[Federal Register Volume 65, Number 216 (Tuesday, November 7, 2000)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 66808-66885]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 00-28214]



[[Page 66807]]

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Part II





Department of the Interior





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Fish and Wildlife Service



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50 CFR Part 17



Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determinations of 
Whether Designation of Critical Habitat is Prudent for 81 Plants and 
Proposed Designations for 76 Plants From the Islands of Kauai and 
Niihau, Hawaii; Proposed Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 216 / Tuesday, November 7, 2000 / 
Proposed Rules  

[[Page 66808]]


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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17

RIN 1018-AG71


Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determinations of 
Whether Designation of Critical Habitat Is Prudent for 81 Plants and 
Proposed Designations for 76 Plants From the Islands of Kauai and 
Niihau, Hawaii

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION: Proposed rule and notice of determinations of whether 
designation of critical habitat is prudent.

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SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, have reconsidered our 
findings concerning whether designating critical habitat for 81 
federally protected plant species currently found on the islands of 
Kauai and Niihau is prudent. A total of 95 species historically found 
on these two islands were listed as endangered or threatened species 
under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act), between 
1991 and 1996. Some of these species may also occur on other Hawaiian 
islands. At the time each plant was listed, we determined that 
designation of critical habitat was not prudent because designation 
would increase the degree of threat to the species and/or would not 
benefit the species.
    Due to litigation, we reconsidered our previous prudency 
determinations for the 95 plants. From this review, we are proposing 
that critical habitat is prudent for 76 of these species because the 
potential benefits of designating critical habitat essential for the 
conservation of these species outweigh the risks of designation. We are 
proposing that the designation of critical habitat is not prudent for 
five species. The remaining 14 species historically found on Kauai and/
or Niihau, no longer occur on these islands. However, these species do 
occur on other islands, so proposed prudency determinations will be 
made in future rules addressing plants on those islands.
    This proposed rule also proposes designation of critical habitat 
for the 76 species. Twenty-three critical habitat units, covering a 
total of 24,539.23 hectares (60,636.42 acres), are proposed for 
designation on the islands of Kauai and Niihau.
    We solicit data and comments from the public on all aspects of this 
proposal, including data on the economic and other impacts of the 
proposed designations. We may revise this proposal to incorporate or 
address new information received during the comment period.

DATES: We must receive comments from all interested parties by December 
7, 2000. Public hearing requests must be received by December 22, 2000.

ADDRESSES: If you wish to comment, you may submit your comments and 
materials concerning this proposal by any one of several methods:
    (1) You may submit written comments and information to the Field 
Supervisor, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Office, 300 
Ala Moana Blvd., P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850-0001.
    (2) You may send comments by electronic mail (e-mail) to 
KAandNIcrithab [email protected].
    (3) You may hand-deliver written comments to our Pacific Islands 
Office at 300 Ala Moana Blvd., Room 3-122, Honolulu, HI.
    Comments and materials received, as well as supporting 
documentation used in the preparation of this proposed rule, will be 
available for public inspection, by appointment, during normal business 
hours at the Pacific Islands Office.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Christa Russell, Coordinator for 
Listing and Recovery of Plants and Invertebrates, Pacific Islands 
Office (see ADDRESSES section) (telephone: 808/541-3441; facsimile: 
808/541-3470).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

    We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), have reconsidered 
our findings concerning whether designating critical habitat for 81 
federally protected plants from the islands of Kauai and Niihau, Kauai 
County, Hawaii, is prudent. In the Lists of Endangered and Threatened 
Plants (50 CFR 17.12), there are 95 plant species that, at the time of 
listing, were found on the islands of Kauai and Niihau (Table 1). 
Currently, 55 of these species are endemic to the islands of Kauai and/
or Niihau, while 24 species are known from one or more other islands, 
as well as Kauai and/or Niihau. Two species (Melicope quadrangularis 
and Phyllostegia waimeae) are thought to be extinct since they have not 
been seen recently in the wild and no viable genetic material of these 
species is known to exist. The remaining 14 species, Acaena exigua, 
Achyranthes mutica, Ctenitis squamigera, Diellia erecta, Diplazium 
molokaiense, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Isodendrion 
pyrifolium, Mariscus pennatiformis, Phlegmariurus mannii, Phlegmariurus 
nutans, Silene lanceolata, Solanum incompletum, and Vigna o-wahuensis, 
are known only from historical records (pre-1970) on Kauai and/or 
Niihau, or from undocumented observations, or are no longer extant in 
the wild on these islands. These species do occur on other islands, 
however.

                                      Table 1.--Summary of Island Distribution of 95 Species From Kauai and Niihau
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                    Island Distribution
                                 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             Species                                                                                                              N.W. Isles, Kahoolawe
                                       Kauai           Oahu           Molokai          Lanai           Maui           Hawaii              Niihau
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acaena exigua (liliwai).........  H               ..............  ..............  ..............  C
Achyranthes mutica (NCN)........  H               ..............  ..............  ..............  C
Adenophorus periens (NCN).......  C               H               C               R               R               C
Alectryon macrococcus (mahoe)...  C               C               C               ..............  C
Alsinidendron lychnoides          C
 (kuawawaunohu).
Alsinidendron viscosum (NCN)....  C
Bonamia menziesii (NCN).........  C               C               H               C               C               C
Brighamia insignis (olulu)......  C               ..............  ..............  ..............  ..............  .............  Ni(C).
Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi)...  C               C               C               C               C
Chamaesyce halemanui (akoko)....  C
Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa).....  H               C               H               C               C
Cyanea asarifolia (haha)........  C
Cyanea recta (haha).............  C

[[Page 66809]]

 
Cyanea remyi (haha).............  C
Cyanea undulata (haha)..........  C
Cyperus trachysanthos (pu ukaa).  C               C               H               H               ..............  .............  Ni(C).
Cyrtandra cyaneoides (mapele)...  C
Cyrtandra limahuliensis           C
 (haiwale).
Delissea rhytidosperma (NCN)....  C
Delissea rivularis (NCN)........  C
Delissea undulata (NCN).........  C               ..............  ..............  ..............  H               C              Ni(H).
Diellia erecta (NCN)............  H               C               C               H               C               C
Diellia pallida (NCN)...........  C
Diplazium molokaiense (NCN).....  H               H               H               H               C
Dubautia latifolia (kahalapehu).  C
Dubautia pauciflorula (naenae)..  C
Euphorbia haeleeleana (akoko)...  C               C
Exocarpos luteolus (heau).......  C
Flueggea neowawraea (mehamehame)  C               C               H               ..............  C               C
Gouania meyenii (NCN)...........  C               C
Hedyotis cookiana (awiwi).......  C               H               H               ..............  ..............  H
Hedyotis st.-johnii (NCN).......  C
Hesperomannia lydgatei (NCN)....  C
Hibiscadelphus woodii (hau        C
 kuahiwi).
Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau   H               C               H               C               C               C              Ka(R).
 hele).
Hibiscus clayi (kokio ulaula)...  C
Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae    C
 (kokio keokeo).
Ischaemum byrone (Hilo            R               H               C               ..............  C               C
 ischaemum).
Isodendrion laurifolium (aupaka)  C               C
Isodendrion longifolium (aupaka)  C               C
Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine    ..............  H               H               H               H               C              Ni(H).
 noho kula).
Kokia kauaiensis (kokio)........  C
Labordia lydgatei (kamakahala)..  C
Labordia tinifolia var.           C
 wahiawaensis (kamakahala).
Lipochaeta fauriei (nehe).......  C
Lipochaeta micrantha (nehe).....  C
Lipochaeta waimeaensis (nehe)...  C
Lobelia niihauensis (NCN).......  C               C               ..............  ..............  ..............  .............  Ni(H).
Lysimachia filifolia (NCN)......  C               C
Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN)....  H               H               ..............  ..............  C               H              NW (C).
Melicope haupuensis (alani).....  C
Melicope knudsenii (alani)......  C               ..............  ..............  ..............  C
Melicope pallida (alani)........  C               C
Melicope quadrangularis (alani).  H
Munroidendron racemosum (NCN)...  C
Myrsine linearifolia (kolea)....  C
Nothocestrum peltatum (aiea)....  C
Panicum niihauense (NCN)........  C               ..............  ..............  ..............  ..............  .............  Ni(H).
Peucedanum sandwicense (makou)..  C               C               C               ..............  C
Phlegmariurus mannii (wawaeiole)  H               ..............  ..............  ..............  C               C
Phlegmariurus nutans (wawaeiole)  H               C
Phyllostegia knudsenii (NCN)....  C
Phyllostegia waimeae (NCN)......  H
Phyllostegia wawrana (NCN)......  C
Plantago princeps (ale).........  C               C               C               ..............  C               H
Platanthera holochila (NCN).....  C               H               C               ..............  C
Poa mannii (NCN)................  C               ..............  ..............
Poa sandvicensis (NCN)..........  C
Poa siphonoglossa (NCN).........  C
Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii     ..............  ..............  ..............  ..............  ..............  .............  Ni(C).
 (wahane).
Pritchardia napaliensis (loulu).  C
Pritchardia viscosa (loulu).....  C
Pteralyxia kauaiensis (kaulu)...  C
Remya kauaiensis (NCN)..........  C
Remya montgomeryi (NCN).........  C               ..............  ..............  ..............  ..............  .............
Schiedea apokremnos (NCN).......  C               ..............  ..............  ..............  ..............  .............
Schiedea helleri (NCN)..........  C               ..............  ..............  ..............  ..............  .............
Schiedea kauaiensis (NCN).......  C               ..............  ..............  ..............  ..............  .............
Schiedea membranacea (NCN)......  C               ..............  ..............  ..............  ..............  .............
Schiedea nuttallii (NCN)........  C               C               R               ..............  R               .............
Schiedea spergulina var.          C               ..............  ..............  ..............  ..............  .............
 leiopoda (NCN).

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Schiedea spergulina var.          C               ..............  ..............  ..............  ..............  .............
 spergulina (NCN).
Schiedea stellarioides (NCN)....  C               ..............  ..............  ..............  ..............  .............
Sesbania tomentosa (ohai).......  C               C               C               H               C               C              NW, Ka, Ni (H).
Silene lanceolata (NCN).........  H               C               C               H               ..............  C
Solanum incompletum (popolo ku    H               ..............  H               H               H               C              .......................
 mai).
Solanum sandwicense (popolo       C               H               ..............  ..............  ..............  .............
 aiakeakua).
Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN)...  C               C               C               C               C               C
Stenogyne campanulata (NCN).....  C               ..............  ..............  ..............  ..............  .............
Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN).........  ..............  H               C               C               C               C              Ni (H), Ka (C).
Viola helenae (NCN).............  C               ..............  ..............  ..............  ..............  .............
Viola kauaiensis var.             C               ..............  ..............  ..............  ..............  .............
 wahiawaensis (nani wai ale).
Wilkesia hobdyi (iliau).........  C               ..............  ..............  ..............  ..............  .............
Xylosma crenatum (NCN)..........  C               ..............  ..............  ..............  ..............  .............
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (ae).....  C               ..............  C               H               C               C
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
KEY
C (Current)--population last observed within the past 30 years.
H (Historical)--population not seen for more than 30 years.
R (Reported)--reported from undocumented observations.

    The plants considered in this rule were listed as endangered or 
threatened species under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended 
(Act), between 1991 and 1996. At the time each plant was listed, we 
determined that designation of critical habitat was not prudent because 
designation would increase the degree of threat to the species and/or 
would not benefit the plant. These not-prudent determinations, along 
with the not-prudent determinations for 150 other Hawaiian plants, were 
challenged in Conservation Council for Hawaii v. Babbitt, 2 F. Supp. 2d 
1280 (D. Hawaii). On March 9, 1998, the United States District Court 
for the District of Hawaii directed us to review the prudency 
determinations for 245 listed plant species in Hawaii. On August 10, 
1998, the court ordered us to publish proposed critical habitat 
designations or non-designations for at least 100 species by November 
30, 2000, and to publish proposed designations or non-designations for 
the remaining 145 species by April 30, 2002. To comply with the Court's 
order, between now and April 30, 2002, we plan to publish seven rules 
that will include proposed determinations of whether critical habitat 
is prudent, along with designations if appropriate. Each rule, arranged 
by island or island group (Kauai and Niihau; Maui and Kahoolawe; Lanai; 
Molokai; Northwest Hawaiian Islands; Hawaii; Oahu), will contain the 
proposed prudency determination and, when appropriate, proposed 
designations of critical habitat for each plant species known to occur 
from that island or group of islands. This determination and proposed 
rule for 79 plants currently found on the islands of Kauai and Niihau 
responds to the court order. The proposed prudency determinations for 
Melicope quadrangularis and Phyllostegia waimeae, which appear to be no 
longer extant in the wild, will also be made in this rule. The proposed 
prudency determinations and, if appropriate, critical habitat 
designation for the 14 species that no longer occur on Kauai and/or 
Niihau, but do occur on other islands, will be made in subsequent rules 
(Table 2).

Table 2.--List of Proposed Rules in Which Prudency Determinations and Critical Habitat Designations/Non Designations Will Be Proposed for the 14 Species
                                                         That No Longer Occur on Kauai or Niihau
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                                    Proposed rule in which prudency will    Proposed rule in which critical habitat designations/non  designations will
             Species                             be proposed                                                be discussed
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Acaena exigua....................  Maui and Kahoolawe....................  Maui and Kahoolawe.
Achranthes mutica................  Hawaii................................  Hawaii.
Ctenitis squamigera..............  Maui and Kahoolawe....................  Maui and Kahoolawe; Lanai; Oahu.
Diellia erecta...................  Maui and Kahoolawe....................  Maui and Kahoolawe; Molokai; Hawaii; Oahu.
Diplazium molokaiense............  Maui and Kahoolawe....................  Maui and Kahoolawe.
Hibiscus brackenridgei...........  Maui and Kahoolawe....................  Maui and Kahoolawe; Lanai; Hawaii; Oahu.
Ischaemum byrone.................  Maui and Kahoolawe....................  Maui and Kahoolawe; Molokai; Hawaii.
Isodendrion pyrifolium...........  Hawaii................................  Hawaii.
Mariscus pennatiformis...........  Maui and Kahoolawe....................  Maui and Kahoolawe; NW Hawaiian Islands; Hawaii.
Phlegmariurus mannii.............  Maui and Kahoolawe....................  Maui and Kahoolawe; Hawaii.
Phlegmariurus nutans.............  Oahu..................................  Oahu.
Silene lanceolata................  Molokai...............................  Molokai; Hawaii; Oahu.
Solanum incompletum..............  Hawaii................................  Hawaii.
Vigna o-wahuensis................  Maui and Kahoolawe....................  Maui and Kahoolawe; Lanai; Molokai; Hawaii.
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The Islands of Kauai and Niihau

    Because of its age and relative isolation, levels of floristic 
diversity and endemism are higher on Kauai than on any other island in 
the Hawaiian archipelago. However, the vegetation of Kauai has 
undergone extreme alterations because of past and present land use. 
Land with rich soils was

[[Page 66811]]

altered by the early Hawaiians, and more recently, converted to 
agricultural use or pasture (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999). Intentional or 
inadvertent introduction of nonnative plant and animal species has also 
contributed to the reduction of native vegetation on the island of 
Kauai. Native forests are now limited to the upper elevation mesic 
(moist) and wet regions within Kauai's conservation district. The land 
that supports the 79 extant plant taxa is owned by various private 
parties, the State of Hawaii (including State parks, forest reserves, 
and natural area reserves), and the United States of America. Most of 
the taxa included in this proposed rule persist on steep slopes, 
precipitous cliffs, valley headwalls, and other regions where 
unsuitable topography has prevented agricultural development or where 
inaccessibility has limited encroachment by nonnative plant and animal 
species.
    Niihau's relative isolation and severe environmental conditions 
have produced a few endemic species. Unfortunately, human disturbance, 
primarily ungulate ranching, has drastically changed the vegetation and 
hydrologic parameters of the island, leaving few of the native 
vegetation communities. Niihau has been privately owned since 1864 and 
access has been and continues to be restricted (Department of Geography 
1998). Therefore, current information on plant locations and population 
status is extremely limited.

Discussion of the 79 Extant Plant Taxa

Species Endemic to Kauai and Niihau

Alsinidendron lychnoides

    Alsinidendron lychnoides, a member of the pink family 
(Caryophyllaceae), is a weakly climbing or sprawling woody, at least at 
the base, subshrub with a dense covering of fine glandular hairs 
throughout. This short-lived perennial species is distinguished from 
others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the weakly climbing or 
sprawling habit, color of the sepals, number of flowers per cluster, 
and size of the leaves. It is closely related to Alsinidendron 
viscosum, which differs primarily in having narrower leaves, fewer 
capsule valves, and fewer flowers per cluster (Wagner et al. 1999).
    This species was observed with fruits during February (USFWS 
1998a). No additional life history information for this species is 
currently available.
    Historically, Alsinidendron lychnoides was found on the east rim of 
Kalalau Valley near Keanapuka, the western and southeastern margins of 
the Alakai Swamp, and southwest of the Swamp near Kaholuamano on the 
island of Kauai. Currently, there are a total of four populations with 
a total of six individual plants (HINHP Database 1999). This species is 
extant on State-owned land in the Alakai Swamp, including the Alakai 
Wilderness Preserve, and on State-owned land on the west and east rims 
of Kalalau Valley (Geographic Decision Systems International (GDSI) 
1999). This latter population occurs on the boundary of Hono O Na Pali 
Natural Area Reserve (NAR) and Na Pali Coast State Park (61 FR 53070; 
GDSI 1999).
    Alsinidendron lychnoides typically grows in montane wet forests 
dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha (ohia) and Cheirodendron sp. 
(olapa), or by M. polymorpha and Dicranopteris linearis (uluhe), 
trailing on the ground or on other vegetation, and at elevations 
between 1,100 and 1,320 m (3,610 and 4,330 ft). Associated plant 
species include Carex sp. (No Common Name (NCN)), Cyrtandra sp. 
(haiwale), Machaerina sp. (uki), Vaccinium sp. (ohelo), Peperomia sp. 
(ala ala wai nui), Hedyotis terminalis (manono), Astelia sp. (painiu), 
and Broussaisia arguta (kanawao) (61 FR 53070).
    The major threats to this species are competition from the 
aggressive alien plant species Rubus argutus (prickly Florida 
blackberry); habitat degradation by feral pigs (Sus scrofa); trampling 
by humans; risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (such as 
landslides or hurricanes); and by reduced reproductive vigor due to the 
small number of extant individuals (61 FR 53070).

Alsinidendron viscosum

    Alsinidendron viscosum, a member of the pink family 
(Caryophyllaceae), is a weakly climbing or sprawling subshrub densely 
covered with fine glandular hairs. This short-lived perennial species 
is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the 
weakly climbing or sprawling habit, color of the sepals, number of 
flowers per cluster, and size of the leaves. It is closely related to 
Alsinidendron lychnoides, which differs primarily in having wider 
leaves and more capsule valves and flowers per cluster (Wagner et al. 
1999).
    Alsinidendron viscosum was observed in flower during January, 
February, and April 1995 (USFWS 1998a). No additional life history 
information for this species is currently available.
    Historically, Alsinidendron viscosum was found at Kaholuamano, 
Kokee, Halemanu, Nawaimaka, and Waialae areas of northwestern Kauai. 
Currently, there are a total of four populations containing a total of 
98 individuals on the island of Kauai (HINHP Database 1999). These 
populations are reported on the ridge between Waialae and Nawaimaka 
Valleys, in the same general area on a north-facing ridge in Nawaimaka 
Valley, along the Mohihi-Waialae Trail, and along the Ditch Trail in 
the Kokee area on State and privately owned lands (61 FR 5307; GDSI 
1999).
    Alsinidendron viscosum is typically found at elevations between 820 
and 1,200 m (2,700 and 3,940 ft), on steep slopes in Acacia koa (koa)-
Metrosideros polymorpha lowland or montane mesic or wet forest. 
Associated plant species include Alyxia olivaeformis (maile), Bidens 
cosmoides (poola nui), Bobea sp. (ahakea), Carex sp., Coprosma sp. 
(pilo), Dodonaea viscosa (aalii), Gahnia sp. (NCN), Ilex anomala 
(aiea), Melicope sp. (alani), Pleomele sp. (hala pepe), Psychotria sp. 
(kopiko), and Schiedea stellarioides (61 FR 53070).
    The major threats to this species are destruction of habitat by 
feral pigs and goats (Capra hircus); competition with the alien plant 
species Rubus argutus, Lantana camara (lantana), and Melinis 
minutiflora (molasses grass); and a risk of extinction from naturally 
occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and from reduced 
reproductive vigor, due to the small number of extant populations and 
individuals (61 FR 53070).

Brighamia insignis

    Brighamia insignis, a member of the bellflower family 
(Campanulaceae), is an unbranched plant with a succulent stem that is 
bulbous at the bottom and tapers toward the top, ending in a compact 
rosette of fleshy leaves. This short-lived perennial species is a 
member of a unique endemic Hawaiian genus with only one other species, 
B. rockii, presently known only from Molokai, from which it differs by 
the color of its petals, its shorter calyx lobes, and its longer flower 
stalks (59 FR 9304; Lammers 1999).
    Current reproduction is not thought to be sufficient to sustain 
populations, with poor seedling establishment due to competition with 
alien grasses as the limiting factor (59 FR 9304). Pollination by 
native sphingid moths (Sphingidae family) is likely; however, 
pollination failure is common, due to either a lack of pollinators or a 
reduction in genetic variability. The flower structure appears to favor 
outcrossing (pollination between different parent plants). Some 
vegetative cloning has been observed and flower and leaf size appear to 
be dependent on moisture availability (59 FR 9304). Seeds of this 
species are undoubtedly dispersed by gravity.

[[Page 66812]]

Although they may be blown for short distances, they are not obviously 
adapted for wind dispersal, being ovoid to ellipsoid, smooth, and 
lacking any sort of wing or outgrowth (USFWS 1995).
    Historically, Brighamia insignis was known from the headland 
between Hoolulu and Waiahuakua Valleys along the Na Pali Coast on the 
island of Kauai, and from Kaali Spring on the island of Niihau. 
Currently, there are a total of five populations containing a total of 
45-65 individuals on the islands of Kauai and Niihau (HINHP Database 
1999). It is reported on State and privately owned lands along the Na 
Pali Coast within or on the boundary of the Hono O Na Pali NAR, in 
Hoolulu, Waiahuakua, and the Haupu Range on the island of Kauai, and on 
the island of Niihau (GDSI 1999; HINHP Database 1999; Steve Perlman, 
National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG), pers. comm. 2000; USFWS 
1995).
    Brighamia insignis is found from sea level to 480 m (1,575 ft) 
elevation on rocky ledges with little soil or on steep sea cliffs in 
lowland dry grasslands or shrublands with annual rainfall that is 
usually less than 170 cm (65 in.). Associated native plant taxa include 
Artemisia sp. (ahinahina), Chamaesyce celastroides (akoko), Canthium 
odoratum (alahee), Eragrostis variabilis (kawelu), Heteropogon 
contortus (pili grass), Hibiscus kokio (kokio), Hibiscus saintjohnianus 
(kokio), Lepidium serra (anaunau), Lipochaeta succulenta (nehe), 
Munroidendron racemosum, and Sida fallax (ilima) (59 FR 9304).
    The major threats to this plant are browsing and habitat 
degradation by feral goats; human disturbance; fire; the Carmine spider 
mite (Tetranychus cinnabarinus); a risk of extinction from naturally 
occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, due to the small 
number of individuals; restricted distribution; reduced reproductive 
vigor; and competition from alien plant species such as Melinis 
minutiflora, Setaria gracilis (yellow foxtail), Sporobolus africanus 
(smutgrass), Lantana camara, Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava), 
Psidium guajava (common guava), Kalanchoe pinnata (air plant), Ageratum 
conyzoides (maile hohono), and Stachytarpheta dichotoma (owi) (59 FR 
9304).

Chamaesyce halemanui

    Chamaesyce halemanui, a member of the spurge family 
(Euphorbiaceae), is a scandent (climbing) shrub. It is distinguished 
from closely related species by its decussate leaves, persistent 
stipules, more compact flower clusters, shorter stems on cyathia, and 
smaller capsules (57 FR 20580; Koutnik 1987; Koutnik and Huft 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of Chamaesyce halemanui. 
Although the plant is a short-lived perennial, its flowering cycles, 
pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific 
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.
    Historically, Chamaesyce halemanui was found in Kauhao and Makaha 
Valleys in the Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, Mahanaloa Valley in Kuia 
NAR, the Halemanu drainage in Kokee State Park, and Olokele Canyon on 
the island of Kauai (HINHP Database 1999; Ken Wood, NTBG, in litt. 
1999). Currently, there is a total of seven populations, with 88 to 139 
individuals, at Kohua Ridge, Makaha Valley, Waialae Ridge, and the 
Halemanu drainage, all State-owned land (HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood, 
in litt. 1999; GDSI 1999).
    Chamaesyce halemanui is typically found on the steep slopes of 
gulches in mesic Acacia koa forests at an elevation of 660 to 1,100 m 
(2,165 to 3,610 ft). Associated native species include Metrosideros 
polymorpha, Alphitonia ponderosa (kauila), Antidesma platyphyllum 
(hame), Bobea brevipes (ahakea lau lii), Cheirodendron trigynum 
(olapa), Coprosma sp., Diospyros sandwicensis (lama), Dodonaea viscosa, 
Elaeocarpus bifidus (kalia), Hedyotis terminalis, Kokia kauaiensis, 
Melicope haupuensis, Pisonia sp. (papala kepau), Pittosporum sp. (ho 
awa), Pleomele aurea (hala pepe), Psychotria mariniana (kopiko), P. 
greenwelliae (kopiko), Pouteria sandwicensis (alaa), Santalum 
freycinetianum (iliahi), and Styphelia tameiameiae (pukiawe) (57 FR 
20580).
    The major threats to this species are competition from alien 
plants, such as Lantana camara, Psidium cattleianum, and Stenotaphrum 
secundatum (St. Augustine grass); habitat degradation by feral pigs; 
restricted distribution; small population size; increased potential for 
extinction resulting from naturally occurring events, such as 
landslides or hurricanes; and depressed reproductive vigor (57 FR 
20580).

Cyanea asarifolia

    Cyanea asarifolia, a member of the bellflower family 
(Campanulaceae), is a sparingly branched shrub. This short-lived 
perennial species is distinguished from others of the genus that grow 
on Kauai by the shape of the leaf base, the leaf width in proportion to 
the length, and the presence of a leaf stalk (59 FR 9304; Lammers 
1999).
    Little is known about the life history of Cyanea asarifolia. 
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors 
are unknown.
    Historically, Cyanea asarifolia was known only from above the bed 
of Anahola Stream on Kauai (HINHP Database 1999). Currently, two 
populations with a total of 9 to 11 total individuals are reported from 
the headwaters of the Wailua River in central Kauai on State-owned land 
(HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).
    This species typically grows in pockets of soil on sheer rock 
cliffs in lowland wet forests at an elevation of approximately 330 to 
730 m (1,080 to 2,400 ft). Associated plant taxa include ferns, 
Hedyotis elatior (awiwi), Machaerina angustifolia (uki), Metrosideros 
polymorpha, Touchardia latifolia (olona), and Urera glabra (opuhe) (59 
FR 9304).
    The major threats to this species are a risk of extinction from 
naturally occurring events, such as hurricanes and rock slides, and/or 
reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing 
individuals; introduced slugs; rodents (Rattus rattus and Mus 
musculus); and habitat degradation by feral pigs (59 FR 9304).

Cyanea recta

    Cyanea recta, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is 
an unbranched shrub with densely hairy flowers. This short-lived 
perennial species is distinguished from other species in the genus that 
grow on Kauai by the following collective characteristics: horizontal 
or ascending inflorescence, narrowly elliptic leaves 12 to 28 cm (4.7 
to 11 in.) long, flat leaf margins, and purple berries (Lammers 1999).
    No life history information for this species is currently 
available.
    Historically, Cyanea recta was found in upper Hanalei Valley, 
Waioli Valley, Hanapepe Valley, Kalalau cliffs, Wainiha Valley, 
Makaleha Mountains, Limahuli Valley, Power line Trail, and the Lehua 
Makanoe-Alakai area on the island of Kauai. Currently, there is a total 
of eight populations, with between 599 and 609 individuals, on State 
and private lands in the following areas: upper Waioli Valley, Wainiha 
Valley, Makaleha Mountains, Limahuli Valley, and the Wahiawa Bog area, 
Iliiliula drainage, and the back of Hanalei Valley (GDSI 1999; HINHP 
Database 1999).
    Cyanea recta grows in lowland wet or mesic Metrosideros polymorpha 
forest or shrubland, usually in gulches or on slopes, and typically 
from 400 to 1,200 m (1,310 to 3,940 ft) elevation. Associated native 
plant species include Dicranopteris linearis, Psychotria sp.,

[[Page 66813]]

Antidesma sp. (hame), Cheirodendron platyphyllum (lapalapa), Cibotium 
sp. (hapuu), and Diplazium sp. (NCN) (61 FR 53070).
    The major threats to this species are bark removal and other damage 
by rats (Rattus sp.); habitat degradation by feral pigs; browsing by 
goats; unidentified slugs that feed on the stems; and competition with 
the alien plant species Blechnum occidentale (blechnum fern), Lantana 
camara, Rubus rosaefolius (thimbleberry), Clidemia hirta (Koster's 
curse), Crassocephalum crepidioides (NCN), Deparia petersenii (NCN), 
Erechtites valerianaefolia (fireweed), Melastoma candidum (NCN), 
Paspalum conjugatum (Hilo grass), Sacciolepis indica (Glenwood grass), 
and Youngia japonica (Oriental hawksbeard) (61 FR 53070).

Cyanea remyi

    Cyanea remyi, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is 
a shrub with generally unbranched, unarmed (lacking prickles) stems 
which are hairy toward the base. This short-lived perennial species is 
distinguished from others in the genus that grow on Kauai by its 
shrubby habit, relatively slender, unarmed stems, smooth or minutely 
toothed leaves, densely hairy flowers, the shape of the calyx lobes, 
length of the calyx and corolla, and length of the corolla lobe 
relative to the floral tube (Lammers 1999).
    No life history information for this species is currently 
available.
    Currently, there are seven known populations with a total of 294-
384 plants on the island of Kauai (HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood, in 
litt. 1999). Cyanea remyi is reported from Waioli Valley, at the base 
of Mount Waialeale, in the Wahiawa Mountains near Hulua, on the summit 
plateau of the Makaleha Mountains, and in Limahuli Valley, on State and 
privately owned lands (Lammers and Lorence 1993; HINHP Database 1999; 
K. Wood, in litt. 1999; GDSI 1999).
    Cyanea remyi is usually found in lowland wet forest or shrubland at 
an elevation of 360 to 930 m (1,180 to 3,060 ft). Associated plant 
species include Antidesma sp., Cheirodendron sp., Diospyros sp. (lama), 
Broussaisia arguta, Metrosideros polymorpha, Freycinetia arborea 
(ieie), Hedyotis terminalis, Machaerina angustifolia, Perrottetia 
sandwicensis (olomea), Psychotria hexandra (kopiko), and Syzygium 
sandwicensis (ohia ha) (61 FR 53070).
    The major threats to this species are competition with the alien 
plant species Erechtites valerianaefolia, Paspalum conjugatum, Psidium 
cattleianum, Rubus rosaefolius, and Melastoma candidum; habitat 
degradation by feral pigs; browsing by feral goats; predation by rats; 
unidentified slugs that feed on the stems; and a risk of extinction 
from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, due 
to the small number of remaining populations (61 FR 53070).

Cyanea undulata

    Cyanea undulata is an unbranched (or the stem is occasionally 
forked) shrub or undershrub with fine rust-colored hairs covering the 
lower surface of the leaves (Lammers 1999).
    Native members of the Campanulaceae (bellflower) family, including 
the genus Cyanea, are generally believed to have adapted to pollination 
by native nectar-eating passerine birds, such as the Hawaiian 
``honeycreepers.'' The long, tubular, slightly curved flowers of C. 
undulata fit this model, but field observations are lacking. The fleshy 
orange fruits of this species are adapted for bird dispersal like other 
species of Cyanea. Although recognized as a short-lived perennial 
species, specific details of the life history of this species, such as 
growth rates, age plants begin to flower, and longevity of plants, are 
unknown. Cyanea undulata is found in pristine, undisturbed, and 
uninvaded sites, often on shady stream banks or on steep to vertical 
slopes that are prone to erosion or landslides (Lorence and Flynn 1991; 
USFWS 1994).
    Historically, Cyanea undulata was known only from the Wahiawa Bog 
area on Kauai. Currently, one population with a total of 28 plants is 
reported on privately owned land between 630 to 800 m (2,070 to 2,625 
ft) elevation along the bank of a tributary of the Wahiawa Stream in 
the Wahiawa Drainage (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).
    The primary threats to this species include competition with the 
alien plant species Psidium cattleianum, Melastoma candidum, 
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (rose myrtle), Clidemia hirta, Melaleuca 
quinquenervia (paperbark tree), Stachytarpheta dichotoma, Rubus 
rosaefolius, Elephantopus mollis (NCN), Erechtites valerianefolia, 
Youngia japonica, Pluchea carolinensis (sourbush), Oplismenus hirtellus 
(basketgrass), Paspalum conjugatum, Paspalum urvillei (Vasey grass), 
Sacciolepis indica, Setaria gracilis, Deparia petersenii, and Cyathea 
cooperi (Australian tree fern); trampling by feral pigs; landslides; 
seed predation by rats; herbivory by introduced slugs; loss of 
pollinators; hurricanes; decreased reproductive vigor; restricted 
distribution; and extinction due to unforseen circumstances because of 
small population size (USFWS 1994; 56 FR 47695).

Cyrtandra cyaneoides

    Cyrtandra cyaneoides, a member of the African violet family 
(Gesneriaceae), is an erect or ascending, fleshy, usually unbranched 
shrub with opposite toothed leaves which have impressed veins on the 
lower surface that are sparsely covered with long hairs. This short-
lived perennial species differs from others of the genus that grow on 
Kauai by being a succulent, erect or ascending shrub and having a 
bilaterally symmetrical calyx that is spindle-shaped in bud and falls 
off after flowering, leaves with a wrinkled surface, 40 to 55 cm (16 to 
22 in.) long and 22 to 35 cm (9 to 14 in.) wide, and berries with 
shaggy hairs (Wagner et al. 1999).
    No life history information for this species is currently 
available.
    Historically, Cyrtandra cyaneoides was known to occur only along 
the trail to Waialae Valley on Kauai (61 FR 53070). It is currently 
known from four populations on private and State lands with a total of 
352 to 452 individuals at Namolokama above Lumahai Valley, the Makaleha 
Plateau, Wainiha Valley, and upper Waioli Valley (GDSI 1999; HINHP 
Database 1999).
    Cyrtandra cyaneoides typically grows on steep slopes or cliffs near 
streams or waterfalls in lowland or montane wet forest or shrubland 
dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or a mixture of M. polymorpha and 
Dicranopteris linearis between 550 and 1,220 m (1,800 and 4,000 ft) 
elevation. Associated native species include Perrottetia sandwicensis, 
Pipturus sp. (mamaki), Bidens sp. (ko oko olau), Psychotria sp., 
Pritchardia sp. (loulu), Freycinetia arborea, Cyanea sp. (haha), 
Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Diplazium sandwichianum (NCN), Gunnera sp.(ape 
ape), Coprosma sp., Stenogyne sp. (NCN), Machaerina sp., Boehmeria 
grandis (akolea), Pipturus sp., Cheirodendron sp., Hedyotis terminalis, 
and Hedyotis tryblium (NCN) (61 FR 53070).
    The major threats to this species are competition with alien plant 
species such as Paspalum conjugatum, Rubus rosaefolius, Deparia 
petersenii, and Drymaria cordata (pipili); predation of seeds by rats; 
reduced reproductive vigor and a risk of extinction from naturally 
occurring events, such as landslides and hurricanes, due to the small 
number of populations; and habitat degradation by feral pigs (61 FR 
53070).

[[Page 66814]]

Cyrtandra limahuliensis

    Cyrtandra limahuliensis, a member of the African violet family 
(Gesneriaceae), is an unbranched or few-branched shrub with moderately 
or densely hairy leaves. The following combination of characteristics 
distinguishes this short-lived perennial species from others of the 
genus: the leaves are usually hairy (especially on lower surfaces), the 
usually symmetrical calyx is tubular or funnel-shaped and encloses the 
fruit at maturity, and the flowers are borne singly (Wagner et al. 
1999).
    Little is known about the life history of Cyrtandra limahuliensis. 
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors 
are unknown.
    Historically, Cyrtandra limahuliensis was known from three 
locations on Kauai: Wainiha Valley, Lumahai Valley, and near Kilauea 
River (HINHP Database 1999). Currently, a total of 13 populations 
containing 928-1,029 plants are reported on private and State lands in 
Wainiha Valley, Limahuli Valley, Waipa Valley, on Mount Kahili, along 
the north fork of Wahiawa Stream, along Anahola Stream, Waioli Valley, 
and near Powerline Trail. However, it has been estimated that the total 
number of plants on Kauai may be as high as a few thousand (HINHP 
Database 1999; GDSI 1999).
    This species typically grows along streams in lowland wet forests 
at elevations between 245 and 915 m (800 and 3,000 ft). Associated taxa 
include Antidesma sp., Cyrtandra kealiea (haiwale), Pisonia sp., 
Pipturus sp., Cibotium glaucum (hapuu), Eugenia sp. (nioi), Hedyotis 
terminalis, Dubautia sp. (na ena e), Boehmeria grandis, Touchardia 
latifolia, Bidens sp., Hibiscus waimeae (kikio ke okeo), Charpentiera 
sp. (papala), Urera glabra, Pritchardia sp., Cyanea sp., Perrottetia 
sandwicensis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Dicranopteris linearis, Gunnera 
kauaiensis (apeape), and Psychotria sp. (59 FR 9304).
    The major threats to this species are competition from alien plant 
species (Psidium cattleianum, Paspalum conjugatum, Melastoma candidum, 
Psidium guajava, Hedychium flavescens (yellow ginger), Rubus 
rosaefolius, Youngia japonica, Erechtites valerianefolia, Blechnum 
occidentale, and Clidemia hirta); habitat degradation by feral pigs; 
natural landslides; and hurricanes (59 FR 9304).

Delissea rhytidosperma

    Delissea rhytidosperma, a member of the bellflower family 
(Campanulaceae), is a branched shrub with lance-shaped or elliptic 
toothed leaves. This short-lived perennial species differs from other 
taxa of the genus by the shape, length, and margins of the leaves and 
by having hairs at the base of the anthers (Lammers 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of Delissea rhytidosperma. 
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors 
are unknown.
    Historically, Delissea rhytidosperma was known from as far north as 
Wainiha and Limahuli Valleys, as far east as Kapaa and Kealia, and as 
far south as Haupu Range and between the elevations of 120 and 915 m 
(400 and 3,000 ft) on the island of Kauai (HINHP Database 1999). 
Currently, three populations, on State and private lands, with a total 
of 20 individuals are reported from the Haupu range, Mahanaloa Valley, 
and Limahuli Valley (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).
    This species generally grows in diverse lowland mesic forests or 
Acacia koa-dominated lowland dry forests that have well-drained soils 
with medium-to fine-textured subsoil. Associated native plant taxa 
includes Euphorbia haeleeleana, Psychotria hobdyi (kopiko), Pisonia 
sp., Pteralyxia sp. (kaulu), Dodonaea viscosa, Cyanea sp., Hedyotis sp. 
(NCN), Dianella sandwicensis (ukiuki), Diospyros sandwicensis, 
Styphelia tameiameiae, and Nestegis sandwicensis (olopua) (59 FR 9304).
    The major threats to this species are predation and/or habitat 
degradation by mule or black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus 
columbianus), feral pigs, and goats; herbivory by rats and introduced 
slugs; fire; and competition with the alien plants Lantana camara, 
Passiflora ligularis (sweet granadilla), Cordyline fruticosa (ti), and 
Passiflora mollissima (banana poka); and a risk of extinction from 
naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and/or 
reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing 
individuals (59 FR 9304; USFWS 1995).

Delissea rivularis

    Delissea rivularis, a member of the bellflower family 
(Campanulaceae), is a shrub, unbranched or branched near the base, with 
hairy stems and leaves arranged in a rosette at the tips of the stems. 
This short-lived perennial species is distinguished from others of the 
genus by the color, length, and curvature of the corolla, shape of the 
leaves, and presence of hairs on the stems, leaves, flower clusters, 
and corolla (Lammers 1999).
    No life history information for this species is currently 
available.
    Historically, Delissea rivularis was found at Waiakealoha 
waterfall, Waialae Valley, Hanakoa Valley, and Kaholuamanu on the 
island of Kauai (61 FR 53070). Currently, this species is known from 
two populations with a total of 40 individuals (HINHP Database 1999; K. 
Wood, in litt. 1999). One population is reported in the upper Hanakoa 
Valley stream area on State land within the Hono O Na Pali NAR between 
1,100 to 1,220 m (3,610 to 4,000 ft) elevation, while the other is 
reported in the upper Hanakapiai drainage, on privately owned land 
(HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. Wood in litt. 1999).
    Delissea rivularis is found on steep slopes in Metrosideros 
polymorpha-Cheirodendron trigynum montane wet or mesic forest, near 
streams. Associated native species include Broussaisia arguta, Carex 
sp., Coprosma sp., Melicope clusiifolia (kolokolo mokihana), Melicope 
anisata (mokihana), Psychotria hexandra, Dubautia knudsenii (na ena e), 
Diplazium sandwichianum, Hedyotis foggiana (NCN), Ilex anomala, and 
Sadleria sp. (amau) (61 FR 53070).
    The major threats to this species are competition with the 
encroaching alien plant Rubus argutus; habitat destruction by feral 
pigs; predation by rats; and reduced reproductive vigor and a risk of 
extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or 
hurricanes, due to the small number of remaining individuals (61 FR 
53070; USFWS 1998a).

Diellia pallida

    Diellia pallida, a member of the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae), 
is a plant that grows in tufts of three to four light green, lance-
shaped fronds along with a few persistent dead ones. This short-lived 
perennial species differs from others of this endemic Hawaiian genus by 
the color and sheen of the midrib, the presence and color of scales on 
the midrib, and the frequent fusion of sori (Wagner 1952, 1987).
    Little is known about the life history of Diellia pallida. 
Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors are unknown.
    Diellia pallida was known historically from Halemanu on the island 
of Kauai (59 FR 9304). Currently, there is a total of five populations 
with 20-25 individuals in Koaie Canyon, Mahanaloa Valley, and Makaha 
Valley, all on State-owned land (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. 
Wood, in litt. 1999).

[[Page 66815]]

    This species grows on bare soil on steep, rocky, dry slopes in 
lowland mesic forests, from 520 to 915 m (1,700 to 3,000 ft) in 
elevation. Associated native plant taxa include Acacia koa, Alectryon 
macrococcus, Antidesma platyphyllum, Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine 
lanaiensis (kolea), Zanthoxylum dipetalum (ae), Tetraplasandra 
kauaiensis (ohe ohe), Psychotria mariniana, Carex meyenii (NCN), 
Diospyros hillebrandii (lama), Hedyotis knudsenii (NCN), Canthium 
odoratum, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Alyxia 
olivaeformis, Wilkesia gymnoxiphium (iliau), Alphitonia ponderosa, 
Styphelia tameiameiae, and Rauvolfia sandwicensis (hao) (59 FR 9304).
    The major threats to this species include competition with the 
alien plants Lantana camara, Melia azedarach (Chinaberry), Stenotaphrum 
secundatum, Oplismenus hirtellus, Aleurites moluccana (kukui) and 
Cordyline fruticosa; predation and habitat degradation by feral goats, 
pigs, and deer; fire; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring 
events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive 
vigor due to the small number of existing individuals (59 FR 9304).

Dubautia latifolia

    Dubautia latifolia, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a 
diffusely branched, woody perennial vine with leaves which are 
conspicuously net-veined, with the smaller veins outlining nearly 
square areas. A vining habit, distinct petioles, and broad leaves with 
conspicuous net veins outlining squarish areas separate this from 
closely related species (Carr 1982b, 1985, 1999a).
    Individual plants of this species do not appear to be able to 
fertile themselves. Since at least some individuals of Dubautia 
latifolia require cross-pollination, the wide spacing of individual 
plants (e.g., each 0.5 km (0.3 mi) apart) may pose a threat to the 
reproductive potential of the species. The very low seed set noted in 
plants in the wild indicates a reproductive problem, possibly 
asynchronous flowering. Seedling establishment is also rare and young 
plants are rarely seen. Dubautia latifolia experiences seasonal 
vegetative decline during the spring and summer, often losing most of 
its leaves. New growth and flowering occur in the fall with fruits 
developing in November. Pollinators and seed dispersal agents are 
unknown (Carr 1982b; USFWS 1995).
    Historically, Dubautia latifolia was found in the Makaha, 
Awaawapuhi, Waialae, Kawaiula, and Kauhao Valleys of the Na Pali-Kona 
Forest Reserve, Nualolo Trail and Valley in Kuia NAR, Halemanu in Kokee 
State Park, along Mohihi Road in both Kokee State Park and Na Pali-Kona 
Forest Reserve, along the Mohihi-Waialae Trail on Mohihi and Kohua 
ridges in both Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve and Alakai Wilderness 
Preserve, and at Kaholuamanu on the island of Kauai (Carr 1982b; HINHP 
Database 1999; GDSI 1999). Currently, there are a total of 24 
populations containing between 59-70 individuals on State and privately 
owned lands in all of the aforementioned areas, except Halemanu and 
Kaholuamanu (HINHP Database 1999 GDSI 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
    This species typically grows on gentle to steep slopes in well 
drained soil and in semi-open or closed, diverse montane mesic forest 
dominated by Acacia koa and/or Metrosideros polymorpha, at elevations 
of 800 to 1,220 m (2,625 to 4,000 ft). Commonly associated native 
species are Pouteria sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Nestegis 
sandwicensis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Claoxylon 
sandwicense (po ola), Bobea sp., Pleomele sp., Antidesma sp., Cyrtandra 
sp., Xylosma sp. (maua), Alphitonia ponderosa, Coprosma waimeae 
(olena), Dicranopteris linearis, Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex anomala, 
Melicope anisata, Psychotria mariniana, and Scaevola sp. (naupaka) (59 
FR 9304).
    The threats to this species include competition from the alien 
plants Passiflora mollissima, Rubus argutus, Lonicera japonica 
(Japanese honeysuckle), Acacia mearnsii (black wattle), Hedychium sp. 
(ginger), Erigeron karvinskianus (daisy fleabane), and Psidium 
cattleianum; damage from trampling and grazing by feral pigs and deer; 
vehicle traffic and road maintenance; seasonal dieback; small number of 
extant individuals; and restricted distribution (59 FR 9304).

Dubautia pauciflorula

    Dubautia pauciflorula, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), 
is a somewhat sprawling shrub or erect small tree with narrowly lance-
shaped or elliptic leaves clustered toward the ends of the stems. The 
tiny, 2-4 flowered heads distinguish this short-lived perennial species 
from its relatives (Carr 1985, 1999a).
    Few details are known about the life history of any Dubautia 
species under natural conditions. Certain species produce viable seed 
when self-pollinated (self-fertile), although others fail to do so 
(self-infertile). Low pollinator numbers resulting in reduced cross-
pollination and consequently low numbers of viable seeds could explain 
the small population sizes. Because of their structure and small size, 
flowers of D. pauciflorula are presumably pollinated by small 
generalist insects, although field observations are lacking. The 
bristle-like pappus crowning the fruit probably represents an 
adaptation for wind dispersal. Very little is known about the life 
cycle of this species, including growth rates, longevity of the plants, 
and number of years the plants remain reproductive (56 FR 47695; Carr 
1985; USFWS 1994).
    Historically and currently, this species is found only on State and 
privately owned lands in the Wahiawa Drainage on Kauai (HINHP Database 
1999; GDSI 1999). There are a total of four populations containing 52 
individual plants. These populations are found in lowland wet forest at 
elevations between 670-700 m (2,200-2,300 ft) (HINHP Database 1999).
    The threats to this plant include direct competition with the alien 
plant species such as Psidium cattleianum and Melastoma candidum, and 
potential threats from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Clidemia hirta, Melaleuca 
quinquenervia, Stachytarpheta dichotoma, Rubus rosaefolius, 
Elephantopus mollis, Erechtites valerianefolia, Youngia japonica, 
Pluchea carolinensis, Oplismenus hirtellus, Paspalum conjugatum, 
Paspalum urvillei, Sacciolepis indica, Setaria gracilis, Deparia 
petersenii, and Cyathea cooperi; trampling by feral pigs; landslides 
and erosion; restricted distribution; and hurricanes (56 FR 47695; 
USFWS 1994).

Exocarpos luteolus

    Exocarpos luteolus, a member of the sandalwood family 
(Santalaceae), is a moderately to densely branched shrub with knobby 
branches and leaves which are either minute scales or typical leaves. 
This short-lived perennial species is distinguished from others of the 
genus by its generally larger fruit with 4 indentations and by the 
color of the receptacle and fruit (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of Exocarpos luteolus. This 
species tends to grow at habitat edges where there is adequate light 
(USFWS 1995). Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal 
agents, longevity, other specific environmental requirements, and 
limiting factors are unknown.
    Historically, Exocarpos luteolus was known from three locations on 
Kauai: Wahiawa Bog, Kaholuamanu, and Kumuwela Ridge (HINHP Database

[[Page 66816]]

1999). Currently, there is a total of nine populations containing 69-70 
individual plants (HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). This 
species has a scattered distribution on State and privately owned lands 
and is reported on Kumuwela Ridge; in Kauaikanana Valley; near Honopu 
Trail; Waialae; on the rim of Kalalau Valley within or on the boundary 
of Kokee State Park; on Kamalii Ridge in Kealia Forest Reserve; in the 
Na Pali Kona Forest Reserve; Alakai Swamp; and in the Wahiawa Mountains 
(HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
    This species is found at elevations between 475 and 1,290 m (1,560 
and 4,220 ft) in a variety of habitats: wet areas bordering swamps; on 
open, dry ridges; and lowland or montane, Metrosideros polymorpha-
dominated wet forest communities (59 FR 9304). Associated species 
include Acacia koa, Cheirodendron trigynum, Pouteria sandwicensis, 
Dodonaea viscosa, Pleomele aurea, Psychotria mariniana, Psychotria 
greenwelliae, Bobea brevipes, Hedyotis terminalis, Elaeocarpus bifidus, 
Melicope haupuensis, Dubautia laevigata (na ena e), Dianella 
sandwicensis, Poa sandvicensis, Schiedea stellarioides, Peperomia 
macraeana (ala ala wai nui), Claoxylon sandwicense, Santalum 
freycinetianum, Styphelia tameiameiae, and Dicranopteris linearis (59 
FR 9304; USFWS 1995).
    The major threats to this species are feral goats and pigs; 
competition with the alien plants Erigeron karvinskianus, Acacia 
mearnsii, Corynocarpus laevigata (karakanut), Myrica faya (firetree), 
and Rubus argutus; seed predation by rats; fire; and erosion (59 FR 
9304; USFWS 1995).

Hedyotis st.-johnii

    Hedyotis st.-johnii, a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is 
a succulent perennial herb with slightly woody, trailing, quadrangular 
stems and fleshy leaves clustered towards the base of the stem. This 
species is distinguished from related species by its succulence, 
basally clustered fleshy leaves, shorter floral tube, and large leafy 
calyx lobes when in fruit (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of Hedyotis st.-johnii. 
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors 
are unknown.
    Currently, there are a total of six populations, containing 223-278 
individuals, on State owned land on the Na Pali coast of Kauai: between 
Kalalau and Honopu beaches, in Nualolo Valley, Nualolo Kai, at Milolii 
Beach, and in Polihale (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).
    This plant grows in the crevices of north-facing, near-vertical 
coastal cliff faces within the spray zone (below 75 m (250 ft)). The 
associated vegetation is sparse dry coastal shrubland and includes 
species such as the native Myoporum sandwicense (naio), Eragrostis 
variabilis, Lycium sandwicense (ohelo kai), Heteropogon contortus, 
Artemisia australis (ahinahina), and Chamaesyce celastroides (56 FR 
49639).
    The major threats to this species are herbivory and habitat 
degradation by feral goats; competition from alien plant species, 
especially Pluchea carolinensis; landslides; fire; trampling and 
grazing by cattle (Bos taurus); and a risk of extinction due to 
naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, as well 
as decreased reproductive vigor because of the small population sizes 
and restricted distribution (56 FR 49639; USFWS 1995).

