[Federal Register Volume 64, Number 249 (Wednesday, December 29, 1999)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 73300-73373]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 99-31658]
[[Page 73299]]
_______________________________________________________________________
Part III
Environmental Protection Agency
_______________________________________________________________________
40 CFR Part 89 et al.
_______________________________________________________________________
Control of Emissions of Air Pollution From New Marine Compression-
Ignition Engines at or Above 37 kW; Final Rule
Federal Register / Vol. 64, No. 249 / Wednesday, December 29, 1999 /
Rules and Regulations
[[Page 73300]]
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
40 CFR Parts 89, 92, and 94
[AMS-FRL-6482-3]
RIN 2060-AI17
Control of Emissions of Air Pollution From New Marine
Compression-Ignition Engines at or Above 37 kW
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Final Rule.
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SUMMARY: In this action, we are establishing an emission control
program for new marine diesel engines rated at or above 37 kilowatts.
The affected engines are used for propulsion and auxiliary purposes in
a wide variety of marine applications. The standards for these engines
will require substantial reductions in oxides of nitrogen and
particulate matter emissions to correspond with the next round of
emission standards for comparable land-based engines. The standards
will lead to significant reduction in oxides of nitrogen and
particulate matter emissions from this source. When combined with other
mobile source emission control programs, the program described in this
action will help provide long-term improvements in air quality in many
port cities and other coastal areas. Overall, these emission standards
provide much-needed assistance to states facing ozone and particulate
air quality problems, which can cause a range of adverse health effects
for their residents, especially in terms of respiratory impairment and
related illnesses.
The persons potentially affected by this action are those who
manufacture new marine diesel engines or marine vessels or other
equipment using such engines. Additional requirements apply to
companies that rebuild or maintain these engines.
DATES: This final rule is effective January 28, 2000 except the
amendments to 40 CFR parts 89 and 92 will become effective February 28,
2000, unless EPA receives adverse comment on or before January 28, 2000
regarding the amendments to 40 CFR parts 89 and 92. If we receive such
comment, we will publish a timely withdrawal in the Federal Register
informing the public that the amendments to 40 CFR parts 89 and 92 will
not take effect.
The incorporation by reference of certain publications listed in
the regulations in 40 CFR part 94 is approved by the Director of the
Federal Register as of January 28, 2000.
ADDRESSES: Materials relevant to this rulemaking, including the Final
Regulatory Impact Analysis, are contained in Public Docket A-97-50.
Additional materials can be found in Public Docket A-92-28 (Control of
Air Pollution; Emission Standards for New Gasoline Spark-Ignition and
Diesel Compression-Ignition Marine Engines). For the changes to 40 CFR
part 92, additional materials can be found in Public Docket A-94-31
(Emission Standards for Locomotives and Locomotive Engines). These
dockets are located at Room M-1500, Waterside Mall (ground floor), U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M Street, S.W., Washington, DC
20460. You may inspect the docket from 8:00 a.m. until 5:30 p.m.,
Monday through Friday. We may charge a reasonable fee for copying
docket materials.
For further information on electronic availability of this action,
see SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION below.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Alan Stout, Office of Mobile Sources,
(734) 214-4805, [email protected].
For a copy of the Information Collection Request, contact Sandy
Farmer at EPA by phone at (202) 260-2740, by email at
[email protected], or download it off the Internet at http:/
/www.epa.gov/icr and refer to EPA ICR No. 1897.02.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Regulated Entities
You may be regulated by this action if you manufacture or introduce
into commerce new marine diesel engines or if you make vessels or other
equipment using these engines. Other requirements may apply to you if
you rebuild or maintain marine engines. Regulated categories and
entities include:
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Examples of NAICS
Category regulated entities Code SIC Code
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Industry.................... Manufacturers of new 333618 3519
marine diesel
engines.
Industry.................... Manufacturers of 3366 3731
marine vessels. 3732
Industry.................... Engine repair and 811310 7699
maintenance.
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This list is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather provides a
guide for readers regarding entities likely to be regulated by this
action. To determine whether particular activities may be regulated by
this action, carefully examine the regulations, especially the
applicability criteria in Sec. 94.1. Direct any questions regarding the
applicability of this action to the person listed in FOR FURTHER
INFORMATION CONTACT.
Obtaining Electronic Copies of the Regulatory Documents
The preamble, regulatory language and Final Regulatory Impact
Analysis are also available electronically from the EPA Internet Web
site. This service is free of charge, except for any cost already
incurred for internet connectivity. The electronic version of this
rulemaking is made available on the day of publication on the primary
Web site listed below. The EPA Office of Mobile Sources also publishes
Federal Register notices and related documents on the secondary Web
site listed below.
