[Federal Register Volume 67, Number 68 (Tuesday, April 9, 2002)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 16997-17007]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 02-8303]


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DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

Department of the Air Force

32 CFR Part 935

RIN 0701-AA65


Wake Island Code

AGENCY: Department of the Air Force, DoD.

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: The Department of the Air Force has revised its regulations 
dealing with the Wake Island Code to reflect current and anticipated 
use. This was necessary because in 1994 the Air Force terminated 
operations on the island and removed its personnel. The small number of 
personnel currently on the island work for the Department of the Army 
or its contractors and it is not anticipated that Wake Island will 
again host a permanent population.

EFFECTIVE DATE: April 10, 2002.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Mr. Philip Sheuerman, Associate 
General Counsel, Department of the Air Force, SAF/GCN, Room 4C921, 1740 
Air Force Pentagon, Washington, DC 20330-1740, (703-695-4691).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The Department of the Air Force has 
determined that this rule is not a major rule because it will not have 
an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more. The Secretary 
of the Air Force has certified that this rule is exempt from the 
requirements of the Regulatory Flexibility Act, 5 U.S.C. 601-612, 
because this rule does not have a significant economic impact on small 
entities as defined by the Act, and does not impose any obligatory 
information requirements beyond internal Air Force use. The Department 
of the Air Force proposed a revised Wake Island Code, consisting of 
Part 935 of Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations, in the Federal 
Register on October 25, 2000 (65 FR 63826).

Comments on Proposed Rule 32 CFR Part 935

    Comments were received from only one source, the U.S. Army Space 
and Missile Defense Command.
    Comment: ``As the current operator of Wake Island, at least in the 
short term, SMDC and its employees and contractors are likely to be the 
parties most affected by these revisions. As a general matter, it is 
not evident that the current operating arrangement or makeup of the 
workforce (mostly foreign nationals) was considered in the current 
revisions. For example, the permitting authority in Sec. 935.11, and 
other functions, powers, and duties of the Commander of Wake Island in 
Sec. 935.12, do not appear to consider the contractual relationship 
between the Army and its operating contractor on Wake Island, which 
requires the contractor to perform many of these functions. In 
addition, the provisions relating to the jurisdiction and procedures 
for the judiciary appear to be more appropriate for an active base with 
a substantial American population than for the current operational 
situation on Wake Island.''
    Response: Many of the comments received from the U.S. Army Space 
and Missile Defense Command were based on the supposition that the Army 
would continue to be the primary presence on the island. That is no 
longer the case. The Air Force plans to resume responsibility for host 
management of the island at the beginning of fiscal year 2002. The Air 
Force has responsibility to provide the necessary level of civil 
administration for Wake Island considering all probable situations. 
That includes the possibility that it may return to an active or semi-
active status. It is entirely appropriate for the Code to have 
provisions that contemplate a larger population than currently present 
or one made up of American nationals. To the extent that an Army 
contractor is exercising authorities covered by the Code that have not 
been delegated to it by the Air Force Commander, the contractor is 
acting without authority. No change will be made in response to this 
comment.
    Comment: ``The summary of the proposed rule states that one of its 
major purposes is to ``provide for civil government not otherwise 
provided by law''. However, Section 644a of Title 48 of the U.S. Code 
extended the jurisdiction of the U.S. District Court for the District 
of Hawaii to ``all civil and criminal cases arising on or within * * * 
Wake Island. * * * '' It is not clear how the judicial authority of the 
Wake Island Court relates to the authority of the U.S. District Court 
for the District of Hawaii.''
    Response: The Code has provided for over a quarter century and will 
continue to provide a civil government not otherwise provided by law. 
This includes those matters such as traffic laws and other general 
police powers not included in general federal law. It is clear that the 
authority of the Wake Island Court is subordinate to that of the U.S. 
District Court. No change will be made in response to this comment.
    Comment: ``Section 935.13--Revocation or suspension of permits and 
registrations. The provision for a personal hearing before the 
Commander within 30 days could be difficult to implement from this 
remote location. Substantial travel by the petitioner or the presence 
on Wake Island of an Air Force commissioned officer with the 
Commander's delegated authority would be required to implement the 
provision.''
    Response: Under current circumstances, a personal hearing could 
pose a difficulty if the Island Commander were not present on the 
island and the applicant wanted to make a personal appearance. However, 
a personal appearance is not required for such a hearing and the 
applicant is within his rights to waive a personal appearance. Since 
the alternative is to grant no right of appeal to a revocation or 
suspension of a permit, the current provision is appropriate for the 
circumstances. There is no known instance of any applicant for a permit 
or registration having been unduly burdened by this provision. No 
change will be made in response to this comment.
    Comment: ``Section 935.14--Autopsies. This provision assumes that 
the Wake Island medical officer or someone under his supervision would 
be qualified to perform autopsies. This may not be a correct 
assumption.''
    Response: This provision makes no such assumption. Autopsies can 
only be performed by a medical officer or a person under his 
supervision upon authorization of the Island Commander or a Judge of 
the Wake Island Court. The authorizing official would have to determine 
that the medical officer or other person were qualified to perform an 
autopsy prior to granting

[[Page 16998]]