Hesperomannia lydgatei

    Hesperomannia lydgatei, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae) 
is a sparsely branched small long-lived perennial tree with alternately 
arranged, lance-shaped or elliptic leaves (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of Hesperomannia lydgatei. 
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors 
are unknown.
    Historically, Hesperomannia lydgatei was found in the Wahiawa 
Mountains of Kauai. Currently, this species is known from State and 
privately owned lands in the Wahiawa and Waioli Stream areas. There are 
a total of four populations containing a total of 214 individual plants 
(GDSI 1999; HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
    Hesperomannia lydgatei is found at elevations between 410-915 m 
(1,345-3,000 ft) along stream banks in rich brown soil and silty clay 
in Metrosideros polymorpha or M. polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis 
lowland wet forest with one or more of the following associated native 
plant species: Adenophorus sp. (Pendant fern), Antidesma sp., 
Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron sp., Elaphoglossum sp. (Ekaha), 
Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis terminalis, Labordia lydgatei, Machaerina 
angustifolia, Peperomia sp., Pritchardia sp., Psychotria hexandra, and 
Syzygium sandwicensis (HINHP Database 1999; USFWS 1994).
    Threats to the species include alien plants; feral goats; rats; 
landslides; and erosion (USFWS 1994).

Hibiscadelphus woodii

    Hibiscadelphus woodii, a member of the mallow family (Malvaceae), 
is a small branched, long-lived perennial tree with a rounded crown. H. 
woodii differs from the other Kauai species by differences in leaf 
surface and characteristics of the whirled leaves or bract and flower 
color (Lorence and Wagner 1995; Bates 1999).
    Flowering material has been collected in March, April, and 
September, but no fruit set has been observed in spite of efforts to 
manually outcross and bag the flowers. A museum specimen of a liquid-
preserved flower has been identified that contains three adult 
Nitidulidae beetles, probably an endemic species. The damage by these 
larvae may be responsible for the observed lack of fruit set in 
Hibiscadelphus woodii (Lorence and Wagner 1995; USFWS 1998a). No 
additional life history information for this species is currently 
available.
    Hibiscadelphus woodii has been found only at the site of its 
original discovery on State owned land in Kalalau Valley, within the Na 
Pali Coast State Park on Kauai; only nine trees of this species are 
known (HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999; GDSI 1999).
    Hibiscadelphus woodii is found at elevations around 915 m (3,000 
ft) on basalt talus or cliff walls in Metrosideros polymorpha montane 
mesic forest. These forests contain one or more of the following 
associated native plant species: Bidens sandwicensis (ko oko olau), 
Artemisia australis, Melicope pallida, Dubautia sp., Lepidium serra, 
Lipochaeta sp. (nehe), Lysimachia glutinosa (kolokolo kuahiwi), Carex 
meyenii, Chamaesyce celastroides var. hanapepensis, Hedyotis sp., 
Nototrichium sp. (kului), Panicum lineale (NCN), Myrsine sp. (kolea), 
and the federally endangered species Stenogyne campanulata, Lobelia 
niihauensis, and Poa mannii (61 FR 53070; HINHP Database 1999; Lorence 
and Wagner 1995).
    Major threats to Hibiscadelphus woodii are habitat degradation by 
feral goats and pigs; competition from the alien plant species Erigeron 
karvinskianus; nectar robbing by Japanese white-eye (Zosterops 
japonicus), an introduced bird; and a risk of extinction from naturally 
occurring events (e.g., rock slides) and reduced reproductive vigor due 
to the small number of existing individuals at the only known site (61 
FR 53070; Lorence and Wagner 1995).

[[Page 66817]]

Hibiscus clayi

    Hibiscus clayi, a member of the mallow family (Malvaceae), is a 
long-lived perennial shrub or small tree. This species is distinguished 
from other native Hawaiian members of the genus by the lengths of the 
calyx, calyx lobes, and capsule and by the margins of the leaves (Bates 
1999).
    Little is known about the life history of Hibiscus clayi. Flowering 
cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific 
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.
    Historically, Hibiscus clayi was known from scattered locations on 
Kauai: the Kokee region on the western side of the island, Moloaa 
Valley to the north, Nounou Mountain in Wailua to the east, and as far 
south as Haiku near Halii Stream (HINHP Database 1999). At this time, 
only the population on State and privately owned lands in the Nounou 
Mountains, with a total of four trees, is known to be extant (HINHP 
Database 1999; GDSI 1999).
    Hibiscus clayi generally grows on slopes (230 to 350 m (750 to 
1,150 ft) elevation) in Acacia koa or Diospyros sp.-Pisonia sp.-
Metrosideros polymorpha lowland dry or mesic forest with Hedyotis 
acuminata (au), Pipturus sp., Psychotria sp., Cyanea hardyi (haha), 
Artemisia australis, or Bidens sp. (59 FR 9304; HINHP Database 1999).
    The major threat to this species is competition with alien plants, 
principally Psidium cattleianum. In addition, Araucaria columnaris 
(Norfolk Island pine) has been planted in the area of the Nounou 
Mountain population. This aggressive alien tree may prevent 
regeneration of native plants in the understory. The close proximity of 
most of the Hibiscus clayi plants to a hiking trail makes them 
susceptible to human disturbance. Feral pigs also pose a potential 
threat to the species. Lastly, the small total number of existing 
individuals makes the species susceptible to extinction due to 
naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and/or 
reduced reproductive vigor (59 FR 9304; HINHP Database 1999).

Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae

    Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae, a member of the mallow family 
(Malvaceae), is a gray-barked tree with star-shaped hairs densely 
covering its leaf and flower stalks and branchlets. The long-lived 
perennial species is distinguished from others of the genus by the 
position of the anthers along the staminal column, length of the 
staminal column relative to the petals, color of the petals, and length 
of the calyx. Two subspecies, ssp. hannerae and ssp. waimeae, both 
endemic to Kauai, are recognized. Subspecies hannerae is 
distinguishable from ssp. waimeae by its larger leaves and smaller 
flowers (Bates 1999).
    No life history information for this species is currently 
available.
    Historically, Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae was known from 
Kalihiwai and adjacent valleys, Limahuli Valley, and Hanakapiai Valley 
(Bates 1999; HINHP Database 1999). This subspecies is no longer extant 
at Kalihiwai. Currently, there are two populations containing 27 
individuals on State and privately owned lands in the Limahuli and 
Hanakapiai Valleys (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).
    Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae grows between 190 and 560 m (620 and 
1,850 ft) elevation. It is found in Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet forest or in Pisonia sp.-
Charpentiera elliptica (papala) lowland wet or mesic forest with 
Antidesma sp., Psychotria sp., Pipturus sp., Bidens sp., Bobea sp., 
Sadleria sp., Cyrtandra sp. Cyanea sp., Cibotium sp., Perrottetia 
sandwicensis, and Syzygium sandwicensis (USFWS 1998a; Bates 1999; HINHP 
Database 1999).
    Major threats to Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae are habitat 
degradation by feral pigs, competition with alien plant species, and a 
risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (e.g., landscapes 
and hurricanes) and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small 
number of remaining populations (61 FR 53070; HINHP Database 1999).

Kokia kauaiensis

    Kokia kauaiensis, a member of the mallow family (Malvaceae), is a 
small tree. This long-lived perennial species is distinguished from 
others of this endemic Hawaiian genus by the length of the bracts 
surrounding the flower head, number of lobes and the width of the 
leaves, the length of the petals, and the length of the hairs on the 
seeds (Bates 1999).
    No life history information for this species is currently 
available.
    Historically, Kokia kauaiensis was found at seven scattered 
populations on northwestern Kauai (HINHP Database 1999). Currently, 
there are a total of 11 populations with 179 to 184 individuals, found 
in Paaiki, Mahanaloa, Kuia, Kalalau, and Pohakuao Valleys, Na Pali 
Coast State Park, and the Koaie Stream branch of Waimeae Canyon, all on 
State-owned land (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 
1999).
    Kokia kauaiensis typically grows in diverse mesic forest between 
350 to 660 m (1,150 to 2,165 ft) elevation. Associated species include 
Bobea sp., Acacia koa, Diospyros sandwicensis, Hedyotis sp., Pleomele 
sp., Xylosma sp., Isodendrion sp. (aupaka), Pisonia sp., Nestegis 
sandwicensis, Syzygium sandwicensis, Antidesma sp., Alyxia 
olivaeformis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Streblus pendulinus (aiai), 
Canthium odoratum, Nototrichium sp., Pteralyxia kauaiensis, 
Dicranopteris linearis, Hibiscus sp. (aloalo), Flueggea neowawraea, 
Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Melicope sp., Diellia laciniata (palapalai lau 
lii), Tetraplasandra sp. (ohe ohe), Chamaesyce celastroides, Lipochaeta 
fauriei, Dodonaea viscosa, Santalum sp. (iliahi), Claoxylon 
sandwicense, and Metrosideros polymorpha (USFWS 1998a; Bates 1999; 
HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
    Competition with and habitat degradation by invasive alien plant 
species, substrate loss from erosion, habitat degradation and browsing 
by feral goats and deer, and seed predation by rats are the major 
threats affecting the survival of Kokia kauaiensis (Wood and Perlman 
1993; USFWS 1998a; HINHP Database 1999).

Labordia lydgatei

    Labordia lydgatei, a member of the Logania family (Loganiaceae), is 
a much-branched perennial shrub or small tree with sparsely hairy, 
square stems. The small size of the flowers and capsules borne on 
sessile inflorescences distinguish it from other members of the genus 
growing in the same area (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Immature fruits were seen on two plants during surveys in 1991 and 
1992 by botanists from NTBG, and remnants of old fruiting bodies were 
seen on another, suggesting that the plants are self-fertile. It is 
also suspected that the fruits of this species are adapted for bird 
dispersal. Due to a lack of bird or other native pollinators, 
pollination may be inhibited (USFWS 1994). Microhabitat requirements 
for seed germination and growth may also be extremely specific. 
Virtually nothing is known about the life history or ecology of this 
species.
    This species was originally known from the Wahiawa Drainage, Waioli 
Stream Valley, and Makaleha Mountains on Kauai (HINHP Database 1999). 
Labordia lydgatei is currently known from six populations, consisting 
of 37 individual plants, located on State and privately owned lands 
along one of the tributaries of the Wahiawa Stream, as well as in 
Limahuli and Lumahai Valleys (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. Wood, 
in litt. 1999).

[[Page 66818]]

    Labordia lydgatei is found in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris 
linearis lowland wet forest at elevations between 635 and 855 m (2,080 
to 2800 ft). Associated native plants include Psychotria sp., Hedyotis 
terminalis sp., Cyanea sp., Cyrtandra sp., Labordia hirtella (NCN), 
Antidesma platyphyllum var. hildebrandi, Syzygium sandwicensis, Ilex 
anomala, and Dubautia knudsenii (USFWS 1994; HINHP Database 1999; K. 
Wood, in litt. 1999).
    Competition from alien plants poses the greatest threat to the 
survival of Labordia lydgatei (56 FR 47695). Additional threats include 
habitat degradation from feral pigs; rats, a potential seed predator; 
landslides and erosion; and a lack of dispersal, germination or 
pollination agents (USFWS 1994).

Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis

    Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis, a member of the Logania 
family (Loganiaceae), is a shrub or small tree with hairless, 
cylindrical young branches. This long-lived perennial species differs 
from others of the genus by having a long common flower cluster stalk, 
hairless young stems and leaf surfaces, transversely wrinkled capsule 
valves, and corolla lobes usually 1.7 to 2.3 mm (0.1 in.) long (Wagner 
et al. 1999). Three varieties of Labordia tinifolia are recognized: 
var. lanaiensis on Lanai and Molokai; var. tinifolia on Kauai, Oahu, 
Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii; and var. wahiawaensis, endemic to Kauai. 
Variety wahiawaensis is distinguished from the other two by its larger 
corolla (Wagner et al. 1999).
    No life history information for this subspecies is currently 
available.
    Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis is only known from one 
population with a total of 20-30 individual plants on private land in 
the Wahiawa Drainage in the Wahiawa Mountains from (GDSI 1999; HINHP 
Database 1999).
    Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis grows along streambanks in 
lowland wet forests dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha at elevations 
between 300 to 920 m (985 to 3,020 ft), with Cheirodendron sp., 
Dicranopteris linearis, Cyrtandra sp., Antidesma sp., Psychotria sp., 
Hedyotis terminalis, or Athyrium microphyllum (HINHP Database 1999).
    The primary threats to the remaining individuals of Labordia 
tinifolia var. wahiawaensis are competition with alien plants, habitat 
degradation by feral pigs, trampling by humans, and a risk of 
extinction from catastrophic random events or reduced reproductive 
vigor due to the small number of individuals in a single population (61 
FR 53070).

Lipochaeta fauriei

    Lipochaeta fauriei, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a 
perennial herb with somewhat woody, erect or climbing stems. This 
short-lived perennial species differs from other species on Kauai by 
having a greater number of disk and ray flowers per flower head, longer 
ray flowers, and longer leaves and leaf stalks (Gardner 1976, 1979; 
USFWS 1995; Wagner et al. 1985, 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of Lipochaeta fauriei. 
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors 
are unknown.
    Historically and currently, Lipochaeta fauriei is known from 
Olokele Canyon on Kauai (Gardner 1979, HINHP Database 1999). This 
species is now also found on State and privately owned lands in 
Poopooiki, Haeleele, and Hikimoe Valleys (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 
1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). Currently there is a total of four 
populations with 132 individuals (HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood, in 
litt. 1999). A population in Koaie Canyon previously thought to be L. 
fauriei was later identified as L. subcordata (USFWS 1995).
    This species grows most often in moderate shade to full sun and is 
usually found on the sides of steep gulches in diverse lowland mesic 
forests between 480 and 900 m (1,575 and 2,950 ft) elevation (Wagner et 
al. 1999). Associated native plant taxa include Myrsine lanaiensis, 
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Acacia koa, Pleomele aurea, Sapindus oahuensis 
(lonomea), Nestegis sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Psychotria 
mariniana, Psychotria greenwelliae, Kokia kauaiensis, Diospyros sp. and 
Hibiscus waimeae (HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
    Major threats to Lipochaeta fauriei are predation and habitat 
degradation by feral goats and pigs, and competition with invasive 
alien plants. Fire is also a significant threat to L. fauriei due to 
the invasion of Melinis minutiflora, a fire-adapted grass that creates 
unnaturally high fuel loads. The small total number of individuals 
makes the species susceptible to extinction from naturally occurring 
events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive 
vigor (59 FR 9304; USFWS 1995; HINHP Database 1999).

Lipochaeta micrantha

    Lipochaeta micrantha, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is 
a somewhat woody short-lived perennial herb. The small number of disk 
florets separates this species from the other members of the genus on 
the island of Kauai. The two recognized varieties of this species, var. 
exigua and var. micrantha, are distinguished by differences in leaf 
length and width, degree of leaf dissection, and the length of the ray 
florets (Gardner 1976, 1979; Wagner et al. 1999).
    Little is known about the life histories of Lipochaeta micrantha 
var. exigua or L. m. var. micrantha. Flowering cycles, pollination 
vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental 
requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.
    Historically, Lipochaeta micrantha var. exigua was only known from 
the Haupu Range on Kauai. Currently, three populations of L. m. var. 
exigua, with 102-112 individuals, are known from privately owned land 
in the vicinity of Haupu Range and southwest of Hokunui summit (HINHP 
1999; GDSI 1999). Historically, L. m. var. micrantha was known from 
Olokele Canyon, Hanapepe Valley, and the Koloa District on Kauai (HINHP 
Database 1999). Currently, this variety is only known from three 
populations totalling 56 to 66 individuals in the Koaie branch of 
Waimeae Canyon (State owned land) (HINHP 1999; GDSI 1999).
    Lipochaeta micrantha var. exigua grows on cliffs, ridges, or slopes 
in grassy, shrubby or dry mixed communities between 305-430 m (1,000-
1,400 ft) elevation with Artemisia australis, Bidens sandvicensis, 
Plectranthus parviflorus (ala ala wai nui), Chamaesyce celastroides, 
Diospyros sp., Canthium odoratum, Neraudia sp., Pipturus sp., Hibiscus 
kokio, Sida fallax, Eragrostis sp. (kawelu), and Lepidium bidentatum 
(anaunau) (USFWS 1995; HINHP 1999). Lipochaeta micrantha var. micrantha 
grows on basalt cliffs, stream banks, or level ground in mesic or 
diverse Metrosideros polymorpha-Diospyros sp. forest between 610-720 m 
(2,000-2,360 ft) elevation with Lobelia niihauensis, Chamaesyce 
celastroides var. hanapepensis, Neraudia kauaiensis, Rumex sp. (dock or 
sorrel), Nototrichium sp., Artemisia sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Antidesma 
sp., Hibiscus sp., Xylosma sp., Pleomele sp., Melicope sp., Bobea sp., 
and Acacia koa (USFWS 1995; HINHP 1999).
    The major threats to both varieties of Lipochaeta micrantha are 
habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats, and

[[Page 66819]]

competition with alien plant species, such as Lantana camara, Pluchea 
carolinensis, Erigeron karvinskianus, and Stachytarpheta dichotoma. The 
species is also threatened by extinction from naturally occurring 
events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive 
vigor due to the small number of existing populations (Lorence and 
Flynn 1991; USFWS 1995; HINHP Database 1999).

Lipochaeta waimeaensis

    Lipochaeta waimeaensis, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), 
is a low growing, somewhat woody, short-lived perennial herb. This 
species is distinguished from other Lipochaeta on Kauai by leaf shape 
and the presence of shorter leaf stalks and ray florets (Gardner 1976, 
1979; Wagner et al. 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of Lipochaeta waimeaensis. 
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors 
are unknown.
    Lipochaeta waimeaensis is known only from the original site of 
discovery along the rim of Kauai's Waimeae Canyon on State and 
privately owned lands. There are no more than 100 individuals (HINHP 
Database 1999; GDSI 1999).
    This population grows on eroded soil on a precipitous, shrub-
covered gulch in a diverse lowland mesic forest between 350 and 400 m 
(1,150 and 1,310 ft) elevation with Dodonaea viscosa and Lipochaeta 
connata (nehe) (HINHP Database 1999; Wagner et al. 1999).
    The major threats to Lipochaeta waimeaensis are competition from 
alien plants and habitat destruction by feral goats, whose presence 
exacerbates the existing soil erosion problem at the site. The single 
population, and thus the entire species, is threatened by extinction 
from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and/
or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing 
individuals (59 FR 9304).

Melicope haupuensis

    Melicope haupuensis, a member of the citrus family (Rutaceae), is a 
small long-lived perennial tree. Unlike other taxa of this genus on 
Kauai, the exocarp and endocarp are hairless and the sepals are covered 
with dense hairs (Stone et al. 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of Melicope haupuensis. 
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors 
are unknown.
    For 62 years, Melicope haupuensis was known only from the site of 
its original discovery on the north side of Haupu Ridge on Kauai (HINHP 
Database 1999). This population is now gone. The species is now known 
from single trees at three separate locations on State owned land 
(along the banks of Koaie Stream in Waimeae Canyon, Awaawapuh, and 
Honopu) (GDSI 1999; HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
    Melicope haupuensis grows on moist talus slopes in Metrosideros 
polymorpha-dominated lowland mesic forests or Metrosideros polymorpha-
Acacia koa montane mesic forest at elevations between 375 and 1,075 m 
(1,230 to 3,530 ft). Associated species include Dodonaea viscosa, 
Diospyros sp., Psychotria mariniana, P. greenwelliae, Melicope ovata 
(alani), M. anisata, M. barbigera (alani), Dianella sandwicensis, 
Pritchardia minor (loulu), Tetraplasandra waimeae (oheohe), Claoxylon 
sandwicensis, Cheirodendron trigynum, Pleomele aurea, Cryptocarya 
mannii (holio), Pouteria sandwicensis, Bobea brevipes, Hedyotis 
terminalis, Elaeocarpus bifidus, and Antidesma sp. (HINHP Database 
1999).
    Habitat degradation by feral goats and competition with invasive 
alien plant taxa are the major threats to Melicope haupuensis. In 
addition, this species may be susceptible to the black twig borer 
(Xylosandrus compactus). The existence of only three known trees 
constitutes an extreme threat of extinction from naturally occurring 
events, such as landslides or hurricanes, or reduced reproductive vigor 
(59 FR 9304; Hara and Beardsley 1979; Medeiros et al. 1986; HINHP 
Database 1999).

Munroidendron racemosum

    Munroidendron racemosum, a member of the ginseng family 
(Araliaceae), is a small tree with a straight gray trunk crowned with 
spreading branches. This long-lived perennial species is the only 
member of a genus endemic to Hawaii. The genus is distinguished from 
other closely related Hawaiian genera of the family by its distinct 
flower clusters and corolla (Constance and Affolter 1999).
    Reproduction occurs year-round, with flowers and fruits found 
throughout the year. Self pollination is assumed to occur since viable 
seeds have been produced by isolated individuals. Pollinators have not 
been observed, but insect pollination is likely. Dispersal mechanisms 
are unknown (USFWS 1995).
    Historically, Munroidendron racemosum was known from scattered 
locations throughout the island of Kauai (HINHP Database 1999). 
Populations are now known from the Na Pali Coast within Na Pali Coast 
State Park and Hono O Na Pali NAR, in the Poomau and Koaie branches of 
Waimeae Canyon, in the Haupu Range area, and on Nounou Mountain. There 
are currently 15 known populations with a total of 58 to 98 individuals 
on State and privately owned lands (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).
    Munroidendron racemosum is typically found on steep exposed cliffs 
or on ridge slopes in coastal to lowland mesic forests between 120 and 
400 m (395 and 1,310 ft) elevation (Lowrey 1999). Associated plant taxa 
include Pisonia umbellifera (papala kepau), Canavalia galeata 
(awikiwiki), Sida fallax, Brighamia insignis, Canthium odoratum, 
Psychotria sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra sp., Bobea 
timonioides (ahakea), Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Pleomele sp., Pouteria 
sandwicensis, and Diospyros sp. (59 FR 9304; Gagne and Cuddihy 1999; 
HINHP Database 1999).
    The major threat to Munroidendron racemosum is competition with 
alien plant species, such as Aleurites moluccana, Psidium guajava, 
Lantana camara, and Leucaena leucocephala. Other threats include 
habitat degradation by feral goats, fire, and fruit predation by rats. 
In addition, a mature, cultivated tree was observed being killed by an 
introduced insect of the long-horned beetle family (Cerambycidae) and 
there is the potential of the beetle attacking and damaging or killing 
wild trees. Because each population of this species contains only a 
small number of trees, and the total number of individuals is less than 
100, the species is threatened by extinction from naturally occurring 
events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and reduced reproductive 
vigor (59 FR 9304; USFWS 1995; HINHP Database 1999).

Myrsine linearifolia

    Myrsine linearifolia, a member of the myrsine family (Myrsinaceae), 
is a branched shrub. This long-lived perennial species is distinguished 
from others of the genus by the shape, length, and width of the leaves, 
length of the petals, and number of flowers per cluster (Wagner et al. 
1999).
    No life history information for this species is currently 
available.
    Historically, Myrsine linearifolia was found at scattered locations 
on Kauai: Olokele Valley, Kalualea, Kalalau Valley, Kahuamaa Flat, 
Limahuli-Hanakapiai Ridge, Koaie Stream, Pohakuao, Namolokama Summit

[[Page 66820]]

Plateau, and Haupu (HINHP Database 1999). There are currently eight 
populations with 360 to 421 individuals on State and privately owned 
lands (GDSI 1999; HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). The 
populations are found in Kalalau Valley, Kahuamaa Flat, Limahuli 
Valley, Hanakapiai Ridge, Koaie Stream, Pohakuao, Namolokama Summit 
Plateau, and the Wahiawa Drainage (HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood, in 
litt. 1999).
    Myrsine linearifolia typically grows from 585 to 1,280 m (1,920 to 
4,200 ft) elevation, in diverse mesic or wet lowland or montane 
Metrosideros polymorpha forest, with Cheirodendron sp. or Dicranopteris 
linearis as co-dominant species (Wood and Perlman 1993; HINHP Database 
1999). Plants growing in association with this species include Dubautia 
sp., Cryptocarya mannii, Sadleria pallida (amau), Myrsine sp., Syzygium 
sandwicensis, Machaerina angustifolia, Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis 
terminalis, Cheirodendron sp., Bobea brevipes, Nothocestrum sp. (aiae), 
Melicope sp., Eurya sandwicensis (anini), Psychotria sp., Lysimachia 
sp. (kolokolo kuahiwi), and native ferns (61 FR 53070; HINHP Database 
1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
    Competition with alien plants, such as Erigeron karvinskianus, 
Lantana camara, Rubus argutus, Psidium cattleianum, Rubus rosaefolius, 
and Kalanchoe pinnata, and habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats 
are the major threats to Myrsine linearifolia (61 FR 53070).

Nothocestrum peltatum

    Nothocestrum peltatum, a member of the nightshade family 
(Solanaceae), is a small tree with ash-brown bark and woolly stems. The 
usually peltate leaves and shorter leaf stalks separate this species 
from others in the genus (Symon 1999).
    Although plants of this long-lived perennial species have been 
observed flowering, they rarely set fruit. This could be the result of 
a loss of pollinators, reduced genetic variability, or an inability to 
fertilize itself (59 FR 9304). Little else is known about the life 
history of Nothocestrum peltatum. Flowering cycles, pollination 
vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental 
requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.
    Historically, Nothocestrum peltatum was known from Kauai at 
Kumuwela, Kaholuamanu, and the region of Nualolo (HINHP Database 1999). 
This species is now known from a total of nine populations with 19 
individuals, located near the Kalalau Lookout area, Kalalau Valley, 
Awaawapuhi and Makaha Valleys, Waimeae Canyon, Nualolo, and Kawaiula, 
all on State owned land; the species may occur on or near land under 
Federal jurisdiction in Kokee State Park (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 
1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
    This species generally grows in rich soil on steep slopes in 
montane mesic or lowland mesic or wet forest dominated by Acacia koa or 
a mixture of Metrosideros polymorpha and A. koa between 915 and 1,220 m 
(3,000 and 4,000 ft) elevation. Associated plants include Antidesma 
sp., Dicranopteris linearis, Bobea brevipes, Elaeocarpus bifidus, 
Alphitonia ponderosa, Melicope anisata, M. barbigera, M. haupuensis, 
Pouteria sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Dianella sandwicensis, 
Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, Claoxylon sandwicensis, Cheirodendron 
trigynum, Psychotria mariniana, P. greenwelliae, Hedyotis terminalis, 
Ilex anomala, Xylosma sp., Cryptocarya mannii, Coprosma sp., Pleomele 
aurea, Diplazium sandwicensis, Broussaisia arguta, and Perrottetia 
sandwicensis (Sohmer and Gustafson 1987; HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood, 
in litt. 1999).
    Competition with alien plants, such as Passiflora mollissima, 
Lantana camara, Rubus argutus, and Erigeron karvinskianus, and habitat 
degradation by feral pigs, deer, and red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) 
constitute the major threats to Nothocestrum peltatum. This species is 
also threatened by fire, risk of extinction from naturally occurring 
events (e.g., landslides or hurricanes), and reduced reproductive vigor 
due to the small number of existing individuals (59 FR 9304; HINHP 
Database 1999).

Panicum niihauense

    Panicum niihauense, a member of the grass family (Poaceae), is a 
perennial bunchgrass with unbranched culms (aerial stems). This short-
lived perennial species is distinguished from others in the genus by 
the shape of the inflorescence branches, which are erect, and the 
arrangement of the spikelets, which are densely clustered (Davids 
1999).
    Little is known about the life history of this species. 
Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors are unknown.
    Panicum niihauense was known historically from Niihau and one 
location on Kauai (HINHP Database 1999). Currently this species is only 
known from the Polihale State Park area on State and privately owned 
land, and may occur on or near the federally owned Pacific Missile 
Range Facility (PMRF) on Kauai (GDSI 1999). The single population of 23 
individuals is found scattered in sand dunes in a coastal shrubland at 
elevations of 100 m (330 ft) or less (HINHP Database 1999). Associated 
plant taxa include Dodonaea viscosa, Cassytha filiformis (kaunaoa 
pehu), Sporobolus sp., Scaevola sericea (naupaka kahakai), Sida fallax, 
and Vitex rotundifolia (kolokolo kahakai) (HINHP Database 1999).
    Primary threats to Panicum niihauense are destruction by off-road 
vehicles, competition with alien plant taxa, and a risk of extinction 
from naturally occurring events (e.g., landslides or hurricanes) and 
reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of individuals in 
the one remaining population (61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 1999).

Phyllostegia knudsenii

    Phyllostegia knudsenii, a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), is 
an erect herb or vine. This short-lived perennial species is 
distinguished from others in the genus by its specialized flower stalk; 
it differs from the closely related P. floribunda by often having four 
flowers per group (Wagner et al. 1999).
    No life history information for this species is currently 
available.
    Until 1993, Phyllostegia knudsenii was only known from the site of 
its original discovery made in the 1800s from the woods of Waimeae on 
Kauai (Sherff 1935; HINHP Database 1999; Wagner et al. 1999). There are 
currently two known populations with a total of 8 to 17 individuals on 
State owned land in Koaie Canyon (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. 
Wood, in litt. 1999).
    Phyllostegia knudsenii is found in Metrosideros polymorpha lowland 
mesic or wet forest between 865-975 m elevation (2,840-3,200 ft) (HINHP 
Database 1999). Associated species include Perrottetia sandwicensis, 
Cyrtandra kauaiensis (hai wale), Cyrtandra paludosa (hai wale), 
Elaeocarpus bifidus, Claoxylon sandwicensis, Cryptocarya mannii, Ilex 
anomala, Myrsine linearifolia, Bobea timonioides, Selaginella arbuscula 
(lepelepeamoa), Diospyros sp., Zanthoxylum dipetalum, Pittosporum sp., 
Tetraplasandra sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, and Pritchardia minor (61 FR 
53070).
    Major threats to Phyllostegia knudsenii include habitat degradation 
by feral pigs and goats, competition with alien plants, and a risk of 
extinction from naturally occurring events (e.g., landslides and 
hurricanes) and reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of 
individuals in the only known population (61 FR 53070; USFWS 1998a).

[[Page 66821]]

Phyllostegia wawrana

    Phyllostegia wawrana, a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), is a 
perennial vine that is woody toward the base and has long, crinkly 
hairs along the stem. This short-lived perennial species can be 
distinguished from the related P. floribunda and P. knudsenii, by its 
less specialized flower stalk (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Seeds were observed in the wild in August (USFWS 1998a). No 
additional life history information for this species is currently 
available.
    Phyllostegia wawrana was reported to be found at Hanalei on Kauai 
in the 1800s and along Kokee Stream in 1926. Currently, populations are 
reported in the Makaleha Mountains, Honopu Valley, and Hanakoa Valley. 
A total of four populations with 29-49 individuals are found on State 
and privately owned lands. In addition, this species may occur on or 
near land under Federal jurisdiction in Kokee State Park (HINHP 
Database 1999; GDSI 1999).
    This species grows between 780 and 1,200 m elevation (2,560 to 
3,940 ft) in Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated lowland or montane wet 
or mesic forest with Cheirodendron sp. or Dicranopteris linearis as co-
dominant species (HINHP Database 1999). Associated species include 
Delissea rivularis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Vaccinium sp., Broussaisia 
arguta, Myrsine lanaiensis, Psychotria sp., Dubautia knudsenii, 
Scaevola procera (naupaka kuahiwi), Gunnera sp., Pleomele aurea, 
Claoxylon sandwicense, Elaphoglossum sp., Hedyotis sp., Sadleria sp., 
and Syzygium sandwicensis (61 FR 53070; HINHP Database 1999).
    Major threats to Phyllostegia wawrana include habitat degradation 
by feral pigs and competition with alien plant species, such as Rubus 
rosaefolius, Passiflora mollissima, Rubus argutus, Melastoma candidum, 
Erigeron karvinskianus, and Erechtites valerianefolia (61 FR 53070; 
USFWS 1998a).

Poa mannii

    Poa mannii, a member of the grass family (Poaceae), is a perennial 
grass with short rhizomes (underground stems) and erect, tufted culms. 
All three native species of Poa in the Hawaiian Islands are endemic to 
the island of Kauai. Poa mannii is distinguished from both P. 
siphonoglossa and P. sandvicensis by its fringed ligule and from P. 
sandvicensis by its shorter panicle branches (O'Connor 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of Poa mannii. Flowering 
cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific 
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.
    Historically, this species was found in Olokele Gulch on Kauai 
(O'Connor 1999). Currently, there is a total of six populations with 
163-168 individuals on State owned land in Kalalau Valley, Makaha 
Valley, Koaie Valley, and Waialae Valley (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 
1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
    This species typically grows on cliffs, rock faces, or stream banks 
in lowland or montane wet, mesic, or dry Metrosideros polymorpha 
forests or Acacia koa-M. polymorpha montane mesic forest at elevations 
between 460 and 1,150 m (1,510 and 3,770 ft). Associated species 
include Chamaesyce celastroides var. hanapepensis, Artemisia australis, 
Bidens sandwicensis, Lobelia sandwicensis (NCN), Wilkesia gymnoxiphium, 
Eragrostis variabilis, Panicum lineale, Mariscus phloides (NCN), Luzula 
hawaiiensis (NCN), Carex meyenii, C. wahuensis (NCN), Cyrtandra wawrae 
(haiwale), Exocarpos luteolus, Labordia helleri (kamakahala), 
Nototrichium sp., Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope anisata, M. barbigera, 
M. pallida, Pouteria sandwicensis, Schiedea membranacea, Diospyros 
sandwicensis, Psychotria mariniana, P. greenwelliae, Kokia kauaiensis, 
Alectryon macrococcus, Antidesma platyphyllum, Bidens cosmoides, 
Dodonaea viscosa, and Schiedea amplexicaulis (NCN) (59 FR 56330; HINHP 
Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
    Poa mannii survives only in very steep areas that are inaccessible 
to goats, suggesting that goat herbivory may have eliminated this 
species from more accessible locations, as is the case for other rare 
plants from northwestern Kauai. Threats to P. mannii include habitat 
damage, trampling, and browsing by feral goats, and competition with 
invasive alien plants. Erigeron karvinskianus has invaded Kalalau, 
Koaie, and Waialae Valleys, three of the areas where P. mannii occurs. 
Lantana camara threatens all known populations, and Rubus argutus 
threatens the populations in Kalalau and Waialae Valleys. Poa mannii is 
also threatened by fire, and reduced reproductive vigor and/or 
extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or 
hurricanes, due to the small number of existing populations and 
individuals (59 FR 56330).

Poa sandvicensis

    Poa sandvicensis is a perennial grass (family Poaceae) with densely 
tufted, mostly erect culms. Poa sandvicensis is distinguished from 
closely related species by its shorter rhizomes, shorter culms which do 
not become rush-like with age, closed and fused sheaths, relatively 
even-edged ligules, and longer panicle branches (O'Connor 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of Poa sandvicensis. 
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors 
are unknown.
    Historically, this species was known from six areas on the island 
of Kauai: the rim of Kalalau Valley in Na Pali Coast State Park; 
Halemanu and Kumuwela Ridges and Kauaikanana drainage in Kokee State 
Park; Awaawapuhi Trail in Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve; Kohua Ridge/
Mohihi drainage in both the Forest Reserve and Alakai Wilderness 
Preserve; and Kaholuamanu (57 FR 20580; Hitchcock 1922; HINHP Database 
1999). Hillebrand's (1888) questionable reference to a Maui locality is 
most likely an error (57 FR 20580; Hitchcock 1922). Currently, there is 
a total of nine populations with 1,841 individuals occurring on State 
and privately owned lands (GDSI 1999; HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood, in 
litt. 1999). Poa sandvicensis is known to be extant at the rim of 
Kalalau Valley in Na Pali Coast State Park; Awaawapuhi Trail, Kumuwela 
Ridge and Kauaikanana drainage in Kokee State Park; and Kohua Ridge and 
Mohihi drainage (HINHP Database 1999).
    Poa sandvicensis grows on wet, shaded, gentle to usually steep 
slopes, ridges, and rock ledges in semi-open to closed, mesic to wet, 
diverse montane forest dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha, at 
elevations of 1,035 to 1,250 m (3,400 to 4,100 ft) (HINHP Database 
1999). Associated native species include Dodonaea viscosa, Dubautia 
sp., Coprosma sp., Melicope sp., Dianella sandwicensis, Alyxia 
olivaeformis, Bidens sp., Dicranopteris linearis, Schiedea 
stellarioides, Peperomia macraeana, Claoxylon sandwicense, Acacia koa, 
Psychotria sp., Hedyotis sp., Scaevola sp., Cheirodendron sp., and 
Syzygium sandwicensis (57 FR 20580; HINHP Database 1999).
    The greatest immediate threats to the survival of Poa sandvicensis 
are competition from alien plants, such as Erigeron karvinskianus, 
Rubus argutus, Passiflora mollissima and Hedychium sp.; erosion caused 
by feral pigs and goats; and State forest reserve trail maintenance 
activities and human recreation. In addition, naturally occurring 
events could constitute a threat of extinction or reduced reproductive 
vigor due to the species'

[[Page 66822]]

small population size with its limited gene pool (57 FR 20580; USFWS 
1995).

Poa siphonoglossa

    Poa siphonoglossa is a perennial grass (family Poaceae). It differs 
from P. sandvicensis principally by its longer culms, lack of a 
prominent tooth on the ligule, and shorter panicle branches. Poa 
siphonoglossa has extensive tufted and flattened culms that cascade 
from banks in masses. Short rhizomes, long culms, closed and fused 
sheaths, and lack of a tooth on the ligule separate P. siphonoglossa 
from P. mannii and other closely related species (O'Connor 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of Poa siphonoglossa. 
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors 
are unknown.
    Historically, Poa siphonoglossa was known from five sites on the 
island of Kauai: Kohua Ridge in Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve; near 
Kaholuamanu; Kaulaula Valley in Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve; Kuia 
Valley; and Kalalau (HINHP Database 1999). Currently, there are a total 
of five populations with 50 individuals on State owned land in three of 
these historic areas: Kohua Ridge, Kuia Valley, and Kalalau (HINHP 
Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
    Poa siphonoglossa typically grows on shady banks near ridge crests 
in mesic Metrosideros polymorpha forest between about 1,000 to 1,200 m 
(3,280 and 3,940 ft) elevation (Hitchcock 1922; HINHP Database 1999). 
Associated species include native species such as Acacia koa, 
Psychotria sp., Scaevola sp., Alphitonia ponderosa, Zanthoxylum 
dipetalum, Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Hedyotis sp., 
Melicope sp., Vaccinium sp., Styphelia tameiameiae, Carex meyenii, C. 
wahuensis, and Wilkesia gymnoxiphium (57 FR 20580).
    The primary threat to the survival of Poa siphonoglossa is habitat 
degradation and/or herbivory by feral pigs and deer. The alien plant 
Rubus argutus invading Kohua Ridge constitutes a probable threat to 
that population (HINHP Database 1999 ). A limited gene pool and 
potential for one disturbance event to destroy the majority of known 
individuals are also serious threats to this species (57 FR 20580; 
USFWS 1995).

Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii

    Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii of the palm family (Arecaceae) is a 
fan-leaved tree about 7 to 15 m (23 to 50 ft) tall. This species is 
distinguished from others of the genus by the thin leaf texture and 
drooping leaf segments, tan woolly hairs on the underside of the 
petiole and the leaf blade base, stout hairless flower clusters that do 
not extend beyond the fan-shaped leaves, and the smaller spherical 
fruit (Read and Hodel 1999).
    Historically, Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii was found at three 
sites in the eastern and central portions of the island of Niihau. 
Trees were found on Kaali Cliff and in Mokouia and Haao Valleys at 
elevations between 70 and 270 m (230 and 885 ft) on privately owned 
land (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999). The most recent observations 
indicate that two plants still remain on Kaali Cliff (Read and Hodel 
1999).
    The substrate in the seepage area where this species currently 
occurs is rocky talus (HINHP Database 1999). Native plants that have 
been found in the area include Brighamia insignis, Cyperus 
trachysanthos, Lipochaeta lobata var. lobata (nehe), and Lobelia 
niihauensis (HINHP Database 1999). Originally a component of the 
coastal dry forest, this species now occurs only in a rugged and steep 
area where it receives some protection from grazing animals (61 FR 
41020).
    The species is threatened by habitat degradation and/or herbivory 
by cattle, feral pigs, and goats and seed predation by rats. Small 
population size, limited distribution, and reduced reproductive vigor 
makes this species particularly vulnerable to extinction (61 FR 41020).

Pritchardia napaliensis

    Pritchardia napaliensis, a member of the palm family (Arecaceae), 
is a small palm with about 20 leaves and an open crown. This species is 
distinguished from others of the genus that grow on Kauai by having 
about 20 flat leaves with pale scales on the lower surface that fall 
off with age, inflorescences with hairless main axes, and globose 
fruits less than 3 cm (1.2 in.) long (Read and Hodel 1999).
    No life history information for this species is currently 
available.
    Pritchardia napaliensis is known from four populations with 159-179 
individuals on State owned land in Hoolulu and Waiahuakua Valleys in 
the Hono O Na Pali NAR and Alealau in Kalalau Valley (within or close 
to the boundaries of Hono O Na Pali NAR and Na Pali Coast State Park), 
Kauai (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. Wood in litt. 1999).
    Pritchardia napaliensis typically grows in areas from 150 to about 
1,160 m (500 to about 3,800 ft) elevation in a wide variety of habitats 
ranging from lowland dry to mesic forests dominated by Diospyros sp. or 
montane wet forests dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha and 
Dicranopteris linearis (61 FR 53070; HINHP Database 1999). Several 
associated plant species besides those mentioned above include 
Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Syzygium sandwicensis, 
Cibotium sp., Canthium odoratum, Vaccinium dentatum (ohelo), Dubautia 
knudsenii, Alsinidendron lychnoides, Poa sandvicensis, Phyllostegia 
electra (NCN), Stenogyne purpurea (NCN), Melicope peduncularis (alani), 
Pouteria sandwicensis, Lipochaeta connata var. acris (nehe), Nesoluma 
polynesicum (keahi), Santalum freycinetianum, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, 
Wilkesia gymnoxiphium, Boehmeria grandis, Pleomele sp., Psychotria sp., 
Cheirodendron trigynum, and Ochrosia sp. (holei) (HINHP Database 1999).
    Major threats to Pritchardia napaliensis include habitat 
degradation and grazing by feral goats and pigs; seed predation by 
rats; and competition with the alien plants, such as Kalanchoe pinnata, 
Erigeron karvinskianus, Lantana camara, Psidium guajava, and possibly 
Cordyline fruticosa. The species is also threatened by vandalism and 
over-collection. In 1993 near the Wailua River, the Hawaiian Department 
of Fish and Wildlife (DOFAW) constructed a fenced enclosure around 39 
recently planted P. napaliensis individuals. Shortly after being 
planted, the fence was vandalized and the 39 plants were removed (A. 
Kyono, pers. comm. 2000; Craig Koga, DOFAW, in litt. 1999). Also, 
because of the small number of remaining populations and individuals, 
this species is susceptible to a risk of extinction from naturally 
occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and from reduced 
reproductive vigor (61 FR 53070).

Pritchardia viscosa

    Pritchardia viscosa, a member of the palm family (Arecaceae), is a 
small palm 3 to 8 m (10 to 26 ft) tall. This species differs from 
others of the genus that grow on Kauai by the degree of hairiness of 
the lower surface of the leaves and main axis of the flower cluster, 
and length of the flower cluster (Read and Hodel 1999).
    Historically, Pritchardia viscosa was known only from a 1920 
collection from Kalihiwai Valley on the island of Kauai (HINHP Database 
1999). It was not seen again until 1987, when Robert Read observed it 
in the same general area as the type locality, off the Powerline Road 
at 510 m (1,680 ft) elevation (61 FR 53070; HINHP Database 1999). 
Currently, there is one population with three individuals on privately 
owned

[[Page 66823]]

land (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).
    The plants are found in a Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris 
linearis lowland wet forest with Nothocestrum sp., Bobea sp., Antidesma 
sp., Cibotium sp., and Psychotria sp. (61 FR 53070).
    Psidium cattleianum and alien grasses, such as Paspalum conjugatum, 
are major threats to Pritchardia viscosa because these alien plants are 
effective competitors for space, light, nutrients, and water. Rats eat 
the fruit of Pritchardia viscosa and are, therefore, a serious threat 
to the reproductive success of this species. At least one of the 
remaining mature trees has been damaged by spiked boots used either by 
a botanist or seed collector to scale the tree. In mid-1996, a young 
plant and seeds from mature Pritchardia viscosa plants were removed 
from the only known location of this species. Because of this past 
activity, it is reasonable to assume that these plants are threatened 
by over-collection and vandalism (A. Kyono, pers. comm. 2000; C. Koga, 
in litt. 1999). Also, because of the small numbers of individuals in 
the only known population, this species is susceptible to extinction 
since a single naturally occurring event (e.g., a hurricane) could 
destroy all remaining plants (61 FR 53070).

Pteralyxia kauaiensis

    Pteralyxia kauaiensis, a member of the dogbane family 
(Apocynaceae), is a long-lived perennial tree 3 to 8 m (10 to 26 ft) 
tall. The leaves are dark green and shiny on the upper surfaces, but 
pale and dull on the lower surfaces. This species differs from the only 
other taxa of this endemic Hawaiian genus in having reduced lateral 
wings on the seed (Lamb 1981; St. John 1981; Wagner et al. 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of Pteralyxia kauaiensis. 
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors 
are unknown.
    Historically, Pteralyxia kauaiensis was known from the Wahiawa 
Mountains in the southern portion of Kauai (HINHP Database 1999). This 
species is now known from 20 populations, with a total of 478-505 
individuals in the following scattered locations on private, State 
lands, and perhaps on or near Federal land: Mahanaloa-Kuia Valley in 
Kuia NAR; Haeleele Valley; Na Pali Coast State Park; Limahuli Valley; 
the Koaie branch of Waimeae Canyon; Haupu Range; Wailua River; and 
Moloaa Forest (59 FR 9304; Wagner et al. 1999; HINHP Database 1999; K. 
Wood, in litt. 1999). There is also an undocumented sighting of one 
individual at Makaleha, above the town of Kapaa (59 FR 9304).
    This taxon is typically found in diverse mesic or wet forests at an 
elevation of 250 to 610 m (820 to 2,000 ft) (Wagner et al. 1999). 
Associated species include Acacia koa, Alphitonia ponderosa, Antidesma 
sp., Alectryon macrococcus, Bobea timonioides, Canthium odoratum, 
Cyanea sp., Caesalpinia kauaiensis (uhiuhi), Carex sp., Charpentiera 
elliptica, Claoxylon sandwicense, Delissea sp. (NCN), Dodonaea viscosa, 
Dianella sandwicensis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Diospyros sp., 
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Freycinetia arborea, Gardenia remyi (nanu), 
Gahnia sp., Hedyotis terminalis, Hibiscus sp., Kokia kauaiensis, 
Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine lanaiensis, Nesoluma polynesicum, 
Neraudia kauaiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Pisonia sandwicensis 
(papala kepau), Peperomia macraeana, Poa sandwicensis, Pipturus sp., 
Pouteria sandwicensis, Pritchardia sp., Psychotria mariniana, Pleomele 
sp., Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Syzygium sandwicensis, Schiedea 
stellarioides, Styphelia tameiameiae, Santalum freycinetianum, 
Tetraplasandra sp., Xylosma hawaiiense (maua), and Zanthoxylum 
dipetalum (59 FR 9304; HINHP Database 1999).
    The major threats to Pteralyxia kauaiensis are habitat destruction 
by feral animals and competition with introduced plants. Animals 
affecting the survival of this species include feral goats and pigs, 
and, possibly, rats, which may eat the fruit. Fire could threaten some 
populations. Introduced plants competing with this species include 
Psidium guajava, Erigeron karvinskianus, Aleurites moluccana, Lantana 
camara, Psidium cattleianum, and Cordyline fruticosa (59 FR 9304; USFWS 
1995; HINHP Database 1999).

Remya kauaiensis

    Remya kauaiensis, one of three species of a genus endemic to the 
Hawaiian Islands, is in the aster family (Asteraceae). Remya kauaiensis 
is a small short-lived perennial shrub, about 90 cm (3 ft) tall, with 
many slender, sprawling branches which are covered with a fine tan fuzz 
near their tips. The leaves, coarsely toothed along the edges, are 
green on the upper surface while the lower surface is covered with a 
dense mat of fine white hairs (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Seedlings of this taxon have not been observed. Flowers have been 
observed in April, May, June, and August, and are probably insect-
pollinated. Seeds are probably wind or water-dispersed. Remya 
kauaiensis may be self-incompatible (56 FR 1450; Herbst 1988; USFWS 
1995).
    Historically, this species was found in the Na Pali Kona Forest 
Reserve at Koaie, Mohihi, Kalalau, Makaha, Nualolo, Kawaiula, Kuia, 
Honopu, Awaawapuhi, Kopakaka, and Kauhao, on Kauai (HINHP Database 
1999). There are currently 14 known populations with a total of 78-86 
individuals on State owned land (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. 
Wood, in litt. 1999). One known population of Remya kauaiensis grows on 
the steep cliffs below the rim of Kalalau Valley, which, although at 
the edge of a mesic forest, receives considerably more moisture than do 
the other populations of the species (56 FR 1450). Other populations 
are scattered throughout the drier ridges of Northwest Kauai and in 
Waimeae Canyon (HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
    Remya kauaiensis grows chiefly on steep, north or northeast-facing 
slopes between 850 to 1,250 m (2,800 to 4,100 ft) in elevation. It is 
found primarily in Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic 
forest with Chamaesyce sp. (akoko), Nestegis sandwicensis, Diospyros 
sp., Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, Schiedea 
membranacea, Psychotria mariniana, Dodonaea viscosa, Dianella 
sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, and Claoxylon sandwicensis (56 
FR 1450; Herbst 1988; HINHP Database 1999).
    The primary threats to Remya kauaiensis include herbivory and 
habitat degradation by feral goats, pigs, cattle, and deer, and 
competition from alien plant species. Other threats include erosion, 
fire, and risk of extinction from naturally occurring events, such as 
landslides or hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the 
small number of remaining populations and individuals (56 FR 1450; 
USFWS 1995).

Remya montgomeryi

    The genus Remya, in the aster family (Asteraceae), is endemic to 
the Hawaiian Islands. Remya montgomeryi was discovered in 1985 by 
Steven Montgomery on the sheer, virtually inaccessible cliffs below the 
upper rim of Kalalau Valley, Kauai. It is a small short-lived perennial 
shrub, about 90 cm (3 ft) tall, with many slender, sprawling to weakly 
erect, smooth branches. The leaves are coarsely toothed along the 
edges, and are green on the upper as well as lower surfaces (Wagner et 
al. 1999).

[[Page 66824]]

    Seedlings of this taxon have not been observed. Flowers have been 
observed in April, May, June, and August, and are probably insect-
pollinated. Seeds are probably wind or water-dispersed. Remya 
montgomeryi may be self-incompatible (56 FR 1450; Herbst 1988).
    Remya montgomeryi is known only from Kauai. Three populations with 
143 individuals are reported on State owned land on the rim of Kalalau 
Valley and Koaie Canyon. This species may also occur on or near land 
under Federal jurisdiction in Kokee State Park (Herbst 1988; GDSI 1999; 
HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
    Remya montgomeryi grows between elevation of 850 to 1,250 m (2,800 
to 4,100 ft), primarily on steep, north or northeast-facing slopes or 
stream banks near waterfalls in Metrosideros polymorpha mixed mesic 
forest and cliffs. Associated plants include Lysimachia glutinosa, 
Lepidium serra, Boehmeria grandis, Poa mannii, Stenogyne campanulata, 
Myrsine linearifolia, Bobea timonioides, Ilex anomala, Zanthoxylum 
dipetalum, Claoxylon sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra sp., Artemisia sp., 
Nototrichium sp., Cyrtandra sp., Dubautia plantaginea (na ena e), 
Sadleria sp., Cheirodendron sp., Scaevola sp., and Pleomele sp. (HINHP 
Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
    The primary threats to Remya montgomeryi are herbivory and habitat 
degradation by feral goats, pigs, cattle, and deer, and competition 
from alien plant species. Other threats include erosion, fire, and an 
increased risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (e.g., 
landslides or hurricanes) by virtue of the extremely small size of the 
populations and their limited distribution. The limited gene pool may 
depress reproductive vigor, or a single environmental disturbance could 
destroy a significant percentage of the known individuals (56 FR 1450; 
USFWS 1995).

