[Federal Register Volume 66, Number 239 (Wednesday, December 12, 2001)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 64176-64207]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 01-30367]
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
40 CFR Part 60
[AD-FRL-7114-7 ]
Amendments to Standards of Performance for New Stationary
Sources; Monitoring Requirements
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Proposed rule; amendments and request for public comment.
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SUMMARY: This proposal is a supplement to proposals previously
published in the Federal Register. Today's action proposes revisions to
previously proposed Performance Specification 11
[[Page 64177]]
(PS-11): Specifications and Test Procedures for Particulate Matter
Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems at Stationary Sources and
Procedure 2: Quality Assurance Requirements for Particulate Matter
Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems at Stationary Sources. We are
seeking public comment on these proposed revisions.
DATES: Comments. You must submit comments so that they are received on
or before January 11, 2002.
Public Hearing. If a public hearing has been requested, and anyone
contacts us requesting to speak at a public hearing by December 26,
2001, a public hearing will be held on January 28, 2002 beginning at
9:00 a.m. If you are interested in attending the hearing, you must call
the contact person listed below (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).
If a hearing is held rebuttal and supplementary information may be
submitted to the docket for 30 days following the hearing.
Request to Speak at Hearing. If you wish to present oral testimony
at the public hearing, you must call the contact person listed below
(see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT) by January 11, 2002.
ADDRESSES: Comments. Submit your written comments (in duplicate if
possible) to: Air and Radiation Docket and Information Center (LE-131),
Attention: Docket No. A-2001-10, Room M-1500, U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 401 M Street, SW, Washington, D.C. 20460. We request
that you send a separate copy of your comments to the contact person
listed below (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).
Public Hearing. If anyone contacts us requesting a public hearing,
it will be held at the Emission Measurement Center, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina. If you are interested in attending the hearing or
presenting oral testimony, you must contact the person listed below
(see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).
Docket. A docket, No. A-2001-10, containing information relevant to
this rulemaking, is available for your use between 8:30 a.m. and 5:30
p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding legal holidays. You can find the
docket at EPA's Air Docket Section, Room M=-1500, First Floor,
Waterside Mall, 401 M Street, SW, Washington, D.C. 20460. You may be
charged a reasonable fee for copying.
Comments. You may submit your comments by electronic mail (e-mail)
to: [email protected] and [email protected]. You must submit e-
mail comments either as an ASCII file avoiding the use of special
characters and any form of encryption or as an attachment in
WordPerfect version 5.1, 6.1 or Corel 8 file format. You
must note the docket number: (A-2001-10) on all comments and data
submitted in electronic form. Do not submit confidential business
information (CBI) by e-mail. Electronic comments may be filed online at
many Federal Depository Libraries.
Worldwide Web (WWW). In addition to being available in the docket,
you can find an electronic copy of this supplemental proposal on the
WWW through the Technology Transfer Network (TTN). Following signature,
we will post a copy of the supplemental proposal on the Emission
Measurement Center's TTN web site at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/emc under
Monitoring. We are only accepting comment of the items in this
supplemental proposal. The TTN provides information and technology
exchange in various areas of air pollution control. If you need more
information regarding the TTN, call the TTN HELP line at (919) 541-
5384.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For information concerning the
supplemental proposal, contact Mr. Daniel G. Bivins, Emission
Measurement Center (MD-19), Emissions, Monitoring, and Analysis
Division, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina 27711, telephone number (919) 541-5244.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Outline. We provided the following outline
to aid in reading the preamble to the supplemental proposal.
I. Introduction
II. Summary of Changes
A. Changes to PS-11
B. Changes to Procedure 2
III. Administrative Requirements
A. Docket
B. Executive Order 12866, Regulatory Planning and Review
C. Regulatory Flexibility Act
D. Executive Order 13132, Federalism
E. Paperwork Reduction Act
F. Unfunded Mandates Act
G. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act
H. Executive Order 13045, Protection of Children from
Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks
I. Executive Order 13084, Consultation and Coordination with
Indian Tribal Governments
J. Executive Order 13211, Energy Effects
I. Introduction
PS-11, Specifications and Test Procedures for Particulate Matter
Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems at Stationary Sources, and
Procedure 2, Quality Assurance Requirements for Particulate Matter
Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems at Stationary Sources, were
first published in the Federal Register on April 19, 1996 (61 FR 17358)
as part of the proposed Hazardous Waste Combustion MACT standard. PS-11
and Procedure 2 were published again on December 30, 1997 (62 FR 67788)
for public comment on revisions made to these procedures. Since then,
we have continued to learn about the capabilities and performance of PM
CEMS through performing and witnessing field evaluations and through
discussions with our European counterparts.
Additional experience with the procedures of PS-11 and Procedure 2
led us to propose these further revisions to the December 30, 1997,
proposed versions. Today's supplemental proposal provides you an
opportunity to comment on the additional revisions made to PS-11 and
Procedure 2. Note, we are only accepting comments on the revisions
discussed in this supplemental proposal, not the entire contents of PS-
11 and Procedure 2, because we have already provided a full opportunity
for comment on everything but the changes being proposed today. The
changes proposed in today's notice build upon our previous proposal,
are largely in response to comments received on that proposal, and
further reflect relevant new information obtained subsequently. Because
we are seeking comment on only these changes, we believe that 30 days
provides sufficient opportunity for the public to assess and comment on
today's reproposal.
II. Summary of Changes
A major, non-technical change to PS-11 and Procedure 2 is the
presentation, which is now in plain language. We believe this change
makes the specifications more understandable. Also, a minor amount of
reorganization was done to accommodate the plain language changes. The
technical changes are presented in paragraphs A and B. We believe these
changes make PS-11 and Procedure 2 more user friendly and applicable to
all source categories. These changes also fill the gaps that existed in
the earlier proposal.
A. Changes to PS-11
1. Sampling Time for Batch CEMS
Section 6.2.3 of the previous proposal stated:
Sampling time no less than 35 percent of the averaging period
for the applicable
[[Page 64178]]
standard or no less than 35 percent of the response time.
In this proposal, the sampling time is being revised in sections
13.3(2)(ii) and 13.3(2)(i) as follows:
Your PM CEMS sampling time must be no less than 30 percent of
the cycle time.
The cycle time must be no longer than 15 minutes. This proposed
change to the previous version was made to be consistent with the CEMS
cycle time requirement in 40 CFR 60.13 (d)(2).
2. Paired Trains for Reference Method (RM) Sampling
Section 8.4.3 of the previous proposal stated:
Use of paired trains is recommended.
The use of paired trains for the RM sampling is being revised in
Section 8.6(1)(i) as follows:
You must use paired RM trains when collecting manual PM data.
Originally, we only recommended the use of paired trains for the
RM. Now, we are proposing to require paired trains. Paired trains
will help ensure the validity of the RM data and eliminate the
possibility that correlation problems are the result of bad RM data.
We have witnessed testing and obtained results where the paired
trains failed the precision criteria. In these cases, it must be
assumed that at least one RM sample was incorrect. Several of you
commented that we need to specify how much error is acceptable in
the RM measurement and to specify when to eliminate imprecise RM
data. Therefore, we needed to require paired trains along with
setting precision limits for the RM data.
3. Reference Method for Particulate Sampling
Section 8.4.2 of the previous proposal referenced the use of
Method 5I. The RM for particulate sampling is being revised in
Section 8.6(1) to require the RM specified in the applicable
regulation.
In the 1997 draft PS-11, we specified Method 5I as the
correlation RM. This was an oversight on our part. Many of you
commented that other PM methods should be included. We intend that
the RM used to correlate the PM CEMS be that method designated in
the applicable regulation. Methods 5 and 17 are applicable RMs. The
applicable regulation specifies the RM which in turn designates what
is included as PM. This is important for dealing with condensible
PM.
4. Condensible Particulate
In the previous proposal, condensible particulate was not
specifically addressed. Now, in Section 8.1(1) and 8.1(1)(ii), we
are making the following additions:
You must select a PM CEMS that is appropriate for the flue gas
conditions at your source.
If condensible PM is an issue, your PM CEMS must maintain the
sample gas temperature at the same temperature as the RM filter.
Many of you commented that we needed to address the issue of
condensible particulate. Some suggested that the RM filter temperature
should be set to match the PM CEMS temperature. Since the RM designates
what is considered particulate matter for a source category, we believe
that the PM CEMS temperature must be maintained at the temperature of
the RM filter. For example, if Method 5 at 248 deg.F
25 deg.F is the designated RM and condensible PM is an issue, your PM
CEMS must report the PM concentration at 248 deg.F
25 deg.F. Some PM CEMS models may not be applicable for sources where
condensible PM is an issue.
5. Maximum PM Concentration During Initial Correlation Test
Section 8.4.5 of the 1997 proposal stated:
Vary the process or PM control device as much as the process
allows. If it is not possible or practical to obtain PM measurements
at the standard, it is recommended that at least six measurement
sets be performed at the maximum PM emission level achievable. * * *
The PM concentrations to be included in the initial correlation
test are being revised in Section 8.6(4) as follows:
You must attempt to make the simultaneous PM CEMS and RM
measurements at three different levels of PM concentrations over the
full range of operations identified during the Correlation Test
Planning Period. You must attempt to obtain the different levels of
PM mass concentration by varying process or PM control device
conditions as identified during your PM CEMS Shakedown period and
Correlation Test Planning Period.
Many of you commented that causing PM emissions to be twice the
emission standard was not acceptable procedure for generating PM CEMS
correlation data. Some of you wanted to collect data over longer
periods to cover the full operating range of PM concentration. Others
of you wanted us to develop methods for generating PM at different
concentration levels. Therefore, what we are proposing is to require a
Correlation Test Planning Period during which your PM CEMS measures PM
and records the monitor's readings that occur during the full range of
operating conditions. During the Correlation Test Planning Period, we
believe that you can establish the process and control device settings
that cause higher and lower PM CEMS responses. The range of PM CEMS
readings recorded during this period establishes the levels of PM
concentration that you must include in your PM CEMS correlation data
set. We are no longer proposing to require you to exceed your emission
limit in order to correlate your PM CEMS.
6. Levels of PM Concentration for the Correlation Test
In the previous proposal, Section 8.4.5 listed the following three
levels of PM concentrations to be included in the correlation test:
At least three of the minimum 15 measured data points must lie
within each of the following levels:
Level 1: 0 to 30 percent of the maximum PM concentration.
Level 2: 30 to 60 percent of the maximum PM concentration.
Level 3: 60 to 100 percent of the maximum PM concentration.
In Sections 8.6(4)(iii),(iv) and 8.6(5), we are proposing to revise
these levels as follows:
At least 20 percent of the minimum 15 measured data points you
use must be contained in each of the following levels as determined
by your PM CEMS during the Correlation Test Planning Period:
Level 1: From no PM (zero concentration) emissions to
50 percent of the maximum PM concentration;
Level 2: 25 to 75 percent of the maximum PM
concentration; and
Level 3: 50 to 100 percent of the maximum PM
concentration.
Although the above levels overlap, you may only apply individual
run data in one level.
If you cannot obtain three distinct levels of PM concentration
during normal operations, you must perform correlation testing at
whatever range of PM concentrations your PM CEMS recorded during the
Correlation Test Planning Period. To ensure that the range of data
for your PM CEMS's correlation is maximized, you must follow one or
more of the steps in paragraphs (i) through (iv).
Many of you commented that the PM concentration levels in the 1997
draft PS-11 were too rigid and narrowly defined. You wanted flexibility
because adjusting your air pollution control device is not an exact
science and not always repeatable. Therefore, to provide flexibility,
we have expanded the levels and allowed overlap between the levels.
Also, we recognized that you may have a source that does not have much
variability in the PM emissions. We propose to allow you to collect
data over a narrow range of PM concentrations if that narrow range is
supported by the data collected during the Correlation Test Planning
Period. Also, we have included suggestions to expand the range of
correlation data. You are encouraged to try to expand the correlation
data set because, if you exceed the highest PM CEMS response used in
the correlation data by 125 percent when you are monitoring emissions,
you will need to collect additional data to add to the correlation data
set.
[[Page 64179]]
7. Extrapolation of the PM CEMS Correlation Relation
In the previous proposal, extrapolation of the PM CEMS correlation
relation was not specifically addressed. Now, in Section 8.8, we are
proposing to make the following addition:
Data you collect during the correlation testing should be
representative of the full range of normal operating conditions at
your source as observed during the Correlation Test Planning Period.
But, this may in some situations consist of data over a narrow range
of PM concentration and PM CEMS response that is well below your
source's PM emission limit. Even so, you must use this data to
develop the correlation.
If your source later generates three consecutive hourly averages
greater than 125 percent of the highest PM CEMS response (e.g.,
milliamp reading) used for the correlation curve, you must arrange
to collect additional correlation data at the higher PM CEMS
response, unless we, the State and or local enforcement agency
determine that repeating the condition is not advisable.
In this event, you must conduct three additional test runs at
the higher response, and revise the correlation equation within 30
days after the occurrence of the three consecutive hourly averages.
You must use that new data along with the previous data to calculate
a revised correlation equation.
Since we recognize that your source's PM emissions may not have
much variability, we propose to allow you to collect correlation data
over a narrow range of PM concentrations. But, if three consecutive
hourly average PM CEMS readings are greater than 125 percent of the
highest PM CEMS reading in your correlation, we are requiring you to
collect data at higher readings and add the new data to the correlation
data set. Extrapolating the correlation relation and its confidence
and/or tolerance bounds beyond the data set will necessarily result in
decreased precision in the PM concentration reported by the PM CEMS.
For example, if your PM CEMS responses ranged from 4.5 to 5.5 millamps
(mA) during your correlation test, your correlation can only be used to
report PM emission concentrations up to readings of 6.88 mA. If you
have three consecutive hourly average PM CEMS readings greater than
6.88 mA, you are required to collect data at the higher readings and
add the new data to the correlation data set. We are requiring you to
calculate a new correlation, including an examination of both
polynomial and linear forms of the relationship. We are requiring that
you complete the testing and correlation development within 30 days of
the occurrence. If the reason for exceeding the 125 percent limit for
more than three hours was due to a serious failure of the air pollution
control system, obviously, we will not make you repeat that operating
condition for correlation test purposes.
8. Pretest Preparations--Shakedown Period and Correlation Test Planning
Period
As we have stated, a Shakedown period and Correlation Test Planning
Period did not exist in the previously proposed version of PS-11. We
are now proposing to revise PS-11 in Sections 8.4(1) and 8.4(2) to
include requirements for operating your PM CEMS over a shakedown period
and over a Correlation Test Planning Period.
Some of you commented that we should prescribe the methods to
obtain a range of PM concentrations. We are not proposing to do this.
Also, some of you noted that we did not define the maximum PM
concentration for the three PM concentration levels. To assist you in
planning to conduct the correlation testing, we are proposing to
institute a shakedown period and a Correlation Test Planning Period.
The shakedown period is similar to a burn-in period, where you and your
instrument technicians become familiar with the operation of your PM
CEMS. For some of you, the shakedown period will be long, for others,
it will be shorter. We considered specifying an amount of time for the
shakedown period, but we decided to give you the flexibility to decide
when you were comfortable with the operation of your PM CEMS. Following
the shakedown period, we envision a period when you operate your PM
CEMS in its normal manner and record the monitor's responses. During
this Correlation Test Planning Period, you need to establish the
relationship between your process operation, air pollution control
device operation and PM emissions. Again, we considered specifying an
amount of time for the Correlation Test Planning Period, but we decided
to give you the flexibility to decide when you understood the operation
of your process and air pollution control device sufficiently to
reproduce a range of PM concentrations. However, your shakedown period
and Correlation Test Planning Period must not extend beyond the date
when you are required to report PM emissions with your PM CEMS. You
should use the knowledge gained during the Correlation Test Planning
Period to operate your process in the manner necessary to obtain the
different PM CEMS response levels during the correlation test. For
example, if your PM CEMS had 15-minute average responses between 5.5
and 12 mA during the Correlation Test Planning Period, you would
operate your process to obtain correlation data points that cover 5.5
to 12 mA output from your PM CEMS.
9. Verification of the Initial Correlation
In the previous proposal, Section 8.5 contained the following
requirement regarding verification testing of the initial correlation:
For CEMS with measurement technologies insensitive to changes in
PM properties, only one initial correlation test is required. For
CEMS with measurement technologies sensitive to PM property changes,
at least three correlation tests are required. The second
correlation test result is compared to the first to determine the
best correlation model. The two data sets are combined to calculate
the correlation equation. The third correlation result is compared
to the result from the first two. If this third correlation result
confirms the findings of the original two correlations, the data
from all three tests are combined to calculate the correlation
equation for the PM CEMS. If the third correlation finds some other
fit, then additional correlation tests are required until the best
fit correlation can be determined. The final correlation equation is
calculated from the composite of all the correlation data collected.
We are proposing to eliminate the need to conduct multiple
correlation tests in this revised PS-11.
In the 1997 draft PS-11, we envisioned a scenario where some types
of PM CEMS would need to verify that the PM CEMS correlation relation
remained constant over short periods of time. Whereas, some other types
of PM CEMS would only undergo a single correlation test. We have since
abandoned that process. You are now responsible for purchasing a PM
CEMS that is appropriate for your source's PM characteristics and your
source's operation. If your flue gas and PM characteristics are
variable, you must select a PM CEMS that can respond appropriately to
those variations.
