[Federal Register Volume 66, Number 148 (Wednesday, August 1, 2001)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 39659-39666]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 01-19167]


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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

40 CFR Part 180

[OPP-301151; FRL-6792-5]
RIN 2070-AB78


Azoxystrobin; Pesticide Tolerances for Emergency Exemptions

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: This regulation establishes time-limited tolerances for 
combined residues of azoxystrobin in or on chickpeas, lychees, and 
peppers. This action is in response to EPA's granting of emergency 
exemptions under section 18 of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and 
Rodenticide Act authorizing use of the pesticide on chickpeas, lychees, 
and peppers. This regulation establishes a maximum permissible level 
for residues of azoxystrobin in these food commodities. The tolerances 
will expire and are revoked on December 31, 2003.

DATES: This regulation is effective August 1, 2001. Objections and 
requests for hearings, identified by docket control number OPP-301151, 
must be received by EPA on or before October 1, 2001.

ADDRESSES: Written objections and hearing requests may be submitted by 
mail, in person, or by courier. Please follow the detailed instructions 
for each method as provided in Unit VII. of the SUPPLEMENTARY 
INFORMATION. To ensure proper receipt by EPA, your objections and 
hearing requests must identify docket control number OPP-301151 in the 
subject line on the first page of your response.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Libby Pemberton, Registration Division 
(7505C), Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, 
1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460; telephone number: 
(703) 308-9364; and e-mail address: [email protected].

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

I. General Information

A. Does this Action Apply to Me?

    You may be potentially affected by this action if you are an 
agricultural producer, food manufacturer, or pesticide manufacturer. 
Potentially affected categories and entities may include, but are not 
limited to:

 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                          Examples of
           Categories                 NAICS codes         potentially
                                                       affected entities
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Industry                          111                 Crop production
                                  112                 Animal production
                                  311                 Food manufacturing
                                  32532               Pesticide
                                                       manufacturing
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This listing is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather provides 
a guide for readers regarding entities likely to be affected by this 
action. Other types of entities not listed in the table could also be 
affected. The North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) 
codes have been provided to assist you and others in determining 
whether or not this action might apply to certain entities. If you have 
questions regarding the applicability of this action to a particular 
entity, consult the person listed under FOR FURTHER INFORMATION 
CONTACT.

B. How Can I Get Additional Information, Including Copies of This 
Document and Other Related Documents?

    1. Electronically. You may obtain electronic copies of this 
document, and certain other related documents that might be available 
electronically, from the EPA Internet Home Page at http://www.epa.gov/. 
To access this document, on the Home Page select ``Laws and 
Regulations,'' ``Regulations and Proposed Rules,'' and then look up the 
entry for this document under the ``Federal Register--Environmental 
Documents.'' You can also go directly to the Federal Register listings 
at http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/. A frequently updated electronic 
version of 40 CFR part 180 is available at http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/cfrhtml_00/Title_40/40cfr180._00.html, a beta site currently 
under development.
    2. In person. The Agency has established an official record for 
this action under docket control number OPP-301151. The official record 
consists of the documents specifically referenced in this action, and 
other information related to this action, including any information 
claimed as Confidential Business Information (CBI). This official 
record includes the documents that are physically located in the 
docket, as well as the documents that are referenced in those 
documents. The public version of the official record does not include 
any information claimed as CBI. The public version of the official 
record, which includes printed, paper versions of any electronic 
comments submitted during an applicable comment period is available for 
inspection in the Public Information and Records Integrity Branch 
(PIRIB), Rm. 119, Mall #2, 1921 Jefferson Davis Hwy., Arlington, VA, 
from 8:30 a.m. to 4 p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding legal 
holidays. The PIRIB telephone number is (703) 305-5805.

II. Background and Statutory Findings

    EPA, on its own initiative, in accordance with sections 408(e) and 
408 (l)(6) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), 21 
U.S.C. 346a, is establishing tolerances for combined residues of the 
fungicide azoxystrobin, [methyl(E)-2-(2-(6-(2-cyanophenoxy)pyrimidin-4-
yloxy)phenyl)-3-methoxyacrylate] and the Z-isomer of azoxystrobin, 
methyl[(Z)-2-(2-(6-(2-cyanophenoxy)pyrimidin-4-yloxy)phenyl)-3 
methoxyacrylate], in or on chickpeas, lychees, and peppers at 0.5, 3, 
and 2 part per million (ppm), respectively. These tolerances will 
expire and are revoked on December 31, 2003. EPA will publish a 
document in the Federal Register to remove the revoked tolerances from 
the Code of Federal Regulations.
    Section 408(l)(6) of the FFDCA requires EPA to establish a time-
limited tolerance or exemption from the requirement for a tolerance for 
pesticide chemical residues in food that will result from the use of a 
pesticide under an emergency exemption granted by EPA under section 18 
of FIFRA. Such tolerances can be established without providing notice 
or period for public comment. EPA does not intend for its