authorization. No change will be made in response to this comment.
    Comment: ``Section 935.15--Notaries Public. The purpose of the 
$50.00 fee for a person applying for commission as a notary public is 
not evident. The presence of a notary on Wake Island should be viewed 
as a public service. The fee could remove the incentive to become a 
notary public.''
    Response: Since there is no prohibition of a person commissioned as 
a notary public from charging for his services, an appropriate fee to 
defray the costs of the United States in granting the commission is 
entirely appropriate. No change will be made in response to this 
comment.
    Comment: ``Section 935.40--Criminal Offenses. (1) The use of the 
term ``assignation'' in subsection (c) may not be understood by many to 
whom it could apply. Recommend a more generally understood term to 
avoid ambiguity. (2) The prohibition in subsection (h) prohibiting 
entry upon areas ``immediately adjacent to'' assigned residential 
quarters without permission of the occupant is also subject to 
ambiguous interpretation. Recommend this language be clarified to 
reflect the actual residential situation on Wake Island. (3) The 
prohibition in subsection (j) against committing ``any act of 
nuisance'' under the listing of criminal offenses appears overbroad and 
difficult to enforce. Nuisance is normally not criminalized but is 
handled under the civil law of the respective jurisdiction. (4) The 
prohibition in subsection (n) against loitering also appears overbroad 
and difficult to enforce. The need for this provision is not evident, 
and the terms ``without any lawful purpose'' and ``late and unusual 
hours of the night'' are ambiguous. What is the Air Force experience 
with this provision on other AF bases?''
    Response: These provisions have been in place since 1972 without 
change. They apply to the peculiar circumstances of Wake Island. There 
is no known instance of difficulty in applying them. Since the Air 
Force does not have civil administrative authority over its other 
installations, it has no experience elsewhere to compare this to. No 
change will be made in response to this comment.
    Comment: ``(5) SMDC objects to the prohibition in subsection 
935.40(v) against importing onto or keeping on Wake Island non-
indigenous animals (pets). This is not a restriction under the current 
operating arrangement, and there are believed to be less restrictive 
ways to achieve the Air Force objectives (such as a requirement that 
pets be neutered).''
    Response: The goal of this change is to reduce the already existing 
problem of non-indigenous animals being allowed to breed into feral 
populations, thereby endangering the indigenous wildlife populations. 
The alternative to a ban is to institute a cumbersome and expensive 
program to quarantine animals and require inspections. Such a program 
would create a burdensome expense and consumption of resources for the 
Air Force. Since there is no current authority for the personnel now on 
Wake Island to maintain such non-indigenous animals, this provision 
should pose no problem for them. Were they to have such animals there 
now, they would be in violation of the permit allowing their presence 
on the island. No change will be made in response to this comment.
    Comment: ``Section 935.65(a)--Jurisdiction. This provision appears 
to give the Wake Island Court jurisdiction over ``civil actions'' 
equivalent to a small claims court. However, there does not appear to 
be a requirement that the claim have arisen on Wake Island or that the 
parties be resident on Wake Island. Without such a limitation, there 
could be numerous problems concerning the applicable law and the 
enforceability of the court's decrees. In addition, it is not apparent 
how vesting jurisdiction over civil actions in the Wake Island Court is 
superior to relying on the U.S. District Court in Hawaii to adjudicate 
these issues.''
    Response: Since the Wake Island Court can only exercise its 
authority in relation to matters under this part, its jurisdiction is 
necessarily limited to actions on Wake Island or its appurtenant waters 
since this part is only applicable to those areas. Since there has 
never before been a problem in this regard, there is no compelling 
reason to transfer jurisdiction to the U.S. District Court, even 
assuming it could assume that jurisdiction. No change will be made in 
response to this comment.
    Comment: ``Section 935.80--Subpoenas. The requirement of subsection 
(d) for collection of a witness fee for each subpoena requested by a 
party other than the United States could have a chilling effect on a 
defendant's right to conduct a defense against criminal charges brought 
under the Wake Island Code. It is not clear whether this requirement 
would apply to civil actions. If so, the chilling effect would also be 
present in civil actions tried by the Wake Island Court.''
    Response: Arguably, all fees have a chilling effect on the person 
desiring to take action. Nevertheless, it is widely accepted that the 
Government may charge fees, including fees to defray the cost of 
judicial services. No change will be made in response to this comment.
    Comment: ``Section 935.97--Garnishment. Is there precedent or 
authority for the judgment of a court with the limited jurisdiction of 
the Wake Island Court being honored by other jurisdictions, so as to 
make this provision effective in carrying out garnishments?''
    Response: The authority of the Wake Island Court is founded in 
federal law. Since all courts have limitations on their jurisdiction, 
that alone cannot be considered as defeating the authority to garnish 
wages. No change will be made in response to this comment.
    Comment: ``Sections 935.120 and 935.121--Authority and 
Qualifications of peace officers, respectively. In discussions with 
both the Marshals Service and U.S. Attorney's Office in Hawaii in March 
of 1996, the undersigned learned that a procedure for deputizing 
individuals at Wake Island could be implemented. This would enable U.S. 
citizens (including contractors) to perform these functions. We 
recommend that further consideration be given to this option as a way 
to perform peace officer functions on Wake Island, either to augment or 
substitute for the peace officers to be appointed by the provisions in 
the proposed rule.''
    Response: The authority to perform the functions of a peace officer 
under the Code flows from a delegation by either the Code or the Island 
Commander. The Code does not address the authority of U.S. Marshals to 
enforce the laws of the United States within the territory of the 
United States. Since the Air Force does not currently have any 
permanent party personnel on Wake Island and exercises no control over 
the Army's contractor personnel, it is not inclined to consent to the 
deputization of such contractor personnel to enforce laws on Wake 
Island. Such a deputization would detract from the authority of the 
Island Commander to maintain order and control on the island. No change 
will be made in response to this comment.
    Comment: ``Section 935.139--Motor vehicle operator qualifications. 
The benefit of the Commander issuing vehicle operator's permits, 
instead of having this function performed under the operating contract, 
is not clear.''
    Response: Control of motor vehicle operations on Air Force 
installations is within the authority of the installation commander. It 
is not delegated to contractor personnel, and certainly not contractor 
personnel of another agency

[[Page 16999]]

over which the Air Force exercises no control. No change will be made 
in response to this comment.
    Comment: ``Section 935.140--Motor vehicle maintenance and 
equipment. This function is encompassed in the operating contract at 
Wake Island. There does not appear to be a benefit from having the 
function under the direction of the Commander. This comment also 
applies to Sections 935.150 and 935.151, and some of the provisions in 
935.152.''
    Response: As noted above, the authority to regulate activities on 
Wake Island is in the hands of the Island Commander, not an Army 
contractor. The Army cannot delegate authority it does not have. No 
change will be made in response to this comment.

List of Subjects in 32 CFR Part 935

    Courts, Law enforcement, Military law, Motor vehicles, Penalties, 
Safety, Wake Island.


    For the reasons set forth in the preamble, the Department of the 
Air Force is revising 32 CFR Part 935 to read as follows:

PART 935--WAKE ISLAND CODE

Subpart A--General
Sec.
935.1   Applicability.
935.2   Purpose.
935.3   Definitions.
935.4   Effective date.
Subpart B--Civil Administration Authority
935.10   Designation and delegation of authority.
935.11   Permits.
935.12   Functions, powers, and duties.
935.13   Revocation or suspension of permits and registrations.
935.14   Autopsies.
935.15   Notaries public.
935.16   Emergency authority.
Subpart C--Civil Law
935.20   Applicable law.
935.21   Civil rights, powers, and duties.
Subpart D--Criminal Law
935.30   General.
Subpart E--Petty Offenses
935.40   Criminal offenses.
Subpart F--Penalties
935.50   Petty offenses.
935.51   Motor vehicle violations.
935.52   Violations of Subpart O or P of this part.
935.53   Contempt.
Subpart G--Judiciary
935.60   Wake Island Judicial Authority
935.61   Wake Island Court.
935.62   Island Attorney.
935.63   Public Defender.
935.64   Clerk of the Court.
935.65   Jurisdiction.
935.66   Court of Appeals.
935.67   Clerk of the Court of Appeals.
935.68   Jurisdiction of the Court of Appeals.
935.69   Qualifications and admission to practice.
Subpart H--Statute of Limitations
935.70   Limitation of actions.
Subpart I--Subpoenas, Wake Island Court
935.80   Subpoenas.
Subpart J--Civil Actions
935.90   General.
935.91   Summons.
935.92   Service of complaint.
935.93   Delivery of summons to plaintiff.
935.94   Answer.
935.95   Proceedings; record; judgment.
935.96   Execution of judgment.
935.97   Garnishment.
Subpart K--Criminal Actions
935.100   Bail.
935.101   Seizure of property.
935.102   Information.
935.103   Motions and pleas.
935.104   Sentence after a plea of guilty.
935.105   Trial.
Subpart L--Appeals and New Trials
935.110   Appeals.
935.111   New trial.
Subpart M--Peace Officers
935.120   Authority.
935.121   Qualifications of peace officers.
935.122   Arrests.
935.123   Warrants.
935.124   Release from custody.
935.125   Citation in place of arrest.
Subpart N--Motor Vehicle Code
935.130   Applicability.
935.131   Right-hand side of the road.
935.132   Speed limits.
935.133   Right-of-way.
935.134   Arm signals.
935.135   Turns.
935.136   General operating rules.
935.137   Operating requirements.
935.138   Motor bus operation.
935.139   Motor vehicle operator qualifications.
935.140   Motor vehicle maintenance and equipment.
Subpart O--Registration and Island Permits
935.150   Registration.
935.151   Island permit for boat or vehicle.
935.152   Activities for which permit is required.
Subpart P--Public Safety
935.160   Emergency requirements and restrictions.
935.161   Fire hazards.
935.162   Use of special areas.
935.163   Unexploded ordnance material.
935.164   Boat operations.
935.165   Floating objects.

    Authority: Sec. 48, Pub. L. 86-624, 74 Stat. 424; E.O. 11048, 
Sept. 1, 1962, 27 FR 8851, 3 CFR, 1959-1963 Comp., p. 632; agreement 
between the Department of Interior and Department of the Air Force, 
dated 19 June 1972, 37 FR 12255; and Secretary of the Air Force 
Order 111.1, dated 26 April 1999.

Subpart A--General


Sec. 935.1  Applicability.

    (a) The local civil and criminal laws of Wake Island consist of 
this part and applicable provisions of the laws of the United States.
    (b) For the purposes of this part, Wake Island includes Wake, 
Peale, and Wilkes Islands, and the appurtenant reefs, shoals, shores, 
bays, lagoons, keys, territorial waters, and superadjacent airspace of 
them.


Sec. 935.2  Purpose.