10. Correlation Criteria
We are proposing a minor revision to the correlation criteria. In
the previous proposal (Section 13.2), the correlation coefficient was
to be greater than or equal to 0.90. In today's revised PS-11 (Section
13.2(1)), the correlation coefficient must be greater than or equal to
0.85.
We have relaxed the correlation coefficient criterion but have
retained the confidence interval and tolerance interval criteria to
reflect the performance and reliability of PM CEMS during recent field
evaluations and through discussions with our European counterparts.
[[Page 64180]]
11. PM CEMS Equipment--Diagnostic Checks
In the previous proposal, no requirements existed for diagnostic
checks. In Section 6.2(2)of today's proposal, the following diagnostic
checks are required:
Your PM CEMS must also be capable of performing automatic
diagnostic checks and sending instrument status signals (flags) to
the data recorder.
We learned during our field evaluations that recording diagnostic
check failures provided valuable information about the operation and
maintenance needs (e.g., dirty window check and low battery power) of
the PM CEMS.
12. PM CEMS Equipment--Sample Volume Check
The previous proposal contained no requirement for a sample volume
check. Section 6.2(3) of the revised PS-11 contains the following
requirement:
If your PM CEMS is an extractive type that measures the sample
volume and uses the measured sample volume as part of calculating
the output value, your PM CEMS must check the sample volume to
verify the sample volume measuring equipment. You must do this
sample volume check at the normal sampling rate of your PM CEMS.
For some types of PM CEMS, the measured sample volume is part of
the calculated output response. Therefore, a check that ensures the
proper operation of the equipment that measures the sample volume is as
important as the daily zero and upscale drift check of the sample
measurement. We are requiring a daily sample volume check. The sample
volume check is not the same as the sample volume audit found in
Procedure 2. The sample volume check confirms the proper operation of
the sample volume measurement equipment. The sample volume audit
evaluates the accuracy of the sample volume measured value.
13. PM CEMS Equipment--Appropriate Measurement Range and Automatic
Range Switching
In Section 6.1.1.5 of the previous proposal, the monitor was to be
spanned as follows:
The span of the instrument shall be sufficient to determine the
highest concentration of pollutant at the facility. The span value
shall be documented by the CEMS manufacturer with laboratory data.
We are proposing to revise PS-11 in Sections 6.3, 6.4, 8.1(2), and
8.4(3) as follows:
Your PM CEMS must be initially set up to measure over the
expected range of your source's PM emission concentrations during
routine operations. This will allow your PM CEMS to detect and
record significant high PM concentrations encountered during the
Correlation Test Planning Period. You may change the measurement
range to a more appropriate range during the Correlation Test
Planning Period based on your findings.
Your PM CEMS may be equipped to perform automatic range
switching so that it is operating in a range most sensitive to the
detected concentrations. If your PM CEMS does automatic range
switching, you must appropriately configure the data recorder to
handle situations of data values being recorded in multiple ranges
during range switching intervals.
Therefore, you must select a PM CEMS that is capable of
measuring the full range of PM concentrations expected from your
source from normal levels through the emission limit concentration.
You must set the response range of your PM CEMS such that its
output is within 50 to 60 percent of its maximum output (e.g., 12 to
13.6 mA on a 4 to 20 mA output) when your source is operating at the
conditions that were previously observed to produce the highest PM
CEMS output. But, the response range must be set such that no 15-
minute average equals your PM CEMS maximum output (e.g., 20 mA). In
some cases, you may desire to set the response range of your PM CEMS
such that its output is 50 to 60 percent of its maximum output
(e.g., 12 to 13.6 mA on a 4 to 20 mA output) when your source is
operating at its PM emission limit. You may do this by perturbing
operation of the air pollution control equipment or bypassing part
of the flue gas around the control equipment in order to create PM
emissions at the emission limit.
The determination of the instrument span as stated in the 1997
draft PS-11 was inadequate. We are now providing a clearer
specification for the PM CEMS measurement range. During our field
evaluations, we found that setting the measurement range such that the
response to the highest PM concentration was about 12-14 mA gave enough
sensitivity to measure the lower PM concentrations and ensure that
short-term spikes were adequately represented. If the range is set such
that brief spikes are within the measurement range, normal readings
would likely be near the detection limit of the monitor.
14. PM CEMS Equipment--Isokinetic Sampling
The previous proposal contained no requirement for isokinetic
sampling. Section 6.1(3) of today's revised PS-11 contains the
following addition for isokinetic sampling:
If your PM CEMS is an extractive type and your source's flue gas
volumetric flow rate varies by more than 10 percent from nominal,
your PM CEMS must maintain an isokinetic sampling rate (within 10
percent of true isokinetic). If your extractive type PM CEMS does
not maintain an isokinetic sampling rate, you must use actual site-
specific data to prove to us, the State and/or local enforcement
agency that isokinetic sampling is not necessary.
A few of you expressed concern about extractive PM CEMS not
sampling isokinetically during all sampling conditions. During one of
our field evaluations, our extractive PM CEMS response was lower than
expected when the monitor was sampling about 130 percent isokinetic.
During an industry field evaluation, an extractive beta gauge PM CEMS
was deliberately made to sample about 65 percent isokinetic. Sampling
under-isokinetic caused the monitor's response to read higher than
during isokinetic sampling. Therefore, we are proposing to require that
extractive type PM CEMS sample isokinetically at all stack gas
volumetric flow rates unless you can provide site-specific data that
shows isokinetic sampling is not necessary.
15. PM CEMS Measurement Location in Relation to Air Pollution Control
By-Pass
The previous proposal contained no requirement for the measurement
location in relation to the air pollution control by-pass. Section
8.2(4) of the revised PS-11 contains the following requirement:
If you plan to achieve higher emissions, for correlation test
purposes, by adjusting the performance of the air pollution control
device (per Section 8.6(5)(i)) or by installing a means to bypass
part the of flue gas around the control device, you must locate your
PM CEMS measurement (and manual RM measurement) location well
downstream of the control device or bypass (e.g., downstream of the
induced draft fan), in order to minimize PM stratification that may
be created in these cases.
Additionally, we are adding the following guidance in section
2.4(2) related to the PM CEMS installation location:
If you suspect that PM stratification may vary at the selected
installation location, we recommend you perform a PM profile test to
determine the magnitude of the variability in PM stratification. If
the PM stratification varies by more than 10 percent, you must
either choose another installation location or eliminate the
stratification condition.
Some of you commented that guidance should be given regarding the
sampling location of the PM CEMS and the RM. Based on our and
industry's field evaluations, we found that the measurement location
played an important role in the success or failure of the initial
correlation and the stability of the correlation. During one of our
studies, we found that, when we were perturbing the air pollution
control device, the particulate concentration
[[Page 64181]]
was stratified because we were not far enough downstream from the
mixing point for the particulate to become evenly dispersed. Therefore,
we are providing guidance for locating the PM CEMS in relation to an
air pollution control by-pass, if used. Obviously, the 8 duct diameters
and 2 duct diameters criteria is ideal, but we recognize that a
location meeting those criteria is not always available or accessible.
Therefore, we recommend that you select a measurement location that
minimizes problems due to flow disturbances, cyclonic flow, and
stratification. The main induced draft (ID) fan can provide mixing and
blending of the gas stream components; therefore, locating the PM CEMS
downstream of the ID fan can reduce stratification. Also, because
changing PM stratification will adversely affect the correlation, we
are recommending that you perform a PM profile test at the PM CEMS
installation location to determine the magnitude of any variation in PM
stratification. Our and industry's PM stratification test results
showed that when the PM stratification varied by more than 10 percent,
an accurate correlation could not be maintained.
16. Pretest Preparations--Preliminary RM Testing
The previous proposal contained norequirement for preliminary
testing. Section 8.4(4) of the revised PS-11 contains the following
addition:
We recommend that you perform preliminary manual RM testing
after the Correlation Test Planning Period. During this preliminary
testing, you would measure the PM emission concentration
corresponding to the highest PM CEMS response observed during the
full range of normal operation, or when perturbing or bypassing the
control equipment.
Based on what we and industry experienced during field evaluations,
we believe some preliminary testing can help improve the performance of
the initial correlation test. For example, we observed that preliminary
testing (1) helped set the proper PM CEMS measurement range, (2)
provided guidance when perturbing the air pollution control device, and
(3) helped understand what process operating conditions produced what
PM emission concentration. Therefore, we are recommending that you do
some preliminary test runs before starting the initial correlation
test.
17. Reference Method Data--Precision and Bias
The previous proposal contained no requirement for precision and
bias in the RM data. Section 8.6(1)(ii) and (iii) of the revised PS-11
contains the following additions for precision and bias:
During all paired train testing, you must eliminate from the
data set used to develop a PM CEMS correlation any pair of data that
do not meet the precision criteria specified in Procedure 2,
paragraph 10.1(3).
You must test the valid data set for bias according to Procedure
2, Section 10.1(4)(i). You may not use biased data in developing
your PM CEMS correlation. You must identify and correct the source
of the bias before repeating the manual testing program. Therefore,
we strongly recommend that as soon as results from several test runs
become available, you immediately examine the data set for evidence
of bias so that you can take any necessary corrective action before
continuing the testing. This examination would require you to
determine the RM particulate concentration results on-site.
Some of you commented that PS-11 needed to specify what RM data
should not be included in the correlation data set. We have included
criteria for precision of the paired RM measurements and bias between
the paired RM measurements found in the entire RM data set. You will
find the criteria in Procedure 2.
18. Calculation of Confidence Interval and Tolerance Interval as a
Percent of the Emission Limit
In today's proposed revised PS-11, we made a change in the PM
concentration levels needed for your PM CEMS correlation. Because of
this change, you may collect PM concentration data that is below the
emission limit. Therefore, we need to define the PM CEMS response where
you calculate both the confidence interval and tolerance interval as a
percent of the emission limit for evaluating the performance of the
correlation.
Previously, you were instructed to calculate the PM CEMS response
at the emission limit and then to calculate the confidence interval and
tolerance interval of the correlation curve at that PM CEMS response.
This was an appropriate procedure when you collected PM concentration
data at twice the emission limit. However, if your PM concentration
data does not extend up to the emission limit, calculating the
confidence interval and tolerance interval of the correlation curve at
the emission limit is not statistically relevant.
In the previous proposed version of PS-11, the confidence interval
and tolerance interval were calculated at the emission limit which was
approximately the median value of the PM CEMS response. The confidence
interval and tolerance interval are smallest at the median value of the
PM CEMS response. Therefore, we are stipulating in today's revised PS-
11 that you calculate the confidence interval and tolerance interval at
the median value of the PM CEMS responses you obtained during the
correlation test.
B. Changes to Procedure 2
1. Definition of Calibration vs. Correlation
In the previous proposal, Section 2.3 defined calibration relation
as follows:
The relationship between a CEMS response and measured PM
concentrations by the RM which is defined by a mathematical
equation.
In today's revision to Procedure 2, this definition is not
included. The PS-11 definition was changed from calibration to
correlation as follows:
``Correlation'' means the primary mathematical relationship for
correlating output from your PM CEMS (typically expressed in some
units, e.g., such as response to a milliamp electrical signal) to a
particulate concentration, as determined by the RM. The correlation
is expressed in the same units that your PM CEMS use to measures the
PM concentration.
A few of you commented that ``calibrating'' the PM CEMS to the
manual method data was confusing language. Therefore, we now refer to
the process as ``correlation.''
2. Response Correlation Audit (RCA) Data Points
In the previous proposal, Section 5.1.1 contained the following
requirement for the RCA data points:
If it is not practical to obtain three measured data points in
all three PM concentration ranges as specified in Section 8.4.5 of
PS-11, a minimum of three measured data points in any of the two
ranges specified in Section 8.4.5 is acceptable, as long as at least
all 12 data points lie within the range of the calibration relation
test.
Section 10.3(5)(ii) of Procedure 2 is revised as follows:
All 12 data points must lie within the PM CEMS output range
examined during the PM CEMS correlation tests.
With this revision, we have clarified where the data points for the
RCA must be.
3. Absolute Calibration Audit (ACA) Audit Point Ranges
Section 5.1.2 of the previous proposal contained the following ACA
audit points:
Audit point 1--0 to 20 percent of span value
Audit point 2--40 to 60 percent of span value
Audit point 3--80 to 100 percent of span value.
The ACA audit points are revised as follows in Section 10.3(2):
[[Page 64182]]
Audit point 1--0 to 20 percent of measurement range
Audit point 2--40 to 60 percent of measurement range
Audit point 3--70 to 100 percent of measurement range.
We removed the word span from PS-11 and Procedure 2. The audit
points now reference the measurement range instead of span value. Also,
we expanded the third audit point range.
4. ACA Performance Requirement
Section 5.2.3(2) of the previously proposed version had the
following ACA requirement:
15 percent of the average audit value or 7.5% of
the applicable standard, whichever is greater.
The ACA performance criterion are revised in Section 10.4(3) as
follows:
Your PM CEMS is out of control if results exceed 10
percent of the average audit value or 7.5 percent of the applicable
standard, whichever is greater.
We are reducing the performance criterion for the ACA. Based on the
results of our field evaluations, our PM CEMS were capable of meeting
the 10 percent ACA criterion. The 15 percent limit was a
holdover from the cylinder gas audit criterion.
5. Relative Response Audit (RRA)
The previous proposed version of Procedure 2 did not include a
relative response audit (RRA). We are revising Procedure 2 in Sections
10.3 and 10.3(4) by adding the following:
You must conduct an RRA once every four calendar quarters. If
you schedule an RCA for one of the four calendar quarters in the
year, the RCA would take the place of the RRA.
You must conduct the RRA by collecting three simultaneous RM PM
concentration measurements and PM CEMS measurements at the as-found
source operating conditions and PM concentration. Paired trains for
the RM sampling are not required but are recommended to avoid
failing the test due to imprecise and inaccurate RM results.
Procedure 2 did not specify the frequency for a relative
correlation audit (RCA). Many of you commented that the RCA could be
done once every 3 to 5 years. One of you commented that 18 months was
appropriate between checks of the correlation's stability. We believe
that the length of time between checks of the correlation's stability
could be source dependent, and therefore, can be specified in the
applicable regulation. However, based on our and industry's field
evaluations, we observed that the correlations may not be stable for
periods of 3 to 5 years. We believe that PM CEMS should be correlated
more often than every 5 years. Therefore, we propose a brief, three
test run, confirmation of the correlation that would be done on an
annual basis. We identify this check as a relative response audit.
6. Sample Volume Audit (SVA)
Section 5.1.4 of the previous proposal contained the following SVA
requirement:
For applicable units with a sampling system, an audit of the
equipment to determine sample volume must be performed once a year.
The SVA procedure specified by the manufacturer will be followed to
assure that sample volume is accurately measured across the normal
range of sample volumes made over the past year.
In the 1997 draft Procedure 2, we left the procedure for conducting
the SVA to the manufacturer. Based on our experiences, we decided to
specify a procedure to conduct the SVA. This way, all SVAs will be done
in a consistent manner, and the results can be compared.
7. Routine System Checks
The previous proposal of Procedure 2 contained no provisions
specific to routine system checks. Section 10.2 of today's revised
Procedure 2 contains the following addition of routine system checks:
You must perform routine checks to assure proper operation of
system electronics and optics, light and radiation sources and
detectors, electric or electro-mechanical systems, and general
stability of the system calibration. Necessary components of the
routine system checks will depend upon design details of your PM
CEMS.
A few of you commented that the daily drift check specifications
were not adequately defined to prohibit the sale of poor quality
instruments. Therefore, we have clarified that the routine (daily)
checks must include the entire measurement system. This language is
similar to that in the new PS-1 (or ASTM D6216) for opacity monitors.
8. Treatment of Flagged Data
Section 6.4 of the previous proposal treated flagged data as
follows:
All flagged CEMS data are considered invalid; as such, these
data may not be used in determining compliance nor be counted
towards meeting minimum data availability as required and described
in the applicable subpart.
We are proposing to revise Procedure 2 by eliminating the
specification to treat all flagged data as invalid. In the 1997
version, Procedure 2 stipulated that all flagged data was considered
invalid. However, if the PM CEMS sends an alarm flag that the battery
is low, or the protective lenses are getting dirty, or the vacuum is
getting high, the data collected is still valid; it should not be
automatically treated as invalid. During our field test, we
occasionally got flags from the PM CEMS, but the data was not invalid
just because we got a flag. If Procedure 2 is not changed, all data
flags would produce invalid data. Therefore, a revision is needed.
In this revision, we are removing the requirement that all flagged
data is automatically treated as invalid and stipulating that data must
be investigated to determine its validity.
9. Alternative Calibration Relation Approaches
Section 6.5 of the previous proposal contained the following
allowance for alternative calibration relation approaches:
Certain PM CEMS have technologies established on principles
measuring PM concentration directly, whereas other technologies
measure PM properties indirectly indicative of PM concentration. It
has been shown empirically that a linear relationship can exist
between these properties and PM concentration over a narrow range of
concentrations, provided all variables remain essentially constant.
