelia singularis 
were reported from the project area. One informal consultations was 
conducted on behalf of the Navy, for the effect of cattle removal on 
endangered plant species. Five of the 99 species, Abutilon sandwicense, 
Bonamia menziesii, Flueggea neowawraea, Lobelia niihauensis, and 
Neraudia angulata were reported from the vicinity of the project area. 
One informal consultations was conducted on behalf of the Department of 
Land and Natural Resources Division of State Parks, for review of the 
Ka Iwi shoreline project categorical exclusion document. Two of the 99 
species, Cyperus trachysanthos and Marsillea villosa was reported from 
the project area. Two informal consultations were conducted on behalf 
of the Army, for review of effects of prescribed burns at Schofield 
Barracks West Range. Three of the 99 species, Delissea subcordata, 
Isodendrion longifolium, and Neraudia angulata var. angulata were 
reported from the vicinity of the project area. One informal 
consultation was conducted on behalf of the Army, who requested we 
review the effects of insecticidal treatment on one of the 99 species, 
Flueggea neowawraea. Two informal consultation were conducted on behalf 
of the Hawaii Army National Guard, who requested we review the effects 
of training activities and road improvements on listed threatened and 
endangered species. Two of the 99 species, Schiedea adamantis and 
Cyperus trachysanthos were reported from the project area. One informal 
consultation was conducted on behalf of the Army, who requested we 
review their ``Makua Propagation and Outplanting Plans for Endangered 
Plants''. Four of the 99 species, Cyanea superba, Alsinidendron 
obovatum, Cenchrus agrimonioides, and Delissea subcordata were 
addressed in the plan. Two informal consultations were conducted on 
behalf of the U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health 
Inspection Service, who requested we review their determination that 
establishing and monitoring transects to determine feral pig activity 
is categorically excluded under National Environmental Policy Act, and 
that radio tagging and releasing feral pigs for research in Kuaokala 
game management area is also categorically excluded under NEPA. Forty-
eight of the 99 species, Abutilon sandwicense, Alectryon macrococcus, 
Alsinidendron obovatum, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, 
Chamaesyce herbstii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Chamaesyce rockii, Colubrina 
oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea grimesiana 
ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea st.-
johnii, Cyanea superba, Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra subumbellata, 
Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis 
fosbergii, Flueggea neowawraea, Gardenia mannii, Gouania meyenii, 
Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, Hesperomannia 
arbuscula, Hesperomannia arborescens, Isodendrion laurifolium, 
Isodendrion longifolium, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, 
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia niihauensis, Myrsine 
juddii, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile, Phlegmariurus nutans, 
Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Pteris lydgatei, 
Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea nuttallii, Tetraplasnadra 
gymnocarpa, and Viola oahuensis were reported from the project area. 
One informal consultation was conducted on behalf of the Army, who 
requested we review the effects of fencing in the upper reaches of 
Opaeula drainage in Kawailoa Training Area on listed endangered or 
threatened species. Four of the 99 species, Cyrtandra viridiflora, 
Chamaesyce rockii, Myrsine juddii, and Viola oahuensis, were reported 
from the project area. One informal consultation was conducted on 
behalf of the Army, who requested we review and comment on the 
``redraft Biological Assessment for routine military training at Makua 
Military Reservation, Oahu, Hawaii''. Thirty-five of the 99 species, 
Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron obovatum, Bonamia menziesii, 
Cenchrus

[[Page 37238]]

agrimonioides, Chamaesyce herbstii, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea 
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea superba, 
Cyrtandra dentata, Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata, Dubautia 
herbstobatae, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea, Hedyotis 
degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Lepidium 
arbuscula, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, Lobelia niihauensis, Lobelia 
oahuensis, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum 
sandwicense, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Plantago princeps, Sanicula 
mariversa, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea nuttallii, 
Silene lanceolata, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium filiforme, 
and Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, were reported from the 
project area. One informal consultation was conducted on behalf of the 
Service, for review of the effects of fencing of the south Ekahanui 
Gulch on listed endangered or threatened species. Nine of the 99 
species, Alectryon macrococcus, Chamaesyce herbstii, Diellia falcata, 
Diellia unisora, Melicope saint-johnii, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, 
Plantago princeps, Schiedea kaalae, and Urera kaalae were reported from 
the project area. One informal consultation was conducted on behalf of 
the Army as a reminder of the contingency placed upon the Army in the 
``Biological Opinion for routine military training at Makua Military 
Reservation, Oahu, Hawaii'' that the Army would start to implement 
priority stabilization measures for listed endangered and threatened 
species within one year of the opinion. One informal consultation was 
conducted on behalf of the Army, who requested we review the ``Draft 
Integrated Natural Resources Management Plan for 2002-2006 at Oahu Army 
Installations, Hawaii''. Fifty-four of the 99 species, Alectryon 
macrococcus, Alsinidendron obovatum, Alsinidendron trinerve, Bonamia 
menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce celastroides var. 
kaenana, Chamaesyce rockii, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea acuminata, 
Cyanea crispa, Cyanea humboltiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea superba, 
Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra 
viridiflora, Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata, Dubautia 
herbstobatae, Eugenia koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea 
neowawraea, Gardenia mannii, Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, 
Hesperomannia arborescens, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Labordia cyrtandrae, 
Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. 
koolauensis, Lobelia niihauensis, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium 
humile, Pelea lydgatei, Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia hirsuta, 
Phyllostegia mollis, Phyllostegia parvilfora, Plantago princeps, Pteris 
lidgatei, Sanicula mariversa, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea hookeri, 
Schiedea kealiae, Schiedea nuttallii, Silene lanceolata, Spermolepis 
hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium filiforme, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Urera 
kaalae, Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, and Viola oahuensis, 
were reported from the project area. One informal consultation was 
conducted on behalf of the Navy, who requested we review and comment on 
their ``Naval Computer and Telecommunications Area Master Station 
Pacific Integrated Natural Resources Management Plan''. One of the 99 
species, Marsillea villosa was reported from the project area. One 
informal consultation was conducted on behalf of the U.S. Department of 
Energy, for review of the effects of a proposed telecommunications 
radio shack at Mauna Kapu on listed endangered and threatened species. 
One of the 99 species, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum was 
reported from the project area.
    None of these consultations affected or concerned small entities. 
In 22 of the 23 informal consultations, we concurred with each agency's 
determination that the project, as proposed, was not likely to 
adversely affect listed species. For both formal consultations, we 
concurred that routine military training at Makua Military Reservation, 
which included an in depth list of conservation measures the Army would 
carry out in the action area, was not likely to jeopardize listed 
species. None of these consultations affected or concerned small 
entities, and only the routine military training exercises conducted on 
Army training installations are ongoing. As a result, the requirement 
to reinitiate consultation for ongoing projects will not affect a 
substantial number of small entities on Oahu.
    In areas where the species is clearly not present, designation of 
critical habitat could trigger additional review of Federal activities 
under section 7 of the Act, that would otherwise not be required. We 
are aware of relatively few private activities in the proposed critical 
habitat areas for these 99 plants that have Federal involvement, and 
thus, would require consultation or reinitiation of already completed 
consultations for on-going projects. As mentioned above, we have 
conducted 23 informal consultations and two formal consultations under 
section 7 involving many of the species none of which involved small 
entities. We cannot, at this time, easily identify future consultations 
that may be due to the listing of the species or the increment of 
additional consultations that may be required by this critical habitat 
designation. Therefore, for the purposes of this review and 
certification under the RFA, we are assuming that any future 
consultations in the area proposed as critical habitat will be due to 
the critical habitat designations.
    On Oahu, approximately, 6 percent of the designations are on 
Federal lands, 35 percent are on State or County lands, and 59 percent 
are on private lands. Nearly all of the land within the critical 
habitat units is unsuitable for development, many land uses, and 
activities. This is due to their remote locations, lack of access, and 
rugged terrain. The majority of this land (90 percent) is within the 
State Conservation District where State land-use controls severely 
limit development and most activities. Approximately 10 percent of this 
land is within the State Agricultural District, and less than 1 percent 
is within the State Urban District. On non-Federal lands, activities 
that lack Federal involvement would not be affected by the critical 
habitat designations. However, activities of an economic nature that 
are likely to occur on non-Federal lands in the area encompassed by 
these proposed designations consist of improvements in State parks and 
communications and tracking facilities; ranching; road improvements; 
recreational use such as hiking, camping, picnicking, game hunting, 
fishing; botanical gardens; and, crop farming. On lands that are in 
agricultural production, the types of activities that might trigger a 
consultation include irrigation ditch system projects that may require 
section 404 authorizations from the Corps, and watershed management and 
restoration projects sponsored by Natural Resources Conservation 
Service. However, the Natural Resources Conservation Service 
restoration projects typically are voluntary, and the irrigation ditch 
system projects within lands that are in agricultural production are 
uncommon, and would likely affect only a small percentage of the small 
entities within these proposed critical habitat designations.
    Lands that are within the State Urban District are located within 
undeveloped coastal areas and areas adjacent to Forest Reserves (State 
Conservation District). The types of activities that might trigger a 
consultation include shoreline restoration or modification projects 
that may require section 404 authorizations from the Corps or FEMA, 
housing or resort development that may

[[Page 37239]]

require permits from the Department of Housing and Urban Development, 
and activities funded or authorized by the EPA. However, we are not 
aware of a significant number of future activities that would require 
Federal permitting or authorization in these coastal areas. Therefore, 
we conclude that the proposed rule would not affect a substantial 
number of small entities.
    We are not aware of any commercial activities on the Federal lands 
included in these proposed critical habitat designations.
    In general, two different mechanisms in section 7 consultations 
could lead to additional regulatory requirements. First, if we 
conclude, in a biological opinion, that a proposed action is likely to 
jeopardize the continued existence of a species or adversely modify its 
critical habitat, we can offer ``reasonable and prudent alternatives.'' 
Reasonable and prudent alternatives are alternative actions that can be 
implemented in a manner consistent with the scope of the Federal 
agency's legal authority and jurisdiction, that are economically and 
technologically feasible, and that would avoid jeopardizing the 
continued existence of listed species or resulting in adverse 
modification of critical habitat. A Federal agency and an applicant may 
elect to implement a reasonable and prudent alternative associated with 
a biological opinion that has found jeopardy or adverse modification of 
critical habitat. An agency or applicant could alternatively choose to 
seek an exemption from the requirements of the Act or proceed without 
implementing the reasonable and prudent alternative. However, unless an 
exemption were obtained, the Federal agency or applicant would be at 
risk of violating section 7(a)(2) of the Act if it chose to proceed 
without implementing the reasonable and prudent alternatives. Secondly, 
if we find that a proposed action is not likely to jeopardize the 
continued existence of a listed animal species, we may identify 
reasonable and prudent measures designed to minimize the amount or 
extent of take and require the Federal agency or applicant to implement 
such measures through non-discretionary terms and conditions. However, 
the Act does not prohibit the take of listed plant species or require 
terms and conditions to minimize adverse effect to critical habitat. We 
may also identify discretionary conservation recommendations designed 
to minimize or avoid the adverse effects of a proposed action on listed 
species or critical habitat, help implement recovery plans, or to 
develop information that could contribute to the recovery of the 
species.
    Based on our experience with section 7 consultations for all listed 
species, virtually all projects--including those that, in their initial 
proposed form, would result in jeopardy or adverse modification 
determinations in section 7 consultations--can be implemented 
successfully with, at most, the adoption of reasonable and prudent 
alternatives. These measures must be economically feasible and within 
the scope of authority of the Federal agency involved in the 
consultation. As we have a limited consultation history for these 99 
species from Oahu, we can only describe the general kinds of actions 
that may be identified in future reasonable and prudent alternatives. 
These are based on our understanding of the needs of these species and 
the threats they face, especially as described in the final listing 
rules and in this proposed critical habitat designation, as well as our 
experience with similar listed plants in Hawaii. In addition, all of 
these species are protected under the State of Hawaii's Endangered 
Species Act (Hawaii Revised Statutes, Chap. 195D-4). Therefore, we have 
also considered the kinds of actions required under the State licensing 
process for these species. The kinds of actions that may be included in 
future reasonable and prudent alternatives include conservation set-
asides, management of competing non-native species, restoration of 
degraded habitat, propagation, outplanting and augmentation of existing 
populations, construction of protective fencing, and periodic 
monitoring.
    As required under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we will conduct an 
analysis of the potential economic impacts of this proposed critical 
habitat designation, and will make that analysis available for public 
review and comment before finalizing these designations. However, court 
deadlines require us to publish this proposed rule before the economic 
analysis can be completed.
    In summary, we have considered whether this proposed rule would 
result in a significant economic effect on a substantial number of 
small entities. It would not affect a substantial number of small 
entities. Approximately 35 percent of the lands proposed as critical 
habitat are on State of Hawaii lands. The State of Hawaii is not a 
small entity. Approximately 59 percent of the lands proposed as 
critical habitat are on private lands. Many of these parcels are 
located in areas where likely future land uses are not expected to 
result in Federal involvement or section 7 consultations. As discussed 
earlier, most of the private and State parcels within the proposed 
designation are currently being used for recreational and agricultural 
purposes and, therefore, are not likely to require any Federal 
authorization. In the remaining areas, Federal involvement--and thus 
section 7 consultations, the only trigger for economic impact under 
this rule--would be limited to a subset of the area proposed. The most 
likely future section 7 consultations resulting from this rule would be 
for informal consultations on federally funded land and water 
conservation projects, species-specific surveys and research projects, 
and watershed management and restoration projects sponsored by Natural 
Resources Conservation Service. These consultations would likely occur 
on only a subset of the total number of parcels and therefore not 
likely to affect a substantial number of small entities. This rule 
would result in project modifications only when proposed Federal 
activities would destroy or adversely modify critical habitat. While 
this may occur, it is not expected frequently enough to affect a 
substantial number of small entities. Even when it does occur, we do 
not expect it to result in a significant economic impact, as the 
measures included in reasonable and prudent alternatives must be 
economically feasible and consistent with the proposed action. 
Therefore, we are certifying that the proposed designation of critical 
habitat for the following species: Abutilon sandwicense, Adenophorus 
periens, Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron obovatum, Alsinidendron 
trinerve, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Centaurium 
sebaeoides, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, Chamaesyce deppeana, 
Chamaesyce herbstii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Chamaesyce rockii, Colubrina 
oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea crispa, 
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, 
Cyanea humboltiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea 
pinnatifida, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea superba, Cyanea truncata, 
Cyperus trachysanthos, Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra polyantha, 
Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Delissea subcordata, 
Diellia erecta, Diellia falcata, Diellia unisora, Diplazium 
molokaiense, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Eugenia 
koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea, Gardenia 
mannii, Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, Hedyotis 
degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia 
arbuscula, Hibiscus

[[Page 37240]]

brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, 
Isodendrion pyrifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lepidium arbuscula, 
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, Lobelia 
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia monostachya, Lobelia 
niihauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Mariscus 
pennatiformis, Marsilea villosa, Melicope pallida, Melicope saint-
johnii, Myrsine juddii, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile, Pelea 
lydgatei, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia 
hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Phyllostegia mollis, Phyllostegia 
parviflora, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, 
Sanicula mariversa, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea 
kaalae, Schiedea kealiae, Schiedea nuttallii, Sesbania tomentosa, 
Silene lanceolata, Silene perlmanii, Solanum sandwicense, Spermolepis 
hawaiiensis, Stenogyne kanehoana, Tetramolopium filiforme, 
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, 
Trematalobelia singularis, Urera kaalae, Vigna o-wahuensis, Viola 
chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, and Viola oahuensis will not have a 
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities, 
and an initial regulatory flexibility analysis is not required. 
However, should the revised economic analysis of this rule indicate 
otherwise, we will revisit this determination.

Executive Order 13211

    On May 18, 2001, the President issued Executive Order 13211 on 
regulations that significantly affect energy supply, distribution, and 
use. Executive Order 13211 requires agencies to prepare Statements of 
Energy Effects when undertaking certain actions. Although this rule is 
a significant regulatory action under Executive Order 12866, it is not 
expected to significantly affect energy supplies, distribution, or use. 
Therefore, this action is not a significant energy action and no 
Statement of Energy Effects is required.

Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.)

    In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. et 
seq.):
    (a) We believe this rule, as proposed, will not ``significantly or 
uniquely'' affect small governments. A Small Government Agency Plan is 
not required. Small governments will not be affected unless they 
propose an action requiring Federal funds, permits or other 
authorizations. Any such activities will require that the Federal 
agency ensure that the action will not adversely modify or destroy 
designated critical habitat. However, as discussed above, these actions 
are currently subject to equivalent restrictions through the listing 
protections of the species, and no further restrictions are anticipated 
to result from critical habitat designation of occupied areas. In our 
economic analysis, we will evaluate any impact of designating areas 
where section 7 consultations would not have occurred but for the 
critical habitat designation.
    (b) This rule, as proposed, will not produce a Federal mandate on 
State or local governments or the private sector of $100 million or 
greater in any year, that is, it is not a ``significant regulatory 
action'' under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act. The designation of 
critical habitat imposes no obligations on State or local governments.