    The purpose of this part is to provide--
    (a) For the civil administration of Wake Island;
    (b) Civil laws for Wake Island not otherwise provided for;
    (c) Criminal laws for Wake Island not otherwise provided for; and
    (d) A judicial system for Wake Island not otherwise provided for.


Sec. 935.3  Definitions.

    In this part--
    (a) General Counsel means the General Counsel of the Air Force or 
his successor in office.
    (b) Commander means the Commander, Wake Island.
    (c) Commander, Wake Island means the Commander of Pacific Air 
Forces or such subordinate commissioned officer of the Air Force to 
whom he may delegate his authority under this part.
    (d) He or his includes both the masculine and feminine genders, 
unless the context implies otherwise.
    (e) Judge includes Judges of the Wake Island Court and Court of 
Appeals.


Sec. 935.4  Effective date.

    This part was originally applicable at 0000 June 25, 1972. 
Amendments to this part apply April 10, 2002.

Subpart B--Civil Administration Authority


Sec. 935.10  Designation and delegation of authority.

    (a) The civil administration authority at Wake Island is vested in 
the Secretary of the Air Force. That authority has been delegated to 
the General Counsel of the Air Force with authority to redelegate all 
or any part of his functions, powers, and duties under this part to 
such officers and employees of the Air Force as he may designate, but 
excluding redelegation of the power to promulgate, amend, or repeal 
this part, or any part thereof. Such redelegation must be in writing 
and must be in accordance with

[[Page 17000]]

any applicable Secretary of the Air Force Orders. Such redelegation may 
be further redelegated subject to such restrictions as the delegating 
authority may impose. A redelegation may also be made to a commissioned 
officer serving in another United States military service who exercises 
military command, but such redelegation must explicitly and 
specifically list the powers redelegated and shall not include the 
power or authority to issue permits, licenses, or other outgrants 
unless individually approved by the Air Force official who made the 
redelegation. The Commander is the agent of the Secretary, his delegate 
and designee when carrying out any function, power, or duty assigned 
under this part.
    (b) The authority of the General Counsel to appoint Judges shall 
not be delegated.
    (c) Judges and officers of the court may not redelegate their 
powers or authorities except as specifically noted in this part.


Sec. 935.11  Permits.

    (a) Permits in effect on the dates specified in Sec. 935.4 continue 
in effect until revoked or rescinded by the Commander. Permits issued 
by the Commander shall conform to the requirements of Air Force 
Instruction 32-9003 (Available from the National Technical Information 
Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.). No permit or 
registration shall be issued under other authority that is inconsistent 
with this part. The Commander may issue island permits or registration 
for--
    (1) Businesses, including any trade, profession, calling, or 
occupation, and any establishment where food or beverages are prepared, 
offered, or sold for human consumption.
    (2) Self-propelled motor vehicles, except aircraft, including 
attached trailers.
    (3) Vehicle operators.
    (4) Boats.
    (5) Food handlers.
    (6) Drugs, narcotics, and poisons.
    (7) Construction.
    (8) Burials.
    (b) To the extent it is not inconsistent with this part, any permit 
or registration issued pursuant to Air Force directives or instructions 
as applicable to Wake Island shall constitute a permit or registration 
under this section, and no other permit or registration shall be 
required.


Sec. 935.12  Functions, powers, and duties.

    The Commander may--
    (a) Appoint Peace Officers;
    (b) Direct the abatement of any public nuisance upon failure of any 
person to comply with a notice of removal;
    (c) Direct sanitation and fire prevention inspections;
    (d) Establish records of vital statistics;
    (e) Direct the registration and inspections of motor vehicles, 
boats, and aircraft;
    (f) Impose quarantines;
    (g) Direct the impoundment and destruction of unsanitary food, 
fish, or beverages;
    (h) Direct the evacuation of any person from a hazardous area;
    (i) Commission notaries public;
    (j) Establish and maintain a facility for the restraint or 
confinement of persons and provide for their care;
    (k) Direct the removal of any person from Wake Island and prohibit 
his future presence on the island;
    (l) Issue traffic regulations that are not inconsistent with this 
part, and post traffic signs;
    (m) Prohibit the posting, distribution, or public display of 
advertisements, signs, circulars, petitions, or similar materials, 
soliciting, picketing, or parading in any public place or area if he 
determines it would interfere with public business or endanger the 
health and safety of persons and property on Wake Island;
    (n) Perform or direct any other acts, not inconsistent with this 
part or applicable laws and regulations, if he considers it necessary 
for protection of the health or safety of persons and property on Wake 
Island; and
    (o) Issue any order or notice necessary to implement this section. 
Any order or notice issued pursuant to Air Force directives and 
instructions as applicable to Wake Island shall constitute an order or 
notice issued pursuant to this section.


Sec. 935.13  Revocation or suspension of permits and registrations.

    (a) The Commander may revoke or suspend any island permit or 
registration for cause, with or without notice.
    (b) The holder of any revoked or suspended permit or registration 
may demand a personal hearing before the Commander within 30 days after 
the effective date of the revocation or suspension.
    (c) If a hearing is demanded, it shall be granted by the Commander 
within 30 days of the date of demand. The applicant may appear in 
person and present such documentary evidence as is pertinent. The 
Commander shall render a decision, in writing, setting forth his 
reasons, within 30 days thereafter.
    (d) If a hearing is not granted within 30 days, a written decision 
is not rendered within 30 days after a hearing, or the applicant 
desires to appeal a decision, he may, within 30 days after the latest 
of any of the foregoing dates appeal in writing to the General Counsel, 
whose decision shall be final.


Sec. 935.14  Autopsies.

    The medical officer on Wake Island, or any other qualified person 
under his supervision, may perform autopsies upon authorization of the 
Commander or a Judge of the Wake Island Court.


Sec. 935.15  Notaries public.

    (a) To the extent he considers there to be a need for such 
services, the Commander may commission one or more residents of Wake 
Island as notaries public. The Commander of Pacific Air Forces may not 
redelegate this authority.
    (b) A person applying for commission as a notary public must be a 
citizen of the United States and shall file an application, together 
with evidence of good character and a proposed seal in such form as the 
Commander requires, with a fee of $50 which shall be deposited in the 
Treasury as a miscellaneous receipt.
    (c) Upon determining there to be a need for such a service and 
after such investigation as he considers necessary, the Commander may 
commission an applicant as a notary public. Commissions shall expire 3 
years after the date thereof, and may be renewed upon application upon 
payment of a fee of $25.
    (d) Judges and the Clerk of the Wake Island Court and the Island 
Attorney shall have the general powers of a notary public.


Sec. 935.16  Emergency authority.

    During the imminence and duration of any emergency declared by him, 
the Commander may perform or direct any acts necessary to protect life 
and property.

Subpart C--Civil Law


Sec. 935.20  Applicable law.

    Civil acts and deeds taking place on Wake Island shall be 
determined and adjudicated as provided in this part; and otherwise, as 
provided in the Act of June 15, 1950 (64 Stat. 217) (48 U.S.C. 644a), 
according to the laws of the United States relating to such an act or 
deed taking place on the high seas on board a merchant vessel or other 
vessel belonging to the United States.


Sec. 935.21  Civil rights, powers, and duties.

    In any case in which the civil rights, powers, and duties of any 
person on Wake Island are not otherwise

[[Page 17001]]

prescribed by the laws of the United States or this part, the civil 
rights, powers, and duties as they obtain under the laws of the State 
of Hawaii will apply to persons on Wake Island.

Subpart D--Criminal Law


Sec. 935.30  General.

    In addition to any act made criminal in this part, any act 
committed on Wake Island that would be criminal if committed on board a 
merchant vessel or other vessel belonging to the United States is a 
criminal offense and shall be adjudged and punished according to the 
laws applicable on board those vessels on the high seas.

Subpart E--Petty Offenses


Sec. 935.40  Criminal offenses.