Schiedea apokremnos

    Schiedea apokremnos is a low, branching short-lived perennial shrub 
20 to 50 cm (8 to 20 in.) tall, of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae). 
The leaves are oppositely arranged, oblong, and somewhat fleshy and 
glabrous. Schiedea apokremnos is distinguished from related species by 
shorter sepals, nectaries, and capsules (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of Schiedea apokremnos. 
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors 
are unknown.
    Schiedea apokremnos has been collected from Nualolo Kai, Kaaweiki 
Ridge, and along a 10.5 km (6.5 mi) long section of the Na Pali coast 
including Milolii Valley, Kalalau Beach, Kaaalahina and Manono ridges, 
Haeleele ridge, and, as far north as, Pohakuao Valley, all on the 
island of Kauai (HINHP Database 1999). Currently, the species is extant 
at all locations except Nualolo Kai, although the Kalalau and Milolii 
populations have not been revisited for over six years. The Kaaweiki 
population is in Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve and the Haeleele ridge 
population is in Polihale State Park, while all others are in Na Pali 
Coast State Park (56 FR 49639). There is currently a total of five 
populations containing 311 to 1,251 individuals on State owned lands 
(HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).
    Schiedea apokremnos grows in the crevices of near-vertical coastal 
cliff faces, from 60 to 330 m (200 to 1,080 ft) in elevation. The 
species grows in sparse dry coastal shrub vegetation along with 
Heliotropium sp. (ahinahina), Bidens sp., Artemisia australis, Lobelia 
niihauensis, Wilkesia hobdyi, Lipochaeta connata, Myoporum sandwicense, 
Canthium odoratum, Peperomia sp. and Chamaesyce sp. (56 FR 49639; HINHP 
Database 1999).
    The restriction of this species to inaccessible cliffs suggests 
that goat herbivory may have eliminated them from more accessible 
locations. The greatest current threat to the survival of Schiedea 
apokremnos is still herbivory and habitat degradation by feral goats, 
as well as competition from the alien plants Leucaena leucocephala (koa 
haole) and Hyptis pectinata (comb hyptis), and trampling (trails) by 
humans. Given the small size of most populations, restricted 
distribution, and limited gene pool, depressed reproductive vigor may 
be serious threats to the species. Some S. apokremnos individuals are 
functionally female and must be cross-pollinated to set seed. This 
reproductive strategy may be ineffective in populations with few 
individuals (56 FR 49639; USFWS 1995). In addition, a single 
environmental disturbance (such as a landslide or fire) could destroy a 
significant percentage of the extant individuals.

Schiedea helleri

    Schiedea helleri, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is 
a short-lived perennial vine. The stems, smooth below and minutely 
hairy above, are usually prostrate and at least 15 cm (6 in.), long 
with internodes at least 4 to 15 cm (1.6 to 6 in.) long. The opposite 
leaves are somewhat thick, triangular, egg-shaped to heart-shaped, 
conspicuously three-veined, and nearly hairless to sparsely covered 
with short, fine hairs, especially along the margins. This species is 
the only member of the genus on Kauai that grows as a vine (Wagner et 
al. 1999).
    Three plants were observed flowering in February (USFWS 1998a). No 
additional life history information for this species is currently 
available.
    Schiedea helleri was originally found only at a single location 
above Waimeae, at Kaholuamano on the island of Kauai, over 100 years 
ago (HINHP Database 1999). In 1993, this species was discovered on a 
steep wall above a side stream off Mohihi Stream, approximately 5.6 km 
(3.5 mi) north of the original location (61 FR 53070). Recently, a 
small population was discovered along the Mohihi-Waialeale Trail, and 
plants were found in Nawaimaka Valley (HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood, in 
litt. 1999). There is currently a total of two populations with 53-63 
individuals on State owned land (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. 
Wood, in litt. 1999).
     Schiedea helleri is found on ridges and steep cliffs in closed 
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis montane wet forest, M. 
polymorpha-Cheirodendron sp. montane wet forest, or Acacia koa-M. 
polymorpha montane mesic forest between 1,065-1,100 m (3,490-3,610 ft) 
elevation (HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). Other native 
plants growing in association with this species include Dubautia 
raillardioides (na ena e), Scaevola procera, Hedyotis terminalis, 
Syzygium sandwicensis, Melicope clusifolia, Cibotium sp., Broussaisia 
arguta, Cheirodendron sp., Cyanea hirtella (haha), Dianella 
sandwicensis, Viola wailenalenae (pamakani), and Poa sandvicensis 
(HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
    Competition with the noxious alien plant Rubus argutus and a risk 
of extinction from naturally occurring events (e.g., landslides or 
hurricanes) and reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of 
extant individuals, are serious threats to Schiedea helleri (61 FR 
53070).

Schiedea kauaiensis 

    Schiedea kauaiensis, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), 
is a generally hairless, erect subshrub. The green, sometimes purple-
tinged leaves are opposite, narrowly egg-shaped or lance-shaped to 
narrowly or broadly elliptic. Lacking petals, the perfect flowers are 
borne in open branched inflorescences, and are moderately

[[Page 66825]]

covered with fine, short, curly, white hairs. This short-lived 
perennial species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian 
genus by its habit, larger leaves, the hairiness of the inflorescence, 
the number of flowers in each inflorescence, larger flowers, and larger 
seeds (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of this taxon. Fruit and 
flowers have been observed in July and August, and flowering material 
has been collected in September (USFWS 1998a). There is no evidence of 
regeneration from seed under field conditions. Reproductive cycles, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements and limiting factors are 
unknown.
    Historically, Schiedea kauaiensis was known from the northwestern 
side of Kauai, from Papaa to Mahanaloa. It was thought to be extinct 
until the two currently known populations in Mahanaloa and Kalalau 
Valleys, with a total of 18 individuals, were found (HINHP Database 
1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). Both populations occur on State land--
the Mahanaloa Valley population within Kuia NAR and the Kalalau Valley 
population within Na Pali Coast State Park (GDSI 1999; HINHP Database 
1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
    Schiedea kauaiensis typically grows in diverse mesic to wet forest 
on steep slopes between 680-790 m elevation (2,230-2,590 ft) (HINHP 
Database 1999). Associated plant taxa include Psychotria mariniana, P. 
hexandra, Canthium odoratum, Pisonia sp., Microlepia speluncae (NCN), 
Exocarpos luteolus, Diospyros sp., Peucedanum sandwicense, and 
Euphorbia haeleeleana (61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 1999).
    Threats to Schiedea kauaiensis include habitat degradation and/or 
destruction by feral goats, pigs, and cattle; competition from several 
alien plant taxa; predation by introduced slugs and snails; and a risk 
of extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or 
hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the low number of 
individuals in only two known populations. Schiedea kauaiensis is also 
potentially threatened by fire (61 FR 53108; USFWS 1998a; HINHP 
Database 1999).

Schiedea membranacea

    Schiedea membranacea, a member of the pink family 
(Caryophyllaceae), is a perennial herb. The unbranched, fleshy stems 
rise upwards from near the base and are somewhat sprawling. During dry 
seasons, the plant dies back to a woody, short stem at or beneath the 
ground surface. The oppositely arranged leaves are broadly elliptic to 
egg-shaped, generally thin, have five to seven longitudinal veins, and 
are sparsely covered with short, fine hairs. The perfect flowers have 
no petals, are numerous, and occur in large branched clusters. This 
short-lived perennial species differs from others of the genus that 
grow on Kauai by having five-to seven-nerved leaves and a herbaceous 
habit (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Plants marked in Mahanaloa Gulch on Kauai in 1987 were alive in 
1997, despite Hurricane Iniki. However, there was no evidence of 
recruitment in the population, despite the production of abundant seed 
during all years of observation (1987, 1994-1997) (USFWS 1998a). 
Introduced snails have been observed feeding on flowers and developing 
seed capsules, and garlic snails (Oxychilus alliarius) were common near 
the plants. It seems very likely that introduced molluscs are 
responsible for the failure of recruitment. Under greenhouse 
conditions, this species, as well as other Schiedea species, is 
extremely sensitive to slugs and snails, further suggesting that the 
introduction of these alien species has had detrimental effects on 
Schiedea species in natural conditions. In addition, research suggests 
that this species largely requires outcrossing for successful 
germination and survival to adulthood (USFWS 1998a). Pollinators for 
Schiedea membranacea are unknown, since none have been seen during the 
daytime, and none were observed during one set of night observations 
(USFWS 1998a).
    Schiedea membranacea is known from the western side of the island 
of Kauai, at Mahanaloa-Kuia, Paaiki, Kalalau, Nualolo, Wainiha, and 
Waialae Valleys (including Kuia NAR and Na Pali Coast State Park) (61 
FR 53070; Wood and Perlman 1993; HINHP Database 1999). There is 
currently a total of nine populations containing 199-203 individuals, 
on State and privately owned lands. This species may also occur on or 
near land under Federal jurisdiction in Kokee State Park (HINHP 
Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999 ).
    This species is typically found on cliffs and cliff bases in mesic 
or wet habitats, open to closed lowland, montane shrubland, or forest 
dominated by Acacia koa, Pipturus sp. or Metrosideros polymorpha 
between 520 and 1,160 m (1,700 and 3,800 ft) elevation. Associated 
native plants species include Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope sp., 
Pouteria sandwicensis, Poa mannii, Hibiscus waimeae, Psychotria 
mariniana, Canthium odoratum, Pisonia sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, 
Scaevola procera, Sadleria cyatheoides (amau), Diplazium sandwicensis, 
Thelypteris sandwicensis, Boehmeria grandis, Dodonaea viscosa, Myrsine 
sp.,Bobea brevipes, Alyxia olivaeformis, Psychotria greenwelliae, 
Pleomele sp., Alphitonia ponderosa, Joinvillea ascendens ssp. ascendens 
(ohe), Athyrium sandwicensis (akolea), Machaerina angustifolia, 
Cyrtandra paludosa, Touchardia latifolia, Thelypteris cyatheoides 
(kikawaio), Lepidium serra, Eragrostis variabilis, Remya kauaiensis, 
Lysimachia kalalauensis (NCN), Labordia helleri, Mariscus 
pennatiformis, Asplenium praemorsum (NCN), and Poa sandvicensis (61 FR 
53070; HINHP Database 1999).
    Habitat degradation by feral goats, and pigs, and deer; competition 
with the alien plant species Erigeron karvinskianus, Lantana camara, 
Rubus argutus, R. rosaefolius, Psidium cattleianum, Ageratina riparia 
(Hamakua pamakani), and Passiflora mollissima; loss of pollinators; and 
landslides are the primary threats to Schiedea membranacea. Based on 
observations indicating that snails and slugs may consume seeds and 
seedlings, it is likely that introduced molluscs also represent a major 
threat to this species (61 FR 53070; Wood and Perlman 1993; USFWS 
1998a).
    Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda and Schiedea spergulina var. 
spergulina
    Schiedea spergulina, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), 
is a short-lived perennial subshrub. The opposite leaves are very 
narrow, one-veined, and attached directly to the stem. The flowers are 
unisexual, with male and female flowers on different plants. Flowers 
occur in compact clusters of three. The capsular fruits contain nearly 
smooth, kidney-shaped seeds. Of the 22 species in this endemic genus, 
only two other species have smooth seeds. Schiedea spergulina differs 
from those two in having very compact flower clusters. The two weakly 
defined varieties differ primarily in the degree of hairiness of the 
inflorescences, with S. s. var. leiopoda being the less hairy of the 
two (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Little is known about the life histories of either Schiedea 
spergulina var. leiopoda or Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina. 
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors 
are unknown.
    Historically, Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda was found on a 
ridge on the east side of Hanapepe on Kauai (HINHP Database 1999). One 
population with 35-50 individuals is now known to

[[Page 66826]]

grow in Lawai Valley on Kauai on privately owned land (HINHP Database 
1999; GDSI 1999).
    Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina was historically found in 
Olokele Canyon, but is now known only from Kalalau rim and Waimeae 
Canyon on Kauai. A total of three populations numbering over 200 
individuals is reported on State and privately owned lands. However, it 
has been estimated that this species may number in the thousands on 
Kauai (USFWS 1995; HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).
    Both varieties of Schiedea spergulina are usually found on bare 
rock outcrops or sparsely vegetated portions of rocky cliff faces or 
cliff bases in diverse lowland mesic forest at elevations between 180 
and 800 m (590 and 2,625 ft) (59 FR 9304; Wagner et al. 1999). 
Associated plants include Bidens sandvicensis, Doryopteris sp. 
(kumuniu), Peperomia leptostachya (ala ala wai nui), Plectranthus 
parviflorus, Heliotropium sp., and Nototrichium sandwicense (kului) (59 
FR 9304; Lorence and Flynn 1991; USFWS 1995; HINHP Database 1999).
    The major threats to Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda are habitat 
destruction by feral goats and competition with alien plants such as 
Leucaena leucocephala, Lantana camara, and Furcraea foetida (Mauritius 
hemp). Individuals have also been damaged and destroyed by rock slides. 
This variety is potentially threatened by pesticide use in nearby 
sugarcane fields, as well as a risk of extinction from naturally 
occurring events (e.g., hurricanes) and/or reduced reproductive vigor 
due to the small number of existing individuals (59 FR 9304; Lorence 
and Flynn 1991; USFWS 1995).
    Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina is threatened by competition 
with alien plant taxa, including Erigeron karvinskianus, Lantana 
camara, Melia azedarach, and Triumfetta semitriloba (Sacramento bur). 
The area in which this variety grows is used heavily by feral goats, 
and there is evidence that plants are being browsed and trampled (59 FR 
9304; Lorence and Flynn 1991; HINHP Database 1999).

Schiedea stellarioides

    Schiedea stellarioides, a member of the pink family 
(Caryophyllaceae), is a slightly erect to prostrate subshrub with 
branched stems. The opposite leaves are very slender to oblong-
elliptic, and one-veined. This short-lived perennial species is 
distinguished from others of the genus that grow on Kauai by the number 
of veins in the leaves, shape of the leaves, presence of a leaf stalk, 
length of the flower cluster, and shape of the seeds (Wagner et al. 
1999).
    Plants were observed flowering in the field in February (USFWS 
1995). No additional life history information for this species is 
currently available.
    Historically, Schiedea stellarioides was found at the sea cliffs of 
Hanakapiai Beach, Kaholuamano-Opaewela region, the ridge between 
Waialae and Nawaimaka Valleys, and Haupu Range on the island of Kauai 
(HINHP Database 1999). This species is now found only at the ridge 
between Waialae and Nawaimaka Valleys on State land, just 0.8 kilometer 
(0.5 mile) northwest of the Kaholuamano-Opaewela region and in upper 
Kawaiiki (K. Wood, in litt. 1999; HINHP Database 1999). There is a 
total of two populations with 400 individuals on State owned land 
(HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999; GDSI 1999).
    Schiedea stellarioides is found on steep slopes in closed Acacia 
koa-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland to montane mesic forest or 
shrubland between 610 and 1,120 m (2,000 and 3,680 ft) elevation. 
Associated plant species include Nototrichium sp., Artemisia sp., 
Dodonaea viscosa, Melicope sp., Dianella sandwicensis, Bidens 
cosmoides, Mariscus sp., and Styphelia tameiameiae (61 FR 53070; HINHP 
Database 1999).
    The primary threats to this species include habitat degradation and 
herbivory by feral pigs and goats, competition with the alien plants 
Melinis minutiflora and Rubus argutus, and a risk of extinction of the 
two remaining population from naturally occurring events, such as 
landslides or hurricanes (61 FR 53070).

Stenogyne campanulata

    Stenogyne campanulata, a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), is 
described as a vine with four-angled, hairy stems. A short-lived 
perennial species, Stenogyne campanulata is distinguished from closely 
related species by its large and very broadly bell-shaped calyces that 
nearly enclose the relatively small, straight corollas, and by small 
calyx teeth that are half as long as wide (Weller and Sakai 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of Stenogyne campanulata. 
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors 
are unknown.
    Stenogyne campanulata is known from one to three populations with 
22-32 individuals which were originally discovered on the cliffs of 
Kalalau to below Puu o Kila, on State-owned land in the Na Pali Coast 
State Park (GDSI 1999; HINHP Database 1999).
    Stenogyne campanulata grows on the rock face of a nearly vertical, 
north-facing cliff in diverse lowland or montane mesic forest at an 
elevation of 1,085 m (3,560 ft). The associated shrubby vegetation 
includes native species such as Heliotropium sp., Lepidium serra, 
Lysimachia glutinosa, Perrottetia sandwicensis, and Remya montgomeryi 
(57 FR 20580; Weller and Sakai 1999).
    The restriction of this species to virtually inaccessible cliffs 
suggests that herbivory by feral goats may have eliminated it from more 
accessible locations. Goat herbivory and habitat degradation remain the 
primary threat. Feral pigs have disturbed vegetation in the vicinity of 
these plants. Erosion caused by feral goats or pigs exacerbates the 
potential threat of landslides. Erigeron karvinskianus and Rubus 
argutus are the primary alien plants threatening Stenogyne campanulata. 
The small number of individuals and its restricted distribution are 
serious potential threats to the species. The limited gene pool may 
depress reproductive vigor, or a single environmental disturbance such 
as a landslide could destroy all known extant individuals (57 FR 
20580).

Viola helenae

    Viola helenae is a small, unbranched perennial subshrub with an 
erect stem in the violet family (Violaceae). The hairless leaves are 
clustered on the upper part of the plant and are lance-shaped with a 
pair of narrow, membranous stipules (leaf-like structures) below each 
leaf. The small, pale lavender or white flowers are produced on stems 
either singly or in pairs in the leaf axils. The fruit is a capsule 
that splits open at maturity, releasing the pale olive brown seeds (St. 
John 1989; Wagner et al. 1999).
    Little is known about the life history and ecology of Viola 
helenae. Wagner et al. (1999) stated that the flowers are all 
chasmogamous (open at maturity for access by pollinators) and not 
cleistogamous (remain closed and self-fertilize in the bud) as in 
certain other violets. Therefore, it is likely that its flowers require 
pollination by insects for seed set. Mature flowering plants do produce 
seed; however, seed viability may be low and microhabitat requirements 
for germination and growth may be very specific. Seeds planted at NTBG 
on Kauai failed to germinate, although they may not have been 
sufficiently mature when collected and violet seeds are often very slow 
to germinate. The seeds are jettisoned when the capsule splits open, as 
in most species of the genus (USFWS 1994).

[[Page 66827]]

    Historically, Viola helenae was known from four populations, two 
along either branch of the Wahiawa Stream on Kauai (56 FR 47695). 
Currently, there are five known populations, with a total of 137 
individual plants, on privately owned land within the Wahiawa Drainage 
(GDSI 1999; HINHP Database 1999; USFWS 1994). This species is found in 
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet forest 
growing on stream banks or adjacent valley bottoms in light to moderate 
shade between 610-855 m elevation (2,000-2,800 ft) (USFWS 1994; HINHP 
Database 1999).
    Threats include competition from alien plant species, including 
Psidium cattleianum, Melastoma candidum, potentially Melaleuca 
quinquenervia, Stachytarpheta dichotoma, Rubus rosaefolius, 
Elephantopus mollis, Erechtites valerianefolia, and various alien 
grasses; trampling and browsing damage by feral pigs; landslides and 
erosion; and hurricanes (56 FR 47695; USFWS 1994).
    Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis
    Viola kauaiensis, a member of the violet family (Violaceae), is a 
short-lived perennial herb with upward curving or weakly rising, 
hairless, lateral stems. The species is distinguished from others of 
the genus by its nonwoody habit, widely spaced kidney-shaped leaves, 
and by having two types of flowers: conspicuous, open flowers and 
smaller, unopened flowers. Two varieties of the species are recognized, 
both occurring on Kauai: var. kauaiensis and var. wahiawaensis. Viola 
kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis is distinguished by having broadly wedge-
shaped leaf bases (USFWS 1998a;Wagner et al. 1999).
    Five Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis plants were observed in 
flower in December 1994 (USFWS 1998a). No additional life history 
information for this species is currently available.
    Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis is known only from two 
populations in the Wahiawa Mountains of Kauai with a total of 13 
individual plants on State and privately owned lands (HINHP Database 
1999; GDSI 1999). This taxon is not known to have occurred beyond its 
current range.
    Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis is found in open montane bog or 
wet shrubland between 640 and 865 m (2,100 and 2,840 ft) elevation. It 
is found to be associated with Metrosideros polymorpha, Dicranopteris 
linearis, Diplopterygium pinnatum (NCN) and Syzygium sandwicensis (61 
FR 53070; Lorence and Flynn 1991; USFWS 1998a; HINHP Database 1999).
    The primary threats to Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis are a 
risk of extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides 
or hurricanes, and from reduced reproductive vigor due to the small 
number of existing populations and individuals; habitat degradation 
through the rooting activities of feral pigs; and competition with 
alien plants, such as Juncus planifolius (NCN) and Pterolepis glomerata 
(NCN) (61 FR 53070; Lorence and Flynn 1991; USFWS 1994; HINHP Database 
1999).

Wilkesia hobdyi

    Wilkesia hobdyi, a member of the sunflower family (Asteraceae), is 
a short-lived perennial shrub which branches from the base. The tip of 
each branch bears a tuft of narrow leaves growing in whorls joined 
together into a short sheathing section at their bases. The cream-
colored flower heads grow in clusters (St. John 1971; Carr 1982a, 
1999b).
    This species is probably pollinated through outcrossing and is 
probably self-incompatible. Insects are the most likely pollinators. In 
1982, Carr reported that reproduction and seedling establishment were 
occurring and appeared sufficient to sustain the populations. Flowering 
was observed most often in the winter months, but also during June. 
Fruits may be dispersed when they stick to the feathers of birds. 
Densities reach one plant per square meter (approximately one square 
yard) in localized areas, and hybridization with Wilkesia gymnoxiphium 
may be occurring (Carr 1982a).
    First collected in 1968 on Polihale Ridge, Kauai, this species was 
not formally described until 1971 (St. John 1971). Currently, there are 
seven populations with a total of 336 to 401 individuals (HINHP 
Database 1999; GDSI 1999). This species occurs on State and privately 
owned lands and may occur on or near land Federal land or land under 
Federal jurisdiction on Makaha Ridge and in Kokee State Park (GDSI 
1999). There are populations in the Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve, growing 
on the north-facing, nearly vertical rock outcrops near the summits of 
the adjacent Polihale and Kaaweiki ridges (HINHP Database 1999). There 
are also plants growing on a cliff face in Waiahuakua Valley, on the 
boundary between the Hono O Na Pali NAR and the Na Pali Coast State 
Park, approximately 16 km (10 mi) northeast of the other populations 
(HINHP Database 1999).
    Wilkesia hobdyi grows on coastal dry cliffs or very dry ridges from 
275 to 400 m (900 to 1,310 ft) in elevation. The associated native 
vegetation includes Artemisia sp., Wilkesia gymnoxiphium, Lipochaeta 
connata, Lobelia niihauensis, Peucedanum sandwicense, Hibiscus kokio 
ssp. saint johnianus (kokio), Canthium odoratum, Peperomia sp., 
Myoporum sandwicense, Sida fallax, Waltheria indica (uhaloa), Dodonaea 
viscosa, and Eragrostis variabilis (57 FR 27859; USFWS 1995; Wagner et 
al. 1999).
    The greatest immediate threats to the survival of this species are 
habitat disturbance and browsing by feral goats. Although the low 
number of individuals and their restricted habitat could be considered 
a potential threat to the survival to the species, the plant appears to 
have vigorous reproduction and may survive indefinitely if goats were 
eliminated from its habitat. Fire and extinction through naturally 
occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, could also be 
threats to the survival of the species (57 FR 27859; USFWS 1995).

Xylosma crenatum

    Xylosma crenatum is a dioecious (plant bears only male or female 
flowers, and must cross-pollinated with another plant to produce viable 
seed) long-lived perennial tree in the flacourtia family 
(Flacourtiaceae). The tree grows up to 14 m (45 ft) tall and has dark 
gray bark. The somewhat leathery leaves are oval to elliptic-oval, with 
coarsely toothed edges and moderately hairy undersides. More coarsely 
toothed leaf edges and hairy undersides of the leaves distinguish X. 
crenatum from the other Hawaiian member of this genus (Wagner et al. 
1999).
    Little is known about the life history of Xylosma crenatum. 
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors 
are unknown.
    Historically, Xylosma crenatum was known from two sites on Kauai: 
along upper Nualolo Trail in Kuia NAR and along Mohihi Road between 
Waiakoali and Mohihi drainages in Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve (57 FR 
20580). Currently, this species is extant on State and privately owned 
lands in Honopu Valley in Kokee State Park; Nawaimaka Valley in Na 
Pali-Kona Forest Reserve; and Mahanaloa Valley, and may occur on or 
near land under Federal jurisdiction in the same areas. There are a 
total of three populations with eight individual plants total (USFWS 
1995; HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).
    Xylosma crenatum is known from diverse Acacia koa-Metrosideros 
polymorpha montane wet or mesic

[[Page 66828]]

forests and M. polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis montane wet forests 
between 975 to 1,065 m (3,200 to 3,490 ft) elevation. The species is 
sometimes found along stream banks and within a planted conifer grove. 
The species is associated with Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, Hedyotis 
terminalis, Pleomele aurea, Ilex anomala, Claoxylon sandwicense, 
Myrsine alyxifolia (kolea), Nestegis sandwicensis, Streblus pendulinus, 
Psychotria sp., Diplazium sandwichianum, Pouteria sandwicensis, 
Scaevola procera, Coprosma sp., Athyrium sandwichianum, Touchardia 
latifolia, Dubautia knudsenii, Cheirodendron sp., Lobelia yuccoides 
(NCN), Cyanea hirta (haha), Poa sandwicensis, and Diplazium 
sandwichianum (57 FR 20580; USFWS 1995; HINHP Database 1999).
    The small number of individuals and scattered distribution makes 
this species vulnerable to human or natural environmental disturbance. 
Xylosma crenatum is also threatened by competition from alien plants, 
particularly Psidium guajava. In addition, feral pigs may threaten this 
species (57 FR 20580; USFWS 1995; HINHP Database 1999).

Multi-Island Species

    Adenophorus periens.
    Adenophorus periens, a member of the Grammitis family 
(Grammitidaceae), is a small, pendant, epiphytic (not rooted on the 
ground) fern. This species differs from other species in this endemic 
Hawaiian genus by having hairs along the pinna margins, by the pinnae 
being at right angles to the midrib axis, by the placement of the sori 
on the pinnae, and the degree of dissection of each pinna (Linney 
1989).
    Little is known about the life history of Adenophorus periens, 
which seems to grow only in closed canopy dense forest with high 
humidity. Its breeding system is unknown, but outbreeding is very 
likely to be the predominant mode of reproduction. Spores are dispersed 
by wind, possibly by water, and perhaps on the feet of birds or insects 
(Linney 1989). Spores lack a thick resistant coat which may indicate 
their longevity is brief, probably measured in days at most. Due to the 
weak differences between the seasons, there seems to be no evidence of 
seasonality in growth or reproduction. Adenophorus periens appears to 
be susceptible to volcanic emissions and/or resultant acid 
precipitation (Linney 1989). Additional information on reproductive 
cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting 
factors is not available.
    Historically, Adenophorus periens was reported from Kauai, Oahu, 
Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii Island (59 FR 56333; HINHP Database 1999). 
Currently, it is known from several locations on Kauai, Molokai, and 
Hawaii (HINHP Database 1999). On Kauai, there is a total of seven 
populations on private and State owned lands, with 84-89 individuals, 
that occur on the boundary of Hono O Na Pali NAR and Na Pali Coast 
State Park at the head of Hanakoa drainage; Waioli Valley; Wainiha 
Valley; Kealia Forest Reserve; and in the Wahiawa drainage (GDSI 1999; 
HINHP Database 1999).
    This species, an epiphyte usually growing on Metrosideros 
polymorpha trunks, is found in M. polymorpha-Cibotium glaucum lowland 
wet forest, open M. polymorpha montane wet forest, and M. polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet forests at elevations between 400 
and 1,265 m (1,310 and 4,150 ft) (59 FR 56333). It is found in habitats 
of well-developed, closed canopy providing deep shade and high humidity 
(Linney 1989). Associated native species include Athyrium sandwicensis, 
Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron trigynum, Cyanea sp., Cyrtandra sp., 
Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis terminalis, Labordia hirtella, Machaerina 
angustifolia, Psychotria sp., P. hexandra, and Syzygium sandwicensis 
(59 FR 56333; Linney 1989).
    The threats to this species on Kauai include habitat degradation by 
feral pigs and goats, and competition with the alien plant Psidium 
cattleianum (59 FR 56333; HINHP Database 1999).

Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus

    Alectryon macrococcus, a member of the soapberry family 
(Sapindaceae), consists of two varieties, macrococcus and auwahiensis, 
both trees with reddish-brown branches and net-veined paper- or 
leather-like leaves with one to five pairs of sometimes asymmetrical 
egg-shaped leaflets. The underside of the leaf has dense brown hairs, 
persistent in A. m. var. auwahiensis, but only on leaves of young A. m. 
var. macrococcus plants. The only member of its genus found in Hawaii, 
this species is distinguished from other Hawaiian members of its family 
by being a tree with a hard fruit 2.5 cm (0.9 in.) or more in diameter 
(Wagner et al. 1999).
    Alectryon macrococcus is a relatively slow-growing, long-lived tree 
that grows in xeric to mesic sites and is adapted to periodic drought. 
Little else is known about the life history of Alectryon macrococcus. 
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, 
longevity, and specific environmental requirements are unknown.
    Currently, Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus occurs on State 
owned land in Waimeae Canyon and in Na Pali Coast State Park on Kauai. 
A total of six populations of 68-83 individuals is known (GDSI 1999; K. 
Wood, in litt. 1999). This variety is also found on Oahu, Molokai, and 
West Maui. (57 FR 20772). Alectryon macrococcus var. auwahiensis is 
found only on leeward east Maui and will be reviewed further in a 
subsequent rule (Medeiros et al. 1986; HINHP Database 1999).
    The habitat of Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus on Kauai is 
Diospyros sp.-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic forest, M. 
polymorpha mixed mesic forest, and Diospyros sp. mixed mesic forest on 
dry slopes or in gulches, between elevations of 360-1,070 m (1,180-
3,510 ft) (57 FR 20772; Wagner et al. 1999). Associated native plants 
include Psychotria sp., Pisonia sp., Xylosma sp., Streblus pendulinus, 
Hibiscus sp., Antidesma sp., Pleomele sp., Acacia koa, Melicope 
knudsenii, Hibiscus waimeae, Pteralyxia sp., Zanthoxylum sp., Kokia 
kauaiensis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Myrsine 
lanaiensis, Canthium odoratum, Canavalia sp. (awikiwiki), Alyxia 
olivaeformis, Nesoluma polynesicum, Munroidendron racemosum, 
Caesalpinia kauaiensis, Tetraplasandra sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, and 
Bobea timonioides (57 FR 20772; HINHP Database 1999).
    Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus on Kauai is threatened by 
feral goats and pigs; the alien plant species Melinis minutiflora, 
Schinus terebinthifolius (Christmasberry), and Psidium cattleianum; 
damage from the black twig borer; seed predation by rats and mice (Mus 
domesticus); fire; depressed reproductive vigor; seed predation by 
insects (probably the endemic microlepidopteran Prays cf. 
fulvocanella); loss of pollinators; and, due to the very small 
remaining number of individuals and their limited distribution, natural 
or human-caused environmental disturbances which could easily be 
catastrophic (57 FR 20772).

Bonamia menziesii

    Bonamia menziesii, a member of the morning-glory family 
(Convolvulaceae), is a vine with twining branches that are fuzzy when 
young. This species is the only member of the genus that is endemic to 
the Hawaiian Islands and differs from other genera in the family by its 
two styles, longer stems and

[[Page 66829]]

petioles, and rounder leaves (Austin 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive 
cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting 
factors are unknown.
    Historically, Bonamia menziesii was known from the following 
general areas: scattered locations on Kauai, the Waianae Mountains of 
Oahu, scattered locations on Molokai, one location on West Maui, and 
eastern Hawaii (HINHP Database 1999). Currently, it is known from 
Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. On Kauai, there are seven total 
populations with 37 individuals on State and privately owned lands in 
Kalalau Valley; scattered across the north coast from Paaiki Valley to 
Milolii Ridge; in Kawaiula Valley; in Haiku; in Hipalau Valley; in 
Mount Kahili; on Hono O Na Pali NAR; and in Wahiawa drainage. However, 
it has been estimated that the total number of populations and 
individuals on Kauai may be as high as a dozen populations with 
thousands of individuals (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; USFWS 1999; 
K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
    Bonamia menziesii is found in dry, wet, or mesic forest at 
elevations between 150 and 850 m (500 and 2,800 ft) (59 FR 56333; 
Austin 1999). Associated species include Metrosideros polymorpha, 
Canthium odoratum, Dianella sandwicensis, Diospyros sandwicensis, 
Dodonaea viscosa, Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope anisata, M. barbigera, 
Myoporum sandwicense, Nestegis sandwicense, Pisonia sp., Pittosporum 
sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, and Sapindus oahuensis (HINHP Database 
1999; USFWS 1999).
    The primary threats to this species on Kauai include habitat 
degradation and possible predation by feral pigs and goats, deer, and 
cattle; competition with a variety of alien plants; and fire (59 FR 
56333).

Centaurium sebaeoides

    Centaurium sebaeoides, a member of the gentian family 
(Gentianaceae), is an annual herb with fleshy leaves and stalkless 
flowers. This species is distinguished from C. erythraea (bitter herb), 
which is naturalized in Hawaii, by its fleshy leaves and the unbranched 
arrangement of the flower cluster (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Centaurium sebaeoides has been observed flowering in April. It is 
possible that heavy rainfall induces flowering. Populations are found 
in dry areas, and plants are more likely to be found following heavy 
rains (USFWS 1999).
    Historically and currently, Centaurium sebaeoides is known from 
scattered localities on the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and 
Maui (HINHP Database 1999). Currently on Kauai, there are a total of 
three populations with 22-52 individuals on State owned land (HINHP 
Database 1999; GDSI 1999). This species is found at Kalalau Beach, 
seacliffs at Pohakuao, and Awaawapuhi Valley (HINHP Database 1999).
    Centaurium sebaeoides typically grows in volcanic or clay soils or 
on cliffs in arid coastal areas below 250 m (820 ft) elevation (56 FR 
55770; Wagner et al. 1999). Associated species include Artemisia sp., 
Bidens sp., Chamaesyce celastroides, Dodonaea viscosa, Fimbristylis 
cymosa (mau u aki aki), Heteropogon contortus, Jaquemontia ovalifolia 
(pa uohi iaka), Lipochaeta succulenta, L. heterophylla (nehe), L. 
integrifolia (nehe), Lycium sandwicense, Lysimachia mauritiana 
(kolokolo kuahiwi), Mariscus phloides, Panicum fauriei (NCN), P. 
torridum (kakonakona), Scaevola sericea, Schiedea globosa (NCN), Sida 
fallax, and Wikstroemia uva-ursi (akia) (56 FR 55770; Medeiros et al. 
1999).
    The major threats to this species on Kauai include habitat 
degradation by feral goats and cattle; competition from the alien plant 
species Casuarina equisetfolia (paina), Casuarina glauca (saltmarsh), 
Leucaena leucocephala, Prosopis pallida (kiawe), Schinus 
terebinthifolius, Syzygium cumini (Java plum), and Tournefortia 
argentea (tree heliotrope); trampling by humans on or near trails; and 
fire (56 FR 55770; Medeiros et al. 1999; USFWS 1999).

Cyperus trachysanthos

    Cyperus trachysanthos, a member of the sedge family (Cyperaceae), 
is a perennial grass-like plant with a short rhizome. The culms are 
densely tufted, obtusely triangular in cross section, tall, sticky, and 
leafy at the base. This species is distinguished from others in the 
genus by the short rhizome, the leaf sheath with partitions at the 
nodes, the shape of the glumes, and the length of the culms (Koyama 
1999).
    Little is known about the life history of this species. 
Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors are unknown.
    Historically, Cyperus trachysanthos was known on Niihau, Kauai, 
scattered locations on Oahu, Molokai, and Lanai (HINHP Database 1999). 
It is no longer extant on Molokai and Lanai. Currently, this species is 
reported from the Nualolo Valley on Kauai and west of Mokouia Valley on 
Niihau. There are two known populations, with about 300 individuals on 
the island of Kauai and an unknown number of individuals on Niihau 
(HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).
    Cyperus trachysanthos is usually found in wet sites (mud flats, wet 
clay soil, or wet cliff seeps) on coastal cliffs or talus slopes at 
elevations between 3 and 160 m (10 and 525 ft). Hibiscus tiliaceus 
(hau) is often found in association with this species (61 FR 53108; 
Koyama 1999).
    On Kauai, the threats to this species are a risk of extinction from 
naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, due to 
the small number of populations. The threats on Niihau are unknown (61 
FR 53108; USFWS 1999).

Delissea undulata ssp. kauaiensis

    Delissea undulata, a member of the bell flower family 
(Campanulaceae), is an unbranched, palm-like, woody-stemmed perennial 
tree, with a dense cluster of leaves at the tip of the stem. One or two 
knob-like structures often occur on the back of the flower tube. The 
three recognized subspecies are distinguishable on the basis of leaf 
shape and margin characters: D. undulata ssp. kauaiensis, leaf blades 
are oval and have a flat-margin with sharp teeth; D. undulata ssp. 
niihauensis, leaf blades are heart shaped and have a flat-margin with 
shallow, rounded teeth; and D. undulata ssp. undulata, leaf blades are 
elliptic to lance-shaped and wavy-margin with small, sharply pointed 
teeth. This species is separated from the other closely related members 
of the genus by its large flowers and berries and broad leaf bases 
(Lammers 1999).
    On the island of Hawaii, Delissea undulata ssp. undulata was 
observed in flower and fruit (immature) in August and outplanted 
individuals were observed in flower in July (61 FR 53124). No other 
life history information is currently available for any of the three 
varieties.
    Historically and currently, Delissea undulata ssp. kauaiensis is 
known only from Kauai. Currently, there is one known population of five 
individuals on state owned land in the Kuia NAR (GDSI 1999; HINHP 
Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). Delissea undulata ssp. 
niihauensis was known only from Niihau, but is now considered extinct 
(HINHP Database 1999; Lammers 1999). Delissea undulata ssp. undulata 
was known from southwestern Maui and western Hawaii. Currently, this 
variety occurs only on the island of Hawaii (61 FR 53124; HINHP 
Database 1999).
    Delissea undulata ssp. kauaiensis occurs in open dry or mesic 
Sophora chrysophylla (mamane) and

[[Page 66830]]

Metrosideros polymorpha forest at elevations of about 610-1,740 m 
(2,000-5,700 ft). Associated native species include Diospyros 
sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Psychotria mariniana, P. greenwelliae, 
Santalum ellipticum (iliahialo e), Nothocestrum breviflorum (aiea), and 
Acacia koa (Lammers 1999).
    The threats to this subspecies on Kauai are feral goats, pigs, and 
cattle; small population size; competition with the alien plants 
Passiflora mollissima and Senecio mikanioides (German ivy); fire; 
introduced slugs; seed predation by rats and introduced game birds; and 
a risk of extinction due to random naturally occurring events, such as 
landslides or hurricanes (USFWS 1996).

Euphorbia haeleeleana

    Euphorbia haeleeleana, a member of the spurge family 
(Euphorbiaceae), is a dioecious tree with alternate papery leaves. This 
short-lived perennial species is distinguished from others in the genus 
in that it is a tree, whereas most of the other species are herbs or 
shrubs, as well as by the large leaves with prominent veins (Wagner et 
al. 1999).
    Individual trees of Euphorbia haeleeleana bear only male or female 
flowers, and must be cross-pollinated from a different tree to produce 
viable seed. Euphorbia haeleeleana sets fruit between August and 
October (Wagner et al. 1999; USFWS 1999). Little else is known about 
the life history of this species. Reproductive cycles, longevity, 
specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.
    Euphorbia haeleeleana is known historically and currently from 
northwestern Kauai and the Waianae Mountains of Oahu (61 FR 53108; 
USFWS 1999; HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). On Kauai, 
there is a total of 14 populations with 522-593 individuals occurring 
on State and privately owned lands (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. 
Wood, in litt. 1999). It is found on valley slopes and cliffs along 
Kauai's northwestern coast from Pohakuao to Haeleele Valley and Hipalau 
Valley within Waimeae Canyon, including Kuia NAR and the Na Pali Coast 
State Park (HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
    Euphorbia haeleeleana is usually found in lowland mixed mesic or 
dry forest that is often dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha, Acacia 
koa, or Diospyros sp. This plant is typically found at elevations 
between 205 and 670 m (680 and 2,200 ft), but a few populations have 
been found up to 870 m (2,860 ft). Associated plants include Acacia 
koaia (koaia), Antidesma platyphyllum, Carex meyenii, Carex wahuensis, 
Claoxylon sp., Diplazium sandwichianum, Dodonaea viscosa, Erythrina 
sandwicensis (wiliwili), Kokia kauaiensis, Pisonia sandwicensis, 
Pleomele aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria mariniana, P. 
greenwelliae, Pteralyxia sandwicensis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, 
Reynoldsia sandwicensis (ohe), Sapindus oahuensis, Tetraplasandra 
kauaiensis, and Xylosma sp. (61 FR 53108).
    Threats to this species on Kauai include habitat degradation and/or 
destruction by deer, feral goats, and pigs; seed predation by rats; 
fire; and competition with alien plants (61 FR 53108; USFWS 1999).

Flueggea neowawraea

    Flueggea neowawraea, a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), 
is a large dioecious tree with white oblong pores covering its scaly, 
pale brown bark. This long-lived perennial species is the only member 
of the genus found in Hawaii and can be distinguished from other 
species in the genus by its large size, scaly bark, the shape, size, 
and color of the leaves, flowers clustered along the branches, and the 
size and shape of the fruits (Linney 1982; Neal 1965; Hayden 1999; 
USFWS 1999).
    Individual trees of Flueggea neowawraea bear only male or female 
flowers, and must be cross-pollinated from a different tree to produce 
viable seed (Hayden 1999). Little else is known about the life history 
of this species. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental 
requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.
    Historically, Flueggea neowawraea was known from Kauai, Oahu, Maui, 
Molokai, and Hawaii Island (Hayden 1999; HINHP Database 1999). 
Currently, it is known from Kauai, Oahu, east Maui, and Hawaii. On 
Kauai, this species is reported from Limahuli Valley, Kalalau, 
Pohakuao, and the Koaie and Poomau branches of Waimeae Canyon. There is 
a total of nine populations with 56 individuals occurring on State and 
privately owned lands. However, it has been estimated that the total 
number of individuals may be slightly over 100 (HINHP Database 1999; 
GDSI 1999; USFWS 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
    Flueggea neowawraea occurs in dry or mesic forests at elevations of 
250 to 1,000 m (820 to 3,280 ft) (Hayden 1999). Associated native plant 
species include Alectryon macrococcus, Bobea timonioides, Charpentiera 
sp., Caesalpinia kauaiense, Hibiscus sp., Melicope sp., Myrsine 
lanaiensis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Munroidendron racemosum, 
Tetraplasandra sp., Kokia kauaiensis, Isodendrion sp., Pteralyxia 
kauaiensis, Psychotria mariniana, Diplazium sandwichianum, Freycinetia 
arborea, Nesoluma polynesicum, Diospyros sp., Antidesma pulvinatum 
(hame), A. platyphyllum, Canthium odoratum, Nestegis sandwicensis, 
Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Pittosporum sp., Tetraplasandra sp., Pouteria 
sandwicensis, Xylosma sp., Pritchardia sp., Bidens sp., and Streblus 
pendulinus (59 FR 56333; HINHP Database 1999; USFWS 1999).
    The threats to this species on Kauai include the black twig borer; 
habitat degradation by feral pigs, goats, deer, and cattle; competition 
with alien plant species; fire; small population size; depressed 
reproductive vigor; and a potential threat of predation on the fruit by 
rats (59 FR 56333; HINHP Database 1999; USFWS 1999).

Gouania meyenii

    Gouania meyenii, a member of the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae), is 
a shrub with entire, papery leaves. This short-lived perennial species 
is distinguished from the two other Hawaiian species of Gouania by its 
lack of tendrils on the flowering branches, the absence of teeth on the 
leaves, and the lack or small amount of hair on the fruit (Wagner et 
al. 1999).
    Gouania meyenii flowers from March to May. Seed capsules develop in 
about 6 to 8 weeks. Plants appear to live about 10 to 18 years in the 
wild (USFWS 1998b). No other information exists on specific 
environmental requirements or limiting factors.
    Historically, Gouania meyenii was known only from Oahu (HINHP 
Database 1999; Wagner et al. 1999). Currently, this species is found on 
Oahu and two locations on State and privately owned lands on Kauai: the 
Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve and in Koaie Canyon. There is a total of 
three populations with nine individuals (56 FR 55770; GDSI 1999; HINHP 
Database 1999).
    This species typically grows on rocky ledges, cliff faces, and 
ridge-tops in dry shrubland or Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic 
forest at elevations between 490 to 880 m (1,600 to 2,880 ft) (56 FR 
55770; HINHP Database 1999; Wagner et al. 1999). Associated plants 
include Dodonaea viscosa, Chamaesyce sp., Psychotria sp., Hedyotis sp., 
Melicope sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Bidens sp., Carex meyenii, 
Diospyros sp., Lysimachia sp., and Senna gaudichaudii (kolomona) (56 FR 
55770; HINHP Database 1999).
    Threats to Gouania meyenii on Kauai include competition from the 
alien

[[Page 66831]]

plants Schinus terebinthifolius, Melinis minutiflora, and Psidium 
cattleianum; fire; habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats; and the 
small number of extant populations and individuals (56 FR 55770; USFWS 
1998b).

Hedyotis cookiana

    Hedyotis cookiana, a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a 
small shrub with many branches and papery-textured leaves which are 
fused at the base to form a sheath around the stem. This short-lived 
perennial species is distinguished from other species in the genus that 
grow on Kauai by being entirely hairless (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of Hedyotis cookiana. 
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors 
are unknown.
    Historically, Hedyotis cookiana was known from the islands of 
Hawaii, Kauai, Molokai, and Oahu (HINHP Database 1999). Currently, it 
is only known from one population of 60-80 individuals on State land 
within Hono O Na Pali NAR in Waiahuakua Valley on Kauai (GDSI 1999; 
HINHP Database 1999).
    This species generally grows in streambeds or on steep cliffs close 
to water sources in lowland wet forest communities (59 FR 9304). 
Hedyotis cookiana is believed to have formerly been much more 
widespread on several of the main Hawaiian Islands at elevations 
between 170 and 370 m (560 and 1,210 ft) (Wagner et al. 1999).
    The threats to this species on Kauai are risk of extinction from 
naturally occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and/or 
reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of individuals in 
the only known population; flooding; competition with alien plants; and 
habitat modification by feral pigs and goats (59 FR 9304; USFWS 1995; 
HINHP Database 1999).

Isodendrion laurifolium

    Isodendrion laurifolium, a member of the violet family (Violaceae), 
is a slender, straight shrub with few branches. The short-lived 
perennial species is distinguished from others in the genus by its 
leathery, oblong-elliptic or narrowly elliptic lance-shaped leaves 
(Wagner et al. 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive 
cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting 
factors are unknown.
    Historically, Isodendrion laurifolium is known from scattered 
locations on Kauai and Oahu (HINHP Database 1999). Currently, this 
species is found on Kauai in the following locations: Paaiki, Kawaiula, 
Haeleele, Makaha, Poopooiki, and Kuia Valleys (including Kuia NAR), and 
the Koaie branch of Waimeae Canyon (GDSI 1999; HINHP Database 1999). 
There are a total of eight populations with 132-143 individuals, on 
State-owned land (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; USFWS 1999).
    Isodendrion laurifolium is usually found between 490 and 820 m 
(1,600 and 2,700 ft) in elevation in diverse mesic forest, or rarely 
wet forest, dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha, Acacia koa or 
Diospyros sp. with Kokia kauaiensis, Streblus sp., Elaeocarpus bifidus, 
Canthium odoratum, Antidesma sp., Xylosma hawaiiense, Hedyotis 
terminalis, Pisonia sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, 
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Pleomele sp., Pittosporum sp., Melicope sp., 
Claoxylon sandwicense, Alphitonia ponderosa, Myrsine lanaiensis, and 
Pouteria sandwicensis (HINHP Database 1999).
    The primary threats to Isodendrion laurifolium on Kauai are habitat 
degradation by feral goats, pigs and deer, and competition with alien 
plants (61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 1999; USFWS 1999).

Isodendrion longifolium

    Isodendrion longifolium, a member of the violet family (Violaceae), 
is a slender, straight shrub. Hairless, leathery, lance-shaped leaves 
distinguish this species from others in the genus (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of this short-lived 
perennial species. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific 
environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown.
    Historically and currently, Isodendrion longifolium is known from 
scattered locations on Kauai and Oahu (61 FR 53108; Lorence and Flynn 
1991, 1993; HINHP Database 1999; USFWS 1999). On Kauai, this species is 
reported from Limahuli Valley, Mt. Kahili, Hanakapiai-Hoolulu Ridge, 
near Peapea, east of Haupu Peak, Wainiha-Manoa drainage, Hanapepe 
drainage, Kawaiula Valley, Kalalau Valley, Wahiawa Mountains, upper 
Waioli Valley, and Honopu. There is a total of 16 populations 
containing between 472-522 individual plants on State and privately 
owned lands. This species may also occur on or near land under Federal 
jurisdiction in Kokee State Park (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).
    Isodendrion longifolium is found on steep slopes, gulches, and 
stream banks in mixed mesic or wet Metrosideros polymorpha forest, 
usually between 410 and 760 m (1,345 and 2,500 ft) elevation (61 FR 
53108). Associated plants include Dicranopteris linearis, Eugenia sp., 
Diospyros sp., Pritchardia sp., Canthium odoratum, Melicope sp., 
Cheirodendron sp., Ilex anomala, Pipturus sp., Hedyotis fluviatilis 
(kamapua a), Peperomia sp., Bidens sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Syzygium 
sandwicensis, Cibotium sp., Bobea brevipes, Antidesma sp., Cyanea 
hardyi, Cyrtandra sp., Hedyotis terminalis, Peperomia sp., Perrottetia 
sandwicensis, Pittosporum sp., and Psychotria sp. (61 FR 53108; Lorence 
and Flynn 1993; HINHP Database 1999; USFWS 1999).
    The major threats to Isodendrion longifolium on Kauai are habitat 
degradation or destruction by feral goats and pigs, and competition 
with various alien plants (61 FR 53108; Lorence and Flynn 1993; HINHP 
Database 1999; USFWS 1999).

Lobelia niihauensis

    Lobelia niihauensis, a member of the bellflower family 
(Campanulaceae), is a small, branched shrub. This short-lived perennial 
species is distinguished from others in the genus by lacking or nearly 
lacking leaf stalks, the magenta-colored flowers, the width of the 
leaf, and length of the flowers (Rock 1919, Lammers 1999).
    Lobelia niihauensis flowers in late summer and early fall. Fruits 
mature a month to six weeks later. Plants are known to live as long as 
20 years (USFWS 1998b).
    Historically, Lobelia niihauensis was known from Oahu, Niihau, and 
western (Limahuli Valley to near the Hanapepe River) and eastern 
(Nounou Mountain and the Haupu Range) Kauai (HINHP Database 1999). It 
is now known to be extant only on Kauai and Oahu (HINHP Database 1999). 
On Kauai, 12 populations containing 456-1,406 individuals can be found 
on State and privately owned lands in Waimeae Canyon, on Polihale 
Ridge, along the Na Pali Coast, and in the Haupu Range (USFWS 1998b; 
HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).
    Lobelia niihauensis typically grows on exposed, mesic shrubland or 
coastal dry cliffs at elevation of 100 to 830 m (330 to 2720 ft) (HINHP 
Database 1999, Lammers 1999). Associated native plants include 
Eragrostis sp., Bidens sp., Plectranthus parviflorus, Lipochaeta sp., 
Lythrum sp., Wilkesia hobdyi, Hibiscus kokio ssp. saint johnianus, 
Nototrichium sp., Schiedea apokremnos, Chamaesyce celastroides, 
Charpentiera sp., and Artemisia sp. (HINHP Database 1999; USFWS 1998b).
    On Kauai, the major threats to this species are habitat degradation 
and

[[Page 66832]]

browsing by feral goats and competition from alien plants (56 FR 
55770).

