[Federal Register Volume 65, Number 18 (Thursday, January 27, 2000)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 4388-4396]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 00-1859]
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DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
Internal Revenue Service
26 CFR Part 1
[REG-113572-99]
RIN 1545-AX33
Qualified Transportation Fringe Benefits
AGENCY: Internal Revenue Service.
ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking and notice of public hearing.
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SUMMARY: This document contains proposed regulations relating to
qualified transportation fringe benefits. These proposed regulations
reflect changes to the law made by the Energy Policy Act of 1992, the
Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997, and the Transportation Equity Act for the
21st Century. These proposed regulations affect employers that offer
qualified transportation fringes and employees who receive these
benefits. This document also provides notice of a public hearing on
these proposed regulations.
DATES: Written and electronic comments must be received by April 26,
2000. Outlines of topics to be discussed at the public hearing
scheduled for June 1, 2000 at 10 a.m. must be received by May 10, 2000.
ADDRESSES: Send submissions to: CC:DOM:CORP:R (REG-113572-99), room
5226, Internal Revenue Service, POB 7604, Ben Franklin Station,
Washington, DC 20044. Submissions may be hand delivered Monday through
Friday between the hours of 8 a.m. and 5 p.m. to: CC:DOM:CORP:R (REG-
113572-99), Courier's Desk, Internal Revenue Service, 1111 Constitution
Avenue, NW., Washington, DC. Alternatively, taxpayers may submit
comments electronically via the Internet by selecting the ``Tax Regs''
option on the IRS Home Page, or by submitting comments directly to the
IRS Internet site at http://www.irs.ustreas.gov/tax__regs/reglist.html.
The public hearing will be held in room 2615, Internal Revenue
Building, 1111 Constitution Avenue, NW., Washington, DC.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Concerning the proposed regulations,
John Richards of the Office of Associate Chief Counsel (Employee
Benefits and Exempt Organizations), (202) 622-6040; concerning
submissions of comments, the hearing and/or to be placed on the
building access list to attend the hearing, LaNita Van Dyke, (202) 622-
7190 (not toll-free numbers).
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Paperwork Reduction Act
The collections of information contained in this notice of proposed
rulemaking have been submitted to the Office of Management and Budget
for review in accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44
U.S.C. 3507(d)). Comments on the collections of information should be
sent to the Office of Management and Budget, Attn: Desk Officer for the
Department of the Treasury, Office of Information and Regulatory
Affairs, Washington, DC 20503, with copies to the Internal Revenue
Service, Attn: IRS Reports Clearance Officer, OP:FS:FP, Washington, DC
20224. Comments on the collection of information should be received by
March 27, 2000. Comments are specifically requested concerning:
Whether the proposed collections of information are necessary for
the proper performance of the functions of the Internal Revenue
Service, including whether the information will have practical utility;
The accuracy of the estimated burden associated with the proposed
collections of information (see below);
How the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be
collected may be enhanced;
How the burden of complying with the proposed collections of
information may be minimized, including through the application of
automated collection techniques or other forms of information
technology; and
Estimates of capital or start-up costs and costs of operation,
maintenance, and purchase of service to provide information.
The collections of information in this proposed regulation are in
26 CFR 1.132-9(b). This information is required by the Internal Revenue
Service to implement section 132(f). This information will be used to
verify compliance with section 132(f). Section 132(f)(3) provides that
qualified transportation fringes can include cash reimbursement for
qualified transportation fringes. The proposed regulations require that
employers keep records of substantiation provided by employees in order
to receive cash reimbursement for qualified transportation fringes.
Section 132(f)(4) provides that an employee may choose between cash
compensation and any qualified transportation fringe. The proposed
regulations require that employers keep records, in a verifiable form,
such as written or electronic, of employee elections to reduce
compensation. The value of qualified transportation fringes provided
for a month exceeding the applicable statutory monthly limit must be
reported on the employee's Form W-2. The burden for this requirement is
reflected in the burden for Form W-2. The likely recordkeepers are
employers. The likely respondents are employees.
Estimated total annual recordkeeping burden: 7,020,000 hours.
Estimated average annual recordkeeping burden per recordkeeper: The
average annual recordkeeping burden will vary depending on the size of
the employer. The estimated average annual recordkeeping burden per
recordkeeper is 26.5 hours.
Estimated number of recordkeepers: 265,343.
Estimated total annual reporting burden: 5,948,728 hours.
Estimated average annual reporting burden per respondent: .8 hours.
Estimated number of respondents: 7,264,970.
Estimated annual frequency of responses: Monthly.
An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required
to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a valid
control number assigned by the Office of Management and Budget. Books
or records relating to a collection of information must be retained as
long as their contents may become material in the administration of any
internal revenue law. Generally, tax returns and tax return information
are confidential, as required by 26 U.S.C. 6103.
[[Page 4389]]
Background
This document contains a proposed amendment to the Income Tax
Regulations (26 CFR part 1) under section 132(f). Congress amended
section 132 as part of the Energy Policy Act of 1992, Public Law No.
102-486, section 1911 (106 Stat. 3012), effective after December 31,
1992. This provision excludes from gross income the value of any
qualified transportation fringe provided by an employer to an employee
to the extent it does not exceed the applicable statutory monthly
limit.
This 1992 amendment to section 132 resulted in three changes to the
tax treatment of employer-provided transportation benefits. First,
Congress added an exclusion for transportation provided by an employer
to an employee in a commuter highway vehicle. Second, mass transit
passes provided by an employer to an employee became excludable as a
qualified transportation fringe and not as a de minimis fringe. The
exclusions for transportation provided by an employer to an employee in
a commuter highway vehicle and mass transit passes were made subject to
an aggregate $60 per month limit (adjusted for cost of living). Third,
Congress eliminated the working condition fringe for commuter parking,
imposed a $150 per month limit (adjusted for cost of living) for the
exclusion for qualified parking, and provided that employer-provided
parking is excludable from gross income only as a qualified
transportation fringe. The 1992 amendment provided that qualified
transportation fringes could not be provided in lieu of salary.
Section 1072 of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 (TRA '97), Pub. L.
No. 105-34 (111 Stat. 948), amended section 132(f), effective for tax
years beginning after December 31, 1997, to permit qualified parking to
be provided to employees in lieu of salary. Section 9010 of the
Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA 21), Pub. L. No.
105-178 (112 Stat. 507), amended section 132(f) to increase the monthly
dollar limits to $65 for transportation in a commuter highway vehicle
and mass transit passes\1\ and $175 for qualified parking and to
provide that, effective after December 31, 1997, any qualified
transportation fringe may be provided to employees in lieu of salary.