Takings

    In accordance with Executive Order 12630 (``Government Actions and 
Interference with Constitutionally Protected Private Property 
Rights''), we have analyzed the potential takings implications of 
designating critical habitat for the 99 species from Oahu in a 
preliminary takings implication assessment. The takings implications 
assessment concludes that this proposed rule does not pose significant 
takings implications. Once the economic analysis is completed for this 
proposed rule, we will review and revise this preliminary assessment as 
warranted.

Federalism

    In accordance with Executive Order 13132, the proposed rule does 
not have significant Federalism effects. A Federalism assessment is not 
required. In keeping with Department of Interior policy, we requested 
information from appropriate State agencies in Hawaii. The designation 
of critical habitat in areas currently occupied by one or more of the 
99 plant species imposes no additional restrictions to those currently 
in place, and, therefore, has little incremental impact on State and 
local governments and their activities. The designation of critical 
habitat in unoccupied areas may require section 7 consultation on non 
Federal lands (where a Federal nexus occurs) that might otherwise not 
have occurred. However, there will be little additional impact on State 
and local governments and their activities because 17 of the 25 
proposed critical habitat areas are occupied by at least one species. 
The designations may have some benefit to these governments in that the 
areas essential to the conservation of these species are more clearly 
defined, and the primary constituent elements of the habitat necessary 
to the survival of the species are specifically identified. While this 
definition and identification does not alter where and what federally 
sponsored activities may occur, it may assist these local governments 
in long range planning, rather than waiting for case-by-case section 7 
consultation to occur.

Civil Justice Reform

    In accordance with Executive Order 12988, the Office of the 
Solicitor has determined that the rule does not unduly burden the 
judicial system and does meet the requirements of sections 3(a) and 
3(b)(2) of the Order. We are proposing to designate critical habitat in 
accordance with the provisions of the Endangered Species Act. The rule 
uses standard property descriptions and identifies the primary 
constituent elements within the designated areas to assist the public 
in understanding the habitat needs of the 99 plant species.

Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.)

    This rule does not contain any new collections of information that 
require approval by OMB under the Paperwork Reduction Act. This rule 
will not impose recordkeeping or reporting requirements on State or 
local governments, individuals, businesses, or organizations. An agency 
may not conduct or sponsor and a person is not required to respond to a 
collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB 
control number.

National Environmental Policy Act

    We have determined we do not need to prepare an Environmental 
Assessment and/or an Environmental Impact Statement as defined by the 
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 in connection with 
regulations adopted pursuant to section 4(a) of the Endangered Species 
Act, as amended. We published a notice outlining our reason for this 
determination in the Federal Register on October 25, 1983 (48 FR 
49244). This proposed determination does not constitute a major Federal 
action significantly affecting the quality of the human environment.

Government-to-Government Relationship With Tribes

    In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994, 
``Government-to-Government Relations with Native American Tribal 
Governments'' (59 FR 22951) Executive Order 13175 and 512 DM 2, we 
readily acknowledge our responsibility to

[[Page 37241]]

communicate meaningfully with recognized Federal Tribes on a 
government-to-government basis. We have determined that there are no 
Tribal lands essential for the conservation of these 99 plant species. 
Therefore, designation of critical habitat for these 99 species has not 
been proposed on Tribal lands.

References Cited

    A complete list of all references cited in this proposed rule is 
available upon request from the Pacific Islands Office (see ADDRESSES 
section).

Author(s)

    The primary authors of this notice are Michelle Stephens and 
Christa Russell (see ADDRESSES section).

List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17

    Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, Reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements, and Transportation.

Proposed Regulation Promulgation

    Accordingly, we propose to amend part 17, subchapter B of chapter 
I, title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations as set forth below:

PART 17--[AMENDED]

    1. The authority citation for part 17 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361-1407; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1544; 16 U.S.C. 
4201-4245; Pub. L. 99-625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted.

    2. In [sect] 17.12(h) revise the entries for Abutilon sandwicense, 
Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron obovatum, Alsinidendron trinerve, 
Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, 
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, Chamaesyce deppeana, Chamaesyce 
herbstii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Chamaesyce rockii, Colubrina 
oppositifolia, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea (-Rollandia) crispa, Cyanea 
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyanea 
humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea 
pinnatifida, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea superba, Cyanea truncata, 
Cyperus trachysanthos, Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra polyantha, 
Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Delissea subcordata, 
Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Eugenia koolauensis, 
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea, Gardenia mannii, Gouania 
meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, Hedyotis degeneri, 
Hedyotis parvula, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, 
Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion 
longifolium, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lepidium 
arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, 
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia monostachya, Lobelia 
niihauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Mariscus 
pennatiformis, Melicope lydgatei, Melicope pallida, Melicope saint-
johnii, Myrsine juddii, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile, 
Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, 
Phyllostegia mollis, Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago princeps, 
Platanthera holochila, Sanicula mariversa, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea 
hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea kealiae, Schiedea nuttallii, 
Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Silene perlmanii, Solanum 
sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne kanehoana, 
Tetramolopium filiforme, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, 
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Trematalobelia singularis, Urera kaalae, 
Vigna o-wahuensis, Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, and Viola 
oahuensis under ``FLOWERING PLANTS'' and Adenophorus periens, Ctentitis 
squamigera, Diellia erecta, Diellia falcata, Diellia unisora, Diplazium 
molokaiense, Lycopodium (-Phlegmariurus) nutans, Marsilea villosa, and 
Pteris lidgatei, under ``FERNS AND ALLIES'' to read as follows:


[sect] 17.12  Endangered and threatened plants.

* * * * *
    (h) * * *

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        Species
--------------------------------------------------------    Historic range           Family            Status          When       Critical     Special
         Scientific name                Common name                                                                   listed      habitat       rules
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
         Flowering Plants
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Abutilon sandwicense.............  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Malvaceae..........  E                       448     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Alectryon macrococcus............  Mahoe...............  U.S.A. (HI)........  Sapindaceae........  E                       467     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Alsinidendron obovatum...........  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Caryophyllaceae....  E                       448     17.96(a)           NA
Alsinidendron trinerve...........  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Caryophyllaceae....  E                       448     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Bonamia menziesii................  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Convolvulaceae.....  E                       559     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Cenchrus agrimonioides...........  Kamanomano..........  U.S.A. (HI)........  Poaceae............  E                       592     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Centaurium, sebaeoides...........  Awiwi...............  U.S.A. (HI)........  Gentianaceae.......  E                       448     17.96(a)           NA
 

[[Page 37242]]

 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Chamaesyce celastroides var.       Akoko...............  U.S.A. (HI)........  Euphorbiaceae......  E                       448     17.96(a)           NA
 kaenana.
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Chamaesyce deppeana..............  Akoko...............  U.S.A. (HI)........  Euphorbiaceae......  E                       536     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Chamaesyce herbstii..............  Akoko...............  U.S.A. (HI)........  Euphorbiaceae......  E                       591      1796(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Chamaesyce kuwaleana.............  Akoko...............  U.S.A. (HI)........  Euphorbiaceae......  E                       448     17.96(a)           NA
Chamaesyce rockii................  Akoko...............  U.S.A. (HI)........  Euphorbiaceae......  E                       591     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Colubrina oppositifolia..........  Kauila..............  U.S.A. (HI)........  Rhamnaceae.........  E                       532     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Cyanea acuminata.................  Haha................  U.S.A. (HI)........  Campanulaceae......  E                       591     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Cyanea (Rollandia) crispa........  Haha................  U.S.A. (HI)........  Campanulaceae......  E                       536     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana  Haha................  U.S.A. (HI)........  Campanulaceae......  E                       592     17.96(a)           NA
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae....  Haha................  U.S.A. (HI)........  Campanulaceae......  E                       541     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Cyanea humboldtiana..............  Haha................  U.S.A. (HI)........  Campanulaceae......  E                       591     17.96(a)           NA
Cyanea koolauensis...............  Haha................  U.S.A. (HI)........  Campanulaceae......  E                       591     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Cyanea longiflora................  Haha................  U.S.A. (HI)........  Campanulaceae......  E                       591     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Cyanea pinnatifida...............  Haha................  U.S.A. (HI)........  Campanulaceae......  E                       448     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Cyanea st.-johnii................  Haha................  U.S.A. (HI)........  Campanulaceae......  E                       591     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Cyanea superba...................  Haha................  U.S.A. (HI)........  Campanulaceae......  E                       434     17.96(a)           NA
Cyanea truncata..................  Haha................  U.S.A. (HI)........  Campanulaceae......  E                       536     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Cyperus trachysanthos............  Puukaa..............  U.S.A. (HI)........  Cyperaceae.........  E                       592     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Cyrtandra dentata................  Haiwale.............  U.S.A. (HI)........  Gesneriaceae.......  E                       591     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Cyrtandra polyantha..............  Haiwale.............  U.S.A. (HI)........  Gesneriaceae.......  E                       536     17.96(a)           NA
Cyrtandra subumbellata...........  Haiwale.............  U.S.A. (Hi)........  Gesneriaceae.......  E                       591     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Cyrtandra viridiflora............  Haiwale.............  U.S.A. (HI)........  Gesneriaceae.......  E                       591     17.96(a)           NA
 

[[Page 37243]]

 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Delissea subcordata..............  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Campanulaceae......  E                       591     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Dubautia herbstobatae............  Naenae..............  U.S.A. (HI)........  Asteraceae.........  E                       448     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Eragrostis fosbergii.............  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Poaceae............  E                       591     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Eugenia koolauensis..............  Nioi................  U.S.A. (HI)........  Myrtaceae..........  E                       536     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Euphorbia haeleeleana............  Akoto...............  U.S.A. (HI)........  Euphorbiaceae......  E                       592     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Flueggea neowawraea..............  Mehamehame..........  U.S.A. (HI)........  Euphorbiaceae......  E                       559     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Gardenia mannii..................  Nanu................  U.S.A. (HI)........  Rubiaceae..........  E                       591     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Gouania meyenii..................  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Rhamnaceae.........  E                       448     17.96(a)           NA
Gouania vitifolia................  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Rhamnaceae.........  E                       541     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Hedyotis coriacea................  Kioele..............  U.S.A. (HI)........  Rubiaceae..........  E                       467     17.96(a)           NA
Hedyotis degeneri................  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Rubiaceae..........  E                       448     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Hedyotis parvula.................  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Rubiaceae..........  E                       448     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Hesperomannia arborescens........  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Asteraceae.........  E                       536     17.96(a)           NA
Hesperomannia arbuscula..........  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Asteraceae.........  E                       448     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Hibiscus brackenridgei...........  Mao hau hele........  U.S.A. (HI)........  Malvaceae..........  E                       559     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Isodendrion laurifolium..........  Aupaka..............  U.S.A. (HI)........  Violaceae..........  E                       592     17.96(a)           NA
Isodendrion longifolium..........  Aupaka..............  U.S.A. (HI)........  Violaceae..........  T                       592     17.96(a)           NA
Isodendtion pyrifolium...........  Wahine none kula....  U.S.A. (HI)........  Violaceae..........  E                       532     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Labordia cyrtandrae..............  Kamakahala..........  U.S.A. (HI)........  Longaniaceae.......  E                       591     17.96(a)           NA
 

[[Page 37244]]

 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Lepidium arbuscula...............  Anaunau.............  U.S.A. (HI)........  Brassicaceae.......  E                       591     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Lipochaeta lobata var.             Nehe................  U.S.A. (HI)........  Asteraceae.........  E                       448     17.96(a)           NA
 leptophylla.
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Lipochaeta tenuifolia............  Nehe................  U.S.A. (HI)........  Asteraceae.........  E                       448     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp.          No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Campanulaceae......  E                       591     17.96(a)           NA
 koolauensis.
Lobelia monostachya..............  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Campanulaceae......  E                       591     17.96(a)           NA
Lobelia niihauensis..............  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Campanulaceae......  E                       448     17.96(a)           NA
Lobelia oahuensis................  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Campanulaceae......  E                       536     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Lysimachia filifolia.............  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Primulaceae........  E                       530     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Mariscus pennatiformis...........  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Cyperaceae.........  E                       559     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Melicope lydgatei................  Alani...............  U.S.A. (HI)........  Rutaceae...........  E                       536     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Melicope pallida.................  Alani...............  U.S.A. (HI)........  Rutaceae...........  E                       530     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Melicope saint-johnii............  Alani...............  U.S.A. (HI)........  Rutaceae...........  E                       591     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Myrsine juddii...................  Kolea...............  U.S.A. (HI)........  Myrsinaceae........  E                       591     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Neraudia angulata................  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Urticaceae.........  E                       448     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Nototrichium humile..............  Kului...............  U.S.A. (HI)........  Solanaceae.........  E                       448     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Peucedanum sandwicense...........  Makou...............  U.S.A. (HI)........  Apiaceae...........  T                       530     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Phyllostegia hirsuta.............  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Lamiaceae..........  E                       591     17.96(a)           NA
Phyllostegia kaalaensis..........  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Lamiaceae..........  E                       591     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Phyllostegia mollis..............  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Lamiaceae..........  E                       448     17.96(a)           NA
Phyllostegia parviflora..........  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Lamiaceae..........  E                       592     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Plantago princeps................  Laukahi kuahiwi.....  U.S.A. (HI)........  Plantaginaceae.....  E                       559     17.96(a)           NA
Platanthera holochila............  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Orchidaceae........  E                       592     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Sanicula mariversa...............  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Apiaceae...........  E                       448     17.96(a)           NA
Sanicula purpurea................  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Apiaceae...........  E                       592     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Schiedea hookeri.................  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Caryophyllaceae....  E                       592     17.96(a)           NA
Schiedea kaalae..................  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Caryophyllaceae....  E                       448     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Schiedea kealiae.................  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Caryophyllaceae....  E                       591     17.96(a)           NA

[[Page 37245]]

 
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Schiedea nuttallii...............  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Caryophyllaceae....  E                       592     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Sesbania tomentosa...............  Ohai................  U.S.A. (HI)........  Fabaceae...........  E                       559     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Silene lanceolata................  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Caryophyllaceae....  E                       480     17.96(a)           NA
Silene perlmanii.................  No comon name.......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Caryophyllaceae....  E                       448     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Solanum sandwicense..............  Aiakeakua, Popolo...  U.S.A. (HI)........  Solanaceae.........  E                       530     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Spermolepis hawaiiensis..........  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Apiacea............  E                       559     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Stenogyne kanehoana..............  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Lamiaceae..........  E                       466     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Tetramolopium filiforme..........  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Asteraceae.........  E                       448     17.96(a)           NA
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.       No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Asteraceae.........  E                       448     17.96(a)           NA
 lepidotum.
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa........  Oheohe..............  U.S.A. (HI)........  Asteraceae.........  E                       536     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Trematolobelia singularis........  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Campanulaceae......  E                       591     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Urera kaalae.....................  Opuhe...............  U.S.A. (HI)........  Urticaceae.........  E                       448     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Vigna o-wahuensis................  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Fabaceae...........  E                       559     17.96(a)           NA
Viola chamissoniana ssp.           Olopu...............  U.S.A. (HI)........  Violaceae..........  E                       448     17.96(a)           NA
 chamissoniana.
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Viola oahuensis..................  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Violaceae..........  E                       591     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
         Ferns and Allies
Adenophorus periens..............  Pendant kihi fern...  U.S.A. (HI)........  Grammitidaceae.....  E                       559     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Ctenitis squamigera..............  Pauoa...............  U.S.A. (HI)........  Aspleniaceae.......  E                       553     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Diellia erecta...................  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Aspleniaceae.......  E                       559     17.96(a)           NA
Dielllia falcata.................  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Aspleniacea........  E                       448     17.96(a)           NA
Diellia unisora..................  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Aspleniaceae.......  E                       541     17.96(a)           NA
Diplazium molokaiense............  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Aspleniaceae.......  E                       553     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Marsilea villosa.................  Ihiihi..............  U.S.A. (HI)........  Marsiliaceae.......  E                       474     17.96(a)           NA
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Phlegmariurus (Lycopodium) nutans  Wawaeiole...........  U.S.A. (HI)........  Lycopodiaceae......  E                       536     17.96(a)           NA
Pteris lidgatei..................  No common name......  U.S.A. (HI)........  Adiantaceae........  E                       553     17.96(a)           NA

[[Page 37246]]

 
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    3. Section 17.96, as proposed to be amended at 65 FR 66865, 
November 7, 2000, 65 FR 79192 (December 18, 2000), 65 FR 82086 
(December 27, 2000), 65 FR 83193 (December 29, 2000), 67 FR 4072 
(January 28, 2002), 67 FR 9806 (March 4, 2002), 67 FR 15856 (April 3, 
2002), 67 FR 16492 (April 5, 2002), 67 FR 34522 (May 14, 2002) and 
elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register (Big Island Hawaii) is 
proposed to be further amended as follows:
    a. Add paragraph (a)(1)(i)(I); and
    b. Amend paragraph (a)(1)(ii)(A) and (B) by adding the entries set 
forth below.