Lysimachia filifolia

    Lysimachia filifolia, a member of the primrose family 
(Primulaceae), is a small shrub. This short-lived perennial species is 
distinguished from other taxa of the genus by its leaf shape and width, 
calyx lobe shape, and corolla length (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of Lysimachia filifolia. 
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors 
are unknown.
    Historically, Lysimachia filifolia was known only from the upper 
portion of Olokele Valley on Kauai. This species is now also known from 
Oahu, and the ``blue hole'' area of Waialeale, Kauai (USFWS 1995; HINHP 
Database 1999). There is currently one population containing a total of 
20-75 individuals on State owned land on Kauai (USFWS 1995; HINHP 
Database 1999; GDSI 1999).
    This species typically grows on mossy banks at the base of cliff 
faces within the spray zone of waterfalls or along streams in lowland 
wet forests at elevations of 245 to 680 m (800 to 2,230 ft). Associated 
plants include mosses, ferns, liverworts, Machaerina sp., Heteropogon 
contortus, and Melicope sp. (59 FR 9304; USFWS 1995; HINHP Database 
1999; Wagner et al. 1999).
    The major threats to Lysimachia filifolia on Kauai include 
competition with alien plant species; feral pigs; and the risk of 
extinction on Kauai from naturally occurring events (e.g., landslides 
and hurricanes), due to the small number of individuals in the only 
known population (59 FR 9304; HINHP Database 1999).

Melicope knudsenii

    Melicope knudsenii, a member of the citrus family (Rutaceae), is a 
tree with smooth gray bark and yellowish brown to olive-brown hairs on 
the tips of the branches. The long-lived perennial species is 
distinguished from M. haupuensis and other members of the genus by the 
distinct carpels present in the fruit, a hairless endocarp, a larger 
number of flowers per cluster, and the distribution of hairs on the 
underside of the leaves (Stone et al. 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of Melicope knudsenii. 
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors 
are unknown.
    Historically and currently, Melicope knudsenii is known from Maui 
and Kauai (59 FR 9304; USFWS 1995; HINHP Database 1999). On Kauai, this 
species is known from five populations on State owned land, with a 
total of six individuals, in the Koaie drainage of Waimeae Canyon and 
the upper Kuia Valley (USFWS 1995; GDSI 1999; HINHP Database 1999; K. 
Wood, in litt. 1999).
    Melicope knudsenii grows on forested flats or talus slopes in 
lowland dry to montane mesic forests at elevations of about 450 to 
1,000 m (1,480 to 3,280 ft) with Dodonaea viscosa, Antidesma sp., 
Metrosideros polymorpha, Hibiscus sp., Myrsine lanaiensis, Diospyros 
sp., Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Bobea sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Hedyotis 
sp., Melicope sp., Psychotria sp., or Pittosporum kauaiensis and 
Xylosma sp. (USFWS 1995; HINHP Database 1999; Stone et al. 1999).
    The major threats to Melicope knudsenii on Kauai include 
competition with the alien plant, Lantana camara; habitat degradation 
by feral goats and pigs; fire; black twig borer; and the risk of 
extinction on Kauai from naturally occurring events, such as landslides 
or hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small 
number of existing individuals and populations (59 FR 9304; USFWS 
1995).

Melicope pallida

    Melicope pallida, a member of the citrus family (Rutaceae), is a 
tree with grayish white hairs and black, resinous new growth. The long-
lived perennial species differs from M. haupuensis, M. knudsenii, and 
other members of the genus by presence of resinous new growth, leaves 
folded in clusters of three, and fruits with separate carpels (Stone et 
al. 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of Melicope pallida. 
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors 
are unknown.
    Historically and currently, Melicope pallida is known from Oahu and 
Kauai (USFWS 1995; HINHP Database 1999; D.W. Mathias, U.S. Navy in 
litt. 1999). On Kauai, the species is currently known in the following 
locations: Kalalau Valley and rim, Limahuli Valley, Koaie Stream in 
Waimeae Canyon, Pohakuao Valley, and Awaawapuhi Valley to Honopu Valley 
(59 FR 9304; K. Wood, in litt. 1999; HINHP Database 1999). There is a 
total of five populations with 181 individuals on State owned land 
(USFWS 1995; HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999), 
although the status of the one individual in Limahuli Valley is unknown 
(USFWS 1995).
    Melicope pallida usually grows on steep rock faces in lowland to 
montane mesic to wet forests or shrubland at an elevation 490 to 915 m 
(1,600 to 3,000 ft) (59 FR 9304; Lorence and Flynn 1991; Stone et al. 
1999). Associated plant taxa include Dodonaea viscosa, Lepidium serra, 
Pleomele sp., Boehmeria grandis, Coprosma sp., Hedyotis terminalis, 
Melicope sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, Poa mannii, Schiedea membranacea, 
Psychotria mariniana, Dianella sandwicensis, Pritchardia minor, 
Chamaesyce celastroides var. hanapepensis, Nototrichium sp., Carex 
meyenii, Artemisia sp., Abutilon sandwicense, Alyxia olivaeformis, 
Dryopteris unidentata (kumunui), Metrosideros polymorpha, Pipturus 
albidus (mamaki), Sapindus oahuensis, Tetraplasandra sp., and Xylosma 
hawaiiense (59 FR 9304; USFWS 1995; HINHP Database 1999).
    The major threats to Melicope pallida are habitat destruction by 
feral goats and pigs; the black twig borer; fire; susceptibility to 
extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides or 
hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number 
of existing populations; and competition with alien plant taxa (59 FR 
9304; Hara and Beardsley 1979; Medeiros et al. 1986; USFWS 1995; HINHP 
Database 1999).

Peucedanum sandwicense

    Peucedanum sandwicense, a member of the parsley family (Apiaceae), 
is a parsley-scented, sprawling herb. Hollow stems arise from a short, 
vertical stem with several fleshy roots. This short-lived perennial 
species is the only member of the genus in the Hawaiian Islands, one of 
three genera of the family with taxa endemic to the island of Kauai. 
This species differs from the other Kauai members of the parsley family 
in having larger fruit and pinnately compound leaves with broad 
leaflets (Constance and Affolter 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of Peucedanum sandwicense. 
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors 
are unknown.
    Historically and currently, Peucedanum sandwicense is known from 
Molokai, Maui, and Kauai (HINHP Database 1999). Discoveries in 1990 
extended the known distribution of this species to the Waianae 
Mountains on the island of Oahu (59 FR 9304). Additionally, a 
population is known from State-owned Keopuka Rock, an islet off the 
coast of Maui. On Kauai, there are a total of 14 populations on

[[Page 66833]]

State and privately owned lands, containing between 238-339 
individuals, in Kuia NAR, on the boundary of Na Pali Coast State Park 
and Hono O Na Pali NAR between Hanakapiai and Hoolulu Valleys, the 
mouth of the Hanakapiai Stream, in Waiahuakua Valley, Hoolulu Valley, 
Limahuli Valley, Waimeae Canyon, Kalalau trail, Kaaalahina Ridge, 
Hanakoa Valley, Haupu, Mahanaloa Valley, and Pohakuao (USFWS 1995; 
HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
    This species grows in mixed shrub coastal dry cliff communities or 
diverse mesic forest from sea level to above 915 m (3,000 ft). It is 
associated with Hibiscus kokio, Brighamia insignis, Bidens sp., 
Artemisia sp., Lobelia niihauensis, Wilkesia gymnoxiphium, Canthium 
odoratum, Dodonaea viscosa, Psychotria sp., Acacia koa, Kokio 
kauaiensis, Carex meyenii, Panicum lineale, Chamaesyce celastroides, 
Eragrostis sp., Diospyros sp., and Metrosideros polymorpha (59 FR 9304; 
Constance and Affolter 1999; HINHP Database 1999).
    The major threats to Peucedanum sandwicense on Kauai include 
competition with introduced plants; habitat degradation and browsing by 
feral goats and deer; and trampling and trail clearing (Hanakapiai 
population) (59 FR 9304; USFWS 1995; HINHP Database 1999).

Plantago princeps

    Plantago princeps, a member of the plantain family 
(Plantaginaceae), is a small shrub or robust perennial herb. This 
short-lived perennial species differs from other native members of the 
genus in Hawaii by its large branched stems, flowers at nearly right 
angles to the axis of the flower cluster, and fruits that break open at 
a point two-thirds from the base. The four varieties, anomala, 
laxiflora, longibracteata, and princeps, are distinguished by the 
branching and pubescence of the stems; the size, pubescence, and 
venation of the leaves; the density of the inflorescence; and the 
orientation of the flowers (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive 
cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting 
factors are generally unknown. However, individuals have been observed 
in fruit from April through September (USFWS 1999).
    Historically, Plantago princeps was found on the islands of Hawaii, 
Kauai, Maui, Molokai, and Oahu. It no longer occurs on the island of 
Hawaii. Two varieties of the species, totaling seven populations, with 
500-572 individuals, are extant on the island of Kauai, on both State 
and privately owned lands (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999). 
Historically on Kauai, Plantago princeps var. anomala was reported from 
a ridge west of Hanapepe River. Currently, this variety is found on Mt. 
Kahili, upper Pohakuao (near Puu Ki), and from the south rim and upper 
reaches of Kalalau Valley. Plantago princeps var. longibracteata was 
historically known from Hanalei, the Wahiawa Mountains, and Hanapepe 
Falls. Currently, populations are known from Namolokama, Iliiliula 
drainage, Wainiha Valley, Waioli Valley, and Waialeale (59 FR 56333; 
GDSI 1999; HINHP Database 1999; USFWS 1999).
    Plantago princeps is typically found on steep slopes, rock walls, 
or at bases of waterfalls in mesic to wet Metrosideros polymorpha 
forest from 480 to about 1,100 m (1,575 to 3,610 ft) in elevation 
(Wagner et al. 1999). Associated plant species include Dodonaea 
viscosa, Psychotria sp., Dicranopteris linearis, Cyanea sp., Hedyotis 
sp., Melicope sp., Xylosma sp., Pleomele sp., Machaerina angustifolia, 
Athyrium sp., Bidens sp., Eragrostis sp., Lysimachia filifolia, 
Pipturus sp., Cyrtandra sp., and Dubautia plantaginea, as well as 
Exocarpos luteolus, Poa siphonoglossa, Nothocestrum peltatum, Remya 
montgomeryi, and Stenogyne campanulata, and the threatened Myrsine 
linearifolia (HINHP Database 1999; USFWS 1999).
    The primary threats to Plantago princeps on Kauai are herbivory and 
habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats, and competition with 
various alien plant species. Ungulate herbivory is especially severe, 
with numerous observations of P. princeps individuals exhibiting browse 
damage (61 FR 53108; USFWS 1999).

Platanthera holochila

    Platanthera holochila, a member of the orchid family (Orchidaceae), 
is an erect, deciduous herb. The stems arise from underground tubers, 
the pale green leaves are lance to egg-shaped, and the greenish-yellow 
flowers occur in open spikes. This short-lived perennial is the only 
species of this genus that occurs in the Hawaiian Islands (Wagner et 
al. 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive 
cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting 
factors are unknown.
    Historically, Platanthera holochila was known from the Alakai 
Swamp, Kaholuamano area, and the Wahiawa Mountains on Kauai, and 
scattered locations on Oahu, Molokai, and Maui (HINHP Database 1999). 
Currently, P. holochila is extant on Kauai, Molokai, and Maui (HINHP 
Database 1999). On Kauai, there are one to two populations with nine 
individuals reported on State and privately owned lands in the Alakai 
Swamp (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).
    Platanthera holochila is found in montane Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis montane wet forest or M. polymorpha mixed bog 
between 1,050 and 1,600 m (3,450 and 5,245 ft) elevation. Associated 
native plants include Myrsine denticulata (kolea), Cibotium sp., 
Coprosma ernodeoides (kukaenene), Oreobolus furcatus (NCN), Styphelia 
tameiameiae, and Vaccinium sp. (61 FR 53108; USFWS 1999).
    The primary threats to Platanthera holochila on Kauai are habitat 
degradation and/or destruction by feral cattle and pigs; competition 
with alien plants; and a risk of extinction on Kauai from naturally 
occurring events, such as landslides or hurricanes, and/or reduced 
reproductive vigor, due to the small number of remaining populations 
and individuals. Predation by introduced slugs may also be a potential 
threat to this species (61 FR 53108; USFWS 1999).

Schgiedea nuttallii

    Schiedea nuttallii, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), 
is a generally hairless, erect subshrub. This long-lived perennial 
species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by 
its habit, length of the stem internodes, length of the inflorescence, 
number of flowers per inflorescence, and smaller leaves, flowers, and 
seeds (Wagner et al. 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of Schiedea nuttallii. Based 
on field and greenhouse observations, it is hermaphroditic (Weller and 
Sakai 1999). Plants on Oahu have been under observation for 10 years, 
and they appear to be long-lived. Schiedea nuttallii appears to be an 
outcrossing species. Under greenhouse conditions, plants fail to set 
seed unless hand pollinated, suggesting that this species requires 
insects for pollination. Fruits and flowers are abundant in the wet 
season but can be found throughout the year (USFWS 1999).
    Historically and currently, Schiedea nuttallii is known from Kauai 
and Oahu (61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 1999). In addition, it was also 
reported from Molokai and Maui (USFWS 1999). Currently on Kauai, one 
population with 10-50 individuals is reported from

[[Page 66834]]

east of Haupu Peak on privately owned land. The status of individuals 
previously found in the Limahuli Valley is currently unknown (HINHP 
Database 1999; GDSI 1999; USFWS 1999).
    Schiedea nuttallii typically grows in diverse lowland mesic 
Metrosideros polymorpha forest at elevations between 415 and 790 m 
(1,360 and 2,590 ft). Associated plants include Antidesma sp., 
Psychotria sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pisonia sp., and Hedyotis 
acuminata (USFWS 1999).
    Schiedea nuttallii is threatened on Kauai by habitat degradation 
and/or destruction by feral pigs, goats, and possibly deer; competition 
with several alien plants; landslides; predation by the black twig 
borer; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (e.g., 
landslides or hurricanes) and/or reduced reproductive vigor, due to the 
small number of individuals in the only known population (61 FR 53108; 
USFWS 1999). Based on observations that indicate that introduced snails 
and slugs may consume seeds and seedlings, it is likely that introduced 
molluscs also represent a major threat to this species (61 FR 53108; 
USFWS 1999).

Sesbania tomentosa

    Sesbania tomentosa, a member of the pea family (Fabaceae), is 
typically a sprawling short-lived perennial shrub, but may also be a 
small tree. Each compound leaf consists of 18 to 38 oblong to elliptic 
leaflets which are usually sparsely to densely covered with silky 
hairs. The flowers are salmon color tinged with yellow, orange-red, 
scarlet or rarely, pure yellow coloration. Sesbania tomentosa is the 
only endemic Hawaiian species in the genus, differing from the 
naturalized S. sesban by the color of the flowers, the longer petals 
and calyx, and the number of seeds per pod (Geesink et al. 1999).
    The pollination biology of Sesbania tomentosa is being studied by 
David Hopper, a graduate student in the Department of Zoology at the 
University of Hawaii at Manoa. His preliminary findings suggest that 
although many insects visit Sesbania flowers, the majority of 
successful pollination is accomplished by native bees of the genus 
Hylaeus and that populations at Kaena Point on Oahu are probably 
pollinator-limited. Flowering at Kaena Point is highest during the 
winter-spring rains, and gradually declines throughout the rest of the 
year (USFWS 1999). Other aspects of this plant's life history are 
unknown.
    Currently, Sesbania tomentosa occurs on at least six of the eight 
main Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and 
Hawaii) and in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (Nihoa and Necker). 
Although once found on Niihau and Lanai, it is no longer extant on 
these islands (59 FR 56333; GDSI 1999, USFWS 1999; HINHP Database 
1999). On Kauai, S. tomentosa is known from two populations, with eight 
individuals, from the Polihale State Park area (State land) and may 
extend onto privately owned land and the PMRF (Federal land) (HINHP 
Database 1999; GDSI 1999).
    Sesbania tomentosa is found on sandy beaches, dunes, soil pockets 
on lava, and along pond margins (Geesink et al. 1999; USFWS 1999). It 
commonly occurs in coastal dry shrublands and grasslands, but is also 
known from open Metrosideros polymorpha forests and mixed coastal dry 
cliffs in lower elevations (HINHP Database 1999). Associated plant 
species include Sida fallax, Scaevola sericea, Dodonaea viscosa, 
Heteropogon contortus, Myoporum sandwicense, and Sporobolus virginicus 
(akiaki) (HINHP Database 1999; USFWS 1999).
    The primary threats to Sesbania tomentosa on Kauai are habitat 
degradation caused by competition with various alien plant species; 
lack of adequate pollination; seed predation by rats, mice and, 
potentially, alien insects; fire; and destruction by off-road vehicles 
and other human disturbances (59 FR 56333; USFWS 1999).

Solanum sandwicense

    Solanum sandwicense, a member of the nightshade family 
(Solanaceae), is a large sprawling shrub. The younger branches are more 
densely hairy than older branches and the oval leaves usually have up 
to 4 lobes along the margins. This short-lived perennial species 
differs from others of the genus in having dense hairs on young plant 
parts, a greater height, and its lack of prickles (Sohmer and Gustafson 
1987; Symon 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of Solanum sandwicense. 
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, 
longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors 
are unknown.
    Historically, Solanum sandwicense was known from both Oahu and 
Kauai (59 FR 9304; USFWS 1995; HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 
1999). Currently, this species is only known from Kauai (Joan Yoshioka, 
The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii (TNCH), pers. comm. 2000). On Kauai, 
this species was reported from locations in the Kokee region bounded by 
Kalalau Valley, Milolii Ridge, and extending to the Hanapepe River 
(USFWS 1995; HINHP Database 1999). Currently, Solanum sandwicense is 
only known from eight populations of 13-14 individual plants on private 
and State lands (Kokee and Na Pali Coast State Parks), and may occur on 
or near land under Federal jurisdiction in Kokee State Park (HINHP 
Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
    This species is typically found in open, sunny areas at elevations 
between 760 and 1,220 m (2,500 and 4,000 ft) in diverse lowland or 
montane mesic forests or occasionally in wet forests (HINHP Database 
1999; Symon 1999). Associated plant taxa include Alphitonia ponderosa, 
Ilex anomala, Xylosma sp., Athyrium sandwicensis, Syzygium 
sandwicensis, Bidens cosmoides, Dianella sandwicensis, Poa 
siphonoglossa, Carex meyenii, Hedyotis sp., Coprosma sp., Dubautia sp., 
Pouteria sandwicensis, Cryptocarya mannii, Acacia koa, Metrosideros 
polymorpha, Dicranopteris linearis, Psychotria sp., and Melicope sp. 
(59 FR 9304; USFWS 1995; HINHP Database 1999).
    The major threats to populations of Solanum sandwicense on Kauai 
are habitat degradation by feral pigs, and competition with alien plant 
taxa (Passiflora mollissima, Rubus argutus, Psidium cattleianum, 
Hedychium gardnerianum (kahili ginger), and Lonicera japonica); fire; 
human disturbance and development; and a risk of extinction from 
naturally occurring events (e.g., landslides or hurricanes) and/or 
reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing 
individuals (59 FR 9304; USFWS 1995; HINHP Database 1999).

Spermolepis hawaiiensis

    Spermolepis hawaiiensis, a member of the parsley family (Apiaceae), 
is a slender annual herb with few branches. Its leaves, dissected into 
narrow, lance-shaped divisions, are oblong to somewhat oval in outline 
and grow on stalks. Flowers are arranged in a loose, compound umbrella-
shaped inflorescence arising from the stem, opposite the leaves. 
Spermolepis hawaiiensis is the only member of the genus native to 
Hawaii. It is distinguished from other native members of the family by 
being a non-succulent annual with an umbrella-shaped inflorescence 
(Constance and Affolter 1999).
    Little is known about the life history of Spermolepis hawaiiensis. 
Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, 
and limiting factors are unknown.

[[Page 66835]]

    Historically, Spermolepis hawaiiensis was known from the islands of 
Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, and Hawaii (HINHP Database 1999). Currently, it is 
found on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, West Maui, and Hawaii (59 FR 
56333; GDSI 1999; HINHP Database 1999). On Kauai, this species has been 
observed on State and private land in the Koaie branch and other 
unspecified locations within Waimeae Canyon, Hanapepe at Kapahili 
Gulch, and Hipalau (HINHP Database 1999). There are two known 
populations with four individuals total on Kauai. However, it has been 
estimated that the total number of plants on Kauai may be as high as a 
few thousand (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; USFWS 1999).
    Spermolepis hawaiiensis is known from various vegetation types, 
including Metrosideros polymorpha forest and Dodonaea viscosa lowland 
dry shrubland, at elevations from about 305 to 610 m (1,000 to 2,000 
ft). Associated plant species include Eragrostis variabilis, Bidens 
sandvicensis, Schiedea spergulina, Lipochaeta sp., Cenchrus 
agrimonioides (kamanomano), Sida fallax, Doryopteris sp., and the 
Federally listed endangered Gouania hillebrandii (HINHP Database 1999; 
USFWS 1999).
    The primary threats to Spermolepis hawaiiensis on Kauai are habitat 
degradation by feral goats; competition with various alien plants; and 
erosion, landslides, and rockslides due to natural weathering which 
result in the death of individual plants, as well as habitat 
destruction (59 FR 56333; USFWS 1999).

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

    Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is a medium-size tree with pale to dark gray 
bark, and lemon-scented leaves in the rue family (Rutaceae). Alternate 
leaves are composed of three small triangular-oval to lance-shaped, 
toothed leaves (leaflets) with surfaces usually without hairs. A long-
lived perennial tree, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is distinguished from 
other Hawaiian members of the genus by several characteristics: three 
leaflets all of similar size, one joint on lateral leaf stalk, and 
sickle-shape fruits with a rounded tip (Stone et al. 1999).
    No life history information is currently available for this 
species.
    Historically, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense was known from five islands: 
Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. Currently, Zanthoxylum 
hawaiiense is found on Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii. On Kauai, this 
species is only known from a single individual on State owned land in 
Waimeae Valley (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999).
    Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is reported from lowland dry or mesic 
forests, or montane dry forest, at elevations between 550 and 1,740 m 
(1,800 and 5,700 ft) (Stone et al. 1999). This species is typically 
found in forests dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or Diospyros 
sandwicensis (59 FR 10305; HINHP Database 1999). Other associated 
species include Pleomele auwahiensis (halapepe), Antidesma 
platyphyllum, Pisonia sp., Alectryon macrococcus, Charpentiera sp., 
Melicope sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Streblus pendulinus, Myrsine 
lanaiensis, and Sophora chrysophylla (HINHP Database 1999).
    The threats to Zanthoxylum hawaiiense on Kauai include competition 
with the alien plant species (Melia azedarach, Lantana camara, and 
Pennisetum setaceum (fountain grass)); fire; human disturbance; and 
risk of extinction from naturally occurring events, such as landslides 
or hurricanes, and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small 
number of individuals in the only known population (59 FR 10305; USFWS 
1996).
    A summary of populations and landownership for these 81 plants 
species on Kauai and Niihau is given in Table 3.

              Table 3.--Summary of Populations and Landownership for 81 Species on Kauai and Niihau
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                       Number of                           Landownership
              Species                   current   --------------------------------------------------------------
                                      populations        Federal               State               Private
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adenophorus periens................            7   ...................  X                    X
Alectryon macrococcus..............            6   ...................  X
Alsinidendron lychnoides...........            4   ...................  X
Alsinidendron viscosum.............            4   ...................  X                    X
Bonamia menziesii..................            7   ...................  X                    X
Brighamia insignis.................            5   ...................  X                    X
Centaurium sebaeoides..............            3   ...................  X
Chamaesyce halemanui...............            7   ...................  X
Cyanea asarifolia..................            2   ...................  X
Cyanea recta.......................            8   ...................  X                    X
Cyanea remyi.......................            7   ...................  X                    X
Cyanea undulata....................            1   ...................  ...................  X
Cyperus trachysanthos..............            2   ...................  X                    X
Cyrtandra cyaneoides...............            4   ...................  X                    X
Cyrtandra limahuliensis............           13   ...................  X                    X
Delissea rhytidosperma.............            3   ...................  X                    X
Delissea rivularis.................            2   ...................  X                    X
Delissea undulata..................            1   ...................  X
Diellia pallida....................            5   ...................  X
Dubautia latifolia.................           24   ...................  X                    X
Dubautia pauciflorula..............            4   ...................  X                    X
Euphorbia haeleeleana..............           14   ...................  X                    X
Exocarpos luteolus.................            9   ...................  X                    X
Flueggea neowawraea................            9   ...................  X                    X
Gouania meyenii....................            3   ...................  X                    X
Hedyotis cookiana..................            1   ...................  X
Hedyotis st.-johnii................            6   ...................  X
Hesperomannia lydgatei.............            4   ...................  X                    X
Hibiscadelphus woodii..............            1   ...................  X
Hibiscus clayi.....................            1   ...................  X                    X
Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae.....            2   ...................  X                    X

[[Page 66836]]

 
Isodendrion laurifolium............            8   ...................  X
Isodendrion longifolium............           16   X                    X                    X
Kokia kauaiensis...................           11   ...................  X
Labordia lydgatei..................            6   ...................  X                    X
Labordia tinifolia var.............            1   ...................  ...................  X
Lipochaeta fauriei.................            4   ...................  X                    X
Lipochaeta micrantha...............            6   ...................  X                    X
Lipochaeta waimeaensis.............            1   ...................  X                    X
Lobelia niihauensis................           12   ...................  X                    X
Lysimachia filifolia...............            1   ...................  X
Melicope haupuensis................            3   ...................  X
Melicope knudsenii.................            5   ...................  X
Melicope pallida...................            5   ...................  X
Melicope quadrangularis (extinct)..            0
Munroidendron racemosum............           15   ...................  X                    X
Myrsine linearifolia...............            8   ...................  X                    X
Nothocestrum peltatum..............            9   X                    X                    ...................
Panicum niihauense.................            1   X                    X                    X
Peucedanum sandwicense.............           14   ...................  X                    X
Phyllostegia knudsenii.............            2   ...................  X
Phyllostegia waimeae (extinct).....            0
Phyllostegia wawrana...............            4   X                    X                    X
Plantago princeps..................            7   ...................  X                    X
Platanthera holochila..............          1-2   ...................  X                    X
Poa mannii.........................            6   ...................  X
Poa sandvicensis...................            9   ...................  X                    X
Poa siphonoglossa..................            5   ...................  X
Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii......            1   ...................  ...................  X
Pritchardia napaliensis............            4   ...................  X
Pritchardia viscosa................            1   ...................  ...................  X
Pteralyxia kauaiensis..............           20   X                    X                    X
Remya kauaiensis...................           14   ...................  X
Remya montgomeryi..................            3   X                    X
Schiedea apokremnos................            5   ...................  X
Schiedea helleri...................            2   ...................  X
Schiedea kauaiensis................            2   ...................  X
Schiedea membranacea...............            9   X                    X                    X
Schiedea nuttallii.................            1   ...................  ...................  X
Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda..            1   ...................  ...................  X
Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina            3   ...................  X                    X
Schiedea stellarioides.............            2   ...................  X
Sesbania tomentosa.................            2   X                    X                    X
Solanum sandwicense................            8   X                    X                    X
Spermolepis hawaiiensis............            2   ...................  X                    X
Stenogyne campanulata..............          1-3   ...................  X
Viola helenae......................            5   ...................  ...................  X
Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis.            2   ...................  X                    X
Wilkesia hobdyi....................            7   X                    X                    X
Xylosma crenatum...................            3   X                    X                    X
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.............            1   ...................  X
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Previous Federal Action

    Federal action on these plants began as a result of Section 12 of 
the Act, which directed the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution to 
prepare a report on plants considered to be endangered, threatened, or 
extinct in the United States. This report, designated as House Document 
No. 94-51, was presented to Congress on January 9, 1975. In that 
document, Adenophorus periens, Alectryon macrococcus (as A. macrococcum 
var. macrococcum and A. mahoe), Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia insignis 
(as B. citrina var. napaliensis and B. insignis), Chamaesyce halemanui 
(as Euphorbia halemanui), Delissea rhytidosperma, Dubautia latifolia 
(as D. latifolia var. latifolia), Exocarpos luteolus, Flueggea 
neowawraea (as Drypetes phyllanthoides), Hedyotis st.-johnii, 
Hesperomannia lydgatei, Hibiscus clayi (as H. clayi and H. newhousei), 
H. waimeae ssp. hannerae (as H. waimeae), Kokia kauaiensis, Lipochaeta 
fauriei, L. micrantha (as L. exigua), Lobelia niihauensis, Melicope 
haupuensis (as Pelea haupuensis), M. knudsenii (as P. multiflora), M. 
pallida (as P. leveillei and P. pallida), Melicope quadrangularis 
(Pelea quadrangularis), Myrsine linearifolia (as M. linearifolia var. 
linearifolia), Nothocestrum peltatum, Peucedanum sandwicense (as P. 
kauaiense), Phyllostegia knudsenii, Plantago princeps (as P. princeps 
var. elata, P. var. laxifolia, and P. var. princeps), Poa sandvicensis, 
Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii, Sesbania tomentosa (as S. hobdyi and S. 
tomentosa var. tomentosa), Solanum sandwicense (as S. hillebrandii and 
S. kauaiense), Viola helenae, V. kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis, Wilkesia 
hobdyi, Xylosma crenatum (as Antidesma

[[Page 66837]]

crenatum), and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (as Z. hawaiiense var. 
citiodora), were considered to be endangered; Delissea rivularis, 
Diellia pallida (as Diellia laciniata), Labordia lydgatei, Lipochaeta 
micrantha, L. waimeaensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Schiedea membranacea, 
and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (as Z. hawaiiense var. hawaiiense and Z. 
hawaiiense var. velutinosum) were considered to be threatened; and 
Delissea undulata (as D. undulata var. argutidenta and D. undulata var. 
undulata), Gouania meyenii, Hedyotis cookiana, Melicope knudsenii (as 
Pelea knudsenii and P. tomentosa), Munroidendron racemosum (as M. 
racemosum var. macdanielsii), Plantago princeps (as P. princeps var. 
acaulis, P. princeps var. denticulata, and P. princeps var. 
queleniana), and Remya kauaiensis were considered to be extinct. On 
July 1, 1975, the Service published a notice in the Federal Register 
(40 FR 27823) of its acceptance of the Smithsonian report as a petition 
within the context of Section 4(c)(2) (now Section 4(b)(3)) of the Act, 
and gave notice of its intention to review the status of the plant taxa 
named therein. As a result of that review, on June 16, 1976, the 
Service published a proposed rule in the Federal Register (41 FR 24523) 
to determine endangered status pursuant to Section 4 of the Act for 
approximately 1,700 vascular plant taxa, including all of the above 
taxa, except for Diellia pallida considered to be endangered or thought 
to be extinct,. The list of 1,700 plant taxa was assembled on the basis 
of comments and data received by the Smithsonian Institution and the 
Service in response to House Document No. 94-51 and the July 1, 1975, 
Federal Register publication.
    General comments received in response to the 1976 proposal were 
summarized in an April 26, 1978, Federal Register publication (43 FR 
17909). In 1978, amendments to the Act required that all proposals over 
two years old be withdrawn. A one-year grace period was given to 
proposals already over two years old. On December 10, 1979, the Service 
published a notice in the Federal Register (44 FR 70796) withdrawing 
the portion of the June 16, 1976, proposal that had not been made 
final, along with four other proposals that had expired. The Service 
published updated notices of review for plants on December 15, 1980 (45 
FR 82479), September 27, 1985 (50 FR 39525), February 21, 1990 (55 FR 
6183), and September 30, 1993 (58 FR 51144).
    A summary of the status categories for these 81 plant species in 
the 1980-1993 notices of review can be found in Table 4(a) and a 
summary of the listing actions can be found in Table 4(b).

               Table 4(a).--Summary of Candidacy Status for 81 Plant Species From Kauai and Niihau
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                         Federal Register notice of review
             Species              ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          1980                1985                1990                1993
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adenophorus periens..............  C1                  C1                  C1
Alectryon macrococcus............  C1                  3C                  C1
Alsinidendron lychnoides.........  ..................  C1*                 ..................  C2
Alsinidendron viscosum...........  ..................  C1*                 3A
Bonamia menziesii................  C1                  C1                  C1
Brighamia insignis...............  C1                  C1                  C1
Centaurium sebaeoides............  ..................  ..................  C1
Chamaesyce halemanui.............  C1                  C1                  C1
Cyanea asarifolia................  ..................  ..................  C1
Cyanea recta.....................  ..................  ..................  3A
Cyanea remyi.....................
Cyanea undulata..................  ..................  ..................  3A
Cyperus trachysanthos............  ..................  ..................  ..................  C2
Cyrtandra cyaneoides.............  ..................  ..................  ..................  C2
Cyrtandra limahuliensis..........  ..................  ..................  C1
Delissea rhytidosperma...........  C1                  C1                  C1
Delissea rivularis...............  C2                  C2                  3A
Delissea undulata................  C1                  C1*                 C1*
Diellia pallida..................  ..................  ..................  C1*
Dubautia latifolia...............  C1                  C1                  C1
Dubautia pauciflorula............  ..................  ..................  C1
Euphorbia haeleeleana............  C1                  C1                  C1
Exocarpos luteolus...............  ..................  C1                  C1
Flueggea neowawraea..............  C1                  C1                  C1
Gouania meyenii..................  3A                  3A                  C1
Hedyotis cookiana................  3A                  3A                  C1
Hedyotis st.-johnii..............  C1                  C1                  C1
Hesperomannia lydgatei...........  C1                  C1                  C1
Hibiscadelphus woodii............
Hibiscus clayi...................  C1                  C1                  C1
Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae...  3C                  3C                  C2                  C2
Isodendrion laurifolium..........  C1                  C1                  C1                  C2
Isodendrion longifolium..........  C1                  C1                  C1                  C2
Kokia kauaiensis.................  C2                  C2                  C2                  C2
Labordia lydgatei................  C2                  C2                  C2
Labordia tinifolia var.
 wahiawaensis.
Lipochaeta fauriei...............  C1*                 C1*                 C1
Lipochaeta micrantha.............  C1                  C1                  C1
Lipochaeta waimeaensis...........  C1                  C1                  C1
Lobelia niihauensis..............  C1                  C1                  C1
Lysimachia filifolia.............  C2                  C2                  C1
Melicope haupuensis..............  C1                  C1                  C1

[[Page 66838]]

 
Melicope knudsenii...............  C1*                 C1*                 C1
Melicope pallida.................  ..................  ..................  C1*
Melicope quadrangularis..........  C1                  C1                  C1*
Munroidendron racemosum..........  C1                  C1                  C1
Myrsine linearifolia.............  C1                  C1                  C2                  C2
Nothocestrum peltatum............  C1                  C1                  C1
Panicum niihauense...............  ..................  ..................  ..................  C2
Peucedanum sandwicense...........  C2                  C2                  C2
Phyllostegia knudsenii...........  C1                  C1                  3A
Phyllostegia waimeae.............  ..................  ..................  C1
Phyllostegia wawrana.............  ..................  ..................  3A
Plantago princeps................  C2                  C2                  C1
Platanthera holochila............  C1                  C1                  C1                  C2
Poa mannii.......................  C1                  C1                  C1*
Poa sandvicensis.................  C1                  C1                  C1
Poa siphonoglossa................  C1                  C1                  C1
Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii....  C1                  C1                  C1
Pritchardia napaliensis..........  ..................  ..................  C2                  C2
Pritchardia viscosa..............  ..................  ..................  C2                  C2
Pteralyxia kauaiensis............  C1                  C1                  C1
Remya kauaiensis.................  C1*                 C1*
Remya montgomeryi................
Schiedea apokremnos..............  ..................  C1                  C1
Schiedea helleri.................  ..................  C1*                 3A
Schiedea kauaiensis..............
Schiedea membranacea.............  C2                  C2                  C2                  C2
Schiedea nuttallii...............  ..................  ..................  ..................  C2
Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda  ..................  C1                  C1*
Schiedea spergulina var.           ..................  C1                  C1
 spergulina.
Schiedea stellarioides...........  ..................  C1*                 3A
Sesbania tomentosa...............  C1*                 C1*                 C1
Solanum sandwicense..............  C1*                 C1*                 C1
Spermolepis hawaiiensis..........  ..................  ..................  C1
Stenogyne campanulata............  ..................  ..................  C1
Viola helenae....................  C1                  C1                  C1
Viola kauaiensis var.              C1                  C1                  C2                  C2
 wahiawaensis.
Wilkesia hobdyi..................  C1                  C1
Xylosma crenatum.................  C2                  C2                  C1
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense...........  C1                  C1                  C1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Key:
C1: Taxa for which the Service has on file enough substantial information on biological vulnerability and
  threat(s) to support proposals to list them as endangered or threatened species.
C1*: Taxa of known vulnerable status in the recent past that may already have become extinct.
C2: Taxa for which there is some evidence of vulnerability, but for which there are not enough data to support
  listing proposals at this time.
3A: Taxa for which the Service has persuasive evidence of extinction. If rediscovered, such taxa might acquire
  high priority for listing.
3C: Taxa that have proven to be more abundant or widespread than previously believed and/or those that are not
  subject to any identifiable threat.
Federal Register Notice of Review.
1980: 45 FR 82479; 1985: 50 FR 39525; 1990: 55 FR 6183; 1993: 58 FR 51144.


                                   Table 4(b).--Summary of Listing Actions for 81 Plant Species From Kauai and Niihau
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                   Proposed rule                                          Final rule
              Species                 Federal  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                       status               Date                Federal Register                 Date                Federal Register
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adenophorus periens................         E   09/14/1993.................  58 FR 48012...........  11/10/1994.................  59 FR 56333.
Alectryon macrococcus..............         E   05/24/1991.................  56 FR 23842...........  05/15/1992.................  57 FR 20772.
Alsinidendron lychnoides...........         E   09/25/1995.................  60 FR 49359...........  10/10/1996.................  56 FR 53070.
Alsinidendron viscosum.............         E   09/25/1995.................  60 FR 49359...........  10/10/1996.................  61 FR 53070.
Bonamia menziesii..................         E   09/14/1993.................  58 FR 48012...........  11/10/1994.................  59 FR 56333.
Brighamia insignis.................         E   10/30/1991.................  56 FR 5562............  02/25/1994.................  59 FR 09304.
Centaurium sebaeoides..............         E   09/28/1990.................  55 FR 39664...........  10/29/1991.................  56 FR 55770.
Chamaesyce halemanui...............         E   09/21/1990.................  50 FR 39301...........  05/13/1992.................  57 FR 20580.
Cyanea asarifolia..................         E   10/30/1991.................  56 FR 5562............  02/25/1994.................  59 FR 09304.
Cyanea recta.......................         T   09/25/1995.................  60 FR 49359...........  10/10/1996.................  61 FR 53070.
Cyanea remyi.......................         E   09/25/1995.................  60 FR 49359...........  10/10/1996.................  61 FR 53070.
Cyanea undulata....................         E   09/17/1990.................  55 FR 38242...........  09/20/1991.................  56 FR 47695.
Cyperus trachysanthos..............         E   10/02/1995.................  60 FR 51417...........  10/10/1996.................  61 FR 53108
Cyrtandra cyaneoides...............         E   09/25/1995.................  60 FR 49359...........  10/10/1996.................  61 FR 53070.

[[Page 66839]]

 
Cyrtandra limahuliensis............         T   10/30/1991.................  56 FR 5562............  02/25/1994.................  59 FR 09304.
Delissea rhytidosperma.............         E   10/30/1991.................  56 FR 5562............  02/25/1994.................  59 FR 09304.
Delissea rivularis.................         E   09/25/1995.................  60 FR 49359...........  10/10/1996.................  61 FR 53070.
Delissea undulata..................         E   06/27/1994.................  59 FR 32946...........  10/10/1996.................  61 FR 53124.
Diellia pallida....................         E   10/30/1991.................  56 FR 5562............  02/25/1994.................  59 FR 09304.
Dubautia latifolia.................         E   09/21/1990.................  50 FR 39301...........  05/13/1992.................  57 FR 20580.
Dubautia pauciflorula..............         E   09/17/1990.................  55 FR 38242...........  09/20/1991.................  56 FR 47695.
Euphorbia haeleeleana..............         E   10/02/1995.................  60 FR 51417...........  10/10/1996.................  61 FR 53108.
Exocarpos luteolus.................         E   10/30/1991.................  56 FR 5562............  02/25/1994.................  59 FR 09304.
Flueggea neowawraea................         E   09/14/1993.................  58 FR 48012...........  11/10/1994.................  59 FR 56333.
Gouania meyenii....................         E   09/28/1990.................  55 FR 39664...........  10/29/1991.................  56 FR 55770.
Hedyotis cookiana..................         E   10/30/1991.................  56 FR 5562............  02/25/1994.................  59 FR 09304.
Hedyotis st.-johnii................         E   08/03/1990.................  55 FR 31612...........  09/30/1991.................  56 FR 49639.
Hesperomannia lydgatei.............         E   09/17/1990.................  55 FR 38242...........  09/20/1991.................  56 FR 47695.
Hibiscadelphus woodii..............         E   09/25/1995.................  60 FR 49359...........  10/10/1996.................  61 FR 53070.
Hibiscus clayi.....................         E   10/30/1991.................  56 FR 5562............  02/25/1994.................  59 FR 09304.
Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae.....         E   09/25/1995.................  60 FR 49359...........  10/10/1996.................  61 FR 53070.
Isodendrion laurifolium............         E   10/02/1995.................  60 FR 51417...........  10/10/1996.................  61 FR 53108.
Isodendrion longifolium............         T   10/02/1995.................  60 FR 51417...........  10/10/1996.................  61 FR 53108.
Kokia kauaiensis...................         E   09/25/1995.................  60 FR 49359...........  10/10/1996.................  61 FR 53070.
Labordia lydgatei..................         E   09/17/1990.................  55 FR 38242...........  09/20/1991.................  56 FR 47695.
Labordia tinifolia var.                     E   09/25/1995.................  60 FR 49359...........  10/10/1996.................  61 FR 53070.
 wahiawaensis.
Lipochaeta fauriei.................         E   10/30/1991.................  56 FR 5562............  02/25/1994.................  59 FR 09304.
Lipochaeta micrantha...............         E   10/30/1991.................  56 FR 5562............  02/25/1994.................  59 FR 09304.
Lipochaeta waimeaensis.............         E   10/30/1991.................  56 FR 5562............  02/25/1994.................  59 FR 09304.
Lobelia niihauensis................         E   09/28/1990.................  55 FR 39664...........  10/29/1991.................  56 FR 55770.
Lysimachia filifolia...............         E   10/30/1991.................  56 FR 5562............  02/25/1994.................  59 FR 09304.
Melicope haupuensis................         E   10/30/1991.................  56 FR 5562............  02/25/1994.................  59 FR 09304.
Melicope knudsenii.................         E   10/30/1991.................  56 FR 5562............  02/25/1994.................  59 FR 09304.
Melicope pallida...................         E   10/30/1991.................  56 FR 5562............  02/25/1994.................  59 FR 09304.
Melicope quadrangularis............         E   10/30/1991.................  56 FR 5562............  02/25/1994.................  59 FR 09304.
Munroidendron racemosum............         E   10/30/1991.................  56 FR 5562............  02/25/1994.................  59 FR 09304.
Myrsine linearifolia...............         T   09/25/1995.................  60 FR 49359...........  10/10/1996.................  61 FR 53070.
Nothocestrum peltatum..............         E   10/30/1991.................  56 FR 5562............  02/25/1994.................  59 FR 09304.
Panicum niihauense.................         E   10/02/1995.................  60 FR 51417...........  10/10/1996.................  61 FR 53108.
Peucedanum sandwicense.............         T   10/30/1991.................  56 FR 5562............  02/25/1994.................  59 FR 09304.
Phyllostegia knudsenii.............         E   09/25/1995.................  60 FR 49359...........  10/10/1996.................  61 FR 53070.
Phyllostegia waimeae...............         E   10/30/1991.................  56 FR 5562............  02/25/1994.................  59 FR 09304.
Phyllostegia wawrana...............         E   09/25/1995.................  60 FR 49359...........  10/10/1996.................  61 FR 53070.
Plantago princeps..................         E   09/14/1993.................  58 FR 48012...........  11/10/1994.................  59 FR 56333.
Platanthera holochila..............         E   10/02/1995.................  60 FR 51417...........  10/10/1996.................  61 FR 53108.
Poa mannii.........................         E   04/07/1993.................  58 FR 18073...........  11/10/1994.................  59 FR 56330.
Poa sandvicensis...................         E   09/21/1990.................  50 FR 39301...........  05/13/1992.................  57 FR 20580.
Poa siphonoglossa..................         E   09/21/1990.................  50 FR 39301...........  05/13/1992.................  57 FR 20580.
Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii......         E   12/17/1992.................  57 FR 59970...........  08/07/1996.................  61 FR 41020.
Pritchardia napaliensis............         E   09/25/1995.................  60 FR 49359...........  10/10/1996.................  61 FR 53070.
Pritchardia viscosa................         E   09/25/1995.................  60 FR 49359...........  10/10/1996.................  61 FR 53070.
Pteralyxia kauaiensis..............         E   10/30/1991.................  56 FR 5562............  02/25/1994.................  59 FR 09304.
Remya kauaiensis...................         E   10/02/1989.................  54 FR 40447...........  01/14/1991.................  56 FR 1450.
Remya montgomeryi..................         E   10/02/1989.................  54 FR 40447...........  01/14/1991.................  56 FR 1450.
Schiedea apokremnos................         E   08/03/1990.................  55 FR 31612...........  09/30/1991.................  56 FR 49639.
Schiedea helleri...................         E   09/25/1995.................  60 FR 49359...........  10/10/1996.................  61 FR 53070.
Schiedea kauaiensis................         E   10/02/1995.................  60 FR 51417...........  10/10/1996.................  61 FR 53108.
Schiedea membranacea...............         E   09/25/1995.................  60 FR 49359...........  10/10/1996.................  61 FR 53070.
Schiedea nuttallii.................         E   10/02/1995.................  60 FR 51417...........  10/10/1996.................  61 FR 53108.
Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda..         E   10/30/1991.................  56 FR 5562............  02/25/1994.................  59 FR 09304.
Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina         T   10/30/1991.................  56 FR 5562............  02/25/1994.................  59 FR 09304.
Schiedea stellarioides.............         E   09/25/1995.................  60 FR 49359...........  10/10/1996.................  61 FR 53070.
Sesbania tomentosa.................         E   09/14/1993.................  58 FR 48012...........  11/10/1994.................  59 FR 56333.
Solanum sandwicense................         E   10/30/1991.................  56 FR 5562............  02/25/1994.................  59 FR 09304.
Spermolepis hawaiiensis............         E   09/14/1993.................  58 FR 48012...........  11/10/1994.................  59 FR 56333.
Stenogyne campanulata..............         E   09/21/1990.................  50 FR 39301...........  05/13/1992.................  57 FR 20580.
Viola helenae......................         E   09/17/1990.................  55 FR 38242...........  09/20/1991.................  56 FR 47695.
Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis.         E   09/25/1995.................  60 FR 49359...........  10/10/1996.................  61 FR 53070.
Wilkesia hobdyi....................         E   10/02/1989.................  54 FR 40444...........  06/22/1992.................  57 FR 27859.
Xylosma crenatum...................         E   09/21/1990.................  50 FR 39301...........  05/13/1992.................  57 FR 20580.
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.............         E   12/17/1992.................  57 FR 59951...........  03/04/1994.................  59 FR 10305.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Key: E = Endangered; T = Threatened.


[[Page 66840]]

    Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as amended, and implementing 
regulations (50 CFR 424.12) require that, to the maximum extent prudent 
and determinable, the Secretary designate critical habitat at the time 
the species is determined to be endangered or threatened. Our 
regulations (50 CFR 424.12(a)(1)) state that designation of critical 
habitat is not prudent when one or both of the following situations 
exist: (1) The species is threatened by taking or other human activity, 
and identification of critical habitat can be expected to increase the 
degree of threat to the species, or (2) such designation of critical 
habitat would not be beneficial to the species. At the time each plant 
was listed, we determined that designation of critical habitat was not 
prudent because it would not benefit the plant and/or would increase 
the degree of threat to the species.
    These not prudent determinations were challenged in Conservation 
Council for Hawaii v. Babbitt, 2 F. Supp. 2d 1280 (D. Haw. 1988). On 
March 9, 1998, the United States District Court for the District of 
Hawaii, directed us to review the prudency determinations for 245 
listed plant species in Hawaii, including these 81 species. Among other 
things, the court held that in most cases we did not sufficiently 
demonstrate that the species are threatened by human activity or that 
such threats would increase with the designation of critical habitat. 
The court also held that we failed to balance any risks of designating 
critical habitat against any benefits (2 F. Supp. 2d 1283-1285). For 
example, the court suggested that, before concluding critical habitat 
would not be prudent, the Service should consider whether designation 
might prevent an inadvertent act of destruction by educating the 
public.
    Regarding our determination that designating critical habitat would 
have no additional benefits to the species above and beyond those 
already provided through the section 7 consultation requirement of the 
Act, the court ruled that we failed to consider the specific effect of 
the consultation requirement on each species (Id. at 1286-88). In 
addition, the court stated that we did not consider benefits outside of 
the consultation requirements. In the court's view, these potential 
benefits include substantive and procedural protections. The court held 
that, substantively, designation establishes a ``uniform protection 
plan'' prior to consultation and indicates where compliance with 
section 7 of the Act is required. Procedurally, the court stated that 
the designation of critical habitat educates the public and State and 
local governments and affords them an opportunity to participate in the 
designation (Id. at 1288). The court also stated that private lands may 
not be excluded from critical habitat designation even though section 7 
requirements apply only to Federal agencies. In addition to the 
potential benefit of informing the public and State and local 
governments of the listing and of the areas that are essential to the 
species' conservation, the court found that although no Federal 
activity may be occurring on private property at present, there may be 
such activity in the future (Id. at 1285-88).
    On August 10, 1998, the court ordered us to publish proposed 
critical habitat designations or non-designations for at least 100 
species by November 30, 2000, and to publish proposed designations or 
non-designations for the remaining 145 species by April 30, 2002 (24 F. 
Supp. 2d 1074). This rule responds to the court's order.
    On November 30, 1998, we published a notice in the Federal Register 
requesting public comments on our reevaluation of whether designation 
of critical habitat is prudent for the 245 Hawaiian plants at issue (63 
FR 65805). The comment period closed on March 1, 1999, and was reopened 
from March 24, 1999, to May 24, 1999 (64 FR 14209). We received over 
100 responses from individuals, non-profit organizations, county 
governments, the State of Hawaii's Division of Forestry and Wildlife, 
and Federal agencies (U.S. Department of Defense (Army, Navy, Air 
Force)). Only a few responses offered information on the status of 
individual plant species or on current management actions for one or 
more of the 245 Hawaiian plants. While many of the respondents 
expressed support for the designation of critical habitat for 245 
Hawaiian plants, more than 80% opposed the designation of critical 
habitat for these plants. In general, these respondents opposed 
designation because they believed it will cause economic hardship, 
negatively impact cooperative projects, polarize relationships with 
hunters, or potentially increase the occurrences of trespassing or 
vandalism on private lands. In addition, commenters cited a lack of 
information on the biological and ecological needs of these plants 
which may lead to designation based on insufficient data. The 
respondents who supported the designation of critical habitat cited 
that designation would provide a uniform protection plan for the 
Hawaiian Islands; promote funding for management of these plants; 
educate the public and State government; and protect partnerships with 
landowners and build trust.
    On October 5, 1999, we mailed letters to over 160 landowners on the 
islands of Kauai and Niihau requesting any information considered 
germane to the management of any of the 245 plants on his/her property. 
The letters contained a copy of the November 30, 1998, Federal Register 
notice, a map showing the general locations of the plants that may be 
on his/her property, and a handout containing general information on 
critical habitat. We received 25 written responses to our landowner 
mailing with varying types of information on their current land 
management activities. These responses included information on: the 
presence of fences or locked gates to restrict public access; access to 
the respondent's property by hunters or if hunting is allowed on the 
property; ongoing weeding and rat control programs; and the propagation 
and/or planting of native plants. Some respondents stated that the 
plants of concern were not on her/his property. Only a few respondents 
expressed support for the designation of critical habitat. We held 
three open houses on the island of Kauai, at the Waimea Community 
Center, the Kauai War Memorial Convention Hall in Lihue, and the 
Kilauea Neighborhood Center, on October 19-21, 1999, respectively, to 
meet one-on-one with local landowners and other interested members of 
the public. A total of forty-eight people attended the three open 
houses.