However, if all variables affecting this relationship do not remain
constant, then a linear relationship will probably not occur. Such
is the case expected for facilities with PM emissions over a wide
range of PM concentrations with certain process and air pollution
control configurations. Other non-linear relations may provide a
better fit to the calibration data than linear relations because the
monitor's response is based on some measurable, and changing,
property of the PM concentrations. These non-linear approaches may
serve as improved approaches for defining the mathematical relation
between the CEMS response and RM measured PM concentrations. The
basis and advantage for developing and implementing such alternative
approaches for determining compliance must be explicitly included in
the calibration relation test report with supporting data
demonstrating a better fit than a linear relation. Use of these
alternative approaches is subject to approval by the Administrator.
Today's revised Procedure 2 contains no allowance. In Section
12.3(4) of PS-11, the following statement is made:
You may petition the Administrator for alternative solutions or
sampling recommendations if the regression analysis presented in
Section 12.3, paragraphs (1) through (3) does not achieve
satisfactory correlation, confidence or tolerance intervals.
The alternative correlation approaches did not belong in Procedure
2 and were therefore moved to PS-11.
10. Arrangement of Paired Trains
In the previous proposal, arrangement of the paired trains was not
specified. Section 10.1 of revised Procedure 2
[[Page 64183]]
contains stipulations for the arrangement of the paired trains
including specific probe arrangements.
11. Precision of RM Data
In the previous proposal, precision of the RM data was not
specified. Section 10.1(3) of revised Procedure 2 contains the
precision specification.
Some of you commented that we needed to specify what level of
imprecision in the RM data should exclude the data from the correlation
data set. We therefore, propose to include criteria for precision of
the paired RM measurements. Experience shows that with good operating
practices and strict quality control the RSDs can be met at
concentrations as low as about 1 mg/dscm.
12. Bias of RM Data
In the previous proposal, a provision to eliminate biased RM data
was not specified. Section 10.1(4) of revised Procedure 2 proposes a
bias specification. Systematic bias can exist between two sampling
systems even when precision requirements are met. We have included
these requirements for bias between the paired RM measurements found in
the entire RM data set. We believe the precision and bias checks will
ensure that only high quality RM data is used to develop your PM CEMS
correlation relation.
13. Sample Volume Check
In the previous proposal, a sample volume check was not specified.
Section 10.2(5) of revised Procedure 2 proposes to specify requirements
for checking the sample volume.
A check that ensures the proper operation of the equipment that
measures the sample volume is important. We are now proposing to
require a daily sample volume check.
14. Sample Volume Check Performance Criteria
Since a sample volume check was not specified in the previous
proposal, performance criteria for the sample volume check was not
specified. Section 10.4(2) of revised Procedure 2 proposes the
following performance criteria for the sample volume check:
Your PM CEMS is out of control if sample volume check error
exceeds 10 percent for five consecutive daily periods, or exceeds 20
percent for any one day.
Since we added a daily sample volume check, we included these
performance specifications. These criteria are consistent with the
daily zero and upscale drift check criteria (i.e., 2 times the SVA
limit for five consecutive days or 4 times the SVA limit for any single
day).
15. Relative Response Audit Performance Criterion
Since a relative response audit was not specified in the previous
proposal, performance criteria for the RRA was not specified. Section
10.4(6) of revised Procedure 2 provides the following performance
criteria for the RRA:
At least two of the three sets of PM CEMS and RM measurements
must fall within the same specified area on a graph of the
correlation regression line as required for the RCA. If your PM CEMS
fails to meet this RRA criterion, it is considered out of control.
Since we added a relative response audit, we included this
performance specification. We believe that if 67 percent of the test
runs (i.e., 2 out of 3) are within the 25 percent tolerance interval
(which should include 75 percent of all future data points), then your
PM CEMS correlation is still applicable and accurate. We believe the
RRA is a cost effective means to ensure that your PM CEMS correlation
remains applicable without the need to complete a costly RCA on an
annual basis.
16. What To Do in the Event of a Failed RRA
No provision was included in the previous proposal. Now, Section
10.5(1)(ii) proposes:
If your PM CEMS failed an RRA, you must take corrective action
until your PM CEMS passes the RRA criteria. If the RRA criteria cannot
be achieved, you must perform an RCA.
Since we added the RRA, we need to tell you what to do if your PM
CEMS fails to meet the performance criterion. We believe that if 2 out
of the 3 test runs do not fall within the 25 percent tolerance
interval, then your PM CEMS correlation may no longer be applicable. If
your PM CEMS fails to meet the performance specification, we believe
you should take corrective actions to correct any problems and repeat
the RRA. However, if the RRA criteria cannot be attained, we believe
you then need to conduct a full RCA using paired RM trains that meet
the precision and bias criteria.
17. What To Do in the Event of a Failed RCA
No provision for a failed RCA was included in the previous version.
Now, Section 10.6 proposes to include provisions you must follow if
your PM CEMS fails the RCA.
The 1997 draft Procedure 2 did not tell you what to do if your PM
CEMS failed to meet the RCA performance criterion. We believe the
proposed steps are appropriate. Once your PM CEMS new correlation is
developed, you start reporting PM emissions using the new equation. If
a new correlation is developed according to step (2), the old
correlation data is abandoned. In Germany and Denmark, when any
additional RM testing is done, the new data is continually added to the
correlation data set and a new correlation relation is calculated each
time. However, they do not maintain the correlation performance
criteria (i.e., confidence interval and tolerance interval limits) like
we do, and therefore we chose not to follow the process used in Germany
and Denmark.
III. Administrative Requirements
A. Docket
The docket is an organized and complete file of all information
submitted or otherwise considered by us in the development of this
proposed rulemaking. The principal purposes of the docket are: (1) to
allow you to identify and locate documents so that you can effectively
participate in the rulemaking process, and (2) to serve as the record
in case of judicial review (except for interagency review materials)
(Clean Air Act Section 307(d)(7)(A)).
B. Executive Order 12866, Regulatory Planning and Review
Under Executive Order 12866 (58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993), we are
required to judge whether a regulatory action is ``significant'' and
therefore subject to Office of Management and Budget (OMB) review and
the requirements of this Executive Order. The Order defines
``significant regulatory action'' as one that is likely to result in a
rule that may: (1) Have an annual effect on the economy of $100 million
or more, or adversely affect in a material way the economy, a sector of
the economy, productivity, competition, jobs, the environment, public
health or safety, or State, local, or tribal governments or
communities; (2) create a serious inconsistency or otherwise interfere
with an action taken or planned by another agency; (3) materially alter
the budgetary impact of entitlements, grants, user fees, or loan
programs, or the rights and obligation of recipients thereof; or (4)
raise novel legal or policy issues arising out of legal mandates, the
President's priorities, or the principles set forth in the Executive
Order.
Pursuant to the terms of Executive Order 12866, we have determined
that this rule is not ``significant'' because none of the listed
criteria apply to this action. Consequently, this action was
[[Page 64184]]
not submitted to OMB for review under Executive Order 12866.
C. Regulatory Flexibility
The Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) generally requires that we
conduct a regulatory flexibility analysis of any rule subject to notice
and comment rulemaking requirements unless we certify that the rule
will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of
small entities. Small entities include small businesses, small not-for-
profit enterprises, and small governmental jurisdictions. This proposed
rule would not have a significant impact on a substantial number of
small entities because no additional cost will be incurred by such
entities because of the changes specified by the proposed rule. The
requirements of the supplemental proposal reaffirm and clarify
previously proposed performance specifications for continuous
particulate matter emission monitoring systems. Therefore, I certify
that this action will not have a significant economic impact on a
substantial number of small entities.
D. Executive Order 13132, Federalism
Executive Order 13132, entitled ``Federalism'' (64 FR 43255, August
10, 1999), requires that we develop an accountable process to ensure
``meaningful and timely input by State and local officials in the
development of regulatory policies that have federalism implications.''
``Policies that have federalism implications'' is defined in the
Executive Order to include regulations that have ``substantial direct
effects on the States, on the relationship between the national
government and the States, or on the distribution of power and
responsibilities among the various levels of government.'' Under
Section 6 of Executive Order 13132, we may not issue a regulation that
has federalism implications, that imposes substantial direct compliance
costs, and that is not required by statute, unless the Federal
government provides the funds necessary to pay the direct compliance
costs incurred by the State and local governments, or we consult with
State and local officials early in the process of developing the
proposed regulation. We also may not issue a regulation that has
federalism implications and that preempts State law unless we consult
with State and local officials early in the process of developing the
proposed regulation.
This proposed rule does not have federalism implications. It will
not have substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship
between the national government and the States, or on the distribution
of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government,
as specified in Executive Order 13132. This proposed rule is a revision
to a previously proposed rule governing the specifications, test
procedures, and quality assurance requirements to be used by owners or
operators of stationary sources for particulate matter continuous
emission monitoring systems. Thus, the requirements of section 6 of the
Executive Order do not apply to this proposed rule.
E. Paperwork Reduction Act
This proposed rule does not contain any information collection
requirements subject to the Office of Management and Budget review
under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1980, 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.
F. Unfunded Mandates Act
Under Section 202 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995
(``Unfunded Mandates Act''), we must prepare a budgetary impact
statement to accompany any proposed rule, or any final rule for which a
notice of proposed rulemaking was published, that includes a Federal
mandate that may result in estimated costs to State, local, or tribal
governments in the aggregate, or to the private sector, of $100 million
or more in any one year. Under Section 205, if a budgetary impact
statement is required under Section 202, we must select the least
costly, most cost-effective, or least burdensome alternative that
achieves the objective of the rule, unless we explain why this
alternative is not selected or the selection of this alternative is
inconsistent with law. Section 203 requires us to establish a plan for
informing and advising any small governments that may be significantly
or uniquely impacted by the rule. Section 204 requires us to develop a
process to allow elected state, local, and tribal government officials
to provide input in the development of any proposal containing a
significant Federal intergovernmental mandate.
We have determined that this proposed rule does not include a
Federal mandate that may result in estimated costs of $100 million or
more to either State, local, or tribal governments in the aggregate, or
to the private sector in any one year. Rules establishing performance
specifications and quality assurance requirements impose no costs
independent from national emission standards which require their use,
and such costs are fully reflected in the regulatory impact assessment
for those emission standards. We have also determined that this
proposed rule does not significantly or uniquely impact small
governments. Therefore, the requirements of the Unfunded Mandates Act
do not apply to this action.
G. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act
The National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995
(NTTAA), Sec. 12(d), Public Law 104-113, generally requires federal
agencies and departments to use voluntary consensus standards instead
of government-unique standards in their regulatory activities unless to
do so would be inconsistent with applicable law or otherwise
impractical. Voluntary consensus standards are technical standards
(e.g., material specifications, test method, sampling and analytical
procedures, business practices, etc.) that are developed or adopted by
one or more voluntary consensus standards bodies. Examples of
organizations generally regarded as voluntary consensus standards
bodies include the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM),
the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), and the Society of
Automotive Engineers (SAE). The NTTAA requires Federal agencies like us
to provide Congress, through OMB, with explanations when an agency
decides not to use available and applicable voluntary consensus
standards.
During this rulemaking, we searched for voluntary consensus
standards that might be applicable. An International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) standard, number 10155, Stationary source
emissions--Automated monitoring of mass concentrations of particles--
Performance characteristics, test methods and specifications, was
applicable. ISO 10155 was followed for our first field evaluation of PM
CEMS; however it was found to be inadequate to fulfill the performance
specification needs for our compliance monitoring. Examples of areas
where we believed ISO 10155 was inadequate are:
(1) The number of test runs for a correlation test, 9, was
insufficient for a comprehensive statistical evaluation of the PM CEMS
correlation.
(2) The PM concentration ranges required for a correlation test
were too vague.
(3) The measurement location for the PM CEMS and RM were vague.
(4) Accuracy and precision criteria are not established for the RM.
(5) The correlation coefficient limit of greater than 0.95 was too
stringent for most of the PM CEMS correlations we
[[Page 64185]]
evaluated. Also, ISO 10155 lacks quality assurance and quality control
procedures. ISO 10155 was used as the starting point for development of
PS-11.
H. Executive Order 13045, Protection of Children From Environmental
Health Risks and Safety Risks
Executive Order 13045 (62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997) applies to any
rule that we determine (1) is ``economically significant'' as defined
under Executive Order 12866, and (2) addresses an environmental health
or safety risk that we believe may have a disproportionate effect on
children. If the regulatory action meets both criteria, we must
evaluate the environmental health or safety effects of the planned rule
on children, and explain why the planned regulation is preferable to
other potentially effective and reasonably feasible alternatives
considered by us.
We interpret Executive Order 13045 as applying only to those
regulatory actions that are based on health or safety risks, such that
the analysis required under section 5-501 of the Order has the
potential to influence the regulation. This proposed rule is not
subject to Executive Order 13045 because this does not establish an
environmental standard intended to mitigate health or safety risks.
I. Executive Order 13175 (Consultation and Coordination With Indian
Tribal Governments)
Executive Order 13175, entitled ``Consultation and Coordination
with Indian Tribal Governments'' (65 FR 67249, November 6, 2000),
requires EPA to develop an accountable process to ensure ``meaningful
and timely input by tribal officials in the development of regulatory
policies that have tribal implications.'' ``Policies that have tribal
implications'' is defined in the Executive Order to include regulations
that have ``substantial direct effects on one or more Indian tribes, on
the relationship between the Federal government and the Indian tribes,
or on the distribution of power and responsibilities between the
Federal government and Indian tribes.''
This proposed rule does not have tribal implications. It will not
have substantial direct effects on tribal governments, on the
relationship between the Federal government and Indian tribes, or on
the distribution of power and responsibilities between the Federal
government and Indian tribes, as specified in Executive Order 13175.
This proposed rule revises an existing proposed regulation which
details the performance and design specifications for continuous
emission monitoring systems. Thus, Executive Order 13175 does not apply
to this rule.
J. Executive Order 13211, Energy Effects
This rule is not subject to Executive Order 13211, ``Actions
Concerning Regulations That Significantly Affect Energy Supply,
Distribution, or Use (66 FR 28355 (May 22, 2001)) because it is not a
significant regulatory action under Executive Order 12866.
List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 60
Environmental protection, Air Pollution Control, Continuous
emission monitoring; Performance specification; Particulate matter.
Dated: November 29, 2001.
Christine Todd Whitman,
Administrator.
We propose that 40 CFR, part 60 be amended as follows:
1. The authority citation for part 60 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401, 7411, 7414, 7416, and 7601.
2. Appendix B of Part 60 is amended by adding Performance
Specification 11 to read as follows:
Appendix B of Part 60--Performance Specifications
* * * * *
Performance Specification 11--Specifications and Test
Procedures for Particulate Matter Continuous Emission Monitoring
Systems at Stationary Sources
1.0 What Are the Purpose and Applicability of Performance
Specification 11?
The purpose of Performance Specification 11 (PS-11) is to
establish the initial installation and performance procedures that
are required for evaluating the acceptability of a particulate
matter (PM) continuous emissions monitoring system (CEMS). The
intent of PS-11 is not to evaluate the ongoing performance of your
PM CEMS over an extended period of time, nor does it identify
specific calibration techniques and auxiliary procedures to assess
CEMS performance. You will find procedures for evaluating the
ongoing performance of your PM CEMS in Procedure 2 of Appendix F--
Quality Assurance Requirements for Particulate Matter Continuous
Monitoring Systems Used at Stationary Sources.
1.1 How does PS-11 apply to my PM CEMS? PS-11 applies to your
PM CEMS if you are required by any provision of Title 40 of the CFR
to install and operate PM CEMS.
1.2 When must I comply with PS-11? You must comply with PS-11
when directed by the applicable rule that required you to install
and operate a PM CEMS. Also, you may be required to show compliance
with PS-11 if changes at your source result in conditions which are
unrepresentative of the previous correlation (e.g., changes in
emission control system, significant changes in concentration of PM
emitted, or feed inputs to the device).
1.3 What other monitoring is needed? To report your PM
emissions in units of the emission standard, you may need to monitor
additional parameters to correct the PM concentration reported by
your PM CEMS. Your CEMS may include the components listed in
paragraphs (1) through (3):
(1) A diluent monitor (i.e., O2, CO2, or
other CEMS specified in the applicable regulation) which must meet
its own performance specifications found in this appendix,
(2) Auxiliary monitoring equipment to allow measurement,
determination, or input of the flue gas temperature, pressure,
moisture content, and/or dry volume of stack effluent sampled, and
(3) An automatic sampling system.
The performance of your PM CEMS and the establishment of its
correlation to manual measurements must be determined in units of
mass concentration as measured by your PM CEMS (e.g., mg/acm or mg/
dscm).
2.0 What Are the Basic Requirements of PS-11?
PS-11 requires you to perform initial installation and
calibration procedures that confirm the acceptability of your CEMS
when it is installed and placed into operation. You must develop a
site specific correlation of your PM CEMS response against manual
gravimetric RM measurements (including those made using EPA RMs 5 or
17).
2.1 What types of PM CEMS technologies are covered? Several
different types of PM CEMS technologies (e.g., light scattering,
Beta attenuation, etc.) can be designed with in-situ or extractive
sample gas handling systems. Each PM CEMS technology and sample gas
handling technologies have certain site specific advantages. You
must select and install a PM CEMS that is appropriate for the flue
gas conditions at your source.