[sect] 17.96  Critical habitat-plants.

    (a) * * *
    (1) * * *
    (i) Maintain Maps and critical habitat unit descriptions. The 
following sections contain the legal descriptions of the critical 
habitat units designated for each of the Hawaiian Islands. Existing 
manmade features and structures within the boundaries of the mapped 
units, such as buildings, roads, aqueducts, railroads, 
telecommunication equipment, telemetry antennas, radars, missile launch 
sites, arboreta and gardens, heiaus (indigenous place of worship, 
shrine), airports, other paved areas, lawns, and other rural 
residential landscaped areas do not contain one or more of the primary 
constituent elements described for each species in paragraphs 
(a)(1)(ii)(A) and (a)(1)(ii)(B) of this section and are not included in 
the critical habitat designation.
    (I) Oahu. Critical habitat units are described below. Coordinates 
are in UTM Zone 5 with units in meters using North American Datum of 
1983 (NAD83). The following map shows the general locations of the 25 
critical habitats units designated on the island of Oahu.

    (1) Note: Map 1--Index map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.100
    
    (2) Oahu A (8,504 ha, 21,013 ac).
    (i) Unit consists of the following 129 boundary points: 584950, 
2377432; 585671, 2377146; 585659, 2377618; 585016, 2377625; 585092, 
2377943; 585733, 2378575; 585538, 2378784; 583246, 2376657; 582737, 
2377043; 582396, 2376973; 582116, 2376586; 580873, 2376363; 580475, 
2376039; 579928, 2376027; 580207, 2376763; 580077, 2377208; 580463, 
2378115; 581095, 2377940; 581741, 2378223; 582348, 2377927; 582352, 
2378103; 582079, 2378466; 580956, 2379031; 580053, 2379577; 579916, 
2379943;

[[Page 37247]]

580195, 2380119; 579990, 2380577; 580239, 2380639; 580400, 2380204; 
580711, 2379943; 581339, 2379885; 581818, 2379719; 581445, 2380141; 
581917, 2380146; 582701, 2379888; 583715, 2379970; 584093, 2380363; 
584290, 2380395; 584158, 2380660; 583632, 2380990; 582472, 2381212; 
581560, 2381299; 581525, 2381376; 582048, 2381795; 582606, 2382084; 
582448, 2382291; 582852, 2382503; 582190, 2383041; 581891, 2383049; 
581445, 2383224; 581544, 2383659; 581994, 2383664; 583254, 2383233; 
583771, 2382937; 584528, 2383106; 583163, 2384156; 582817, 2384756; 
581496, 2385379; 580099, 2385471; 579431, 2385710; 578101, 2385710; 
578396, 2385344; 578151, 2385138; 577468, 2385588; 576935, 2385536; 
576208, 2385632; 575911, 2385714; 575829, 2385586; 576581, 2385071; 
577457, 2384544; 577898, 2384416; 577948, 2384016; 577765, 2383898; 
577185, 2384117; 576277, 2384883; 575412, 2385521; 574908, 2385747; 
574600, 2385794; 574538, 2385893; 574683, 2385979; 575263, 2385990; 
575698, 2386095; 576517, 2386212; 576821, 2386287; 576902, 2386302; 
576929, 2386276; 577139, 2386330; 577147, 2386349; 577336, 2386382; 
577539, 2386382; 577539, 2386383; 578164, 2386410; 578534, 2386464; 
579454, 2386447; 579361, 2386220; 580107, 2386178; 581087, 2385955; 
581593, 2386070; 582279, 2385848; 584310, 2384610; 585987, 2384377; 
587049, 2384382; 589845, 2382717; 593031, 2381826; 592675, 2379038; 
591610, 2378927; 591125, 2376370; 590184, 2376161; 590237, 2375925; 
590078, 2375730; 589871, 2375739; 589804, 2376190; 587886, 2376990; 
587134, 2375976; 585708, 2374809; 585805, 2374401; 585659, 2374361; 
585509, 2374635; 584838, 2374660; 583757, 2373710; 583115, 2373484; 
583076, 2373552; 583436, 2373865; 583905, 2374537; 584086, 2375018; 
584030, 2375455; 584478, 2375878; 584279, 2376661; 584950, 2377432.
    (ii) Excluding the area consisting of the following six boundary 
points (7 ha; 17 ac): 583216, 2382880; 583450, 2382956; 583543, 
2382821; 583374, 2382640; 583216, 2382693; 583216, 2382880.

    (iii) Note: Map 2 follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.101
    

[[Page 37248]]


    (3) Oahu B (34 ha, 83 ac).
    (i) Unit consists of the following 13 boundary points: 579694, 
2383749; 579887, 2383567; 580216, 2383613; 580233, 2383353; 580093, 
2383252; 579781, 2383420; 579551, 2383218; 579281, 2383273; 579340, 
2383412; 579313, 2383539; 579533, 2383839; 579678, 2383853; 579694, 
2383749.

    (ii) Note: Map 3 follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.102
    
    (4) Oahu C (14 ha, 35 ac).
    (i) Unit consists of the following 10 boundary points: 580634, 
2383658; 580448, 2384031; 580348, 2384103; 580359, 2384180; 580622, 
2384091; 580816, 2383697; 580809, 2383460; 580717, 2383424; 580606, 
2383503; 580634, 2383658.

    (ii) Note: Map 4 follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.103
    
    (5) Oahu D (110 ha, 271 ac).
    (i) Unit consists of the following 25 boundary points: 580281, 
2383222; 580606, 2383411; 580655, 2383344; 580602, 2383210; 580789, 
2382976; 580968, 2382856; 581269, 2382857; 581319, 2382595; 581206, 
2382556; 581138, 2382463; 580929, 2382460; 580805, 2382349; 580325, 
2382658; 580194, 2382531; 579912, 2382420; 579539, 2382543; 579344, 
2382444; 578880, 2382694; 578948, 2382793; 579364, 2382805; 579630, 
2382884; 579781, 2382892; 579832, 2382960; 580303, 2383087; 580281, 
2383222.

    (ii) Note: Map 5 follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.104
    
    (6) Oahu E (38 ha, 94 ac).
    (i) Unit consists of the following 13 boundary points: 587490, 
2373552; 587822, 2373610; 588066, 2373607; 588093, 2373488; 587547, 
2373162; 587575, 2373016; 586913, 2372659; 586819, 2372688; 587343, 
2373135; 587340, 2373263; 587234, 2373485; 587305, 2373618; 587490, 
2373552.

    (ii) Note: Map 6 follows:

[[Page 37249]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.105

    (7) Oahu F (81 ha, 200 ac).
    (i) Unit consists of the following 20 boundary points: 587685, 
2374312; 587953, 2374412; 588499, 2374458; 588734, 2374736; 589087, 
2374687; 589164, 2374979; 589410, 2375004; 589548, 2375117; 589718, 
2375138; 589743, 2374983; 589691, 2374952; 589636, 2374708; 589487, 
2374525; 588596, 2374211; 588507, 2374058; 588331, 2373970; 587938, 
2374132; 587898, 2374199; 587599, 2374147; 587685, 2374312.

    (ii) Note: Map 7 follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.106
    
    (8) Oahu G (16 ha, 40 ac).
    (i) Unit consists of the following 19 boundary points: 590995, 
2375723; 591072, 2375735; 591090, 2375622; 591212, 2375467; 591381, 
2375387; 591513, 2375416; 591525, 2375393; 591395, 2375323; 591181, 
2375356; 591100, 2375416; 590964, 2375432; 590898, 2375362; 590966, 
2375282; 590921, 2375214; 590793, 2375263; 590625, 2375384; 590645, 
2375451; 590888, 2375585; 590995, 2375723.

    (ii) Note: Map 8 follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.107
    
    (9) Oahu H (28 ha, 68 ac).
    (i) Unit consists of the following 14 boundary points: 590764, 
2374307; 590763, 2374472; 590700, 2374526; 590756, 2374578; 591092, 
2374606; 591195, 2374587; 591248, 2374509; 591194, 2374127; 591134, 
2374054; 591180, 2373922; 591094, 2373854; 590957, 2373933; 590826, 
2374078; 590764, 2374307.

    (ii) Note: Map 9 follows:

[[Page 37250]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.108

    (10) Oahu I (5,108 ha, 12,623 ac).
    (i) Unit consists of the following 88 boundary points: 591216, 
2366381; 591982, 2366817; 591691, 2367372; 590921, 2367515; 590903, 
2367852; 590740, 2367734; 590438, 2366785; 590602, 2366656; 590452, 
2366324; 589437, 2365779; 589274, 2365854; 589506, 2366168; 589343, 
2366913; 589024, 2367508; 589876, 2368279; 590308, 2369112; 591047, 
2369419; 591542, 2369212; 591680, 2368861; 591915, 2368960; 592125, 
2369494; 592399, 2369453; 592450, 2369644; 592858, 2369920; 592024, 
2370471; 592290, 2370765; 592078, 2373499; 591626, 2374755; 592184, 
2374670; 592614, 2375298; 593304, 2375183; 593191, 2374882; 594258, 
2374119; 594913, 2373987; 595654, 2374786; 596144, 2374692; 596144, 
2374844; 596305, 2374913; 596443, 2372614; 596207, 2372094; 596174, 
2371267; 596352, 2371074; 596301, 2370442; 596100, 2370329; 596086, 
2370155; 596604, 2370178; 596742, 2370040; 596249, 2369943; 596055, 
2369758; 595948, 2369350; 596098, 2368982; 595665, 2368199; 595626, 
2366488; 596281, 2366231; 595522, 2364723; 594929, 2363957; 594256, 
2363568; 593002, 2363438; 592261, 2363823; 592254, 2364166; 591923, 
2364366; 591746, 2364409; 591557, 2364645; 591037, 2364559; 590435, 
2364159; 590272, 2363910; 590125, 2363901; 589781, 2363570; 589592, 
2363721; 589588, 2364069; 589790, 2364314; 589786, 2364443; 589945, 
2364675; 590241, 2364821; 590263, 2365140; 590539, 2365314; 591056, 
2365277; 591200, 2365406; 591519, 2365415; 591827, 2365351; 591748, 
2365947; 591738, 2365951; 591637, 2365979; 591602, 2365972; 591533, 
2365957; 591460, 2365917; 591235, 2365936; 591216, 2366381.

    (ii) Note: Map 10 follows:

[[Page 37251]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.109


[[Page 37252]]


    (11) Oahu J (10 ha, 25 ac).
    (i) Unit consists of the following ten boundary points: 586105, 
2369712; 586019, 2369826; 585929, 2369900; 585878, 2369958; 585860, 
2370075; 586047, 2370180; 586105, 2370159; 586228, 2369973; 586148, 
2369708; 586105, 2369712.

    (ii) Note: Map 11 follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.110
    
    (12) Oahu K (7 ha, 18 ac).
    (i) Unit consists of the following eight boundary points: 587975, 
2368114; 587736, 2368302; 587784, 2368350; 587880, 2368389; 587969, 
2368407; 588041, 2368390; 588193, 2368272; 587975, 2368114.

    (ii) Note: Map 12 follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.111
    
    (13) Oahu L (30,068 ha, 74,301 ac).
    (i) Unit consists of the following 247 boundary points: 630472, 
2354716; 630100, 2355624; 629580, 2355419; 629301, 2355527; 629162, 
2356203; 628907, 2356125; 628855, 2355534; 628391, 2355772; 628053, 
2355755; 627070, 2356063; 626669, 2355661; 626214, 2355599; 625962, 
2355819; 626440, 2356093; 626520, 2356196; 626441, 2356918; 626678, 
2357357; 626649, 2357694; 626282, 2358028; 626067, 2358099; 626022, 
2357714; 625616, 2357251; 625324, 2356852; 624769, 2356015; 624665, 
2356158; 624810, 2356492; 624733, 2356592; 624312, 2356301; 624120, 
2356499; 624386, 2356808; 624519, 2356754; 624644, 2356803; 625017, 
2357329; 625143, 2357659; 624967, 2358116; 624604, 2358276; 624760, 
2358514; 624614, 2359138; 624420, 2359643; 623879, 2359238; 623709, 
2358524; 623169, 2358149; 623081, 2358237; 623229, 2358330; 623152, 
2358462; 623235, 2358611; 623389, 2358572; 623477, 2358682; 623368, 
2358806; 623323, 2359133; 623468, 2359271; 623191, 2359887; 623070, 
2359870; 622882, 2359571; 622300, 2359375; 621959, 2359117; 621849, 
2359276; 621711, 2359133; 621546, 2359436; 621383, 2359351; 621014, 
2358958; 620851, 2358914; 620942, 2359237; 620122, 2358980; 620543, 
2359252; 620950, 2359361; 622396, 2360697; 623890, 2361098; 624124, 
2361689; 624497, 2361860; 625196, 2362592; 625395, 2362905; 625302, 
2363098; 624704, 2363373; 623455, 2362882; 622842, 2362180; 621909, 
2362178; 621370, 2361266; 620803, 2361210; 619955, 2360463; 619241, 
2361098; 619485, 2361645; 618895, 2361516; 618817, 2361712; 619665, 
2362481; 621304, 2363049; 622555, 2363345; 622625, 2363548; 622551, 
2363798; 622638, 2363988; 622939, 2363923; 623240, 2364110; 622549, 
2364906; 622070, 2364700; 621516, 2364619; 619844, 2363773; 619306, 
2363732; 618018, 2364365; 617769, 2364712; 616590, 2365310; 616218, 
2365592; 615788, 2365918; 615698, 2366342; 616146, 2366497; 616978, 
2367173; 617442, 2367401; 618298, 2367467; 619284, 2367246; 619350, 
2367450; 618298, 2367670; 617418, 2367589; 616872, 2367369; 616187, 
2366749; 615502, 2366480; 614715, 2366305; 612726, 2368229; 612213, 
2369265; 611690, 2369886; 610594, 2372095; 609095, 2373932; 607429, 
2377141; 607076, 2377223; 606097, 2378881; 605220, 2381803; 604636, 
2382351; 603415, 2384650; 603167, 2386304; 602914, 2387638; 602349, 
2388646; 601544, 2389445; 600257, 2392431; 600187, 2393272; 601024, 
2393410; 600830, 2394049; 600377, 2394522; 602551, 2396317; 603610, 
2396217; 605573, 2395548; 606141, 2394360; 608595, 2391432; 610456, 
2389829; 611781, 2389129; 612485, 2388484; 612286, 2387566; 613734, 
2386451; 613275, 2385352; 613314, 2383180; 613082, 2381819; 613547, 
2381214; 613507, 2380935; 613089, 2380404; 613241, 2380052; 613647, 
2379899; 614362, 2379040; 615438, 2378645; 616347, 2377697; 616509, 
2377025; 616330, 2376842; 615916, 2376860; 615761, 2376728; 615884, 
2376328; 615745, 2376016; 616023, 2375527; 616498, 2375480; 616476, 
2375235; 615846, 2374664; 616051, 2374429; 616922, 2374655; 617401, 
2374499; 617428, 2374263; 617214, 2373976; 617446, 2373188; 618238, 
2373106; 618224, 2372771; 617446, 2372342; 617311, 2372083; 617424, 
2371813;

[[Page 37253]]

617953, 2371576; 618784, 2371489; 618773, 2371099; 618907, 2370820; 
620838, 2369795; 621571, 2369604; 621650, 2369367; 621267, 2368961; 
621323, 2368668; 621884, 2368434; 622056, 2368173; 621695, 2367902; 
620962, 2367677; 620605, 2367259; 621160, 2367110; 621495, 2367050; 
622240, 2367375; 622811, 2366967; 622868, 2366712; 622597, 2365765; 
622759, 2365413; 622709, 2365156; 622784, 2364960; 623415, 2364346; 
624146, 2363841; 625731, 2363030; 625923, 2362695; 626282, 2362445; 
626140, 2362302; 625971, 2362363; 625953, 2361656; 625785, 2360976; 
625863, 2360608; 626338, 2360087; 627103, 2359897; 627409, 2359692; 
628198, 2359542; 628683, 2359547; 630084, 2358798; 630825, 2358657; 
632432, 2358970; 632589, 2358852; 632556, 2358317; 632776, 2357999; 
632629, 2357845; 632595, 2357490; 632325, 2357479; 632308, 2357738; 
632117, 2358148; 632000, 2357971; 632038, 2357642; 631661, 2357473; 
631618, 2357125; 632107, 2357040; 632062, 2355691; 631695, 2355601; 
631703, 2355280; 631699, 2354977; 631532, 2354149; 631517, 2354916; 
631428, 2355081; 631285, 2354916; 631057, 2354415; 630644, 2355292; 
630484, 2355323; 630457, 2355102; 630644, 2354689; 630488, 2354267; 
630389, 2354343; 630472, 2354716.