Critical Habitat

    Critical habitat is defined in section 3 of the Act as: (i) The 
specific areas within the geographic area occupied by a species, at the 
time it is listed in accordance with the Act, on which are found those 
physical or biological features (I) essential to the conservation of 
the species and (II) that may require special management considerations 
or protection; and (ii) specific areas outside the geographic area 
occupied by a species at the time it is listed, upon a determination 
that such areas are essential for the conservation of the species. 
``Conservation'' means the use of all methods and procedures that are 
necessary to bring an endangered species or a threatened species to the 
point at which listing under the Act is no longer necessary.
    Section 4(b)(2) of the Act requires that we base critical habitat 
proposals upon the best scientific and commercial data available, after 
taking into consideration the economic impact, and any other relevant 
impact, of specifying any particular area as critical habitat. We may 
exclude areas from critical habitat

[[Page 66841]]

designation when the benefits of exclusion outweigh the benefits of 
including the areas within critical habitat, provided the exclusion 
will not result in extinction of the species (section 4(b)(2) of the 
Act).
    Designation of critical habitat can help focus conservation 
activities for a listed species by identifying areas that contain the 
physical and biological features that are essential for conservation of 
that species. Designation of critical habitat alerts the public as well 
as land-managing agencies to the importance of these areas.
    Critical habitat also identifies areas that may require special 
management considerations or protection, and may provide protection to 
areas where significant threats to the species have been identified. 
Critical habitat receives protection from destruction or adverse 
modification through required consultation under section 7 of the Act 
with regard to actions carried out, funded, or authorized by a Federal 
agency. Section 7 also requires conferences on Federal actions that are 
likely to result in the adverse modification or destruction of proposed 
critical habitat. Aside from the protection that may be provided under 
section 7, the Act does not provide other forms of protection to lands 
designated as critical habitat.
    Section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires Federal agencies to consult 
with us to ensure that any action they authorize, fund, or carry out is 
not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a threatened or 
endangered species, or result in the destruction or adverse 
modification of critical habitat. In 50 CFR 402.02, ``jeopardize the 
continued existence'' (of a species) is defined as engaging in an 
activity likely to result in an appreciable reduction in the likelihood 
of survival and recovery of a listed species. ``Destruction or adverse 
modification'' (of critical habitat) is defined as a direct or indirect 
alteration that appreciably diminishes the value of critical habitat 
for the survival and recovery of the listed species for which critical 
habitat was designated. Thus, the definitions of ``jeopardy'' to the 
species and ``adverse modification'' of critical habitat are nearly 
identical.
    Designating critical habitat does not, in itself, lead to recovery 
of a listed species. Designation does not create a management plan, 
establish numerical population goals, prescribe specific management 
actions (inside or outside of critical habitat), or directly affect 
areas not designated as critical habitat. Specific management 
recommendations for areas designated as critical habitat are most 
appropriately addressed in recovery, conservation, and management 
plans, and through section 7 consultations and section 10 permits.

A. Prudency Redetermination

    As previously stated, designation of critical habitat is not 
prudent when one or both of the following situations exist: (i) The 
species is threatened by taking or other human activity, and 
identification of critical habitat can be expected to increase the 
degree of such threat to the species; or (ii) such designation of 
critical habitat would not be beneficial to the species (50 CFR 
424.12(a)(1)).
    To determine whether critical habitat would be prudent for each 
species, we analyzed the potential threats and benefits for each 
species in accordance with the court's order. Two species, Phyllostegia 
waimeae and Melicope quadrangularis, both endemic to the island of 
Kauai, are no longer extant in the wild. Phyllostegia waimeae was last 
collected in 1969 and no individuals were seen in two subsequent visits 
(1991 and 1992) to the last known location (Wagner et al. 1999; K. 
Wood, pers. comm. 2000). Melicope quadrangularis was last observed in 
the Wahiawa drainage area in 1991. This species has not been seen in 
surveys of this area subsequent to Hurricane Iniki in 1992 (S. Perlman 
and K. Wood, pers. comm. 2000). In addition, neither species is known 
to be in storage or under propagation. Therefore, we believe both 
species may be extinct. Under these circumstances, we propose that 
designation of critical habitat for Phyllostegia waimeae and Melicope 
quadrangularis is not prudent because such designation would be of no 
benefit to these species. If either species is rediscovered we may 
revise this proposal to incorporate or address new information as new 
data becomes available (See 16 U.S.C. Sec. 1532 (5)(B); 50 CFR 
424.13(f)).
    Due to low numbers of individuals and/or populations and their 
inherent immobility, the other 79 plants may be vulnerable to 
unrestricted collection, vandalism, or disturbance. We examined the 
evidence currently available for each of these taxa and found specific 
evidence of vandalism, disturbance, and/or the threat of unrestricted 
collection for three species of Pritchardia, the native palm, on Kauai 
and Niihau. At the time of listing we determined that designation of 
critical habitat was not prudent for Pritchardia napaliensis, P. 
aylmer-robinsonii, and P. viscosa because it would increase the degree 
of threat from vandalism or collecting, and would provide no benefits 
(60 FR 53070). At that time, we had information that at least one of 
the remaining adult plants has been damaged by spiked boots used either 
by a botanist or seed collector to scale these trees (61 FR 53070). 
Since publication of the listing rule, we learned of additional 
instances of vandalism, collection, and commercial trade involving 
these three species of Pritchardia. In 1993, the State's DOFAW planted 
39 young Pritchardia napaliensis plants within a fenced exclosure near 
the Wailua River. A short time after this, the fence was vandalized and 
all 39 plants were removed (A. Kyono, pers. comm. 2000; Craig Koga, 
DOFAW, in litt. 1999). In mid-1996, a young plant and seeds of 
Pritchardia viscosa were removed from the only known location of this 
species (A. Kyono, pers. comm. 2000; C. Koga, in litt. 1999). Recently 
we received information on the commercial trade in palms conducted 
through the internet (Grant Canterbury, USFWS, in litt. 2000). Several 
nurseries advertise and sell seedlings and young plants, including 13 
species of Hawaiian Pritchardia. Seven of these species are federally 
protected, including Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii and P. napaliensis.
    In light of this information, we believe that designation of 
critical habitat would likely increase the threat to these three 
species of Pritchardia on Kauai and Niihau from vandalism or 
collection. These plants are easy to identify, and they are attractive 
to collectors of rare palms either for their personal use or to trade 
or sell for personal gain (Johnson 1996). The final listing rules for 
these three species contained only general information on their 
distribution, but the publication of precise maps and descriptions of 
critical habitat in the Federal Register would make these species more 
vulnerable to incidents of vandalism or collection, and, therefore, 
contribute to the decline of these species and make recovery more 
difficult (61 FR 53070).
    In addition, we believe that designation would not provide 
significant benefits that would outweigh these increased risks. First, 
Pritchardia napaliensis and P. viscosa do not occur on Federal land, 
and the State lands where they are found are zoned for conservation. 
Some of the plants are on lands set aside in perpetuity to conserve 
their natural flora and fauna, or as geological sites (State of Hawaii 
natural area reserves) (HRS Sec. 195-1). In addition, these species are 
found in areas that are remote and accessible only by four-wheel drive 
(Pritchardia viscosa only), foot, boat, or helicopter. It

[[Page 66842]]

is, therefore, unlikely that the lands on which these species are found 
will be developed. Since there do not appear to be any actions in the 
future that would involve a Federal agency, designation of critical 
habitat would not provide any additional protection to the species than 
they do not already have through listing alone. If, however, in the 
future any Federal involvement did occur, such as through the 
permitting process or funding by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, 
the U.S. Department of Interior, the Corps through section 404 of the 
Clean Water Act, the U.S. Federal Department of Housing and Urban 
Development or the Federal Highway Administration, the actions would be 
subject to consultation under section 7 of the Act.
    Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii is only found on Niihau, which is 
presently zoned for agriculture. There are no hotels, resorts, or other 
commercial development on the island. Public access to the island is 
not generally authorized by the landowner. Most of the people living on 
this island (fewer than 300) are employed in ranching activities 
(Department of Geography 1998). While future activities on the island 
are unknown, it is unlikely that the land on which this species is 
found will be developed. Future projects that would require Federal 
permitting or funding such as those mentioned above are particularly 
unlikely on this privately owned island. Although access to the island 
has been and continues to be restricted, P. aylmer-robinsonii is 
endemic only to Niihau, so any commercial availability indicates that 
collection, either with or without the land owner's permission, has 
occurred in the past and may still be occurring.
    We acknowledge that critical habitat designation, in some 
situations, may provide some value to the species, for example, by 
identifying areas important for conservation and calling attention to 
those areas in need of special protection. However, for these three 
species, we believe that the benefits of designating critical habitat 
do not outweigh the potential increased threats from vandalism or 
collection. Given all of the above considerations, we propose that 
designation of critical habitat for Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii, P. 
napaliensis, and P. viscosa is not prudent.
    We examined the evidence available for the other 76 taxa and have 
not, at this time, found specific evidence of taking, vandalism, 
collection or trade of these taxa or of similar species. Consequently, 
while we remain concerned that these activities could potentially 
threaten these 76 plant species in the future, consistent with 
applicable regulations (50 CFR 424.12(a)(1)(i)) and the court's 
discussion of these regulations, we do not find that any of these 
species are currently threatened by taking or other human activity, 
which would be exacerbated by the designation of critical habitat.
    In the absence of finding that critical habitat would increase 
threats to a species, if there are any benefits to critical habitat 
designation, then a prudent finding is warranted. The potential 
benefits include: (1) Triggering section 7 consultation in new areas 
where it would not otherwise occur because, for example, it is or has 
become unoccupied; (2) focusing conservation activities; (3) providing 
educational benefits to State or county governments or private 
entities; and (4) preventing people from causing inadvertent harm to 
the species.
    In the case of these 76 species, there would be some benefits to 
critical habitat. The primary regulatory effect of critical habitat is 
the section 7 requirement that Federal agencies refrain from taking any 
action that destroys or adversely affects critical habitat. At least 
eleven of these species are reported on or near Federal lands (see 
Table 3), where actions are subject to section 7 consultation. Although 
a majority of the species considered in this rule are located 
exclusively on non-Federal lands with limited Federal activities, there 
could be Federal actions affecting these lands in the future. While a 
critical habitat designation for habitat currently occupied by these 
species would not likely change the section 7 consultation outcome, 
since an action that destroys or adversely modifies such critical 
habitat would also be likely to result in jeopardy to the species, 
there may be instances where section 7 consultation would be triggered 
only if critical habitat were designated. There would also be some 
educational or informational benefits to the designation of critical 
habitat. Benefits of designation would include the notification of land 
owners, land managers, and the general public of the importance of 
protecting the habitat of these species and dissemination of 
information regarding their essential habitat requirements.
    Therefore, we propose that designation of critical habitat is 
prudent for these 76 plant species: Adenophorus periens, Alectryon 
macrococcus, Alsinidendron lychnoides, Alsinidendron viscosum, Bonamia 
menziesii, Brighamia insignis, Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce 
halemanui, Cyanea asarifolia, Cyanea recta, Cyanea remyi, Cyanea 
undulata, Cyperus trachysanthos, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Cyrtandra 
limahuliensis, Delissea rhytidosperma, Delissea rivularis, Delissea 
undulata, Diellia pallida, Dubautia latifolia, Dubautia pauciflorula, 
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Exocarpos luteolus, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania 
meyenii, Hedyotis cookiana, Hedyotis st.-johnii, Hesperomannia 
lydgatei, Hibiscadelphus woodii, Hibiscus clayi, Hibiscus waimeae ssp. 
hannerae, Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, Kokia 
kauaiensis, Labordia lydgatei, Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis, 
Lipochaeta fauriei, Lipochaeta micrantha, Lipochaeta waimeaensis, 
Lobelia niihauensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Melicope haupuensis, 
Melicope knudsenii, Melicope pallida, Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine 
linearifolia, Nothocestrum peltatum, Panicum niihauense, Peucedanum 
sandwicense, Phyllostegia knudsenii, Phyllostegia wawrana, Plantago 
princeps, Platanthera holochila, Poa mannii, Poa sandvicensis, Poa 
siphonoglossa, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Remya kauaiensis, Remya 
montgomeryi, Schiedea apokremnos, Schiedea helleri, Schiedea 
kauaiensis, Schiedea membranacea, Schiedea nuttallii, Schiedea 
spergulina var. leiopoda, Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina, Schiedea 
stellarioides, Sesbania tomentosa, Solanum sandwicense, Spermolepis 
hawaiiensis, Stenogyne campanulata, Viola helenae, Viola kauaiensis 
var. wahiawaensis, Wilkesia hobdyi, Xylosma crenatum, and Zanthoxylum 
hawaiiense.

B. Primary Constituent Elements

    In accordance with section 4(b)(2) of the Act and regulations at 50 
CFR 424.12, in determining which areas to propose as critical habitat, 
we are required to base critical habitat determinations on the best 
scientific and commercial data available and to consider those physical 
and biological features that are essential to the conservation of the 
species and that may require special management considerations or 
protection. Such requirements include, but are not limited to, space 
for individual and population growth, and for normal behavior; food, 
water, air, light, minerals, or other nutritional or physiological 
requirements; cover or shelter; sites for breeding, reproduction, or 
rearing of offspring, germination, or seed dispersal; and habitats that 
are protected from disturbance or are representative of the historic

[[Page 66843]]

geographical and ecological distributions of a species.
    Very little is known about the specific physical and biological 
requirements of most of these 76 species. Therefore, we have defined 
primary constituent elements on the basis of general habitat features 
of the areas in which the species currently occur, such as the plant 
community associated with the listed species and the species' physical 
location (e.g., steep rocky cliffs, talus slopes, stream banks, and 
elevation). Areas outside the currently known occupied areas (e.g., 
potentially suitable unoccupied habitat) may be important to the 
recovery of most of these 76 species. However, in most cases, we have 
not included such areas in the proposed designations for these species 
because of our limited knowledge of the historical range (i.e., the 
geographical area they once occupied but from which they are now 
absent) and our lack of information on the physical or biological 
features essential for the conservation of a species. The Service 
considers reintroduction (the planting of propagated individuals or 
seedlings into an area) to be an acceptable method to try to achieve 
plant species recovery. Native plant reintroductions are, however, 
difficult and successful efforts are not common. We do not know enough 
about these 76 species to identify areas where reintroductions are 
likely to be successful. We will continue to support experimental 
efforts to reintroduce species. Such reintroduction work may lead to 
the need to designate unoccupied habitat in the future to provide 
additional protection to the reintroduced plants. The areas we are 
currently proposing to designate as critical habitat provide some or 
all of the habitat components essential for the conservation of the 76 
plant species.
    The plant communities given in the following descriptions of 
primary constituent elements are based upon biological and physical 
features such as predominant plant species, associated plant species, 
elevation, precipitation, and soil types and/or parent material. 
Descriptions of these Hawaiian plant communities are found in Gagne and 
Cuddihy (1999).

Species Endemic to Kauai

    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Alsinidendron lychnoides are:
    (1) montane wet forests
    (a) dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha and Cheirodendron sp., or 
by M. polymorpha and Dicranopteris linearis, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following native plant species: 
Carex sp., Cyrtandra sp., Machaerina sp., Vaccinium sp., Peperomia sp., 
Hedyotis terminalis, Astelia sp., or Broussaisia arguta; and
    (2) elevations between 1,100 and 1,320 m (3,610 and 4,330 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Alsinidendron viscosum are:
    (1) steep slopes
    (a) in Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland, montane mesic, 
or wet forest, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following native plant species: 
Alyxia olivaeformis, Bidens cosmoides, Bobea sp., Carex sp., Coprosma 
sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Gahnia sp., Ilex anomala, Melicope sp., Pleomele 
sp., Psychotria sp., or Schiedea stellarioides; and
    (2) elevations between 820 and 1,200 m (2,700 and 3,940 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Chamaesyce halemanui are:
    (1) steep slopes of gulches
    (a) in mesic Acacia koa forests, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following native plant species: 
Metrosideros polymorpha, Alphitonia ponderosa, Antidesma platyphyllum, 
Bobea brevipes, Cheirodendron trigynum, Coprosma sp., Diospyros 
sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hedyotis 
terminalis, Kokia kauaiensis, Melicope haupuensis, Pisonia sp., 
Pittosporum sp., Pleomele aurea, Psychotria mariniana, Psychotria 
greenwelliae, Pouteria sandwicensis, Santalum freycinetianum, or 
Styphelia tameiameiae; and
    (2) elevations between 660 to 1,100 m (2,165 to 3,610 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Cyanea asarifolia are:
    (1) pockets of soil on sheer rock cliffs
    (a) in lowland wet forests, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following native plant species: 
Hedyotis elatior, Machaerina angustifolia, Metrosideros polymorpha, 
Touchardia latifolia, or Urera glabra; and
    (2) elevations between 330 to 730 m (1,080 to 2,400 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Cyanea recta are:
    (1) gulches or slopes
    (a) in lowland wet or mesic Metrosideros polymorpha forest or 
shrubland, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following native plant species: 
Antidesma sp., Cheirodendron platyphyllum, Cibotium sp., Dicranopteris 
linearis, Diplazium sp., or Psychotria sp.; and
    (2) elevations between 400 to 1,200 m (1,310 to 3,940 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Cyanea remyi are:
    (1) lowland wet forest or shrubland and containing one or more of 
the following native plant species: Antidesma sp., Cheirodendron sp., 
Diospyros sp., Broussaisia arguta, Metrosideros polymorpha, Freycinetia 
arborea, Hedyotis terminalis, Machaerina angustifolia, Perrottetia 
sandwicensis, Psychotria hexandra, or Syzygium sandwicensis; and
    (2) elevations between 360 and 930 m (1,180 and 3,060 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Cyanea undulata are:
    (1) pristine, undisturbed sites along shady stream banks or steep 
to vertical slopes; and
    (2) elevations between 630 to 800 m (2,070 to 2,625 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Cyrtandra cyaneoides are:
    (1) steep slopes or cliffs near streams or waterfalls
    (a) in lowland or montane wet forest or shrubland dominated by 
Metrosideros polymorpha or a mixture of M. polymorpha and Dicranopteris 
linearis, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following native species: 
Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pipturus sp., Bidens sp., Psychotria sp., 
Pritchardia sp., Freycinetia arborea, Cyanea sp., Cyrtandra 
limahuliensis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Gunnera sp., Coprosma sp., 
Stenogyne sp., Machaerina sp., Boehmeria grandis, Pipturus sp., 
Cheirodendron sp., Hedyotis terminalis, or Hedyotis tryblium; and
    (2) elevations between 550 and 1,220 meter (1,800 and 4,000 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Cyrtandra limahuliensis are:
    (1) stream banks
    (a) in lowland wet forests, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following native plant species: 
Antidesma sp., Cyrtandra kealiea, Pisonia sp., Pipturus sp., Cibotium 
glaucum, Eugenia sp., Hedyotis terminalis, Dubautia sp., Boehmeria 
grandis, Touchardia latifolia, Bidens sp., Hibiscus waimeae, 
Charpentiera sp., Urera glabra, Pritchardia sp., Cyanea sp., 
Perrottetia sandwicensis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Dicranopteris 
linearis, Gunnera kauaiensis, or Psychotria sp.; and

[[Page 66844]]

    (2) elevations between 245 and 915 m (800 and 3,000 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Delissea rhytidosperma are:
    (1) well-drained soils with medium or fine-textured subsoil
    (a) in diverse lowland mesic forests or Acacia koa dominated 
lowland dry forests, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following native species: 
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Psychotria hobdyi, Pisonia sp., Pteralyxia sp., 
Dodonaea viscosa, Cyanea sp., Hedyotis sp., Dianella sandwicensis, 
Diospyros sandwicensis, Styphelia tameiameiae, or Nestegis 
sandwicensis; and
    (2) elevations between 120 and 915 m (400 and 3,000 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Delissea rivularis are:
    (1) steep slopes near streams
    (a) in Metrosideros polymorpha--Cheirodendron trigynum montane wet 
or mesic forest, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following native plant species: 
Broussaisia arguta, Carex sp., Coprosma sp., Melicope clusiifolia, M. 
anisata, Psychotria hexandra, Dubautia knudsenii, Diplazium 
sandwichianum, Hedyotis foggiana, Ilex anomala, or Sadleria sp.; and
    (2) elevations between 1,100 to 1,220 m (3,610 to 4,000 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Diellia pallida are:
    (1) bare soil on steep, rocky, dry slopes
    (a) in lowland mesic forests, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following native plant species: 
Acacia koa, Alectryon macrococcus, Antidesma platyphyllum, Metrosideros 
polymorpha, Myrsine lanaiensis, Zanthoxylum dipetalum, Tetraplasandra 
kauaiensis, Psychotria mariniana, Carex meyenii, Diospyros 
hillebrandii, Hedyotis knudsenii, Canthium odoratum, Pteralyxia 
kauaiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Alyxia olivaeformis, Wilkesia 
gymnoxiphium, Alphitonia ponderosa, Styphelia tameiameiae, or Rauvolfia 
sandwicensis; and
    (2) elevations between 520 to 915 m (1,700 to 3,000 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Dubautia latifolia are:
    (1) gentle or steep slopes on well drained soil
    (a) in semi-open or closed, diverse montane mesic forest dominated 
by Acacia koa and/or Metrosideros polymorpha, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following native plant species: 
Pouteria sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Nestegis sandwicensis, 
Diplazium sandwicensis, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Claoxylon sandwicense, 
Bobea sp., Pleomele sp., Antidesma sp., Cyrtandra sp., Xylosma sp., 
Alphitonia ponderosa, Coprosma waimeae, Dicranopteris linearis, 
Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex anomala, Melicope anisata, Psychotria 
mariniana, or Scaevola sp.; and
    (2) elevations between 800 to 1,220 m (2,625 to 4,000 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Dubautia pauciflorula are:
    (1) lowland wet forest within stream drainages; and
    (2) elevations between 670-700m (2,200-2,300 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Exocarpos luteolus are:
    (1) wet areas bordering swamps and open, dry ridges
    (a) in lowland or montane Metrosideros polymorpha dominated wet 
forest communities, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following native plant species: 
Acacia koa, Cheirodendron trigynum, Pouteria sandwicensis, Dodonaea 
viscosa, Pleomele aurea, Psychotria mariniana, Psychotria greenwelliae, 
Bobea brevipes, Hedyotis terminalis, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Melicope 
haupuensis, Dubautia laevigata, Dianella sandwicensis, Poa 
sandwicensis, Schiedea stellarioides, Peperomia macraeana, Claoxylon 
sandwicense, Santalum freycinetianum, Styphelia tameiameiae, or 
Dicranopteris linearis; and
    (2) elevations between 475 and 1,290 m (1,560 and 4,220 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Hedyotis st.-johnii are:
    (1) crevices of north-facing, near-vertical coastal cliff faces 
within the spray zone
    (a) in sparse dry coastal shrubland, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following native plant species: 
Myoporum sandwicense, Eragrostis variabilis, Lycium sandwicense, 
Heteropogon contortus, Artemisia australis or Chamaesyce celastroides; 
and
    (2) elevations below 75 m (250 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Hesperomannia lydgatei are:
    (1) stream banks with rich brown soil and silty clay
    (a) in Metrosideros polymorpha or Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet forest, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Adenophorus sp., Antidesma sp., Broussaisia arguta, 
Cheirodendron sp., Elaphoglossum sp., Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis 
terminalis, Labordia lydgatei, Machaerina angustifolia, Peperomia sp., 
Pritchardia sp., Psychotria hexandra, and Syzygium sandwicensis; and
    (2) elevations between 410-915 m (1,345-3,000 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Hibiscadelphus woodii are:
    (1) basalt talus or cliff walls
    (a) in Metrosideros polymorpha montane mesic forest, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Bidens sandwicensis, Artemisia australis, Melicope pallida, 
Dubautia sp., Lepidium serra, Lipochaeta sp., Lysimachia glutinosa, 
Carex meyenii, Chamaesyce celastroides var. hanapepensis, Hedyotis sp., 
Nototrichium sp., Panicum lineale, Myrsine sp., Stenogyne campanulata, 
Lobelia niihauensis, or Poa mannii; and
    (2) elevations around 915 m (3,000 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Hibiscus clayi are:
    (1) slopes
    (a) in Acacia koa or Diospyros sp.-Pisonia sp.-Metrosideros 
polymorpha lowland dry or mesic forest, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Hedyotis acuminata, Pipturus sp., Psychotria sp., Cyanea 
hardyi, Artemisia australis, or Bidens sp.; and
    (2) elevations between 230 to 350 m (750 to 1,150 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae are:
    (1) Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis or Pisonia sp., 
Charpentiera elliptica lowland wet or mesic forest and containing one 
or more of the following associated native plant species: Antidesma 
sp., Psychotria sp., Pipturus sp., Bidens sp., Bobea sp., Sadleria sp., 
Cyrtandra sp., Cyanea sp., Cibotium sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, or 
Syzygium sandwicensis; and
    (2) elevations between 190 and 560 m (620 and 1,850 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Kokia kauaiensis are:
    (1) diverse mesic forest containing one or more of the following 
associated native plant species: Acacia koa, Metrosideros polymorpha, 
Bobea sp., Diospyros sandwicensis, Hedyotis sp., Pleomele sp., Pisonia 
sp., Xylosma sp., Isodendrion sp., Syzygium

[[Page 66845]]

sandwicensis, Antidesma sp., Alyxia olivaeformis, Pouteria 
sandwicensis, Streblus pendulinus, Canthium odoratum, Nototrichium sp., 
Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Dicranopteris linearis, Hibiscus sp., Flueggea 
neowawraea, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Melicope sp., Diellia laciniata, 
Tetraplasandra sp., Chamaesyce celastroides, Lipochaeta fauriei, 
Dodonaea viscosa, Santalum sp., Claoxylon sp., or Nestegis 
sandwicensis; and
    (2) elevations between 350-660 m (1,150-2,165 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Labordia lydgatei are:
    (1) Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet 
forest containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Psychotria sp., Hedyotis terminalis sp., Cyanea sp., Cyrtandra 
sp., Labordia hirtella, Antidesma platyphyllum var. hillebrandii, 
Syzygium sandwicensis, Ilex anomala, or Dubautia knudsenii; and
    (2) elevations between 635 and 855 m (2,080 to 2,800 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis are:
    (1) streambanks
    (a) in lowland wet forests dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha, 
and
    (b) containing one or more of the following associated species: 
Cheirodendron sp., Dicranopteris linearis, Cyrtandra sp., Antidesma 
sp., Psychotria sp., Hedyotis terminalis, or Athyrium microphyllum; and
    (2) elevations between 300 to 920 m (985 to 3,020 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Lipochaeta fauriei are:
    (1) moderate shade to full sun on the sides of steep gulches
    (a) in diverse lowland mesic forests, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following native species: 
Diospyros sp., Myrsine lanaiensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Acacia koa, 
Pleomele aurea, Sapindus oahuensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Dodonaea 
viscosa, Psychotria mariniana, Psychotria greenwelliae, Kokia 
kauaiensis, or Hibiscus waimeae; and
    (2) elevations between 480 to 900 m (1,575 to 2,950 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Lipochaeta micrantha var. exigua are:
    (1) cliffs, ridges, or slopes
    (a) in grassy, shrubby or dry mixed communities, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Artemisia australis, Bidens sandvicensis, Plectranthus 
parviflorus, Chamaesyce celastroides, Diospyros sp., Canthium odoratum, 
Neraudia sp., Pipturus sp., Hibiscus kokio, Sida fallax, Eragrostis 
sp., or Lepidium bidentatum; and
    (2) elevations between 305-430 m (1,000-1,400 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Lipochaeta micrantha var. micrantha are:
    (1) basalt cliffs, stream banks, or level ground
    (a) in mesic or diverse Metrosideros polymorpha-Diospyros sp. 
forest, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Lobelia niihauensis, Chamaesyce celastroides var. 
hanapepensis, Neraudia kauaiensis, Rumex sp., Nontrichium sp., 
Artemisia sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Antidesma sp., Hibiscus sp., Xylosma 
sp., Pleomele sp., Melicope sp., Bobea sp., and Acacia koa; and
    (2) elevations between 610-720 m (2,000-2,360 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Lipochaeta waimeaensis are:
    (1) extremely steep, shrub-covered gulches
    (a) in diverse lowland forest, and
    (b) containing the native species Dodonaea viscosa or Lipochaeta 
connata; and
    (2) elevations between 350 to 400 m (1,150 to 1,310 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Melicope haupuensis are:
    (1) moist talus slopes
    (a) in Metrosideros polymorpha dominated lowland mesic forests, or 
Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa montane mesic forest and
    (b) containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Dodonaea viscosa, Diospyros sp., Psychotria mariniana, P. 
greenwelliae, Melicope ovata, M. anisata, M. barbigera, Dianella 
sandwicensis, Pritchardia minor, Tetraplasandra waimeae, Claoxylon 
sandwicensis, Cheirodendron trigynum, Pleomele aurea, Cryptocarya 
mannii, Pouteria sandwicensis, Bobea brevipes, Hedyotis terminalis, 
Elaeocarpus bifidus, or Antidesma sp; and
    (2) elevations between 375 to 1,075 m (1,230 to 3,530 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Munroidendron racemosum are:
    (1) steep exposed cliffs or ridge slopes
    (a) in coastal or lowland mesic forest, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following associated plant taxa 
including: Pisonia umbellifera, Canavalia galeata, Sida fallax, 
Brighamia insignis, Canthium odoratum, Psychotria sp., Nestegis 
sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra sp., Bobea timonioides, Rauvolfia 
sandwicensis, Pleomele sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, or Diospyros sp.; 
and
    (2) elevations between 120 to 400 m (395 to 1,310 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Myrsine linearifolia are:
    (1) diverse mesic or wet lowland or montane Metrosideros polymorpha 
forest
    (a) with Cheirodendron sp. or Dicranopteris linearis as co-
dominants, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Dubautia sp., Cryptocarya mannii, Sadleria pallida, Myrsine 
sp., Syzygium sandwicensis, Machaerina angustifolia, Freycinetia 
arborea, Hedyotis terminalis, Cheirodendron sp., Bobea brevipes, 
Nothocestrum sp., Melicope sp., Eurya sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., 
Lysimachia sp., or native ferns; and
    (2) elevations between 585 to 1,280 m (1,920 to 4,200 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Nothocestrum peltatum are:
    (1) fertile soil on steep slopes
    (a) in montane or lowland mesic or wet forest dominated by Acacia 
koa or a mixture of Acacia koa and Metrosideros polymorpha, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Antidesma sp., Dicranopteris linearis, Bobea brevipes, 
Elaeocarpus bifidus, Alphitonia ponderosa, Melicope anisata, M. 
barbigera, M. haupuensis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, 
Dianella sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra Kauaiensis, Claoxylon 
sandwicensis, Cheirodendron trigynum, Psychotria mariniana, P. 
greenwelliae, Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex anomala, Xylosma sp., 
Cryptocarya mannii, Coprosma sp., Pleomele aurea, Diplazium 
sandwicensis, Broussaisia arguta, or Perrottetia sandwicensis; and
    (2) elevations between 915 to 1,220 m (3,000 to 4,000 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Panicum niihauense
    are:
    (1) sand dunes
    (a) in coastal shrubland, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following associated native plant

[[Page 66846]]

species: Dodonaea viscosa, Cassytha filiformis, Scaevola sericea, Sida 
fallax, Vitex rotundifolia, or Sporobolus sp.; and
    (2) elevations of 100 m or less (330 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Phyllostegia knudsenii are:
    (1) Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic or wet forest containing 
one or more of the following associated native plant species: 
Perrottetia sandwicensis, Cyrtandra kauaiensis, Cyrtandra paludosa, 
Elaeocarpus bifidus, Claoxylon sandwicensis, Cryptocarya mannii, Ilex 
anomala, Myrsine linearifolia, Bobea timonioides, Selaginella 
arbuscula, Diospyros sp., Zanthoxylum dipetalum, Pittosporum sp., 
Tetraplasandra sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, or Pritchardia minor; and
    (2) elevations between 865-975 m (2,840-3,200 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Phyllostegia wawrana are:
    (1) Metrosideros polymorpha dominated lowland or montane wet or 
mesic forest
    (a) with Cheirodendron sp. or Dicranopteris linearis as co-
dominants, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Delissea rivularis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Vaccinium sp., 
Broussaisia arguta, Myrsine lanaiensis, Psychotria sp., Dubautia 
knudsenii, Scaevola procera, Gunnera sp., Pleomele aurea, Claoxylon 
sandwicense, Elaphoglossum sp., Hedyotis sp., Sadleria sp., and 
Syzygium sandwicensis; and
    (2) elevations between 780-1,210 m (2,560-3,920 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Poa mannii are:
    (1) cliffs, rock faces, or stream banks
    (a) in lowland or montane wet, dry, or mesic Metrosideros 
polymorpha or Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha montane mesic forest, 
and
    (b) containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Alectryon macrococcus, Antidesma platyphyllum, Bidens 
cosmoides, Chamaesyce celastroides var. hanapepensis, Artemisia 
australis, Bidens sandwicensis, Lobelia sandwicensis, Wilkesia 
gymnoxiphium, Eragrostis variabilis, Panicum lineale, Mariscus 
phloides, Luzula hawaiiensis, Carex meyenii, C. wahuensis, Cyrtandra 
wawrae, Dodonaea viscosa, Exocarpos luteolus, Labordia helleri, 
Nototrichium sp., Schiedea amplexicaulis, Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope 
anisata, M. barbigera, M. pallida, Pouteria sandwicensis, Schiedea 
membranacea, Diospyros sandwicensis, Psychotria mariniana, P. 
greenwelliae, or Kokia kauaiensis; and
    (2) elevations between 460 and 1,150 m (1,510 and 3,770 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Poa sandvicensis are:
    (1) wet, shaded, gentle or steep slopes, ridges, or rock ledges
    (a) in semi-open or closed, mesic or wet, diverse montane forest 
dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following associated native 
species: Dodonaea viscosa, Dubautia sp., Coprosma sp., Melicope sp., 
Dianella sandwicensis, Alyxia olivaeformis, Bidens sp., Dicranopteris 
linearis, Schiedea stellarioides, Peperomia macraeana, Claoxylon 
sandwicense, Acacia koa, Psychotria sp., Hedyotis sp., Scaevola sp., 
Cheirodendron sp., or Syzygium sandwicensis; and
    (2) elevations between 1,035 to 1,250 m (3,400 to 4,100 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Poa siphonoglossa are:
    (1) shady banks near ridge crests
    (a) in mesic Metrosideros polymorpha forest, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Acacia koa, Psychotria sp., Scaevola sp., Alphitonia 
ponderosa, Zanthoxylum dipetalum, Tetraplasandra Kauaiensis, Dodonaea 
viscosa, Hedyotis sp., Melicope sp., Vaccinium sp., Styphelia 
tameiameiae, Carex meyenii, Carex wahuensis, or Wilkesia gymnoxiphium; 
and
    (2) elevations between 1,000 to 1,200 m (3,300 and 3,940 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Pteralyxia kauaiensis are:
    (1) diverse mesic or wet forests containing one or more of the 
following associated plant taxa: Pisonia sandwicensis, Euphorbia 
haeleeleana, Charpentiera elliptica, Pipturus sp., Neraudia kauaiensis, 
Hedyotis terminalis, Pritchardia sp., Gardenia remyi, Syzygium sp., 
Pleomele sp., Cyanea sp., Hibiscus sp., Kokia kauaiensis, Alectryon 
macrococcus, Canthium odoratum, Nestegis sandwicensis, Bobea 
timonioides, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Nesoluma polynesicum, Myrsine 
lanaiensis, Caesalpinia Kauaiensis, Tetraplasandra sp., Acacia koa, 
Styphelia tameiameiae, Dodonaea viscosa, Gahnia sp., Freycinetia 
arborea, Psychotria mariniana, Diplazium sandwichianum, Zanthoxylum 
dipetalum, Carex sp., Delissea sp., Xylosma hawaiiense, Alphitonia 
ponderosa, Santalum freycinetianum, Antidesma sp., Diospyros sp., 
Metrosideros polymorpha, Dianella sandwicensis, Poa sandwicensis, 
Schiedea stellarioides, Peperomia macraeana, Claoxylon sandwicense, or 
Pouteria sandwicensis; and
    (2) elevations between 250 to 610 m (810 to 2,000 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Remya kauaiensis are:
    (1) steep, north or northeast facing slopes
    (a) in Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic forest, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Chamaesyce sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Diospyros sp., Hedyotis 
terminalis, Melicope ssp., Pouteria sandwicensis, Schiedea membranacea, 
Psychotria mariniana, Dodonaea viscosa, Dianella sandwicensis, 
Tetraplasandra kauaiensis or Claoxylon sandwicensis; and
    (2) elevations between 850 to 1,250 m (2,800 to 4,100 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Remya montgomeryi are:
    (1) steep, north or northeast-facing slopes, cliffs, or stream 
banks near waterfalls
    (a) in Metrosideros polymorpha mixed mesic forest, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Lysimachia glutinosa, Lepidium serra, Boehmeria grandis, Poa 
mannii, Stenogyne campanulata, Myrsine linearifolia, Bobea timonioides, 
Ilex anomala, Zanthoxylum dipetalum, Claoxylon sandwicensis, 
Tetraplasandra sp., Artemisia sp., Nototrichium sp., Cyrtandra sp., 
Dubautia plantaginea, Sadleria sp., Cheirodendron sp., Scaevola sp., or 
Pleomele sp.; and
    (2) elevations between 850 to 1,250 m (2,800 to 4,100 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Schiedea apokremnos are:
    (1) crevices of near-vertical coastal cliff faces
    (a) in sparse dry coastal shrub vegetation, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Heliotropium sp., Chamaesyce sp., Bidens sp., Artemisia 
australis, Lobelia niihauensis, Wilkesia hobdyi, Lipochaeta connata, 
Myoporum sandwicense, Canthium odoratum, or Peperomia sp.; and
    (2) elevations between 60 to 330 m (200 to 1,080 ft).

[[Page 66847]]

    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Schiedea helleri are:
    (1) ridges and steep cliffs
    (a) in closed Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis 
montane wet forest, or Metrosideros polymorpha-Cheirodendron sp. 
montane wet forest, or Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha montane mesic 
forest, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Dubautia raillardioides, Scaevola procera, Hedyotis 
terminalis, Syzygium sandwicensis, Melicope clusifolia, Cibotium sp., 
Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron sp., Cyanea hirtella, Dianella 
sandwicensis, Viola wailenalenae, or Poa sandwicensis; and
    (2) elevations between 1,065-1,100 m (3,490-3,610 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Schiedea kauaiensis are:
    (1) steep slopes
    (a) in diverse mesic or wet forest, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following associated plant taxa: 
Psychotria mariniana, Psychotria hexandra, Canthium odoratum, Pisonia 
sp., Microlepia speluncae, Exocarpos luteolus, Diospyros sp., 
Peucedanum sandwicense, or Euphorbia haeleeleana; and
    (2) elevations between 680-790 m (2,230-2,590 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Schiedea membranacea are:
    (1) cliffs or cliff bases
    (a) in mesic or wet habitats,
    (b) in lowland, or montane shrubland, or forest communities 
dominated by Acacia koa, Pipturus sp. or Metrosideros polymorpha, and
    (c) containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, Poa 
mannii, Hibiscus waimeae, Psychotria mariniana, Canthium odoratum, 
Pisonia sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, Scaevola procera, Sadleria 
cyatheoides, Diplazium sandwicensis, Thelypteris sandwicensis, 
Boehmeria grandis, Dodonaea viscosa, Myrsine sp., Bobea brevipes, 
Alyxia olivaeformis, Psychotria greenwelliae, Pleomele sp., Alphitonia 
ponderosa, Joinvillea ascendens ssp. ascendens, Athyrium sandwichianum, 
Machaerina angustifolia, Cyrtandra paludosa, Touchardia latifolia, 
Thelypteris cyatheoides, Lepidium serra, Eragrostis variabilis, Remya 
kauaiensis, Lysimachia kalalauensis, Labordia helleri, Mariscus 
pennatiformis, Asplenium praemorsum, or Poa sandvicensis; and
    (2) elevations between 520 and 1,160 m (1,700 and 3,800 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda are:
    (1) bare rock outcrops or sparsely vegetated portions of rocky 
cliff faces or cliff bases
    (a) in diverse lowland mesic forests, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following native plants: Bidens 
sandvicensis, Doryopteris sp., Peperomia leptostachya, or Plectranthus 
parviflorus; and
    (2) elevations between 180 and 800 m (590 and 2,625 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements for Schiedea 
spergulina var. spergulina are:
    (1) bare rock outcrops or sparsely vegetated portions of rocky 
cliff faces or cliff bases
    (a) in diverse lowland mesic forests, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following associated plant taxa: 
Heliotropium sp., or Nototrichium sandwicense; and
    (2) elevations between 180 and 800 m (590 and 2,625 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Schiedea stellarioides are:
    (1) steep slopes
    (a) in closed Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland or montane 
mesic forest or shrubland, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following native plant species: 
Nototrichium sp., Artemisia sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Melicope sp., 
Dianella sandwicensis, Bidens cosmoides, Mariscus sp., or Styphelia 
tameiameiae; and
    (2) elevations between 610 and 1,120 m (2,000 and 3,680 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Stenogyne campanulata are:
    (1) rock faces of nearly vertical, north-facing cliffs
    (a) in diverse lowland or montane mesic forest, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Heliotropium sp., Lepidium serra, Lysimachia glutinosa, 
Perrottetia sandwicensis, or Remya montgomeryi; and
    (2) an elevation of 1,085 m (3,560 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Viola helenae are:
    (1) stream banks or adjacent valley bottoms with light to moderate 
shade in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet 
forest; and
    (2) elevations between 610-855 m (2,000-2,800 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis are:
    (1) open montane bog or wet shrubland containing one or more of the 
following native plant species: Dicranopteris linearis, Diplopterygium 
pinnatum, Syzygium sandwicensis, or Metrosideros polymorpha; and
    (2) elevations between 640 and 865 m (2,100 and 2,840 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Wilkesia hobdyi are:
    (1) coastal dry cliffs or very dry ridges containing one or more of 
the following associated native plant species: Artemisia sp., Wilkesia 
gymnoxiphium, Lipochaeta connata, Lobelia niihauensis, Peucedanum 
sandwicensis, Hibiscus kokio ssp. saint johnianus, Canthium odoratum, 
Peperomia sp., Myoporum sandwicense, Sida fallax, Waltheria indica, 
Dodonaea viscosa, or Eragrostis variabilis; and
    (2) elevations between 275 to 400 m (900 to 1,310 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Xylosma crenatum are:
    (1) diverse Acacia koa -Metrosideros polymorpha montane mesic 
forest, or M. polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis montane wet forest, or 
A. koa -M. polymorpha montane wet forest, and containing one or more of 
the following associated native plant species: Tetraplasandra 
kauaiensis, Hedyotis terminalis, Pleomele aurea, Ilex anomala, 
Claoxylon sandwicense, Myrsine alyxifolia, Nestegis sandwicensis, 
Streblus pendulinus, Psychotria sp., Diplazium sandwichianum, Pouteria 
sandwicensis, Scaevola procera, Coprosma sp., Athyrium sandwichianum, 
Touchardia latifolia, Dubautia knudsenii, Cheirodendron sp., Lobelia 
yuccoides, Cyanea hirta, Poa sandwicensis, or Diplazium sandwichianum; 
and
    (2) elevations between 975 to 1,065 m (3,200 to 3,490 ft).

Multi Island Species

    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Adenophorus periens on Kauai are:
    (1) well-developed, closed canopy that provides deep shade or high 
humidity
    (a) in Metrosideros polymorpha-Cibotium glaucum lowland wet 
forests, open M. polymorpha montane wet

[[Page 66848]]

forest, or M. polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet forest, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following native plant species: 
Athyrium sandwicensis, Broussaisia sp., Cheirodendron trigynum, Cyanea 
sp., Cyrtandra sp., Dicranopteris linearis, Freycinetia arborea, 
Hedyotis terminalis, Labordia hirtella, Machaerina angustifolia, 
Psychotria sp., Psychotria hexandra, or Syzygium sandwicensis; and
    (2) elevations between 400 and 1,265 m (1,310 and 4,150 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Alectryon macrococcus on Kauai are:
    (1) dry slopes or gulches
    (a) in Diospyros sp.-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic forest, 
M. polymorpha mixed mesic forest, or Diospyros sp. mixed mesic forest, 
and
    (b) containing one or more of the following native plant species: 
Nestegis sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., Pisonia sp., Xylosma sp., 
Streblus pendulinus, Hibiscus sp., Antidesma sp., Pleomele sp., Acacia 
koa, Melicope knudsenii, Hibiscus waimeae, Pteralyxia sp., Zanthoxylum 
sp., Kokia Kauaiensis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Myrsine lanaiensis, 
Canthium odoratum, Canavalia sp., Alyxia olivaeformis, Nesoluma 
polynesicum, Munroidendron racemosum, Caesalpinia kauaiense, 
Tetraplasandra sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, or Bobea timonioides; and
    (2) elevations between 360 to 1,070 m (1,180 to 3,510 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Bonamia menziesii on Kauai are:
    (1) dry, mesic or wet forests containing one or more of the 
following native plant species: Metrosideros polymorpha, Canthium 
odoratum, Dianella sandwicensis, Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea 
viscosa, Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope anisata, Melicope barbigera, 
Myoporum sandwicense, Nestegis sandwicense, Pisonia sp., Pittosporum 
sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, or Sapindus oahuensis; and
    (2) elevations between 150 and 850 m (500 and 2,800 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Brighamia insignis on both Kauai and Niihau are:
    (1) rocky ledges with little soil or steep sea cliffs
    (a) in lowland dry grasslands or shrublands with annual rainfall 
that is usually less than 170 cm (65 in.), and
    (b) containing one or more of the following native plant species: 
Artemisia sp., Chamaesyce celastroides, Canthium odoratum, Eragrostis 
variabilis, Heteropogon contortus, Hibiscus kokio, Hibiscus 
saintjohnianus, Lepidium serra, Lipochaeta succulenta, Munroidendron 
racemosum, or Sida fallax; and
    (2) elevations between sea level and 480 m (1,575 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Centaurium sebaeoides on Kauai are:
    (1) volcanic or clay soils or cliffs
    (a) in arid coastal areas, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following native plant species: 
Artemisia sp., Bidens sp., Chamaesyce celastroides, Dodonaea viscosa, 
Fimbristylis cymosa, Heteropogon contortus, Jaquemontia ovalifolia, 
Lipochaeta succulenta, Lipochaeta heterophylla, Lipochaeta 
integrifolia, Lycium sandwicense, Lysimachia mauritiana, Mariscus 
phloides, Panicum fauriei, P. torridum, Scaevola sericea, Schiedea 
globosa, Sida fallax, or Wikstroemia uva-ursi; and
    (2) elevations below 250 m (800 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Cyperus trachysanthos on both Kauai and Niihau are:
    (1) wet sites (mud flats, wet clay soil, or wet cliff seeps)
    (a) on coastal cliffs or talus slopes, and
    (b) containing the native plant species Hibiscus tiliaceus; and
    (2) elevations between 3 and 160 m (10 and 525 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Delissea undulata on Kauai are:
    (1) dry or mesic open Sophora chrysophylla-Metrosideros polymorpha 
forests containing one or more of the following native plant species: 
Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Psychotria mariniana, P. 
greenwelliae, Santalum ellipticum, Nothocestrum breviflorum, or Acacia 
koa; and
    (2) elevations between 610-1,740 m (2,000-5,700 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Euphorbia haeleeleana on Kauai are:
    (1) lowland mixed mesic or dry forest
    (a) that is often dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha, Acacia koa, 
or Diospyros sp., and
    (b) containing one or more of the following native plant species: 
Acacia koaia, Antidesma platyphyllum, Claoxylon sp., Carex meyenii, 
Carex wahuensis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Dodonaea viscosa, Erythrina 
sandwicensis, Kokia kauaiensis, Pleomele aurea, Psychotria mariniana, 
P. greenwelliae, Pteralyxia sandwicensis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, 
Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Sapindus oahuensis, Tetraplasandra Kauaiensis, 
Pouteria sandwicensis, Pisonia sandwicensis, or Xylosma sp.; and
    (2) elevations between 205 and 670 m (680 and 2,200 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Flueggea neowawraea on Kauai are:
    (1) dry or mesic forests containing one or more of the following 
native plant species: Alectryon macrococcus, Bobea timonioides, 
Charpentiera sp., Caesalpinia kauaiense, Hibiscus sp., Melicope sp., 
Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine lanaiensis, Munroidendron racemosum, 
Tetraplasandra sp., Kokia kauaiensis, Isodendrion sp., Pteralyxia 
kauaiensis, Psychotria mariniana, Diplazium sandwichianum, Freycinetia 
arborea, Nesoluma polynesicum, Diospyros sp., Antidesma pulvinatum, A. 
platyphyllum, Canthium odoratum, Nestegis sandwicensis, Rauvolfia 
sandwicensis, Pittosporum sp., Tetraplasandra sp., Pouteria 
sandwicensis, Xylosma sp., Pritchardia sp., Bidens sp., or Streblus 
pendulinus; and
    (2) elevations of 250 to 1,000 m (820 to 3,280 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Gouania meyenii on Kauai are:
    (1) rocky ledges, cliff faces, or ridge tops
    (a) in dry shrubland or Metrosideros polymorpha lowland mesic 
forest, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following native plant species: 
Dodonaea viscosa, Chamaesyce sp., Psychotria sp., Hedyotis sp., 
Melicope sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Bidens sp., Carex meyenii, 
Diospyros sp., Lysimachia sp., or Senna gaudichaudii; and
    (2) elevations between 490 to 880 m (1,600 to 2,880 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Hedyotis cookiana on Kauai are:
    (1) streambeds or steep cliffs close to water sources in lowland 
wet forest communities; and
    (2) elevations between 170 and 370 m (560 and 1,210 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements for Isodendrion 
laurifolium on Kauai are:
    (1) diverse mesic or wet forest
    (a) dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha, Acacia koa, or Diospyros 
sp., and
    (b) containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Kokia kauaiensis, Streblus sp., Elaeocarpus bifidus, Canthium 
odoratum, Antidesma sp., Xylosma

[[Page 66849]]

hawaiiense, Hedyotis terminalis, Pisonia sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, 
Dodonaea viscosa, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Pleomele sp., Pittosporum sp., 
Melicope sp., Claoxylon sandwicense, Alphitonia ponderosa, Myrsine 
lanaiensis, or Pouteria sandwicensis; and
    (2) elevations between 490 and 820 m (1,600 and 2,700 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Isodendrion longifolium on Kauai are:
    (1) steep slopes, gulches, or stream banks
    (a) in mesic or wet Metrosideros polymorpha forests, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following native species: 
Dicranopteris linearis, Eugenia sp., Diospyros sp., Pritchardia sp., 
Canthium odoratum, Melicope sp., Cheirodendron sp., Ilex anomala, 
Pipturus sp., Hedyotis fluviatilis, Peperomia sp., Bidens sp., Nestegis 
sandwicensis, Cyanea hardyi, Syzygium sp., Cibotium sp., Bobea 
brevipes, Antidesma sp., Cyrtandra sp., Hedyotis terminalis, Peperomia 
sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pittosporum sp., or Psychotria sp.; and
    (2) elevations between 410 to 760 m (1,345 to 2,500 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Lobelia niihauensis on Kauai are:
    (1) exposed mesic mixed shrubland or coastal dry cliffs containing 
one or more of the following associated native plant species: 
Eragrostis sp., Bidens sp., Plectranthus parviflorus, Lipochaeta sp., 
Lythrum sp., Wilkesia hobdyi, Hibiscus kokio ssp. saint johnianus, 
Nototrichium sp., Schiedea apokremnos, Chamaesyce celastroides, 
Charpentiera sp., or Artemisia sp.; and
    (2) elevations between 100 to 830 m (330 to 1,400 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Lysimachia filifolia on Kauai are:
    (1) mossy banks at the base of cliff faces within the spray zone of 
waterfalls or along streams in lowland wet forests and containing one 
or more of the following associated native plant species: mosses, 
ferns, liverworts, Machaerina sp., Heteropogon contortus, or Melicope 
sp.; and
    (2) elevations between 240 to 680 m (800 to 2,230 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Melicope knudsenii on Kauai are:
    (1) forested flats or talus slopes
    (a) in lowland dry or montane mesic forests, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Dodonaea viscosa, Antidesma sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, 
Xylosma sp., Hibiscus sp., Myrsine lanaiensis, Diospyros sp., Rauvolfia 
sandwicensis, Bobea sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Hedyotis sp., Melicope 
sp., Psychotria sp., or Pittosporum Kauaiensis; and
    (2) elevations between 450 to 1,000 m (1,480 to 3,300 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent element of critical habitat 
for Melicope pallida on Kauai are:
    (1) steep rock faces
    (a) in lowland or montane mesic or wet forests or shrubland, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Dodonaea viscosa, Lepidium serra, Pleomele sp., Boehmeria 
grandis, Coprosma sp., Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope sp., Pouteria 
sandwicensis, Poa mannii, Schiedea membranacea, Psychotria mariniana, 
Dianella sandwicensis, Pritchardia minor, Chamaesyce celastroides var. 
hanapepensis, Nototrichium sp., Carex meyenii, Artemisia sp., Abutilon 
sandwicense, Alyxia olivaeformis, Dryopteris sp., Metrosideros 
polymorpha, Pipturus albidus, Sapindus oahuensis, Tetraplasandra sp., 
or Xylosma hawaiiense; and
    (2) elevations between 490 to 915 m (1,600 to 3,000 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Peucedanum sandwicense on Kauai are:
    (1) cliff habitats
    (a) in mixed shrub coastal dry cliff communities or diverse mesic 
forest and,
    (b) containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Hibiscus kokio, Brighamia insignis, Bidens sp., Artemisia sp., 
Lobelia niihauensis, Wilkesia gymnoxiphium, Canthium odoratum, Dodonaea 
viscosa, Psychotria sp., Acacia koa, Kokio kauaiensis, Carex meyenii, 
Panicum lineale, Chamaesyce celastroides, Eragrostis sp., Diospyros 
sp., or Metrosideros polymorpha; and
    (2) elevations from sea level to above 915 m (3,000 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Plantago princeps on Kauai are:
    (1) steep slopes, rock walls, or bases of waterfalls
    (a) in mesic or wet Metrosideros polymorpha forest, and (b) 
containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Dodonaea viscosa, Psychotria sp., Dicranopteris linearis, 
Cyanea sp., Hedyotis sp., Melicope sp., Dubautia plantaginea, Exocarpos 
luteolus, Poa siphonoglossa, Nothocestrum peltatum, Remya montgomeryi, 
Stenogyne campanulata, Xylosma sp., Pleomele sp., Machaerina 
angustifolia, Athyrium sp., Bidens sp., Eragrostis sp., Lysimachia 
filifolia, Pipturus sp., Cyrtandra sp., or Myrsine linearifolia; and
    (2) elevations between 480 to 1,100 m (1,580 to 3,610 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Platanthera holochila on Kauai are:
    (1) Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis montane wet 
forest or M. polymorpha mixed bog and containing one or more of the 
following associated native plants: Myrsine denticulata, Cibotium sp., 
Coprosma ernodeoides, Oreobolus furcatus, Styphelia tameiameiae, or 
Vaccinium sp.; and
    (2) elevations between 1,050 and 1,600 m (3,450 and 5,245 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Schiedea nuttallii on Kauai are:
    (1) diverse lowland mesic forest, often with Metrosideros 
polymorpha dominant and containing one or more of the following 
associated native plant species: Antidesma sp. Psychotria sp., 
Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pisonia sp., or Hedyotis acuminata; and
    (2) elevations between 415 and 790 m (1,360 and 2,590 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Sesbania tomentosa on Kauai are:
    (1) sandy beaches, dunes, soil pockets on lava, or pond margins
    (a) in coastal dry shrublands, or open Metrosideros polymorpha 
forests, or mixed coastal dry cliffs, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Sida fallax, Heteropogon contortus, Myoporum sandwicense, 
Sporobolus virginicus, Scaevola sericea or Dodonaea viscosa; and
    (2) elevations between sea level and 12 m (0 and 40 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Solanum sandwicense on Kauai are:
    (1) open, sunny areas
    (a) in diverse lowland or montane mesic or wet forests, and
    (b) containing one or more of the following associated plants: 
Alphitonia ponderosa, Ilex anomala, Xylosma sp., Athyrium sandwicensis, 
Syzygium sandwicensis, Bidens cosmoides, Dianella sandwicensis, Poa 
siphonoglossa, Carex meyenii, Hedyotis sp., Coprosma sp., Dubautia sp., 
Pouteria sandwicensis, Cryptocarya mannii, Acacia koa, Metrosideros 
polymorpha, Dicranopteris linearis, Psychotria sp., or Melicope sp.; 
and
    (2) elevations between 760 and 1,220 m (2,500 and 4,000 ft).