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\1\ The dollar limit for transportation in a commuter highway
vehicle and transit passes was further increased to $100 effective
January 1, 2002.
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Explanation of Provisions
This document contains proposed regulations under section 132. The
proposed regulations provide guidance, in question and answer form, to
employers that provide qualified transportation fringes to employees.
Qualified transportation fringes consist of transportation in a
commuter highway vehicle, any transit pass, and qualified parking
provided by an employer to an employee.
Notice 94-3, 1994-1 C.B. 327, provided guidance on qualified
transportation fringes in the form of questions and answers. The
proposed regulations reflect statutory changes in section 132(f) since
1994, including the revised monthly dollar limits and the use of bona
fide salary reduction arrangements, as permitted under TRA '97 and TEA
21, and generally conform with the guidance in Notice 94-3. In response
to public comments, the proposed regulations also provided additional
guidance concerning the standards for determining when the section
132(f) exclusion applies to cash reimbursement of transit pass
expenses.
Section 132(f) limits the value of qualified transportation fringes
that may be excluded from an employee's gross income. The proposed
regulations explain that there are two categories of qualified
transportation fringes for purposes of determining the amount that is
excludable from gross income. The first category is transportation in a
commuter highway vehicle and transit passes. The second category is
qualified parking. There is a statutory monthly limit on the value of
the benefits from each category that is excludable from gross income.
For 1999 and 2000, the statutory monthly limit is $65 for
transportation in a commuter highway vehicle and mass transit passes
and $175 for qualified parking. An employee may receive benefits from
each category provided the applicable statutory monthly limit for that
category is not exceeded. The amount by which the value of qualified
transportation fringes provided by an employer to an employee exceeds
the applicable statutory monthly limit is included in the employee's
wages for income and employment tax purposes.
The proposed regulations provide that, for purposes of valuing
qualified parking, the valuation rules under section 1.61-21(b)
generally apply. With respect to employer-provided van pool benefits,
the regulations provide that an employer may use the special valuation
rules provided under section 1.61-21(c), (d), (e), and (f) in valuing
these benefits. An example in the proposed regulations illustrates that
in determining the value of a transit pass sold at a discount for
purposes of section 132(f), the purchase price rather than the face
amount of the transit pass controls.
The proposed regulations reflect that qualified transportation
fringes include cash reimbursement by an employer to an employee for
expenses incurred by the employee for transportation in a commuter
highway vehicle and qualified parking. Section 132(f)(3) provides that
qualified transportation fringes include cash reimbursement for a
transit pass only if a voucher or similar item that is exchangeable for
a transit pass is not readily available for direct distribution by the
employer to the employee. In defining ``readily available,'' the
regulations reflect the general standards set forth in Notice 94-3,
under which an amount is readily available if an employer can obtain it
on terms no less favorable than those available to an individual
employee and without incurring a significant administrative cost.
In addition, the proposed regulations clarify the meaning of
``significant administrative costs.'' The proposed regulations provide
that the determination of whether obtaining a voucher would result in a
significant administrative cost is made with respect to each transit
system voucher. A transit system voucher is a voucher that is accepted
by one or more mass transit operators (e.g., train, subway, and bus) in
an area as fare media (or in exchange for fare media). The proposed
regulations provide a safe harbor under which administrative costs are
treated as significant if the average monthly administrative costs
incurred by the employer for a voucher (disregarding delivery charges
imposed by the fare media provider to the extent not in excess of $15
per order) are more than 1 percent of the average monthly value of the
vouchers for a system. These standards are intended to provide clear
guidance so that employers can determine when qualified transportation
fringes include cash reimbursement for transit passes.
The proposed regulations provide that reimbursements may be made
only pursuant to a bona fide reimbursement arrangement. Thus, an
employee must provide substantiation that an expense has been incurred
for qualified transportation fringes in order to receive a
reimbursement. The regulations recognize that the substantiation
requirements vary depending upon the payment method used to purchase
transportation in a commuter highway vehicle, mass transit passes, and
qualified parking. The regulations provide examples of what constitutes
reasonable reimbursement procedures in certain circumstances. For
example,
[[Page 4390]]
if an employee uses metered parking, the substantiation requirement may
be satisfied if the employee certifies that the expense was incurred
and the employer has no reason to believe the employee did not actually
incur the expense.
The proposed regulations provide that there are no substantiation
requirements with respect to mass transit passes provided directly by
an employer to its employees. Of course, an employer may impose its own
substantiation requirements in addition to those required under the
regulations.
The proposed regulations follow the approach taken in Notice 94-3
with respect to taxing the value of employer-provided parking benefits
provided to members of car and van pools. The regulations provide that
the ``prime member'' bears the tax consequences with respect to the
parking space.\2\ The prime member is the employee to whom the parking
space is assigned.
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\2\ Other pool members may choose to reimburse the costs of the
prime member, in which event, under Rev. Rul. 55-555, 1955-2 C.B.
20, the reimbursements will not be includible in the prime member's
gross income. See also Rev. Rul. 80-99, 1980-1 C.B. 10.
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The proposed regulations reflect that qualified transportation
fringes may be provided under a compensation reduction arrangement
which permits an employee to make a compensation reduction election. A
compensation reduction election is an election in which the employee
chooses between a fixed amount of compensation to be received at a
specified future date and a fixed amount of qualified transportation
fringes to be provided with respect to a specified future period (such
as a calendar month). The proposed regulations provide that the
compensation reduction election for any month in a year may not exceed
the aggregate statutory monthly maximum for that year (e.g., $240 for
1999 and 2000 ($65 plus $175)). The election must be made before the
employee is able currently to receive the taxable compensation. Under
the proposed regulations, the determination of whether the employee is
able currently to receive the taxable compensation does not depend on
whether the compensation has been constructively received for purposes
of section 451.
The proposed regulations require that an election be irrevocable
after the beginning of the period for which the qualified
transportation fringes will be provided. However, unused amounts can be
carried over to any subsequent months, including months in subsequent
years, but cannot be used for any purpose other than qualified
transportation fringes under section 132(f).
The proposed regulations provide that the exclusion for qualified
transportation fringes applies only to employees. Partners, 2-percent
S-corporation shareholders, and independent contractors are not
considered to be employees for purposes of qualified transportation
fringes. However, amounts may be excludable pursuant to the working
condition fringe rules and the de minimis fringe rules that apply to
partners, 2-percent S-corporation shareholders, and independent
contractors under section 132(d) and (e).