    No person may on Wake Island--
    (a) Sell or give an alcoholic beverage manufactured for consumption 
(including beer, ale, or wine) to any person who is not at least 21 
years of age;
    (b) Procure for, engage in, aid or abet in, or solicit for 
prostitution;
    (c) Use any building, structure, vehicle, or public lands for the 
purpose of lewdness, assignation, or prostitution;
    (d) Possess or display (publicly or privately) any pornographic 
literature, film, device, or any matter containing obscene language, 
that tends to corrupt morals;
    (e) Make any obscene or indecent exposure of his person;
    (f) Commit any disorderly, obscene, or indecent act;
    (g) Commit any act of voyeurism (Peeping Tom);
    (h) Enter upon any assigned residential quarters or areas 
immediately adjacent thereto, without permission of the assigned 
occupant;
    (i) Discard or place any paper, debris, refuse, garbage, litter, 
bottle, can, human or animal waste, trash, or junk in any public place, 
except into a receptacle or place designated or used for that purpose;
    (j) Commit any act of nuisance;
    (k) With intent to provoke a breach of the peace or under such 
circumstances that a breach of the peace may be occasioned thereby, act 
in such a manner as to annoy, disturb, interfere with, obstruct, or be 
offensive to any other person;
    (l) Be drunk in any public place;
    (m) Use any profane or vulgar language in a public place;
    (n) Loiter or roam about Wake Island, without any lawful purpose, 
at late and unusual hours of the night;
    (o) Lodge or sleep in any place without the consent of the person 
in legal possession of that place;
    (p) Grossly waste any potable water;
    (q) Being a male, knowingly enter any area, building, or quarters 
reserved for women, except in accordance with established visiting 
procedures;
    (r) Smoke or ignite any fire in any designated and posted ``No 
Smoking'' area, or in the immediate proximity of any aircraft or 
fueling pit;
    (s) Enter any airplane parking area or ramp, unless he is on duty 
therein, is a passenger under appropriate supervision, or is authorized 
by the Commander to enter that place;
    (t) Interfere or tamper with any aircraft or servicing equipment or 
facility, or put in motion the engine of any aircraft without the 
permission of its operator;
    (u) Post, distribute, or publicly display advertisements, signs, 
circulars, petitions, or similar materials, or solicit, picket, or 
parade in any public place or area where prohibited by the Commander 
pursuant to Sec. 935.12;
    (v) Import onto or keep on Wake Island any plant or animal not 
indigenous to the island, other than military working dogs or a guide 
dog for the blind or visually-impaired accompanying its owner; or
    (w) Import or bring onto or possess while on Wake Island any 
firearm, whether operated by air, gas, spring, or otherwise, or 
explosive device, including fireworks, unless owned by the United 
States.

Subpart F--Penalties


Sec. 935.50  Petty offenses.

    Whoever is found guilty of a violation of any provision of subpart 
E of this part is subject to a fine of not more than $500 or 
imprisonment of not more than 6 months, or both.


Sec. 935.51  Motor vehicle violations.

    Whoever is found guilty of a violation of subpart N of this part is 
subject to a fine of not more than $100, imprisonment of not more than 
30 days, or suspension or revocation of his motor vehicle operator's 
permit, or any combination or all of these punishments.


Sec. 935.52  Violations of Subpart O or P of this part.

    (a) Whoever is found guilty of a violation of subpart O or P of 
this part is subject to a fine of not more than $100, or imprisonment 
of not more than 30 days, or both.
    (b) The penalties prescribed in paragraph (a) of this section are 
in addition to and do not take the place of any criminal penalty 
otherwise applicable and currently provided by the laws of the United 
States.


Sec. 935.53  Contempt.

    A Judge may, in any civil or criminal case or proceeding, punish 
any person for disobedience of any order of the Court, or for any 
contempt committed in the presence of the Court, by a fine of not more 
than $100, or imprisonment of not more than 30 days, or both.

Subpart G--Judiciary


Sec. 935.60  Wake Island Judicial Authority.

    (a) The judicial authority under this part is vested in the Wake 
Island Court and the Wake Island Court of Appeals.
    (b) The Wake Island Court and the Wake Island Court of Appeals 
shall each have a seal approved by the General Counsel.
    (c) Judges and Clerks of the Courts may administer oaths.


Sec. 935.61  Wake Island Court.

    (a) The trial judicial authority for Wake Island is vested in the 
Wake Island Court.
    (b) The Wake Island Court consists of one or more Judges, appointed 
by the General Counsel as needed. The term of a Judge shall be for one 
year, but he may be re-appointed. When the Wake Island Court consists 
of more than one Judge, the General Counsel shall designate one of the 
Judges as the Chief Judge who will assign matters to Judges, determine 
when the Court will sit individually or en banc, and prescribe rules of 
the Court not otherwise provided for in this Code. If there is only one 
Judge appointed, that Judge shall be the Chief Judge.
    (c) Sessions of the Court are held on Wake Island or Hawaii at 
times and places designated by the Chief Judge.


Sec. 935.62  Island Attorney.

    There is an Island Attorney, appointed by the General Counsel as 
needed. The Island Attorney shall serve at the pleasure of the General 
Counsel. The Island Attorney represents the United States in the Wake 
Island Court and in the Wake Island Court of Appeals.


Sec. 935.63  Public Defender.

    There is a Public Defender, appointed by the General Counsel as 
needed. The Public Defender shall serve at the pleasure of the General 
Counsel. The Public Defender represents any person charged with an 
offense under this part who requests representation and who is not able 
to afford his own legal representation.

[[Page 17002]]

Sec. 935.64  Clerk of the Court.

    There is a Clerk of the Court, who is appointed by the Chief Judge. 
The Clerk shall serve at the pleasure of the Chief Judge. The Clerk 
maintains a public docket containing such information as the Chief 
Judge may prescribe, administers oaths, and performs such other duties 
as the Court may direct. The Clerk is an officer of the Court.


Sec. 935.65  Jurisdiction.

    (a) The Wake Island Court has jurisdiction over all offenses under 
this part and all actions of a civil nature, cognizable at law or in 
equity, where the amount in issue is not more than $1,000, exclusive of 
interests and costs, but not including changes of name or domestic 
relations matters.
    (b) The United States is not subject to suit in the Court.
    (c) The United States may intervene in any matter in which the 
Island Attorney determines it has an interest.


Sec. 935.66  Court of Appeals.

    (a) The appellate judicial authority for Wake Island is vested in 
the Wake Island Court of Appeals.
    (b) The Wake Island Court of Appeals consists of a Chief Judge and 
two Associate Judges, appointed by the General Counsel as needed. The 
term of a judge shall be for one year, but he may be reappointed. The 
Chief Judge assigns matters to Judges, determines whether the Court 
sits individually or en banc, and prescribes rules of the Court not 
otherwise provided for in this part.
    (c) Sessions of the Court of Appeals are held in the National 
Capital Region at times and places designated by the Chief Judge. The 
Court may also hold sessions at Wake Island or in Hawaii.
    (d) A quorum of the Court of Appeals will consist of one Judge when 
sitting individually and three Judges when sitting en banc.
    (e) The address of the Court of Appeals is--Wake Island Court of 
Appeals, SAF/GC, Room 4E856, 1740 Air Force Pentagon, Washington, D.C. 
20330-1740.


Sec. 935.67  Clerk of the Court of Appeals.

    There is a Clerk of the Court of Appeals, who is appointed by the 
Chief Judge. The Clerk serves at the pleasure of the Chief Judge. The 
Clerk maintains a public docket containing such information as the 
Chief Judge may prescribe, administers oaths, and performs such other 
duties as the Court directs. The Clerk is an officer of the Court.


Sec. 935.68  Jurisdiction of the Court of Appeals.

    The Court of Appeals has jurisdiction over all appeals from the 
Wake Island Court.


Sec. 935.69  Qualifications and admission to practice.