[[Page 66850]]

    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Spermolepis hawaiiensis on Kauai are:
    (1) Metrosideros polymorpha forests or Dodonaea viscosa lowland dry 
shrubland containing one or more of the following associated plant 
species: Eragrostis variabilis, Bidens sandvicensis, Schiedea 
spergulina, Lipochaeta sp., Cenchrus agrimonioides, Sida fallax, 
Doryopteris sp., or Gouania hillebrandii; and
    (2) elevations of about 305 to 600 m (1,000 to 2,000 ft).
    The currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat for Zanthoxylum hawaiiense on Kauai are:
    (1) lowland dry or mesic forests, or montane dry forest
    (a) dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or Diospyros sandwicensis, 
and
    (b) containing one or more of the following associated plant 
species: Pleomele auwahiensis, Antidesma platyphyllum, Pisonia sp., 
Alectryon macrococcus, Charpentiera sp., Melicope sp., Streblus 
pendulinus, Myrsine lanaiensis, Sophora chrysophylla, or Dodonaea 
viscosa; and
    (2) elevations between 550 and 730 m (1,800 and 2,400 ft).

C. Methods for Selection of Areas for Proposed Critical Habitat 
Designations

    As discussed above, very little is known about the specific 
physical and biological requirements of most of the 76 species. 
Therefore, we have defined the primary constituent elements based on 
the general habitat features of the areas in which the plants currently 
occur, such as the type of plant community the plants are growing in, 
their physical location (e.g., steep rocky cliffs, talus slopes, stream 
banks), and elevation. The areas we are proposing to designate as 
critical habitat provide some or all of the habitat components 
essential for the conservation of the 76 plant species.
    Critical habitat may also include areas outside the area currently 
occupied by a species when it is determined that such areas are 
essential to the conservation of the species. 16 U.S.C. 
Sec. 1532(5)(A)(ii). For example, this may include potentially suitable 
unoccupied habitat that is important to the recovery of the species. 
However, except for areas within the Alakai Swamp, as discussed later, 
we have not included such areas in the proposed designations for these 
76 species due to our limited knowledge of the historical range (the 
geographical area outside the area presently occupied by the species) 
and our lack of more detailed information on the specific physical or 
biological features essential for the conservation of the species. This 
would include those features that would be needed, for instance, to 
determine where to reintroduce a species. Although, we consider 
reintroduction (the planting of propagated individuals or seedlings 
into an area) to be an acceptable method to try to achieve plant 
species recovery, native plant reintroductions are difficult and 
successful efforts are not common. We will continue to support 
experimental efforts to reintroduce species that may provide us with 
additional information on the physical and biological features 
essential to the conservation of these species. If necessary, 
unoccupied habitat could be designated in the future to provide 
additional protection to reintroduced plants.
    The historical (pre-1970) or even some post-1970 records for a 
species may be based on herbarium specimens that contain only the most 
rudimentary collection information, such as only the name of the island 
from which the specimen was collected or a general place name (e.g., 
east Kauai, Na Pali coast, Waimea, Hanalie). In the main Hawaiian 
Islands, climatic and ecological conditions, such as rainfall, 
elevation, slope, and aspect, may vary dramatically within a relatively 
short distance. Therefore, a simple place name would not provide 
adequate information on the specific physical and biological features 
of the area where the plant specimen was collected.
    The apparent unpredictable distribution of Hawaiian plant species 
also makes it difficult to designate potentially suitable unoccupied 
habitat. For example, a species may be known from northern and southern 
locations on an island, but not from intervening locations in similar 
habitat. Based on the best available information, we may be unable to 
determine whether the species once occurred in the intervening areas 
and disappeared prior to Polynesian or European times (thus never 
having been collected or documented there) or simply never occurred 
there.
    As required by the Act and regulations (section 4(b)(2) and 50 CFR 
424.12) we used the best scientific information available to determine 
areas that contain the physical and biological features that are 
essential for the survival and recovery of the 76 plant species. This 
information included site-specific species information from the Hawaii 
Natural Heritage Program (HINHP) and our rare plant database, species 
information from the Center for Plant Conservation's (CPC) rare plant 
monitoring database housed at the University of Hawaii's Lyon 
Arboretum, recent biological surveys and reports, our recovery plans 
for these 76 species, discussions with botanical experts, and 
recommendations from the Hawaii and Pacific Plant Recovery Coordinating 
Committee (Plant Recovery Committee) (see below) (HINHP 1999, Plant 
Recovery Committee 1998, USFWS 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998a, 1998b, 1999; S. 
Perlman, pers. comm. 2000; Derral Herbst, Bishop Museum, pers. comm., 
2000; Warren L. Wagner, Smithsonian Institution, pers. comm., 2000; CPC 
in litt.1999).
    In 1994, the Plant Recovery Committee initiated an effort to 
identify and map habitat it believed to be necessary for the recovery 
of 282 endangered and threatened Hawaiian plant species. The Plant 
Recovery Committee identified areas on most of the islands in the 
Hawaiian chain, and in 1999, we published a description of these areas 
in our Recovery Plan for the Multi-Island Plants (USFWS 1999). The 
Plant Recovery Committee expects there will be subsequent efforts to 
further refine the locations of important habitat areas and that new 
survey information or research findings may also lead to additional 
refinements (Plant Recovery Committee 1998).
    Because the Plant Recovery Committee identified essential habitat 
areas for all listed, proposed, and candidate plant species, as well as 
evaluated if these essential habitat areas would provide for habitat 
requirements of other species the Service is monitoring, the Plant 
Recovery Committee's mapping of habitat is distinct from the regulatory 
designation of critical habitat. These habitat maps are a planning tool 
to focus conservation efforts on the areas that may be most important 
to the conservation of Hawaii's listed species and other non-listed 
plants.
    For the 76 plant species on Kauai and Niihau, currently occupied 
habitat was examined and critical habitat boundaries were delineated so 
that locations with a high density of endangered and threatened plants 
(multi-species units) were clearly depicted. However, these multi-
species critical habitat units are not homogeneous or uniform in 
nature. The variable topography of the Hawaiian Islands necessitate the 
creation of critical habitat units that often encompassed a number of 
plant community types.
    When developing critical habitat units, every current (post-1970) 
location of every plant specimen was delineated within a 586 m (1,924 
ft) radius circle,

[[Page 66851]]

in order to insure enough area to provide for the proper ecological 
functioning of the habitat immediately supporting the plant. Due to 
inaccuracies in mapping locations, it has been determined that the 
actual location of the plant specimen is within 536 m (1,760 ft) of the 
center of the delineated circle. The 536 m (1,760 ft) distance is 
consistent with standard mapping methodology for rare species used by 
the HINHP (1996). An additional 50 m (164 ft) included in the 
delineated circle to be consistent with the guidelines identified in 
the recovery plans for these species for minimum-sized exclosures for 
rare plants (USFWS 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998a, 1998b, 1999). In cases of 
isolated species locations, an area with a radius of roughly 586 m 
(1,924 ft) is proposed as critical habitat (HINHP 1996; USFWS 1994, 
1995, 1996, 1998a, 1998b, 1999).
    In areas with multiple species locations, critical habitat units 
were developed as follows.

--Known current locations of each plant specimen were delineated using 
the guidelines explained above (Figure 1(a)).
--The perimeter boundaries of individual circular areas were connected 
to form unit area boundaries (Figure 1(b)).
--Unit area boundaries were delineated to follow significant 
topographic features (50 CFR Sec. 424.12(c)) such as coastlines, 
ridgelines, and valleys (Figure 1(c)).
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP07NO00.000

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP07NO00.001

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP07NO00.002

This delineation method was used to facilitate identification of 
boundary lines and to aid in implementation of on-the-ground 
conservation measures. When delineating critical habitat units, we made 
an effort to avoid developed areas such as towns, agricultural lands, 
and other lands unlikely to contribute to the conservation of the 76 
species. Existing features and structures within proposed areas, such 
as buildings, roads, aqueducts, telecommunications equipment, arboreta 
and gardens, heiaus (indigenous place of worship, shrine), and other 
man-made features, do not contain, and are not likely to develop, 
constituent elements. Therefore, unless a Federal action related to 
these existing features or structures indirectly affected nearby 
habitat containing the primary constituent elements, such features or 
structures would not be included in the critical habitat designation 
and therefore, not be impacted by the designation of critical habitat.
    The only exception to this methodology are the units in the Alakai 
Swamp area (units H, I, and T). The Alakai Swamp is a contiguous 
watershed that, due to its largely boggy condition, is sensitive to 
disturbances. The relatively level cap rock formation of the Alakai 
plateau has allowed clay-like soils to accumulate in this area and 
produce bogs and large forested areas

[[Page 66852]]

with hydrated (wet) soil. Where water has completely saturated the 
soils, many of the common native plants, such as Metrosideros 
polymorpha, Vaccinium sp., Styphelia tameiameiae, and Coprosma sp., are 
severely stunted and give way to species adapted specifically to bog 
environments (Carlquist 1980). Patterns of water drainage in the Alakai 
are critical to the maintenance of plant habitats and plant community 
diversity in this ecosystem (Mueller-Dombois and Fosberg 1998). Changes 
in water flow patterns or forest cover can lead to long-term shifts in 
plant habitat used by Exocarpos luteolus and Platanthera holochila, the 
two federally listed plant species known from this area. Platanthera 
holochila is restricted to the bog habitats within the Alakai Swamp 
where fewer than ten individuals exist. Exocarpos luteolus is typically 
associated with habitat edges where ecological conditions such as 
availability of light and moisture changes rapidly over short 
distances. These types of habitats cover comparatively small areas that 
are scattered throughout the Alakai Swamp landscape. In addition, 
individual areas may disappear or be created over time depending on 
changes in seasonal patterns of rainfall or water drainage, or rooting 
pigs which can alter these edge landscapes and open them to invasive 
nonnative weeds, such as Juncus sp. that can exclude native plants.
    Because the habitats required by these two listed species are 
likely dispersed throughout the Alakai Swamp, we believe this area 
should be managed as a cohesive ecological unit in order to insure 
enough area to provide for the proper ecological functioning of the 
habitat immediately supporting the plants. Smaller areas where these 
species now occur may simply dry up or become too wet to sustain them. 
In addition, the current known locations of these two listed species 
may not represent all extant locations. The Alakai Swamp area is 
extremely rugged and difficult to survey, and remnant populations may 
occur in remote areas of the Swamp. Therefore, it is possible that the 
entire swamp is occupied habitat, but to the extent portions are not 
currently occupied, maintenance of the swamp's ecosystem is essential 
to the conservation of these species. Designation of an inclusive areas 
is also consistent with 50 CFR 424.12(d) which allows for several 
habitats that each meet the requirements for designation to be 
designated at one unit.
    All currently occupied sites containing one or more of the primary 
constituent elements considered essential to the conservation of the 76 
plant species were examined to determine if additional special 
management considerations or protection are required above those 
currently provided. We reviewed all available management information on 
the plants at these sites including published reports and surveys; 
annual performance reports; forestry management plans; grants; 
memoranda of understanding and cooperative agreements; DOFAW planning 
documents; internal letters and memos; biological assessments and 
environmental impact statements; and, section 7 consultations. 
Additionally, each public (i.e., any county, state, or Federal 
government office holdings) and private landowner on Kauai and Niihau 
with a known occurrence of one of the 76 species was contacted by mail. 
We reviewed all information received during the public comment period, 
in response to our landowner mailing and at open houses held at three 
locations on Kauai from October 19-21, 1999. When clarification was 
required on the information provided to us, we followed up with a 
telephone contact. Because of the large amount of land on Kauai under 
State of Hawaii jurisdiction, we personally met with staff from the 
Kauai DOFAW and Kauai State Parks to discuss their current management 
for the plants on their lands. In addition, we contacted the State's 
Department of Hawaiian Home Lands regarding management for the plants 
on lands under their jurisdiction.
    If an area being considered for designation as critical habitat is 
not in need of additional special management or protection and it is 
certain to remain so in the future, the area does not meet the 
definition in section 3(5)(A) of the Act. In order to make the 
determination that an area is not in need of special management 
considerations or protection, we must find that the management efforts 
are certain to be implemented and effective so as to contribute to the 
recovery of the species. Any such area must be specifically managed for 
the species and have a net conservation benefit for the species. In 
this case, we considered whether the management would reduce the 
threats to the species.
    In determining and weighing the relative significance of the 
threats that would need to be addressed in management plans or 
agreements, we considered the following:

--The factors that led to the listing of the species, as described in 
the final rules for listing each of the species. For all or nearly all 
endangered and threatened plants in Hawaii, the major threats include 
adverse impacts due to nonnative plant and animal species. Direct 
browsing, digging, and trampling by ungulates, including pigs, goats, 
cattle, sheep, and deer, and direct competition from nonnative plants 
have led to the decline of Hawaii's native flora (Smith 1985; Stone 
1985; Wagner et al. 1985; Scott et al. 1986; Cuddihy and Stone 1990; 
Vitousek 1992; Loope in Mac et al. 1998; USFWS 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998a, 
1998b, 1999). Ungulate activity in most areas results in an increase of 
nonnative plants since most of these nonnative plants are able to 
colonize disturbed areas more quickly and effectively than Hawaii's 
native plants (Smith 1985; Scott et al. 1986; Cuddihy and Stone 1990; 
Mack 1992; Tunison et al. 1992; USFWS 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998a, 1998b, 
1999).
--The management actions needed for assurance of survival and ultimate 
recovery of Hawaii's endangered plants. These actions are described in 
the Service's recovery plans for the 76 species (USFWS 1994, 1995, 
1996, 1998a, 1998b, 1999), the 1998 Plant Recovery Committee report 
(``Habitat Essential to the Recovery of Hawaiian Plants'') to the 
Service (Plant Recovery Committee 1998), the June 1999 Plant Recovery 
Committee draft ``Integrated Plan for the Conservation of Hawaii's 
Unique Plants and the Ecosystems They Depend Upon'' (Plant Recovery 
Committee in prep.), and in various other documents and publications 
relating to plant conservation in Hawaii (Mueller-Dombois 1985; Smith 
1985; Stone 1985; Cuddihy and Stone 1990; Stone et al. 1992). In 
addition to monitoring the plant populations, these actions include, 
but are not limited to: (1) Feral ungulate control; (2) nonnative plant 
control; (3) rodent control; (4) invertebrate pest control; (5) fire 
control; (6) maintenance of genetic material of the endangered and 
threatened plants species; (7) propagation, reintroduction, and/or 
augmentation of existing populations into areas deemed essential for 
the recovery of these species; (8) ongoing management of the wild, 
outplanted, and augmented populations; and (9) habitat management and 
restoration in areas deemed essential for the recovery of these 
species.

    In general, taking all of the above recommended management actions 
into account, the following management actions are ranked in order of 
importance. It should be noted, however, that, on a case-by-case basis,

[[Page 66853]]

some of these actions may rise to a higher level of importance for a 
particular species or area, depending on the biological and physical 
requirements of the species and the location(s) of the individual 
plants:

--Feral ungulate control;
--Nonnative plant control;
--Rodent control;
--Invertebrate pest control;
--Fire control;
--Maintenance of genetic material of the endangered and threatened 
plant species;
--Propagation, reintroduction, and/or augmentation of existing 
populations into areas deemed essential for the recovery of the 
species;
--Ongoing management of the wild, outplanted, and augmented 
populations;
--Maintenance of natural pollinators and pollinating systems, when 
known;
--Habitat management and restoration in areas deemed essential for the 
recovery of the species;
--Monitoring of the wild, outplanted, and augmented populations;
--Rare plant surveys;
--Control of human activities/access.
    As shown in Table 3, the 76 species of plants occur on Federal, 
State, and private lands on the islands of Kauai and Niihau. In 
addition to the information in our files, we received various amounts 
and types of information on the conservation management actions 
occurring on these lands. In response to our two public notices, 
letters to the landowners, open houses, and meetings, many landowners 
reported that they are not conducting conservation management actions 
on their lands, while others provided information on various 
activities, such as fencing, weeding, and control of human access.
    Management occurring on the U.S. military lands on the island of 
Kauai currently consists of restricting human access and mowing 
landscaped areas. Since these actions alone are not sufficient to 
address relevant threats facing the listed plant species, these lands 
are included in the proposed critical habitat units for the following 
plant species: Panicum niihauense, Sesbania tomentosa, Pteralyxia 
kauaiensis, Wilkesia hobdyi, Isodendrion longifolium, Nothocestrum 
peltatum, Phyllostegia wawrana, Remya montgomeryi, Schiedea 
membranacea, Solanum sandwicense, and Xylosma crenatum.
    The State lands on the island of Kauai that harbor many of the 76 
plant species are administered by the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands 
(DHHL) and the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR). DLNR 
lands are made up of State Parks, Forest Reserves, Natural Area 
Reserves, and the Alakai Wilderness Preserve. The Division of Forestry 
and Wildlife administers all of these lands, except the State parks, 
which are administered by the Division of State Parks. DLNR also 
manages the DHHL lands on the island of Kauai. Although the State 
conducts some conservation management actions on these lands and 
provides access to others who are conducting such activities, there are 
no comprehensive management plans for the long-term conservation of 
endangered and threatened plants on these lands and no assurances that 
management actions will be implemented. Therefore, we cannot, at this 
time, find that management on State lands is adequate to exclude them 
from designation as critical habitat.
    The Service received 25 responses from the over 160 private 
landowners who received letters inquiring about management actions on 
their lands. The main activities being conducted by several of these 
landowners are weeding, control of human access, and planting of native 
species. We are aware of only a few private landowners who are drafting 
management plans for their areas. Without such plans and assurances 
that the plans will be implemented, we are unable to find that the 
lands in question do not require special management or protection.
    For the 76 species for which designation of critical habitat is 
prudent, we know of no areas at this time that do not require special 
management considerations or protection. However, if we receive 
information during the public comment period that any of the lands 
within the proposed designations are actively managed to promote the 
conservation and recovery of these listed species, in accordance with 
long term conservation management plans or agreements, and there are 
assurances that the proposed management actions will be implemented and 
effective, we can consider this information when making a final 
determination of critical habitat.
    In summary, the proposed critical habitat areas described below 
constitute our best assessment of the physical and biological features 
needed for the conservation of the 76 plant species and the special 
management needs of the species, and are based on the best scientific 
and commercial information available and described above. We 
acknowledge that we have incomplete information regarding many of the 
primary biological and physical requirements for these species, but the 
Act and relevant court orders require us to proceed with designation at 
this time based on the available information, however limited. As new 
information accrues, and in conjunction with our listing priority 
guidance and available budget, we may reevaluate if additional areas 
warrant critical habitat designation. We anticipate that comments 
received through the public review process and from any public 
hearings, if requested, will provide additional information in our 
decision-making process.
    The approximate areas of proposed critical habitat by land 
ownership are shown in Table 5. Proposed critical habitat includes 
habitat for 76 species predominantly in northwestern Kauai, with 
smaller units scattered in other portions of the island and two small 
units in the northwestern portion of Niihau. Lands proposed are under 
private, State, and Federal jurisdiction (owned and leased lands), with 
Federal lands including lands managed by the Department of Defense. 
Lands proposed as critical habitat have been divided into 21 units 
(Kauai A through Kauai U) on Kauai and 2 units (Niihau A and Niihau B) 
on Niihau. A brief description of each unit is presented below.

 Table 5.--Approximate Proposed Critical Habitat Area by Unit and Land Ownership or Jurisdiction, Kauai County,
                                                     Hawaii
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
          Unit name                  State            Private           Federal                 Total
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kauai A......................  N/A.............  120.79 hectares.  N/A.............  120.79 hectares
                                                 (298.34 acres)..                    (298.34 acres).
Kauai B......................  139.32hectares..  2.91 hectares...  N/A.............  142.23 hectares
                               (344.27 acres)..  (7.18 acres)....                    (351.45 acres).
Kauai C......................  N/A.............  123.92 hectares.  N/A.............  123.92 hectares
                                                 (306.20 acres)..                    (306.20 acres).

[[Page 66854]]

 
Kauai D......................  N/A.............  124.68 hectares.  N/A.............  124.68 hectares
                                                 (308.08 acres)..                    (308.08 acres).
Kauai E......................  N/A.............  116.72 hectares.  N/A.............  116.72 hectares
                                                 (288.42 acres)..                    (288.42 acres).
Kauai F......................  352.05hectares..  591.05 hectares.  N/A.............  943.10 hectares
                               (869.91 acres)..  (1,460.49 acres)                    (2,330.40 acres).
Kauai G......................  6,052.12          316.27 hectares.  3.67 hectaries..  6,372.06 hectares
                                hectares.        (781.50 acres)..  (9.06 acres)....  (15,745.35 acres).
                               (14,954.79
                                acres).
Kauai H......................  3,877.20          68.49 hectares..  N/A.............  3,945.69 hectares
                                hectares.        (169.25 acres)..                    (9,749.80 acres).
                               (9,580.55 acres)
Kauai I......................  4,042.80          1,067.95          N/A.............  5,110.75 hectares
                                hectares.         hectares.                          (12,628.67 acres).
                               (9,989.77 acres)  (2,638.91 acres)
Kauai J......................  328.79 hectares.  102.48 hectares.  72.78 hectares..  504.05 hectares
                               (812.43 acres)..  (253.22 acres)..  (179.83 acres)..  (1,245.48 acres).
Kauai K......................  N/A.............  820.76 hectares.  N/A.............  820.76 hectares
                                                 (2,028.09 acres)                    (2,028.09 acres).
Kauai L......................  215.40 hectares.  1,466.89          N/A.............  1,682.29 hectares
                               (532.24 acres)..   hectares.                          (4,156.93 acres).
                                                 (3,624.69 acres)
Kauai M......................  N/A.............  482.16 hectares.  N/A.............  482.16 hectares
                                                 (1,191.42 acres)                    (1,191.42 acres).
Kauai N......................  286.14 hectares.  N/A.............  N/A.............  286.14 hectares
                               (707.06 acres)..                                      (707.06 acres).
Kauai O......................  188.93 hectares.  53.86 hectares..  N/A.............  242.79 hectares
                               (466.85 acres)..  (133.08 acres)..                    (599.93 acres).
Kauai P......................  456.62 hectares.  254.82 hectares.  N/A.............  711.44 hectares
                               (1,128.30 acres)  (639.66 acres)..                    (1,757.96 acres).
Kauai Q......................  58.35 hectares..  195.35 hectares.  N/A.............  253.70 hectares
                               (144.18 acres)..  (482.71 acres)..                    (626.89 acres).
Kauai R......................  694.10 hectares.  521.49 hectares.  N/A.............  1,215.59 hectares
                               (1,715.13 acres)  (1,288.60 acres)                    (3,003.73 acres).
Kauai S......................  119.08 hectares.  N/A.............  N/A.............  119.08 hectares
                               (294.26 acres)..                                      (294.26 acres).
Kauai T......................  200.57 hectares.  438.01 hectares.  N/A.............  638.58 hectares
                               (495.63 acres)..  (a,082.32 acres)                    (1,577.95 acres).
Kauai U......................  392.21 hectares.  N/A.............  N/A.............  392.21 hectares
                               (969.15 acres)..                                      (969.15 acres).
Niihau A.....................  N/A.............  93.79 hectares..  N/A.............  93.79 hectares
                                                 (231.76 acres)..                    (231.76 acres).
Niihau B.....................  N/A.............  96.76 hectares..  N/A.............  96.76 hectares
                                                 (239.09 acres)..                    (239.09 acres).
    Total....................  17,403.68         7059.10 hectares  76.45 hectares..  24.539.23 hectares
                                hectares.        (17,443.01        (188.89 acres)..  (60,636.42 acres).
                               (43,004.52         acres).
                                acres).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Descriptions of Critical Habitat Units

Kauai A

    The proposed Kauai A provides critical habitat for one species: 
Cyrtandra limahuliensis. This unit contains a total of 120.79 hectares 
(ha) (298.34 acres (ac)) on privately owned land. The natural features 
found in this unit are portions of the floor and western wall of 
Lumahai Valley and portions of the Lumahai River. This unit is bound on 
the west by the western wall of Lumahai Valley and on the east by the 
eastern wall of Lumahai Valley.

Kauai B

    The proposed Kauai B provides critical habitat for two species: 
Lipochaeta waimeaensis and Spermolepis hawaiiensis. This unit contains 
a total of 142.23 ha (351.45 ac). The lands contained within this unit 
are owned by the State of Hawaii and by private landowners. The natural 
features found within this unit are portions of the following areas: 
western wall of Waimea Canyon, Huluhulunui Ridge, Hukipo Ridge, and the 
Waimea River. This unit is bounded on the northeast and east by Waimea 
Canyon; on the west by Kapilimao Valley; and on the south by Hukipo 
Ridge.

Kauai C

    The proposed Kauai C provides critical habitat for one species: 
Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda. This unit contains a total of 123.92 
ha (306.20 ac) of privately owned land. The natural features found 
within this unit are portions of the Lawai Valley and Lawai Stream. To 
the east of the unit is the Niukapu Heiau; to the south is Lawai Bay; 
to the north are the Lawai Homesteads; and to the northwest is Kalaheo 
town.

Kauai D

    The proposed Kauai D provides critical habitat for one species: 
Solanum sandwicense. This unit totals 124.68 ha (308.08 ac) on land 
owned by a single private entity within the State's Na Pali-Kona Forest 
Reserve. The most evident natural feature found in this area is a 
portion of the Mokuone Stream.

Kauai E

    The proposed Kauai E provides critical habitat for Brighamia 
insignis. This unit contains a total of 116.72 ha (288.42 ac), all 
within the Haupu Mountain Range. The area contained in this unit is 
owned by a private entity. The natural features found in this unit are 
Keopaweo Peak and portions of the north facing slope of the Haupu

[[Page 66855]]

Mountain Range. This area is bounded on the north by Huleia Stream.

Kauai F

    The proposed Kauai F provides critical habitat for 12 species: 
Adenophorus periens, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Delissea rhytidosperma, 
Flueggea neowawraea, Hesperomannia lydgatei, Hibiscus waimeae ssp. 
hannerae, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia lydgatei, Lobelia 
niihauensis, Myrsine linearifolia, Peucedanum sandwicense,and 
Pteralyxia kauaiensis. This unit contains a total of 943.10 ha 
(2,330.40 ac) of land owned by the State of Hawaii and private owners. 
A very small portion of this unit is found in the State's Hono o Na 
Pali Natural Area Reserve. The natural features contained within this 
unit are Kulanaililia Peak, portions of Manoa Stream, Pohakukane Peak, 
portions of Haena Valley, portions of the Wainiha Pali, portions of 
Wainiha Valley, Hono o Na Pali Peak, Limahuli Falls, Limahuli Valley 
and Stream, Maunapulua Peak, Maunahou Peak, Makana Peak, and portions 
of Hanakapiai Valley and Stream. This unit is bounded on the east by 
Wainiha Pali and Valley; on the west by Hanakapiai Valley; on the 
southwest by the Kauai G; and on the north by Haena State Park, the 
Pacific Ocean, and Haena town.

Kauai G

    The proposed Kauai G provides critical habitat for 48 species: 
Adenophorus periens, Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron lychnoides, 
Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia insignis, Centaurium sebaeoides, 
Chamaesyce halemanui, Cyperus trachysanthos, Delissea rhytidosperma, 
Delissea rivularis, Delissea undulata, Diellia pallida, Dubautia 
latifolia, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Exocarpos luteolus, Flueggea 
neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Hedyotis cookiana, Hedyotis st.-johnii, 
Hibiscadelphus woodii, Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion 
longifolium, Kokia kauaiensis, Lipochaeta fauriei, Lobelia niihauensis, 
Melicope haupuensis, Melicope knudsenii, Melicope pallida, 
Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine linearifolia, Nothocestrum peltatum, 
Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia wawrana, Plantago princeps, Poa 
mannii, Poa sandvicensis, Poa siphonoglossa, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, 
Remya kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi, Schiedea apokremnos, Schiedea 
kauaiensis, Schiedea membranacea, Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina, 
Solanum sandwicense, Stenogyne campanulata, Wilkesia hobdyi, and 
Xylosma crenatum. This unit contains a total of 6,372.06 ha (15,745.35 
ac). The lands contained within this unit are owned by the State of 
Hawaii, private land owners, and owned or leased by the United States 
Department of Defense (U.S. Navy and U.S. Air Force). Portions of this 
unit are contained within the State's Hono o Na Pali Natural Area 
Reserve, Kuia Natural Area Reserve, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, Kokee 
Air Force Station, Kokee State Park, and Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve. 
The natural features found in this unit are portions of Kopakaka Ridge; 
portions of Makaha Ridge and Valley; Milolii Ridge; portions of Kauhao 
Valley; Paaiki Valley; Poopooiki Valley; Kuia Valley; Mahanaloa Valley; 
Kawaiula Valley; Milolii Valley; portions of Kaahole Valley; Nualoolo 
Valley and Stream; Awaawapuhi Valley; Honopu Valley; Makaha Point; 
Keawanui Point; Makuaiki Point; Alapii Point; Puanaiea Point; 
Nakeikionaiwi Falls; Kalepa Ridge; Kainamanu Peak; Kalahu; Nianiau; 
Kalalau Beach, Valley, and Stream; Kanakou; Puu Ki; Kaaalahina Ridge; 
Keanapuka; Alealau; Manono Ridge; Hanakoa Valley and Stream; 
Pohakukumano; Waiahuakua; Waiahuakua Stream; Pohakea; Hoolulu Stream; 
Puu okila; Pihea; Moaalelele; portions of Hanakapiai Stream and Valley; 
Kaunouhua Ridge; and Kahuamaa Flat. This area is bounded on the north 
and northeast by the Pacific Ocean; on the northeast by Kauai F; on the 
southeast by Kauai H; and on the south by Kauai I.

Kauai H

    The proposed Kauai H provides critical habitat for four species: 
Alsinidendron lychnoides, Exocarpos luteolus, Myrsine linearifolia, and 
Platanthera holochila. This unit contains a total of 3,945.69 ha 
(9,749.80 ac) on State and private lands. Portions of this area are 
contained within the State's Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, Alakai 
Wilderness Preserve, Halelea Forest Reserve, and Kokee State Park. The 
natural features found in this unit are portions of the Kawaikoi 
Stream; most of the Alakai Swamp; portions of Kaunuohua Ridge; Pihea 
Peak; Waiakoali Stream; Koali Peak; portions of Kawaiiki Ridge; 
portions of Kawaiiki Valley; portions of Koaie Stream; portions of 
Waialae Stream; portions of Loli River; portions of Halepaakai Stream; 
and portions of Halehaha Stream. This unit is bounded on the northeast 
by Kauai K; on the west by Kauai I; and on the south by Opaewela 
Valley.

Kauai I

    The proposed Kauai I provides critical habitat for 36 species: 
Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron viscosum, Chamaesyce halemanui, 
Diellia pallida, Dubautia latifolia, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Exocarpos 
luteolus, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Isodendrion 
laurifolium, Kokia kauaiensis, Lipochaeta fauriei, Lipochaeta 
micrantha, Lobelia niihauensis, Melicope haupuensis, Melicope 
knudsenii, Melicope pallida, Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine 
linearifolia, Nothocestrum peltatum, Peucedanum sandwicense, 
Phyllostegia knudsenii, Phyllostegia wawrana, Poa sandvicensis, Poa 
siphonoglossa, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Remya kauaiensis, Remya 
montgomeryi, Schiedea helleri, Schiedea membranacea, Schiedea 
spergulina var. spergulina, Schiedea stellarioides, Solanum 
sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Xylosma crenatum, and Zanthoxylum 
hawaiiense. This unit contains a total of 5,110.75 ha (12,628.68 ac). 
The unit contains areas owned by the State of Hawaii and private 
owners. Portions of this unit are found within the State's Puu Ka Pele 
Forest Reserve, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, Kokee State Park, Waimea 
Canyon State Park, and Alakai Wilderness Preserve. The natural areas 
found in this unit are upper portions of Awini Stream, portions of 
Kokee Stream, portions of Waipoo falls, Kaou, portions of Loli River, 
portions of Waiahulu Stream, portions of Poomau Stream, portions of 
Kohua Ridge, portions of Kaluahaula Ridge, portions of Koaie Stream and 
Canyon, portions of Hipalau Valley, Poo Kaena Peak, portions of 
Oneopaewa Valley, portions of Waimea Canyon, portions of Waimea River, 
portions of Nawaimaka Valley and Stream, Waialae Falls, portions of 
Kapukapala Ridge, Kipalau Valley, a small portion of the Alalaki Swamp, 
Waineke Swamp, Kumuwela Ridge, portions of Maluapopoki Stream, portions 
of Koliee Stream, portions of Elekeninui Stream, portions of Noe 
Stream, portions of Elekeniiki Stream, Puu Kaohelo Peak, portions of 
Kauaikinuna Stream, portions of Mohihi Stream, Haeleele Ridge, portions 
of Haeleele Valley, portions of Kaulaula Valley, Kawaiiki Ridge, 
Kumuwela Ridge, portions of Wahana Valley, Kaluahaulau Ridge, and 
portions of Kawaiiki Valley. Kauai H is bordered by Kauai I to the east 
and northeast. The Na Pali coastline is to the north, northwest, and 
west of the boundaries. The remainder of the Alakai Swamp is to the 
east and northeast.

[[Page 66856]]

Kauai J

    The proposed Kauai J provides critical habitat for six species: 
Hedyotis st.-johnii, Lobelia niihauensis, Panicum niihauense, Schiedea 
apokremnos, Sesbania tomentosa, and Wilkesia hobdyi. This unit contains 
a total of 504.05 ha (1,245.48 ac) on Federal, State, and privately 
owned land. Portions of this unit are contained within the State's Puu 
Ka Pele Forest Reserve, Polihale State Park, and the Pacific Missile 
Range Facility. The natural features and landmarks found in this area 
are Polihale Spring, Kapaula Heiau, and the lower portions of Haeleele 
Valley, Hikimoe Valley, Kaaweiki Ridge, Kauhao Ridge, Kaaweiki Ridge, 
and Polihale Ridge. This area is bounded on the east by the Pacific 
Ocean.

Kauai K

    The proposed Kauai K provides critical habitat for 7 species: 
Adenophorus periens, Cyanea recta, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Cyrtandra 
limahuliensis, Labordia lydgatei, Plantago princeps, and Schiedea 
membranacea. This unit contains a total of 820.76 ha (2,028.09 ac). The 
areas contained in this unit are owned by the State of Hawaii. Portions 
of this unit are found within the State's Halelea Forest Reserve. The 
natural features found in this area are the back portions of Lumahai 
Valley and River, Mahinakehau Ridge, the back portions of Wainiha 
Valley and River, and sections of the Wainiha Pali.

Kauai L

    The proposed Kauai L provides critical habitat for 14 species: 
Adenophorus periens, Bonamia menziesii, Cyanea remyi, Cyanea undulata, 
Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Dubautia pauciflorula, Exocarpos luteolus, 
Hesperomannia lydgatei, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia lydgatei, 
Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis, Myrsine linearifolia, Viola 
helenae, and Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis. This unit contains a 
total of 1,682.29 ha (4,156.93 ac). The lands contained within this 
unit are owned by the State of Hawaii and private owners. Portions of 
this unit are contained within the State's Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve. 
The natural features and landmarks found in this area are portions of 
Hanapepe Valley, Kapalaoa Peak, Hulua Peak, portions of Wahiawa Stream, 
Kanaele Swamp, Kahili Peak, Laauhihaihai Peak, Kalualea Peak, Puu Kolo 
Peak, portions of Wainonoia Stream, and Puuauuka Peak. This unit is 
bounded on the south by Alexander Reservoir and on the west by Hanapepe 
Valley and Stream.

Kauai M

    The proposed Kauai M provides critical habitat for eight species: 
Brighamia insignis, Delissea rhytidosperma, Isodendrion longifolium, 
Lipochaeta micrantha, Munroidendron racemosum, Peucedanum sandwicense, 
Pteralyxia kauaiensis, and Schiedea nuttallii. This unit contains a 
total of 482.16 ha (1,191.42 ac) on privately owned lands within the 
Haupu Mountain Range. The natural features found within this unit are 
Haupu Peak, Naluakeina Peak, and Queen Victoria's profile. A length of 
1,730.72 m of the Haupu Range ridgeline to the west and 2,036.42 m of 
the Haupu Range ridgeline to east of Haupu Peak are included in this 
unit. This unit is bound on the north by Kipu; on the southeast by Kipu 
Kai; and on the southwest by Mahaulepu.

Kauai N

    The proposed Kauai N provides critical habitat for two species: 
Hibiscus clayi and Munroidendron racemosum. This unit contains a total 
of 286.14 ha (707.06 ac). The area found in the Nonou Forest Reserve, 
owned by the State of Hawaii. The natural features found within this 
unit are the Nonou Mountain Range, Sleeping Giant, and Nonou Peak. This 
unit is bounded on the east by Wailua; on the south by the Wailua 
River; on the southwest by the Wailua Homesteads; and on the north by 
the Twin Reservoirs.

Kauai O

    The proposed Kauai O provides critical habitat for 2 species: 
Cyrtandra limahuliensis and Cyanea recta. This unit contains a total of 
242.79 ha (599.93 ac) on State and privately owned lands. This unit is 
found within the State's Kealia and Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserves. The 
natural features found in this area are Kupakanui Falls, Kualapa Peak, 
portions of Keahua Stream, and portions of Waipunaea Stream.

Kauai P

    The proposed Kauai P provides critical habitat for 10 species: 
Adenophorus periens, Cyanea recta, Cyanea remyi, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, 
Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Hesperomannia lydgatei, Isodendrion 
longifolium, Labordia lydgatei, Myrsine linearifolia, and Plantago 
princeps. This unit contains a total of 711.44 ha (1,757.96 ac). The 
lands contained within this unit are owned by the State of Hawaii and 
private owners. Portions of this unit are contained within the State's 
Halelea Forest Reserve. The natural features found in this unit are the 
Mamalohoa Peak, Waiopa, Namolokama Mountains, Kaliko, portions of the 
Lumahai River, portions of the eastern wall of the Lumahai Valley, 
portions of the Waioli Stream, portions of the back of Waioli Valley, 
portions of the western wall of Hanalei Valley, and Puu Manu. This unit 
is bounded on the north by Waioli Valley; on the east by Hanalei 
Valley; and on the west and south by Lumahai Valley.

Kauai Q

    The proposed Kauai Q provides critical habitat for two species: 
Cyrtandra limahuliensis and Pteralyxia kauaiensis. This unit contains a 
total of 253.70 ha (626.89 ac). The areas contained in this unit are 
owned by the State of Hawaii and a private entity. Portions of this 
unit are contained within the State's Halelea Forest Reserve. The 
natural features found in this unit are the back of Waipa Valley, 
portions of Waipo Stream, Kapailu Peak, Waiokihi Peak, and Kapalikea 
Peak. The area is bounded on the west and southwest by Lumahai Valley 
and on the east by Waioli Valley.

Kauai R

    The proposed Kauai R provides critical habitat for 8 species: 
Adenophorus periens, Cyanea asarifolia, Cyanea recta, Cyanea remyi, 
Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Labordia lydgatei, and 
Phyllostegia wawrana. This unit contains a total of 1,215.59 ha 
(3,003.73 ac) of State and privately owned land. Portions of this unit 
are found within the State's Moloaa, Kealia, and Lihue-Koloa Forest 
Reserves. The natural features found in this area are portions of 
Makaleha Mountains and Stream, portions of Kaumoku Stream, Mt. 
Namahana, Keoiki Peak, portions of Anahola Stream, Kahili Peak, the 
Pinnacle, Leleiwi Peak, Ke Ana Kolea Falls, Puu Awa Peak, and Puu Eu 
Peak.

Kauai S

    The proposed Kauai S provides critical habitat for Exocarpos 
luteolus. This unit contains 119.08 ha (294.26 ac) of State owned land 
within the Kealia and Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserves. The natural features 
found in this area are portions of Kamalii Ridge and Kamahuna Peak, and 
portions of Moalepe and Makaleha Streams.

Kauai T

    The proposed Kauai T provides critical habitat for 7 species: 
Cyanea asarifolia, Cyanea remyi, Cyrtandra

[[Page 66857]]

limahuliensis, Labordia lydgatei, Lysimachia filifolia, Plantago 
princeps, and Pteralyxia kauaiensis. This unit contains a total of 
638.58 ha (1,577.95 ac). The areas contained in this unit are owned by 
the State of Hawaii, as well as private owners. The area included in 
this unit are found within the State's Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve and 
Alakai Wilderness Preserve. The natural features found in this unit are 
Mt. Waialeale and portions of Iliiliula Stream, the north Fork of the 
Wailua River, the most eastern section of the Alakai Swamp, and the 
Hanalei River.

Kauai U

    The proposed Kauai U provides critical habitat for 7 species: 
Alectryon macrococcus, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Isodendrion laurifolium, 
Lipochaeta fauriei, Poa siphonoglossa, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, and Remya 
kauaiensis. This unit contains a 392.21 ha (969.15 ac) of land owned by 
the State of Hawaii. Portions of this unit are found within the State's 
Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve, as well as containing portions of Haeleele 
Ridge and Valley, portions of Polihale Ridge, and portions of Kaulaula 
Valley.

Niihau A

    Niihau A provides critical habitat for Cyperus trachysanthos on 
Niihau. This unit contains 93.79 ha (231.76 ac) of land owned by a 
private entity. The entire unit falls within the Keawanui watershed and 
contains the lower portions of Kanaio and Mokouia Valleys.

Niihau B

    Niihau B provides critical habitat for Brighamia insignis on 
Niihau. This unit contains a total of 96.76 ha (239.09 ac) of privately 
owned land. This entire unit falls within the Keawanui watershed and 
contains the Kaali Cliffs.

Effects of Critical Habitat Designation

Section 7  Consultation

    Section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires Federal agencies, including the 
Service, to ensure that actions they fund, authorize, or carry out do 
not destroy or adversely modify critical habitat to the extent that the 
action appreciably diminishes the value of the critical habitat for the 
survival and recovery of the species. Individuals, organizations, 
States, local governments, and other non-Federal entities are affected 
by the designation of critical habitat only if their actions occur on 
Federal lands, require a Federal permit, license, or other 
authorization, or involve Federal funding.
    Section 7(a) of the Act requires Federal agencies to evaluate their 
actions with respect to any species that is proposed or listed as 
endangered or threatened and with respect to its critical habitat, if 
any is designated or proposed. Regulations implementing this 
interagency cooperation provision of the Act are codified at 50 CFR 
part 402. Section 7(a)(4) of the Act requires Federal agencies to 
confer with us on any action that is likely to jeopardize the continued 
existence of a proposed species or result in destruction or adverse 
modification of proposed critical habitat. Conference reports provide 
conservation recommendations to assist the agency in eliminating 
conflicts that may be caused by the proposed action. The conservation 
recommendations in a conference report are advisory.
    We may issue a formal conference report if requested by a Federal 
agency. Formal conference reports on proposed critical habitat contain 
an opinion that is prepared according to 50 CFR 402.14, as if critical 
habitat were designated. We may adopt the formal conference report as 
the biological opinion when the critical habitat is designated, if no 
substantial new information or changes in the action alter the content 
of the opinion (see 50 CFR 402.10(d)).
    If a species is listed or critical habitat is designated, section 
7(a)(2) requires Federal agencies to ensure that activities they 
authorize, fund, or carry out are not likely to jeopardize the 
continued existence of such a species or to destroy or adversely modify 
its critical habitat. If a Federal action may affect a listed species 
or its critical habitat, the responsible Federal agency (action agency) 
must enter into consultation with us. Through this consultation, we 
would ensure that the permitted actions do not destroy or adversely 
modify critical habitat.
    When we issue a biological opinion concluding that a project is 
likely to result in the destruction or adverse modification of critical 
habitat, we also provide reasonable and prudent alternatives to the 
project, if any are identifiable. Reasonable and prudent alternatives 
are defined at 50 CFR 402.02 as alternative actions identified during 
consultation that can be implemented in a manner consistent with the 
intended purpose of the action, that are consistent with the scope of 
the Federal agency's legal authority and jurisdiction, that are 
economically and technologically feasible, and that the Director 
believes would avoid the likelihood of jeopardizing the continued 
existence of listed species and avoid the destruction or adverse 
modification of critical habitat. Reasonable and prudent alternatives 
can vary from slight project modifications to extensive redesign or 
relocation of the project. Costs associated with implementing a 
reasonable and prudent alternative are similarly variable.
    Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires us to describe in any proposed 
or final regulation that designates critical habitat a description and 
evaluation of those activities involving a Federal action that may 
adversely modify such habitat or that may be affected by such 
designation. When determining whether any of these activities may 
adversely modify critical habitat, we base our analysis on the effects 
of the action on the entire critical habitat area and not just on the 
portion where the activity will occur. Adverse effects on constituent 
elements or segments of critical habitat do not result in an adverse 
modification determination unless that loss, when added to the 
environmental baseline, is likely to appreciably diminish the 
capability of the critical habitat to satisfy essential requirements of 
the species. In other words, activities that may destroy or adversely 
modify critical habitat include those that alter the primary 
constituent elements (defined above) to an extent that the value of 
critical habitat for both the survival and recovery of any of the 76 
plant species is appreciably reduced.
    To properly portray the effects of critical habitat designation, we 
must first compare the section 7 requirements for actions that may 
affect critical habitat with the requirements for actions that may 
affect a listed species. Section 7 prohibits actions funded, 
authorized, or carried out by Federal agencies from jeopardizing the 
continued existence of a listed species or destroying or adversely 
modifying the listed species' critical habitat. Actions likely to 
``jeopardize the continued existence'' of a species are those that 
would appreciably reduce the likelihood of the species' survival and 
recovery (50 CFR 402.02). Actions likely to ``destroy or adversely 
modify'' critical habitat are those that would appreciably reduce the 
value of critical habitat for the survival and recovery of the listed 
species (50 CFR 402.02).
    Common to both definitions is an appreciable detrimental effect on 
both survival and recovery of a listed species. Given the similarity of 
these definitions, actions likely to destroy or adversely modify 
critical habitat would almost always result in jeopardy to the species 
concerned when the habitat is occupied by the species. The purpose of 
designating critical habitat is to contribute to a species' 
conservation,

[[Page 66858]]

which by definition equates to survival and recovery. Section 7 
prohibitions against the destruction or adverse modification of 
critical habitat apply to actions that would impair survival and 
recovery of the listed species, thus providing a regulatory means of 
ensuring that Federal actions within critical habitat are considered in 
relation to the goals and recommendations of any existing recovery plan 
for the species concerned. As a result of the direct link between 
critical habitat and recovery, the prohibition against destruction or 
adverse modification of the critical habitat should provide for the 
protection of the critical habitat's ability to contribute fully to a 
species' recovery.
    Activities on lands being proposed as critical habitat for these 76 
species or activities that may indirectly affect such lands and that 
are conducted by a Federal agency, are funded by a Federal agency, or 
require a permit from a Federal agency will be subject to the section 7 
consultation process. Federal actions not affecting critical habitat, 
as well as actions on non-Federal lands that are not federally funded 
or permitted, will not require section 7 consultation.
    Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires us to briefly describe and 
evaluate in any proposed or final regulation that designates critical 
habitat those activities involving a Federal action that may adversely 
modify such habitat or that may be affected by such designation. 
Activities that may destroy or adversely modify critical habitat would 
be those that alter the primary constituent elements to the extent that 
the value of critical habitat for both the survival and recovery of any 
one of the 76 species is appreciably reduced. We note that such 
activities may also jeopardize the continued existence of the species. 
Activities that, when carried out, funded, or authorized by a Federal 
agency, may directly or indirectly destroy or adversely modify critical 
habitat include, but are not limited to:
    (1) Activities that appreciably degrade or destroy habitat defined 
as a primary constituent element, including but not limited to: 
overgrazing; maintenance of feral ungulates; clearing or cutting of 
native live trees and shrubs, whether by burning or mechanical, 
chemical, or other means (e.g., woodcutting, bulldozing, construction, 
road building, mining, or herbicide application); introducing or 
enabling the spread of nonnative species; or actions that pose a risk 
of fire;
    (2) Water diversion or impoundment, groundwater pumping, or other 
activity that alters water quality or quantity to an extent that wet 
forest or bog vegetation is significantly affected; and
    (3) Recreational activities that appreciably degrade vegetation.
    Actions affected by designation of critical habitat may include, 
but are not limited to:
    (1) Regulation of activities affecting waters of the United States 
by the Army Corps of Engineers under section 404 of the Clean Water 
Act;
    (2) Development on private or State lands requiring permits from 
other Federal agencies, such as Housing and Urban Development;
    (3) Military training or similar activities of the U.S. Department 
of Defense (Navy and Air Force) on their lands or lands under their 
jurisdiction at Makaha Ridge, Pacific Missile Range Facility at Barking 
Sands, and Kokee Air Force Station;
    (4) The release or authorization of release of biological control 
agents by the U.S. Department of Agriculture;
    (5) Regulation of activities affecting point source pollution 
discharges into waters of the United States by the Environmental 
Protection Agency under section 402 of the Clean Water Act;
    (6) Construction of communication sites licensed by the Federal 
Communications Commission; and
    (7) Activities not previously mentioned that is funded or 
authorization by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (Forest Service, 
Natural Resources Conservation Service), Department of Defense, 
Department of Transportation, Department of Energy, Department of 
Interior (U.S. Geological Survey, National Park Service), Department of 
Commerce (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) or any other 
Federal agency.
    If you have questions regarding whether specific activities will 
constitute adverse modification of critical habitat, contact the Field 
Supervisor, Pacific Islands Ecological Services Field Office (see 
ADDRESSES section). Requests for copies of the regulations on listed 
wildlife and plants and inquiries about prohibitions and permits should 
be directed to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Branch of Endangered 
Species/Permits at the same address.