The proposed regulations provide that qualified transportation
fringes not exceeding the applicable statutory monthly limit are not
subject to employment taxes. However, qualified transportation fringes
exceeding the applicable statutory monthly limit are includible in the
employee's wages for income and employment tax purposes. If the value
of noncash qualified transportation fringes provided to an employee
exceeds the applicable statutory monthly limit, the employer may follow
the reporting and withholding guidelines provided in Announcement 85-
113, 1985-31 I.R.B. 31. Announcement 85-113 provides that employers may
elect, for purposes of the FICA, the FUTA, and federal income tax
withholding, to treat noncash fringe benefits as paid on a pay period,
quarterly, semi-annual, annual, or other basis, provided that the
benefits are treated as paid no less frequently than annually.
Announcement 85-113 also provides a special accounting rule for noncash
fringes provided during the last two months of a calendar year.
Special Analyses
It has been determined that this notice of proposed rulemaking is
not a significant regulatory action as defined in Executive Order
12866. Therefore, a regulatory assessment is not required.
An Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis has been prepared as
required for the collection of information in this notice of proposed
rulemaking under 5 U.S.C. Sec. 603. The analysis follows:
Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis
This proposed rule may have an impact on small organizations that
provide qualified transportation fringes in the form of cash
reimbursement or that offer qualified transportation fringes in lieu of
salary. Section 132(f)(3) provides that qualified transportation
fringes may be provided in the form of cash reimbursement. The
legislative history indicates that cash reimbursements must be made
pursuant to a bona fide reimbursement arrangement. Thus, this proposed
rule provides that employers must receive substantiation from employees
as a condition to providing cash reimbursement for qualified
transportation fringes. Section 132(f)(4) provides that an employee may
choose between cash compensation and qualified transportation fringes.
This proposed rule provides that employers must keep records with
respect to employee compensation reduction elections. Thus, the
requirements under this proposed rule create a collection of
information requirement for employers.
The objectives of this proposed rule with respect to employee
substantiation of qualified transportation fringes is to carry out the
legislative intent that cash reimbursement be provided by an employer
only under a bona fide reimbursement arrangement. The objective of the
recordkeeping requirement with respect to employee compensation
reduction elections is to ensure against recharacterization of taxable
compensation after it has been paid to an employee. The legal basis for
this proposed rule is section 132(f)(3) and (4).
All classes of employers will likely offer qualified transportation
fringes and therefore will be affected by this proposed rule.
Approximately 265,000 small entities may be affected by this proposed
rule. There are no professional skills necessary for the recordkeeping
required under this proposed rule.
The IRS is not aware of any other relevant federal rules which may
duplicate, overlap, or conflict with this proposed rule.
A less burdensome alternative for small organizations would be to
exempt those entities from the recordkeeping requirements under this
proposed rule. However, it would be inconsistent with the statutory
provisions and the legislative history to exempt those entities from
the recordkeeping requirements imposed under this rule. This proposed
rule provides several options which avoid more burdensome recordkeeping
requirements for small entities. This proposed rule provides that (1)
There are no substantiation requirements if the employer distributes
transit passes in kind; (2) a compensation reduction election can be
made electronically; (3) an election to reduce compensation can be
automatically renewed; and (4) an employer can provide for deemed
compensation reduction elections under its qualified transportation
fringe benefit plan.
[[Page 4391]]
Pursuant to section 7805(f) of the Internal Revenue Code, this
notice of proposed rulemaking will be submitted to the Chief Counsel
for Advocacy of the Small Business Administration for comment on its
impact on small business.
Comments and Public Hearing
Before these proposed regulations are adopted as final regulations,
consideration will be given to any written comments (a signed original
and eight (8) copies) and electronic comments that are submitted timely
to the IRS. The IRS and Treasury Department specifically request
comments on the clarity of the proposed regulations and how they can be
made easier to understand, and on the administrability of the rules in
the proposed regulations. All comments will be available for public
inspection and copying.
A public hearing has been scheduled for June 1, 2000, beginning at
10 a.m. in room 2615 of the Internal Revenue Building, 1111
Constitution Avenue, NW., Washington, DC. Due to building security
procedures, visitors must enter at the 10th Street entrance, located
between Constitution and Pennsylvania Avenues, NW. In addition, all
visitors must present photo identification to enter the building.
Because of access restrictions, visitors will not be admitted beyond
the immediate entrance area more than 15 minutes before the hearing
starts. For information about having your name placed on the building
access list to attend the hearing, see the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
CONTACT section of this preamble.
The rules of 26 CFR 601.601 (a) (3) apply to the hearing. Persons
who wish to present oral comments at the hearing must submit written
comments and an outline of the topics to be discussed and the time to
be devoted to each topic (signed original and eight (8) copies) by May
10, 2000. A period of 10 minutes will be allotted to each person for
making comments. An agenda showing the scheduling of the speakers will
be prepared after the deadline for receiving outlines has passed.
Copies of the agenda will be available free of charge at the hearing.
Drafting information: The principal author of these proposed
regulations is John Richards, Office of the Associate Chief Counsel
(Employee Benefits and Exempt Organizations). However, other personnel
from the IRS and Treasury Department participated in their development.
List of Subjects in 26 CFR Part 1
Income taxes, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.
Proposed Amendments to the Regulations
Accordingly, 26 CFR part 1 is proposed to be amended as follows:
PART 1--INCOME TAXES
Paragraph 1. The authority section for part 1 continues to read in
part as follows:
Authority: 26 U.S.C. 7805 * * *
Par. 2. Section 1.132-0 is amended by adding entries for
Sec. 1.132-9 to read as follows:
Sec. 1.132-0 Outline of regulations under section 132.
* * * * *
Sec. 1.132-9(a) Table of contents.
Sec. 1.132-9(b) Questions and answers.
* * * * *
Par. 3 Section 1.132-9 is added to read as follows:
Sec. 1.132-9 Qualified transportation fringes.
(a) Table of contents. This section contains a list of the
questions and answers in Sec. 1.132-9.
Q-1. What is a qualified transportation fringe?
Q-2. What is transportation in a commuter highway vehicle?
Q-3. What are transit passes?
Q-4. What is qualified parking?
Q-5. To which workers may qualified transportation fringes be
provided?
Q-6. Must a qualified transportation fringe benefit plan be in
writing?
Q-7. Is there a limit on the value of qualified transportation
fringes that may be excluded from an employee's gross income?