    (ii) Note: Map 13 follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.112
    
    (14) Oahu M (100 ha, 246 ac).
    (i) Unit consists of the following 66 boundary points: 605075, 
2401114; 605050, 2401154; 605103, 2401171; 605130, 2401169; 605155, 
2401135; 605240, 2401108; 605306, 2401120; 605397, 2401050; 605439, 
2401040; 605516, 2401036; 605556, 2401006; 605705, 2400985; 605892, 
2401002; 605974, 2401051; 606009, 2401054; 606082, 2401044; 606286, 
2400994; 606487, 2400973; 606811, 2400952; 607170, 2400618; 607182, 
2400505; 607216, 2400450; 607264, 2400416; 607294, 2400407; 607455, 
2400278; 607707, 2400136; 608018, 2399654; 608529, 2399247; 608541, 
2399223; 608541, 2399222; 608751, 2398862; 609109, 2398604; 609125, 
2398360; 609242, 2398091; 609441, 2397864; 609549, 2397569; 609925, 
2397252; 610007, 2397236; 610009, 2397234; 610053, 2397216; 610058, 
2397227; 610160, 2397208; 610302, 2397128;

[[Page 37254]]

610310, 2397106; 610285, 2397037; 610265, 2397056; 610235, 2397053; 
610193, 2397026; 610049, 2397044; 609503, 2397435; 609075, 2398137; 
608976, 2398230; 608976, 2398474; 608798, 2398707; 608608, 2398855; 
608506, 2399104; 607877, 2399558; 607524, 2400032; 607089, 2400309; 
607033, 2400576; 606615, 2400810; 606022, 2400942; 605706, 2400878; 
605065, 2401033; 605075, 2401060; 605075, 2401114.

    (ii) Note: Map 14 follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.113
    

[[Page 37255]]


    (15) Oahu N (5 ha, 12 ac).
    (i) Unit consists of the entire offshore island located at 
approximately: 611477, 2395905.

    (ii) Note: Map 15 follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.114
    

[[Page 37256]]


    (16) Oahu O (431 ha, 1,066 ac).
    (i) Unit consists of the following 15 boundary points: 617935, 
2381391; 617776, 2380713; 617169, 2380478; 617006, 2380498; 616849, 
2380834; 616997, 2381875; 616333, 2382207; 617139, 2383429; 617958, 
2383753; 618243, 2383442; 618321, 2383143; 618857, 2382536; 618408, 
2382201; 618290, 2381653; 617935, 2381391.

    (ii) Note: Map 16 follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.115
    
    (17) Oahu P (2 ha, 3 ac).
    (i) Unit consists of the entire offshore island located at 
approximately: 621249, 2378985.

    (ii) Note: Map 17 follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.116
    
    (18) Oahu Q (1 ha, 3 ac).
    (i) Unit consists of the entire offshore island located at 
approximately: 632741, 2374904.

    (ii) Note: Map 18 follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.117
    
    (19) Oahu R (6 ha, 15 ac).
    (i) Unit consists of the entire offshore island located at 
approximately: 632595, 2374679.

    (ii) Note: Map 19 follows:

[[Page 37257]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.118

    (20) Oahu S (4 ha, 12 ac).
    (i) Unit consists of the entire offshore island located at 
approximately: 634867, 2366056.

    (ii) Note: Map 20 follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.119
    
    (21) Oahu T (4 ha, 9 ac).
    (i) Unit consists of the entire offshore island located at 
approximately: 634990, 2365593.

    (ii) Note: Map 21 follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.120
    
    (22) Oahu U (27 ha, 67 ac).
    (i) Unit consists of the entire offshore island located at 
approximately: 639277, 2359130.

    (ii) Note: Map 22 follows:

[[Page 37258]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.121

    (23) Oahu V (4 ha, 10 ac).
    (i) Unit consists of the entire offshore island located at 
approximately: 639339, 2358203

    (ii) Note: Map 23 follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.122
    
    (24) Oahu W (340 ha, 840 ac).
    (i) Unit consists of the following 60 boundary points: 637132, 
2355245; 636973, 2355040; 636907, 2354928; 636897, 2354741; 636703, 
2354644; 636613, 2354536; 636623, 2354312; 636808, 2354187; 636928, 
2354201; 637076, 2354437; 636971, 2354701; 637225, 2354809; 637258, 
2354895; 637251, 2355073; 637318, 2355106; 637384, 2355073; 637402, 
2354195; 637140, 2353900; 637163, 2353807; 636874, 2353617; 636746, 
2353610; 636729, 2353536; 636439, 2353369; 636391, 2353293; 636246, 
2353257; 636122, 2353069; 636172, 2352980; 635971, 2352522; 635803, 
2352590; 635641, 2352849; 635286, 2352948; 635095, 2352844; 634984, 
2352593; 635070, 2352360; 635295, 2352316; 635417, 2352155; 635541, 
2352050; 635672, 2352009; 635644, 2351902; 635123, 2351660; 634921, 
2351541; 634779, 2351512; 634574, 2351531; 634430, 2351464; 634168, 
2351550; 634069, 2351830; 634492, 2352496; 635235, 2353123; 635647, 
2353114; 636026, 2352858; 636172, 2353227; 635954, 2353657; 635716, 
2353823; 635656, 2354107; 635700, 2354295; 635875, 2354584; 636120, 
2354776; 636669, 2355067; 636881, 2355121; 637132, 2355245.

    (ii) Note: Map 24 follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.123
    
    (25) Oahu X1 (117 ha, 290 ac).
    (i) Unit consists of the following 19 boundary points: 624293, 
2352306; 624551, 2351916; 624594, 2351655; 624479, 2351301; 624279, 
2351133; 623918, 2350950; 623734, 2350938; 623387, 2351012; 623164, 
2351001; 623038, 2351128; 623080, 2351284; 622861, 2351384; 623109, 
2351844; 623379, 2352152; 623614, 2352329; 623656, 2352268; 623889, 
2352282; 623968, 2352380; 624293, 2352306.

[[Page 37259]]

    (ii) Excluding the area consisting of the following 11 boundary 
points (59 ha; 145 ac): 623847, 2351144; 623734, 2351301; 623550, 
2351461; 623616, 2351896; 623861, 2352075; 624048, 2352141; 624172, 
2352080; 624321, 2351901; 624343, 2351375; 624109, 2351194; 623847, 
2351144.

    (iii) Note: See Map 25.

    (26) Oahu X2 (8 ha, 21 ac).
    (i) Unit consists of the following nine boundary points: 624111, 
2351694; 624244, 2351705; 624294, 2351602; 624225, 2351495; 624162, 
2351477; 624021, 2351312; 623901, 2351349; 623890, 2351454; 624111, 
2351694.

    (ii) Note: Map 25 follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP28MY02.124
    

                Table (a)(1)(i)(I).--Protected Species Within Each Critical Habitat Unit for Oahu
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             Unit name                               Species occupied                     Species unoccupied
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oahu A.............................  Abutilon sandwicense, Alectryon macrococcus,     Diplazium molokaiense,
                                      Alsinidendron obovatum, Alsinidendron            Isodendrion pyrifolium,
                                      trinerve, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus            Mariscus pennatiformis,
                                      agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides,            Solanum sandwicense,
                                      Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana,            Stenogyne kaneohoana,
                                      Chamaesyce herbstii, Colubrina oppositifolia,    Tetramolopium lepidotum
                                      Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea    ssp. lepidotum and Vigna
                                      grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyanea longiflora,       o-wahuense.
                                      Cyanea superba, Cyperus trachysanthos,
                                      Cyrtandra dentata, Delissea subcordata,
                                      Diellia falcata, Dubautia herbstobatae,
                                      Eragrostis fosbergii, Eugenia koolauensis,
                                      Euphorbia haeleeleana, Fluggea neowawraea,
                                      Gardenia mannii, Gouania meyenii, Gouania
                                      vitifolia, Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis
                                      parvula, Hesperomannia arborescens,
                                      Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus
                                      brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium,
                                      Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae,
                                      Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var.
                                      leptophylla, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, Lobelia
                                      niihauensis, Melicope pallida, Neraudia
                                      angulata, Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum
                                      sandwicense, Phyllostegia hirsuta,
                                      Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Phyllostegia mollis,
                                      Plantago princeps, Sanicula mariversa,
                                      Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea
                                      kealiae, Schiedea nuttallii, Sesbania
                                      tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Spermolepis
                                      hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium filiforme, Urera
                                      kaalae, and Viola chamissoniana ssp.
                                      chamissoniana.

[[Page 37260]]

 
Oahu B.............................  Bonamia menzeisii, Euphorbia haeleeleana, and    Gouania vitifolia,
                                      Nototrichium humile.                             Hibiscus brackenridgei,
                                                                                       Isodendrion pyrifolium,
                                                                                       and Neraudia angulata.
Oahu C.............................  Bonamia menzeisii..............................
Oahu D.............................  Bonamia menzeisii, Euphorbia haeleeleana,        Chamesyce celastroides
                                      Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile, and      var. kaenana, Gouania
                                      Schiedea hookeri.                                vitifolia, Hibiscus
                                                                                       brackenridgei, and
                                                                                       Isodendrion pyrifolium.
Oahu E.............................  Chamaesyce kuwaleana...........................
Oahu F.............................  Chamaesyce kuwaleana...........................  Isodendrion pyrifolium.
Oahu G.............................  Tetramolopium filiforme and Viola chamissoniana
                                      ssp. chamissoniana.
Oahu H.............................  Chamaesyce kuwaleana...........................
Oahu I.............................  Abutilon sandwicense, Alectryon macrococcus,     Alsinidendron obovatum,
                                      Bonamia menzeisii, Cenchrus agrimonioides,       Chamaesyce kuwaleana,
                                      Chamaesyce herbstii, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.      Cyanea pinnatifida,
                                      obatae, Cyrtandra dentata, Delissea              Gouania meyenii, Hedyotis
                                      subcordata, Diellia falcata, Diellia unisora,    coriacea, Hibiscus
                                      Flueggea neowawraea, Gardenia mannii, Hedyotis   brackenridgei,
                                      parvula, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Lepidium       Isondendrion pyrifolium,
                                      arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla,   Melicope pallida, Silene
                                      Lobelia niihauensis, Melicope saint-johnii,      perlmanii,and Solanum
                                      Neraudia angulata, Phyllostegia hirsuta,         sandwicense
                                      Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Phyllostegia mollis,
                                      Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago princeps,
                                      Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea hookeri,
                                      Schiedeakaalae, Schiedea nuttallii, Stenogyne
                                      kanehoana, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
                                      lepidotum, Urera kaalae, and Viola
                                      chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana.
Oahu J.............................  Marsillea villosa..............................
Oahu K.............................  Marsillea villosa..............................
Oahu L.............................  Bonamia menzeisii, Chamaesyce deppeana,          Adenophorus periens,
                                      Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea      Chamaesyce celastroides
                                      crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana,       var. kaenana, Cyanea
                                      Cyanea humbotiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea    longiflora, Cyanea
                                      st.-johnii, Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra           superba, Delissea
                                      dentata, Cyrtandra polyantha, Cyrtandra          subcordata, Hedyotis
                                      subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Diellia     coriacea, Isodendrion
                                      erecta, Eugenia koolauensis, Gardenia mannii,    laurifolium, Lobelia
                                      Hesperomannia arborescens, Isodendrion           oahuensis, Platanthera
                                      longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia        holochila, and Solanum
                                      gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia           sandwicense.
                                      monostachya, Lysimachia filifolia, Melicope
                                      lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phlegmariurus
                                      nutans, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia
                                      parviflora, Plantago princeps, Pteris
                                      lydgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea kaalae,
                                      Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Trematalobelia
                                      singularis, and Viola oahuensiis.
Oahu M.............................  ...............................................  Centaurium sebaeoides and
                                                                                       Sesbania tomentosa
Oahu N.............................  ...............................................  Centaurium sebaeoides and
                                                                                       Sesbania tomentosa.
Oahu O.............................  Cyanea crispa, Cyanea truncata, and Schiedea
                                      kaalae.
Oahu P.............................  Bonamia menzeisii, Euphorbia haeleeleana, and    Gouania vitifolia,
                                      Nototrichium humile.                             Hibiscus brackenridgei,
                                                                                       and Isodendrion
                                                                                       pyrifolium
Oahu Q.............................  ...............................................  Sesbania tomentosa.
Oahu R.............................  ...............................................  Chamaesyce kuwaleana and
                                                                                       Sesbania tomentosa.
Oahu S.............................  ...............................................  Sesbania tomentosa and
                                                                                       Vigna o-wahuense.
Oahu T.............................  ...............................................  Sesbania tomentosa and
                                                                                       Vigna o-wahuense.
Oahu U.............................  ...............................................  Chamaesyce kuwaleana,
                                                                                       Sesbania tomentosa, and
                                                                                       Vigna o-wahuense.
Oahu V.............................  ...............................................  Sesbania tomentosa.
Oahu W.............................  Centaurium sebaeoides and Marsillea villosa....  Cyperus trachysanthos.
Oahu X1............................  Spermolepis hawaiiensis........................  Gouania meyenii.
Oahu X2............................  Cyperus trachysanthos..........................  Marsillea villosa.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (ii) Hawaiian plants--Constituent elements.
    (A) Flowering plants.

Family Amaranthaceae: Nototrichium humile (kului)

    Oahu A, B, D, and P, identified in the legal descriptions in 
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes critical habitat for Nototrichium 
humile on Oahu. Within these units, currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Cliff faces, gulches, streambanks, or steep slopes in dry or 
mesic forests often dominated by Sapindus oahuensis or Diospyros 
sandwicensis containing one or more of the following associated native 
plant species--Erythrina sandwicensis, Sicyos sp., Rauvolfia 
sandwicensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Streblus pendulinus, Myoporum 
sandwicense, Metrosideros polymorpha, Antidesma pulvinatum, Pouteria 
sandwicensis, Charpentiera sp., Hibiscus sp., Alyxia oliviformis, 
Pisonia umbellifera, Lipochaeta tenuis, Stenogyne sp., Artemisia 
australis, Bidens Cervicata, Carex wahuensis, Elaeocarpus bifidus, 
Abutilon sandwicense, Peperomia sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Canavalia sp., 
Psydrax odorata, Syzygium sandwicensis, Reynoldsia

[[Page 37261]]

sandwicensis, Pleomele sp., Eugenia reinwartiana, or Myrsine 
lanaiensis; and
    (2) Elevations between 185 and 806 m (607 and 2,644 ft).

Family Apiacaeae: Peucedanum sandwicense (makou)

    Oahu A, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Peucedanum sandwicense on Oahu. Within 
this unit, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Cliffs, slopes, or ridges in Metrosideros polymorpha lowland 
mesic forest containing one or more of the following associated native 
plant species: Dodonaea viscosa, Carex meyenii, Eragrostis sp., 
Santalum ellipticum, Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Osteomeles 
anthyllidifolia, Scaevola sericea, Senna gaudichaudii, Pittosporum 
halophilum, Sida fallax, Plumbago zeylanica, Artemisia australis, 
Portulaca lutea, Lepidium bidentatum var. o-waihiense, Schiedea 
globosa, Lipochaeta integrifolia, Peperomia remyi, Plechranthus 
parviflorus, or Dianella sandwicensis; and
    (2) Elevations between 395 and 977 m (1,296 and 3,205).

Family Apiaceae: Sanicula mariversa (NCN)

    Oahu A and I, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Sanicula mariversa on Oahu. Within 
these units, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Well-drained, dry slopes or rock faces in mesic shrublands or 
open grassy areas containing one or more of the following associated 
native plant species: Carex meyenii, Eragrostis sp., Bidens torta, 
Metrosideros tremuloides, Doryopteris sp., or Metrosideros polymorpha; 
and
    (2) Elevations between 582 and 978 m (1,909 and 3,208 ft).

Family Apiaceae: Sanicula purpurea (NCN)

    Oahu unit L, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Sanicula purpurea on Oahu. Within this 
unit, currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat 
are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Open Metrosideros polymorpha mixed montane bogs or windswept 
shrublands within the cloud zone containing one or more of the 
following associated native plant species: Cheirodendron sp., Sadleria 
pallida, Bidens sp., Dicanthelium koolauensis, Styphelia tameiameiae, 
Gahnia beechyi, Plantago pachyphylla, Lycopodium sp., Vaccinium sp., or 
Machaerina angustifolia; and
    (2) Elevations between 415 and 959 m (1,361 and 3,146 ft).