    (a) No person may be appointed a Judge, Island Attorney, or Public 
Defender under this part who is not a member of the bar of a State, 
Commonwealth, or Territory of the United States or of the District of 
Columbia.
    (b) Any person, other than an officer or employee of the Department 
of the Air Force, appointed as a Judge, Island Attorney, Public 
Defender, or to any other office under this part shall, prior to 
entering upon the duties of that office, take an oath, prescribed by 
the General Counsel, to preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution 
of the United States. Such oath may be administered by any officer or 
employee of the Department of the Air Force.
    (c) Civilian officers and employees of the Department of the Air 
Force may be appointed as a Judge, Island Attorney, Public Defender, or 
Clerk, as an additional duty and to serve without additional 
compensation. Officers and employees of the Department of the Air 
Force, both civilian and military, who serve in positions designated as 
providing legal services to the Department and who are admitted to 
practice law in an active status before the highest court of a State, 
Commonwealth, or territory of the United States, or of the District of 
Columbia, and are in good standing therewith, are admitted to the Bar 
of the Wake Island Court and the Wake Island Court of Appeals.
    (d) No person may practice law before the Wake Island Court or the 
Wake Island Court of Appeals who is not admitted to Bar of those 
courts. Any person admitted to practice law in an active status before 
the highest court of a State, Commonwealth, or territory of the United 
States, or of the District of Columbia, and in good standing therewith, 
may be admitted to the Bar of the Wake Island Court and the Wake Island 
Court of Appeals. Upon request of the applicant, the Court, on its own 
motion, may grant admission. A grant of admission by either court 
constitutes admission to practice before both courts.

Subpart H--Statute of Limitations


Sec. 935.70  Limitation of actions.

    (a) No civil action may be filed more than 1 year after the cause 
of action arose.
    (b) No person is liable to be tried under this part for any offense 
if the offense was committed more than 1 year before the date the 
information or citation is filed with the Clerk of the Wake Island 
Court.

Subpart I--Subpoenas, Wake Island Court


Sec. 935.80  Subpoenas.

    (a) A Judge or the Clerk of the Court shall issue subpoenas for the 
attendance of witnesses. The subpoena must include the name of the 
Court and the title, if any, of the proceeding; and shall command each 
person to whom it is directed to attend and give testimony at the time 
and place specified therein. The Clerk may issue a subpoena for a party 
requesting it, setting forth the name of the witness subpoenaed.
    (b) A Judge or the Clerk may also issue a subpoena commanding the 
person to whom it is directed to produce the books, papers, documents, 
or other objects designated therein. The Court may direct that books, 
papers, documents, or other objects designated in the subpoena be 
produced before the Court at a time before the trial or before the time 
when they are to be offered into evidence. It may, upon their 
production, allow the books, papers, documents, or objects or portions 
thereof to be inspected by the parties and their representatives.
    (c) Any peace officer or any other person who is not a party and 
who is at least 18 years of age may serve a subpoena. Service of a 
subpoena shall be made by delivering a copy thereof to the person 
named.
    (d) The Clerk of the Court shall assess and collect a witness fee 
of $40 for each subpoena requested by any party other than the United 
States, which shall be tendered to the witness as his witness fee 
together with service of the subpoena. Witnesses subpoenaed by the 
Island Attorney shall be entitled to a fee of $40 upon presentment of a 
proper claim therefor on the United States. No duly summoned witness 
may refuse, decline, or fail to appear or disobey a subpoena on the 
ground that the witness fee was not tendered or received.
    (e) Upon a showing that the evidence is necessary to meet the ends 
of justice and that the defendant is indigent, the Public Defender may 
request the Court to direct the Island Attorney to obtain the issuance 
of a subpoena on behalf of a defendant in a criminal case. Witnesses so 
called on behalf of the defendant shall be entitled to the same witness 
fees as witnesses requested by the Island Attorney.

[[Page 17003]]

    (f) Subpoenas may be credited only to persons or things on Wake 
Island.
    (g) No person who is being held on Wake Island because of 
immigration status shall be entitled to a witness fee, but shall 
nevertheless be subject to subpoena like any other person.

Subpart J--Civil Actions


Sec. 935.90  General.

    (a) The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (28 U.S.C.) apply to civil 
actions in the Court to the extent the presiding Judge considers them 
applicable under the circumstances.
    (b) There is one form of action called the ``Civil Action.''
    (c) Except as otherwise provided for in this part, there is no 
trial by jury.
    (d) A civil action begins with the filing of a complaint with the 
Court. The form of the complaint is as follows except as it may be 
modified to conform as appropriate to the particular action:

In the Wake Island Court

[Civil Action No. ______]

____________ (Plaintiff) vs. ______________, (Defendant)

Complaint

____________ plaintiff alleges that the defendant is indebted to 
plaintiff in the sum of $______; that plaintiff has demanded payment 
of said sum; that defendant has refused to pay; that defendant 
resides at __________ on Wake Island; that plaintiff resides at 
____________.


Sec. 935.91  Summons.

    Upon the filing of a complaint, a Judge or Clerk of the Court 
shall issue a summons in the following form and deliver it for 
service to a peace officer or other person specifically designated 
by the Court to serve it:

In the Wake Island Court

[Civil Action No. ______]

________________(Plaintiff), vs. ________________ (Defendant)

Summons

    To the above-named defendant:
    You are hereby directed to appear and answer the attached cause 
at ____________ on ____________ day of ______ 20--, at ____________ 
-.M. and to have with you all books, papers, and witnesses needed by 
you to establish any defense you have to said claim.
    You are further notified that in case you do not appear, 
judgment will be given against you, for the amount of said claim, 
together with cost of this suit and the service of this order.

    Dated: ____________, 20 ____________. (Clerk, Wake Island Court) 
________________


Sec. 935.92  Service of complaint.

    (a) A peace officer or other person designated by the Court to make 
service shall serve the summons and a copy of the complaint at Wake 
Island upon the defendant personally, or by leaving them at his usual 
place of abode with any adult residing or employed there.
    (b) In the case of a corporation, partnership, joint stock company, 
trading association, or other unincorporated association, service may 
be made at Wake Island by delivering a copy of the summons and 
complaint to any of its officers, a managing or general agent, or any 
other agent authorized by appointment or by law to receive service.


Sec. 935.93  Delivery of summons to plaintiff.

    The Clerk of the Court shall promptly provide a copy of the summons 
to the plaintiff, together with notice that if the plaintiff fails to 
appear at the Court at the time set for the trial, the case will be 
dismissed. The trial shall be set at a date that will allow each party 
at least 7 days, after the pleadings are closed, to prepare.


Sec. 935.94  Answer.

    (a) The defendant may, at his election, file an answer to the 
complaint.
    (b) The defendant may file a counterclaim, setoff, or any 
reasonable affirmative defense.
    (c) If the defendant elects to file a counterclaim, setoff, or 
affirmative defense, the Court shall promptly send a copy of it to the 
plaintiff.


Sec. 935.95  Proceedings; record; judgment.

    (a) The presiding Judge is responsible for the making of an 
appropriate record of each civil action.
    (b) All persons shall give their testimony under oath or 
affirmation. The Chief Judge shall prescribe the oath and affirmation 
that may be administered by any Judge or the Clerk of the Court.
    (c) Each party may present witnesses and other forms of evidence. 
In addition, the presiding Judge may informally investigate any 
controversy, in or out of the Court, if the evidence obtained as a 
result is adequately disclosed to all parties. Witnesses, books, 
papers, documents, or other objects may be subpoenaed as provided for 
in Sec. 935.80 for criminal cases.
    (d) The Court may issue its judgment in writing or orally from the 
bench. However, if an appeal is taken from the judgment, the presiding 
Judge shall, within 10 days after it is filed, file a memorandum of 
decision as a part of the record. The Judge shall place in the 
memorandum findings of fact, conclusions of law, and any comments that 
he considers will be helpful to a thorough understanding and just 
determination of the case on appeal.


Sec. 935.96  Execution of judgment.