2.2 How is PS-11 different from other performance
specifications? PS-11 is based on a technique of correlating PM CEMS
response relative to emissions determined by the RM. This technique
is called ``the correlation.'' This differs from CEMS used to
measure gaseous pollutants which have available calibration gases of
known concentration.
(1) Since the type and characteristics of PM vary from source to
source, a single PM correlation, applicable to all sources, is not
possible. When conducting the initial correlation test of your PM
CEMS response to PM emissions determined by the RM, you must pay
close attention to accuracy and details. Your PM CEMS must be
operating properly. You must perform the manual method testing
accurately, with attention to eliminating site-specific systemic
errors. You must coordinate the timing of the manual method testing
with the sampling cycle of your PM CEMS.
(2) You must complete a minimum of 15 manual PM tests. You must
perform the manual testing over the full range of PM CEMS responses
observed during the Correlation Test Planning Period.
2.3 How is the correlation data handled? You must carefully
review your manual method data and your PM CEMS responses
[[Page 64186]]
to include only valid, high quality data. For the correlation, you
must reduce and present the manual method data in terms of the
measurement conditions reported by your PM CEMS. Then, you must
correlate the manual method and PM CEMS data in terms of the output
as received from the monitor (e.g., milliamps). At the median PM
CEMS response, you must calculate the confidence interval and
tolerance interval as a percentage of the applicable PM
concentration emission limit and compare the confidence interval and
tolerance interval percentages to the acceptance criteria. Also, you
must calculate the correlation coefficient, independent of the
applicable PM limit, and compare the correlation coefficient to the
acceptance criterion.
Situations may arise where you will need two or more
correlations. If you need multiple correlations, you need to collect
sufficient data for each correlation.
2.4 How do I design my PM CEMS correlation program? When
planning your PM CEMS correlation effort, you must address each of
the items in paragraphs (1) through (8) to enhance the probability
of success. You will find each of these elements further described
in this performance specification or the applicable RM procedure.
(1) What type of PM CEMS should I select? You must select a PM
CEMS that is most appropriate for your source with technical
consideration for potential factors such as interferences, site
specific configurations, installation location, flue gas conditions,
PM concentration range and other PM characteristics. You can find
guidance on which technology is best suited for specific situations
in our report ``Current Knowledge of Particulate Matter (PM)
Continuous Emission Monitoring'' (see references, section 16.5).
(2) Where should I install my PM CEMS? Your PM CEMS must be
installed in a location that is most representative of PM emissions
as determined by the RM such that the correlation between PM CEMS
response and emissions determined by the RM will meet these
performance specifications. Care must be taken in selecting a
location and measurement point with minimum problems due to flow
disturbances, cyclonic flow, and varying PM stratification. You
should refer to Method 1 of this part for guidance (also see section
8.2). If you suspect that PM stratification may vary at the selected
installation location, we recommend you perform a PM profile test to
determine the magnitude of the variability in PM stratification. If
the PM stratification varies by more than 10 percent, you must
either choose another installation location or eliminate the
stratification condition.
(3) How should I record my CEMS data? You must ensure that your
data logger and PM CEMS have been properly programmed to accept and
transfer status signals of valid monitor operation (e.g., flags for
internal calibration, suspect data, or maintenance periods). You
need to ensure that your PM CEMS and data logger are set up to
collect and record all normal emission levels and excursions.
(4) How should I record CEMS maintenance and performance data?
You must maintain a logbook for documenting CEMS maintenance and
performance.
(5) What CEMS data should I review? You must review drift data
daily to document proper operation. You must also ensure that any
audit material is appropriate to the typical operating range of your
PM CEMS.
(6) How long should I operate my PM CEMS before doing the
initial correlation test? You must allow sufficient time for your PM
CEMS to operate in a ``shakedown'' mode for you to become familiar
with your PM CEMS.
(i) You must observe PM CEMS response over time during normal
and varying process conditions. This will assure that your PM CEMS
has been properly set up to operate at a range which is compatible
with the concentrations and characteristics of PM emissions. You may
use this information in establishing the operating conditions
necessary to perform the correlations of PM CEMS data to manual
method measurements over a wide operating range.
(ii) You must establish what type of process changes will
influence flue gas PM concentration and resulting PM CEMS signal on
a definable and repeatable basis. You may find the ``shakedown''
period useful to make adjustments to your planned approach for
operating your PM CEMS at your source. For instance, you may change
the measurement range or batch sampling period to something other
than those you initially planned to use.
(7) How should I do the manual method testing? You must perform
the manual method testing in accordance with specific rule
requirements, coordinated closely with PM CEMS and process
operations and then scrutinize the data according to the precision
and bias criteria specified in Procedure 2, paragraph 10.1. You must
use paired trains for the manual method testing. You must perform
the manual method testing over a suitable PM concentration range as
defined during the Correlation Test Planning Period. Since the
manual testing for this correlation test is not for compliance
reporting purposes, you may conduct the RM test runs for less than
the typical 1-hour.
(8) What do I do with the manual RM data and PM CEMS data? You
must complete each of the activities in paragraphs (i) through (v).
(i) Screen the manual RM data for validity (e.g., isokinetics,
leak checks), and quality assurance (e.g., proper management to
program goals) and quality control, (e.g., outlier identification).
(ii) Screen your PM CEMS data for validity (e.g., daily drift
check requirements) and quality assurance (e.g., flagged data).
(iii) Convert the manual test data into the same units of PM
concentration as reported by your PM CEMS.
(iv) Calculate the polynomial and linear correlations and select
the best fit correlation as specified in section 12.3.
(v) Calculate the results for the correlation coefficient,
confidence interval, and tolerance interval for the complete set of
CEMS/RM correlation data for comparison with the data acceptance
criteria specified in section 13.2.
3.0 What Special Definitions Apply to PS-11?
3.1 ``Appropriate Measurement Range of your PM CEMS'' means a
measurement range that is capable of recording readings over the
complete range of your source's PM emission concentrations during
routine operations. The appropriate range is determined during the
Pretest Preparations as specified in section 8.4.
3.2 ``Appropriate Data Range for PM CEMS Correlation'' means
the data range that reflects the full range of your source's PM
emission concentrations recorded by your PM CEMS during the
Correlation Test Planning Period or other normal operations as
defined in the applicable regulations.
3.3 ``Batch Sampling'' means that gas is sampled on an
intermittent basis and concentrated on a collection media before
intermittent analysis and follow up reporting. Beta gauge PM CEMS
are an example of batch sampling devices.
3.4 ``Confidence Interval (CI)'' means the statistical term for
predicting, with 95 percent confidence, the bounds in which one
would predict the correlation line to lie. Equations for calculating
CI are provided in section 12.3(1)(ii), Equation 11-10, for the
polynomial correlation and section 12.3(3)(ii), Equation 11-33, for
the linear correlation. The CI as a percent of the emission limit
value is calculated at the median PM CEMS response value.
3.5 ``Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS)'' means all
of the equipment required for determination of particulate matter
mass concentration in units of the emission standard. The sample
interface, pollutant monitor, diluent monitor, other auxiliary data
monitor(s) and data recorder are the major subsystems of your CEMS.
3.6 ``Correlation'' means the primary mathematical relationship
for correlating output from your PM CEMS (typically expressed in
some arbitrary units, such as response to a milliamp electrical
signal) to a particulate concentration, as determined by the RM. The
correlation is expressed in the same units that your PM CEMS
measures the PM concentration.
3.7 ``Correlation Coefficient (r)'' means a quantitative
measure of association between your PM CEMS outputs and the RM
measurements. Equations for calculating the r value are provided in
section 12.3(1)(iv), Equation 11-22, for the polynomial correlation
and section 12.3(3)(iv), Equation 11-36, for the linear correlation.
3.8 ``Cycle Time'' means the time required to complete one
sampling, measurement, and reporting cycle. For a batch sampling PM
CEMS, the cycle time would start when sample gas is first extracted
from the stack/duct and end when the measurement of that batch
sample is complete and a new result for that batch sample is
produced on the data recorder.
3.9 ``Data Recorder'' means the portion of your CEMS that
provides a permanent record of the monitor output in terms of
response and status (flags). The data recorder may also provide
automatic data reduction and CEMS control capabilities. (See section
6.6)
3.10 ``Diluent Monitor and Other Auxiliary Data Monitor(s) (if
applicable)''
[[Page 64187]]
means that portion of your CEMS that provides the diluent gas
concentration (such as O2 or CO2, as specified
by the applicable regulations), temperature, pressure, and/or
moisture content, and generates an output proportional to the
diluent gas concentration or gas property.
3.11 ``Drift Check'' means a check of the difference in your PM
CEMS output readings from the established reference value of a
reference standard or procedure after a stated period of operation
during which no unscheduled maintenance, repair, or adjustment took
place. The procedures used to determine drift will be specific to
the operating practices of your specific PM CEMS. A drift check
includes both a zero drift check and an upscale drift check.
3.12 ``Flagged Data'' means data marked by your CEMS indicating
that the response value(s) from one or more CEMS subsystems is
suspect, invalid, or that your PM CEMS is not in source measurement
operating mode.
3.13 ``Linear Correlation'' means a first order mathematical
relationship between your PM CEMS and manual method PM concentration
that is linear in form (y = b0 + b1x).
3.14 ``Paired Trains'' means two simultaneously conducted RM
trains. (See section 8.6(1) and Procedure 2.)
3.15 ``Path CEMS'' means a CEMS that measures PM mass
concentrations along a path across the stack or duct cross section.
3.16 ``Point CEMS'' means a CEMS that measures particulate
matter mass concentrations either at a single point, or over a small
fixed volume or path.
3.17 ``Polynomial Correlation'' means a second order equation
used to define the relationship between your PM CEMS output and
manual method PM concentration (y = b0 + b1x +
b2x2).
3.18 ``Reference Method (RM)'' means the method defined in the
applicable regulations but commonly is those methods collectively
known as Methods 5 and 17 (for particulate), found in Appendix A of
40 CFR Part 60. Only the front half and dry filter catch portions of
the RM can be correlated to your PM CEMS output.
3.19 ``Reference Standard'' means a reference material or
procedure that produces a known and unchanging response when
presented to the pollutant monitor portion of your CEMS. You must
use these standards to evaluate the overall operation of your PM
CEMS but not to develop a PM CEMS correlation.
3.20 ``Response Time'' means the time interval between the
start of a step change in the system input and the time when the
pollutant monitor output reaches 95 percent of the final value. (See
sections 6.5 and 13.3 for procedures and acceptance criteria.)
3.21 ``Sample Interface'' means the portion of your CEMS used
for one or more of the following: sample acquisition, sample
delivery, sample conditioning, or protection of the monitor from the
effects of the stack effluent.
3.22 ``Sample Volume Check'' means a check of the difference
between your PM CEMS sample volume reading and the sample volume
reference value.
3.23 ``Tolerance Interval (TI)'' means the interval with upper
and lower limits, within a specified percentage of the future data
population are contained with a given level of confidence as defined
by the respective tolerance interval equations in section 12 of this
performance specification. The TI is calculated as a percent of the
emission limit value at the median PM CEMS response value.
3.24 ``Upscale Check Value'' means the expected response to a
reference standard or procedure used to check the upscale response
of your PM CEMS.
3.25 ``Upscale Drift (UD) Check'' means a check of the
difference between your PM CEMS output reading and the upscale check
value.
3.26 ``Zero Check Value'' means the expected response to a
reference standard or procedure used to check the response of your
PM CEMS to particulate free or low particulate concentration
situations.
3.27 ``Zero Drift (ZD) Check'' means a check of the difference
between your PM CEMS output reading and the zero check value.
3.28 ``Zero Point Correlation Value'' means a value added to PM
CEMS correlation data to represent low or near zero PM concentration
data. (See section 8.6 for rationale and procedures.)
4.0 Are There Any Potential Interferences for My PM CEMS?
Yes, condensible water droplets or condensible acid gas aerosols
(i.e., those with condensation temperatures above those specified by
the method) at the measurement location can be interferences for
your PM CEMS if the necessary precautions are not met.
4.1 Where are interferences likely to occur? Interferences may
develop if your CEMS is installed downstream of a wet air pollution
control system or any other conditions that produce flue gases
which, at your PM CEMS measurement point, normally or occasionally
contain entrained water droplets or condensible salts before release
to the atmosphere.
4.2 How do I deal with interferences? Your PM CEMS must extract
and heat a representative sample of the flue gas for measurement to
simulate results produced by the RM for conditions such as those
described in section 4.1. Independent of your PM CEMS measurement
technology and extractive technique, you must have a configuration
simulating the RM to assure that:
(1) no formation of new particulate or deposition of particulate
occurs in sample delivery from the stack or duct; and
(2) no condensate accumulates in the sample flow measurement
apparatus.
4.3 What PM CEMS measurement technologies can I use? You must
use a PM CEMS measurement technology that is free of interferences
from any condensible constituent in the flue gas and in stack or
duct flue gas conditions which normally or occasionally contain
entrained water droplets or condensible salts.
5.0 What Do I Need To Know To Ensure the Safety of Persons Using PS-
11?
People using the procedures required under PS-11 may be exposed
to hazardous materials, operations, site conditions, and equipment.
This performance specification does not purport to address all of
the safety issues associated with its use. It is your responsibility
to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine
the applicable regulatory limitations before performing these
procedures. You must consult your CEMS users' manual and materials
recommended by the RM for specific precautions to be taken.
6.0 What Equipment and Supplies Do I Need?
The different types of PM CEMS use different operating
principles. You must select an appropriate PM CEMS based on your
site specific configurations, flue gas conditions, and PM
characteristics.
(1) Your PM CEMS must sample the stack effluent continuously or
intermittently for batch sampling PM CEMS.
(2) You must ensure that the averaging time, the number of
measurements in an average, the minimum data availability, and the
averaging procedure for your CEMS conforms with those specified in
the applicable emission regulation.
(3) Your PM CEMS must include the minimum equipment described in
sections 6.1 through 6.7.
6.1 What equipment is needed for my PM CEMS's sample interface?
Your PM CEMS's sample interface must be capable of delivering a
representative sample of the flue gas to your PM CEMS. This
subsystem may be required to heat the sample gas to avoid
particulate deposition or moisture condensation, provide dilution
air, perform other gas conditioning to prepare the sample for
analysis, or measure the sample volume/flowrate.
(1) If your PM CEMS is installed downstream of a wet air
pollution control system such that the flue gases normally or
occasionally contain entrained water droplets, your PM CEMS must
have equipment to extract and heat a representative sample of the
flue gas for measurement so that the pollutant monitor portion of
your CEMS measures only dry particulate. Heating must be sufficient
to raise the temperature of the extracted flue gas to above the
water condensation temperature and must be maintained at all times
and at all points in the sample line from where the flue gas is
extracted to, including the pollutant monitor and any sample flow
measurement devices.
(2) You must consider the measured conditions of the sample gas
stream to ensure that manual test data is converted into
appropriately consistent units of PM concentration for the
correlation calculations. Additionally, you must identify what, if
any, additional auxiliary data continuous monitoring and handling
systems are necessary in the conversion of your PM CEMS response
into units of the PM standard.
(3) If your PM CEMS is an extractive type and your source's flue
gas volumetric flow rate varies by more than 10 percent from
nominal, your PM CEMS must maintain an isokinetic sampling rate
(within 10 percent of true isokinetic). If your extractive type PM
CEMS does not maintain an isokinetic
[[Page 64188]]
sampling rate, you must use actual site-specific data to prove to
us, the State and/or local enforcement agency that isokinetic
sampling is not necessary.
6.2 What type of equipment is needed for my PM CEMS? Your PM
CEMS must be capable of providing an electronic output proportional
to the PM concentration.
(1) Your PM CEMS must be able to perform zero and upscale drift
checks. You may perform these checks manually, but performing these
checks automatically is preferred.
(2) Your PM CEMS must also be capable of performing automatic
diagnostic checks and sending instrument status signals (flags) to
the data recorder.
(3) If your PM CEMS is an extractive type that measures the
sample volume and uses the measured sample volume as part of
calculating the output value, your PM CEMS must check the sample
volume to verify the sample volume measuring equipment. You must do
this sample volume check at the normal sampling rate of your PM
CEMS.
6.3 What is the appropriate measurement range for my PM CEMS?
Your PM CEMS must be initially set up to measure over the expected
range of your source's PM emission concentrations during routine
operations. This will allow your PM CEMS to detect and record
significant high PM concentrations encountered during the
Correlation Test Planning Period. You may change the measurement
range to a more appropriate range during the Correlation Test
Planning Period based on your findings.
6.4 What if my PM CEMS does automatic range switching? Your PM
CEMS may be equipped to perform automatic range switching so that it
is operating in a range most sensitive to the detected
concentrations. If your PM CEMS does automatic range switching, you
must appropriately configure the data recorder to adequately handle
the recording of data values being recorded in multiple ranges
during range switching intervals.
6.5 What averaging time and sample intervals should be used?
Your CEMS must sample the stack effluent such that the averaging
time, the number of measurements in an average, the minimum sampling
time, and the averaging procedure for reporting and determining
compliance conform with those specified in the applicable
regulation. Your PM CEMS must be designed to meet the specified
response time and cycle time established in this Performance
Specification. (See section 13.3.)
6.6 What type of equipment is needed for my data recorder? Your
CEMS data recorder must be able to accept and record electronic
signals from all the monitors.