Family Apiaceae: Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN)

    Oahu A and X, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitute critical habitat for Spermolepis hawaiiensis on Oahu. Within 
these units, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Steep or vertical cliffs or the base of cliffs or ridges in 
coastal dry cliff vegetation containing one or more of the following 
associated native plant species: Dodonaea viscosa, Artemisia australis, 
Bidens sp., Santalum ellipticum, Waltheria indica, Heteropogon 
contortus, or Doryopteris sp.; and
    (2) Elevations between 25 to 839 m (82 to 2,752 ft).

Family Araliaceae: Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa (oheohe)

    Oahu unit L, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa on Oahu. 
Within this unit, currently known primary constituent elements of 
critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Windswept summit ridges, slopes, or gullies in wet or sometimes 
mesic lowland forests or shrublands containing one or more of the 
following associated native plant species: Cheirodendron sp., Antidesma 
platyphyllum, Syzygium sandwicensis, Hedyotis terminalis, 
Diplopterygium pinnatum, Melicope spp., Tetraplasandra oahuensis, Bobea 
elatior, Acacia koa, Cibotium chamissoi, Lobelia hypoleuca, Cyanea 
humboltiana, Myrsine fosbergii, Pouteria sandwicensis, Wikstroemia sp., 
Sadleria sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, Cheirodendron sp., Dicranopteris 
linearis, Machaerina angustifolia, Freycinetia arborea, Broussaisia 
arguta, Psychotria spp., Labordia sp., Hedyotis fosbergii, Bidens sp., 
Dubautia laxa, or Cibotium sp.; and
    (2) Elevations between 93 and 959 m (305 and 3,156 ft).

Family Asteraceae: Dubautia herbstobatae (naenae)

    Oahu unit A, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Dubautia herbstobatae on Oahu. Within 
this unit, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Rock outcrops, ridges, moderate slopes, or vertical cliffs in 
dry or mesic shrubland containing one or more of the following 
associated native plant species: Dodonaea viscosa, Artemisia australis, 
Chamaesyce celastroides, Schiedea mannii, Carex meyenii, Bidens torta, 
Metrosideros polymorpha, Lysimachia waianaensis, or Eragrostis 
variabilis; and
    (2) Elevations between 266 and 978 m (872 and 3,208 ft).

Family Asteraceae: Hesperomannia arborescens (NCN)

    Oahu A and L, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitute critical habitat for Hesperomannia arborescens on Oahu. 
Within these units, currently known primary constituent elements of 
critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Steep slopes, ridge tops, or gulches in lowland wet forests or 
shrublands containing one or more of the following associated native 
plant species: Scaevola glabra, Broussaisia arguta, Melicope sp., 
Acacia koa, Machaerina angustifolia, Hedyotis terminalis, 
Tetraplasandra oahuensis, Scaevola gaudichaudiana, Dubautia sp., 
Labordia sessilis, Cibotium sp., Perotettia sandwicensis, Pipturus sp., 
Wikstroemia sp., Cheirodendron sp., Coprosma sp., Myrsine sp., Bobea 
elatior, Hibiscus arnottianus, Metrosideros polymorpha, Nestegis 
sandwicensis, Dicranopteris linearis, Antidesma platyphyllum, 
Psychotria mariniana, Syzygium sandwicensis, or common Melicope spp.; 
and
    (2) Elevations between 110 and 1,147 m (361 and 3,762 ft).

Family Asteraceae: Hesperomannia arbuscula (NCN)

    Oahu A and I, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitute critical habitat for Hesperomannia arbuscula on Oahu. Within 
these units, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Slopes or ridges in dry to wet forest dominated by Acacia koa 
or Metrosideros polymorpha containing one or more of the following 
associated native plant species: Syzygium sandwicensis, Freycinetia 
arborea, Cyanea longiflora, Antidesma sp., Bobea elatior, Hibiscus sp., 
Diospyros hillebrandii, Hedyotis terminalis, Bidens sp., Alyxia 
oliviformis, or Psychotria sp.; and
    (2) Elevations between 370 and 1,053 m (1,214 and 3,454 ft).

[[Page 37262]]

Family Asteraceae: Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla (nehe)

    Oahu A and I, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitute critical habitat for Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla on 
Oahu. Within these units, currently known primary constituent elements 
of critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Cliffs, ridges, or slopes in dry or mesic shrubland containing 
one or more of the following associated native plant species: Diospyros 
sp., Eragrostis sp., Artemisia australis, Lipochaeta tenuis, Stenogyne 
sp., Carex meyenii, Dodonaea viscosa, Peperomia sp., Psydrax odorata, 
or Bidens sp.; and
    (2) Elevations between 256 and 978 m (840 and 3,208 ft).

Family Asteraceae: Lipochaeta tenuifolia (nehe)

    Oahu unit A, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Lipochaeta tenuifolia on Oahu. Within 
this unit, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Ridgetops or bluffs in open areas or protected pockets of dry 
to mesic forests or shrublands or forests dominated by Diospyros 
sandwicensis containing one or more of the following associated native 
plant species: Diospyros sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Eragrostis sp., 
Artemisia australis, Schiedea sp., Carex meyenii, Rumex sp., Dubautia 
sp., Bryophyllum sp., Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Reynoldsia 
sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata, Doryopteris sp., Santalum sp., Myoporum 
sandwicense, Sapindus oahuensis, or Bidens sp.; and
    (2) Elevations between 67 and 978 m (220 and 3,208 ft).

Family Asteraceae: Tetramolopium filiforme (NCN)

    Oahu A and G, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitute critical habitat for Tetramolopium filiforme on Oahu. Within 
these units, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Dry cliff faces or ridges in dry or mesic forests containing 
one or more of the following associated native plant species: Bidens 
torta, Carex meyenii, Peperomia tetraphylla, Schiedea sp., Sida fallax, 
Dodonaea viscosa, Artemisia australis, or Schiedea mannii; and
    (2) Elevations between 247 and 978 m (810 and 3,208 ft).

Family Asteraceae: Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum (NCN)

    Oahu A and I, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitute critical habitat for Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum 
on Oahu. Within these units, currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Grassy ridgetops, slopes, or cliffs in windblown dry forests 
and containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Eragrostis sp., Carex wahuensis, Bidens sp., or Metrosideros 
polymorpha; and
    (2) Elevations between 330 to 1,157 m (1,082 to 3,795 ft).

Family Brassicaceae: Lepidium arbuscula (anaunau)

    Oahu A and I, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitute critical habitat for Lepidium arbuscula on Oahu. Within 
these units, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Exposed ridge tops and cliff faces in mesic and dry vegetation 
communities and containing one or more of the following associated 
native plant species: Metrosideros polymorpha, Peperomia sp., 
Dryopteris unidentata, Sida fallax, Schiedea ligustrina, Artemisia 
australis, Rumex albescens, Styphelia tameiameiae, Psydrax odorata, 
Carex wahuensis, Chamaesyce multiformis, Lysimachia hillebrandii, 
Dubautia sp., Sophora chrysophylla, Dodonaea viscosa, Eragrostis sp., 
Bidens sp., or Carex meyenii; and
    (2) Elevations between 131 and 978 m (430 and 3,208 ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea acuminata (haha)

    Oahu A and L, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitute critical habitat for Cyanea acuminata on Oahu. Within these 
units, currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat 
are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Slopes, ridges, or stream banks in Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis, Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha wet or mesic 
forest or shrubland, or Diospyros sandwicensis-Metrosideros polymorpha 
lowland mesic forest containing one or more of the following associated 
native plant species: Hibiscus sp., Charpentiera sp., Cyrtandra spp., 
Antidesma sp., Freycinetia arborea, Athyrium sandwichianum, Psychotria 
sp., Hedyotis sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, Melicope spp., Thelypteris 
sandwicensis, Hedyotis centranthoides, Broussaisia argutus, Pipturus 
albidus, Labordia sp., Chamaesyce sp., Pisonia sp., Touchardia 
latifloia, Machaerina sp., Sadleria sp., Wikstroemia sp., Dubautia 
laxa, Ilex anomala, Syzygium sandwicensis, and Phyllostegia sp.; and
    (2) Elevations between 216 and 1,208 m (708 and 3,962 ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea crispa (haha)

    Oahu L and O, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitute critical habitat for Cyanea crispa on Oahu. Within these 
units, currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat 
are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Slopes, moist gullies, or streambanks in open mesic forests or 
closed wet forests containing one or more of the following associated 
native plant species: Diospyros sp., Pipturus albidus, Cibotium 
chamissoi, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Boehmeria 
grandis, Broussaisia argutus, Dubautia sp., Psychotria sp., Thelypteris 
cyatheoides, Antidesma platyphyllum, Microsorum spectrum, Cyrtandra 
spp., Pisonia umbellifera, or Touchardia latifolia; and
    (2) Elevations between 56 and 959 m (184 and 3,146 ft ).

Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (haha)

    Oahu unit L, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana on 
Oahu. Within this unit, currently known primary constituent elements of 
critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Rocky or steep slopes of stream banks in mesic forest often 
dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or Metrosideros polymorpha and 
Acacia koa, and containing one or more of the following associated 
native plant species: Cyanea angustifolia, Joinvillea sp., Clermontia 
persicaefolia, Melicope sp., Dicranopteris linearis, Coprosma sp., 
Alyxia oliviformis, Syzygium sandwicensis, Diplazium sandwichianum, 
Antidesma sp., Bobea sp., Myrsine sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, 
Psychotria sp., or Xylosma sp.; and
    (2) Elevations between 114 and 746 m (374 and 2,447 ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae (haha)

    Oahu A and I, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitute critical habitat for Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae on Oahu. 
Within these units, currently known primary constituent

[[Page 37263]]

elements of critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Steep, moist, shaded slopes in diverse mesic to wet lowland 
forests containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria hathewayi, Streblus 
pendulinus, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Dubautia sp., Rumex sp., 
Chamaesyce sp., Coprosma sp., Nothocestrum sp., Dryopteris unidentata, 
Freycinetia arborea, Cibotium chamissoi, Myrsine lessertiana, Hedyotis 
terminalis, Hedyotis acuminata, Selaginella arbuscula, Charpentiera 
obovata, Cyrtandra waianaeensis, Pipturus albidus, Claoxylon 
sandwicense, Pisonia umbellifera, Acacia koa, Antidesma platyphyllum, 
Metrosideros polymorpha, Diplazium sandwichianum, and Cyanea 
membranacea; and
    (2) Elevations between 404 and 1,092 m (1,325 and 3,528 ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea humboltiana (haha)

    Oahu unit L, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Cyanea humboltiana on Oahu. Within 
this unit, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Wet Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linnearis lowland 
shrubland containing one or more of the following associated native 
plant species: ferns, Hedyotis terminalis, Dubautia laxa, Cibotium 
chamissoi, Syzygium sandwicensis, Acacia koa, Psychotria mariniana, 
Bobea elatior, Sadleria sp., Wikstroemia sp., Broussaisia argutus, 
Phyllostegia sp., Melicope sp., Machaerina angustifolia, Ilex anomala, 
or Scaevola mollis; and
    (2) Elevations between 261 and 959 m (856 and 3,146 ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea koolauensis (haha)

    Oahu unit L, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Cyanea koolauensis on Oahu. Within 
this unit, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Slopes, streambanks, and ridge crests in wet Metrosideros 
polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis forest or shrubland containing one or 
more of the following associated native plant species: Acacia koa, 
Bobea elatior, Syzygium sandwicensis, Pittosporum sp. Dubautia sp., 
Cibotium sp., Hedyotis sp., Wikstroemia sp., Bidens sp., Machaerina 
sp., Diploterygium pinnatum, Pritchardia martii, Sadleria sp., 
Broussaisia argutus, Melicope sp., Antidesma platyphyllum, Psychotria 
mariniana, and Scaevola sp.; and
    (2) Elevations between 163 and 959 m (535 and 3,146 ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea longiflora (haha)

    Oahu A and L, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitute critical habitat for Cyanea longiflora on Oahu. Within these 
units, currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat 
are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Steep slopes, bases of cliffs, or ridge crests in mesic Acacia 
koa-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland forest containing one or more of 
the following associated native plant species: Cibotium sp., Schiedea 
sp., Psychotria sp., Antidesma sp., Dicranopteris linearis, Coprosma 
sp., or Syzygium sandwicensis; and
    (2) Elevations between 221 and 1,191 m (725 and 3,906 ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea pinnatifida (haha)

    Oahu unit I, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Cyanea pinnatifida on Oahu. Within 
this unit, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Steep, wet, rocky slopes in diverse mesic forest containing one 
or more of the following associated native plant species: Strongylodon 
ruber, Pisonia umbellifera, Pisonia sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., 
Canavalia sp., Pipturus albidus, Diplazium sandwichianum, or native 
ferns; and
    (2) Elevations between 450 and 881 m (1,476 and 2,890 ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea st.-johnii (haha)

    Oahu unit L, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Cyanea st.-johnii on Oahu. Within this 
unit, currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat 
are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Wet, windswept slopes and ridges in Metrosideros polymorpha 
mixed lowland shrubland or Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris 
linearis lowland shrubland containing one or more of the following 
associated native plant species Psychotria sp., Alyxia oliviformis, 
Melicope sp., Broussaisia argutus, Cibotium sp., Labordia sp., Scaevola 
mollis, Dubautia laxa, Hedyotis sp., Antidesma sp., Sadleria pallida, 
Syzygium sandwicensis, Machaerina angustifolia, Bidens macrocarpa, 
Chamaesyce clusifolia, or Freycinetia arborea; and
    (2) Elevations between 415 and 959 m (1,361 and 3,146 ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea superba (haha)

    Oahu A and L, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitute critical habitat for Cyanea superba on Oahu. Within these 
units, currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat 
are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Understory on sloping terrain on a well drained rocky substrate 
within mesic forest containing one or more of the following associated 
native plant species: Diospyros sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, Xylosma 
sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., Hedyotis terminalis, and 
Pisonia brunoniana; and
    (2) Elevations between 354 and 872 m (1,161 and 2,860 ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea truncata (haha)

    Oahu L and O, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitute critical habitat for Cyanea truncata on Oahu. Within these 
units, currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat 
are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Windward slopes and streambanks in mesic to wet forests 
containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Cyrtandra calpidicarpa, Cyrtandra laxiflora, Pipturus albidus, 
Cibotium chamissoi, Hibiscus arnottianus, Diospyros sandwicensis, 
Metrosideros polymorpha, Cyrtandra propinqua, Neraudia melastomifolia, 
or Pisonia umbellifera; and
    (2) Elevations between 54 and 705 m (177 and 2,312 ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Delissea subcordata (NCN)

    Oahu A, I, and L, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(I), constitute critical habitat for Delissea subcordata on 
Oahu. Within these units, currently known primary constituent elements 
of critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Moderate to steep gulch slopes in mixed mesic forests 
containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Acacia koa, Alyxia oliviformis, Hedyotis acuminata, Streblus 
pendulinus, Diospyros sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata, Bobea sp., Myrsine 
lanaiensis, Claoxylon sandwicense, Charpentiera obovata, Chamaesyce 
multiformis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Antidesma sp.,

[[Page 37264]]

Metrosideros polymorpha, Pisonia sp., Diospyros hillebrandii, Nestegis 
sandwicensis, or Psychotria hathewayi; and
    (2) Elevations between 162 and 1025 m (531 and 3,362 ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis (NCN)

    Oahu unit L, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis 
on Oahu. Within this unit, currently known primary constituent elements 
of critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Moderate to steep slopes in Metrosideros polymorpha lowland wet 
shrublands or bogs containing one or more of the following associated 
native plant species: Sadleria pallida, Isachne distichophylla, 
Vaccinium dentatum, Cibotium sp., Melicope sp., Bidens sp., Scaevola 
sp., Machaerina angustifolia, Dicanthelium koolauensis, or Broussaisia 
arguta; and
    (2) Elevations between 383 and 867 m (1,256 and 2,844 ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Lobelia monostachya (NCN)

    Oahu unit L, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Lobelia monostachya on Oahu. Within 
this unit, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Steep, sparsely vegetated cliffs in mesic shrubland containing 
one or more of the following associated native plant species: Artemisia 
australis, Carex meyenii, Psilotum nudum, or Eragrostis sp.; and
    (2) Elevation between 44 and 614 m (144 to 2,014 ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Lobelia niihauensis (NCN)

    Oahu A and I, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitute critical habitat for Lobelia niihauensis on Oahu. Within 
these units, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Exposed mesic or dry cliffs or ledges containing one or more of 
the following associated native plant species: Osteomeles 
anthyllidifolia, Dodonaea viscosa, Schiedea mannii, Carex meyenii, 
Doryopteris sp., Sida fallax, Styphelia tameiameiae, Eragrostis sp., 
Bidens sp., Plectranthus parviflorus, Lipochaeta tenuis, or Artemisia 
sp.; and
    (2) Elevations between 339 to 926 m (1,112 to 3,037 ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Lobelia oahuensis (NCN)

    Oahu unit L, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Lobelia oahuensis on Oahu. Within this 
unit, currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat 
are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Steep slopes on summit cliffs in cloudswept wet forests or in 
lowland wet shrubland that are frequently exposed to heavy wind and 
rain containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Sadleria squarrosa, Peperomia sp., Broussaisia arguta, 
Scaevola sp., Vaccinium sp., Hedyotis sp., Cibotium sp., Freycinetia 
arborea, Lycopodium sp., Bidens sp., Wikstroemia sp., Phyllostegia sp., 
Syzygium sandwicensis, Melicope sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, 
Dicranopteris linearis, Machaerina angustifolia, Cheirodendron 
trigynum, Dubautia laxa, or Labordia hosakae; and
    (2) Elevations between 415 and 959 m (1,361 and 3,146 ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Trematalobelia singularis (NCN)

    Oahu unit L, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Trematalobelia singularis on Oahu. 
Within this unit, currently known primary constituent elements of 
critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Steep, windswept cliff faces or slopes in Metrosideros 
polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet shrubland containing one 
or more of the following associated native plant species: Eugenia sp., 
Wikstroemia sp., Melicope sp., Sadleria sp., Cibotium sp., Broussaisia 
arguta, or Dubautia laxa; and
    (2) Elevations between 545 and 953 m (1,788 and 3,126 ft).