Q-8. What amount is includible in an employee's wages for income and
employment tax purposes if the value of the qualified transportation
fringe exceeds the applicable statutory monthly limit?
Q-9. Are excludable qualified transportation fringes calculated on a
monthly basis?
Q-10. May an employee receive qualified transportation fringes from
more than one employer?
Q-11. May qualified transportation fringes be provided to employees
pursuant to a compensation reduction agreement?
Q-12. What is a compensation reduction election for purposes of
section 132(f)?
Q-13. Is there a limit to the amount of the compensation reduction?
Q-14. When must the employee have made a compensation reduction
election and under what circumstances can the amount be paid in cash
to the employee?
Q-15. May an employee whose qualified transportation fringe costs
are less than the employee's compensation reduction carry over this
excess amount to subsequent periods?
Q-16. How does section 132(f) apply to expense reimbursements?
Q-17. May an employer provide nontaxable cash reimbursement under
section 132(f) for periods longer than one month?
Q-18. What are the substantiation requirements if an employer
distributes transit passes?
Q-19. May an employer choose to impose substantiation requirements
in addition to those described in this regulation?
Q-20. How is the value of parking determined?
Q-21. How do the qualified transportation fringe rules apply to van
pools?
Q-22. What are the reporting and employment tax requirements for
qualified transportation fringes?
Q-23. How does section 132(f) interact with other fringe benefit
rules?
Q-24. May qualified transportation fringes be provided to
individuals who are partners, 2-percent shareholders of S-
corporations, or independent contractors?
(b) Questions and answers.
Q-1. What is a qualified transportation fringe?
A-1. (a) The following benefits are ``qualified transportation
fringe'' benefits:
(1) Transportation in a commuter highway vehicle.
(2) Transit passes.
(3) Qualified parking.
(b) An employer may simultaneously provide an employee with any one
or more of these three benefits.
Q-2. What is transportation in a commuter highway vehicle?
A-2. Transportation in a commuter highway vehicle is transportation
provided by an employer to an employee in connection with travel
between the employee's residence and place of employment. A ``commuter
highway vehicle'' is a highway vehicle with a seating capacity of at
least 6 adults (excluding the driver) and with respect to which at
least 80 percent of the vehicle's mileage is reasonably expected to
be--
(a) For transporting employees in connection with travel between
their residences and their place of employment; and
(b) On trips during which the number of employees transported for
commuting is at least one-half of the adult seating capacity of the
vehicle (excluding the driver).
Q-3. What are transit passes?
A-3. A ``transit pass'' is any pass, token, farecard, voucher, or
similar item (including an item exchangeable for fare media) that
entitles a person to transportation--
(a) On mass transit facilities (whether or not publicly owned); or
[[Page 4392]]
(b) Provided by any person in the business of transporting persons
for compensation or hire in a highway vehicle with a seating capacity
of at least six adults (excluding the driver).
Q-4. What is qualified parking?
A-4. (a) ``Qualified parking'' is parking provided to an employee
by an employer--
(1) On or near the employer's business premises; or
(2) At a location from which the employee commutes to work by
carpool, commuter highway vehicle, mass transit facilities,
transportation provided by any person in the business of transporting
persons for compensation or hire or by any other means.
(b) However, parking on or near property used by the employee for
residential purposes is not qualified parking.
(c) Parking is provided by an employer if--
(1) The employer pays for the parking;
(2) The employer reimburses the employee for parking expenses; or
(3) The parking is on property that the employer owns or leases.
See Q/A-16 of this section for rules relating to cash reimbursements.
Q-5. To which workers may qualified transportation fringes be
provided?
A-5. Qualified transportation fringes may be provided only by
employers to employees. The term ``employee'' for purposes of qualified
transportation fringes is defined in Sec. 1.132-1(b)(2)(i). This term
includes only common law employees and other statutory employees, such
as officers of corporations. See Q/A-24 of this section for rules
regarding partners, 2-percent shareholders, and independent
contractors.
Q-6. Must a qualified transportation fringe benefit plan be in
writing?
A-6. No. Section 132(f) does not require that a qualified
transportation fringe benefit plan be in writing.
Q-7. Is there a limit on the value of qualified transportation
fringes that may be excluded from an employee's gross income?
A-7. (a) Transportation in a commuter highway vehicle and transit
passes. Before January 1, 2002, up to $65 is excludable from the gross
income of an employee for transportation in a commuter highway vehicle
and transit passes provided by an employer for a month. On January 1,
2002, this amount is increased to $100 per month.
(b) Parking. Up to $175 is excludable from the gross income of an
employee for qualified parking in a month.
(c) Combination. An employer may provide qualified parking benefits
in addition to transportation in a commuter highway vehicle and transit
passes.
(d) Cost-of-living adjustments. The amounts in paragraphs (a) and
(b) of this Q/A 7 are adjusted annually, beginning with 2000, to
reflect cost-of-living. The adjusted figures are announced by the
Service before the beginning of the year.
Q-8. What amount is includible in an employee's wages for income
and employment tax purposes if the value of the qualified
transportation fringe exceeds the applicable statutory monthly limit?
A-8. Generally, an employee must include in gross income the amount
by which the fair market value of the benefit exceeds the sum of the
amount, if any, paid by the employee and any amount excluded from gross
income under section 132(a)(5). Thus, assuming no other statutory
exclusion applies, if an employer provides an employee with a qualified
transportation fringe that exceeds the applicable statutory monthly
limit and the employee does not make any payment, the value of the
benefits provided in excess of the applicable statutory monthly limit
is included in the employee's wages for income and employment tax
purposes. See Sec. 1.61-21(b)(1). The following examples illustrate the
principles of this Q/A-8:
Example 1. (i) For each month in 2000, Employer M provides a
transit pass valued at $75 to Employee D, who does not pay any
amount to Employer M for the transit pass.
(ii) In this example, because the value of the monthly transit
pass exceeds the statutory monthly limit by $10, $120 ($75--$65,
times 12 months) must be included in D's wages for income and
employment tax purposes for 2000 with respect to the transit passes.
Example 2. (i) For each month in 2000, Employer M provides
qualified parking valued at $195 to Employee E, who does not pay any
amount to M for the parking.
(ii) In this example, because the fair market value of the
qualified parking exceeds the statutory monthly limit by $20, $240
($195--$175, times 12 months) must be included in Employee E's wages
for income and employment tax purposes for 2000 with respect to the
qualified parking.