Consideration of Economic and Other Relevant Impacts

    Section 4(b)(2) of the Act requires that we designate critical 
habitat on the basis of the best scientific and commercial information 
available, and to consider the economic and other relevant impacts of 
designating a particular area as critical habitat. We may exclude areas 
from critical habitat upon a determination that the benefits of such 
exclusions outweigh the benefits of designating these areas as critical 
habitat. We cannot exclude such areas from critical habitat when the 
exclusion will result in the extinction of the species. We will conduct 
an analysis of the economic impacts of designating these areas as 
critical habitat prior to a final determination. When completed, we 
will announce the availability of the draft economic analysis with a 
notice in the Federal Register, and we will reopen the comment period 
for 30 days at that time to accept comments on the economic analysis or 
further comments on the proposed rule.

Public Comments Solicited

    We intend that any final action resulting from this proposal be as 
accurate and as effective as possible. Therefore, we solicit comments 
or suggestions from the public, other concerned governmental agencies, 
the scientific community, industry or any other interested party 
concerning this proposed rule.
    The Service invites comments from the public that provide 
information on whether lands within proposed critical habitat are 
currently being managed to address conservation needs of these listed 
plants. As stated earlier in this proposed rule, if we receive 
information that any of the areas proposed as critical habitat are 
adequately managed or protected, we may exclude such areas from the 
final rule, because they would not meet the definition in section 
3(5)(A)(i) of the Act. In determining adequacy of management, we must 
find that the management effort is sufficiently certain to be 
implemented and effective so as to contribute to the recovery of the 
species.
    In determining whether a management effort is likely to be 
implemented, we would generally consider: (a) whether a management plan 
or agreement exists, which specifies the management actions being 
implemented, or to be implemented, the schedule for implementation, the 
responsible party(ies), and the funding source(s), or other resources 
necessary to implement the actions, are available with a high level of 
certainty that the funding will be provided; and (b) the authority and 
long-term commitment of the party(ies) to the agreement or plan to 
implement the management actions, as demonstrated, for example, by a 
legal instrument providing enduring protection and management of the 
lands.

[[Page 66859]]

    In determining whether an action is likely to be effective, we 
would generally consider: (a) whether the plan specifically addresses 
the management needs, including reduction of threats of the species; 
(b) whether such actions have been successful in the past; (c) whether 
there are provisions for monitoring and assessment of the effectiveness 
of the management actions; (d) and whether adaptive management 
principles have been incorporated into the plan.
    We are aware that the State of Hawaii and some private landowners 
are considering the development and implementation of land management 
plans or agreements that may promote the conservation and recovery of 
endangered and threatened plant species on the island of Kauai. We are 
soliciting comments in this proposed rule on whether current land 
management plans or practices applied within the areas proposed as 
critical habitat adequately provide for the recovery of the species. We 
are also soliciting comments on whether future development and approval 
of conservation measures (e.g., Conservation Agreements, Safe Harbor 
Agreements, etc.) should be excluded from critical habitat and, if so, 
by what mechanism.
    In addition, we are seeking comments on the following:
    (1) The reasons why critical habitat for any of these species is 
prudent or not prudent as provided by section 4 of the Act and 50 CFR 
424.12(a)(1), including whether the benefits of designation would 
outweigh any threats to these species due to designation;
    (2) The reasons why any particular area should or should not be 
designated as critical habitat for any of these species, as critical 
habitat is defined by section 3 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1532(5));
    (3) Specific information on the amount and distribution of habitat 
for Adenophorus periens, Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron 
lychnoides, Alsinidendron viscosum, Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia 
insignis, Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce halemanui, Cyanea 
asarifolia, Cyanea recta, Cyanea remyi, Cyanea undulata, Cyperus 
trachysanthos, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Delissea 
rhytidosperma, Delissea rivularis, Delissea undulata, Diellia pallida, 
Dubautia latifolia, Dubautia pauciflorula, Euphorbia haeleeleana, 
Exocarpos luteolus, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Hedyotis 
cookiana, Hedyotis st.-johnii, Hesperomannia lydgatei, Hibiscadelphus 
woodii, Hibiscus clayi, Hibiscus waimeae spp. hannerae, Isodendrion 
laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, Kokia kauaiensis, Labordia 
lydgatei, Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis, Lipochaeta fauriei, 
Lipochaeta micrantha, Lipochaeta waimeaensis, Lobelia niihauensis, 
Lysimachia filifolia, Melicope haupuensis, Melicope knudsenii, Melicope 
pallida, Melicope quadrangularis, Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine 
linearifolia, Nothocestrum peltatum, Panicum niihauense, Peucedanum 
sandwicense, Phyllostegia knudsenii, Phyllostegia waimeae, Phyllostegia 
wawrana, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Poa mannii, Poa 
sandvicensis, Poa siphonoglossa, Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii, 
Pritchardia napaliensis, Pritchardia viscosa, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, 
Remya kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi, Schiedea apokremnos, Schiedea 
helleri, Schiedea kauaiensis, Schiedea membranacea, Schiedea nuttallii, 
Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda, Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina, 
Schiedea stellarioides, Sesbania tomentosa, Solanum sandwicense, 
Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne campanulata, Viola helenae, Viola 
kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis, Wilkesia hobdyi, Xylosma crenatum, and 
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, and what habitat is essential to the 
conservation of the species and why;
    (4) Land use practices and current or planned activities in the 
subject areas and their possible impacts on proposed critical habitat;
    (5) Any economic or other relevant impacts resulting from the 
proposed designations of critical habitat, including any impacts on 
small entities or families; and
    (6) Economic and other potential values associated with designating 
critical habitat for the 76 plant species such as those derived from 
non-consumptive uses (e.g., hiking, camping, birding, enhanced 
watershed protection, increased soil retention, ``existence values,'' 
and reductions in administrative costs).
    If you wish to comment, you may submit your comments and materials 
concerning this proposal by any one of several methods (see ADDRESSES). 
If you are sending comments by electronic mail (e-mail), please submit 
them in ASCII file format and avoid the use of special characters and 
encryption. Please include ``Attn: 1018-AG71'' and your name and return 
address in your e-mail message. If you do not receive a confirmation 
from the system that we have received your e-mail message, contact us 
directly by calling our Pacific Islands Office at phone number 808/541-
3441. Please note that the e-mail address (KAandNIcrithab [email protected]) 
will be closed out at the termination of the public comment period.
    Our practice is to make comments, including names and home 
addresses of respondents, available for public review during regular 
business hours. Respondents may request that we withhold their home 
address, which we will honor to the extent allowable by law. There also 
may be circumstances in which we would withhold a respondent's 
identity, as allowable by law. If you wish us to withhold your name 
and/or address, you must state this request prominently at the 
beginning of your comment. However, we will not consider anonymous 
comments. To the extent consistent with applicable law, we will make 
all submissions from organizations or businesses, and from individuals 
identifying themselves as representatives or officials of organizations 
or businesses, available for public inspection in their entirety. 
Comments and materials received will be available for public 
inspection, by appointment, during normal business hours at the above 
address.

Peer Review

    In accordance with our policy published on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 
34270), we will seek the expert opinions of at least three appropriate 
and independent specialists regarding this proposed rule. The purpose 
of such review is to ensure listing and critical habitat decisions are 
based on scientifically sound data, assumptions, and analyses. We will 
send copies of this proposed rule to these peer reviewers immediately 
following publication in the Federal Register. We will invite the peer 
reviewers to comment, during the public comment period, on the specific 
assumptions and conclusions regarding the proposed designations of 
critical habitat.
    We will consider all comments and data received during the 60-day 
comment period on this proposed rule during preparation of a final 
rulemaking. Accordingly, the final decision may differ from this 
proposal.

Clarity of the Rule

    Executive Order 12866 requires each agency to write regulations and 
notices that are easy to understand. We invite your comments on how to 
make this proposed rule easier to understand including answers to 
questions such as the following: (1) Are the requirements in the 
proposed rule clearly stated? (2) Does the proposed rule contain 
technical language or jargon that

[[Page 66860]]

interferes with the clarity? (3) Does the format of the proposed rule 
(grouping and order of sections, use of headings, paragraphing, etc.) 
aid or reduce its clarity? (4) Is the description of the proposed rule 
in the ``Supplementary Information'' section of the preamble helpful in 
understanding the document? (5) Are the detailed scientific 
descriptions of the plants helpful, and (6) What else could we do to 
make the proposed rule easier to understand?
    Send a copy of any comments that concern how we could make this 
notice easier to understand to: Office of Regulatory Affairs, 
Department of the Interior, Room 7229, 1849 C Street, NW, Washington, 
DC 20240. You may e-mail your comments to this address: 
[email protected].

Required Determinations

1. Regulatory Planning and Review

    In accordance with Executive Order (EO) 12866, this action was 
submitted for review by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). We 
are in the process of preparing an economic analysis to determine the 
economic consequences of designating the specific areas identified as 
critical habitat. If our economic analysis reveals that the economic 
impacts of designating any area as critical habitat outweigh the 
benefits of designation, we may exclude those areas from consideration, 
unless such exclusion will result in the extinction of the species.
    (a) Even though we will prepare an economic analysis to assist us 
in considering whether areas should be excluded pursuant to section 4 
of the Act, we do not believe this proposed rule will have an annual 
economic effect of $100 million or adversely affect an economic sector, 
productivity, jobs, the environment, or other units of government. 
Therefore, we do not believe a cost-benefit and economic analysis 
pursuant to EO 12866 is required.
    These 76 plants were listed as endangered or threatened species 
between the years 1991 and 1996. With the possible exception of 
portions of the Alakai Swamp, the areas proposed for critical habitat 
are currently occupied by one or more of these species. Under section 7 
of the Act, critical habitat may not be destroyed or adversely modified 
by a Federal agency action; designation does not impose any 
restrictions on non-Federal persons unless they are conducting 
activities funded or otherwise sponsored or permitted by a Federal 
agency. Section 7 also requires Federal agencies to ensure that they do 
not jeopardize the continued existence of the species. Based on our 
experience, due to the limited number of individuals and populations, 
and limited range, we conclude that any Federal action or authorized 
action that could potentially cause an adverse modification of the 
proposed critical habitat for any of these 76 species would also likely 
cause ``jeopardy'' to that species. Accordingly, the designation of 
currently occupied areas as critical habitat would not have any 
incremental impacts on what actions may or may not be conducted by 
Federal agencies or non-Federal persons that receive Federal 
authorization or funding. Non-Federal persons that do not have a 
Federal involvement in their actions are not restricted by the 
designation of critical habitat. It is possible that some unoccupied 
habitat in the Alakai Swamp has been proposed as critical habitat. 
However, the Alakai Swamp is unlikely to be developed because it is a 
designated State wilderness preserve, and therefore, any possible 
inclusion of unoccupied habitat that might not otherwise be covered by 
section 7 is unlikely to have an economic impact.
    (b) This proposed rule will not create inconsistencies with other 
agencies' actions. As discussed above, Federal agencies have been 
required to ensure that their actions not jeopardize the continued 
existence of these 76 plant species since their listing between 1991 
and 1996. The prohibition against adverse modification of critical 
habitat would not be expected to impose any additional restrictions to 
those that currently exist because all proposed critical habitat is 
occupied, with the exception, possibly, of portions of the Alakai 
Swamp.
    (c) This proposed rule will not materially affect entitlements, 
grants, user fees, loan programs, or the rights and obligations of 
their recipients. Federal agencies are currently required to ensure 
that their activities do not jeopardize the continued existence of the 
species, and as discussed above we do not anticipate that the adverse 
modification prohibition resulting from critical habitat designation 
will have any incremental effects.
    (d) This proposed rule will not raise novel legal or policy issues. 
The proposed rule follows the requirements for determining critical 
habitat contained in the Endangered Species Act.

2. Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.)

    In the economic analysis, we will determine whether designation of 
critical habitat will have a significant effect on a substantial number 
of small entities. As discussed under Regulatory Planning and Review 
above, this proposed rule is not expected to result in any restrictions 
in addition to those currently in existence. As indicated on Table 5 
(see ``Methods for Selection of Areas for Proposed Critical Habitat 
Designations'') we have designated property owned by Federal and State 
governments, and private property.
    Within these areas, the types of Federal actions or authorized 
activities that we have identified as potential concerns are:
    (1) Regulation of activities affecting waters of the United States 
by the Army Corps of Engineers under section 404 of the Clean Water 
Act;
    (2) Development on private or State lands requiring permits from 
other Federal agencies such as Housing and Urban Development;
    (3) Military training or similar activities of the U.S. Department 
of Defense (Navy and Air Force) on their lands or lands under their 
jurisdiction;
    (4) The release or authorization of release of biological control 
agents by the U.S. Department of Agriculture;
    (5) Regulation of activities affecting point source pollution 
discharges into waters of the United States by the Environmental 
Protection Agency under section 402 of the Clean Water Act;
    (6) Construction of communication sites licensed by the Federal 
Communications Commission;
    (7) Activities not previously mentioned that are funded or 
authorized by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (Forest Service, 
Natural Resources Conservation Service), Department of Defense, 
Department of Transportation, Department of Energy, Department of 
Interior (U.S. Geological Survey, National Park Service), Department of 
Commerce (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) or any other 
Federal agency.
    Many of these activities authorized or funded by Federal agencies 
within the proposed critical habitat areas are carried out by small 
entities (as defined by the Regulatory Flexibility Act) through 
contract, grant, permit, or other Federal authorization. As discussed 
in section 1 above, these actions are currently required to comply with 
the protections of the Act that are triggered by listing, such as 
avoiding jeopardy to these species, and the designation of critical 
habitat is not anticipated to have any additional effects on these 
activities.
    For actions on non-Federal property that do not have a Federal 
connection (such as funding or authorization), the current State 
restrictions concerning

[[Page 66861]]

take of listed threatened or endangered plant species remain in effect, 
and this proposed rule will have no additional restrictions.

3. Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (5 U.S.C. 804(2))

    In the economic analysis, we will determine whether designation of 
critical habitat will cause (a) any effect on the economy of $100 
million or more, (b) any increases in costs or prices for consumers, 
individual industries, Federal, State, or local government agencies, or 
geographic regions in the economic analysis, or (c) any significant 
adverse effects on competition, employment, investment, productivity, 
innovation, or the ability of U.S.-based enterprises to compete with 
foreign-based enterprises.

4. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.)

    In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 
et seq.):
    (a) This proposed rule will not ``significantly or uniquely'' 
affect small governments. A Small Government Agency Plan is not 
required. Small governments will only be affected to the extent that 
any Federal funds, permits or other authorized activities must ensure 
that their actions will not adversely affect the critical habitat. 
However, as discussed in section 1, these actions are currently subject 
to equivalent requirements through the listing protections of the 
species, and no further restrictions are anticipated.
    (b) This proposed rule will not produce a Federal mandate of $100 
million or greater in any year, that is, it is not a ``significant 
regulatory action'' under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act. The 
designation of critical habitat imposes no obligations on State or 
local governments.

5. Takings

    In accordance with Executive Order 12630, this proposed rule does 
not have significant takings implications. A takings implication 
assessment is not required. As discussed above, the designation of 
critical habitat affects only Federal agency actions. The proposed rule 
will not increase or decrease the current restrictions on private 
property concerning take of these 76 plant species. We do not 
anticipate that property values will be affected by the critical 
habitat designations. Landowners in areas that are included in the 
designated critical habitat will continue to have opportunity to 
utilize their property in ways consistent with State law and with the 
continued survival of the plant species.

6. Federalism

    In accordance with Executive Order 13132, the proposed rule does 
not have significant Federalism effects. A Federalism assessment is not 
required. As discussed above, the designation of critical habitat in 
areas currently occupied by the 76 plant species would have little 
incremental impact on State and local governments and their activities. 
The designations may have some benefit to these governments in that the 
areas essential to the conservation of these species are more clearly 
defined, and the primary constituent elements of the habitat necessary 
to the survival of the species are identified. While this definition 
and identification does not alter where and what Federally sponsored 
activities may occur, it may assist these local governments in long 
range planning rather than waiting for case-by-case section 7 
consultation to occur.

7. Civil Justice Reform

    In accordance with Executive Order 12988, the Office of the 
Solicitor has determined that the proposed rule does not unduly burden 
the judicial system and meets the requirements of sections 3(a) and 
3(b)(2) of the Order. We designate critical habitat in accordance with 
the provisions of the Endangered Species Act. The proposed rule uses 
standard property descriptions and identifies the primary constituent 
elements within the designated areas to assist the public in 
understanding the habitat needs of the 76 plant species.

8. Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.)

    This proposed rule does not contain any information collection 
requirements for which OMB approval under the Paperwork Reduction Act 
is required.

9. National Environmental Policy Act

    We have determined that an Environmental Assessment and/or an 
Environmental Impact Statement as defined by the National Environmental 
Policy Act of 1969 need not be prepared in connection with regulations 
adopted pursuant to section 4(a) of the Act. A notice outlining our 
reason for this determination was published in the Federal Register on 
October 25, 1983 (48 FR 49244). This proposed rule does not constitute 
a major Federal action significantly affecting the quality of the human 
environment.

References Cited

    A complete list of all references cited in this proposed rule is 
available upon request from the Pacific Islands Ecoregion Office (see 
ADDRESSES section).

Authors

    The primary authors of this notice are Stacy Jorgensen, Christa 
Russell, Michelle Stephens, and Marigold Zoll (see ADDRESSES section).

List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17

    Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, Reporting and 
record-keeping requirements, Transportation.

Proposed Regulation Promulgation

    Accordingly, we propose to amend part 17, subchapter B of chapter 
I, title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations as set forth below:

PART 17--[AMENDED]

    1. The authority citation for part 17 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361-1407; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1544; 16 U.S.C. 
4201-4245; Pub. L. 99-625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted.
    2. In Sec. 17.12(h) revise the entries for ``Alectryon macrococcus, 
Alsinidendron lychnoides, Alsinidendron viscosum, Bonamia menziesii, 
Brighamia insignis, Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce halemanui, Cyanea 
asarifolia, Cyanea recta, Cyanea remyi, Cyanea undulata, Cyperus 
trachysanthos, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Delissea 
rhytidosperma, Delissea rivularis, Delissea undulata, Dubautia 
latifolia, Dubautia pauciflorula, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Exocarpos 
luteolus, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Hedyotis cookiana, 
Hedyotis st.-johnii, Hesperomannia lydgatei, Hibiscadelphus woodii, 
Hibiscus clayi, Hibiscus waimeae spp. hannerae, Isodendrion 
laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, Kokia kauaiensis, Labordia 
lydgatei, Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis, Lipochaeta fauriei, 
Lipochaeta micrantha, Lipochaeta waimeaensis, Lobelia niihauensis, 
Lysimachia filifolia, Melicope haupuensis, Melicope knudsenii, Melicope 
pallida, Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine linearifolia, Nothocestrum 
peltatum, Panicum niihauense, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia 
knudsenii, Phyllostegia wawrana, Plantago princeps, Platanthera 
holochila, Poa mannii, Poa sandvicensis, Poa siphonoglossa, Pteralyxia 
kauaiensis, Remya kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi, Schiedea apokremnos, 
Schiedea helleri, Schiedea kauaiensis, Schiedea

[[Page 66862]]

membranacea, Schiedea nuttallii, Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda, 
Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina, Schiedea stellarioides, Sesbania 
tomentosa, Solanum sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne 
campanulata, Viola helenae, Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis, 
Wilkesia hobdyi, Xylosma crenatum, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense'' under 
``FLOWERING PLANTS'' and ``Adenophorus periens and Diellia pallida'' 
under ``FERNS AND ALLIES'' to read as follows:


17.12(h)  Endangered and threatened plants.

* * * * *
    (h) * * *

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                      Species
----------------------------------------------------        Historic range               Family           Status     When listed    Critical    Special
        Scientific name              Common name                                                                                    habitat      rules
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        Flowering Plants
 
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Alectryon macrococcus..........  Mahoe.............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Sapindaceae.......  E                     467     17.96(a)         NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Alsinidendron lychnoides.......  Kuawawaenohu......  U.S.A. (HI).................  Caryophyllaceae...  E                     590     17.96(a)         NA
Alsinidendron viscosum.........  None..............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Caryophyllaceae...  E                     590     17.96(a)         NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Bonamia menziesii..............  None..............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Convolvulaceae....  E                     559     17.96(a)         NA
Brighamia insignis.............  'Olulu............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Campanulaceae.....  E                     530     17.96(a)         NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Centaurium sebaeoides..........  'Awiwi............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Gentianaceae......  E                     448     17.96(a)         NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Chamaesyce halemanui...........  None..............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Euphorbiaceae.....  E                     464     17.96(a)         NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Cyanea asarifolia..............  Haha..............  U.S.A (HI)..................  Campanulaceae.....  E                     530     17.96(a)         NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Cyanea recta...................  Haha..............  U.S.A (HI)..................  Campanulaceae.....  T                     590     17.96(a)         NA
Cyanea remyi...................  Haha..............  U.S.A (HI)..................  Campanulaceae.....  E                     590     17.96(a)         NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Cyanea undulata................  Haha..............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Campanulaceae.....  E                     436     17.96(a)         NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Cyperus trachysanthos..........  Pu'uka'a..........  U.S.A. (HI).................  Cyperaceae........  E                     592     17.96(a)         NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Cyrtandra cyaneoides...........  Mapele............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Gesneriaceae......  E                     590     17.96(a)         NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Cyrtandra limahuliensis........  Ha'iwale'.........  U.S.A. (HI).................  Gesneriaceae......  T                     530     17.96(a)         NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Delissea rhytidosperma.........  None..............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Campanulaceae.....  E                     530     17.96(a)         NA
Delissea rivularis.............  'Oha'.............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Campanulaceae.....  E                     590     17.96(a)         NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Delissea undulata..............  None..............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Campanulaceae.....  E                     593     17.96(a)         NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Dubautia latifolia.............  Na'ena'e'.........  U.S.A. (HI).................  Asteraceae........  E                     464     17.96(a)         NA
Dubautia pauciflorula..........  Na'ena'e'.........  U.S.A. (HI).................  Asteraceae........  E                     436     17.96(a)         NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Euphorbia haeleeleana..........  'Akoko............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Euphorbiaceae.....  E                     592     17.96(a)         NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Exocarpos luteolus.............  Heau..............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Santalaceae.......  E                     530     17.96(a)         NA
 

[[Page 66863]]

 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Flueggea neowawraea............  Mehamehame........  U.S.A. (HI).................  Euphorbiaceae.....  E                     559     17.96(a)         NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Gouania meyenii................  None..............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Rhamnaceae........  E                     448     17.96(a)         NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Hedyotis cookiana..............  'Awiwi............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Rubiaceae.........  E                     530     17.96(a)         NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Hedyotis st.-johnii............  Na Pali beach       U.S.A. (HI).................  Rubiaceae.........  E                     441     17.96(a)         NA
                                  hedyotis.
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Hesperomannia lydgatei.........  None..............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Asteraceae........  E                     436     17.96(a)         NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Hibiscadelphus woodii..........  Hau kuahiwi.......  U.S.A. (HI).................  Malvaceae.........  E                     590     17.96(a)         NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Hibiscus clayi.................  Clay's hibiscus...  U.S.A. (HI).................  Malvaceae.........  E                     530     17.96(a)         NA
Hibiscus waimeae spp. hannerae.  Koki'o ke'oke'o...  U.S.A. (HI).................  Malvaceae.........  E                     590     17.96(a)         NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Isodendrion laurifolium........  Aupaka............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Violaceae.........  E                     592     17.96(a)         NA
Isodendrion longifolium........  Aupaka............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Violaceae.........  T                     592     17.96(a)         NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Kokia kauaiensis...............  Koki'o............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Malvaceae.........  E                     590     17.96(a)         NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Labordia lydgatei..............  Kamakahala........  U.S.A. (HI).................  Loganiaceae.......  E                     436     17.96(a)         NA
Labordia tinifolia var.          Kamakahala........  U.S.A. (HI).................  Loganiaceae.......  E                     590     17.96(a)         NA
 wahiawaensis.
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Lipochaeta fauriei.............  Nehe..............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Asteraceae........  E                     530     17.96(a)         NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Lipochaeta micrantha...........  Nehe..............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Asteraceae........  E                     530     17.96(a)         NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Lipochaeta waimeaensis.........  Nehe..............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Asteraceae........  E                     530     17.96(a)         NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Lobelia niihauensis............  None..............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Campanulaceae.....  E                     448     17.96(a)         NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Lysimachia filifolia...........  None..............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Primulaceae.......  E                     530     17.96(a)         NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Melicope haupuensis............  Alani.............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Rutaceae..........  E                     530     17.96(a)         NA
Melicope knudsenii.............  Alani.............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Rutaceae..........  E                     530     17.96(a)         NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Melicope pallida...............  Alani.............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Rutaceae..........  E                     530     17.96(a)         NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Munroidendron racemosum........  None..............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Araliaceae........  E                     530     17.96(a)         NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Myrsine linearifolia...........  Kolea.............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Myrsinaceae.......  T                     590     17.96(a)         NA
 

[[Page 66864]]

 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Nothocestrum peltatum..........  'Aiea.............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Solanaceae........  E                     530     17.96(a)         NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Panicum niihauense.............  Lau 'ehu..........  U.S.A. (HI).................  Poaceae...........  E                     592     17.96(a)         NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Peucedanum sandwicense.........  Makou.............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Apiaceae..........  T                     530     17.96(a)         NA
 
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *
Phyllostegia knudsenii.........  None..............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Lamiaceae.........  E                     590     17.96(a)         NA
 
                *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *
Phyllostegia wawrana...........  None..............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Lamiaceae.........  E                     590     17.96(a)         NA
 
                *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *
Plantago princeps..............  Laukahi kuahiwi...  U.S.A. (HI).................  Plantaginaceae....  E                     559     17.96(a)         NA
Platanthera holochila..........  None..............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Orchidaceae.......  E                     592     17.96(a)         NA
 
                *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *
Poa mannii.....................  Mann's bluegrass..  U.S.A. (HI).................  Poaceae...........  E                     558     17.96(a)         NA
 
                *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *
Poa sandvicensis...............  Hawaiian bluegrass  U.S.A. (HI).................  Poaceae...........  E                     464     17.96(a)         NA
Poa siphonoglossa..............  None..............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Poaceae...........  E                     464     17.96(a)         NA
 
                *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *
Pteralyxia kauaiensis..........  Kaulu.............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Apocynaceae.......  E                     530     17.96(a)         NA
 
                *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *
Remya kauaiensis...............  None..............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Asteraceae........  E                     413     17.96(a)         NA
 
                *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *
Remya montgomeryi..............  None..............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Asteraceae........  E                     413     17.96(a)         NA
 
                *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *
Schiedea apokremnos............  Ma'oli'oli........  U.S.A. (HI).................  Caryophyllaceae...  E                     441     17.96(a)         NA
 
                *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *
Schiedea helleri...............  None..............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Caryophyllaceae...  E                     590     17.96(a)         NA
 
                *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *
Schiedea kauaiensis............  None..............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Caryophyllaceae...  E                     592     17.96(a)         NA
 
                *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *
Schiedea membranacea...........  None..............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Caryophyllaceae...  E                     590     17.96(a)         NA
Schiedea nuttallii.............  None..............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Caryophyllaceae...  E                     592     17.96(a)         NA
 
                *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *
Schiedea spergulina var.         None..............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Caryophyllaceae...  E                     530     17.96(a)         NA
 leiopoda.
Schiedea spergulina var.         None..............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Caryophyllaceae...  T                     530     17.96(a)         NA
 spergulina.
Schiedea stellarioides.........  Laulihilihi         U.S.A. (HI).................  Caryophyllaceae...  E                     590     17.96(a)         NA
                                  (Ma'oli'oli).
 
                *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *
Sesbania tomentosa.............  'Ohai.............  U.S.A. (HI).................   Fabaceae.........  E                     559     17.96(a)         NA
 
                *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *
Solanum sandwicense............  'Aiakeakua, popolo  U.S.A. (HI).................  Solanaceae........  E                     530     17.96(a)         NA
 
                *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *
Spermolepis hawaiiensis........  None..............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Apiaceae..........  E                     559     17.96(a)         NA
 

[[Page 66865]]

 
                *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *
Stenogyne campanulata..........  None..............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Lamiaceae.........  E                     464     17.96(a)         NA
 
                *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *
Viola helenae..................  None..............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Violaceae.........  E                     436     17.96(a)         NA
Viola kauaiensis var.            Nani wai'ale'ale..  U.S.A. (HI).................  Violaceae.........  E                     590     17.96(a)         NA
 wahiawaensis.
 
                *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *
Wilkesia hobdyi................  Dwarf iliau.......  U.S.A. (HI).................  Asteraceae........  E                     473     17.96(a)         NA
Xylosma crenatum...............  None..............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Flacourtiaceae....  E                     464     17.96(a)         NA
 
                *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.........  A'e...............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Rutaceae..........  E                     532     17.96(a)         NA
 
                *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *
FERNS AND ALLIES
 
Adenophorus periens............  Pendant kihi fern.  U.S.A. (HI).................  Grammitidaceae....  E                     559     17.96(a)         NA
 
                *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *
Diellia pallida................  None..............  U.S.A. (HI).................  Aspleniaceae......  E                     530     17.96(a)         NA
 
                *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    3. In Sec. 17.96, redesignate paragraph (a) as paragraph (b); 
revise heading of newly designated paragraph (b) to read ``Single-
species critical habitat--flowering plants''; and add a new paragraph 
(a) to read as follows:


Sec. 17.96  Critical habitat--plants.

    (a) Unit Descriptions and Maps of multiple-species critical habitat 
units.
    (1) Hawaii.
    (i) Maps and critical habitat unit descriptions.
    (A) Kauai.
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP07NO00.003
    

[[Page 66866]]


    Critical habitat units with multiple species are described below. 
Coordinates are in UTM Zone 4 with units in meters using North American 
Datum of 1983 (NAD83). Distances are provided in meters and miles.
Kauai A (121 ha; 298 ac)

Unit consists of seven boundary points with the following coordinates: 
443666, 2452051; 443998, 2452413; 444554, 2452401; 444886, 2452015; 
444832, 2451423; 444282, 2451133; 443696, 2451454.

    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP07NO00.004
    
Kauai B (142 ha; 351 ac)

Unit consists of eight boundary points with the following coordinates: 
429954, 2432936; 430228, 2433024; 430792, 2432813; 431050, 2432278; 
431007, 2431901; 430646, 2431556; 429966, 2431685; 429725, 2432253.

    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP07NO00.005
    
Kauai C (124 ha; 306 ac)

Unit consists of seven boundary points with the following coordinates: 
447275, 2421965; 447607, 2422327; 448163, 2422315; 448481, 2421928; 
448450, 2421347; 447896, 2421028; 447268, 2421332.

    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP07NO00.006
    

[[Page 66867]]


Kauai D (125 ha; 308 ac)

Unit consists of seven boundary points with the following coordinates: 
440157, 2439356; 440489, 2439719; 441045, 2439706; 441377, 2439320; 
441355, 2438717; 440773, 2438438; 440155, 2438734.

    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP07NO00.007
    
Kauai E (117 ha; 288 ac)

Unit consists of seven boundary points and the intermediate coastline 
with the following coordinates: 462461, 2426866; 462686, 2426588; 
462598, 2425988; 462047, 2425726; 461453, 2426032; 461432, 2426617; 
461741, 2426979.

    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP07NO00.008
    
Kauai F (943 ha; 2,330 ac)

Unit consists of twenty-seven boundary points and the intermediate 
coastline with the following coordinates: 439582, 2457190; 439646, 
2457137; 439870, 2457165; 440480, 2457164; 440853, 2456992; 441585, 
2456539; 441928, 2456203; 441875, 2455686; 441477, 2455265; 440747, 
2455513; 440294, 2454127; 440678, 2454002; 440939, 2453662; 440687, 
2452786; 440011, 2452638; 439324, 2452794; 438821, 2452909; 438249, 
2453179; 438122, 2453607; 438356, 2454207; 439171, 2454579; 439213, 
2454955; 439014, 2455248; 439053, 2455692; 439249, 2455858; 439274, 
2456481; 439060, 2456669.

    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP07NO00.009
    

[[Page 66868]]


Kauai G (6,372 ha; 15,752 ac)

Unit consists of sixty-one boundary points and two intermediate 
stretches of coastline with the following coordinates: 438237, 2456026; 
438340, 2455904; 438452, 2455418; 438302, 2455008; 438227, 2454336; 
438356, 2454207; 438122, 2453607; 438249, 2453179; 438821, 2452909; 
439324, 2452794; 439098, 2452402; 438390, 2451683; 438377, 2451066; 
438479, 2450630; 438081, 2450611; 437856, 2450386; 437196, 2450236; 
436686, 2450327; 436206, 2450012; 435576, 2449428; 435171, 2449398; 
434571, 2449188; 434346, 2448873; 433716, 2448589; 433056, 2448274; 
432606, 2447884; 431976, 2447600; 431571, 2447195; 431376, 2446520; 
431001, 2446041; 430881, 2445501; 430956, 2445096; 430506, 2444616; 
430055, 2444390; 429511, 2444515; 429264, 2445339; 428958, 2445710; 
428546, 2445373; 427836, 2445411; 427275, 2446121; 427275, 2446869; 
427649, 2447167; 427163, 2447392; 427051, 2446869; 426453, 2446532; 
426005, 2446794; 425182, 2446869; 424958, 2447466; 425033, 2448288; 
424734, 2448475; 424703, 2448535; 425519, 2449626; 425631, 2449559; 
426331, 2449614; 427201, 2449297; 428060, 2449185; 428733, 2449372; 
428696, 2449969; 427986, 2449820; 427327, 2449846; 427036, 2450343.

    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP07NO00.010
    

[[Page 66869]]


Kauai H North (1,893 ha; 4,678 ac)

Unit consists of thirty boundary points with the following coordinates: 
438479, 2450630; 438530, 2450411; 439197, 2449222; 439559, 2448851; 
439963, 2448868; 440449, 2447452; 441231, 2446950; 441832, 2446159; 
442326, 2445855; 441941, 2445618; 441564, 2445724; 440439, 2445635; 
439481, 2445574; 439012, 2445981; 438755, 2446540; 437858, 2446764; 
437473, 2446353; 436897, 2446435; 436567, 2446737; 436399, 2447492; 
435795, 2447718; 434346, 2448873; 434571, 2449188; 435171, 2449398; 
435576, 2449428; 436206, 2450012; 436686, 2450327; 437196, 2450236; 
437856, 2450386; 438081, 2450611.

    Note: Map follows:

Kauai H South (2,053 ha; 5,072 ac)

Unit consists of thirty-six boundary points with the following 
coordinates: 442681, 2445377; 443901, 2444045; 443929, 2443735; 444310, 
2443141; 445138, 2442798; 445835, 2442346; 446429, 2442286; 446674, 
2441998; 446559, 2441513; 446662, 2441347; 446394, 2441140; 446090, 
2441397; 445534, 2441154; 445380, 2441414; 445147, 2441167; 444455, 
2440991; 444124, 2441223; 443707, 2441132; 443023, 2441344; 442289, 
2441224; 441900, 2441577; 441650, 2441573; 441526, 2441372; 441085, 
2441150; 440912, 2440914; 440464, 2440832; 440002, 2440430; 439021, 
2440374; 438871, 2440154; 438599, 2440452; 438983, 2440918; 438956, 
2441522; 439226, 2442251; 439011, 2443004; 437912, 2443251; 442140, 
2444430.

    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP07NO00.011
    

[[Page 66870]]


Kauai I (5,111 ha; 12,629 ac)

Unit consists of seventy-five boundary points with the following 
coordinates: 442326, 2445855; 442681, 2445377; 442140, 2444430; 437912, 
2443251; 439011, 2443004; 439226, 2442251; 438956, 2441522; 438983, 
2440918; 438599, 2440452; 438182, 2440018; 437639, 2439989; 437237, 
2440320; 436456, 2440043; 436254, 2440270; 436809, 2441177; 435666, 
2441725; 435498, 2441102; 434893, 2440850; 434168, 2441070; 433936, 
2440283; 433268, 2440018; 432676, 2440585; 433230, 2441908; 434465, 
2443017; 435654, 2443235; 435682, 2443786; 435977, 2444109; 437779, 
2444969; 437565, 2445246; 436658, 2444679; 436091, 2445059; 435939, 
2445705; 435335, 2445271; 435492, 2443672; 435074, 2443340; 433280, 
2443372; 433030, 2444063; 433773, 2445154; 435198, 2446208; 435150, 
2446635; 434429, 2446408; 434277, 2445895; 433180, 2444874; 431397, 
2443543; 431758, 2442201; 431027, 2441811; 430463, 2442072; 430035, 
2443613; 431367, 2445115; 432329, 2445592; 432614, 2446180; 432320, 
2446465; 431417, 2445364; 430956, 2445096; 430881, 2445501; 431001, 
2446041; 431376, 2446520; 431571, 2447195; 431976, 2447600; 432606, 
2447884; 433056, 2448274; 433716, 2448589; 434346, 2448873; 435795, 
2447718; 436399, 2447492; 436567, 2446737; 436897, 2446435; 437473, 
2446353; 437858, 2446764; 438755, 2446540; 439012, 2445981; 439481, 
2445574; 440439, 2445635; 441564, 2445724; 441941, 2445618.

    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP07NO00.012
    
Kauai J (504 ha; 1,245 ac)

Unit consists of eight boundary points and the intermediate coastline 
with the following coordinates: 423814, 2445432; 424802, 2445255; 
424177, 2443625; 423776, 2443508; 423659, 2442716; 422590, 2442656; 
419640, 2439894; 419295, 2440404.

    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP07NO00.013
    

[[Page 66871]]


Kauai K (821 ha; 2,028 ac)

Unit consists of fifteen boundary points with the following 
coordinates: 448086, 2443601; 447030, 2442449; 446492, 2442508; 446087, 
2442992; 446126, 2443364; 444940, 2443559; 444633, 2444048; 444772, 
2444564; 446167, 2445324; 446631, 2445322; 447605, 2444633; 448415, 
2445609; 449238, 2445413; 449406, 2444618; 449057, 2444228.

    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP07NO00.014
    
Kauai L (1,682 ha; 4,157 ac)

Unit consists of eleven boundary points with the following coordinates: 
443963, 2429307; 446972, 2431287; 447094, 2432620; 449275, 2432701; 
449659, 2430034; 449235, 2429166; 450649, 2427126; 449602, 2426473; 
447114, 2429408; 444745, 2428502; 443963, 2429287.

    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP07NO00.015
    
Kauai M (482 ha; 1,191 ac)

Unit consists of nine boundary points with the following coordinates: 
456911, 2424542; 456931, 2425122; 459885, 2425581; 460651, 2425063; 
460751, 2424475; 459457, 2424224; 458932, 2423556; 457954, 2423431; 
457777, 2424372.

    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP07NO00.016
    

[[Page 66872]]


Kauai N (286 ha; 707 ac)

Unit consists of sixteen boundary points with the following 
coordinates: 462502, 2438598; 462104, 2438973; 462578, 2439445; 462918, 
2439799; 462987, 2440106; 463169, 2440475; 463176, 2440747; 463392, 
2440968; 463540, 2441156; 463704, 2441235; 463768, 2440728; 464252, 
2439811; 463789, 2439644; 463956, 2439085; 463831, 2438883; 463365, 
2438375.

    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP07NO00.017
    
Kauai O (243 ha; 600 ac)

Unit consists of eight boundary points with the following UTM 
coordinates: 454357, 2445398; 454986, 2445311; 455160, 2444765; 455113, 
2443528; 454847, 2443199; 454234, 2443189; 453902, 2443647; 453926, 
2445083.

    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP07NO00.018
    
Kauai P (711 ha; 1,758 ac)

Unit consists of thirteen boundary points with the following 
coordinates: 447753, 2447225; 447428, 2447829; 448470, 2448968; 447125, 
2450677; 447365, 2451166; 448229, 2451166; 449288, 2451766; 449752, 
2451666; 450073, 2451227; 449432, 2449395; 449073, 2448924; 449147, 
2447868; 448339, 2447084.

    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP07NO00.019
    

[[Page 66873]]


Kauai Q (254 ha; 627 ac)

Unit consists of eight boundary points with the following coordinates: 
445509, 2452732; 446856, 2453623; 447285, 2453489; 447596, 2453084; 
447448, 2452593; 446079, 2451669; 445560, 2451860; 445359, 2452315.

    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP07NO00.020
    
Kauai R (1,216 ha; 3,004 ac)

Unit consists of twenty boundary points with the following coordinates: 
455777, 2449394; 456131, 2450017; 458344, 2450005; 459083, 2449224; 
460578, 2449637; 461026, 2449189; 460925, 2448495; 459811, 2448172; 
458204, 2448066; 457900, 2446720; 458214, 2446760; 458887, 2446950; 
459348, 2446748; 459490, 2446382; 459454, 2446075; 459242, 2445757; 
458486, 2445521; 456838, 2445992; 456525, 2446628; 457057, 2447386.

    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP07NO00.021
    
Kauai S (119 ha; 294 ac)

Unit consists of eight boundary points with the following coordinates: 
458569, 2444612; 459074, 2444680; 459466, 2444364; 459486, 2443810; 
459152, 2443495; 458687, 2443427; 458285, 2443787; 458273, 2444282.

    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP07NO00.022
    

[[Page 66874]]


Kauai T (639 ha; 1,578 ac)

Unit consists of sixteen boundary points with the following 
coordinates: 448552, 2442388; 449125, 2442584; 449589, 2442204; 449663, 
2440988; 450101, 2440410; 449514, 2439343; 450217, 2438368; 450068, 
2437872; 449597, 2437516; 448836, 2437971; 448762, 2438443; 448960, 
2438905; 448605, 2440584; 447306, 2440964; 447381, 2441287; 448241, 
2441890.

    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP07NO00.023
    
Kauai U (392 ha; 969 ac)

Unit consists of eleven boundary points with the following coordinates: 
426882, 2443616; 428076, 2443787; 428971, 2442855; 429381, 2442944; 
429822, 2442698; 429881, 2441922; 429083, 2441549; 428635, 2441781; 
428233, 2442549; 426763, 2442385; 426465, 2443191.

    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP07NO00.024
    

[[Page 66875]]



      Protected Species Within Each Critical Habitat Unit on Kauai
------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Kauai units                            Species
------------------------------------------------------------------------
A                    Cyrtandra limahuliensis.
B                    Lipochaeta waimeaensis and Spermolepis hawaiiensis.
C                    Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda.
D                    Solanum sandwicense.
E                    Brighamia insignis.
F                    Adenophorus periens, Cyrtandra limahuliensis,
                      Delissea rhytidosperma, Flueggea neowawraea,
                      Hesperomannia lydgatei, Hibiscus waimeae ssp.
                      hannerae, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia
                      lydgatei, Lobelia niihauensis, Myrsine
                      linearifolia, Peucedanum sandwicense, and
                      Pteralyxia kauaiensis.
G                    Adenophorus periens, Alectryon macrococcus,
                      Alsinidendron lychnoides, Bonamia menziesii,
                      Brighamia insignis, Centaurium sebaeoides,
                      Chamaesyce halemanui, Cyperus trachysanthos,
                      Delissea rhytidosperma, Delissea rivularis,
                      Delissea undulata, Diellia pallida, Dubautia
                      latifolia, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Exocarpos
                      luteolus, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania meyenii,
                      Hedyotis cookiana, Hedyotis st.-johnii,
                      Hibiscadelphus woodii, Isodendrion laurifolium,
                      Isodendrion longifolium, Kokia kauaiensis,
                      Lipochaeta fauriei, Lobelia niihauensis, Melicope
                      haupuensis, Melicope knudsenii, Melicope pallida,
                      Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine linearifolia,
                      Nothocestrum peltatum, Peucedanum sandwicense,
                      Phyllostegia wawrana, Plantago princeps, Poa
                      mannii, Poa sandvicensis, Poa siphonoglossa,
                      Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Remya kauaiensis, Remya
                      montgomeryi, Schiedea apokremnos, Schiedea
                      kauaiensis, Schiedea membranacea, Schiedea
                      spergulina var. spergulina, Solanum sandwicense,
                      Stenogyne campanulata, Wilkesia hobdyi, and
                      Xylosma crenatum.
H                    Alsinidendron lychnoides, Exocarpos luteolus,
                      Myrsine linearifolia, and Platanthera holochila.
I                    Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron viscosum,
                      Chamaesyce halemanui, Diellia pallida, Dubautia
                      latifolia, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Exocarpos
                      luteolus, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania meyenii,
                      Isodendrion laurifolium, Kokia kauaiensis,
                      Lipochaeta fauriei, Lipochaeta micrantha, Lobelia
                      niihauensis, Melicope haupuensis, Melicope
                      knudsenii, Melicope pallida, Munroidendron
                      racemosum, Myrsine linearifolia, Nothocestrum
                      peltatum, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia
                      knudsenii, Phyllostegia wawrana, Poa sandvicensis,
                      Poa siphonoglossa, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Remya
                      kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi, Schiedea helleri,
                      Schiedea membranacea, Schiedea spergulina var.
                      spergulina, Schiedea stellarioides, Solanum
                      sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Xylosma
                      crenatum, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.
J                    Hedyotis st.-johnii, Lobelia niihauensis, Panicum
                      niihauense, Schiedea apokremnos, Sesbania
                      tomentosa, and Wilkesia hobdyi.
K                    Adenophorus periens, Cyanea recta, Cyrtandra
                      cyaneoides, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Labordia
                      lydgatei, Plantago princeps, and Schiedea
                      membranacea.
L                    Adenophorus periens, Bonamia menziesii, Cyanea
                      remyi, Cyanea undulata, Cyrtandra limahuliensis,
                      Dubautia pauciflorula, Exocarpos luteolus,
                      Hesperomannia lydgatei, Isodendrion longifolium,
                      Labordia lydgatei, Labordia tinifolia var.
                      wahiawaensis, Myrsine linearifolia, Viola helenae,
                      and Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis.
M                    Brighamia insignis, Delissea rhytidosperma,
                      Isodendrion longifolium, Lipochaeta micrantha,
                      Munroidendron racemosum, Peucedanum sandwicense,
                      Pteralyxia kauaiensis, and Schiedea nuttallii.
N                    Hibiscus clayi and Munroidendron racemosum.
O                    Cyrtandra limahuliensis and Cyanea recta.
P                    Adenophorus periens, Cyanea recta, Cyanea remyi,
                      Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Cyrtandra limahuliensis,
                      Hesperomannia lydgatei, Isodendrion longifolium,
                      Labordia lydgatei, Myrsine linearifolia, and
                      Plantago princeps.
Q                    Cyrtandra limahuliensis and Pteralyxia kauaiensis.
R                    Adenophorus periens, Cyanea asarifolia, Cyanea
                      recta, Cyanea remyi, Cyrtandra cyaneoides,
                      Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Labordia lydgatei,
                      Phyllostegia wawrana.
S                    Exocarpos luteolus.
T                    Cyanea asarifolia, Cyanea remyi, Cyrtandra
                      limahuliensis, Labordia lydgatei, Lysimachia
                      filifolia, Plantago princeps, and Pteralyxia
                      kauaiensis.
U                    Alectryon macrococcus, Euphorbia haeleeleana,
                      Isodendrion laurifolium, Lipochaeta fauriei, Poa
                      siphonoglossa, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, and Remya
                      kauaiensis.
------------------------------------------------------------------------


[[Page 66876]]

    (B) Niihau.
    Critical habitat units with multiple species are described below. 
Coordinates are in UTM Zone 4 with units in meters using North American 
Datum of 1983 (NAD83). Distances are provided in meters and miles.
Niihau A (94 ha; 232 ac)
    Area consists of seven boundary points with the following 
coordinates: 385256, 2427495; 384807, 2427285; 384358, 2427494; 384230, 
2427972; 384607, 2428421; 385100, 2428379; 385384, 2427974.

    Note: Map follows:

Niihau B (97 ha; 239 ac)
    Area consists of eight boundary points with the following 
coordinates: 387204, 2428323; 387067, 2427946; 386719, 2427745; 386241, 
2427873; 386032, 2428321; 386169, 2428698; 386618, 2428908; 387067, 
2428699.

    Note: Map follows:

    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP07NO00.025
    

      Protected Species Within Each Critical Habitat Unit on Niihau
------------------------------------------------------------------------
           Niihau units                           Species
------------------------------------------------------------------------
A                                  Cyperus trachysanthos.
B                                  Brighamia insignis.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (ii) Hawaiian plants--Constituent elements.
    (A) Flowering plants.


Family Apiaceae: Peucedanum sandwicense (makou)

    Kauai F, G, I, and M, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Peucedanum sandwicense on 
Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
cliff habitats (a) in mixed shrub coastal dry cliff communities or 
diverse mesic forest and (b) containing one or more of the following 
associated native plant species: Hibiscus kokio, Brighamia insignis, 
Bidens sp., Artemisia sp., Lobelia niihauensis, Wilkesia gymnoxiphium, 
Canthium odoratum, Dodonaea viscosa, Psychotria sp., Acacia koa, Kokio 
kauaiensis, Carex meyenii, Panicum lineale, Chamaesyce celastroides, 
Eragrostis sp., Diospyros sp., or Metrosideros polymorpha; and (2) 
elevations from sea level to above 915 m (3,000 ft).


Family Apiaceae: Spermolepis hawaiiensis (no common name)

    Kauai B and I, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Spermolepis hawaiiensis 
on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
Metrosideros polymorpha forests or Dodonaea viscosa lowland dry 
shrubland containing one or more of the following associated plant 
species: Eragrostis variabilis, Bidens sandvicensis, Schiedea 
spergulina, Lipochaeta sp., Cenchrus agrimonioides, Sida fallax, 
Doryopteris sp., or Gouania hillebrandii; and (2) elevations of about 
305 to 610 m (1,000 to 2,000 ft).