Family Caryophyllaceae: Alsinidendron obovatum (NCN)

    Oahu A and I, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitute critical habitat for Alsinidendron obovatum on Oahu. Within 
these units, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Ridges and slopes in lowland diverse mesic forest dominated by 
Acacia koa and Metrosideros polymorpha containing one or more of the 
following associated native plant species: Bidens torta, Antidesma 
platyphyllum, Cibotium chamissoi, Hedyotis terminalis, Cyanea 
longiflora, Pipturus sp., Machaerina sp., Peperomia sp., Perrottetia 
sandwicensis, Ilex anomala, Psydrax odorata, Coprosma sp., or Alyxia 
oliviformis; and
    (2) Elevations between 476 and 943 m (1,561 and 3,093 ft).

Family Caryophyllaceae: Alsinidendron trinerve (NCN)

    Oahu unit A, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Alsinidendron trinerve on Oahu. Within 
this unit, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Slopes in wet forest or the wetter portions of diverse mesic 
forest dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or Ilex anomala and 
Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet forest containing one or more of 
the following associated native plant species: Machaerina sp., Hedyotis 
sp., Peperomia sp., Perrottetia sandwcensis, Athyrium sandwichianum, 
Broussaisia arguta, Vaccinium sp., Phyllostegia sp., Coprosma ochracea, 
Gunnera sp., Nothoperanema rubiginosa, or Pipturus albidus; and
    (2) Elevations between 833 and 1,233 m (2,732 and 4,044 ft).

Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea hookeri (NCN)

    Oahu A, D, and I, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(I), constitute critical habitat for Schiedea hookeri on Oahu. 
Within these units, currently known primary constituent elements of 
critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Slopes, cliffs or cliff bases, rock walls, or ledges in diverse 
mesic or dry lowland forest often with Metrosideros polymorpha, 
Diospyros sandwicensis, or Diospyros hillebrandii dominant, containing 
one or more of the following associated native plant species: Carex 
wahuensis, Psydrax odoratum, Acacia koa, Bidens torta, Alyxia 
oliviformis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Hibiscus sp., Charpentiera 
tomentosa, Styphelia tameiameiae, Sida fallax, Pisonia sandwicensis, 
Lipochaeta tenuis, Stenogyne sp., Antidesma pulvinatum, Elaeocarpus 
bifidus, Dodonaea viscosa, Artemisia australis, Carex meyenii, or 
Eragrostis grandis; and
    (2) Elevations between 208 and 978 m (682 and 3,208 ft).

Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea kaalae (NCN)

    Oahu A, I, L, and O, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(I), constitute critical habitat for Schiedea kaalae on Oahu. 
Within these units, currently known primary constituent elements of 
critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:

[[Page 37265]]

    (1) Steep slopes, cliffs, streambanks, or deep shade in diverse 
mesic or wet forests containing one or more of the following associated 
native plant species: Pisonia sandwicensis, Psychotria hathewayi, 
Pouteria sandwicensis, Freycinetia arborea, Pipturus albidus, Cyrtandra 
laxiflora, Hedyotis acuminata, Selaginella arbuscula, Cyrtandra 
calpidicarpa, Boehmeria grandis, Claoxylon sandwicense, Diospyros 
hillebrandii, Dryopteris unidentata, Alyxia oliviformis, Charpentiera 
sp., Athyrium sandwichianum, Xylosma hawaiiense, Nothocestrum 
longifolium, Athyrium arnottii, or Pisonia umbellifera; and
    (2) Elevations between 64 and 869 m (210 and 2,850 ft).

Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea kealiae (NCN)

    Oahu unit A, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Schiedea kealiae on Oahu. Within this 
unit, currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat 
are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Steep slopes or cliff faces or bases in dry remnant Erythrina 
sandwicensis forest containing one or more of the following associated 
native plant species: Sicyos sp., Plumbago zeylanica, Lepidium 
bidentatum, Lipochaeta remyi, Myoporum sandwicense, Hibiscus 
arnottianus, Psydrax odorata, Bidens sp., or Sida fallax; and
    (2) Elevations between 64 and 869 m (210 and 2,850 ft.)

Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea nuttallii (NCN)

    Oahu A and I, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Schiedea nuttallii on Oahu. Within 
these units, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Rock walls, forested slopes, or steep walls in Acacia koa-
Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic forest or Metrosideros 
polymorpha-Dodonaea viscosa forest containing one or more of the 
following associated native plant species: Alyxia oliviformis, Bidens 
torta, Psydrax odorata, Cyanea longiflora, Cibotium chamissoi, Hedyotis 
terminalis, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Ilex anomala, Coprosma sp., 
Peperomia sp., Machaerina sp., Pipturis sp., or Antidesma platyphyllum; 
and
    (2) Elevations between 436 and 1185 m (1,430 and 3,887 ft).

Family Caryophyllaceae: Silene lanceolata (NCN)

    Oahu unit A, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Silene lanceolata on Oahu. Within this 
unit, currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat 
are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Cliff faces or ledges of gullies in dry to mesic shrubland or 
cliff communities containing one or more of the following associated 
native plant species: Artemisia aurstralis, Dodonaea viscosa, Schiedea 
mannii, Tetramolopium fifilforme, Bidens sp., Carex sp., Osteomeles 
anthyllidifolia, Chamaesyce sp., or Lysimachia sp.; and
    (2) Elevations between 351 to 978 m (1,151 to 3,208 ft).

Family Caryophyllaceae: Silene perlmanii (NCN)

    Oahu unit I, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Silene perlmanii on Oahu. Within this 
unit, currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat 
are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Steep rocky slopes in Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha 
lowland mesic forest; and
    (2) Elevations between 493 and 919 m (1,617 and 3,014 ft).

Family Convolvulaceae: Bonamia menziesii (NCN)

    Oahu A, B, C, D, I, L, and P, identified in the legal descriptions 
in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitute critical habitat for Bonamia menziesii on 
Oahu. Within these units, currently known primary constituent elements 
of critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Steep slopes or level ground in dry or mesic forest in open or 
closed canopy containing one or more of the following associated native 
plant species: Alyxia oliviformis, Pleomele sp., Sida fallax, Waltheria 
indica, Erythrina sandwicensis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Sicyos sp., 
Acacia koa, Styphelia tameiameiae, Dodonaea viscosa, Metrosideros 
polymorpha, Psydrax odorata, Dianella sandwicensis, Diospyros 
sandwicensis, Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope anisata, Melicope 
barbigera, Myoporum sandwicensis, Nestegis sandwicense, Pisonia sp., 
Pittosporum sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, or Sapindus oahuensis; and
    (2) Elevations between 31 and 809 m (102 and 2,654 ft).

Family Cyperaceae: Cyperus trachysanthos (puukaa)

    Oahu A, W, and X, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(I), constitute critical habitat for Cyperus trachysanthos on 
Oahu. Within these units, currently known primary constituent elements 
of critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Mud flats, wet clay soil, seasonal ponds, or wet cliff seeps on 
coastal cliffs or talus slopes containing Hibiscus tiliaceus; and
    (2) Elevations above 248 m (813 ft).

Family Cyperaceae: Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN)

    Oahu unit A, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Mariscus pennatiformis on Oahu. Within 
this unit, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Mesic and wet Metrosideros polymorpha forest and Metrosideros 
polymorpha-Acacia koa forest; and
    (2) Elevations between 424 and 1,032 m (1,391 and 3,385 ft).

Family Euphorbiaceae: Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana (akoko)

    Oahu A, D, and L, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(I), constitute critical habitat for Chamaesyce celastroides 
var. kaenana on Oahu. Within these units, currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are the habitat components 
provided by:
    (1) Windward talus slopes, leeward rocky cliffs, open grassy 
slopes, or on vegetated cliff faces in coastal dry shrubland containing 
one or more of the following associated native plant species: 
Lipochaeta lobata, Myoporum sandwicense, Heteropogon contortus, 
Santalum sp., Plumbago zeylanica, Psydrax odorata, Boerhavia sp., 
Waltheria indica, Dodonaea viscosa, Artemisia australis, Psilotum 
nudum, Chamaesyce celastroides var. amplectans, Gossypium tomentosum, 
Jacquemontia ovalifolia ssp. sandwicensis, Santalum freycinetianum, or 
Sida fallax; and
    (2) Elevations between sea level and 862 m (0 and 2,827 ft).

Family Euphorbiaceae: Chamaesyce deppeana (akoko)

    Oahu unit L, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Chamaesyce deppeana on Oahu. Within 
this unit, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Windward facing ridge crests, cliff faces and mixed native 
cliffs containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Metrosideros polymorpha or Bidens sandvicensis; and

[[Page 37266]]

    (2) Elevations from 274 to 661 m (899 to 2,168 ft).

Family Euphorbiaceae: Chamaesyce herbstii (akoko)

    Oahu A and I, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Chamaesyce herbstii on Oahu. Within 
these units, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Shaded gulch bottoms and slopes in mesic Acacia koa-
Metrosideros polymorpha lowland forests or diverse mesic forests 
containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Xylosma sp., Pteralyxia sp., Morinda trimera, Hedyotis sp., 
Coprosma sp., Pipturis albidus, Diplazium sandwichianum, Antidesma 
platyphyllum, Hibiscus arnottianus var. arnottianus, Melicope sp., 
Pouteria sandwicensis, or Urera glabra; and
    (2) Elevations between 435 and 886 m (1,427 and 2,906 ft).

Family Euphorbiaceae: Chamaesyce kuwaleana (akoko)

    Oahu E, F, H, I, R, and U, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(I), constitute critical habitat for Chamaesyce kuwaleana on 
Oahu. Within these units, currently known primary constituent elements 
of critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Thin guano soil on basaltic rock, arid, exposed volcanic 
cliffs, dry or mesic rocky ridges, or sparsely vegetated slopes 
containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Heteropogon contortus, Bidens sp., Artemisia sp., Plectranthus 
parvilforus, Chamaesyce sp., Schiedea sp., Carex sp., Sida fallax or 
Dodonaea viscosa; and
    (2) Elevations between 0 and 596 m (0 and 1,955 ft).

Family Euphorbiaceae: Chamaesyce rockii (akoko)

    Oahu unit L, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Chamaesyce rockii on Oahu. Within this 
unit, currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat 
are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Gulch slopes, gulch bottoms, and ridge crests in wet 
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis forest and shrubland 
containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Bidens sp., Antidesma platyphyllum, Hedyotis terminalis, 
Psychotria spp., Melicope spp., Coprosma longifolia, Diplopterygium 
pinnatum, Cibotium sp., Broussaisia arguta, Dubautia laxa, Machaerina 
sp., Psychotria fauriei, Wikstroemia sp., or Myrsine juddii; and
    (2) Elevations between 208 and 871 m (682 and 2,857 ft).

Family Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia haeleeleana (akoko)

    Oahu A, B, D, and P, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(I), constitute critical habitat for Euphorbia haeleeleana on 
Oahu. Within these units, currently known primary constituent elements 
of critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Dry forest dominated by Diospyros sp. containing one or more of 
the following associated native plant species: Psydrax odorata, 
Dodonaea viscosa, Erythrina sandwicensis, Pleomele sp., Reynoldsia 
sandwicensis, or Sapindus oahuensis; and
    (2) Elevations between 156 and 586 m (512 and 1,922 ft).

Family Euphorbiaceae: Flueggea neowawraea (mehamehame)

    Oahu A and I, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitute critical habitat for Flueggea neowawraea on Oahu. Within 
these units, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Gulch slopes, ridge crests, or near streams in dry or mesic 
forest containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Pisonia sandwicensis, Hibiscus arnottianus, Morinda 
sandwicensis, Hedyotis terminalis, Alyxia oliviformis, Chamaesyce 
multiformis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine sp., Pleomele sp., 
Myoporum sandwicense, Chamaesyce herbstii, Pteralyxia sp., Pipturis 
albidus, Diospyros hillebrandii, Pisonia umbellifera, Charpentiera sp., 
Claoxylon sandwicensis, Antidesma platyphyllum, Sapindus oahuensis, 
Pittosporum sp., Erythrina sandwicensis, Diospyros sandwicensis, 
Antidesma pulvinatum, Bobea sp., Psydrax odorata, Nestegis 
sandwicensis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, or Streblus pendulina; and
    (2) Elevations between 323 to 1,006 m (1,059 to 3,300 ft).

Family Fabaceae: Sesbania tomentosa (ohai)

    Oahu A, M, N, Q, R, S, T, U, and V, identified in the legal 
descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), constitute critical habitat for Sesbania 
tomentosa on Oahu. Within these units, currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are the habitat components 
provided by:
    (1) Cliff faces, broken basalt, or sand dunes with rock outcrops in 
Scaevola sericea coastal dry shrubland or Sporobolus virginicus mixed 
grasslands containing one or more of the following associated native 
plant species: Heliotropium sp., Jacquemontia sandwicensis, Myoporum 
sandwicense, Sida fallax, or Lipochaeta sp.; and
    (2) Elevations between sea level and 152 m (0 and 499 ft).

Family Fabaceae: Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN)

    Oahu S, T, and U, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(I), constitute critical habitat for Vigna o-wahuensis on 
Oahu. Within these units, currently known primary constituent elements 
of critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Open dry fossil reef, with shrubs or grasses for the plant to 
climb over or fairly steep slopes; and
    (2) Elevations between 0 and 609 m (0 and 1,998 ft).

Family Gentianaceae: Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi)

    Oahu A, M, N, and W, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(I), constitute critical habitat for Centaurium sebaeoides on 
Oahu. Within these units, currently known primary constituent elements 
of critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Volcanic or clay soils or cliffs in arid coastal areas or on 
coral plains containing one or more of the following associated native 
plant species: Artemisia sp., Bidens sp., Jacquemontia ovalifolia, 
Lipochaeta succulenta, or Lysimachia sp.; and
    (2) Below 368 m (1,207 ft).

Family Gesneriaceae: Cyrtandra dentata (haiwale)

    Oahu A, I, and L, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(I), constitute critical habitat for Cyrtandra dentata on 
Oahu. Within these units, currently known primary constituent elements 
of critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Gulches, slopes, streambanks, or ravines in mesic or wet forest 
containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Urera glabra, Acacia koa, Pisonia sandwicensis, Pipturis 
albidus, Metrosideros polymorpha, Pouteria sandwicensis, Pisonia 
umbellifera, or Syzygium sandwicensis; and
    (2) Elevations between 255 and 953 m (836 and 3,126 ft).

Family Gesneriaceae: Cyrtandra polyantha (haiwale)

    Oahu unit L, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes

[[Page 37267]]

critical habitat for Cyrtandra polyantha on Oahu. Within this unit, 
currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat are 
the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Ridges of valleys in Metrosideros polymorpha mesic or wet 
forests containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Machaerina angustifolia, Dicranopteris linearis, Broussaisia 
arguta, Coprosma foliosa, or Psychotria sp.; and
    (2) Elevations between 331 and 762 m (1,086 and 2,499 ft).

Family Gesneriaceae: Cyrtandra subumbellata (haiwale)

    Oahu unit L, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Cyrtandra subumbellata on Oahu. Within 
this unit, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Moist slopes or gulch bottoms in wet forest dominated by 
Metrosideros polymorpha or a mixture of Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis-Acacia koa containing one or more of the 
following associated native plant species: Machaerina sp., Boehmeria 
grandis, Broussaisia arguta, or Thelypteris sp.; and
    (2) Elevations between 345 and 790 m (1,132 and 2,591 ft).