[[Page 39660]]

actions on section 18 related tolerances to set binding precedents for 
the application of section 408 and the new safety standard to other 
tolerances and exemptions. Section 408(e) of the FFDCA allows EPA to 
establish a tolerance or an exemption from the requirement of a 
tolerance on its own initiative, i.e., without having received any 
petition from an outside party.
    Section 408(b)(2)(A)(i) of the FFDCA allows EPA to establish a 
tolerance (the legal limit for a pesticide chemical residue in or on a 
food) only if EPA determines that the tolerance is ``safe.'' Section 
408(b)(2)(A)(ii) defines ``safe'' to mean that ``there is a reasonable 
certainty that no harm will result from aggregate exposure to the 
pesticide chemical residue, including all anticipated dietary exposures 
and all other exposures for which there is reliable information.'' This 
includes exposure through drinking water and in residential settings, 
but does not include occupational exposure. Section 408(b)(2)(C) 
requires EPA to give special consideration to exposure of infants and 
children to the pesticide chemical residue in establishing a tolerance 
and to ``ensure that there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will 
result to infants and children from aggregate exposure to the pesticide 
chemical residue. . . .''
    Section 18 of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide 
Act (FIFRA) authorizes EPA to exempt any Federal or State agency from 
any provision of FIFRA, if EPA determines that ``emergency conditions 
exist which require such exemption.'' This provision was not amended by 
the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA). EPA has established regulations 
governing such emergency exemptions in 40 CFR part 166.

III. Emergency Exemptions for Azoxystrobin on Chickpeas, Lychees, 
and Peppers and FFDCA Tolerances

    Idaho and Washington indicate that when outbreaks of Ascochyta 
blight are discovered in the field, the only alternative with curative 
activity is azoxystrobin. Severe epidemics have resulted in yield 
losses of up to 50%. Although seed treatment prevents some appearance 
of disease in the seed it does not stop that passed on by spores in the 
field residue. Resistant varieties have the ability to reduce the 
effect of the disease but not to prevent the production of spores and 
spread of disease. Wet weather during the growing season and possible 
frost injury to chickpea fields in May have made the crop vulnerable to 
growth of the disease. Virginia indicates that registered alternatives 
do not provide commercially acceptable disease control of anthracnose 
on peppers. Several major Virginia pepper producers had losses of 70% 
in 2000. EPA has authorized under FIFRA section 18 the use of 
azoxystrobin on chickpeas and peppers for control of ascochyta blight 
and anthracnose in Idaho, Washington and Virginia. After having 
reviewed the submissions, EPA concurs that emergency conditions exist 
for these States. In addition, Florida issued a crisis exemption for 
the use of azoxystrobin to control anthracnose on lychees.
    As part of its assessment of these emergency exemptions, EPA 
assessed the potential risks presented by residues of azoxystrobin in 
or on chickpeas, lychees, and peppers. In doing so, EPA considered the 
safety standard in FFDCA section 408(b)(2), and EPA decided that the 
necessary tolerances under FFDCA section 408(l)(6) would be consistent 
with the safety standard and with FIFRA section 18. Consistent with the 
need to move quickly on the emergency exemptions in order to address an 
urgent non-routine situation and to ensure that the resulting foods are 
safe and lawful, EPA is issuing these tolerances without notice and 
opportunity for public comment as provided in section 408(l)(6). 
Although these tolerances will expire and are revoked on December 31, 
2003, under FFDCA section 408(l)(5), residues of the pesticide not in 
excess of the amounts specified in the tolerances remaining in or on 
chickpeas, lychees, and peppers after that date will not be unlawful, 
provided the pesticide is applied in a manner that was lawful under 
FIFRA, and the residues do not exceed the level that was authorized by 
these tolerances at the time of that application. EPA will take action 
to revoke these tolerances earlier if any experience with, scientific 
data on, or other relevant information on this pesticide indicate that 
the residues are not safe.
    Because these tolerances are being approved under emergency 
conditions, EPA has not made any decisions about whether azoxystrobin 
meets EPA's registration requirements for use on chickpeas, lychees, 
and peppers or whether permanent tolerances for these uses would be 
appropriate. Under these circumstances, EPA does not believe that these 
tolerances serve as a basis for registration of azoxystrobin by a State 
for special local needs under FIFRA section 24(c). Nor do these 
tolerances serve as the basis for any State other than Idaho, 
Washington, Florida, and Virginia to use this pesticide on these crops 
under section 18 of FIFRA without following all provisions of EPA's 
regulations implementing section 18 as identified in 40 CFR part 166. 
For additional information regarding the emergency exemptions for 
azoxystrobin, contact the Agency's Registration Division at the address 
provided under FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT.

IV. Aggregate Risk Assessment and Determination of Safety

    EPA performs a number of analyses to determine the risks from 
aggregate exposure to pesticide residues. For further discussion of the 
regulatory requirements of section 408 and a complete description of 
the risk assessment process, see the final rule on Bifenthrin Pesticide 
Tolerances (62 FR 62961, November 26, 1997) (FRL-5754-7).
    Consistent with section 408(b)(2)(D), EPA has reviewed the 
available scientific data and other relevant information in support of 
this action. EPA has sufficient data to assess the hazards of 
azoxystrobin and to make a determination on aggregate exposure, 
consistent with section 408(b)(2), for time-limited tolerances for 
combined residues of azoxystrobin and its Z-isomer in or on chickpeas, 
lychees, and peppers at 0.5, 3, and 2 ppm, respectively. EPA's 
assessment of the dietary exposures and risks associated with 
establishing these tolerances follows.