    (a) If, after 60 days after the date of entry of judgment (or such 
other period as the Court may prescribe), the judgment debtor has not 
satisfied the judgment, the judgment creditor may apply to the Court 
for grant of execution on the property of the judgment debtor.
    (b) Upon a writ issued by the Court, any peace officer may levy 
execution on any property of the judgment debtor except--
    (1) His wearing apparel up to a total of $300 in value;
    (2) His beds, bedding, household furniture and furnishings, stove, 
and cooking utensils, up to a total of $300 in value; and
    (3) Mechanics tools and implements of the debtor's trade up to a 
total of $200 in value.
    (c) Within 60 days after levy of execution, a peace officer shall 
sell the seized property at public sale and shall pay the proceeds to 
the Clerk of the Court. The Clerk shall apply the proceeds as follows:
    (1) First, to the reasonable costs of execution and sale and court 
costs.
    (2) Second, to the judgment.
    (3) Third, the residue (if any) to the debtor.
    (d) In any case in which property has been seized under a writ of 
execution, but not yet sold, the property seized shall be released upon 
payment of the judgment, court costs, and the costs of execution.


Sec. 935.97  Garnishment.

    (a) If a judgment debtor fails to satisfy a judgment in full within 
60 days after the entry of judgment (or such other period as the Court 
may prescribe), the Court may, upon the application of the judgment 
creditor issue a writ of garnishment directed to any person having 
money or property in his possession belonging to the judgment debtor or 
owing money to the judgment debtor. The following are exempt from 
judgment:
    (1) Ninety percent of so much of the gross wages as does not exceed 
$200 due to the judgment debtor from his employer.
    (2) Eighty percent of so much of the gross wages as exceeds $200 
but does not exceed $500 due to the judgment debtor from his employer.
    (3) Fifty percent of so much of the gross wages as exceeds $500 due 
to the judgment debtor from his employer.
    (b) The writ of garnishment shall be served on the judgment debtor 
and the garnishee and shall direct the garnishee to pay or deliver from 
the money or property owing to the judgment debtor such money or 
property as the Court may prescribe.

[[Page 17004]]

    (c) The garnished amount shall be paid to the Clerk of the Court, 
who shall apply it as follows:
    (1) First, to satisfy the costs of garnishment and court costs.
    (2) Second, to satisfy the judgment.
    (3) Third, the residue (if any) to the judgment debtor.
    (d) Funds of the debtor held by the United States are not subject 
to garnishment.

Subpart K--Criminal Actions


Sec. 935.100  Bail.

    (a) A person who is arrested on Wake Island for any violation of 
this part is entitled to be released on bail in an amount set by a 
Judge or Clerk of the Court, which may not exceed the maximum fine for 
the offense charged. If the defendant fails to appear for arraignment, 
trial or sentence, or otherwise breaches any condition of bail, the 
Court may direct a forfeiture of the whole or part of the bail and may 
on motion after notice to the surety or sureties, if any, enter a 
judgment for the amount of the forfeiture.
    (b) The Chief Judge of the Wake Island Court may prescribe a 
schedule of bail for any offense under this part which the defendant 
may elect to post and forfeit without trial, in which case the Court 
shall enter a verdict of guilty and direct forfeiture of the bail.
    (c) Bail will be deposited in cash with the Clerk of the Court.


Sec. 935.101  Seizure of property.

    Any property seized in connection with an alleged offense (unless 
the property is perishable) is retained pending trial in accordance 
with the orders of the Court. The property must be produced in Court, 
if practicable. At the termination of the trial, the Court shall 
restore the property or the funds resulting from the sale of the 
property to the owner, or make such other proper order as may be 
required and incorporate its order in the record of the case. Any item 
used in the commission of the offense, may, upon order of the Court, be 
forfeited to the United States. All contraband, which includes any item 
that is illegal for the owner to possess, shall be forfeited to the 
United States; such forfeiture shall not relieve the owner from whom 
the item was taken from any costs or liability for the proper disposal 
of such item.


Sec. 935.102  Information.

    (a) Any offense may be prosecuted by a written information signed 
by the Island Attorney. However, if the offense is one for which issue 
of a citation is authorized by this part and a citation for the offense 
has been issued, the citation serves as an information.
    (b) A copy of the information shall be delivered to the accused, or 
his counsel, as soon as practicable after it is filed.
    (c) Each count of an information may charge one offense only and 
must be particularized sufficiently to identify the place, the time, 
and the subject matter of the alleged offense. It shall refer to the 
provision of law under which the offense is charged, but any error in 
this reference or its omission may be corrected by leave of Court at 
any time before sentence and is not grounds for reversal of a 
conviction if the error or omission did not mislead the accused to his 
prejudice.


Sec. 935.103  Motions and pleas.

    (a) Upon motion of the accused at any time after filing of the 
information or copy of citation, the Court may order the prosecutor to 
allow the accused to inspect and copy or photograph designated books, 
papers, documents, or tangible objects obtained from or belonging to 
the accused, or obtained from others by seizure or process, upon a 
showing that the items sought may be material to the preparation of his 
defense and that the request is reasonable.
    (b) When the Court is satisfied that it has jurisdiction to try the 
accused as charged, it shall require the accused to identify himself 
and state whether or not he has counsel. If he has no counsel, but 
desires counsel, the Court shall give him a reasonable opportunity to 
procure counsel.
    (c) When both sides are ready for arraignment, or when the Court 
determines that both sides have had adequate opportunities to prepare 
for arraignment, the Court shall read the charges to the accused, 
explain them (if necessary), and, after the reading or stating of each 
charge in Court, ask the accused whether he pleads ``guilty'' or ``not 
guilty''. The Court shall enter in the record of the case the plea made 
to each charge.
    (d) The accused may plead ``guilty'' to any or all of the charges 
against him, except that the Court may in its discretion refuse to 
accept a plea of guilty, and may not accept a plea without first 
determining that the plea is made voluntarily with understanding of the 
nature of the charge.
    (e) The accused may plead ``not guilty'' to any or all of the 
charges against him. The Court shall enter a plea of not guilty if the 
answer of the accused to any charge is such that it does not clearly 
amount to a plea of guilty or not guilty.
    (f) The accused may, at any stage of the trial, with the consent of 
the Court, change a plea of not guilty to one of guilty. The Court 
shall then proceed as if the accused had originally pleaded guilty.


Sec. 935.104  Sentence after a plea of guilty.

    If the Court accepts a plea of guilty to any charge or charges, it 
shall make a finding of guilty on that charge. Before imposing 
sentence, the Court shall hear such statements for the prosecution and 
defense, if any, as it requires to enable it to determine the sentence 
to be imposed. The accused or his counsel may make any reasonable 
statement he wishes in mitigation or of previous good character. The 
prosecution may introduce evidence in aggravation, or of bad character 
if the accused has introduced evidence of good character. The Court 
shall then impose any lawful sentence that it considers proper.


Sec. 935.105  Trial.

    (a) If the accused pleads not guilty, he is entitled to a trial on 
the charges in accordance with procedures prescribed in the Rules of 
Criminal Procedure for the U.S. District Courts (18 U.S.C.), except as 
otherwise provided for in this part, to the extent the Court considers 
practicable and necessary to the ends of justice. There is no trial by 
jury.
    (b) All persons shall give their testimony under oath or 
affirmation. The Chief Judge shall prescribe the oath and affirmation 
that may be administered by any Judge or the Clerk of the Court.
    (c) Upon completion of the trial, the Court shall enter a judgment 
consisting of a finding or findings and sentence or sentences, or 
discharge of the accused.
    (d) The Court may suspend any sentence imposed, may order the 
revocation of any Island automobile permit in motor vehicle cases, and 
may place the accused on probation. It may delay sentencing pending the 
receipt of any presentencing report ordered by it.

Subpart L--Appeals and New Trials


Sec. 935.110  Appeals.

    (a) Any party to an action may, within 15 days after judgment, 
appeal an interlocutory order, issue of law, or judgment, except that 
an acquittal may not be appealed, by filing a notice of appeal with the 
Clerk of the Wake Island Court and serving a copy on the opposing 
party. Judgment is stayed while the appeal is pending.
    (b) Upon receiving a notice of appeal with proof of service on the 
opposing party, the Clerk shall forward the record of the action to the 
Wake Island Court of Appeals.