Family Gesneriaceae: Cyrtandra viridiflora (haiwale)

    Oahu unit L, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Cyrtandra viridiflora on Oahu. Within 
this unit, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Wind blown ridge tops in cloud covered wet forest or shrubland 
containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Diplopterygium pinnatum., Psychotria sp., Freycinetia arborea, 
Dubautia sp., Ilex anomala, Melicope sp., Hedyotis sp., Cheirodendron 
platyphyllum, Broussaisia arguta, Metrosideros polymorpha, Syzygium 
sandwicensis, Machaerina sp., Metrosideros rugosa, or Dicranopteris 
linearis; and
    (2) Elevations between 443 and 867 m (1,453 and 2,844 ft).

Family Loganiaceae: Labordia cyrtandrae (kamakahala)

    Oahu A and L, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitute critical habitat for Labordia cyrtandrae on Oahu. Within 
these units, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Shady gulches, slopes, or glens in mesic to wet forests and 
shrublands dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha, Diplopterygium 
pinnatum, and/or Acacia koa containing one or more of the following 
associated native plant species: Broussaisia argutus, Cyrtandra sp., 
Phyllostegia sp., Dicranopteris linearis, Antidesma sp., Bidens torta, 
Artemisia australis, Dubautia plantaginea, Rumex sp., Lysimachia 
hillebrandii, Chamaesyce sp., Coprosma sp., Boehmeria grandis, 
Peperomia membranaceae, Pouteria sandwicensis, Diplazium sandwichianum, 
Pipturus albidus, Perrottetia sandwicensis, or Psychotria sp.; and
    (2) Elevations between 212 and 1,233 m (695 and 4,044 ft).

Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia hirsuta (NCN)

    Oahu A, I, and L, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(I), constitute critical habitat for Phyllostegia hirsuta on 
Oahu. Within these units, currently known primary constituent elements 
of critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Steep, shaded slopes, cliffs, ridges, gullies, or streambanks 
in mesic or wet forests dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or a 
mixture of Metrosideros polymorpha and Dicranopteris linearis 
containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Pisonia sp., Diplazium sandwichiaum, Freycinetia arborea, 
Chamaesyce multiformis, Hibiscus sp., Rumex albescens, Machaerina 
angustifolia, Clermontia kekeana, Perotettia sandwicensis, Cibotium 
sp., Hedyotis schlectendahliana, Ilex anomala, Lysimachia hillebrandii, 
Melicope sp., Psychotria sp., Astelia sp., Antidesma platyphyllum, 
Dubautia laxa, Cyanea membranacea, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Myrsine 
sandwicensis, Scaevola gaudichaudiana, Pleomele sp., Dryopteris 
unidentata, Streblus pendulinus, Claoxylon sandwicense, Nothocestrum 
sp., Neraudia sp., Zanthoxylum kauaense, Labordia kaalae, Cyrtandra 
waianaeensis, Phyllostegia grandiflora, Liparis hawaiiensis, Dubautia 
sherffiana, Pouteria sandwicensis, Brousaissia arguta, Pipturis sp., 
Coprosma longifolia, Hedyotis terminalis, Myrsine lessertiana, or 
native ferns; and
    (2) Elevations between 195 and 1,202 m (640 and 3,943 ft).

Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia kaalaensis (NCN)

    Oahu A and I, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitute critical habitat for Phyllostegia kaalaensis on Oahu. Within 
these units, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Gulch slopes or bottoms or almost vertical rock faces in mesic 
forest or Sapindus oahuensis forest containing one or more of the 
following associated native plant species: Myrsine lanaiensis, Myrsine 
lessertiana, Psychotria hathewayi, Antidesma platyphyllum, Diplazium 
sandwichianum, Pipturus albidus, Hibiscus sp., Claoxylon sandwicense, 
Neraudia melastomifolia, Streblus pendulinus, Pouteria sandwicensis, 
Freycinetia arborea, or Urera glabra; and
    (2) Elevations between 374 and 796 m (1,227 and 2,611 ft).

Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia mollis (NCN)

    Oahu A and I, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitute critical habitat for Phyllostegia mollis on Oahu. Within 
these units, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Steep slopes or gulches in diverse mesic to wet forests 
containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Pouteria sandwicensis, Antidesma platyphyllum, Dryopteris 
unidentata, Carex meyenii, Metrosideros polymorpha, Chamaesyce 
multiformis, Acacia koa, Claoxylon sandwicense, Alyxia oliviformis, 
Myrsine sp., Diospyros hilebrandii, Psychotria hathewayi, Pipturus 
alba, Urera glabra, or Pisonia umbellifera; and
    (2) Elevations between 519 to 928 m (1,702 to 3,044 ft).

Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia parviflora (NCN)

    Oahu unit I, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Phyllostegia parviflora var. lydgatei 
on Oahu. Within this unit, currently known primary constituent elements 
of critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Moderate to steep slopes in mesic forest containing one or more 
of the following associated native plant species: Xylosma hawaiiense, 
Claoxylon sandwicense, Antidesma platyphyllum, Pouteria sandwicensis, 
Pipturus albidus, Myrsine lessertiana, Chamaesyce multiformis, Coprosma 
foliosa, Dryopteris unidentata, Selaginella arbuscula, or Pipturus 
alba; and
    (2) Elevations between 555 to 881 m (1,820 to 2,890 ft).
    Oahu unit L, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes

[[Page 37268]]

critical habitat for Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora on Oahu. 
Within this unit, currently known primary constituent elements of 
critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Metrosideros polymorpha mixed lowland wet forest containing one 
or more of the following associated native plant species: Cibotium sp., 
Dicranopteris linearis, Broussaisia arguta, Antidesma sp., Pritchardia 
sp., Tetraplasandra sp., Touchardia latifolia, Pipturus sp., 
Cheirodendron sp., Phyllostegia glabra, Cyrtandra sp., Syzygium 
sandwicensis, or Melicope sp.; and
    (2) Elevations between 232 and 867 m (761 and 2,844 ft).

Family Lamiaceae: Stenogyne kanehoana (NCN)

    Oahu A and I, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitute critical habitat for Stenogyne kanehoana on Oahu. Within 
these units, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Lowland mesic forest containing one or more of the following 
associated native plant species: Acacia koa, Metrosideros polymorpha, 
Psychotria sp., Freycinetia arborea, Bidens sp., Chamaesyce sp., Alyxia 
oliviformis, Cibotium sp., or Scaevola sp.; and
    (2) Elevations between 559 and 1,168 m (1,834 and 3,831 ft).

Family Malvaceae: Abutilon sandwicense (NCN)

    Oahu A and I, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitute critical habitat for Abutilon sandwicense on Oahu. Within 
these units, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Steep slopes or gulches in dry to mesic lowland forest 
containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Sapindus oahuensis, Hibiscus arnottianus, Psydrax odorata, 
Diospyros sandwicensis, Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, 
Antidesma pulvinatum, Pittosporum sp., Pleomele sp., Rauvolfia 
sandwicensis, Myrsine lanaiensis, Pisonia sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, 
Pipturus albidus, Eugenia reinwartiana, or Elaeocarpus bifidus; and
    (2) Elevations between 149 and 875 m (489 and 2,870 ft).

Family Malvaceae: Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau hele)

    Oahu A, B, D, I, and P, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(I), constitute critical habitat for Hibiscus brackenridgei 
ssp. mokuleianus on Oahu. Within these units, currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are the habitat components 
provided by:
    (1) Slopes, cliffs, or arid ledges in lowland dry forest or 
shrubland containing one or more of the following associated native 
plant species: Erythrina sandwicensis, Heteropogon contortus, Waltheria 
indica, Doryopteris sp., Lepidium bidentatum, Lipochaeta remyi, Bidens 
amplectans, Chamaesyce sp., Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Pleomele halapepe, 
Diospyros hillebrandii, Dodonaea viscosa., Psydrax odoratua or Sida 
fallax; and
    (2) Elevations between 24 to 490 m (79 to 1,607 ft).
    Oahu A, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana 
on Oahu. Within this unit, currently known primary constituent elements 
of critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Dry shrublands containing one or more of the following 
associated native plant species: Waltheria indica, Sida fallax, 
Doryopteris sp., Dodonaea viscosa, or Heteropogon contortus; and
    (2) Elevations between 23 and 580 m (75 to 1,902 ft).

Family Myrsinaceae: Myrsine juddii (kolea)

    Oahu L, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Myrsine juddii on Oahu. Within this 
unit, currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat 
are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Ridge crests or gulch slopes in wet forests or shrublands 
dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or a mixture of Metrosideros 
polymorpha and Dicranopteris linearis containing one or more of the 
following associated native plant species: Machaerina sp., 
Cheirodendron trigynum, Melicope clusiifolia, Psychotria mariniana, 
Cheirodendron platyphyllum, or Syzygium sandwicensis; and
    (2) Elevations between 384 and 867 m (1,260 and 2,844 ft).

Family Myrtaceae: Eugenia koolauensis (nioi)

    Oahu A and L, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitute critical habitat for Eugenia koolauensis on Oahu. Within 
these units, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Gentle to steep slopes or ridges in mesic or dry forests 
dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or Diospyros sp. containing one or 
more of the following associated native plant species: Bobea elatior, 
Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Alyxia oliviformis, Pouteria sandwicensis, 
Dicranopteris linearis, Styphelia tameiameiae, Carex meyenii, Myrsine 
lessertiana, Nestegis sandwicensis, Pleomele halapepe, or Psydrax 
odorata; and
    (2) Elevations between 57 to 437 m (187 to 1,433 ft).

Family Orchidaceae: Platanthera holochila (NCN)

    Oahu L, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Platanthera holochila on Oahu. Within 
this unit, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis montane wet 
forest or Metrosideros polymorpha mixed montane bogs containing one or 
more of the following associated native plant species: Cibotium sp., 
Coprosma ernodeoides, Styphelia tameiameiae, Wikstroemia sp., Scaevola 
chamissoniana, Sadleria sp., Lythrum maritimum, Deschampsia nubigena, 
Luzula hawaiiensis, Sisyrinchium acre, Broussaisia arguta, Clermontia 
sp., Lycopodium cernuum, Dubautia scabra, Polypodium pellucidum, 
moreletia gahniiformis, or Vaccinium reticulatum; and
    (2) Elevations between 447 and 867 m (1,466 and 2,844 ft).

Family Plantaginaceae: Plantago princeps (laukahi kuahiwi)

    Oahu L, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Plantago princeps var. longibracteata 
on Oahu. Within this unit, currently known primary constituent elements 
of critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Sides of waterfalls or wet rock faces containing one or more of 
the following associated native plant species: Lobelia gaudichaudii, 
Scaevola glabra, Bidens sp., Eugenia sp., Coprosina granadensis, or 
Metrosideros rugosa; and
    (2) Elevations around 64 and 835 m (210 and 2,844 ft).
    Oahu A, I, and L, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(I), constitute critical habitat for Plantago princeps var. 
princeps on Oahu. Within these units, currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are the habitat components 
provided by:
    (1) Slopes or ledges in Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic 
forests or shrublands containing one or more of

[[Page 37269]]

the following associated native plant species: Lysimachia sp., 
Chamaesyce sp., Eragrostis sp., Pilea peploides, Artemisia australis, 
Viola sp., Dubautia plantaginea, or Bidens sp.; and
    (2) Elevations between 110 and 1,064 m (361 and 3,490 ft).

Family Poaceae: Cenchrus agrimonioides (kamanomano)

    Oahu A and I, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitute critical habitat for Cenchrus agrimonioides var. 
agrimonioides on Oahu. Within these units, currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are the habitat components 
provided by:
    (1) Dry ridges or upper slopes, or ridges in lowland mixed mesic 
forest containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Acacia koa, Metrosideros polymorpha, Alyxia oliviformis, 
Psydrax odorata, Diospyros sandwicensis, Carex wahuensis, Nestegis 
sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., Bobea sp., Chamaesyce multiformis, Gahnia 
beecheyi, Coprosma foliosa, Styphelia tameiameiae, or Eragrostis 
variabilis; and
    (2) Elevations between 357 and 890 m (1,171 and 2,919 ft).

Family Poaceae: Eragrostis fosbergii (NCN)

    Oahu A, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Eragrostis fosbergii on Oahu. Within 
this unit, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Ridge crests or moderate slopes in dry or mesic forests 
containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Chamaesyce sp., Alyxia oliviformis, Sphenomeris sp., 
Nephrolepis exaltata, Doodia sp., Bidens sp., Melicope sp., Acacia koa, 
Metrosideros polymorpha, Psydrax odorata, Dodonaea viscosa, or 
Eragrostis grandis; and
    (2) Elevations between 578 and 941 m (1,896 and 3,086 ft).

Family Primulaceae: Lysimachia filifolia (no common name)

    Oahu L, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Lysimachia filifolia on Oahu. Within 
this unit, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Mossy banks at the base of cliff faces within the spray zone of 
waterfalls or along streams in lowland wet forests containing one or 
more of the following associated native plant species: mosses, ferns, 
liverworts, or Pilea peploides; and
    (2) Elevations between 65 and 798 m (213 and 2,617 ft).

Family Rhamnaceae: Colubrina oppositifolia (kauila)

    Oahu A, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Colubrina oppositifolia on Oahu. 
Within this unit, currently known primary constituent elements of 
critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Lowland dry or mesic forests dominated by Diospyros 
sandwicensis containing one or more of the following associated native 
plant species: Alyxia oliviformis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Sapindus 
oahuensis, Psydrax odorata, or Reynoldsia sandwicensis; and
    (2) Elevations between 277 and 761 m (909 and 2,496 ft).

Family Rhamnaceae: Gouania meyenii (NCN)

    Oahu A, I, and X, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(I), constitute critical habitat for Gouania meyenii on Oahu. 
Within these units, currently known primary constituent elements of 
critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Moderate to steep slopes in dry shrubland or mesic lowland 
forest containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Diospyros sandwicensis, Charpentiera sp., Alyxia oliviformis, 
Pisonia sp., Hibiscus sp., Canavalia sp., Sophora chrysophylla, Sida 
fallax, Schiedea sp., Dubautia sherffiana, Psydrax odorata, Eragrostis 
sp., Dryopteris unidentata, Sapindus oahuensis, Myrsine sp., Dodonaea 
viscosa, Chamaesyce sp., Psychotria sp., Hedyotis sp., Melicope sp., 
Nestegis sandwicensis, Bidens sp., Carex meyenii, Diospyros sp., 
Lysimachia sp., or Senna gaudichaudii; and
    (2) Elevations between 323 to 1,006 m (1,059 to 3,300 ft).

Family Rhamnaceae: Gouania vitifolia (NCN)

    Oahu A, B, D, and P, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(I), constitute critical habitat for Gouania vitifolia on 
Oahu. Within these units, currently known primary constituent elements 
of critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Sides of ridges or gulches in dry to mesic forests containing 
one or more of the following associated native plant species: Erythrina 
sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Hibiscus arnottianus, Pipturis albidus, 
Urera glabra, Chamaesyce sp., Psychotria sp., Hedyotis sp., Melicope 
sp., Nestegia sandwicensis, Bidens sp., Carex meyenii, or Diospyros 
sandwicensis; and
    (2) Elevation between 39 to 978 m (128 to 3,208 ft).

Family Rubiaceae: Gardenia mannii (nanu)

    Oahu A, I, and L, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(I), constitute critical habitat for Gardenia mannii on Oahu. 
Within these units, currently known primary constituent elements of 
critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Moderate to moderately steep gulch slopes, ridge crests, gulch 
bottoms, and streambanks in mesic or wet forests containing one or more 
of the following associated native plant species Coprosma foliosa, 
Pisonia sp., Bobea sp., Syzygium sandwicensis, Melicope sp., 
Cheirodendron sp., Perotettia sp., Elaeocarpus sp., Cibotium sp., 
Thelypteris sp., Pipturus sp., Ilex anomala, Freycinetia arborea, 
Boehmeria grandis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Pouteria sandwicensis, 
Acacia koa, Dicranopteris linearis, Antidesma platyphyllum, Broussaisia 
arguta, Hedyotis acuminata, Alyxia oliviformis, or Psychotria 
mariniana; and
    (2) Elevations between 82 and 1,050 m (269 and 3,444 ft).

Family Rubiaceae: Hedyotis coriacea (kioele)

    Oahu I and L, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitute critical habitat for Hedyotis coriacea on Oahu. Within these 
units, currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat 
are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Steep, rocky, slopes in dry to mesic Dodonaea viscosa dominated 
shrublands or forests containing one or more of the following 
associated native plant species: Metrosideros polymorpha, Styphelia 
tameiameiae, or Alyxia oliviformis; and
    (2) Elevations between 57 and 836 m (187 and 2,742 ft).