(1) Your data recorder must record the signals from your PM CEMS
that are proportional to particulate mass concentrations. If your PM
CEMS uses multiple ranges, your data recorder must identify what
range the measurement was made in and provide range adjusted
results.
(2) Your data recorder must accept and record monitor status
signals (flagged data).
(3) Your data recorder must accept signals from auxiliary data
monitors, as appropriate.
6.7 What other equipment and supplies might I need? You may
need other supporting equipment as defined by the applicable RM(s)
(see section 7) or as specified by your CEMS manufacturer.
7.0 What Reagents and Standards Do I Need?
7.1 You will need reference-audit rods, -audit wedges, foils,
optical filters or other technology-appropriate reference media that
are provided by your PM CEMS manufacturer. You must use these
reference media for the quarterly QA/QC audits and for daily drift
checks (i.e., to measure drift or response) of your PM CEMS. These
need not be certified but must be documented by the manufacturer to
give results that are consistent, repeatable and reliable.
7.2 You may need other reagents and standards required by the
applicable RM(s).
8.0 What Performance Specification Test Procedure Do I Follow?
You must complete each of the activities in sections 8.1 through
8.8 for your performance specification test.
8.1 What is the appropriate equipment selection and setup? You
must select a PM CEMS that is most appropriate for your source,
giving consideration to potential factors such as flue gas
conditions, interferences, site specific configuration, installation
location, PM concentration range and other PM characteristics. Your
PM CEMS must meet the equipment specifications of section 6.1.
(1) You must select a PM CEMS that is appropriate for the flue
gas conditions at your source. If your source contains entrained
water droplets, your PM CEMS will require a sample delivery and
conditioning system that is capable of extracting and heating a
representative sample.
(i) Your PM CEMS must maintain the sample at a temperature
sufficient to prevent moisture condensation in the sample line
before analysis of PM.
(ii) If condensible PM is an issue, your PM CEMS must maintain
the sample gas temperature at the same temperature as the RM filter.
(iii) Your PM CEMS must avoid condensation in the sample flow
rate measurement lines.
(2) Some PM CEMS do not have a wide measurement range
capability. Therefore, you must select a PM CEMS that is capable of
measuring the full range of PM concentrations expected from your
source from normal levels through the emission limit concentration.
(3) Some PM CEMS are sensitive to particle size changes, water
droplets in the gas stream, particle charge, and stack gas velocity
changes, etc. Therefore, you must select a PM CEMS appropriate for
your source's PM characteristics.
(4) You must set up your CEMS to operate in accordance with the
manufacturer's recommendations.
(5) You must consult your PM CEMS vendor to obtain basic
recommendations on the instrument capabilities and setup
configuration. You are ultimately responsible for setup and
operation of your PM CEMS.
8.2 Where do I install my PM CEMS? You must install your PM
CEMS at an accessible location downstream of all pollution control
equipment. You must perform your PM CEMS concentration measurements
from a location considered most representative, or be able to
provide data that can be corrected to be representative of the total
PM emissions as determined by the manual RM.
(1) Your site specific correlation developed during the initial
correlation testing must relate specific PM CEMS responses to
integrated particulate concentrations.
(2) We may require you to relocate your CEMS if the cause of
failure to meet the correlation criteria is determined to be the
measurement location and a satisfactory correction technique cannot
be established.
(3) You must select a measurement location that minimizes
problems due to flow disturbances, cyclonic flow, and varying PM
stratification (refer to Method 1 for guidance).
(4) If you plan to achieve higher emissions, for correlation
test purposes, by adjusting the performance of the air pollution
control device (per section 8.6(5)(i)) or by installing a means to
bypass part of the flue gas around the control device, you must
locate your PM CEMS measurement (and manual RM measurement) location
well downstream of the control device or bypass (e.g., downstream of
the induced draft fan), in order to minimize PM stratification that
may be created in these cases.
8.3 How do I select the manual RM measurement location and
traverse points? You must follow EPA Method 1 for identifying manual
RM traverse points. Ideally, you should perform your manual
measurements at locations where the 8 and 2 flow disturbance
criteria are met. Where necessary, you may conduct testing at a
location that is 2 diameters downstream and 0.5 diameters upstream
of flow disturbances. If your location does not meet the minimum
downstream and upstream requirements, you must obtain approval from
us to test at your location.
8.4 What are my pretest preparation steps? You must install
your CEMS and prepare the RM test site according to the
specifications in sections 8.2 and 8.3. You must prepare your CEMS
for operation according to the manufacturer's written instructions.
(1) After completing the initial field installation, you must
operate your PM CEMS according to the manufacturer's instructions
for a shakedown period. Except during times of instrument zero and
upscale drift checks, your CEMS must analyze the effluent gas for PM
and produce a permanent record of your PM CEMS output.
(i) You must conduct daily checks (zero and upscale drift and
sample volume, as appropriate); and, when any check exceeds the
daily specification (see section 13.1), make adjustments and perform
any necessary maintenance to ensure reliable operation. Your data
recorder must reflect these checks and adjustments.
(ii) If the shakedown period is interrupted because of source
breakdown, you must continue the shakedown period following
resumption of source operation. If the shakedown period is
interrupted because of monitor failure, you must continue the
shakedown period when the monitor becomes operational.
[[Page 64189]]
(iii) The objective of the shakedown period is for you to become
familiar with your PM CEMS and its routine operation for providing
reliable data.
(iv) Therefore, you must continue the shakedown until you are
confident that your PM CEMS is operating within the manufacturer's
specifications.
(2) After completing the shakedown period, you must operate your
CEMS over a Correlation Test Planning Period of sufficient duration
to identify the full range of operating conditions and PM emissions
to be used in your PM CEMS correlation test. During the Correlation
Test Planning Period you must produce a permanent record of 15-
minute average PM CEMS responses.
(i) During the Correlation Test Planning Period you must operate
the process and air pollution control equipment in their normal set
of operating conditions.
(ii) Your data recorder must record PM CEMS response during the
full range of routine process operating conditions.
(iii) You must establish the relationships between operating
conditions and PM CEMS response, especially those conditions that
produce the highest PM CEMS response over 15-minute averaging
periods, and the lowest PM CEMS response as well. The objective of
this is for you to be able to reproduce the conditions for purposes
of the actual correlation testing discussed in section 8.6.
(iv) You must set the response range of your PM CEMS for the
subsequent correlation testing.
(3) You must set the response range of your PM CEMS such that
its output is within 50 to 60 percent of its maximum output (e.g.,
12 to 13.6 mA on a 4 to 20 mA output) when your source is operating
at the conditions that were previously observed to produce the
highest PM CEMS output. But, the response range must be set such
that no 15-minute average equals your PM CEMS maximum output (e.g.,
20 mA). In some cases, you may desire to set the response range of
your PM CEMS such that its output is 50 to 60 percent of its maximum
output (e.g., 12 to 13.6 mA on a 4 to 20 mA output) when your source
is operating at its PM emission limit. You may do this by perturbing
operation of the air pollution control equipment or bypassing part
of the flue gas around the control equipment in order to create PM
emissions at the emission limit.
(4) We recommend that you perform preliminary manual RM testing
after the Correlation Test Planning Period. During this preliminary
testing, you would measure the PM emission concentration
corresponding to the highest PM CEMS response observed during the
full range of normal operation, or when perturbing or bypassing the
control equipment.
(5) During the last seven days of the Correlation Test Planning
Period, and after the monitor response range has been set, you must
perform the 7-day zero and upscale drift test (see section 8.5).
(6) You cannot change the response range of the monitor once the
response range has been set, and the drift test successfully
completed.
8.5 How do I perform the 7-day drift test? You must check the
zero (or low level value between 0 and 20 percent of the response
range of the instrument) and upscale (between 50 and 100 percent of
the instrument's response range) drift. You must perform this check
at least once daily over 7 consecutive days. Your PM CEMS must
quantify and record the zero and upscale measurements and the time
of the measurements. If you make automatic or manual adjustments to
your PM CEMS zero and upscale settings, you must conduct the drift
test immediately before these adjustments, or conduct it in such a
way that you can determine the amount of drift. You will find the
calculation procedures for drift in section 12.1 and the acceptance
criteria for allowable drift in section 13.1.
(1) What is the purpose of 7-day drift tests? The 7-day drift
tests validate the internal performance of your PM CEMS. Another
purpose of the 7-day drift measurements is to verify that your CEMS
response remains consistent with the responses recorded during the
development of the initial correlation and to determine whether your
PM CEMS is out of control during day to day operation as specified
in section 13.1.
(2) How do I do the 7-day drift testing? You must determine the
magnitude of the drift once each day, at 24-hour intervals), for 7
consecutive days while your source is operating normally.
(i) You must conduct the 7-day drift test at the two points
specified in section 8.5. You may perform the 7-day drift tests
automatically or manually by introducing to your PM CEMS suitable
reference standards (these need not be certified) or procedures.
(ii) You must record your PM CEMS zero and upscale response and
evaluate them against the zero check value and upscale check value.
(iii) You must conduct the 7-day drift test near the end of the
Correlation Test Planning Period. A valid 7-day drift test must be
completed before attempting the correlation test.
8.6 How do I conduct my PM CEMS correlation test? You must
conduct the correlation test according to the procedure given in
paragraphs (2) through (6) while your source is operating at the
conditions you observed and documented during the Correlation Test
Planning Period discussed in section 8.4(2). If you need multiple
correlations, you must conduct sufficient testing and collect at
least 15 pairs of RM and PM CEMS data for calculating each separate
correlation.
(1) You must use the RM for particulate matter (usually Methods
5, 5i, or 17) that is prescribed by the applicable regulations. You
may need to perform other RMs or performance specifications (e.g.,
Method 3 for oxygen, Method 4 for moisture, etc.) depending on the
units in which your PM CEMS reports PM concentration.
Note: You may use test runs that are shorter than 60 minutes in
duration (e.g., 20 or 30 minutes). You may perform your PM CEMS
correlation tests during new source performance standards
performance tests or other compliance tests subject to the Clean Air
Act or other statutes, such as the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act. In these cases, your RM results obtained during the PM
CEMS correlation test may be used to determine compliance as long as
your source and the test conditions are consistent with the
applicable regulations.
(i) You must use paired RM trains when collecting manual PM
data. You use results of the paired trains to identify and screen
the RM data for imprecision and bias.
(ii) During all paired train testing, you must eliminate from
the data set used to develop a PM CEMS correlation any pair of data
that do not meet the precision criteria specified in Procedure 2,
paragraph 10.1(3).
(iii) You must test the valid data set for bias according to
Procedure 2, section 10.1(4)(i). You may not use biased data in
developing your PM CEMS correlation. You must identify and correct
the source of the bias before repeating the manual testing program.
(iv) You must correct the RM results to units consistent with
the results of your PM CEMS measurements. For example, if your PM
CEMS measures and reports PM emissions in the units of mass per
actual volume of stack gas, you must correct your RM results to
those units (e.g., mg/acm). If your PM CEMS extracts and heats the
sample gas to eliminate water droplets, then measures and reports PM
emissions under those actual conditions, you must correct your RM
results to those same conditions (e.g., mg/acm at 160 deg.C).
(2) During each test run, you must coordinate process
operations, RM sampling, and PM CEMS operations. For example, you
must assure that: (1) The process is operating at the targeted
conditions, (2) both RM trains are sampling simultaneously, and (3)
your PM CEMS and data logger are properly operating.
(i) You must coordinate the start and stop times of each run
between the RM sampling and PM CEMS operation. For a batch sampling
PM CEMS, you must start the RM at the same time as your PM CEMS
sampling.
(ii) You must note the times for port changes on the data sheets
so that you can adjust your PM CEMS data accordingly, if necessary.
(iii) You must properly align the time periods for your PM CEMS
and your RM measurements to account for your PM CEMS response time.
(3) You must conduct a minimum of 15 valid runs each consisting
of simultaneous PM CEMS and RM measurements sets.
(i) You may conduct more than 15 sets of CEMS and RM measurement
sets. If you choose this option, you may reject certain test results
so long as the total number of valid test results you use to
determine the correlation is greater than or equal to 15.
(ii) You must report all data, including the rejected data.
(iii) If you reject data, the basis for rejecting data must be
explicitly stated in: (1) The RM, (2) this Performance Specification
or Procedure 2, or (3) your QA plan.
(iv) If you use more than 15 runs for the correlation test, each
emissions concentration level described in section 8.6(4) must
contain no fewer than 20 percent of the total number of runs.
(4) Simultaneous PM CEMS and RM measurements must be performed
in a
[[Page 64190]]
manner to ensure that the range of data for your PM CEMS's
correlation is maximized. The range of data must be identified
during the Correlation Test Planning Period. You must first attempt
to maximize your correlation range by following paragraphs (i)
through (iv). If you cannot obtain the three levels as described in
(i) through (iv), then you must use the procedure in section (5).
(i) You must attempt to obtain the three different levels of PM
mass concentration by varying process or PM control device
conditions, or bypassing part of the flue gas around the control
equipment.
(ii) The three PM concentration levels you use in the
correlation tests must be distributed over the complete operating
range experienced by your source.
(iii) At least 20 percent of the minimum 15 measured data points
you use must be contained in each of the following levels as
determined by your PM CEMS during the Correlation Test Planning
Period:
Level 1: From no PM (zero concentration) emissions to
50 percent of the maximum PM concentration;
Level 2: 25 to 75 percent of the maximum PM
concentration; and
Level 3: 50 to 100 percent of the maximum PM
concentration.
(iv) Although the above levels overlap, you may only apply
individual run data to one level.
(5) If you cannot obtain three distinct levels of PM
concentration as described, you must perform correlation testing at
whatever range of PM concentrations your PM CEMS recorded during the
Correlation Test Planning Period. To ensure that the range of data
for your PM CEMS's correlation is maximized, you must follow one or
more of the steps in paragraphs (i) through (iii).
(i) If you have an extractive PM CEMS, introduce zero air or
filtered ambient air into your PM CEMS sample line to obtain
instrument response for a particulate free flue gas.
(ii) To obtain zero point data, perform manual RM measurements
when the flue gas is free of particulate emissions or contains very
low PM concentration (e.g., when your process is not operating but
the fans are operating or your source is combusting only natural
gas).
(iii) If none of the steps in paragraphs (ii) or (iii) are
possible, you must assume what the monitor response should be when
no PM is in the flue gas (e.g., 4 mA = 0 mg/acm).
8.7 What do I do with my PM CEMS initial correlation test data?
You must calculate and report the results of the correlation testing
as cited in section 12. You must include all data sheets,
calculations, charts (records of PM CEMS responses), process data
records including PM control equipment operating parameters, and
manufacturer's reference media certifications necessary to confirm
that your PM CEMS met the performance specifications. In addition,
you must:
(1) Determine the integrated (arithmetic average) PM CEMS output
over each RM test period.
(2) adjust your PM CEMS outputs and RM test data to the same
clock time (considering response time of your PM CEMS). (3) confirm
that the RM results are consistent with your PM CEMS response in
terms of, where applicable, moisture, temperature, pressure, and
diluent concentrations.
(4) determine whether any of the RM test results do not meet the
test method criteria or the precision and bias criteria in Procedure
2; and
(5) calculate the correlation coefficient, confidence interval,
and tolerance interval for the complete set of CEMS/RM correlation
data using the procedures in section 12.0.
8.8 What is the limitation on the range of my PM CEMS
correlation? Data you collect during the correlation testing should
be representative of the full range of normal operating conditions
at your source as observed during the Correlation Test Planning
Period. You must use these data to develop the correlation, even
though this may in some situations consist of data over a narrow
range of PM concentration and PM CEMS response that are well below
your source's PM emission limit.
(1) If your source later generates three consecutive hourly
averages greater than 125 percent of the highest PM CEMS response
(e.g., mA reading) used for the correlation curve, you must collect
additional correlation data at the higher PM CEMS response unless
we, the State and or local enforcement agency determine that
repeating the condition is not appropriate. In doing so, you must
conduct three additional test runs at the higher response and revise
the correlation equation within 30 days after the occurrence of the
three consecutive hourly averages. You must use resulting new data
along with the previous data to calculate a revised correlation
equation.
9.0 What Quality Control Measures Are Required?
Quality control components are presented in 40 CFR part 60,
Appendix F, Procedure 2.
10.0 What Calibration and Standardization Procedures Must I Perform?
[Reserved]
11.0 What Analytical Procedures Apply to This Procedure?
Specific analytical procedures are outlined in the applicable
RM(s).
12.0 What Calculations and Data Analysis Are Needed?
You must determine the primary relationship for correlating
output from your PM CEMS to a particulate concentration, typically
in units of mg/m\3\ of flue gas, using the calculations and data
analysis process in sections 12.2 and 12.3. You develop the
correlation by performing an appropriate regression analysis between
your PM CEMS response and your RM data.
12.1 How do I calculate upscale drift and zero drift? To
establish reliability of your PM CEMS by achieving specific drift
check requirements, you must determine the difference in your PM
CEMS output readings from the established reference values (zero and
upscale check values) after a stated period of operation during
which you performed no unscheduled maintenance, repair, or
adjustment.
(1) Calculate the Upscale Drift (UD) using Equation 11-1:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.000
Where:
UD = The upscale (high level) drift of your PM CEMS in percent,
RCEM = The measured PM CEMS response of the upscale
reference standard, and
RV = The pre-established numerical value of the upscale
reference standard.