Example 3. (i) For each month in 2000, Employer P provides
qualified parking with a fair market value of $220 per month to its
employees, but charges each employee $45 per month.
(ii) In this example, because the sum of the amount paid by an
employee ($45) plus the amount excludable for qualified parking
($175) is not less than the fair market value of the monthly
benefit, no amount is includible in the employee's wages for income
and employment tax purposes with respect to the qualified parking.
Q-9. Are excludable qualified transportation fringes calculated on
a monthly basis?
A-9. Yes. The value of transportation in a commuter highway
vehicle, transit passes, and qualified parking is calculated on a
monthly basis to determine whether the value of the benefit has
exceeded the applicable statutory monthly limit on qualified
transportation fringes. Except in the case of a transit pass, the
applicable statutory monthly limit applies to qualified transportation
fringes used by the employee in a month. In the case of a transit pass,
the applicable statutory monthly limit applies to the transit passes
provided by the employer to the employee in a month for that month or
for any previous month in the calendar year. Monthly exclusion amounts
are not combined to provide a qualified transportation fringe in any
month exceeding the statutory limit. A ``month'' is a calendar month or
a substantially equivalent period applied consistently. The following
examples illustrate the principles of this Q/A-9:
Example 1. (i) Employee E incurs $150 for qualified parking used
during the month of June, 2000, for which E is reimbursed $150 by
Employer R. E incurs $180 in expenses for qualified parking used
during the month of July, 2000, for which E is reimbursed $180 by R.
(ii) In this example, because monthly exclusion amounts may not
be combined to provide a benefit in any month greater than the
applicable statutory limit, the amount by which the amount
reimbursed for July exceeds the applicable statutory monthly limit
($180 minus $175 equals $5) is includible in E's wages for income
and employment tax purposes.
Example 2. (i). Employee F receives transit passes from Employer
G with a value of $195 in the month of March (when the applicable
statutory monthly limit is $65). F was hired during January and has
not received any transit passes from G.
(ii). In this example, the value of the transit passes (three
months times $65 equals $195) is excludable from F's wages for
income and employment tax purposes. However, if F was not hired
until March, only $65 would be excludable from F's wages for income
and employment tax purposes.
Example 3. (i). Each month during 2000, Employer R distributes
transit passes with a face amount of $70 to each of its employees.
Transit passes with a face amount of $70 can be purchased from the
transit system by any individual for $65.
(ii). In this example, because the value of the transit passes
distributed by R does not exceed the applicable statutory monthly
limit ($65), no portion of the transit passes is included as wages
for income and employment tax purposes.
Q-10. May an employee receive qualified transportation fringes from
more than one employer?
A-10. Yes. The statutory monthly limits described in Q/A-7 of this
section apply to benefits provided by an
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employer to its employees. For this purpose, all employees treated as
employed by a single employer under section 414(b), (c), (m), or (o)
are treated as employed by a single employer. See Sec. 1.132-1(c).
Thus, qualified transportation fringes paid by entities under common
control under section 414(b), (c), (m), or (o) are combined for
purposes of applying the applicable statutory limit. In addition, an
individual who is treated as an employee of the employer under section
414(n) is treated as an employee of the employer for purposes of
section 132. See Sec. 414(t). The following examples illustrate the
principles of this Q/A-10:
Example 1. (i) During 2000, Employee E works for Employers M and
N, who are unrelated and not treated as a single employer under
section 414(b), (c), (m), or (o). Each month, M and N each provide
qualified parking benefits to E with a value of $100.
(ii) In this example, because M and N are unrelated employers,
and the value of the monthly parking benefit provided by each is not
more than the applicable statutory monthly limit, the parking
benefits provided by each employer are excludable as qualified
transportation fringes assuming that the other requirements of this
section are satisfied.
Example 2. (i) Same facts as in Example 1, except that M and N
are treated as a single employer under section 414(b).
(ii) In this example, because M and N are treated as a single
employer, the value of the monthly parking benefit provided by M and
N must be combined for purposes of determining whether the
applicable statutory monthly limit has been exceeded. Thus, the
amount by which the value of the parking benefit exceeds the monthly
limit ($200 minus $175 equals $25) for each month in 2000 is
includible in E's wages for income and employment tax purposes.
Q-11. May qualified transportation fringes be provided pursuant to
a compensation reduction agreement?
A-11. Yes. An employer may offer employees a choice between cash
compensation and any qualified transportation fringe. An employee who
is offered this choice and who elects qualified transportation fringes
is not required to include the cash compensation in income if--
(a) The election is pursuant to an arrangement described in Q/A-12
of this section;
(b) The amount of the reduction in cash compensation does not
exceed the limitation in Q/A-13 of this section;
(c) The arrangement satisfies the timing and reimbursement rules in
Q/A-14 and 16 of this section; and
(d) The related fringe benefit arrangement otherwise satisfies the
requirements set forth elsewhere in this section.
Q-12. What is a compensation reduction election for purposes of
section 132(f)?
A-12. (a) Election requirements generally. A compensation reduction
arrangement is an arrangement under which the employer provides the
employee with the right to elect whether the employee will receive
either a fixed amount of cash compensation at a specified future date
or a fixed amount of qualified transportation fringes to be provided
for a specified future period (such as qualified parking to be used
during a future calendar month). The employee's election must be in
writing or another form, such as electronic, that includes, in a
permanent and verifiable form, the information required to be in the
election. The election must contain the date of the election, the
amount of the compensation to be reduced, and the period for which the
benefit will be provided. The election must relate to a fixed dollar
amount or fixed percentage of compensation reduction. An election to
reduce compensation for a period by a set amount for such period may be
automatically renewed for subsequent periods.
(b) Negative election permitted. An employer may provide under its
qualified transportation fringe benefit plan that a compensation
reduction election will be deemed to have been made if the employee
does not elect to receive cash compensation in lieu of the qualified
transportation fringe provided that the employee receives adequate
notice that a compensation reduction will be made and is given adequate
opportunity to choose to receive the cash compensation instead of the
qualified transportation fringe.
Q-13. Is there a limit to the amount of the compensation reduction?
A-13. Yes. Each month, the amount of the compensation reduction may
not exceed the combined applicable statutory monthly limits for
transportation in a commuter highway vehicle, transit passes, and
qualified parking. For example, for 2000, an employee could elect to
reduce compensation for any month by no more than $240 ($65 for
transportation in a commuter highway vehicle and transit passes, plus
$175 for qualified parking) with respect to qualified transportation
fringes. If an employee were to elect to reduce compensation by $250
for a month, the excess $10 ($250 minus $240) would be includible in
the employee's wages for income and employment tax purposes.