A. Toxicological Endpoints

    The dose at which no adverse effects are observed (the NOAEL) from 
the toxicology study identified as appropriate for use in risk 
assessment is used to estimate the toxicological endpoint. However, the 
lowest dose at which adverse effects of concern are identified (the 
LOAEL) is sometimes used for risk assessment if no NOAEL was achieved 
in the toxicology study selected. An uncertainty factor (UF) is applied 
to reflect uncertainties inherent in the extrapolation from laboratory 
animal data to humans and in the variations in sensitivity among 
members of the human population as well as other unknowns. An UF of 100 
is routinely used, 10X to account for interspecies differences and 10X 
for intraspecies differences. An additional UF of 3X was added to 
account for a lack of NOAEL for acute dietary assessments.
    For dietary risk assessment (other than cancer) the Agency uses the 
UF to calculate an acute or chronic reference dose (acute RfD or 
chronic RfD) where the RfD is equal to the NOAEL divided by the 
appropriate UF (RfD = NOAEL/

[[Page 39661]]

UF). Where an additional safety factor is retained due to concerns 
unique to the FQPA, this additional factor is applied to the RfD by 
dividing the RfD by such additional factor. The acute or chronic 
Population Adjusted Dose (aPAD or cPAD) is a modification of the RfD to 
accommodate this type of FQPA Safety Factor.
    For non-dietary risk assessments (other than cancer) the UF is used 
to determine the level of concern (LOC). For example, when 100 is the 
appropriate UF (10X to account for interspecies differences and 10X for 
intraspecies differences) the LOC is 100. To estimate risk, a ratio of 
the NOAEL to exposures (margin of exposure (MOE) = NOAEL/exposure) is 
calculated and compared to the LOC.
    The linear default risk methodology (Q*) is the primary method 
currently used by the Agency to quantify carcinogenic risk. The Q* 
approach assumes that any amount of exposure will lead to some degree 
of cancer risk. A Q* is calculated and used to estimate risk which 
represents a probability of occurrence of additional cancer cases 
(e.g., risk is expressed as 1 x 10-6 or one in a million). 
Under certain specific circumstances, MOE calculations will be used for 
the carcinogenic risk assessment. In this non-linear approach, a 
``point of departure'' is identified below which carcinogenic effects 
are not expected. The point of departure is typically a NOAEL based on 
an endpoint related to cancer effects though it may be a different 
value derived from the dose response curve. To estimate risk, a ratio 
of the point of departure to exposure (MOEcancer = point of 
departure/exposures) is calculated. A summary of the toxicological 
endpoints for azoxystrobin used for human risk assessment is shown in 
the following Table 1:

     Table 1.--Summary of Toxicological Dose and Endpoints for Azoxystrobin for Use in Human Risk Assessment
 
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                 FQPA SF* and Level of
          Exposure Scenario               Dose Used in Risk         Concern for Risk     Study and Toxicological
                                            Assessment, UF             Assessment                Effects
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acute dietary general population       NOAEL <200 mg/kg/day     FQPA SF = 1X             Acute Neurotoxicity -
 including infants and children        UF = 300...............  aPAD = acute RfD.......   Rat (MRID 43678134,
                                       Acute RfD = 0.67 mg/kg/  FQPA SF = 0.67 mg/kg/     44182013, 44182015)
                                        day.                     day.                     LOAEL = 200 mg/kg
                                                                                          based on diarrhea at 2
                                                                                          hours post dose at all
                                                                                          dose levels up to and
                                                                                          including the LOAEL.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chronic dietary all populations        NOAEL = 18 mg//kg/day    FQPA SF = 1X             Combined Chronic
                                       UF = 100...............  cPAD = chronic RfD.....  Toxicity/
                                       Chronic RfD = 0.18 mg/   FQPA SF = 0.18 mg/kg/     Carcinogenicity
                                        kg/day.                  day.                     Feeding Study - Rat
                                                                                          (MRID 43678139) LOAEL
                                                                                          in males/females = 34/
                                                                                          117 mg/kg/day based on
                                                                                          reduced body weights
                                                                                          in both sexes and bile
                                                                                          duct lesions in males.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Short-term (1-7 days) incidental oral  NOAEL= 25 mg/kg/day UF   FQPA SF = 1X             Prenatal Developmental
(Residential)........................   = 100                                             Oral Toxicity
                                                                                         - Rat (MRID 43678142)
                                                                                          LOAEL = 100 mg/kg/day
                                                                                          based on increased
                                                                                          maternal diarrhea,
                                                                                          urinary incontinence,
                                                                                          and salivation.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Intermediate-term (1 week to several   NOAEL = 20 mg//kg/day    FQPA SF = 1X             90-Day Feeding - Rat
 months) incidental oral                UF = 100                                          (MRID 43678135) LOAEL
(Residential)........................                                                     = 211/223 mg/kg/day in
                                                                                          males/females based on
                                                                                          decreased body weight
                                                                                          gain in both sexes and
                                                                                          clinical signs
                                                                                          indicative of reduced
                                                                                          nutrition.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Short-, intermediate-, and long-term   none                     No dermal or systemic    21-Day Repeated Dose
 dermal                                                          toxicity was seen at     Dermal - Rat (MRID
(Occupational/Residential)...........                            the limit dose (1,000    43678137)
                                                                 mg/kg/day). This risk
                                                                 assessment is not
                                                                 required.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Short-term (1-7 days) inhalation       Oral NOAEL= 25 mg/kg/    LOC for MOE = 100        Prenatal Developmental
(Occupational/Residential)...........   day                     (Occupational/            Oral Toxicity
                                       Use route-to-route        Residential).           - Rat (MRID 43678142)
                                        extrapolation                                     LOAEL = 100 mg/kg/day
                                        (inhalation absorption                            based on increased
                                        rate = 100%).                                     maternal diarrhea,
                                                                                          urinary incontinence,
                                                                                          and salivation.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Intermediate-term (1 week to several   Oral NOAEL= 20 mg/kg/    LOC for MOE = 100        90-Day Feeding - Rat
 months) inhalation                     day                     (Occupational/            (MRID
(Occupational/Residential)...........  Use route-to-route        Residential).           43678135) LOAEL = 211/
                                        extrapolation                                     223 mg/kg/day in males/
                                        (inhalation absorption                            females based on
                                        rate = 100%).                                     decreased body weight
                                                                                          gain in both sexes and
                                                                                          clinical signs
                                                                                          indicative of reduced
                                                                                          nutrition.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Long-term (> 180 days) inhalation     NOAEL = N/A              This risk assessment is
                                                                 not applicable to the
                                                                 use scenario of
                                                                 azoxystrobin.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* The reference to the FQPA Safety Factor refers to any additional safety factor retained due to concerns unique
  to the FQPA.