(2) Calculate the Zero Drift (ZD) using Equation 11-2:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.001
Where:
ZD = The zero (low level) drift of your PM CEMS in percent.
RCEM = The measured PM CEMS response of the zero
reference standard, and
RL = The pre-established numerical value of the zero
reference standard.
RV = The pre-established numerical value of the upscale
reference standard.
(3) Summarize the results on a data sheet similar to that shown
in Table 11-3 (see section 18).
12.2 How do I prepare my regression analysis? You must couple
the measured PM concentration, y, in the appropriate units, with an
average PM CEMS response, x, over corresponding time periods. You
must complete your PM CEMS correlation calculations using data
deemed acceptable by quality control procedures identified in 40 CFR
60 Appendix F, Procedure 2.
(1) You must evaluate all flagged or suspect data produced
during measurement periods and determine whether they should be
excluded from your PM CEMS's average.
(2) You must adjust the RM PM concentrations to the units of
your PM CEMS measurement conditions. The conditions of your PM CEMS
measurement are monitor specific. You must obtain from your PM
CEMS's vendor the unit of measure for your PM CEMS.
(i) If your sample gas contains entrained water droplets, you
must calculate moisture by one of the following methods, as further
clarified in subsections (ii) and (iii) below: (1) determined from
the impinger analysis, or (2) calculated from a psychrometric chart
based on assumed saturation conditions.
(ii) If your PM CEMS measures PM at non-actual conditions (e.g.,
dry standard conditions), you must use the lower of the two
calculated moisture values.
(iii) If your PM CEMS measures PM at an actual stack condition,
you must use the measured moisture content from impingers and not
moisture calculated based on saturated conditions when adjusting
your RM PM data to PM CEMS conditions.
12.3 How do I determine my PM CEMS correlation? To predict PM
concentration from PM CEMS responses, you must use the calculation
method of least squares presented in paragraphs (1) through (4).
This method minimizes the vertical segments from the data points to
the fitted correlation. You must investigate the correlations in the
order they are presented: polynomial (i.e., second
[[Page 64191]]
order), logarithmic, and linear (i.e., first order). Finally, your
correlation must meet the criteria presented in section 13.
(1) Calculate the coefficients of the polynomial correlation and
confidence and tolerance intervals using Equations 11-3 through 11-
23.
(i) Calculate the polynomial correlation of Equation 11-3 using
Equations 11-4 through 11-9. A least-squares polynomial regression
provides the best fit coefficients b0, b1, and
b2 for your PM CEMS correlation:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.002
The coefficients b0, b1, and b2 are
determined from the solution to the matrix equation Ab=B
Where:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.003
and
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.004
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.005
The solutions to b0, b1, and b2
are:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.006
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.007
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.008
Where:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.009
(ii) Calculate the two-sided 95 percent confidence interval
given by Equation 11-10 for the polynomial regression using
Equations 11-11 through 11-16. For any positive value of x, the two-
sided confidence interval is given by:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.010
Where:
f=n-3,
Use the t factors listed in Table 1.
Equation 11-10 is simplified to:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.011
Calculate the confidence interval percent (CI %) by Equation 11-
12:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.012
Where:
CI = The confidence interval at the median x value
EL = PM emission limit, as described in section 13.2.
Determine the scatter or deviation of y values about the
polynomial regression curve (correlation) SP using
Equations 11-13 through 11-16:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.013
[[Page 64192]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.014
Calculate the C coefficients using Equation 11-15.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.015
Where:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.016
(iii) Calculate the two-sided tolerance interval given by
Equation 11-17 for the polynomial regression using Equations 11-18
through 11-21. For any positive value of x, the two-sided tolerance
interval is given by:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.017
Where:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.018
with f=n-3, and
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.019
with n' 2.
Use the vf and un,, values in Table 1.
Equation 11-17 is simplified to:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.020
Calculate the tolerance interval percent (TI %) using Equation
11-21:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.021
where:
TI = The tolerance interval at the median x value
EL = PM emission limit, as described in section 13.2.
(iv) Calculate the polynomial correlation coefficient, r, from:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.022
Where:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.023
(v) Any correlation you develop must predict an increased PM
concentration with an increased PM CEMS response within the
extrapolated range. The sign of the polynomial slope must not change
within the extrapolated range of PM CEMS responses. To meet this
criterion, the polynomial minimum or maximum must exist outside the
expanded data range. The minimum or maximum is the point where the
slope of the polynomial curve equals zero. You must calculate the
minimum or maximum using Equation 11-24.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.024
If b2 > 0, your polynomial curve has a minimum. The
minimum must exist outside and below the range of PM CEMS responses
collected during the correlation period.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.025
If the relationship in Equation 11-25 is true and the correlation
criteria described in section 13.2 are within the acceptable limits,
you must proceed to the linear analysis presented in section
12.3(3).
If b2 0 your polynomial curve has a maximum. The
maximum must be above 125 percent of the highest PM CEMS response
during the correlation test.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.026
If the relationship in Equation 11-26 is true and the correlation
criteria described in section 13.2 are within the acceptable limits,
you must proceed to the linear analysis presented in section
12.3(3).
(2) If the minimum or maximum for the polynomial correlation
exists outside the range of PM CEMS responses during the correlation
test or the polynomial correlation criteria are not satisfactory,
you must also investigate the logarithmic correlation. Perform a
logarithmic transformation of each average PM CEMS response (x
values). You can use any number greater than 1 for the base of the
logarithm, since the same correlation coefficient will result. You
must apply all the procedures and equations outlined in the linear
model in section 12.3(3) after logarithmic transformation of the x
values has occurred.
You must evaluate the logarithmic correlation at the criteria
presented in section 13.2. If all acceptance criteria are achieved,
you discontinue further analysis and report all PM CEMS responses
using the logarithmic curve.
(3) If the minimum or maximum as defined in Equation 11-24
exists inside the range of PM CEMS responses obtain during the
correlation test, you must not use the polynomial correlation, and
you must perform the following linear regression. Your
[[Page 64193]]
PM CEMS data appear on the x axis, and the RM data appear on the y
axis.
(i) Calculate the linear regression, which gives the predicted
mass emission y based on your PM CEMS response x, given by Equation
11-27, using Equations 11-28 through 11-32.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.027
Where:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.028
and
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.029
Calculate the mean values of the x and y data sets using Equation
11-30
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.030
where xi and yi are the absolute values of the
individual measurements and n is the number of data points.
Calculate the values of Sxx, Syy, and
Sxy using Equation 11-31,
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.031
and then calculate the scatter or deviation of y values about the
regression line (correlation), SL, using Equation 11-32.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.032
(ii) Calculate the two-sided 100 (1-a)%
confidence interval, yc-lower yc-upper, for
the predicted concentration y at point x, using Equation 11-33.
Then, calculate the confidence interval as a percent of the emission
limit at the median x value.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.033
(iii) Calculate the two-sided tolerance interval,
yt-lower yt-upper, for a future observation at
point x, given by Equation 11-34 for the linear regression using
Equations 11-35 and 11-36.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.034
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.035
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.036
Determine the tolerance factor u n, for 75 percent by
first calculating n' and rounding to the nearest whole number. If
the calculated u n' is less than 2, n' = 2. Use the
u n, values as a function on n' and the v and t factors
from Table 1. Then, calculate the tolerance interval as a percent of
the emission limit at the median x value.
(iv) Calculate the linear correlation coefficient, r, using
Equation 11-37.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.037
Where:
Sy was defined by Equation 11-23.
(v) After calculating the polynomial, logarithmic (if needed),
and linear correlations, you must determine which correlation
produces the best fit to the correlation data. This test to
determine if the fit using a polynomial correlation offers a
statistically significant improvement over the linear correlation is
shown in Equation 11-38. The test is based on the values of
deviation, S, calculated in the two formulations:
SP is the deviation from the polynomial regression,
calculated in Equation 11-13, and
SL denotes the deviation from the linear regression,
calculated in Equation 11-32.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.038
Where:
df = 1, n-3
f = n-3
Put the values for SP and SL into Equation
11-38 and compare the result to F1,f. Use the values of
F1,f at the 95 percent confidence level in Table 2.
If the relationship in Equation 11-38 is true, the polynomial
regression gives a better fit at the 95 percent confidence level.
Evaluate the criteria described in section 13.2 for the polynomial
regression. If the criteria are within the acceptable limits, you
report all PM CEMS response values using the polynomial curve.
If the relationship in Equation 11-38 is false, the linear
regression gives a better fit at the 95 percent confidence level.
Evaluate the criteria described in section 13.2 for the linear
regression. If the criteria are within the acceptable limits, you
must report all PM CEMS response values using the linear regression.
(4) You may petition the Administrator for alternative solutions
or sampling recommendations if the regression analysis presented in
paragraphs (1) through (3) does not achieve acceptable correlation,
confidence or tolerance intervals.
13.0 What Are the Performance Criteria for My PM CEMS?
You evaluate your PM CEMS based on the 7-day drift check, the
accuracy of the correlation, and the sampling periods and cycle/
response time.
13.1 What Is the 7-day Drift Check performance specification?
Your daily PM CEMS internal drift checks must demonstrate that you
PM CEMS does not drift or deviate from the value of the reference
light, optical filter, Beta attenuation signal, or other technology-
suitable vendor-provided reference standard by more than 2 percent
of the upscale value. If your CEMS includes diluent and/or auxiliary
monitors (for temperature, pressure, and/or moisture) that are
employed as a necessary part of this performance specification, you
must determine the calibration drift separately for each ancillary
monitor in terms of its respective output (see the appropriate
Performance Specification for the diluent CEMS specification). None
of the calibration drifts may exceed their separate specification.
13.2 What are the correlation performance specifications? Your
PM CEMS correlation must meet each of the minimum specifications in
paragraphs (1), (2), and (3). Before confidence and tolerance
interval percentage calculations are made, you must convert the
emission limit to the appropriate units of your PM CEMS measurement
conditions using the average of oxygen and designated gas property
(e.g., temperature,
[[Page 64194]]
pressure, and moisture) values experienced during the correlation
test.
(1) The correlation coefficient, r, must be greater than or
equal to 0.85.
(2) The confidence interval (95 percent) at the median PM CEMS
reading from the correlation test must be within 10 percent of the
PM emission limit value specified in the applicable regulation.
(3) The tolerance interval at the median PM CEMS reading from
the correlation test must have 95 percent confidence that 75 percent
of all possible values are within 25 percent of the PM emission
limit value specified in the applicable regulation.
13.3 What are the sampling periods and cycle/response time? You
must document and maintain the response time and any changes in the
response time following installation.
(1) The response time for your PM CEMS must not exceed 2 minutes
to achieve 95 percent of the final stable value.
(2) If you have a batch sampling PM CEMS, you must evaluate the
limits presented in paragraphs (i) and (ii).
(i) Your PM CEMS's response time, which is the equivalent to the
cycle time, must be no longer than 15 minutes. In addition, the
delay between the end of the sampling time and reporting of the
sample analysis must be no greater than 3 minutes. You must document
any changes in the response time following installation.
(ii) Your PM CEMS's sampling time must be no less than 30
percent of the cycle time. If you have a batch sampling PM CEMS,
sampling must be continuous except during pauses when the collected
pollutant on the capture media is being analyzed and the next
capture medium starts collecting sample.
13.4 What PM compliance monitoring must I do? You must report
your CEMS measurements in the units of the standard expressed in the
regulations (e.g., mg/dscm @ 7 percent oxygen, lb/mmBtu, etc.). You
may need to install auxiliary data monitoring equipment to convert
the units reported by your PM CEMS into units of the PM emission
standard.
14.0 Pollution Prevention. [Reserved]
15.0 Waste Management. [Reserved]
16.0 Which References Are Relevant To This Performance Specification?
16.1 Technical Guidance Document: Compliance Assurance
Monitoring. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards Emission Measurement Center. August
1998.
16.2 40 CFR part 60, Appendix B, ``Performance Specification
2--Specifications and Test Procedures for SO2 and
NOX, Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems in Stationary
Sources.''
16.3 40 CFR part 60, Appendix B, ``Performance Specification
1--Specification and Test Procedures for Opacity Continuous Emission
Monitoring Systems in Stationary Sources.
16.4 40 CFR part 60, Appendix A, ``Method 1--Sample and
Velocity Traverses for Stationary Sources.''
16.5 ``Current Knowledge of Particulate Matter (PM) Continuous
Emission Monitoring,'' U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-
454/R-00-039, September 2000.
16.6 40 CFR part 266, Appendix IX, Section 2, ``Performance
Specifications for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems.''
16.7 ISO 10155, ``Stationary Source Emissions--Automated
Monitoring of Mass Concentrations of Particles: Performance
Characteristics, Test Procedures, and Specifications,'' dated 1995,
American National Standards Institute, New York City.
16.8 G. Box, W. Hunter, J. Hunter, Statistics for Experimenters
(Wiley, New York, 1978).
16.9 M. Spiegel, Mathematical Handbook of Formulas and Tables
(McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968).
17.0 What Reference tables and validation data are relevant to
PS-11? The information in Tables 1 and 2. Use Table 3 to record your
7-day drift test data.
Table 1.--Factors for Calculation of Confidence and Tolerance Intervals
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
f or n' t f v f u n (75)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2............................................................... 4.303 4.415 1.433
3............................................................... 3.182 2.920 1.340
4............................................................... 2.776 2.372 1.295
5............................................................... 2.571 2.089 1.266
6............................................................... 2.447 1.915 1.247
7............................................................... 2.365 1.797 1.233
8............................................................... 2.306 1.711 1.223
9............................................................... 2.262 1.645 1.214
10.............................................................. 2.228 1.593 1.208
11.............................................................. 2.201 1.551 1.203
12.............................................................. 2.179 1.515 1.199
13.............................................................. 2.160 1.485 1.195
14.............................................................. 2.145 1.460 1.192
15.............................................................. 2.131 1.437 1.189
16.............................................................. 2.120 1.418 1.187
17.............................................................. 2.110 1.400 1.185
18.............................................................. 2.101 1.385 1.183
19.............................................................. 2.093 1.370 1.181
20.............................................................. 2.086 1.358 1.179
21.............................................................. 2.080 1.346 1.178
22.............................................................. 2.074 1.335 1.177
23.............................................................. 2.069 1.326 1.175
24.............................................................. 2.064 1.317 1.174
25.............................................................. 2.060 1.308 1.173
26.............................................................. 2.056 1.301 1.172
27.............................................................. 2.052 1.294 1.172
28.............................................................. 2.048 1.287 1.171
29.............................................................. 2.045 1.281 1.171
30.............................................................. 2.042 1.274 1.170
31.............................................................. 2.040 1.269 1.169
32.............................................................. 2.037 1.264 1.169
33.............................................................. 2.035 1.258 1.168
34.............................................................. 2.032 1.253 1.168
35.............................................................. 2.030 1.248 1.167
36.............................................................. 2.028 1.244 1.167
37.............................................................. 2.026 1.240 1.166
38.............................................................. 2.025 1.236 1.166
39.............................................................. 2.023 1.232 1.165
[[Page 64195]]
40.............................................................. 2.021 1.228 1.165
41.............................................................. 2.020 1.225 1.165
42.............................................................. 2.018 1.222 1.164
43.............................................................. 2.017 1.219 1.164
44.............................................................. 2.015 1.216 1.163
45.............................................................. 2.014 1.213 1.163
46.............................................................. 2.013 1.210 1.163
47.............................................................. 2.012 1.207 1.163
48.............................................................. 2.011 1.205 1.162
49.............................................................. 2.010 1.202 1.162
50.............................................................. 2.009 1.199 1.162
51.............................................................. 2.008 1.197 1.162
52.............................................................. 2.007 1.194 1.162
53.............................................................. 2.006 1.191 1.161
54.............................................................. 2.005 1.189 1.161
55.............................................................. 2.005 1.186 1.161
56.............................................................. 2.004 1.183 1.161
57.............................................................. 2.003 1.181 1.161
58.............................................................. 2.002 1.178 1.160
59.............................................................. 2.001 1.176 1.160
60.............................................................. 2.000 1.173 1.160
61.............................................................. 2.000 1.170 1.160
62.............................................................. 1.999 1.168 1.160
63.............................................................. 1.999 1.165 1.159
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 2.--Values for Ff
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
f F1f f F1f
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1............................................ 161.4 16.............................. 4.49
2............................................ 18.51 17.............................. 4.45
3............................................ 10.13 18.............................. 4.41
4............................................ 7.71 19.............................. 4.38
5............................................ 6.61 20.............................. 4.35
6............................................ 5.99 22.............................. 4.30
7............................................ 5.59 24.............................. 4.26
8............................................ 5.32 26.............................. 4.23
9............................................ 5.12 28.............................. 4.20
10........................................... 4.96 30.............................. 4.17
11........................................... 4.84 40.............................. 4.08
12........................................... 4.75 50.............................. 4.03
13........................................... 4.67 60.............................. 4.00
14........................................... 4.60 80.............................. 3.96
15........................................... 4.54 100............................. 3.94
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 3.--7-Day Drift Test Data
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PM CEMS
Zero drift day # Date and time Zero check response (R Difference (R Zero drift (R
value (R L) CEMS) CEMS - R L) CEMS - R L)/R V
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 64196]]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PM CEMS
Upscale drift day # Date and time Upscale check response (R Difference (R Upscale drift
value (R V) CEMS) CEMS - R V) (R CEMS - R V)/
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------R V------
1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
18.0 Are There Example Calculations I Can Use for Following PS-11?
The following table is the data set for a hypothetical monitor
and its initial PM CEMS correlation. These PM CEMS measurement
conditions are at actual stack conditions. The source emission limit
is 34 mg/dscm at 7 percent O2. X is the CEMS arbitrary
unit measurements and Y is the corresponding Method 5 concentration
at actual stack conditions. The following series of example
calculations provide an illustration of how data are used to
determine the correlation coefficient, confidence interval, and
tolerance interval for PS-11 treatment. You may use this example to
check any spreadsheets that you build.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reference
Run number PM CEMS method (mg/
response X acm) Y
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1....................................... 2 3
2....................................... 6 5
3....................................... 10 4
4....................................... 18 8
5....................................... 24 12
6....................................... 30 14
7....................................... 34 16
8....................................... 36 15
9....................................... 40 17
10...................................... 48 18
11...................................... 52 17
12...................................... 60 19
13...................................... 70 18
14...................................... 80 21
15...................................... 90 23
------------------------------------------------------------------------
18.1 Calculate the polynomial correlation. Count the number of
simultaneous CEMS and Reference Method samples:
n = 15
The following calculations are necessary for the matrix solution to
the polynomial least squares regression analysis.