[[Page 17005]]

    (c) The appellant shall serve on the opposing party and file a 
memorandum setting forth his grounds of appeal with the Wake Island 
Court of Appeals within 15 days after the date of the judgment. The 
appellee may serve and file a reply memorandum within 15 days 
thereafter. An appeal and the reply shall be deemed to be filed when 
deposited in the U.S. mail with proper postage affixed, addressed to 
the Clerk, Wake Island Court of Appeals, at his address in Washington, 
DC. The period for filing an appeal may be waived by the Court of 
Appeals when the interests of justice so require.
    (d) The Court of Appeals may proceed to judgment on the record, or, 
if the Court considers that the interests of justice so require, grant 
a hearing.
    (e) The decision of the Court of Appeals shall be in writing and 
based on the record prepared by the Wake Island Court, on the 
proceedings before the Court of Appeals, if any be had, and on any 
memoranda that are filed. If the Court of Appeals considers the record 
incomplete, the case may be remanded to the Wake Island Court for 
further proceedings.
    (f) The decision of the Court of Appeals is final.


Sec. 935.111  New trial.

    A Judge of the Wake Island Court may order a new trial as required 
in the interest of justice, or vacate any judgment and enter a new one, 
on motion made within a reasonable time after discovery by the moving 
party of matters constituting the grounds upon which the motion for new 
trial or vacation of judgment is made.

Subpart M--Peace Officers


Sec. 935.120  Authority.

    Peace officers--
    (a) Have the authority of a sheriff at common law;
    (b) May serve any process on Wake Island that is allowed to be 
served under a Federal or State law; the officer serving the process 
shall execute any required affidavit of service;
    (c) May conduct sanitation or fire prevention inspections;
    (d) May inspect motor vehicles, boats, and aircraft;
    (e) May confiscate property used in the commission of a crime;
    (f) May deputize any member of the Air Force serving on active duty 
or civilian employee of the Department of the Air Force to serve as a 
peace officer;
    (g) May investigate accidents and suspected crimes;
    (h) May direct vehicular or pedestrian traffic;
    (i) May remove and impound abandoned or unlawfully parked vehicles, 
boats, or aircraft, or vehicles, boats, or aircraft interfering with 
fire control apparatus or ambulances;
    (j) May take possession of property lost, abandoned, or of unknown 
ownership;
    (k) May enforce quarantines;
    (l) May impound and destroy food, fish, or beverages found 
unsanitary;
    (m) May be armed;
    (n) May exercise custody over persons in arrest or confinement;
    (o) May issue citations for violations of this part; and
    (p) May make arrests, as provided for in Sec. 935.122.


Sec. 935.121  Qualifications of peace officers.

    Any person appointed as a peace officer must be a citizen of the 
United States and have attained the age of 18 years. The following 
persons, while on Wake Island on official business, shall be deemed 
peace officers: special agents of the Air Force Office of Special 
Investigations, members of the Air Force Security Forces, agents of the 
Federal Bureau of Investigation, United States marshals and their 
deputies, officers and agents of the United States Secret Service, 
agents of the United States Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, 
agents of the United States Customs Service, and agents of the United 
States Immigration and Naturalization Service.


Sec. 935.122  Arrests.

    (a) Any person may make an arrest on Wake Island, without a 
warrant, for any crime (including a petty offense) that is committed in 
his presence.
    (b) Any peace officer may, without a warrant, arrest any person on 
Wake Island who violates any provision of this part or commits a crime 
that is not a violation of this part, in his presence, or that he 
reasonably believes that person to have committed.
    (c) In making an arrest, a peace officer must display a warrant, if 
he has one, or otherwise clearly advise the person arrested of the 
violation alleged, and thereafter require him to submit and be taken 
before the appropriate official on Wake Island.
    (d) In making an arrest, a peace officer may use only the degree of 
force needed to effect submission, and may remove any weapon in the 
possession of the person arrested.
    (e) A peace officer may, whenever necessary to enter any building, 
vehicle, or aircraft to execute a warrant of arrest, force an entry 
after verbal warning.
    (f) A peace officer may force an entry into any building, vehicle, 
or aircraft whenever--
    (1) It appears necessary to prevent serious injury to persons or 
damage to property and time does not permit the obtaining of a warrant;
    (2) To effect an arrest when in hot pursuit; or
    (3) To prevent the commission of a crime which he reasonably 
believes is being committed or is about to be committed.


Sec. 935.123  Warrants.

    Any Judge may issue or direct the Clerk to issue a warrant for 
arrest if, upon complaint, it appears that there is probable cause to 
believe an offense has been committed and that the person named in the 
warrant has committed it. If a Judge is not available, the warrant may 
be issued by the Clerk and executed, but any such warrant shall be 
thereafter approved or quashed by the first available Judge. The 
issuing officer shall--
    (a) Place the name of the person charged with the offense in the 
warrant, or if his name is not known, any name or description by which 
he can be identified with reasonable certainty;
    (b) Describe in the warrant the offense charged;
    (c) Place in the warrant a command that the person charged with the 
offense be arrested and brought before the Wake Island Court;
    (d) Sign the warrant; and
    (e) Issue the warrant to a peace officer for execution.


Sec. 935.124  Release from custody.

    The Chief Judge may authorize the Clerk to issue pro forma orders 
of the Court discharging any person from custody, with or without bail, 
pending trial, whenever further restraint is not required for 
protection of persons or property on Wake Island. Persons not so 
discharged shall be brought before a Judge or U.S. Magistrate as soon 
as a Judge or Magistrate is available. Judges may discharge defendants 
from custody, with or without bail or upon recognizance, or continue 
custody pending trial as the interests of justice and public safety 
require.


Sec. 935.125  Citation in place of arrest.

    In any case in which a peace officer may make an arrest without a 
warrant, he may issue and serve a citation if he considers that the 
public interest does not require an arrest. The citation must briefly 
describe the offense charged and direct the accused to appear before 
the Wake Island Court at a designated time and place.

[[Page 17006]]

Subpart N--Motor Vehicle Code


Sec. 935.130  Applicability.

    This subpart applies to self-propelled motor vehicles (except 
aircraft), including attached trailers.


Sec. 935.131  Right-hand side of the road.

    Each person driving a motor vehicle on Wake Island shall drive on 
the right-hand side of the road, except where necessary to pass or on 
streets where a sign declaring one-way traffic is posted.


Sec. 935.132  Speed limits.

    Each person operating a motor vehicle on Wake Island shall operate 
it at a speed--
    (a) That is reasonable, safe, and proper, considering time of day, 
road and weather conditions, the kind of motor vehicle, and the 
proximity to persons or buildings, or both; and
    (b) That does not exceed 40 miles an hour or such lesser speed 
limit as may be posted.


Sec. 935.133  Right-of-way.

    (a) A pedestrian has the right-of-way over vehicular traffic when 
in the vicinity of a building, school, or residential area.
    (b) In any case in which two motor vehicles have arrived at an 
uncontrolled intersection at the same time, the vehicle on the right 
has the right-of-way.
    (c) If the driver of a motor vehicle enters an intersection with 
the intent of making a left turn, he shall yield the right-of-way to 
any other motor vehicle that has previously entered the intersection or 
is within hazardous proximity.
    (d) When being overtaken by another motor vehicle, the driver of 
the slower vehicle shall move it to the right to allow safe passing.
    (e) The driver of a motor vehicle shall yield the right-of-way to 
emergency vehicles on an emergency run.


Sec. 935.134  Arm signals.

    (a) Any person operating a motor vehicle and making a turn or 
coming to a stop shall signal the turn or stop in accordance with this 
section.
    (b) A signal for a turn or stop is made by fully extending the left 
arm as follows:
    (1) Left turn--extend left arm horizontally.
    (2) Right turn--extend left arm upward.
    (3) Stop or decrease speed--extend left arm downward.
    (c) A signal light or other device may be used in place of an arm 
signal prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section if it is visible and 
intelligible.


Sec. 935.135  Turns.