[[Page 39662]]

B. Exposure Assessment

    1. Dietary exposure from food and feed uses. Tolerances have been 
established (40 CFR 180.180.507) for the combined residues of 
azoxystrobin and its Z-isomer, in or on a variety of raw agricultural 
commodities and for residues of azoxystrobin (only) in animal 
commodities. Tolerances are established on agricultural commodities at 
levels ranging from 0.01 ppm to 55.0 ppm; on meat, fat, and meat 
byproducts of cattle, goats, hogs, horses, and sheep at levels ranging 
from 0.01 ppm to 0.07 ppm; and on milk at 0.006 ppm. Time-limited 
tolerances range from 0.1 ppm in soybeans to 30 ppm in spinach. Risk 
assessments were conducted by EPA to assess dietary exposures from 
azoxystrobin in food as follows:
    i. Acute exposure. Acute dietary risk assessments are performed for 
a food-use pesticide if a toxicological study has indicated the 
possibility of an effect of concern occurring as a result of a 1 day or 
single exposure. The Dietary Exposure Evaluation Model 
(DEEMTM) analysis evaluated the individual food consumption 
as reported by respondents in the USDA 1989-1992-nationwide Continuing 
Surveys of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII) and accumulated exposure 
to the chemical for each commodity. The following assumptions were made 
for the acute exposure assessments: In conducting this acute dietary 
exposure analysis, EPA has made very conservative assumptions: all 
commodities having established or proposed azoxystrobin tolerances will 
contain azoxystrobin residues (i.e., 100% crop treated), and those 
residues will be at the level of the tolerance.
    ii. Chronic exposure. In conducting this chronic dietary risk 
assessment the DEEMTM analysis evaluated the individual food 
consumption as reported by respondents in the USDA 1989-1992 nationwide 
CSFII and accumulated exposure to the chemical for each commodity. The 
following assumptions were made for the chronic exposure assessments: 
In conducting this chronic dietary exposure analysis, EPA has made very 
conservative assumptions: all commodities having established or 
proposed azoxystrobin tolerances will contain azoxystrobin residues 
(i.e., 100% crop treated), and those residues will be at the level of 
the tolerance.
    iii. Cancer. Azoxystrobin has been classified as ``not likely'' to 
be a human carcinogen. Therefore, a dietary cancer exposure analysis 
was not conducted.
    2. Dietary exposure from drinking water. The Agency uses the 
Generic Estimated Environmental Concentration (GENEEC) or the Pesticide 
Root Zone/Exposure Analysis Modeling System (PRZM/EXAMS) to estimate 
pesticide concentrations in surface water and Screening Concentrations 
in Ground Water (SCI-GROW), which predicts pesticide concentrations in 
ground water. In general, EPA will use GENEEC (a tier 1 model) before 
using PRZM/EXAMS (a tier 2 model) for a screening-level assessment for 
surface water. The GENEEC model is a subset of the PRZM/EXAMS model 
that uses a specific high-end runoff scenario for pesticides. GENEEC 
incorporates a farm pond scenario, while PRZM/EXAMS incorporate an 
index reservoir environment in place of the previous pond scenario. The 
PRZM/EXAMS model includes a percent crop area factor as an adjustment 
to account for the maximum percent crop coverage within a watershed or 
drainage basin.
    None of these models include consideration of the impact processing 
(mixing, dilution, or treatment) of raw water for distribution as 
drinking water would likely have on the removal of pesticides from the 
source water. The primary use of these models by the Agency at this 
stage is to provide a coarse screen for sorting out pesticides for 
which it is highly unlikely that drinking water concentrations would 
ever exceed human health levels of concern.
    Since the models used are considered to be screening tools in the 
risk assessment process, the Agency does not use estimated 
environmental concentrations (EECs) from these models to quantify 
drinking water exposure and risk as a %RfD or %PAD. Instead, drinking 
water levels of comparison (DWLOC) are calculated and used as a point 
of comparison against the model estimates of a pesticide's 
concentration in water. DWLOCs are theoretical upper limits on a 
pesticide's concentration in drinking water in light of total aggregate 
exposure to a pesticide in food and from residential uses. Since DWLOCs 
address total aggregate exposure to azoxystrobin, they are further 
discussed in the aggregate risk sections below.
    Based on the GENEEC and SCI-GROW models, the EECs of azoxystrobin 
for acute exposures are estimated to be 141 parts per billion (ppb) for 
surface water and 0.064 ppb for ground water. The EECs for chronic 
exposures are estimated to be 42 ppb for surface water and 0.064 ppb 
for ground water.
    3. From non-dietary exposure. The term ``residential exposure'' is 
used in this document to refer to non-occupational, non-dietary 
exposure (e.g., for lawn and garden pest control, indoor pest control, 
termiticides, and flea and tick control on pets). Azoxystrobin is 
currently registered for use on the following residential non-dietary 
sites: Ornamental turf. The risk assessment was conducted using the 
following exposure assumptions: Short- and intermediate-term exposure 
may occur for residential adult handlers (inhalation) and for 
postapplication children (incidental ingestion) activities.
    4. Cumulative exposure to substances with a common mechanism of 
toxicity. Section 408(b)(2)(D)(v) requires that, when considering 
whether to establish, modify, or revoke a tolerance, the Agency 
consider ``available information'' concerning the cumulative effects of 
a particular pesticide's residues and ``other substances that have a 
common mechanism of toxicity.''
    EPA does not have, at this time, available data to determine 
whether azoxystrobin has a common mechanism of toxicity with other 
substances or how to include this pesticide in a cumulative risk 
assessment. Unlike other pesticides for which EPA has followed a 
cumulative risk approach based on a common mechanism of toxicity, 
azoxystrobin does not appear to produce a toxic metabolite produced by 
other substances. For the purposes of this tolerance action, therefore, 
EPA has not assumed that azoxystrobin has a common mechanism of 
toxicity with other substances. For information regarding EPA's efforts 
to determine which chemicals have a common mechanism of toxicity and to 
evaluate the cumulative effects of such chemicals, see the final rule 
for Bifenthrin Pesticide Tolerances (62 FR 62961, November 26, 1997).