[[Page 64197]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.039
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.040
The determinant of the above matrix is determined by the cross
product:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.041
The coefficients b0, b1, and b2
are determined from the solution to the matrix equation Ab=B when:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.042
[[Page 64198]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.043
Note: More significant figures are necessary for correct
calculation of b0, b1, and b2.
The general equation for a polynomial equation is written:
Substitute the slopes and intercept calculated above:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.044
The scatter or deviation of y values with respect to y
correlation equation SP is determined:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.045
Y-predict, y, is calculated on a run by run basis using the
observed PM concentrations, x, and the polynomial correlation
equation.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.046
The C coefficients below are necessary for confidence interval
calculations:
[[Page 64199]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.047
Delta, , is calculated on a run by run basis using the
observed PM concentrations, x.
for Run 1 where x = 2
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.048
18.2 Calculate the polynomial confidence interval. Each y has
an associated tolerance and confidence intervals. Acceptance
criteria are based on the percent of the interval over the emission
limit (see section 13.2).
Recall: Source Emission limit is 34 mg/dscm @7 percent
O2. The example PM CEMS conditions of measurement are
equal to the stack conditions.
Convert 34 mg/dscm @7 percent O2 into units of actual
PM concentration:
where:
Cs@7% = 34 mg/dscm @ 7 percent O2
ts = 292 deg.F, average temperature during initial PM CEMS
Correlation
Bws = 20, average percent moisture during initial PM CEMS
Correlation
P = 30 in Hg , average absolute stack pressure during initial PM
CEMS Correlation
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.049
[[Page 64200]]
Using the polynomial correlation equation, calculate the
predicted CEMS response at the median x value (=36).
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.050
Calculate at the median x value:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.051
Table 1 lists statistical values as a function of sample size
and degrees of freedom.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.052
Substitute values into the following equation for confidence
interval calculation:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.053
18.3 The polynomial tolerance interval is calculated through a
series of simple calculations and references to Table 1.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.054
From Table 1 un, = 1.203
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.055
18.4 Calculate the polynomial correlation coefficient.
Correlation, r, is the statistical measure of association between x
and y. A value of r near 1 indicates a strong, polynomial
relationship, while a value near 0 indicates a poor relationship.
[[Page 64201]]
Quantify scatter of y values with respect to the average y:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.056
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.085
Recall the scatter of y values with respect to y correlation
equation:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.057
18.5 What is the acceptability of the polynomial correlation?
To meet the criteria, the polynomial minimum or maximum must exist
outside the expanded data range. Since b2 0, the
polynomial curve has a maximum. The maximum occurs where y is:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.058
The extrapolation of the correlation curve is limited to 125
percent above the highest measured PM CEMS response.
Maximum CEMS response = 90
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.059
The maximum must occur above the highest extrapolation of
correlated range.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.060
In this example data set the polynomial correlation equation
predicts that: As the PM CEMS responses increase above 86.06 the PM
concentration will decrease. If the source emission limit was
outside the extrapolated range a violation would be impossible. This
is not acceptable, therefore proceed to the linear analysis.
18.6 Calculate the linear correlation.
Recall the number of simultaneous PM CEMS and RM samples from
the table above:
n = 15
Calculate the average RM concentration, x:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.061
Calculate the deviations:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.062
Recall the average PM CEMS Response y = 14
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.063
Calculate the slope (b1):
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.064
and the y-intercept (b0):
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.065
These values substituted into the general equation of a line yield
the linear correlation for the above data set:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.066
The linear deviation is calculated below:
Y-predict, y, is calculated on a run by run basis using the observed
PM concentrations, x, and the linear correlation equation: for
[[Page 64202]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.067
18.7 Calculate the linear confidence interval. Recall from the
polynomial interval investigations the emission limit at actual
stack conditions:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.068
Using the linear correlation equation, calculate the predicted PM
CEMS response at the median x value (x= 36)
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.069
Calculate the confidence interval using the reference values for
tf in Table 1.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.070
Confidence interval percent is calculated from:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.071
18.8 Calculate the linear tolerance interval. Recall the median
x and predicted PM CEMS result as above.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.072
Calculate n':
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.073
Reference the values of v f and un,, from
Table 1.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.074
An intermediate calculation is necessary for the tolerance interval:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.075
[[Page 64203]]
Tolerance interval percent
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.076
18.9 Calculate the linear correlation coefficient
Where:
Sy = 6.279 (Defined in the Polynomial Correlation)
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.077
The linear correlation meets the acceptance criteria. All PM CEMS
responses should be reported using the linear correlation equation.
18.10 Determine the best correlation fit. For example purposes
only, assume that the maximum calculated in the polynomial
correlation had existed outside the extrapolated range of CEMS
responses.
A statistical test determines if the fit using a polynomial
regression offers a statistically significant improvement over the
linear regression based on their values of deviation, S, calculated
in the two formulations.
SQ is the deviation from the polynomial regression.
SL denotes the deviation from the linear regression.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.078
When:
f = n-3
Reference values of F 1,f at the 95 percent
confidence level in Table 2.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.079
The polynomial regression gives a better fit at the 95 percent
confidence level.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Polynomial
Correlation type Linear acceptance acceptance
criteria criteria
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Correlation Coefficient (r).... 0.9321 0.9726
Confidence Interval (CI)....... 6.96% 5.02%
Tolerance Interval (TI)........ 21.77% 13.65%
------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Appendix F of Part 60 is amended by adding Procedure 2 to read
as follows:
Appendix F to Part 60--Quality Assurance Procedures
* * * * *
Procedure 2--Quality Assurance Requirements for Particulate Matter
Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems at Stationary Sources
1.0 What Are the Purpose and Applicability of Procedure 2?
The purpose of Procedure 2 is to establish the minimum
requirements for evaluating the effectiveness of quality control
(QC) and quality assurance (QA) procedures and the quality of data
produced by your particulate matter (PM) continuous emission
monitoring system (CEMS). Procedure 2 applies to PM CEMS used for
continuously determining compliance with emission standards or
operating permit limits as specified in an applicable regulation or
permit. Other QC procedures may apply to diluent
(e.g.,O2) monitors and other auxiliary monitoring
equipment included with your CEMS to facilitate PM measurement or
determination of PM concentration in units specified in an
applicable regulation.
1.1 What measurement parameter does Procedure 2 address?
Procedure 2 covers the instrumental measurement of PM as defined by
your source's applicable RM (no CAS number assigned).
1.2 For what types of devices must I comply with Procedure 2?
You must comply with Procedure 2 for the total equipment that:
(1) We require you to install and operate on a continuous basis
under the applicable regulation, and
(2) You use to monitor the PM mass concentration associated with
the operation of a process or emission control device.
1.3 What are the data quality objectives of Procedure 2? The
overall data quality objective (DQO) of Procedure 2 is the
generation of valid, representative data that can be transferred
into useful information for determining PM CEMS concentrations
averaged over a prescribed interval. Procedure 2 is also closely
associated with Performance Specification 11 (PS-11).
(1) Procedure 2 specifies the minimum requirements for
controlling and assessing the quality of PM CEMS data submitted to
us or the delegated permitting authority.
(2) You must meet these minimum requirements if you are
responsible for one or more PM CEMS used for compliance monitoring.
We encourage you to develop and implement a more extensive QA
program or to continue such programs where they already exist.
1.4 What is the intent of the QA/QC Procedures found in
Procedure 2? Procedure 2 is intended to establish the minimum QA/QC
requirements for PM CEMS, and is presented in general terms to allow
you to develop a program that is most effective for your
circumstances. You may adopt QA/QC procedures which go beyond these
minimum requirements to ensure compliance with applicable
regulations.
1.5 When must I comply with Procedure 2? You must comply with
Procedure 2 immediately following successful completion of the
initial correlation test of PS-11.
2.0 What Are the Basic Requirements of Procedure 2?
Procedure 2 requires you to perform periodic evaluations of PM
CEMS performance and to develop and implement QA/QC programs to
ensure that PM CEMS data quality is maintained.
2.1 What Are the Basic Functions of Procedure 2?
(1) Assessment of the quality of your PM CEMS data by estimating
measurement accuracy, and
(2) Control and improvement of the quality of your PM CEMS data
by implementing QC requirements and corrective actions.
(3) When the assessment function in paragraph (1) indicates that
the data quality is inadequate, the corrective actions in paragraph
(2) must be taken until the data quality is acceptable, and
(4) Assessment of the precision and bias of data gathered using
manual RM procedures used to compare PM CEMS instrument response,
assuring the quality of the RM data, and
(5) Provides requirements for daily instrument zero and upscale
drift checks and sample volume checks as well as routine response
correlation audits, absolute correlation audits, sample volume
audits, and relative response audits.
3.0 What Special Definitions Apply to Procedure 2?
The definitions in Procedure 2 include those provided in
Performance Specification 11 (PS-11) of Appendix B, with the
following additions:
3.1 ``Absolute Correlation Audit (ACA)'' means an evaluation of
your PM CEMS
[[Page 64204]]
response to a series of reference standards covering the full
measurement range of the instrument (e.g., 4 mA to 20 mA).
3.2 ``Correlation Range'' means the range of PM CEMS response
used in the complete set of correlation test data.
3.3 ``Continuous Emissions Monitoring System'' means all of the
equipment required for determination of particulate matter mass
concentration in units of the emission standard. The sample
interface, pollutant monitor, diluent monitor, other auxiliary data
monitor(s), and data recorder are the major subsystems of your CEMS.
3.4 ``Drift Check'' means a determination of the difference in
your PM CEMS output readings from the established reference value of
a reference standard or procedure after a stated period of operation
during which no unscheduled maintenance, repair, or adjustment took
place. The procedures used to determine drift will be specific to
the operating practices of your specific PM CEMS. A drift check
includes both a zero drift check and an upscale drift check.
3.5 ``Flagged Data'' means data marked by your CEMS indicating
that the response value(s) from one or more CEMS subsystems is
suspect, invalid, or that your PM CEMS is not in source measurement
operating mode.
3.6 ``PM CEMS Correlation'' means the site-specific
relationship (i.e., a regression equation) between the output from
your PM CEMS (e.g., mA) and the particulate concentration, as
determined by the RM. The PM CEMS correlation is expressed in the
units that your PM CEMS measures the PM concentration [(e.g.,
milligrams/actual cubic meter (mg/acm)]. You must derive this
relation from response data from the PM CEMS and simultaneously
gathered manual RM data. You must gather these data over the full
range of source operating conditions and PM concentrations recorded
during the Correlation Test Planning Period. You must develop the
correlation by performing the steps presented in sections 12.2 and
12.3 of PS-11.
3.7 ``Reference Method Sampling Location'' means the location
in your source's exhaust duct from which you collect manual
Reference Method data for developing your PM CEMS correlation and
for performing relative response audits (RRAs) and relative
correlation audits (RCAs).
3.8 ``Reference Standard'' means a reference material or
procedure that produces a known and unchanging response when
presented to the pollutant monitor portion of your CEMS. You must
use these standards to evaluate the overall operation of your PM
CEMS but not to develop a PM CEMS correlation.
3.9 ``Response Correlation Audit (RCA)'' means the series of
tests you conduct to assure the continued validity of your PM CEMS
correlation.
3.10 ``Relative Response Audit (RRA)'' means the brief series
of tests you conduct between the full RCA to assure the continued
validity of your PM CEMS correlation.
3.11 ``Sample Volume Audit (SVA)'' means an evaluation of your
PM CEMS measurement of sample volume if your PM CEMS determines PM
concentration based on a measure of particulate mass in an extracted
sample volume and an independent determination of sample volume.
3.12 ``Sample Volume Check'' means a determination of the
difference between your PM CEMS sample volume reading and the sample
volume reference value.
3.13 ``Upscale Check Value'' means the expected response to a
reference standard or procedure used to check the upscale response
of your PM CEMS.
3.14 ``Upscale Drift (UD) Check'' means a determination of the
difference between your PM CEMS output reading and the upscale check
value.
3.15 ``Zero Check Value'' means the expected response to a
reference standard or procedure used to check the response of your
PM CEMS to particulate free or low particulate concentration
situations.
3.16 ``Zero Drift (ZD) Check'' means a determination of the
difference between your CEMS output reading and the zero check
value.
4.0 Interferences. [Reserved]
5.0 What Do I Need To Know To Ensure the Safety of Persons Using
Procedure 2?
People using Procedure 2 may be exposed to hazardous materials,
operations, and equipment. Procedure 2 does not purport to address
all of the safety issues associated with its use. It is your
responsibility to establish appropriate safety and health practices
and determine the applicable regulatory limitations before
performing this procedure. You must consult your CEMS users manual
for specific precautions to be taken with regard to your PM CEMS
procedures.
6.0 What Equipment and Supplies Do I Need? [Reserved]
7.0 What Reagents and Standards Do I Need?
You will need reference standards or procedures to perform the
zero drift check, the upscale drift check, and the sample volume
check.
7.1 What is the reference standard value for the zero drift
check? You must use a zero check value that is no greater than 20
percent of the PM CEMS's response range. You must obtain
documentation on the zero check value from your PM CEMS
manufacturer.
7.2 What is the reference standard value for the upscale drift
check? You must use an upscale check value that produces a response
between 50 and 100 percent of the PM CEMS's response range. For a PM
CEMS that produces output over a range of 4 mA to 20 mA, the upscale
check value must produce a response in the range of 12 mA to 20 mA.
You must obtain documentation on the upscale check value from your
PM CEMS manufacturer.
7.3 What is the reference standard value for the sample volume
check? You must use a reference standard value or procedure that
produces a sample volume value equivalent to the normal sampling
rate. You must obtain documentation on the sample volume value from
your PM CEMS manufacturer.
8.0 What Sample Collection, Preservation, Storage, and Transport Are
Relevant to This Procedure? [Reserved]
9.0 What Quality Control Measures Are Required by This Procedure for
My PM CEMS?
You must develop and implement a QC program for your PM CEMS.
Your QC program must, at a minimum, include written procedures which
describe in detail complete, step-by-step procedures and operations
for the activities in paragraphs (1) through (7).
(1) Procedures for performing drift checks including both zero
drift and upscale drift and the sample volume check (see sections
10.2(1), (2), and (5)).
(2) Methods for adjustment of PM CEMS based upon response of
checks.
(3) Preventative maintenance of PM CEMS (including spare parts
inventory and sampling probe integrity).
(4) Data recording, calculations, and reporting.
(5) Response Correlation Audit and Relative Response Audit
procedures including sampling and analysis methods, sampling
strategy, and structuring test conditions over the prescribed range
of PM concentrations.
(6) Procedures for performing Absolute Correlation Audits and
Sample Volume Audits and methods for adjusting your PM CEMS response
based upon ACA and SVA results.
(7) Program of corrective action for malfunctioning PM CEMS,
including flagged data periods.
9.1 What QA/QC documentation must I have? You are required to
keep the QA/QC written procedures on record and available for
inspection by us, the State and or local enforcement agency for the
life of your CEMS or until you are no longer subject to the
requirements of this procedure.
9.2 How do I know if I have acceptable QC procedures for my PM
CEMS? Your QC procedures are inadequate or your PM CEMS is incapable
of providing quality data if you fail two consecutive QC audits
(i.e., out-of-control conditions resulting from the annual audits,
quarterly audits or daily checks). Therefore, if you fail the same
two consecutive audits, you must revise your QC procedures or modify
or replace your PM CEMS to correct the deficiencies causing the
excessive inaccuracies. (See section 10.4 for limits for excessive
audit inaccuracy.)
10.0 What Calibration/Correlation and Standardization Procedures Must
I Perform for My PM CEMS?
You must generate a site-specific correlation for each of your
PM CEMS installation(s) relating response from your PM CEMS to
results from simultaneous PM RM testing. PS-11 defines procedures
for developing the correlation and defines a series of statistical
parameters for assessing acceptability of the correlation. However,
a critical component of your PM CEMS correlation process is assuring
the accuracy and precision of RM data. The activities listed in
sections 10.1 through 10.8 assure the quality of the correlation.