1. http://www.epa.gov/docs/fedrgstr/EPA-AIR/ (either select desired
date or use Search feature)
2. http://www.epa.gov/oms/ (look in What's New or under the specific
rulemaking topic)
Please note that due to differences between the software used to
develop the document and the software into which the document may be
downloaded, changes in format, page length, etc., may occur.
Table of Contents
I. Introduction
A. Background
B. Statutory Authority
II. Scope of Application
A. Definition of New
B. Importing and Exporting Marine Engines
C. Marine Engine Definitions
D. Remanufactured Engines
E. Recreational Engines
F. Engine Dressing Exemption
G. Foreign-Trade Exemption
H. National Security Exemption
I. Competition Exemptions
J. Other Exemptions
III. Engine Categories
IV. Emission Standards and Related Provisions
A. Standards and Dates
1. MARPOL Annex VI
2. Tier 2
B. Total Hydrocarbons
[[Page 73301]]
C. Crankcase Emissions
D. Smoke Requirements
E. Alternative Fuels
F. Test Procedures
1. Duty Cycles
2. In-Use Testing
3. Test Fuel
4. Adjustable Parameters
5. Determination of Maximum Test Speed
G. Not-to-Exceed Standards and Related Requirements
H. Voluntary Low-Emitting Engine Program
I. Durability
1. Useful Life
2. Warranty Periods
3. Deterioration Factors
4. Rebuilt Engines
5. Replacement Engines
J. Certification
1. Engine Family Definition
2. Emission Data Engine Selection
K. Production-Line Testing
L. Miscellaneous Compliance Issues
M. Averaging, Banking, and Trading Program
N. Special Provisions for Post-Manufacture Marinizers
V. Technological Feasibility
VI. Areas for Future Action
A. Tier 3 Emission Standards
B. Emission Standards for Remanufactured Engines
C. NTE Requirements for Auxiliary Engines
D. Application of Provisions to Marine Diesel Engines Less than
37 kW
E. Category 3 Engines
VII. Projected Impacts
A. Environmental Impacts
B. Noise, Energy, and Safety
C. Economic Impacts
D. Cost-effectiveness
VIII. Direct Final Changes
IX. Public Participation
X. Administrative Requirements
XI. Judicial Review
List of Tables
Table 1 Engine Category Definitions
Table 2 MARPOL Annex VI Emission Limits
Table 3 Final Tier 2 Emission Standards and Dates
Table 4 Voluntary Emission Standards
Table 5 Useful Life and Warranty Periods
Table 6 Category 1 Commercial Propulsion and Auxiliary Emissions
Inventory
Table 7 Category 2 Emissions Inventory
Table 8 [Reserved]
Table 9 Emission Reductions From Engines Subject to Tier 2
Standards
Table 10 Projected Cost Impacts by Power Rating
Table 11 Cost-Effectiveness of the Marine Tier 2 Standards for HC
and NOX
Table 12 Aggregate Cost-Effectiveness for the Marine Tier 2
Standards for HC and NOX
I. Introduction
A. Background
The Clean Air Act as amended in 1990 mandated that we establish
emission regulations for a variety of previously unregulated nonroad
mobile sources of emissions, including marine engines. We most recently
proposed emission standards and an associated compliance program for
commercial marine diesel engines on December 11, 1998 (63 FR
68508).1 At a public hearing on January 19 and in the rest
of the comment period we heard from 35 commenters. The program we are
finalizing here follows from the approach described in the proposal,
though we made numerous adjustments in response to the comments and
other information received since the proposal. The proposal included an
extensive discussion of the air quality problems we are addressing and
the regulatory history of this rulemaking (see Sections I, II, and XI
of the proposal). A summary description of the final rule follows in
this document. Further discussion of issues and the anticipated impacts
of the final rule are in the Final Regulatory Impact Analysis (Final
RIA) and the Summary and Analysis of Comments. These documents and all
the comments we received are contained in Docket A-97-50.
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\1\ The December 1998 proposal superseded earlier proposed
emission standards for marine diesel engines (59 FR 55929, November
9, 1994, and 61 FR 4600, February 7, 1996). References in this
document to ``the proposal'' or ``the proposed rule'' refer only to
the December 1998 proposal.
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The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is the Secretariat
for the International Convention on the Prevention of Pollution from
Ships 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto
(better known as MARPOL 73/78). Annex VI to that Convention, adopted on
September 27, 1997 (but not yet in force) contains, among other
provisions, requirements to limit NOX emissions from marine
diesel engines, but sets no limits for other engine pollutants (i.e.,
HC, CO, PM). Other provisions of Annex VI include requirements for
ozone-depleting substances, sulfur content of fuel, incineration, VOCs
from refueling, and fuel quality. The United States has signed Annex
VI, but the Annex has not yet been forwarded to the Senate for its
advice and consent.