C. Safety Factor for Infants and Children

    1. In general. FFDCA section 408 provides that EPA shall apply an 
additional tenfold margin of safety for infants and children in the 
case of threshold effects to account for prenatal and postnatal 
toxicity and the completeness of the data base on toxicity and exposure 
unless EPA determines that a different margin of safety will be safe 
for infants and children. Margins of safety are incorporated into EPA 
risk assessments either directly through use of a margin of exposure 
(MOE) analysis or through using uncertainty (safety) factors in 
calculating a dose level that poses no appreciable risk to humans.
    2. Prenatal and postnatal sensitivity. The developmental and 
reproductive toxicity data, from a Prenatal Development Study in Rats, 
a Prenatal

[[Page 39663]]

Development Study in Rabbits, and a Two-Generation Reproductive 
Toxicity Study in Rats, did not indicate increased susceptibility of 
young rats or rabbits to in utero and/or postnatal exposure.
    3. Conclusion. There is a complete toxicity data base for 
azoxystrobin and exposure data are complete or are estimated based on 
data that reasonably account for potential exposures. The Agency has 
determined that the 10X FQPA safety factor to protect infants and 
children should be removed (that is, set to 1) because, in addition to 
the completeness of the toxicological database and the lack of 
increased susceptibility of young rats and rabbits to prenatal and 
postnatal exposure to azoxystrobin, the unrefined chronic dietary 
exposure estimates will overestimate dietary exposure, and ground and 
surface water modeling data produce upper-bound concentration 
estimates.

D. Aggregate Risks and Determination of Safety

    To estimate total aggregate exposure to a pesticide from food, 
drinking water, and residential uses, the Agency calculates DWLOCs 
which are used as a point of comparison against the model estimates of 
a pesticide's concentration in water (EECs). DWLOC values are not 
regulatory standards for drinking water. DWLOCs are theoretical upper 
limits on a pesticide's concentration in drinking water in light of 
total aggregate exposure to a pesticide in food and residential uses. 
In calculating a DWLOC, the Agency determines how much of the 
acceptable exposure (i.e., the PAD) is available for exposure through 
drinking water e.g., allowable chronic water exposure (mg/kg/day) = 
cPAD - (average food + chronic non-dietary, non-occupational exposure). 
This allowable exposure through drinking water is used to calculate a 
DWLOC.
    A DWLOC will vary depending on the toxic endpoint, drinking water 
consumption, and body weights. Default body weights and consumption 
values as used by the USEPA Office of Water are used to calculate 
DWLOCs: 2L/70 kg (adult male), 2L/60 kg (adult female), and 1L/10 kg 
(child). Default body weights and drinking water consumption values 
vary on an individual basis. This variation will be taken into account 
in more refined screening-level and quantitative drinking water 
exposure assessments. Different populations will have different DWLOCs. 
Generally, a DWLOC is calculated for each type of risk assessment used: 
acute, short-term, intermediate-term, chronic, and cancer.
    When EECs for surface water and ground water are less than the 
calculated DWLOCs, EPA concludes with reasonable certainty that 
exposures to azoxystrobin in drinking water (when considered along with 
other sources of exposure for which EPA has reliable data) would not 
result in unacceptable levels of aggregate human health risk at this 
time. Because EPA considers the aggregate risk resulting from multiple 
exposure pathways associated with a pesticide's uses, levels of 
comparison in drinking water may vary as those uses change. If new uses 
are added in the future, EPA will reassess the potential impacts of 
azoxystrobin on drinking water as a part of the aggregate risk 
assessment process.
    1. Acute risk. Using the exposure assumptions discussed in this 
unit for acute exposure, the acute dietary exposure from food to 
azoxystrobin will occupy 11% of the aPAD for the U.S. population, 11% 
of the aPAD for females 13 years and older, 7% of the aPAD for infants 
less than 1 year and 20% of the aPAD for children 1-6 years. In 
addition, despite the potential for acute dietary exposure to 
azoxystrobin in drinking water, after calculating DWLOCs and comparing 
them to conservative model estimated environmental concentrations of 
azoxystrobin in surface and ground water, EPA does not expect the 
aggregate exposure to exceed 100% of the aPAD, as shown in the 
following Table 2:

                                         Table 2.--Aggregate Risk Assessment for Acute Exposure to Azoxystrobin
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                 Surface Water EEC   Ground Water EEC
                   Population Subgroup                        aPAD (mg/kg)       %aPAD (Food)          (ppb)              (ppb)        Acute DWLOC (ppb)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U.S. population (total)                                                 0.67                 11                141              0.064          2.1 x 104
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
All infants (<1 year)                                                   0.67                  7                141               0.64          5.4 x 103
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Females 13-50 years                                                     0.67                 11                141               0.64          1.8 x 104
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Children 1-6 years                                                      0.67                 20                141               0.64          5.4 x 103
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    2. Chronic risk. Using the exposure assumptions described in this 
unit for chronic exposure, EPA has concluded that exposure to 
azoxystrobin from food will utilize 12% of the cPAD for the U.S. 
population, 9.5% of the cPAD for all infants < 1 year, and 19% of the 
cPAD for children 1-6 years. Based the use pattern, chronic residential 
exposure to residues of azoxystrobin is not expected. In addition, 
despite the potential for chronic dietary exposure to azoxystrobin in 
drinking water, after calculating DWLOCs and comparing them to 
conservative model estimated environmental concentrations of 
azoxystrobin in surface and ground water, EPA does not expect the 
aggregate exposure to exceed 100% of the cPAD, as shown in the 
following Table 3:

                                  Table 3.--Aggregate Risk Assessment for Chronic (Non-Cancer) Exposure to Azoxystrobin
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                            Chronic PAD (mg/                      Ground water EEC  Surface Water EEC
                   Population Subgroup                          kg/day)          %cPAD (Food)          (ppb)              (ppb)        Chronic DWLOC ppb
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U.S. population (total)                                                 0.18                 12              0.064                 42          6.6 x 103
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Children 1-6 years (<1 year)                                            0.18                 19              0.064                 42        1.5.4 x 103
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Females 13-50 years                                                     0.18                 11              0.064                 42          4.8 x 103
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 39664]]

 
Infants (<1 year)                                                       0.18                9.5              0.064                 42          1.5 x 103
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    3. Short-term risk. Short-term aggregate exposure takes into 
account chronic dietary food and water exposure (considered to be a 
background exposure level). Azoxystrobin is currently registered for 
use(s) that could result in short-term residential exposure and the 
Agency has determined that it is appropriate to aggregate chronic food 
and water and short-term exposures for azoxystrobin.
    Using the exposure assumptions described in this unit for short-
term exposures, EPA has concluded that food and residential exposures 
aggregated result in aggregate MOEs of 1,200 for the U.S. population 
and 520 for the subgroup children 1-6 years old. These aggregate MOEs 
do not exceed the Agency's level of concern for aggregate exposure to 
food and residential uses. In addition, short-term DWLOCs were 
calculated and compared to the EECs for chronic exposure of 
azoxystrobin in ground water and surface water. After calculating 
DWLOCs and comparing them to the EECs for surface and ground water, EPA 
does not expect short-term aggregate exposure to exceed the Agency's 
level of concern, as shown in the following Table 4:

                   Table 4.--Aggregate Risk Assessment for Short-Term Exposure to Azoxystrobin
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                               Aggregate
                                                  Aggregate     Level of     Surface       Ground     Short-Term
              Population Subgroup                MOE (Food +    Concern     Water EEC    Water EEC   DWLOC (ppb)
                                                Residential)     (LOC)        (ppb)        (ppb)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U.S. population                                        1,200          100           42        0.064    6.9 x 103
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Children 1-6 years old                                   520          100           42        0.064    2.0 x 103
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    4. Intermediate-term risk. Intermediate-term aggregate exposure 
takes into account non-dietary, non-occupational exposure plus chronic 
exposure to food and water (considered to be a background exposure 
level).
    Azoxystrobin is currently registered for use(s) that could result 
in intermediate-term residential exposure and the Agency has determined 
that it is appropriate to aggregate chronic food and water and 
intermediate-term exposures for azoxystrobin.
    Using the exposure assumptions described in this unit for 
intermediate-term exposures, EPA has concluded that food and 
residential exposures aggregated result in aggregate an MOE of 420 for 
the subgroup children 1-6 years old. This aggregate MOE does not exceed 
the Agency's level of concern for aggregate exposure to food and 
residential uses. In addition, an intermediate-term DWLOC was 
calculated and compared to the EECs for chronic exposure of 
azoxystrobin in ground water and surface water. After calculating the 
DWLOC and comparing it to the EECs for surface and ground water, EPA 
does not expect intermediate-term aggregate exposure to exceed the 
Agency's level of concern, as shown in the following Table 5:

               Table 5.--Aggregate Risk Assessment for Intermediate-Term Exposure to Azoxystrobin
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                             Aggregate
                                                Aggregate     Level of     Surface       Ground    Intermediate-
             Population Subgroup               MOE (Food +    Concern     Water EEC    Water EEC     Term DWLOC
                                              Residential)     (LOC)        (ppb)        (ppb)         (ppb)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Children (1-6 years old)                               420          100           42        0.064     1.5 x 103
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    5. Aggregate cancer risk for U.S. population. Azoxystrobin has been 
classified as ``not likely'' to be a human carcinogen. Therefore, an 
aggregate cancer risk assessment for the U.S. population was not 
conducted.
    6. Determination of safety. Based on these risk assessments, EPA 
concludes that there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will result 
to the general population, and to infants and children from aggregate 
exposure to azoxystrobin residues.