[[Page 64205]]
10.1 When must I use paired trains for Reference Method
testing? You must use paired train RM testing to generate data used
to develop your PM CEMS correlation and for RCA testing. Paired
trains are not required for the RRA testing.
(1) How should the paired trains be arranged? Such tests should
consist of sampling the flue gas using collocated probes and nozzle
tips following the general equipment procedures described in EPA
Method 301.
(2) Are other paired probe arrangements acceptable? Yes, you
must follow the procedures described in paragraphs (i) and (ii).
(i) If collocation of the probes is not possible or practical,
use of two single trains inserted through different sample ports at
the same stack elevation is the preferred best alternative.
(ii) You can collect simultaneous RM data from different
sampling locations if neither of the approaches described in (1) or
2(i) of this section is possible or practical. For this option, you
must select sampling locations that minimize the potential for
differences in measured PM concentration.
(3) How precise must my RM data be? The relative standard
deviation (RSD) of paired data is the parameter used to quantify
data precision. Use Equation 2-5 to calculate RSD for two
simultaneously gathered data points (population relative standard
deviation). Note that an alternate definition of standard deviation
may be familiar to you but may not be used. The alternate definition
is the default definition in many computer software packages. (i)
The precision criterion for RM PM data is that RSD (as defined in
Equation 2-5) for any data pair must be such that:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
If the average PM concentration is * * Then the RSD must be * * *
-------------------*----------------------------------------------------
> 10 mg/dscm........................... 10 percent
1 mg/dscm............................. 25 percent
Between 1 and 10 mg/dscm............... the percentage determined from
the following equation:
-(15/9) * mg/dscm + 26.667
(i.e., the linear
interpolation between 25% at 1
mg/dscm and 10% at 10 mg/dscm.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ii) You must eliminate pairs of manual method data exceeding
the RSD criterion from the data set used to develop a PM CEMS
correlation or to assess RCA.
(4) What other criteria must my RM data meet? The potential
exists for bias in RM data due to problems with the sampling
equipment, operator error, or sample recovery. Systematic errors of
this nature can often be identified by cross plotting results from
simultaneous dual train tests (i.e., Train A results on x-axis and
Train B results on y-axis). Ideally, these data will generate a
straight line correlation, passing through the origin, and with a
slope of 1.0. To check your data for bias, you must complete the
process described in section 10.1(4)(i)
(i) After removing data pairs that fail the precision
requirements of section 10.1(3), you must perform a regression
analysis of the data pairs and determine the slope of the straight
line fit. The slope calculated in the regression analysis must fall
between 0.93 and 1.07. Calculated slopes exceeding these criteria
strongly suggest that one (or both) of the manual train data sets
is/are biased. You may not use biased data in developing your PM
CEMS correlation or for evaluating RCA. You must identify and
correct the source of the bias before repeating the manual testing
program.
10.2 What routine system checks must I perform on my PM CEMS?
You must perform routine checks to assure proper operation of system
electronics and optics, light and radiation sources and detectors,
electric or electro-mechanical systems, and general stability of the
system calibration. Necessary components of the routine system
checks will depend upon design details of your PM CEMS. As a
minimum, you must verify the system operating parameters listed in
paragraphs (1) through (5) on a daily basis. Some PM CEMS may
perform one or more of these functions automatically or as an
integral portion of unit operations; other PM CEMS may perform one
or more of these functions manually.
(1) You must check the zero drift to assure stability of your PM
CEMS response to the zero check value. You must determine system
output on the most sensitive measurement range when the PM CEMS is
challenged with a zero reference standard or procedure. You must, at
a minimum, adjust your PM CEMS whenever the daily zero drift exceeds
4 percent.
(2) You must check the upscale drift to assure stability of your
PM CEMS response to the upscale check value. You must determine
system output when the PM CEMS is challenged with a reference
standard or procedure corresponding to the upscale check value. You
must, at a minimum, adjust your PM CEMS whenever the daily upscale
drift check exceeds 4 percent.
(3) For light scattering and extinction type PM CEMS, you must
check the system optics to assure that system response has not been
altered by the condition of optical components such as fogging of
lens and performance of light monitoring devices. You must carefully
adhere to the manufacturer's procedures and specifications.
(4) You must record data from your automatic drift adjusting PM
CEMS before any adjustment is made. You must program a PM CEMS that
automatically adjusts its response to the corrected calibration
values (e.g., microprocessor control) to record the unadjusted
concentration measured in the drift check before resetting the
calibration, if performed, or to record the amount of adjustment.
(5) For extractive type PM CEMS that measures the sample volume
and uses the measured sample volume as part of calculating the
output value, you must check the sample volume to verify the sample
volume measuring equipment. This sample volume check must be done at
the normal sampling rate of your PM CEMS. You must adjust your PM
CEMS sample volume measurement whenever the daily sample volume
check error exceeds 10 percent.
10.3 What are the auditing requirements for my PM CEMS? You
must subject your PM CEMS to an ACA and an SVA, as applicable, at
least once each calender quarter. Successive quarterly audits must
occur no closer than 2 months. You must conduct a RCA at the
frequency specified in the applicable regulation or facility
operating permit. You must conduct an RRA once every four calendar
quarters. If you schedule an RCA for one of the four calendar
quarters in the year, the RCA would take the place of the RRA.
(1) When do I need to run an ACA? You must run an ACA each
quarter.
(2) How do I conduct an ACA? You must challenge your PM CEMS
with an audit standard or an equivalent audit reference to reproduce
the PM CEMS's measurement at three points within the following
ranges:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Audit point Audit range
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1................................ 0 to 20% of measurement range,
2................................ 40 to 60% of measurement range, and
3................................ 70 to 100% of measurement range.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(i) You must then challenge your PM CEMS three times at each
audit point, and use the average of the three responses in
determining accuracy at each audit point. Use a separate audit
standard for audit points 1, 2, and 3. Challenge the PM CEMS at each
audit point for a sufficient period of time to assure that your PM
CEMS response has stabilized.
(ii) Operate your PM CEMS in the mode, manner and range
specified by the manufacturer.
(iii) Use only audit standards specified and provided by the
manufacturer. Store, maintain, and use audit standards as specified
by the manufacturer.
(iv) Use the difference between the actual known value of the
audit standard specified by the manufacturer and the response of
your PM CEMS to assess the accuracy of your PM CEMS.
(3) When do I need to run a SVA? You must perform an audit of
the measured sample volume (e.g., the sampling flow rate for a known
time) once per quarter for applicable PM CEMS with an extractive
sampling system. Also, you must perform and pass an SVA prior to
initiation of any of the RM data collection runs for an RCA or RRA.
[[Page 64206]]
(i) How do I perform the SVA? You must perform the SVA by
independently measuring the volume of sample gas extracted from the
stack or duct over each batch cycle or time period with a calibrated
device. You may make this measurement either at the inlet or outlet
of your PM CEMS, so long as it measures the sample gas volume
without including any dilution or recycle air. Compare the measured
volume with the volume reported by your PM CEMS for the same cycle
or time period to calculate sample volume accuracy.
(ii) How many measurements do I make for the SVA? You must make
measurements during three sampling cycles for batch extractive
monitors (e.g., Beta-gauge) or during three periods of at least 20
minutes for continuous extractive PM CEMS.
(iii) Do I need to take any precautions when doing the SVA? You
may need to condense, collect and measure moisture from the sample
gas prior to the calibrated measurement device (e.g., dry gas
meter), and correct the results for moisture content. In any case,
the volumes measured by the calibrated device and your PM CEMS must
be on a consistent temperature, pressure, and moisture basis.
(4) How often must I conduct an RRA? You must conduct an RRA
once every four calendar quarters.
(i) How do I conduct an RRA? You must conduct the RRA by
collecting three simultaneous RM PM concentration measurements and
PM CEMS measurements at the as-found source operating conditions and
PM concentration.
(ii) Paired trains for the RM sampling are not required but are
recommended to avoid failing the test due to imprecise and
inaccurate RM results.
(5) When do I need to run an RCA? You must conduct an RCA at the
frequency specified in the applicable regulation or facility
operating permit.
(i) How do I conduct an RCA? You must conduct the RCA test
according to the procedures described in PS-11 section 8.6, except
that the minimum number of runs required is 12 in the RCA instead of
15 as specified in PS-11.
(ii) All 12 data points must lie within the PM CEMS output range
examined during the PM CEMS correlation tests.
(6) What other alternative audits can I use? You can use other
alternative audit procedures as approved by us, the State or local
agency for the quarters when you would conduct ACAs.
10.4 What are my limits for excessive audit inaccuracy? Unless
specified otherwise in the applicable subpart, the criteria for
excessive inaccuracy are listed in paragraphs (1) through (6).
(1) What are the criteria for excessive zero or upscale drift?
Your PM CEMS is out of control if either the zero drift check or
upscale drift check exceeds 4 percent for five consecutive daily
periods, or exceeds 8 percent for any one day.
(2) What are the criteria for excessive sample volume
measurement error? Your PM CEMS is out of control if sample volume
check error exceeds 10 percent for five consecutive daily periods,
or exceeds 20 percent for any one day.
(3) What are the criteria for excessive absolute correlation
audit error? Your PM CEMS is out of control if results exceed
10 percent of the average audit value or 7.5 percent of
the applicable standard, whichever is greater.
(4) What is the criterion for excessive sample volume audit
error? Your PM CEMS is considered out of control if results exceed
5 percent of the average sample volume audit value.
(5) What is the criterion to pass the relative correlation
audit? At least 75 percent of a minimum number of 12 sets of PM CEMS
and RM measurements must fall within a specified area on a graph of
the correlation regression line. The specified area on the graph of
the correlation regression line is two lines parallel with the
correlation regression line, offset at a distance of 25
percent of the numerical emission limit value from the correlation
regression line. If your PM CEMS fails to meet this RCA criterion,
it is considered out of control.
(6) What is the criterion to pass the relative response audit?
At least two of the three sets of PM CEMS and RM measurements must
fall within the same specified area on a graph of the correlation
regression line as required for the RCA. If your PM CEMS fails to
meet this RRA criterion, it is considered out of control.
10.5 What do I do if my PM CEMS is out of control? You must
take the actions listed in paragraphs (1) and (2) if your PM CEMS is
out of control.
(1) You must take necessary corrective action to eliminate the
problem and perform tests as appropriate to assure that the
corrective action was successful.
(i) Following corrective action, you must repeat the previously
failed audit to confirm that your PM CEMS is operating within the
specifications.
(ii) If your PM CEMS failed an RRA, you must take corrective
action until your PM CEMS passes the RRA criteria. If the RRA
criteria cannot be achieved, you must perform an RCA.
(iii) If your PM CEMS failed an RCA, you must follow procedures
defined in section 10.6.
(2) You must report both the audit showing your PM CEMS to be
out of control and the results of the audit following corrective
action showing your PM CEMS to be operating within specifications.
10.6 What do I do if my PM CEMS fails an RCA? After an RCA
failure, you must take all applicable actions listed in paragraphs
(1) and (2).
(1) Combine RCA data with data from the active PM CEMS
correlation and perform the mathematical evaluations defined in PS-
11 for development of a PM CEMS correlation including examination of
alternate forms of the curve fit (e.g., linear, polynomial, and
logarithmic fits). If the expanded data base and revised correlation
meet PS-11 statistical criteria, use the revised correlation.
(2) If the criteria in paragraph (1) of this section are not
achieved, you must develop a new PM CEMS correlation based on
revised data. The revised data set must consist of the test results
from only the RCA. The new data must meet all requirements of PS-11
to develop a revised PM CEMS correlation. Your PM CEMS is considered
to be back in controlled status when the revised correlation meets
all statistical criteria of PS-11.
(3) If the actions in paragraphs (1) and (2) of this section do
not result in an acceptable correlation, you must evaluate the
cause(s)and comply with the actions listed in paragraphs (i) through
(iv) within 90 days after the completion of the failed RCA.
(i) Completely inspect your PM CEMS for mechanical or
operational problems. If you find a mechanical or operational
problem, repair your PM CEMS and repeat the RCA.
(ii) You may need to relocate your PM CEMS to a more appropriate
measurement location. If you relocate your PM CEMS, you must perform
a new correlation test according to PS-11 procedures.
(iii) The characteristics of the PM or gas in your source's flue
gas stream may have changed such that your PM CEMS measurement
technology is no longer appropriate. If this is the case, you must
install a PM CEMS with measurement technology that is appropriate
for your source's flue gas characteristics. You must perform a new
correlation test according to PS-11 procedures.
(iv) If the corrective actions in paragraphs (i) through (iii)
were not successful, you must petition us, the State or local agency
for approval of alternative criteria or an alternative for
continuous PM monitoring.
10.7 When does the out of control period begin and end? The out
of control period begins immediately after the last test run or
check of an unsuccessful RCA, RRA, ACA, SVA, drift check, or sample
volume check. The out of control period ends immediately after the
last test run or check of the subsequent successful audit or drift
check.
10.8 What happens to my PM CEMS data during out of control
periods? During the period the PM CEMS is out of control, you may
not use your PM CEMS data to calculate emission compliance or to
meet minimum data availability requirements described in the
applicable regulation.
10.9 What are the QA/QC reporting requirements for my PM CEMS?
You must report the accuracy results from section 10 for your PM
CEMS at the interval specified in the applicable regulation. Report
the drift and accuracy information as a Data Assessment Report
(DAR), and include one copy of this DAR for each quarterly audit
with the report of emissions required under the applicable
regulation. An example DAR is provided in Procedure 1, Appendix F of
this Part.
10.10 What minimum information must I include in my DAR? As a
minimum, you must include the information listed in paragraphs (1)
through (5) in the DAR.
(1) Your name and address.
(2) Identification and location of monitors in your CEMS.
(3) Manufacturer and model number of each monitor in your CEMS.
(4) Assessment of PM CEMS data accuracy/acceptability, and date
of assessment, as determined by an RCA, RRA, ACA, or SVA described
in section 10, including the acceptability determination for the RCA
or RRA, the accuracy for the ACA or SVA, the
[[Page 64207]]
RM results, the audit standards, your PM CEMS responses, and the
calculation results as defined in section 12. If the accuracy audit
results show your PM CEMS to be out of control, you must report both
the audit results showing your PM CEMS to be out of control and the
results of the audit following corrective action showing your PM
CEMS to be operating within specifications.
(5) Summary of all corrective actions you took when you
determined your PM CEMS to be out of control, as described in
sections 10.5 and 10.6.
10.11 Where and how long must I retain the QA data that this
procedure requires me to record for my PM CEMS? You must keep the
records required by this procedure for your PM CEMS onsite and
available for inspection by us, the State and or local enforcement
agency for a period of 5 years.
11.0 What Analytical Procedures apply to This Procedure?
Sample collection and analysis are concurrent for this
procedure. You must refer to the appropriate RM for the specific
analytical procedures.
12.0 What Calculations and Data Analysis Must I Perform for My PM
CEMS?
(1) How do I determine RCA and RRA acceptability? You must plot
each of your PM CEMS/RM data from the RCA test or the RRA test on a
figure based on your PM CEMS correlation line to determine if the
criterion in paragraphs 10.4(5) or (6), respectively, is met.
(2) How do I calculate ACA Accuracy? You must use Equation 2-1
to calculate results from the ACA tests for each of the three audit
points.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.080
Where:
ACA Accuracy = The ACA accuracy at each audit point, in percent,
RCEM = Your PM CEMS response to the reference standard,
and
RV = The reference standard value.
(3) How do I calculate daily upscale and zero drift? You must
calculate the upscale drift (UD) according to Equation 2-2 and the
zero drift (ZD) according to Equation 2-3.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.081
Where:
UD = The upscale drift of your PM CEMS, in percent,
RCEM = Your PM CEMS response to the upscale check value,
and
RV = The upscale check value.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.082
Where:
ZD = The zero (low level) drift of your PM CEMS, in percent,
RCEM = Your PM CEMS response of the zero check value,
RL = The zero check value, and
RV = The upscale check value.
(4) How do I calculate SVA Accuracy? You must use Equation 2-4
to calculate accuracy, in percent, for each of the three SVA tests
or the daily sample volume check:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.083
Where:
VM = Sample gas volume determined/reported by your PM
CEMS (e.g., dscm) and
VR = Sample gas volume measured by the independent
calibrated reference device (e.g., dscm) for the SVA or the
reference value for the daily sample volume check.
Note: You must calculate/correct the volume values above to the
same basis of temperature, pressure and moisture contents. You must
document all data and calculations.
(5) How do I calculate relative standard deviation (RSD)? You
must use Equation 2-5 to calculate the RSD for two simultaneously
gathered data points (population relative standard deviation).
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP12DE01.084
Where:
Ca and Cb = Concentration values, mg/dscm,
determined from trains A and B, respectively.
13.0 Method Performance. [Reserved]
14.0 Pollution Prevention. [Reserved]
15.0 Waste Management. [Reserved]
16.0 Which References Are Relevant to This Method? [Reserved]
17.0 What Tables, Diagrams, Flowcharts, and Validation Data Are
Relevant to This Method? [Reserved]
[FR Doc. 01-30367 Filed 12-11-01; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P