Family Apocynaceae: Pteralyxia kauaiensis (kaulu)

    Kauai F, G, I, M, Q, T, and U, identified in the legal descriptions 
in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Pteralyxia kauaiensis 
on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
diverse mesic or wet forests containing one or more of the following 
associated plant taxa: Pisonia sandwicensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, 
Charpentiera elliptica, Pipturus sp., Neraudia kauaiensis, Hedyotis 
terminalis, Pritchardia sp., Gardenia remyi, Syzygium sp., Pleomele 
sp., Cyanea sp., Hibiscus sp., Kokia kauaiensis, Alectryon macrococcus, 
Canthium odoratum, Nestegis sandwicensis, Bobea timonioides, Rauvolfia 
sandwicensis, Nesoluma polynesicum, Myrsine lanaiensis, Caesalpinia 
kauaiensis, Tetraplasandra sp., Acacia koa, Styphelia tameiameiae, 
Dodonaea viscosa, Gahnia sp., Freycinetia arborea, Psychotria 
mariniana, Diplazium sandwichianum, Zanthoxylum dipetalum, Carex sp., 
Delissea sp., Xylosma hawaiiense, Alphitonia ponderosa, Santalum 
freycinetianum, Antidesma sp., Diospyros sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, 
Dianella sandwicensis, Poa sandwicensis, Schiedea

[[Page 66877]]

stellarioides, Peperomia macraeana, Claoxylon sandwicense, or Pouteria 
sandwicensis; and (2) elevations between 250 to 610 m (820 to 2,000 
ft).


Family Araliaceae: Munroidendron racemosum (no common name)

    Kauai G, I, M, and N, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Munroidendron racemosum 
on Kauai. Within these units the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
steep exposed cliffs or ridge slopes (a) in coastal or lowland mesic 
forest and (b) containing one or more of the following associated plant 
taxa: Pisonia umbellifera, Canavalia galeata, Sida fallax, Brighamia 
insignis, Canthium odoratum, Psychotria sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, 
Tetraplasandra sp., Bobea timonioides, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Pleomele 
sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, or Diospyros sp.; and (2) elevations 
between 120 to 400 m (395 to 1,310 ft).


Family Asteraceae: Dubautia latifolia (na`ena`e)
    Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Dubautia latifolia on 
Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
gentle or steep slopes on well drained soil in (a) semi-open or closed, 
diverse montane mesic forest dominated by Acacia koa and/or 
Metrosideros polymorpha and (b) containing one or more of the following 
native plant species: Pouteria sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Nestegis 
sandwicensis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Claoxylon 
sandwicense, Bobea sp., Pleomele sp., Antidesma sp., Cyrtandra sp., 
Xylosma sp., Alphitonia ponderosa, Coprosma waimeae, Dicranopteris 
linearis, Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex anomala, Melicope anisata, 
Psychotria mariniana, or Scaevola sp.; and (2) elevations between 800 
to 1,220 m (2,625 to 4,000 ft).


Family Asteraceae: Dubautia pauciflorula (na`ena`e)

    Kauai L, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(A), 
description above, constitutes critical habitat for Dubautia 
pauciflorula on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that 
provide: (1) lowland wet forest within stream drainages; and (2) 
elevations between 670-700 m (2,200-2,300 ft).


Family Asteraceae: Hesperomannia lydgatei (no common name)

    Kauai F, L, and P, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Hesperomannia lydgatei on 
Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
stream banks with rich brown soil and silty clay (a) in Metrosideros 
polymorpha or Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis lowland 
wet forest and (b) containing one or more of the following associated 
native plant species: Adenophorus sp., Antidesma sp., Broussaisia 
arguta, Cheirodendron sp., Elaphoglossum sp., Freycinetia arborea, 
Hedyotis terminalis, Labordia lydgatei, Machaerina angustifolia, 
Peperomia sp., Pritchardia sp., Psychotria hexandra, and Syzygium 
sandwicensis; and (2) elevations between 410-915 m (1,345-3,000 ft).


Family Asteraceae: Lipochaeta fauriei (nehe)

    Kauai G, I, and U, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Lipochaeta fauriei on 
Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
moderate shade to full sun on the sides of steep gulches (a) in diverse 
lowland mesic forests and (b) containing one or more of the following 
native species: Diospyros sp., Myrsine lanaiensis, Euphorbia 
haeleeleana, Acacia koa, Pleomele aurea, Sapindus oahuensis, Nestegis 
sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Psychotria mariniana, Psychotria 
greenwelliae, Kokia kauaiensis, or Hibiscus waimeae; and (2) elevations 
between 480 and 900 m (1,575 and 2,950 ft).


Family Asteraceae: Lipochaeta micrantha (nehe)

    Kauai I and M, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Lipochaeta micrantha on 
Kauai. Within these units the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat for Lipochaeta micrantha var. exigua are 
habitat components that provide: (1) cliffs, ridges, or slopes (a) in 
grassy, shrubby or dry mixed communities and (b) containing one or more 
of the following associated native plant species: Artemisia australis, 
Bidens sandvicensis, Plectranthus parviflorus, Chamaesyce celastroides, 
Diospyros sp., Canthium odoratum, Neraudia sp., Pipturus sp., Hibiscus 
kokio, Sida fallax, Eragrostis sp., or Lepidium bidentatum; and (2) 
elevations between 305-430 m (1,000-1,400 ft).
    Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat for Lipochaeta micrantha var. micrantha 
are habitat components that provide: (1) basalt cliffs, stream banks, 
or level ground (a) in mesic or diverse Metrosideros polymorpha-
Diospyros sp. forest and (b) containing one or more of the following 
associated native plant species: Lobelia niihauensis, Chamaesyce 
celastroides var. hanapepensis, Neraudia kauaiensis, Rumex sp., 
Nontrichium sp. (kului), Artemisia sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Antidesma 
sp., Hibiscus sp., Xylosma sp., Pleomele sp., Melicope sp., Bobea sp., 
and Acacia koa; and (2) elevations between 610-720 m (2,000-2,360 ft).


Family Asteraceae: Lipochaeta waimeaensis (nehe)

    Kauai B, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(A), 
constitutes critical habitat for Lipochaeta waimeaensis on Kauai. 
Within this unit, the currently known primary constituent elements of 
critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) precipitous, 
shrub-covered gulch (a) in diverse lowland forest and (b) containing 
the native species Dodonaea viscosa or Lipochaeta connata; and (2) 
elevations between 350 and 400 m (1,150 and 1,310 ft).


Family Asteraceae: Remya kauaiensis (no common name)

    Kauai G, I, and U, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Remya kauaiensis on 
Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
steep, north or northeast facing slopes (a) in Acacia koa-Metrosideros 
polymorpha lowland mesic forest and (b) containing one or more of the 
following associated native plant species: Chamaesyce sp., Nestegis 
sandwicensis, Diospyros sp., Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope ssp., 
Pouteria sandwicensis, Schiedea membranacea, Psychotria mariniana, 
Dodonaea viscosa, Dianella sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, or 
Claoxylon sandwicensis; and (2) elevations between 850 to 1,250 m 
(2,800 to 4,100 ft).

    Family Asteraceae: Remya montgomeryi (no common name)

    Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Remya montgomeryi on 
Kauai. Within these units, the

[[Page 66878]]

currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat are 
habitat components that provide: (1) steep, north or northeast-facing 
slopes, cliffs, or stream banks near waterfalls (a) in Metrosideros 
polymorpha mixed mesic forest and (b) containing one or more of the 
following associated native plant species: Lysimachia glutinosa, 
Lepidium serra, Boehmeria grandis, Poa mannii, Stenogyne campanulata, 
Myrsine linearifolia, Bobea timonioides, Ilex anomala, Zanthoxylum 
dipetalum, Claoxylon sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra spp., Artemisia sp., 
Nototrichium sp., Cyrtandra  sp., Dubautia plantaginea, Sadleria sp., 
Cheirodendron sp., Scaevola sp., or Pleomele sp.; and (2) elevations 
between 850 to 1,250 m (2,800 to 4,100 ft).


Family Asteraceae: Wilkesia hobdyi (dwarf iliau)

    Kauai G and J, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Wilkesia hobdyi on Kauai. 
Within these units, the currently known primary constituent elements of 
critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) coastal dry 
cliffs or very dry ridges containing one or more of the following 
associated native plant species: Artemisia sp., Wilkesia gymnoxiphium, 
Lipochaeta connata, Lobelia niihauensis, Peucedanum sandwicensis, 
Hibiscus kokio ssp. saint johnianus, Canthium odoratum, Peperomia sp., 
Myoporum sandwicense, Sida fallax, Waltheria indica, Dodonaea viscosa, 
or Eragrostis variabilis; and (2) elevations between 275 to 400 m (900 
to 1,310 ft).

    Family Campanulaceae: Brighamia insignis (`olulu)

    Kauai E, G, and M, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), and Niihau B, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(B), constitute critical habitat for Brighamia insignis on 
Kauai and Niihau. Within these units, the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that 
provide: (1) rocky ledges with little soil or steep sea cliffs (a) in 
lowland dry grasslands or shrublands with annual rainfall that is 
usually less than 170 cm (65 in.) and (b) containing one or more of the 
following native plant species: Artemisia sp., Chamaesyce celastroides, 
Canthium odoratum, Eragrostis variabilis, Heteropogon contortus, 
Hibiscus kokio, Hibiscus saintjohnianus, Lepidium serra, Lipochaeta 
succulenta, Munroidendron racemosum, or Sida fallax; and (2) elevations 
between sea level to 480 m (1,575 ft) elevation.


Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea asarifolia (haha)

    Kauai R and T, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Cyanea asarifolia on 
Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
pockets of soil on sheer rock cliffs (a) in lowland wet forests and (b) 
containing one or more of the following native plant species: Hedyotis 
elatior, Machaerina angustifolia, Metrosideros polymorpha, Touchardia 
latifolia, or Urera glabra; and (2) elevations between 330 to 730 m 
(1,080 to 2,400 ft).

    Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea recta (haha)

    Kauai K, O, P, and R, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Cyanea recta on Kauai. 
Within these units, the currently known primary constituent elements of 
critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) gulches or 
slopes (a) in lowland wet or mesic Metrosideros polymorpha forest or 
shrubland and (b) containing one or more of the following native plant 
species: Dicranopteris linearis, Psychotria sp., Antidesma sp., 
Cheirodendron platyphyllum, Cibotium sp., or Diplazium sp.; and (2) 
elevations between 400 to 1,200 m (1,310 to 3,940 ft).

Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea remyi (haha)

    Kauai L, P, R, and T, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Cyanea remyi on Kauai. 
Within these units, the currently known primary constituent elements of 
critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) lowland wet 
forest or shrubland and containing one or more of the following native 
plant species: Antidesma sp., Cheirodendron sp., Diospyros sp., 
Broussaisia arguta, Metrosideros polymorpha, Freycinetia arborea, 
Hedyotis terminalis, Machaerina angustifolia, Perrottetia sandwicensis, 
Psychotria hexandra, or Syzygium sandwicensis; and (2) elevations 
between 360 to 930 m (1,180 to 3,060 ft).


Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea undulata (haha)

    Kauai L, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), 
constitutes critical habitat for Cyanea undulata on Kauai. Within these 
units, the currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) pristine, undisturbed 
sites along shady stream banks or steep to vertical slopes; and (2) 
elevations between 630 to 800 m (2,070 to 2,625 ft).


Family Campanulaceae: Delissea rhytidosperma (no common name)

    Kauai F, G, and M, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Delissea rhytidosperma on 
Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
well-drained soils with medium or fine-textured subsoil (a) in diverse 
lowland mesic forests or Acacia koa dominated lowland dry forests and 
(b) containing one or more of the following native species: Euphorbia 
haeleeleana, Psychotria hobdyi, Pisonia sp., Pteralyxia sp., Dodonaea 
viscosa, Cyanea sp., Hedyotis sp., Dianella sandwicensis, Diospyros 
sandwicensis, Styphelia tameiameiae, or Nestegis sandwicensis; and (2) 
elevations between 120 and 915 m (400 and 3,000 ft).


Family Campanulaceae: Delissea rivularis (`oha)

    Kauai G, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(A), 
constitutes critical habitat for Delissea rivularis on Kauai. Within 
this unit, the currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) steep slopes near 
streams (a) in Metrosideros polymorpha--Cheirodendron trigynum montane 
wet or mesic forest and (b) containing one or more of the following 
native plant species: Broussaisia arguta, Carex sp., Coprosma sp., 
Melicope clusiifolia, M. anisata, Psychotria hexandra, Dubautia 
knudsenii, Diplazium sandwichianum, Hedyotis foggiana, Ilex anomala, or 
Sadleria sp.; and (2) elevations between 1,100 to 1,220 m (3,610 to 
4,000 ft).


Family Campanulaceae: Delissea undulata (no common name)

    Kauai G, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(A), 
constitutes critical habitat for Delissea undulata on Kauai. Within 
this unit, the currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) dry or mesic open 
Sophora chrysophylla-Metrosideros polymorpha forests containing one or 
more of the following native plant species: Diospyros sandwicensis, 
Dodonaea viscosa, Psychotria mariniana, P. greenwelliae, Santalum 
ellipticum, Nothocestrum breviflorum, or Acacia koa; and (2) elevations 
between 610-1,740 m (2,000-5,700 ft).


Family Campanulaceae: Lobelia niihauensis (no common name)

[[Page 66879]]

    Kauai F, G, I, and J, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Lobelia niihauensis on 
Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
exposed mesic mixed shrubland or coastal dry cliffs containing one or 
more of the following associated native plant species: Eragrostis sp., 
Bidens sp., Plectranthus parviflorus, Lipochaeta sp., Lythrum sp., 
Wilkesia hobdyi, Hibiscus kokio ssp. saint johnianus, Nototrichium sp., 
Schiedea apokremnos, Chamaesyce celastroides, Charpentiera sp., or 
Artemisia sp.; and (2) elevations between 100 to 830 m (330 to 2720 
ft).


Family Caryophyllaceae: Alsinidendron lychnoides (kuawawaenohu)

    Kauai G and H, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Alsinidendron lychnoides 
on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
montane wet forests (a) dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha and 
Cheirodendron sp., or by Metrosideros polymorpha and Dicranopteris 
linearis and (b) containing one or more of the following native plant 
species: Carex sp., Cyrtandra sp., Machaerina sp., Vaccinium sp., 
Peperomia sp., Hedyotis terminalis, Astelia sp., or Broussaisia arguta; 
and (2) elevations between 1,100 and 1,320 m (3,610 and 4,330 ft).


Family Caryophyllaceae: Alsinidendron viscosum (no common name)

    Kauai I, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(A), 
constitutes critical habitat for Alsinidendron viscosum on Kauai. 
Within this unit, the currently known primary constituent elements of 
critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) steep slopes 
(a) in Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland, montane mesic, or 
wet forest and (b) containing one or more of the following native plant 
species: Alyxia olivaeformis, Bidens cosmoides, Bobea sp., Carex sp., 
Coprosma sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Gahnia sp., Ilex anomala, Melicope sp., 
Pleomele sp., Psychotria sp., or Schiedea stellarioides; and (2) 
elevations between 820 and 1,200 m (2,700 and 3,940 ft).


Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea apokremnos (ma'oli'oli)

    Kauai G and J, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Schiedea apokremnos on 
Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
crevices of near-vertical coastal cliff faces (a) in sparse dry coastal 
shrub vegetation and (b) containing one or more of the following 
associated native plant species: Heliotropium sp., Chamaesyce sp., 
Bidens sp., Artemisia australis, Lobelia niihauensis, Wilkesia hobdyi, 
Lipochaeta connata, Myoporum sandwicense, Canthium odoratum, or 
Peperomia sp.; and (2) elevations between 60 to 330 m (200 to 1,080 
ft).


Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea helleri (no common name)

    Kauai I, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(A), 
constitutes critical habitat for Schiedea helleri on Kauai. Within this 
unit, the currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) ridges and steep 
cliffs (a) in closed Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis 
montane wet forest, or Metrosideros polymorpha-Cheirodendron sp. 
montane wet forest, or Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha montane mesic 
forest, and (b) containing one or more of the following associated 
native plant species: Dubautia raillardioides, Scaevola procera, 
Hedyotis terminalis, Syzygium sandwicensis, Melicope clusifolia, 
Cibotium sp., Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron sp., Cyanea hirtella, 
Dianella sandwicensis, Viola wailenalenae, or Poa sandvicensis; and (2) 
elevations between 1,065-1,100 m (3,490-3,610 ft).


Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea kauaiensis (no common name)

    Kauai G, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(A), 
constitutes critical habitat for Schiedea kauaiensis on Kauai. Within 
this unit, the currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) steep slopes (a) in 
diverse mesic or wet forest and (b) containing one or more of the 
following associated plant taxa: Psychotria mariniana, Psychotria 
hexandra, Canthium odoratum, Pisonia sp., Microlepia speluncae, 
Exocarpos luteolus, Diospyros sp., Peucedanum sandwicense, or Euphorbia 
haeleeleana; and (2) elevations between 680-790 m (2,230-2,590 ft).


Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea membranacea (no common name)

    Kauai G, I, and K, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Schiedea membranacea on 
Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
cliffs or cliff bases (a) in mesic or wet habitats, (b) in lowland, or 
montane shrubland, or forest communities dominated by Acacia koa, 
Pipturus sp. or Metrosideros polymorpha and (c) containing one or more 
of the following associated native plant species: Hedyotis terminalis, 
Melicope sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, Poa mannii, Hibiscus waimeae, 
Psychotria mariniana, Canthium odoratum, Pisonia sp., Perrottetia 
sandwicensis, Scaevola procera, Sadleria cyatheoides, Diplazium 
sandwicensis, Thelypteris sandwicensis, Boehmeria grandis, Dodonaea 
viscosa, Myrsine sp., Bobea brevipes, Alyxia olivaeformis, Psychotria 
greenwelliae, Pleomele sp., Alphitonia ponderosa, Joinvillea ascendens 
ssp. ascendens, Athyrium sandwichianum, Machaerina angustifolia, 
Cyrtandra paludosa, Touchardia latifolia, Thelypteris cyatheoides, 
Lepidium serra, Eragrostis variabilis, Remya kauaiensis, Lysimachia 
kalalauensis, Labordia helleri, Mariscus pennatiformis, Asplenium 
praemorsum, or Poa sandvicensis; and (2) elevations between 520 and 
1,160 m (1,700 and 3,800 ft).


Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea nuttallii (no common name)

    Kauai M, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(A), 
constitutes critical habitat for Schiedea nuttallii on Kauai. Within 
this unit, the currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) diverse lowland mesic 
forest, often with Metrosideros polymorpha dominant, containing one or 
more of the following associated native plant species: Antidesma sp, 
Psychotria sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pisonia sp., or Hedyotis 
acuminata; and (2) elevations between 415 and 790 m (1,360 and 2,590 
ft).


Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda (no common 
name)

    Kauai C, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(A), 
constitutes critical habitat for Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda on 
Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
bare rock outcrops or sparsely vegetated portions of rocky cliff faces 
or cliff bases (a) in diverse lowland mesic forests and (b) containing 
one or more of the following native plants: Bidens sandvicensis, 
Doryopteris sp., Peperomia leptostachya, or Plectranthus parviflorus; 
and (2) elevations between 180 and 800 m (590 and 2,625 ft).


[[Page 66880]]



Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina (no common 
name)

    Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Schiedea spergulina var. 
spergulina on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that 
provide: (1) bare rock outcrops or sparsely vegetated portions of rocky 
cliff faces or cliff bases (a) in diverse lowland mesic forests and (b) 
containing one or more of the following associated plant taxa: 
Heliotropium sp., or Nototrichium sandwicense; and (2) elevations 
between 180 and 800 m (590 and 2,625 ft).


Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea stellarioides (laulihilihi 
(ma`oli`oli))

    Kauai I, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(A), 
constitutes critical habitat for Schiedea stellarioides on Kauai. 
Within this unit, the currently known primary constituent elements of 
critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) steep slopes 
(a) in closed Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland or montane 
mesic forest or shrubland and (b) containing one or more of the 
following native plant species: Nototrichium sp., Artemisia sp., 
Dodonaea viscosa, Melicope sp., Dianella sandwicensis, Bidens 
cosmoides, Mariscus sp., or Styphelia tameiameiae; and (2) elevations 
between 610 and 1,120 m (2,000 and 3,680 ft).


Family Convolvulaceae: Bonamia menziesii (no common name)

    Kauai G and L, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Bonamia menziesii on 
Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
dry, mesic or wet forests containing one or more of the following 
native plant species: Metrosideros polymorpha, Canthium odoratum, 
Dianella sandwicensis, Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, 
Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope anisata, Melicope barbigera, Myoporum 
sandwicense, Nestegis sandwicense, Pisonia sp., Pittosporum sp., 
Pouteria sandwicensis, or Sapindus oahuensis; and (2) elevations 
between 150 and 850 m (500 and 2,800 ft).


Family Cyperaceae: Cyperus trachysanthos (pu`uka`a)

    Kauai G, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), and 
Niihau A, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(B), 
constitute critical habitat for Cyperus trachysanthos on Kauai and 
Niihau. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
wet sites (mud flats, wet clay soil, or wet cliff seeps) (a) on coastal 
cliffs or talus slopes and (b) containing the native plant species 
Hibiscus tiliaceus; and (2) elevations between 3 and 160 m (10 and 525 
ft).


Family Euphorbiaceae: Chamaesyce halemanui (no common name)

    Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Chamaesyce halemanui on 
Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
steep slopes of gulches (a) in mesic Acacia koa forests and (b) 
containing one or more of the following native plant species: 
Metrosideros polymorpha, Alphitonia ponderosa, Antidesma platyphyllum, 
Bobea brevipes, Cheirodendron trigynum, Coprosma sp., Diospyros 
sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hedyotis 
terminalis, Kokia kauaiensis, Melicope haupuensis, Pisonia sp., 
Pittosporum sp., Pleomele aurea, Psychotria mariniana, Psychotria 
greenwelliae, Pouteria sandwicensis, Santalum freycinetianum, or 
Styphelia tameiameiae; and (2) elevations between 660 to 1,100 m (2,165 
to 3,610 ft).


Family Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia haeleeleana (`akoko)

    Kauai G, I, and U, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Euphorbia haeleeleana on 
Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
lowland mixed mesic or dry forest that (a) is often dominated by 
Metrosideros polymorpha, Acacia koa, or Diospyros sp. and (b) 
containing one or more of the following native plant species: Acacia 
koaia, Antidesma platyphyllum, Claoxylon sp., Carex meyenii, Carex 
wahuensis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Dodonaea viscosa, Erythrina 
sandwicensis, Kokia kauaiensis, Pleomele aurea, Psychotria mariniana, 
P. greenwelliae, Pteralyxia sandwicensis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, 
Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Sapindus oahuensis, Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, 
Pouteria sandwicensis, Pisonia sandwicensis, or Xylosma sp.; and (2) 
elevations between 205 and 670 m (680 and 2,200 ft).


Family Euphorbiaceae: Flueggea neowawraea (mehamehame)
    Kauai F, G, and I, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Flueggea neowawraea on 
Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
dry or mesic forests containing one or more of the following native 
plant species: Alectryon macrococcus, Bobea timonioides, Charpentiera 
sp., Caesalpinia kauaiense, Hibiscus sp., Melicope sp., Metrosideros 
polymorpha, Myrsine lanaiensis, Munroidendron racemosum, Tetraplasandra 
sp., Kokia kauaiensis, Isodendrion sp., Pteralyxia kauaiensis, 
Psychotria mariniana, Diplazium sandwichianum, Freycinetia arborea, 
Nesoluma polynesicum, Diospyros sp., Antidesma pulvinatum, A. 
platyphyllum, Canthium odoratum, Nestegis sandwicensis, Rauvolfia 
sandwicensis, Pittosporum sp., Tetraplasandra sp., Pouteria 
sandwicensis, Xylosma sp., Pritchardia sp., Bidens sp., or Streblus 
pendulinus; and (2) elevations of 250 to 1,000 m (820 to 3,280 ft).


Family Fabaceae: Sesbania tomentosa (`ohai)
    Kauai J, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(A), 
constitutes critical habitat for Sesbania tomentosa on Kauai. Within 
these units, the currently known primary constituent elements of 
critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) sandy 
beaches, dunes, soil pockets on lava, or pond margins (a) in coastal 
dry shrublands, or open Metrosideros polymorpha forests, or mixed 
coastal dry cliffs, and (b) containing one or more of the following 
associated native plant species: Sida fallax, Heteropogon contortus, 
Myoporum sandwicense, Sporobolus virginicus, Scaevola sericea, or 
Dodonaea viscosa; and (2) elevations between sea level and 12 m (0 and 
40 ft).


Family Flacourtiaceae: Xylosma crenatum (no common name)

    Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Xylosma crenatum on 
Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
diverse Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha montane mesic forest, or 
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis montane wet forest, or 
Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet forest, and containing 
one or more of the following associated native plant species: 
Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, Hedyotis terminalis, Pleomele aurea, Ilex 
anomala, Claoxylon sandwicense,

[[Page 66881]]

Myrsine alyxifolia, Nestegis sandwicensis, Streblus pendulinus, 
Psychotria sp., Diplazium sandwichianum, Pouteria sandwicensis, 
Scaevola procera, Coprosma sp., Athyrium sandwichianum, Touchardia 
latifolia, Dubautia knudsenii, Cheirodendron sp., Lobelia yuccoides, 
Cyanea hirta, Poa sandwicensis, or Diplazium sandwichianum; and (2) 
elevations between 975 to 1,065 m (3,200 to 3,4900 ft).


Family Gentianaceae: Centaurium sebaeoides (`awiwi)

    Kauai G, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(A), 
constitutes critical habitat for Centaurium sebaeoides on Kauai. Within 
this unit, the currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) volcanic or clay soils 
or cliffs (a) in arid coastal areas and (b) containing one or more of 
the following native plant species; Artemisia sp., Bidens sp., 
Chamaesyce celastroides, Dodonaea viscosa, Fimbristylis cymosa, 
Heteropogon contortus, Jaquemontia ovalifolia, Lipochaeta succulenta, 
Lipochaeta heterophylla, Lipochaeta integrifolia, Lycium sandwicense, 
Lysimachia mauritiana, Mariscus phloides, Panicum fauriei, P. torridum, 
Scaevola sericea, Schiedea globosa, Sida fallax, or Wikstroemia uva-
ursi; and (2) elevations above 250 m (800 ft).


Family Gesneriaceae: Cyrtandra cyaneoides (mapele)

    Kauai K, P, and R, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Cyrtandra cyaneoides on 
Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
steep slopes or cliffs near streams or waterfalls (a) in lowland or 
montane wet forest or shrubland dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or 
a mixture of Metrosideros polymorpha and Dicranopteris linearis and (b) 
containing one or more of the following native species: Perrottetia 
sandwicensis, Pipturus sp., Bidens sp., Psychotria sp., Pritchardia 
sp., Freycinetia arborea, Cyanea sp., Cyrtandra limahuliensis, 
Diplazium sandwichianum, Gunnera sp., Coprosma sp., Stenogyne sp., 
Machaerina sp., Boehmeria grandis, Pipturus sp., Cheirodendron sp., 
Hedyotis terminalis, or Hedyotis tryblium; and (2) elevations between 
550 and 1,220 meter (1,800 and 4,000 ft).


Family Gesneriaceae: Cyrtandra limahuliensis (ha`iwale)

    Kauai A, F, K, L, O, P, Q, R, and T, identified in the legal 
descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Cyrtandra 
limahuliensis on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary 
constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that 
provide: (1) stream banks (a) in lowland wet forests and (b) containing 
one or more of the following native plant species: Antidesma sp., 
Cyrtandra kealiea, Pisonia sp., Pipturus sp., Cibotium glaucum, Eugenia 
sp, Hedyotis terminalis, Dubautia sp., Boehmeria grandis, Touchardia 
latifolia, Bidens sp., Hibiscus waimeae, Charpentiera sp., Urera 
glabra, Pritchardia sp., Cyanea sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, 
Metrosideros polymorpha, Dicranopteris linearis, Gunnera kauaiensis, or 
Psychotria sp.; and (2) elevations between 245 and 915 m (800 and 3,000 
ft).


Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia knudsenii (no common name)

    Kauai I, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(A), 
constitutes critical habitat for Phyllostegia knudsenii on Kauai. 
Within this unit, the currently known primary constituent elements of 
critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) Metrosideros 
polymorpha lowland mesic or wet forest containing one or more of the 
following associated native plant species: Perrottetia sandwicensis, 
Cyrtandra kauaiensis, Cyrtandra paludosa, Elaeocarpus bifidus, 
Claoxylon sandwicensis, Cryptocarya mannii, Ilex anomala, Myrsine 
linearifolia, Bobea timonioides, Selaginella arbuscula, Diospyros sp., 
Zanthoxylum dipetalum, Pittosporum sp., Tetraplasandra spp., Pouteria 
sandwicensis, or Pritchardia minor; and (2) elevations between 865-975 
m (2,840-3,200 ft).

Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia wawrana (no common name)

    Kauai G, I, and R, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Phyllostegia wawrana on 
Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
Metrosideros polymorpha dominated lowland or montane wet or mesic 
forest with (a) Cheirodendron sp. or Dicranopteris linearis as co-
dominants, and (b) containing one or more of the following associated 
native plant species: Delissea rivularis, Diplazium sandwichianum, 
Vaccinium sp., Broussaisia arguta, Myrsine lanaiensis, Psychotria sp., 
Dubautia knudsenii, Scaevola procera, Gunnera sp., Pleomele aurea, 
Claoxylon sandwicense, Elaphoglossum sp., Hedyotis sp., Sadleria  sp., 
and Syzygium sandwicensis; and (2) elevations between 780-1,210 m 
(2,560-3,920 ft).


Family Lamiaceae: Stenogyne campanulata (no common name)

    Kauai G, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(A), 
constitutes critical habitat for Stenogyne campanulata on Kauai. Within 
this unit, the currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) rock faces of nearly 
vertical, north-facing cliffs (a) in diverse lowland or montane mesic 
forest and (b) containing one or more of the following associated 
native plant species: Heliotropium sp., Lepidium serra, Lysimachia 
glutinosa, Perrottetia sandwicensis, or Remya montgomeryi; and (2) an 
elevation of 1,085 m (3,560 ft).


Family Loganiaceae: Labordia lydgatei (kamakahala)

    Kauai F, K, L, P, R, and T, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Labordia lydgatei on 
Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet forest 
containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Psychotria sp., Hedyotis terminalis sp., Cyanea sp., Cyrtandra 
sp., Labordia hirtella, Antidesma platyphyllum var. hillebrandii, 
Syzygium sandwicensis, Ilex anomala, or Dubautia knudsenii; and (2) 
elevations between 635 and 855 m (2,080 to 2,800 ft).


Family Loganiaceae: Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis (kamakahala)

    Kauai L, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(A), 
constitutes critical habitat for Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis 
on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
streambanks (a) in lowland wet forests dominated by Metrosideros 
polymorpha and (b) containing one or more of the following associated 
species: Cheirodendron sp., Dicranopteris linearis, Cyrtandra sp, 
Antidesma sp., Psychotria sp., Hedyotis terminalis, or Athyrium 
microphyllum; and (2) elevations between 300 to 920 m (985 to 3,020 
ft).


Family Malvaceae: Hibiscadelphus woodii (hau kuahiwi)

    Kauai G, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(A), 
constitutes

[[Page 66882]]

critical habitat for Hibiscadelphus woodii on Kauai. Within this unit, 
the currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat 
are habitat components that provide: (1) basalt talus or cliff walls 
(a) in Metrosideros polymorpha montane mesic forest and (b) containing 
one or more of the following associated native plant species: Bidens 
sandwicensis, Artemisia australis, Melicope pallida, Dubautia sp., 
Lepidium serra, Lipochaeta sp., Lysimachia glutinosa, Carex meyenii, 
Chamaesyce celastroides var. hanapepensis, Hedyotis sp., Nototrichium 
sp., Panicum lineale, Myrsine sp., Stenogyne campanulata, Lobelia 
niihauensis, or Poa mannii; and (2) elevations around 915m (3,000 ft).


Family Malvaceae: Hibiscus clayi (Clay's hibiscus)

    Kauai N, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(A), 
constitutes critical habitat for Hibiscus clayi on Kauai. Within this 
unit, the currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) slopes (a) in Acacia 
koa or Diospyros sp.-Pisonia sp.-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland dry or 
mesic forest and (b) containing one or more of the following associated 
native plant species: Hedyotis acuminata, Pipturus sp., Psychotria sp., 
Cyanea hardyi, Artemisia australis, or Bidens sp.; and (2) elevations 
between 230 to 350 m (750 to 1,150 ft).


Family Malvaceae: Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae (koki'o ke'oke'o)

    Kauai F, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(A), 
constitutes critical habitat for Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae on 
Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis or Pisonia sp.-
Charpentiera elliptica lowland wet or mesic forest and containing one 
or more of the following associated native plant species: Antidesma 
sp., Psychotria sp., Pipturus sp., Bidens sp., Bobea sp., Sadleria sp., 
Cyrtandra sp., Cyanea sp., Cibotium sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, or 
Syzygium sandwicensis; and (2) elevations between 190 and 560 m (620 
and 1,850 ft).


Family Malvaceae: Kokia kauaiensis (koki'o)

    Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Kokia kauaiensis on 
Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
diverse mesic forest containing one or more of the following associated 
native plant species: Acacia koa, Metrosideros polymorpha, Bobea sp., 
Diospyros sandwicensis, Hedyotis sp., Pleomele sp., Pisonia sp., 
Xylosma sp., Isodendrion sp., Syzygium sandwicensis, Antidesma sp., 
Alyxia olivaeformis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Streblus pendulinus, 
Canthium odoratum, Nototrichium sp., Pteralyxia kauaiensis, 
Dicranopteris linearis, Hibiscus sp., Flueggea neowawraea, Rauvolfia 
sandwicensis, Melicope sp., Diellia laciniata, Tetraplasandra sp., 
Chamaesyce celastroides, Lipochaeta fauriei, Dodonaea viscosa, Santalum 
sp., Claoxylon sp., or Nestegis sandwicensis; and (2) elevations 
between 350-660 m (1,150-2,165 ft).


Family Myrsinaceae: Myrsine linearifolia (kolea)

    Kauai F, G, H, I, L, and P, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Myrsine linearifolia on 
Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
diverse mesic or wet lowland or montane Metrosideros polymorpha forest 
with (a) Cheirodendron sp. or Dicranopteris linearis as co-dominants, 
and (b) containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Dubautia sp., Cryptocarya mannii, Sadleria pallida, Myrsine 
sp., Syzygium sandwicensis, Machaerina angustifolia, Freycinetia 
arborea, Hedyotis terminalis, Cheirodendron sp., Bobea brevipes, 
Nothocestrum sp., Melicope sp., Eurya sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., 
Lysimachia sp., or native ferns; and (2) elevations between 585 to 
1,280 m (1,920 to 4,200 ft).


Family Orchidaceae: Platanthera holochila (no common name)

    Kauai H, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(A), 
constitutes critical habitat for Platanthera holochila on Kauai. Within 
this unit, the currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) Metrosideros 
polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis montane wet forest or M. polymorpha 
mixed bog containing one or more of the following associated native 
plants: Myrsine denticulata, Cibotium sp., Coprosma ernodeoides, 
Oreobolus furcatus, Styphelia tameiameiae, or Vaccinium sp.; and (2) 
elevations between 1,050 and 1,600 m (3,450 and 5,245 ft).


Family Plantaginaceae: Plantago princeps (laukahi kuahiwi)

    Kauai G, K, P, and T, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Plantago princeps on 
Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
Steep slopes, rock walls, or bases of waterfalls (a) in mesic or wet 
Metrosideros polymorpha forest and (b) containing one or more of the 
following associated native plant species: Dodonaea viscosa, Psychotria 
sp., Dicranopteris linearis, Cyanea sp., Hedyotis sp., Melicope sp., 
Dubautia plantaginea, Exocarpos luteolus, Poa siphonoglossa, 
Nothocestrum peltatum, Remya montgomeryi, Stenogyne campanulata, 
Xylosma sp., Pleomele sp., Machaerina angustifolia, Athyrium sp., 
Bidens sp., Eragrostis sp., Lysimachia filifolia, Pipturus sp., 
Cyrtandra sp., or Myrsine linearifolia; and (2) elevations between 480 
to 1,100 m (1,580 to 3,610 ft).


Family Poaceae: Panicum niihauense (lau ``ehu)

    Kauai J, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(A), 
constitutes critical habitat for Panicum niihauense on Kauai. Within 
this unit, the currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) sand dunes (a) in 
coastal shrubland and (b) containing one or more of the following 
associated native plant species: Dodonaea viscosa, Cassytha filiformis, 
Scaevola sericea, Sida fallax, Vitex rotundifolia, or Sporobolus sp.; 
and (2) elevations of 100 m or less (330 ft).


Family Poaceae: Poa mannii (Mann's bluegrass)

    Kauai G, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(A), 
constitutes critical habitat for Poa mannii on Kauai. Within this unit, 
the currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat 
are habitat components that provide: (1) cliffs, rock faces, or stream 
banks (a) in lowland or montane wet, dry, or mesic Metrosideros 
polymorpha or Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha montane mesic forest 
and (b) containing one or more of the following associated native plant 
species: Alectryon macrococcus, Antidesma platyphyllum, Bidens 
cosmoides, Chamaesyce celastroides var. hanapepensis, Artemisia 
australis, Bidens sandwicensis, Lobelia sandwicensis, Wilkesia 
gymnoxiphium, Eragrostis variabilis, Panicum lineale, Mariscus 
phloides, Luzula hawaiiensis, Carex meyenii, C. wahuensis, Cyrtandra 
wawrae, Dodonaea viscosa, Exocarpos luteolus, Labordia helleri, 
Nototrichium sp., Schiedea amplexicaulis, Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope 
anisata, M.

[[Page 66883]]

barbigera, M. pallida, Pouteria sandwicensis, Schiedea membranacea, 
Diospyros sandwicensis, Psychotria mariniana, P. greenwelliae, or Kokia 
kauaiensis; and (2) elevations between 460 and 1,150 m (1,510 and 3,770 
ft).


Family Poaceae: Poa sandvicensis (Hawaiian bluegrass)

    Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Poa sandvicensis on 
Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
wet, shaded, gentle or steep slopes, ridges, or rock ledges (a) in 
semi-open or closed, mesic or wet, diverse montane forest dominated by 
Metrosideros polymorpha and (b) containing one or more of the following 
associated native species: Dodonaea viscosa, Dubautia sp., Coprosma 
sp., Melicope sp., Dianella sandwicensis, Alyxia olivaeformis, Bidens 
sp., Dicranopteris linearis, Schiedea stellarioides, Peperomia 
macraeana, Claoxylon sandwicense, Acacia koa, Psychotria sp., Hedyotis 
sp., Scaevola sp., Cheirodendron sp., or Syzygium sandwicensis; and (2) 
elevations between 1,035 to 1,250 m (3,400 to 4,100 ft).


Family Poaceae: Poa siphonoglossa (no common name)

    Kauai G, I, and U, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Poa siphonoglossa on 
Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
shady banks near ridge crests (a) in mesic Metrosideros polymorpha 
forest and (b) containing one or more of the following associated 
native plant species: Acacia koa, Psychotria sp., Scaevola sp., 
Alphitonia ponderosa, Zanthoxylum dipetalum, Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, 
Dodonaea viscosa, Hedyotis sp., Melicope sp., Vaccinium sp., Styphelia 
tameiameiae, Carex meyenii, Carex wahuensis, or Wilkesia gymnoxiphium; 
and (2) elevations between 1,000 to 1,200 m (3,300 and 3,900 ft).

Family Primulaceae: Lysimachia filifolia (no common name)

    Kauai T, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(A), 
constitutes critical habitat for Lysimachia filifolia on Kauai. Within 
this unit, the currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) mossy banks at the 
base of cliff faces within the spray zone of waterfalls or along 
streams in lowland wet forests and containing one or more of the 
following associated native plant species: mosses, ferns, liverworts, 
Machaerina sp., Heteropogon contortus, or Melicope sp.; and (2) 
elevations between 240 to 680 m (800 to 2,230 ft).

Family Rhamnaceae: Gouania meyenii (no common name)

    Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Gouania meyenii on Kauai. 
Within these units, the currently known primary constituent elements of 
critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) rocky ledges, 
cliff faces, or ridge tops (a) in dry shrubland or Metrosideros 
polymorpha lowland mesic forest and (b) containing one or more of the 
following native plant species: Dodonaea viscosa, Chamaesyce sp., 
Psychotria sp., Hedyotis sp., Melicope sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, 
Bidens sp., Carex meyenii, Diospyros sp., Lysimachia sp., or Senna 
gaudichaudii; and (2) elevations between 490 to 880 m (1,600 to 2,880 
ft).


Family Rubiaceae: Hedyotis cookiana ('awiwi)

    Kauai G, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(A), 
constitutes critical habitat for Hedyotis cookiana on Kauai. Within 
this unit, the currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) streambeds or steep 
cliffs close to water sources in lowland wet forest communities; and 
(2) elevations between 170 and 370 m (560 and 1,210 ft).


Family Rubiaceae: Hedyotis st.-johnii (Na Pali beach Hedyotis)

    Kauai G and J, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Hedyotis st.-johnii on 
Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
crevices of north-facing, near-vertical coastal cliff faces within the 
spray zone (a) in sparse dry coastal shrubland and (b) containing one 
or more of the following native plant species: Myoporum sandwicense, 
Eragrostis variabilis, Lycium sandwicense, Heteropogon contortus, 
Artemisia australis or Chamaesyce celastroides; and (2) elevations 
above 75 m (250 ft).
    Family Rutaceae: Melicope haupuensis (alani)

    Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Melicope haupuensis on 
Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
moist talus slopes (a) in Metrosideros polymorpha dominated lowland 
mesic forests or Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa montane mesic 
forest and (b) containing one or more of the following associated 
native plant species: Dodonaea viscosa, Diospyros sp., Psychotria 
mariniana, P. greenwelliae, Melicope ovata, M. anisata, M. barbigera, 
Dianella sandwicensis, Pritchardia minor, Tetraplasandra waimeae, 
Claoxylon sandwicensis, Cheirodendron trigynum, Pleomele aurea, 
Cryptocarya mannii, Pouteria sandwicensis, Bobea brevipes, Hedyotis 
terminalis, Elaeocarpus bifidus, or Antidesma sp; and (2) elevations 
between 375 to 1,075 m (1,230 to 3,530 ft).


Family Rutaceae: Melicope knudsenii (alani)

    Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Melicope knudsenii on 
Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
forested flats or talus slopes (a) in lowland dry or montane mesic 
forests and (b) containing one or more of the following associated 
native plant species: Dodonaea viscosa, Antidesma sp., Metrosideros 
polymorpha, Xylosma sp., Hibiscus sp., Myrsine lanaiensis, Diospyros 
sp., Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Bobea sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Hedyotis 
sp., Melicope sp., Psychotria sp., or Pittosporum kauaiensis; and (2) 
elevations between 450 to 1,000 m (1,480 to 3,300 ft).


Family Rutaceae: Melicope pallida (alani)

    Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Melicope pallida on 
Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
steep rock faces (a) in lowland or montane mesic or wet forests or 
shrubland and (b) containing one or more of the following associated 
native plant species: Dodonaea viscosa, Lepidium serra, Pleomele sp., 
Boehmeria grandis, Coprosma sp., Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope sp., 
Pouteria sandwicensis, Poa mannii, Schiedea membranacea, Psychotria 
mariniana, Dianella sandwicensis, Pritchardia minor, Chamaesyce 
celastroides var hanapepensis, Nototrichium sp., Carex meyenii, 
Artemisia sp., Abutilon sandwicense, Alyxia olivaeformis, Dryopteris 
sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, Pipturus albidus, Sapindus oahuensis, 
Tetraplasandra sp., or Xylosma

[[Page 66884]]

hawaiiense; and (2) elevations between 490 to 915 m (1,600 to 3,000 
ft).


Family Rutaceae: Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (a`e)

    Kauai I, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(A), 
constitutes critical habitat for Zanthoxylum hawaiiense on Kauai. 
Within this unit, the currently known primary constituent elements of 
critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) lowland dry 
or mesic forests, or montane dry forest, (a) dominated by Metrosideros 
polymorpha or Diospyros sandwicensis, and (b) containing one or more of 
the following associated plant species: Pleomele auwahiensis, Antidesma 
platyphyllum, Pisonia sp., Alectryon macrococcus, Charpentiera sp., 
Melicope sp., Streblus pendulinus, Myrsine lanaiensis, Sophora 
chrysophylla, or Dodonaea viscosa; and (2) elevations between 550 and 
730 m (1,800 and 2,400 ft).


Family Santalaceae: Exocarpos luteolus (heau)

    Kauai G, H, I, L, and S, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Exocarpos luteolus on 
Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
wet places bordering swamps; open, dry ridges (a) in lowland or montane 
Metrosideros polymorpha dominated wet forest communities and (b) 
containing one or more of the following native plant species: Acacia 
koa, Cheirodendron trigynum, Pouteria sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, 
Pleomele aurea, Psychotria mariniana, Psychotria greenwelliae, Bobea 
brevipes, Hedyotis terminalis, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Melicope 
haupuensis, Dubautia laevigata, Dianella sandwicensis, Poa 
sandwicensis, Schiedea stellarioides, Peperomia macraeana, Claoxylon 
sandwicense, Santalum freycinetianum, Styphelia tameiameiae, or 
Dicranopteris linearis; and (2) elevations between 475 and 1,290 m 
(1,560 and 4,220 ft).


Family Sapindaceae: Alectryon macrococcus (mahoe)

    Kauai G, I, and U, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus on 
Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
dry slopes or gulches (a) in Diospyros sp.-Metrosideros polymorpha 
lowland mesic forest, Metrosideros polymorpha mixed mesic forest, or 
Diospyros sp. mixed mesic forest, (b) containing one or more of the 
following native plant species: Nestegis sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., 
Pisonia sp., Xylosma sp., Streblus pendulinus, Hibiscus sp., Antidesma 
sp., Pleomele sp., Acacia koa, Melicope knudsenii, Hibiscus waimeae, 
Pteralyxia sp., Zanthoxylum sp., Kokia kauaiensis, Rauvolfia 
sandwicensis, Myrsine lanaiensis, Canthium odoratum, Canavalia sp., 
Alyxia oliviformis, Nesoluma polynesicum, Munroidendron racemosum, 
Caesalpinia kauaiense, Tetraplasandra sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, or 
Bobea timonioides; and (2) elevations between 360 to 1,070 m (1,180 to 
3,510 ft).


Family Solanaceae: Nothocestrum peltatum (`aiea)

    Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Nothocestrum peltatum on 
Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
rich soil on steep slopes (a) in montane or lowland mesic or wet forest 
dominated by Acacia koa or a mixture of Acacia koa and Metrosideros 
polymorpha, and (b) containing one or more of the following associated 
native plant species: Antidesma sp., Dicranopteris linearis, Bobea 
brevipes, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Alphitonia ponderosa, Melicope anisata, 
M. barbigera, M. haupuensis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, 
Dianella sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, Claoxylon 
sandwicensis, Cheirodendron trigynum, Psychotria mariniana, P. 
greenwelliae, Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex anomala, Xylosma sp., 
Cryptocarya mannii, Coprosma sp., Pleomele aurea, Diplazium 
sandwicensis, Broussaisia arguta, or Perrottetia sandwicensis; and (2) 
elevations between 915 to 1,220 m (3,000 to 4,000 ft).


Family Solanaceae: Solanum sandwicense (`aiakeaakua, popolu)

    Kauai D, G, and I, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Solanum sandwicense on 
Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
open, sunny areas (a) in diverse lowland or montane mesic or wet 
forests and (b) containing one or more of the following associated 
plants: Alphitonia ponderosa, Ilex anomala, Xylosma sp., Athyrium 
sandwicensis, Syzygium sandwicensis, Bidens cosmoides, Dianella 
sandwicensis, Poa siphonoglossa, Carex meyenii, Hedyotis sp., Coprosma 
sp., Dubautia sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, Cryptocarya mannii, Acacia 
koa, Metrosideros polymorpha, Dicranopteris linearis, Psychotria sp., 
or Melicope sp.; and (2) elevations between 760 and 1,220 m (2,500 and 
4,000 ft).


Family Violaceae: Isodendrion laurifolium (aupaka)

    Kauai G, I, and U, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Isodendrion laurifolium 
on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
diverse mesic or wet forest (a) dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha, 
Acacia koa, or Diospyros sp. and (b) containing one or more of the 
following associated native plant species: Kokia kauaiensis, Streblus 
sp., Elaeocarpus bifidus, Canthium odoratum, Antidesma sp., Xylosma 
hawaiiense, Hedyotis terminalis, Pisonia sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, 
Dodonaea viscosa, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Pleomele sp., Pittosporum sp., 
Melicope sp., Claoxylon sandwicense, Alphitonia ponderosa, Myrsine 
lanaiensis, or Pouteria sandwicensis; and (2) elevations between 490 
and 820 m (1,600 and 2,700 ft).


Family Violaceae: Isodendrion longifolium (aupaka)

    Kauai F, G, L, M, and P, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Isodendrion longifolium 
on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
steep slopes, gulches, or stream banks (a) in mesic or wet Metrosideros 
polymorpha forests and (b) containing one or more of the following 
native species: Dicranopteris linearis, Eugenia sp., Diospyros sp., 
Pritchardia sp., Canthium odoratum, Melicope sp., Cheirodendron sp., 
Ilex anomala, Pipturus sp., Hedyotis fluviatilis, Peperomia sp., Bidens 
sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Cyanea hardyi, Syzygium sp., Cibotium sp., 
Bobea brevipes, Antidesma sp., Cyrtandra sp., Hedyotis terminalis, 
Peperomia sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pittosporum sp., or Psychotria 
sp.; and (2) elevations between 410 to 760 m (1,345 to 2,500 ft).


Family Violaceae: Viola helenae (no common name)

    Kauai L, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(A), 
constitutes critical habitat for Viola helenae on Kauai. Within this 
unit, the currently known primary constituent elements of critical 
habitat are habitat components

[[Page 66885]]

that provide: (1) stream banks or adjacent valley bottoms with light to 
moderate shade in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis 
lowland wet forest; and (2) elevations between 610-855 m (2,000-2,800 
ft).


Family Violaceae: Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis (nani wai`ale`ale)

    Kauai L, identified in the legal description in (a)(1)(i)(A), 
constitutes critical habitat for Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis on 
Kauai. Within this unit, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
open montane bog or wet shrubland containing one or more of the 
following native plant species: Dicranopteris linearis, Diplopterygium 
pinnatum, Syzygium sandwicensis, or Metrosideros polymorpha; and (2) 
elevations between 640 and 865 m (2,100 and 2,840 ft).
    (B) Ferns and Allies.


Family Aspleniaceae: Diellia pallida (no common name)

    Kauai G and I, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Diellia pallida on Kauai. 
Within these units, the currently known primary constituent elements of 
critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) bare soil on 
steep, rocky, dry slopes (a) in lowland mesic forests and (b) 
containing one or more of the following native plant species: Acacia 
koa, Alectryon macrococcus, Antidesma platyphyllum, Metrosideros 
polymorpha, Myrsine lanaiensis, Zanthoxylum dipetalum, Tetraplasandra 
kauaiensis, Psychotria mariniana, Carex meyenii, Diospyros 
hillebrandii, Hedyotis knudsenii, Canthium odoratum, Pteralyxia 
kauaiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Alyxia olivaeformis, Wilkesia 
gymnoxiphium, Alphitonia ponderosa, Styphelia tameiameiae, or Rauvolfia 
sandwicensis; and (2) elevations between 530 to 915 m (1,700 to 3,000 
ft).


Family Grammitidaceae: Adenophorus periens (pendant kihi fern)

    Kauai F, G, K, L, P, and R, identified in the legal descriptions in 
(a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Adenophorus periens on 
Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent 
elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) 
well-developed, closed canopy that provides deep shade or high humidity 
(a) in Metrosideros polymorpha-Cibotium glaucum lowland wet forests, 
open Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet forest, or Metrosideros 
polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet forest, and (b) 
containing one or more of the following native plant species: Athyrium 
sandwicensis, Broussaisia sp., Cheirodendron trigynum, Cyanea sp., 
Cyrtandra sp., Dicranopteris linearis, Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis 
terminalis, Labordia hirtella, Machaerina angustifolia, Psychotria sp., 
Psychotria hexandra, or Syzygium sandwicensis; and (2) elevations 
between 400 and 1,265 m (1,310 and 4,150 ft).
* * * * *

    Dated: August 24, 2000.
Stephen C. Saunders,
Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks.
[FR Doc. 00-28214 Filed 11-6-00; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P