    (a) Each person making a right turn in a motor vehicle shall make 
the approach and turn as close as practicable to the right-hand curb or 
road edge.
    (b) Each person making a left turn in a motor vehicle shall make 
the approach and turn immediately to the right of the center of the 
road, except that on multi-lane roads of one-way traffic flow he may 
make the turn only from the left lane.
    (c) No person may make a U-turn in a motor vehicle if he cannot be 
seen by the driver of any approaching vehicle within a distance of 500 
feet.
    (d) No person may place a vehicle in motion from a stopped 
position, or change from or merge into a lane of traffic, until he can 
safely make that movement.


Sec. 935.136  General operating rules.

    No person may, while on Wake Island--
    (a) Operate a motor vehicle in a careless or reckless manner;
    (b) Operate or occupy a motor vehicle while he is under the 
influence of a drug or intoxicant;
    (c) Consume an alcoholic beverage (including beer, ale, or wine) 
while he is in a motor vehicle;
    (d) Operate a motor vehicle that is overloaded or is carrying more 
passengers than it was designed to carry;
    (e) Ride on the running board, step, or outside of the body of a 
moving motor vehicle;
    (f) Ride a moving motor vehicle with his arm or leg protruding, 
except when using the left arm to signal a turn;
    (g) Operate a motor vehicle in a speed contest or drag race;
    (h) Park a motor vehicle for a period longer than the posted time 
limit;
    (i) Stop, park, or operate a motor vehicle in a manner that impedes 
or blocks traffic;
    (j) Park a motor vehicle in an unposted area, except adjacent to 
the right-hand curb or edge of the road;
    (k) Park a motor vehicle in a reserved or restricted parking area 
that is not assigned to him;
    (l) Sound the horn of a motor vehicle, except as a warning signal;
    (m) Operate a tracked or cleated vehicle in a manner that damages a 
paved or compacted surface;
    (n) Operate any motor vehicle contrary to a posted traffic sign;
    (o) Operate a motor vehicle as to follow any other vehicle closer 
than is safe under the circumstances;
    (p) Operate a motor vehicle off of established roads, or in a 
cross-country manner, except when necessary in conducting business;
    (q) Operate a motor vehicle at night or when raining on the 
traveled part of a street or road, without using operating headlights; 
or
    (r) Operate a motor vehicle without each passenger wearing a safety 
belt; this shall not apply to military combat vehicles designed and 
fabricated without safety belts.


Sec. 935.137  Operating requirements.

    Each person operating a motor vehicle on Wake Island shall--
    (a) Turn off the highbeam headlights of his vehicle when 
approaching an oncoming vehicle at night; and
    (b) Comply with any special traffic instructions given by an 
authorized person.


Sec. 935.138  Motor bus operation.

    Each person operating a motor bus on Wake Island shall--
    (a) Keep its doors closed while the bus is moving with passengers 
on board; and
    (b) Refuse to allow any person to board or alight the bus while it 
is moving.


Sec. 935.139  Motor vehicle operator qualifications.

    (a) No person may operate a privately owned motor vehicle on Wake 
Island unless he has an island operator's permit.
    (b) The Commander may issue an operator's permit to any person who 
is at least 18 years of age and satisfactorily demonstrates safe-
driving knowledge, ability, and physical fitness.
    (c) No person may operate, on Wake Island, a motor vehicle owned by 
the United States unless he holds a current operator's permit issued by 
the United States.
    (d) Each person operating a motor vehicle on Wake Island shall 
present his operator's permit to any peace officer, for inspection, 
upon request.


Sec. 935.140  Motor vehicle maintenance and equipment.

    (a) Each person who has custody of a motor vehicle on Wake Island 
shall present that vehicle for periodic safety inspection, as required 
by the Commander.
    (b) No person may operate a motor vehicle on Wake Island unless it 
is in a condition that the Commander considers to be safe and operable.
    (c) No person may operate a motor vehicle on Wake Island unless it 
is equipped with an adequate and properly functioning--
    (1) Horn;
    (2) Wiper, for any windshield;
    (3) Rear vision mirror;
    (4) Headlights and taillights;

[[Page 17007]]

    (5) Brakes;
    (6) Muffler;
    (7) Spark or ignition noise suppressors; and
    (8) Safety belts.
    (d) No person may operate a motor vehicle on Wake Island if that 
vehicle is equipped with a straight exhaust or muffler cutoff.

Subpart O--Registration and Island Permits


Sec. 935.150  Registration.

    (a) Each person who has custody of any of the following on Wake 
Island shall register it with the Commander.
    (1) A privately owned motor vehicle.
    (2) A privately owned boat.
    (3) An indigenous animal, military working dog, or guide dog for 
the blind or visually-impaired accompanying its owner.
    (4) A narcotic or dangerous drug or any poison.
    (b) Each person who obtains custody of an article described in 
paragraph (a) (4) of this section shall register it immediately upon 
obtaining custody. Each person who obtains custody of any other article 
described in paragraph (a) of this section shall register it within 10 
days after obtaining custody.


Sec. 935.151  Island permit for boat and vehicle.

    (a) No person may use a privately owned motor vehicle or boat on 
Wake Island unless he has an island permit for it.
    (b) The operator of a motor vehicle shall display its registration 
number on the vehicle in a place and manner prescribed by the 
Commander.


Sec. 935.152  Activities for which permit is required.

    No person may engage in any of the following on Wake Island unless 
he has an island permit:
    (a) Any business, commercial, or recreational activity conducted 
for profit, including a trade, profession, calling, or occupation, or 
an establishment where food or beverage is prepared, offered, or sold 
for human consumption (except for personal or family use).
    (b) The practice of any medical profession, including dentistry, 
surgery, osteopathy, and chiropractic.
    (c) The erection of any structure or sign, including a major 
alteration or enlargement of an existing structure.
    (d) The burial of any human or animal remains, except that fish and 
bait scrap may be buried at beaches where fishing is permitted, without 
obtaining a permit.
    (e) Keeping or maintaining an indigenous animal.
    (f) Importing, storing, generating, or disposing of hazardous 
materials.
    (g) Importing of solid wastes and importing, storing, generating, 
treating, or disposing of hazardous wastes, as they are defined in the 
Solid Waste Disposal Act, as amended, 42 U.S.C. 6901 et seq., and its 
implementing regulations (40 CFR chapter I).

Subpart P--Public Safety


Sec. 935.160  Emergency requirements and restrictions.

    In the event of any fire, crash, search and rescue, natural 
disaster, national peril, radiological hazard, or other calamitous 
emergency--
    (a) No person may impede or hamper any officer or employee of the 
United States or any other person who has emergency authority;
    (b) No unauthorized persons may congregate at the scene of the 
emergency; and
    (c) Each person present shall promptly obey the instructions, 
signals, or alarms of any peace officer, fire or crash crew, or other 
authorized person, and any orders of the Commander.


Sec. 935.161  Fire hazards.

    (a) Each person engaged in a business or other activity on Wake 
Island shall, at his expense, provide and maintain (in an accessible 
location) fire extinguishers of the type, capacity, and quantity 
satisfactory for protecting life and property in the areas under that 
person's control.
    (b) To minimize fire hazards, no person may store any waste or 
flammable fluids or materials except in a manner and at a place 
prescribed by the Commander.


Sec. 935.162  Use of special areas.

    The Commander may regulate the use of designated or posted areas on 
Wake Island, as follows:
    (a) Restricted areas--which no person may enter without permission.
    (b) Prohibited activities areas--in which no person may engage in 
any activity that is specifically prohibited.
    (c) Special purpose areas-in which no person may engage in any 
activity other than that for which the area is reserved.


Sec. 935.163  Unexploded ordnance material.

    Any person who discovers any unexploded ordnance material on Wake 
Island shall refrain from tampering with it and shall immediately 
report its site to the Commander.


Sec. 935.164  Boat operations.

    The operator of each boat used at Wake Island shall conform to the 
limitations on its operations as the Commander may prescribe in the 
public interest.


Sec. 935.165  Floating objects.

    No person may anchor, moor, or beach any boat, barge, or other 
floating object on Wake Island in any location or manner other than as 
prescribed by the Commander.

Pamela D. Fitzgerald,
Air Force Federal Register Liaison Officer.
[FR Doc. 02-8303 Filed 4-8-02; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 5001-05-U