Q-14. When must the employee have made a compensation reduction
election and under what circumstances can the amount be paid in cash to
the employee?
A-14. The compensation reduction election must satisfy the
following requirements.
(a) Timing of election. The compensation reduction election must be
made before the employee is able currently to receive the cash or other
taxable amount at the employee's discretion. The determination of
whether the employee is able currently to receive the cash does not
depend on whether it has been constructively received for purposes of
section 451. The election must specify that the period (such as a
calendar month) for which the qualified transportation fringe will be
provided must not begin before the election is made. For this purpose,
the date a qualified transportation fringe is provided is--
(1) The date the employee receives a voucher or similar item; or
(2) In any other case, the date the employee uses the qualified
transportation fringe.
(b) Thus, a compensation reduction election must relate to
qualified transportation fringes to be provided after the election.
(c) Revocability of elections. The employee may not revoke a
compensation reduction election after the employee is able currently to
receive the cash or other taxable amount at the employee's discretion.
In addition, the election may not be revoked after the beginning of the
period for which the qualified transportation fringe will be provided.
(d) Compensation reduction amounts not refundable. Unless an
election is revoked in a manner consistent with paragraph (a)(3) of
this Q/A-14, an employee may not subsequently receive the compensation
(in cash or any form other than by payment of a qualified
transportation fringe under the employer's plan). Thus, an employer's
qualified transportation fringe benefit plan may not provide that an
employee who ceases to participate in the employer's qualified
transportation fringe benefit plan is entitled to receive a refund of
the amounts by which the employee's compensation reduction exceeds the
actual qualified transportation fringes provided to the employee by the
employer.
(e) Examples. The following examples illustrate the principles of
this Q/A-14:
Example 1. (i) Employer P maintains a qualified transportation
fringe benefit arrangement. Employees of P are paid twice per month,
with the payroll dates being the first and the fifteenth day of the
month. Under P's arrangement, an employee is permitted to elect at
any time before the first
[[Page 4394]]
day of a month to reduce his or her compensation payable during that
month in an amount up to the applicable statutory monthly limit
(i.e., for 2000, $65 if the employee elects coverage for
transportation in a commuter highway vehicle or a mass transit pass,
or $175 if the employee chooses qualified parking) in return for the
right to receive qualified transportation fringes up to the amount
of the election. If such an election is made, P will provide a mass
transit pass for that month with a value not exceeding the
compensation reduction amount elected by the employee or will
reimburse the cost of other qualified transportation fringes used by
the employee on or after the first day of that month up to the
compensation reduction amount elected by the employee. Any
compensation reduction amount elected by the employee for the month
that is not used for qualified transportation fringes is not
refunded to the employee at any future date.
(ii) In this example, the arrangement satisfies the requirements
of this Q/A-14 because the election is made before the employee is
able currently to receive the cash and the election specifies the
future period for which the qualified transportation fringes will be
provided. The arrangement would also satisfy the requirements of
this Q/A-14 and Q/A-13 of this section if employees were allowed to
elect to reduce compensation up to $240 (for 2000) per month.
(iii) The arrangement would also satisfy the requirements of
this Q/A-14 (and Q/A-13 of this section) if employees were allowed
to make an election at any time before the first or the fifteenth
day of the month to reduce their compensation payable on that
payroll date by an amount not in excess of one-half of the
applicable statutory monthly limit (depending on the type of
qualified transportation fringe elected by the employee) and P
provides a mass transit pass on or after the applicable payroll date
for the compensation reduction amount elected by the employee for
the payroll date or reimburses the cost of other qualified
transportation fringes used by the employee on or after the payroll
date up to the compensation reduction amount elected by the employee
for that payroll date.
Example 2. (i) Employee Q elects to reduce his compensation
payable on March 1 of a year (when the statutory monthly limit for
transportation in a commuter highway vehicle and transit passes is
$65) by $195 in exchange for a mass transit voucher to be provided
in March. The election is made on the preceding February 27.
Employee Q was hired in January of the year. On March 10 of the
year, the employer of Employee Q delivers to Employee Q a mass
transit voucher worth $195.
(ii) In this example, $130 is included in Employee Q's wages for
income and employment tax purposes because the compensation
reduction election fails to satisfy the requirement in this Q/A-14
and Q/A-12 of this section that the election relate to qualified
transportation fringes to be provided for a future period to the
extent the election relates to $65 worth of transit passes for each
of January and February of the year. No amount would be included in
Employee Q's wages as a result of the election if $195 worth of mass
transit passes were instead delivered to Employee Q in May of the
year (because the compensation reduction would relate solely to
fringes to be provided for a future period and the amount provided
does not exceed the aggregate limit for the period, i.e., the sum of
$65 for each of March, April, and May)
Q-15. May an employee whose qualified transportation fringe costs
are less than the employee's compensation reduction carry over this
excess amount to subsequent periods?
A-15. Yes. An employee may carry over unused compensation reduction
amounts to subsequent periods under the plan of the employee's
employer. The following example illustrates the principles of this Q/A-
15:
Example. (i) By an election made before November 1, 1999,
Employee E elects to reduce compensation in the amount of $65 for
the month of November, 1999. E incurs $50 in employee-operated
commuter highway vehicle expenses during November for which E is
reimbursed $50 by Employer R. By an election made before December 1,
1999, E elects to reduce compensation by $65 for the month of
December. E incurs $65 in employee-operated commuter highway vehicle
expenses during December for which E is reimbursed $65 by R. Before
January 1, 2000, E elects to reduce compensation by $50 for the
month of January. E incurs $65 in employee-operated commuter highway
vehicle expenses during January for which E is reimbursed $65 by R
because R allows E to carry over to January, 2000, the $15 amount by
which the compensation reductions for November and December exceeded
the employee-operated commuter highway vehicle expenses incurred
during those months.
(ii) In this example, because E is reimbursed in an amount not
exceeding the applicable statutory monthly limit, and the
reimbursement does not exceed the amount of employee-operated
commuter highway vehicle expenses incurred during the month of
January, the amount reimbursed ($65) is excludable from E's wages
for income and employment tax purposes.
Q-16. How does section 132(f) apply to expense reimbursements?
A-16. (a) In general. The term ``qualified transportation fringe''
includes cash reimbursement by an employer to an employee for expenses
incurred or paid by an employee for transportation in a commuter
highway vehicle or qualified parking. The reimbursement must be made
under a bona fide reimbursement arrangement which meets the rules of
paragraph (d) of this Q/A-16. The term ``cash reimbursement'' does not
include cash advances.