Family Rubiaceae: Hedyotis degeneri (NCN)

    Oahu A, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Hedyotis degeneri on Oahu. Within this 
unit, currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat 
are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Ridge crests in diverse mesic forest containing one or more of 
the following associated native plant species Styphelia tameiameiae, 
Dicranopteris linearis, Wikstroemia oahuensis,

[[Page 37270]]

Dodonaea viscosa, Alyxia oliviformis, Diospyros sandwicensis, 
Psychotria hathewayi, Cocculus sp., Lysimachia hillebrandii, Chamaesyce 
multiformis, Lobelia yuccoides, Gahnia sp., Pleomele sp., Carex 
meyenii, Psydrax odorata, Metrosideros polymorpha, or Hedyotis 
terminalis; and
    (2) Elevations between 349 and 1,083 m (1,145 and 3,552 ft).

Family Rubiaceae: Hedyotis parvula (NCN)

    Oahu A and I, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitute critical habitat for Hedyotis parvula on Oahu. Within these 
units, currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat 
are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Cliff faces or their bases, rock outcrops, or ledges in mesic 
habitat containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Eragrostis sp., Carex sp., Rumex sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, 
Chamaesyce sp., Bidens sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Psydrax odorata, 
Metrosideros tremuloides, or Plectranthus parviflorus; and
    (2) Elevations between 331 and 1,160 m (1,086 and 3,805 ft).

Family Rutaceae: Melicope lydgatei (alani)

    Oahu L, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Melicope lydgatei on Oahu. Within this 
unit, currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat 
are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Ridges in mesic or wet forests containing one or more of the 
following associated native plant species: Acacia koa, Metrosideros 
polymorpha, Dicranopteris linearis, Psychotria sp., Syzygium 
sandwicensis, or Bobea elatior; and
    (2) Elevations between 349 and 671 m (1,145 and 2,201 ft).

Family Rutaceae: Melicope pallida (alani)

    Oahu A and I, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitute critical habitat for Melicope pallida on Oahu. Within these 
units, currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat 
are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Steep rock faces in lowland dry or mesic forests containing one 
or more of the following associated native plant species: Psychotria 
mariniana, Bobea elatior, Acacia koa, Cibotium sp., Wikstroemia 
oahuensis, Syzygium sandwicensis, Abutilon sandwicense, Alyxia 
oliviformis, Dryopteris sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, Pipturus albidus, 
Sapindus oahuensis, Tetraplasandra sp., or Xylosma hawaiiense; and
    (2) Elevations between 234 to 841 m (768 to 2,758 ft).

Family Rutaceae: Melicope saint-johnii (alani)

    Oahu I, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Melicope saint-johnii on Oahu. Within 
this unit, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Ridges or gulch bottoms in mesic forest containing one or more 
of the following associated native plant species: Artemisia australis, 
Eragrostis sp., Hedyotis schlechtendahliana, Lysimachia hillebrandii, 
Bidens torta, Alyxia oliviformis, Carex wahuensis, Panicum beechyi, 
Rumex albescens, Pittosporum sp., Pleomele halapepe, Pipturus albidus, 
Metrosideros polymorpha, Coprosma longifolia, Labordia kaalae, or 
Psychotria hathewayi; and
    (2) Elevations between 240 and 953 m (787 and 3,126 ft).

Family Sapindaceae: Alectryon macrococcus (mahoe)

    Oahu A and I, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitute critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus on Oahu. Within 
these units, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Slopes, ridges, or gulches within mesic lowland forests 
containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Pisonia sandwicensis, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Streblus 
pendulinus, Psychotria hathewayi, Pouteria sandwicensis, Pisonia 
umbellifera, Diplazium sandwichianum, Claoxylon sandwicense, Neraudia 
sp., Pipturus albidus, Diospyros hillebrandii, Charpentiera sp., 
Hibiscus arnottianus, Metrosideros polymorpha, Diospyros sandwicensis, 
Nestegis sandwicensis, Pisonia sp., Xylosma sp., Antidesma 
platyphyllum, Myrsine lanaiensis, Psydrax odorata, Canavalia sp., or 
Alyxia oliviformis; and
    (2) Elevations between 367 and 941 m (1,204 and 3,086 ft).

Family Solanaceae: Solanum sandwicense (aiakeaakua, popolo)

    Oahu A, I, and L, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(I), constitute critical habitat for Solanum sandwicense on 
Oahu. Within these units, currently known primary constituent elements 
of critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Talus slopes or streambeds in open, sunny areas containing one 
or more of the following associated native plant species: Pisonia sp. 
or Psychotria sp.; and
    (2) Elevations between 131 and 1,006 m (430 and 3,300 ft).

Family Urticaceae: Neraudia angulata (NCN)

    Oahu A and I, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitute critical habitat for Neraudia angulata var. angulata on 
Oahu. Within these units, currently known primary constituent elements 
of critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Slopes, ledges, or gulches in lowland mesic or dry forest 
containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Diospyros sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Bidens sp., Artemisia 
australis, Sida fallax, Carex meyenii, Psydrax odorata, Hibiscus sp., 
Pisonia sandwicensis, or Nestegis sandwicensis; and
    (2) Elevations between 189 and 978 m (620 and 3,208 ft).
    Oahu A, B, D, and I, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(I), constitute critical habitat for Neraudia angulata var. 
dentata on Oahu. Within these units, currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are the habitat components 
provided by:
    (1) Cliffs, rock embankments, gulches, or slopes in mesic or dry 
forests containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Diospyros sandwicensis, Diospyros hillebrandii, Dodonaea 
viscosa, Artemisia australis, Alyxia oliviformis, Sapindus oahuensis, 
Psydrax odorata, Pisonia sp., Antidesma pulvinatum, Nestegis 
sandwicensis, Myrsine lanaiensis, Hibiscus sp., Metrosideros 
polymorpha, Bidens torta, Canavalia sp., Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Carex 
sp., Charpentiera sp., Sida fallax, Streblus pendulinus, or Eragrostis 
sp.; and
    (2) Elevations between 110 and 978 m (361 and 3,208 ft).

Family Urticaceae: Urera kaalae (opuhe)

    Oahu A and I, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitute critical habitat for Urera kaalae on Oahu. Within these 
units, currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat 
are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Slopes or gulches in diverse mesic forest containing one or 
more of the following associated native plant species: Hibiscus sp., 
Alyxia oliviformis, Canavalia sp., Charpentiera sp., Senna

[[Page 37271]]

gaudichaudii, Claoxylon sandwicense, Pleomele sp., Xylosma hawaiiense, 
Chamaesyce sp., Antidesma platyphyllum, Athyrium sp., Streblus 
pendulinus, Hedyotis acuminata, Asplenium kaulfusii, Doryopteris sp., 
Pouteria sandwicensis, Claoxylon sandwicense, Freycinetia arborea, 
Pipturus albidus, Urera glabra, Psychotria sp., Diospyros hillebrandii, 
or Nestegis sandwicensis; and
    (2) Elevations between 439 and 1074 m (1,440 and 3,523 ft).

Family Violaceae: Isodendrion laurifolium (aupaka)

    Oahu A and L, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitute critical habitat for Isodendrion laurifolium on Oahu. Within 
these units, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Gulch slopes, ravines, or ridges in diverse mesic or dry forest 
dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha, Acacia koa, Eugenia 
reinwardtiana, or Diospyros sandwicensis containing one or more of the 
following associated native plant species: Nestegis sandwicensis, 
Hibiscus arnottianus, Alyxia oliviformis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, 
Psydrax odorata, Carex wahuensis, Charpentiera tomentosa, Doodia sp., 
Dryopteris unidentata, Sapindus sp., Antidesma pulvinatum, Smilax 
melastomifolia, Antidesma platyphyllum, Xylosma hawaiiense, Hedyotis 
terminalis, Pisonia sp., or Pouteria sandwicensis; and
    (2) Elevations between 90 and 959 m (295 and 3,146 ft).

Family Violaceae: Isodendrion longifolium (aupaka)

    Oahu A and L, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitute critical habitat for Isodendrion longifolium on Oahu. Within 
these units, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Steep slopes or stream banks in mixed mesic or lowland wet 
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis forest containing one or 
more of the following associated native plant species: Syzygium 
sandwicensis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Acacia koa, Psydrax odoratum, 
Alyxia oliviformis, Melicope sp., Pittosporum sp., Carex sp., 
Selaginella arbuscula, Isachne pallens, Bobea brevipes, Antidesma sp., 
Cyanea sp., Cyrtandra sp., Hedyotis terminalis, Peperomia sp., 
Perrottetia sandwicensis, or Psychotria sp; and
    (2) Elevations between 363 and 964 m (1,191 and 3,162 ft).

Family Violaceae: Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho kula)

    Oahu A, B, D, F, I, and P, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes critical habitat for Isodendrion pyrifolium 
on Oahu. Within these units, currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Bare rocky hills or wooded ravines in dry shrublands from 363 
to 964 m (1,191 to 3,162 ft.).

Family Violaceae: Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana (olopu)

    Oahu A, G, and I, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(I), constitute critical habitat for Viola chamissoniana ssp. 
chamissoniana on Oahu. Within these units, currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are the habitat components 
provided by:
    (1) Dry cliffs, rocky ledges, or steep slopes in mesic shrubland or 
cliff vegetation containing one or more of the following associated 
native plant species: Sida fallax, Chamaesyce sp., Dodonaea viscosa, 
Schiedea sp., Dubautia sp., Peperomia sp., Lipochaeta tenuis, Rumex 
sp., Artemisia australis, Bidens torta, Carex meyenii, Eragrostis sp., 
Metrosideros polymorpha, or Styphelia tameiameiae; and
    (2) Elevations between 414 and 1,149 m (1,358 and 3,769 ft).

Family Violaceae: Viola oahuensis (NCN)

    Oahu L, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Viola oahuensis on Oahu. Within this 
unit, currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat 
are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Exposed, windswept ridges of moderate to steep slope in wet 
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis shrublands or 
Metrosideros polymorpha mixed montane bogs in the cloud zone containing 
one or more of the following associated native plant species: 
Broussaisia arguta, Cibotium sp., Labordia sp., Dubautia laxa, 
Wikstroemia sp., Hedyotis terminalis, Antidesma sp., Syzygium 
sandwicensis, Melicope sp., Bidens macrocarpa, Machaerina sp., Sadleria 
sp., or Vaccinium sp.; and
    (2) Elevations between 415 and 959 m (1,361 and 3,146 ft).
    (B) Ferns and Allies.

Family Adiantaceae: Pteris lidgatei (NCN)

    Oahu L, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Pteris lidgatei on Oahu. Within this 
unit, currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat 
are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Steep stream banks or cliffs in wet Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis forest containing one or more of the following 
associated native plant species: Cyrtandra sp., Machaerina 
angustifolia, Selaginella arbuscula, Isachne pallens, Thelypteris 
sandwicensis, Diploterygium pinnatum, Sadleria sp., Broussaisia arguta, 
Cibotium chamissoi, Dicranopteris linearis, Elaphoglossum crassifolium 
, Sadleria squarrosa, Asplenium sp., Doodia lyonii, or Sphenomeris 
chusana; and
    (2) Elevations around 75 m (246 ft).

Family Aspleniaceae: Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa)

    Oahu A, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Ctenitis squamigera on Oahu. Within 
this unit, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Gentle to steep slopes in Metrosideros polymorpha-Diospyros 
sandwicensis mesic forest or diverse mesic forest containing one or 
more of the following associated native plant species: Alyxia 
oliviformis, Hibiscus sp., Diospyros hillebrandii, Nestegis 
sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata, Pouteria sandwicensis, Carex meyenii, 
Dodonaea viscosa, Freycinetia arborea, Pisonia sp., Dryopteris 
unidentata, Doodia kunthiana, Myrsine sp., Psychotria sp., or Xylosma 
sp.; and
    (2) Elevations between 387 to 923 m (1,269 to 3,027 ft).

Family Aspleniaceae: Diellia erecta (NCN)

    Oahu L, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Diellia erecta on Oahu. Within this 
unit, currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat 
are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Moderate to steep gulch slopes or sparsely vegetated rock faces 
in mesic forest containing one or more of the following associated 
native plant species: Sapindus oahuensis, Psydrax odorata, Coprosma 
sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Dryopteris unidentata, Myrsine sp., Psychotria 
sp., Syzygium sandwicensis, or Wikstroemia sp.; and
    (2) Elevations between 118 and 550 m (387 and 1,804 ft).

[[Page 37272]]

Family Aspleniaceae: Diellia falcata (NCN)

    Oahu A and I, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Diellia falcata on Oahu. Within these 
units, currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat 
are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Deep shade or open understory on moderate to moderately steep 
slopes and gulch bottoms in diverse mesic forest containing one or more 
of the following associated native plant species: Pisonia sandwicensis, 
Doodia kunthiana, Dryopteris unidentata, Antidesma sp., Nestegis 
sandwicensis, Alyxia oliviformis, Psydrax odorata, Pipturis sp., 
Metrosideros polymorpha, Freycinetia arborea, Athyrium sandwichianum, 
Dryopteris unidentata, Nephrolepis exaltata, Diospyros hillebrandii, 
Acacia koa, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Myrsine lanaiensis, Selaginella 
arbuscula, Carex meyenii, Sophora chrysophylla, Claoxylon sandwicense, 
Psychotria sp., Hibiscus sp., Xylosma sp., Melicope sp., Coprosma 
foliosa, Asplenium kaulfussii, Nothocestrum sp., Charpentiera sp., 
Hedyotis terminalis, Sapindus oahuensis, Diospyros sandwicensis, or 
Pouteria sandwicensis; and
    (2) Elevations between 224 and 953 m (735 and 3,126 ft).

Family Aspleniaceae: Diellia unisora (NCN)

    Oahu I, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Diellia unisora on Oahu. Within this 
unit, currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat 
are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Moderate to steep slopes or gulch bottoms in deep shade or open 
understory in mesic forest containing one or more of the following 
associated native plant species: Coprosma sp., Rumex sp., Antidesma 
sp., Psychotria sp., Carex meyenii, Dryopteris unidentata, Chamaesyce 
multiformis, Dodonaea viscosa, Bidens torta, Eragrostis grandis, 
Hedyotis terminalis, Alyxia oliviformis, Myrsine lessertiana, Hedyotis 
schlechtendahliana, Selaginella arbuscula, Acacia koa, or Metrosideros 
polymorpha; and
    (2) Elevations between 382 and 953 m (1,253 and 3,126 ft).

Family Aspleniaceae: Diplazium molokaiense (NCN)

    Oahu A, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Diplazium molokaiense on Oahu. Within 
this unit, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Steep rocky wooded gulch walls in wet forests; and
    (2) Elevations around 450 m (1,476 ft).

Family Grammitidaceae: Adenophorus periens (pendant kihi fern)

    Oahu L, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Adenophorus periens on Oahu. Within 
this unit, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Trees in Metrosideros polymorpha or Metrosideros rugosa wet 
forests containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Dicranopteris linearis, Cheirodendron spp., Machaerina 
angustifolia, Syzygium sanwicensis, Hedyotis terminalis, or Cibotium 
sp.; and
    (2) Elevations between 618 to 1,202 m (2,027 to 3,943 ft).

Family Lycopodiaceae: Phlegmariurus nutans (wawaeiole)

    Oahu L, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(I), 
constitutes critical habitat for Phlegmariurus nutans on Oahu. Within 
this unit, currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Tree trunks, open ridges, forested slopes, or cliffs in 
Metrosideros polymorpha dominated wet forests, cliffs, or shrublands or 
mesic forests containing one or more of the following associated native 
plant species: Machaerina angustifolia, Wikstroemia oahuensis, 
Antidesma platyphyllum, Syzygium sandwicensis, Elaphoglossum sp., 
Hibiscus sp., Psychotria mariniana, Cyrtandra laxiflora, Hedyotis 
terminalis, Broussaisia arguta, or Dicranopteris linearis; and
    (2) Elevations between 227 and 846 m (745 and 2,775).

Family Marsileaceae: Marsilea villosa (ihi ihi)

    Oahu J, K, W, and X, identified in the legal description in 
(a)(1)(i)(I), constitutes critical habitat for Marsilea villosa on 
Oahu. Within these units, currently known primary constituent elements 
of critical habitat are the habitat components provided by:
    (1) Cinder craters, vernal pools surrounded by lowland dry forest 
vegetation, mud flats, or lowland grasslands containing Sida fallax; 
and
    (2) Elevations between 424 and 1,032 m (1,391 and 3,385 ft).

    Dated: May 2, 2002.
Craig Manson,
Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks.
[FR Doc. 02-11348 Filed 5-24-02; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P