V. Other Considerations

A. Analytical Enforcement Methodology

    Adequate enforcement methodology (RAM 243, GLC/NPD) (MRID 44595105) 
is available to enforce the tolerance expression. The method may be 
requested from: Calvin Furlow, PIRIB, IRSD (7502C), Office of Pesticide 
Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., 
Washington, DC 20460; telephone number: (703) 305-5229; e-mail address: 
[email protected].

B. International Residue Limits

    There are no CODEX, Canadian, or Mexican Maximum Residue Limits 
(MRL) for azoxystrobin on chickpeas, lychees, or peppers.

VI. Conclusion

    Therefore, tolerances are established for combined residues of 
azoxystrobin, methyl(E)-2-(2-(6-(2-cyanophenoxy)pyrimidin-4-
yloxy)phenyl)-3-methoxyacrylate and the Z-isomer of azoxystrobin, 
methyl(Z)-2-(2-(6-(2-cyanophenoxy)pyrimidin-4-yloxy)phenyl)-3 
methoxyacrylate, in or

[[Page 39665]]

on chickpeas, lychees, peppers at 0.5, 3, and 2 ppm, respectively.

VII. Objections and Hearing Requests

    Under section 408(g) of the FFDCA, as amended by the FQPA, any 
person may file an objection to any aspect of this regulation and may 
also request a hearing on those objections. The EPA procedural 
regulations which govern the submission of objections and requests for 
hearings appear in 40 CFR part 178. Although the procedures in those 
regulations require some modification to reflect the amendments made to 
the FFDCA by the FQPA of 1996, EPA will continue to use those 
procedures, with appropriate adjustments, until the necessary 
modifications can be made. The new section 408(g) provides essentially 
the same process for persons to ``object'' to a regulation for an 
exemption from the requirement of a tolerance issued by EPA under new 
section 408(d), as was provided in the old FFDCA sections 408 and 409. 
However, the period for filing objections is now 60 days, rather than 
30 days.

A. What Do I Need to Do to File an Objection or Request a Hearing?

    You must file your objection or request a hearing on this 
regulation in accordance with the instructions provided in this unit 
and in 40 CFR part 178. To ensure proper receipt by EPA, you must 
identify docket control number OPP-301151 in the subject line on the 
first page of your submission. All requests must be in writing, and 
must be mailed or delivered to the Hearing Clerk on or before October 
1, 2001.
    1. Filing the request. Your objection must specify the specific 
provisions in the regulation that you object to, and the grounds for 
the objections (40 CFR 178.25). If a hearing is requested, the 
objections must include a statement of the factual issues(s) on which a 
hearing is requested, the requestor's contentions on such issues, and a 
summary of any evidence relied upon by the objector (40 CFR 178.27). 
Information submitted in connection with an objection or hearing 
request may be claimed confidential by marking any part or all of that 
information as CBI. Information so marked will not be disclosed except 
in accordance with procedures set forth in 40 CFR part 2. A copy of the 
information that does not contain CBI must be submitted for inclusion 
in the public record. Information not marked confidential may be 
disclosed publicly by EPA without prior notice.
    Mail your written request to: Office of the Hearing Clerk (1900), 
Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., 
Washington, DC 20460. You may also deliver your request to the Office 
of the Hearing Clerk in Rm. C400, Waterside Mall, 401 M St., SW., 
Washington, DC 20460. The Office of the Hearing Clerk is open from 8 
a.m. to 4 p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding legal holidays. The 
telephone number for the Office of the Hearing Clerk is (202) 260-4865.
    2. Tolerance fee payment. If you file an objection or request a 
hearing, you must also pay the fee prescribed by 40 CFR 180.33(i) or 
request a waiver of that fee pursuant to 40 CFR 180.33(m). You must 
mail the fee to: EPA Headquarters Accounting Operations Branch, Office 
of Pesticide Programs, P.O. Box 360277M, Pittsburgh, PA 15251. Please 
identify the fee submission by labeling it ``Tolerance Petition Fees.''
    EPA is authorized to waive any fee requirement ``when in the 
judgement of the Administrator such a waiver or refund is equitable and 
not contrary to the purpose of this subsection.'' For additional 
information regarding the waiver of these fees, you may contact James 
Tompkins by phone at (703) 305-5697, by e-mail at [email protected], 
or by mailing a request for information to Mr. Tompkins at Registration 
Division (7505C), Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental 
Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460.
    If you would like to request a waiver of the tolerance objection 
fees, you must mail your request for such a waiver to: James Hollins, 
Information Resources and Services Division (7502C), Office of 
Pesticide Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania 
Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460.
    3. Copies for the Docket. In addition to filing an objection or 
hearing request with the Hearing Clerk as described in Unit VII.A., you 
should also send a copy of your request to the PIRIB for its inclusion 
in the official record that is described in Unit I.B.2. Mail your 
copies, identified by the docket control number OPP-301151, to: Public 
Information and Records Integrity Branch, Information Resources and 
Services Division (7502C), Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental 
Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460. 
In person or by courier, bring a copy to the location of the PIRIB 
described in Unit I.B.2. You may also send an electronic copy of your 
request via e-mail to: [email protected]. Please use an ASCII file 
format and avoid the use of special characters and any form of 
encryption. Copies of electronic objections and hearing requests will 
also be accepted on disks in WordPerfect 6.1/8.0 or ASCII file format. 
Do not include any CBI in your electronic copy. You may also submit an 
electronic copy of your request at many Federal Depository Libraries.