(b) Special rule for transit passes. The term ``qualified
transportation fringe'' includes cash reimbursement for transit passes
made under a bona fide reimbursement arrangement, but, in accordance
with section 132(f)(3), only if no voucher or similar item that may be
exchanged only for a transit pass is readily available for direct
distribution by the employer to employees. For this purpose, a voucher
or similar item is ``readily available'' if an employer can obtain it--
(1) On terms no less favorable than those available to an
individual employee; and
(2) Without incurring a significant administrative cost.
(c) Significant administrative cost. Administrative costs relate
only to fees paid to fare media providers. The determination of whether
obtaining a voucher would result in a significant administrative cost
is made with respect to each transit system voucher. A transit system
voucher is a voucher that is accepted by one or more mass transit
operators (e.g., train, subway, and bus) in an area as fare media (or
in exchange for fare media). Administrative costs are treated as
significant if the average monthly administrative costs incurred by the
employer for a voucher (disregarding delivery charges imposed by the
fare media provider to the extent not in excess of $15 per order) are
more than 1 percent of the average monthly value of the vouchers for a
system. Thus, whether a voucher is readily available without incurring
a significant administrative cost is determined with respect to the
transit system in each area for which the voucher may be used. The
following example illustrates the principles of this Q/A-16:
Example. (i) Company C in City X sells mass transit vouchers to
employers in the metropolitan area of X worth $65 each. Several
different bus, rail, van pool, and ferry operators service X, and a
number of the operators accept the vouchers either as fare media or
in exchange for fare media. Employers can readily obtain vouchers
for distribution to their employees. To cover its operating
expenses, C imposes on each voucher a 50 cents charge, plus a $15
charge for delivery. Employer M disburses vouchers purchased from C
to its employees who use operators that accept the vouchers.
(ii) In this example, because the cost of a voucher disbursed to
M's employees is not more than 1 percent of the value of the voucher
(50 cents divided by $65 equals 0.77 percent) and the delivery
charges are disregarded because they are not more than $15, vouchers
for X are readily available. Thus, the vouchers disbursed to M's
employees are qualified transportation fringes and any reimbursement
of mass transportation costs in X would not be a qualified
transportation fringe.
(d) Substantiation requirements. Employers that make cash
reimbursements must establish a bona
[[Page 4395]]
fide reimbursement arrangement to establish that their employees have,
in fact, incurred expenses for transportation in a commuter highway
vehicle, transit passes, or qualified parking. For purposes of section
132(f), what constitutes a bona fide reimbursement arrangement may vary
depending on the facts and circumstances, including the method or
methods of payment utilized within the mass transit system. The
employer must implement reasonable procedures to ensure that an amount
equal to the reimbursement was incurred for transportation in a
commuter highway vehicle, transit passes, or qualified parking. The
following are examples of reasonable reimbursement procedures for
purposes of this Q/A-16:
(1) An employee presents to the employer a parking expense receipt
for parking on or near the employer's business premises and certifies
that the parking was used by the employee and the employer has no
reason to doubt the employee's certification.
(2) An employee submits a used transit pass to the employer at the
end of the month and certifies both that he or she purchased it, and
that he or she used it during the month, or presents a transit pass to
the employer at the beginning of the month and certifies that it will
be used it during the month. In both cases, the employer has no reason
to doubt the employee's certification.
(3) If a receipt is not provided in the ordinary course of business
(e.g., if the employee uses metered parking or if used transit passes
cannot be returned to the user), the employee certifies to the employer
the type and the amount of expenses incurred and the employer has no
reason to doubt the employee's certification.
Q-17. May an employer provide nontaxable cash reimbursement under
section 132(f) for periods longer than one month?
A-17. Yes. Qualified transportation fringes include reimbursement
to employees for costs incurred for transportation in more than one
month, provided the reimbursement for each month is calculated
separately and does not exceed the applicable statutory monthly limit
for any month. See Q/A-8 and 9 of this section if the limit for a month
is exceeded. The following example illustrates the principles of this
Q/A-17:
Example. (i) Employee R pays $100 per month for qualified
parking used during the period from April 1, 2000 through June 30,
2000. After receiving adequate substantiation from R, R's employer
reimburses R $300 in cash on June 30, 2000.
(ii) In this example, because the value of the reimbursed
expenses for each month did not exceed the applicable statutory
monthly limit, the $300 reimbursement is excludable from R's wages
for income and employment tax purposes as a qualified transportation
fringe.
Q-18. What are the substantiation requirements if an employer
distributes transit passes?
A-18. There are no substantiation requirements if the employer
distributes transit passes. Thus, an employer may distribute a transit
pass for each month with a value not more than the statutory monthly
limit without requiring any certification from the employee regarding
the use of the transit pass.
Q-19. May an employer choose to impose substantiation requirements
in addition to those described in this regulation?
A--19. Yes.
Q-20. How is the value of parking determined?
A-20. Section 1.61-21(b)(2) applies for purposes of determining the
value of parking.
Q-21. How do the qualified transportation fringe rules apply to van
pools?
A-21. (a) Van pools generally. Employer-and employee-operated van
pools, as well as private or public transit-operated van pools, may
qualify as qualified transportation fringes. The value of van pool
benefits which are qualified transportation fringes may be excluded up
to the applicable statutory monthly limit for transportation in a
commuter highway vehicle and transit passes, less the value of any
transit passes provided by the employer for the month.
(b) Employer-operated van pools. The value of van pool
transportation provided by or for an employer to its employees is
excludable as a qualified transportation fringe, provided the van
qualifies as a ``commuter highway vehicle'' as defined in section
132(f)(5)(B) and Q/A 2- of this section. A van pool is operated by or
for the employer if the employer purchases or leases vans to enable
employees to commute together or the employer contracts with and pays a
third party to provide the vans and some or all of the costs of
operating the vans, including maintenance, liability insurance and
other operating expenses.
(c) Employee-operated van pools. Cash reimbursement by an employer
to employees for expenses incurred for transportation in a van pool
operated by employees independent of their employer are excludable as
qualified transportation fringes provided that the van qualifies as a
``commuter highway vehicle'' as defined in section 132(f)(5)(B) and Q/
A-2 of this section. See Q/A-16 of this section for the rules governing
cash reimbursements.