B. When Will the Agency Grant a Request for a Hearing?

    A request for a hearing will be granted if the Administrator 
determines that the material submitted shows the following: There is a 
genuine and substantial issue of fact; there is a reasonable 
possibility that available evidence identified by the requestor would, 
if established resolve one or more of such issues in favor of the 
requestor, taking into account uncontested claims or facts to the 
contrary; and resolution of the factual issues(s) in the manner sought 
by the requestor would be adequate to justify the action requested (40 
CFR 178.32).

VIII. Regulatory Assessment Requirements

    This final rule establishes time-limited tolerances under FFDCA 
section 408. The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has exempted 
these types of actions from review under Executive Order 12866, 
entitled Regulatory Planning and Review (58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993). 
This final rule does not contain any information collections subject to 
OMB approval under the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA), 44 U.S.C. 3501 et 
seq., or impose any enforceable duty or contain any unfunded mandate as 
described under Title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 
(UMRA) (Public Law 104-4). Nor does it require any special 
considerations under Executive Order 12898, entitled Federal Actions to 
Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income 
Populations (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994); or OMB review or any 
Agency action under Executive Order 13045, entitled Protection of 
Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks (62 FR 19885, 
April 23, 1997). This action does not involve any technical standards 
that would require Agency consideration of voluntary consensus 
standards pursuant to section 12(d) of the National Technology Transfer 
and Advancement Act of 1995 (NTTAA), Public Law 104-113, section 12(d) 
(15 U.S.C. 272 note). Since tolerances and exemptions that are 
established on the basis of a FIFRA section 18 petition under FFDCA 
section 408, such as the tolerances in this final rule, do not require 
the issuance of a proposed rule, the requirements of the Regulatory 
Flexibility Act (RFA) (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.) do not apply. In addition, 
the Agency has determined that this action

[[Page 39666]]

will not have a substantial direct effect on States, on the 
relationship between the national government and the States, or on the 
distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of 
government, as specified in Executive Order 13132, entitled Federalism 
(64 FR 43255, August 10, 1999). Executive Order 13132 requires EPA to 
develop an accountable process to ensure ``meaningful and timely input 
by State and local officials in the development of regulatory policies 
that have federalism implications.'' ``Policies that have federalism 
implications'' is defined in the Executive Order to include regulations 
that have ``substantial direct effects on the States, on the 
relationship between the national government and the States, or on the 
distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of 
government.'' This final rule directly regulates growers, food 
processors, food handlers and food retailers, not States. This action 
does not alter the relationships or distribution of power and 
responsibilities established by Congress in the preemption provisions 
of FFDCA section 408(n)(4). For these same reasons, the Agency has 
determined that this rule does not have any ``tribal implications'' as 
described in Executive Order 13175, entitled Consultation and 
Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments (65 FR 67249, November 6, 
2000). Executive Order 13175, requires EPA to develop an accountable 
process to ensure ``meaningful and timely input by tribal officials in 
the development of regulatory policies that have tribal implications.'' 
``Policies that have tribal implications'' is defined in the Executive 
Order to include regulations that have ``substantial direct effects on 
one or more Indian tribes, on the relationship between the Federal 
government and the Indian tribes, or on the distribution of power and 
responsibilities between the Federal government and Indian tribes.'' 
This rule will not have substantial direct effects on tribal 
governments, on the relationship between the Federal government and 
Indian tribes, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities 
between the Federal government and Indian tribes, as specified in 
Executive Order 13175. Thus, Executive Order 13175 does not apply to 
this rule.

IX. Submission to Congress and the Comptroller General

    The Congressional Review Act, 5 U.S.C. 801 et seq., as added by the 
Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996, generally 
provides that before a rule may take effect, the agency promulgating 
the rule must submit a rule report, which includes a copy of the rule, 
to each House of the Congress and to the Comptroller General of the 
United States. EPA will submit a report containing this rule and other 
required information to the U.S. Senate, the U.S. House of 
Representatives, and the Comptroller General of the United States prior 
to publication of this final rule in the Federal Register. This final 
rule is not a ``major rule'' as defined by 5 U.S.C. 804(2).

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 180

    Environmental protection, Administrative practice and procedure, 
Agricultural commodities, Pesticides and pests, Reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements.

    Dated: July 13, 2001.
James Jones,
Director, Registration Division, Office of Pesticide Programs.

    Therefore, 40 CFR chapter I is amended as follows:

PART 180--[AMENDED]

    1. The authority citation for part 180 continues to read as 
follows:

    Authority: 21 U.S.C. 321(q), 346(a) and 371.

    2. Section 180.507 is amended by alphabetically adding commodities 
to the table in paragraph (b) to read as follows:


Sec. 180.507  Azoxystrobin; tolerances for residues.

    (a) *    *    *  
    (b) *    *    *  

------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                          Expiration/
             Commodity              Parts per million   Revocation Date
------------------------------------------------------------------------
         *        *        *        *        *        *        *
Chickpea..........................                0.5           12/31/03
         *        *        *        *        *        *        *
Lychee............................                3.0           12/31/03
         *        *        *        *        *        *        *
Pepper............................                2.0           12/31/03
         *        *        *        *        *        *        *
------------------------------------------------------------------------

* * * * *

[FR Doc. 01-19167 Filed 7-31-01; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-S