(d) Private or public transit-operated van pool transit passes. The
qualified transportation fringe exclusion for transit passes is
available for travel in van pools owned and operated either by public
transit authorities or by any person in the business of transporting
persons for compensation or hire. In accordance with paragraph (b) of
Q/A-3 of this section, the van must seat at least six adults (excluding
the driver). See Q/A-16(b) and (c) of this section for a special rule
for cash reimbursement for transit passes.
(e) Value of van pool transportation benefits. Section 1.61-
21(b)(2) provides that the fair market value of a fringe benefit is
based on all the facts and circumstances. Alternatively, transportation
in an employer-provided commuter highway vehicle may be valued under
the automobile lease valuation rule in Sec. 1.61-21(d), the vehicle
cents-per-mile rule in Sec. 1.61-21(e), or the commuting valuation rule
in Sec. 1.61-21(f). If one of these special valuation rules is used,
the employer must use the same valuation rule to value the use of the
commuter highway vehicle by each employee who share the use. See
Sec. 1.61-21(c).
(f) Qualified parking prime member. If an employee obtains a
qualified parking space as a result of membership in a car or van pool,
the applicable statutory monthly limit for qualified parking applies to
the individual to whom the parking space is assigned. This individual
is the ``prime member.'' In determining the tax consequences to the
prime member, the statutory monthly limit amounts of each car pool
member may not be combined. If the employer provides access to the
space and the space is not assigned to a particular individual, then
the employer must designate one of its employees as the prime member
who will bear the tax consequences. The employer may not designate more
than one prime member for a car or van pool during a month. The
employer of the prime member is responsible for including the value of
the qualified parking in excess of the statutory monthly limit in the
prime member's wages for income and employment tax purposes.
Q-22. What are the reporting and employment tax requirements for
qualified transportation fringes?
A-22. (a) Employment tax treatment generally. Qualified
transportation fringes not exceeding the applicable statutory monthly
limit described in Q/A-7 of this section are not wages for
[[Page 4396]]
purposes of the Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA), the Federal
Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA), and federal income tax withholding. Any
amount by which an employee elects to reduce compensation as provided
in Q/A-11 of this section is not subject to the FICA, the FUTA, and
federal income tax withholding. Qualified transportation fringes
exceeding the applicable statutory monthly limit described in Q/A-7 of
this section are wages for purposes of the FICA, the FUTA, and federal
income tax withholding and are reported on the employee's Form W-2,
Wage and Tax Statement.
(b) Employment tax treatment of cash reimbursement exceeding
monthly limits. Cash reimbursement to employees (for example, cash
reimbursement for qualified parking) in excess of the applicable
statutory monthly limit under section 132(f) are treated as paid for
employment tax purposes when actually or constructively paid. See
Secs. 31.3121(a)-2(a), 31.3301-4, 31.3402(a)-1(b) of this chapter.
Employers must report and deposit the amounts withheld in addition to
reporting and depositing other employment taxes. See Q/A-16 of this
section for rules governing cash reimbursements.
(c) Noncash fringe benefits exceeding monthly limits. If the value
of noncash qualified transportation fringes exceeds the applicable
statutory monthly limit, the employer may elect, for purposes of the
FICA, the FUTA, and federal income tax withholding, to treat the
noncash taxable fringe benefits as paid on a pay period, quarterly,
semi-annual, annual, or other basis, provided that the benefits are
treated as paid no less frequently than annually.
Q-23. How does section 132(f) interact with other fringe benefit
rules?
A-23. For purposes of section 132, the terms ``working condition
fringe'' and ``de minimis fringe'' do not include any qualified
transportation fringe under section 132(f). If, however, an employer
provides local transportation other than transit passes, the value of
the benefit may be excludable, either totally or partially, under
fringe benefit rules other than the qualified transportation fringe
rules under section 132(f). See Secs. 1.132-6(d)(2)(i) (occasional
local transportation fare), 1.132-6(d)(2)(iii) (transportation provided
under unusual circumstances), and 1.61-21(k) (valuation of local
transportation provided to qualified employees).
Q-24. May qualified transportation fringes be provided to
individuals who are partners, 2-percent shareholders of S-corporations,
or independent contractors?
A-24. (a) General rule. Section 132(f)(5)(E) states that self-
employed individuals who are employees within the meaning of section
401(c)(1) are not employees for purposes of section 132(f). Therefore,
individuals who are partners, sole proprietors, or other independent
contractors are not employees for purposes of section 132(f). In
addition, under section 1372(a), 2-percent shareholders of S
corporations are treated as partners for fringe benefit purposes. Thus,
an individual who is both a 2-percent shareholder of an S corporation
and a common law employee of that S corporation is not considered an
employee for purposes of section 132(f). However, while section 132(f)
does not apply to individuals who are partners, 2-percent shareholders
of S corporations, or independent contractors, other exclusions for
working condition and de minimis fringes may be available as described
in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this Q/A-24. See Secs. 1.132-1(b)(2) and
1.132-1(b)(4).
(b) Transit passes. The working condition and de minimis fringe
exclusions under section 132(a)(3) and (4) are available for transit
passes provided to individuals who are partners, 2-percent
shareholders, and independent contractors. For example, tokens or
farecards provided by a partnership to an individual who is a partner
that enable the partner to commute on a public transit system (not
including privately-operated van pools) are excludable from the
partner's gross income if the value of the tokens and farecards in any
month does not exceed the dollar amount specified in Sec. 1.132-
6(d)(1). However, if the value of a pass provided in a month exceeds
the dollar amount specified in Sec. 1.132-6(d)(1), the full value of
the benefit provided (not merely the amount in excess of the dollar
amount specified in Sec. 1.132-6(d)(1)) is includible in gross income.
(c) Parking. The working condition fringe rules under section
132(d) do not apply to commuter parking. See Sec. 1.132-5(a)(1).
However, the de minimis fringe rules under section 132(e) are available
for parking provided to individuals who are partners, 2-percent
shareholders, or independent contractors that qualifies under the de
minimis rules. See Sec. 1.132-6(a) and (b). The following example
illustrates the principles of this Q/A-24:
Example. (i) Individual G is a partner in partnership P.
Individual G commutes to and from G's office every day and parks
free of charge in P's lot.
(ii) In this example, the value of the parking is not excluded
under section 132(f), but may be excluded under section 132(e) if
the parking is a de minimis fringe under Sec. 1.132-6.
Robert E. Wenzel,
Commissioner of Internal Revenue.
[FR Doc. 00-1859 Filed 1-24-00; 1:36 pm]
BILLING CODE 4830-01-U