B. Statutory Authority
We conducted a study of emissions from nonroad engines, vehicles,
and equipment in 1991, as directed by the Clean Air Act, section 213(a)
(42 U.S.C. 7547(a)). Based on the results of that study, we determined
that emissions of NOX, VOCs (including HC), and CO from
nonroad engines and equipment contribute significantly to ozone and CO
concentrations in more than one nonattainment area (see 59 FR 31306,
June 17, 1994). Given this determination, section 213(a)(3) of the Act
requires us to establish (and from time to time revise) emission
standards for those classes or categories of new nonroad engines,
vehicles, and equipment that in our judgment cause or contribute to
such air pollution. We have determined that commercial and recreational
marine diesel engines rated over 37 kW cause or contribute to such air
pollution (See also the preamble to the proposed rule).
Where we determine that other emissions from new nonroad engines,
vehicles, or equipment significantly contribute to air pollution that
may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare,
section 213(a)(4) authorizes EPA to establish (and from time to time
revise) emission standards from those classes or categories of new
nonroad engines, vehicles, and equipment that cause or contribute to
such air pollution. We have determined that commercial and recreational
marine diesel engines rated over 37 kW cause or contribute to such air
pollution (See also the preamble to the proposed rule).
II. Scope of Application
Clean Air Act section 213(a)(3) broadly sets the scope of
application of this final rule, instructing us to promulgate
regulations containing standards applicable to emissions from those
classes or categories of new nonroad engines and new nonroad vehicles
that are found to cause or contribute to ozone or carbon monoxide
concentrations in more than one nonattainment area. As explained below
and in the text of the regulations, the rulemaking generally covers all
new diesel engines installed in a marine vessel, and all new marine
vessels that use those engines. This includes both propulsion and
auxiliary engines.
A. Definition of New
We are extending the definition of ``new'' contained in 40 CFR 89.2
to marine diesel engines at or above 37 kW. Under that definition, an
engine is considered new until its legal or equitable title has been
transferred, or the engine has been placed into service. Because the
definition of new in 40 CFR 89.2 applies to both engines and equipment,
its extension to the marine sector extends as well to vessels. Starting
with the implementation dates of the new emission standards, we will
consider vessels new until their equitable or legal title has been
transferred to an ultimate purchaser. In addition, we will consider a
vessel new if it undergoes modifications such that the modified vessel
derives at least half
[[Page 73302]]
of its value from new materials or components. This prevents someone
from re-using the hull or other parts from a used vessel to avoid
emission standards.
To further clarify the definition of ``new,'' 40 CFR 89.2 specifies
that a nonroad engine, vehicle, or equipment is placed into service
when it is used for its functional purpose. For the purpose of applying
this criteria to marine diesel engines and new vessels, we have
concluded that a marine diesel engine is used for its functional
purpose when it is installed on a marine vessel. This clarification is
needed because some marine diesel engines are made by modifying a
highway or nonroad engine that has already been installed on a vehicle
or other equipment. In other words, the engine has been transferred to
an ultimate purchaser after it is used for its functional purpose as a
land-based nonroad engine (for example, on a truck or a backhoe) and is
therefore no longer new, but it is later removed for marinization and
installation on a marine vessel. While the 40 CFR 89 requirements for
land-based nonroad diesel engines do not contain such a requirement, we
believe it is reasonable to treat these engines as new marine engines
when they are installed on a vessel. While the practice of marinizing
used highway or nonroad engines may be infrequent, it could become more
common if these engines are not subject to the standards finalized in
this document.
As described in the proposal, we are not applying emission
standards to remanufactured engines. In Section VI we discuss the
potential for considering this issue in the future.
B. Importing and Exporting Marine Engines
Engines imported for use in the United States are covered by this
final rule whether they are imported as loose engines or are already
installed on a vessel constructed elsewhere. We will require all
imported engines to have a certificate of conformity from us before
anyone may enter them into commerce in the United States, subject to
limited exemptions. Accordingly, we are applying the approach contained
in other highway and nonroad engine programs, according to which any
engine or vessel that is imported into the United States without a
valid certificate of conformity and that was built after the effective
date of the applicable standards, will be considered new at the time it
is imported into the United States. As a new engine, it will have to
comply with the relevant emission limits in effect at the time it was
manufactured. Thus, for example, a marine vessel manufactured in a
foreign country in 2007 that is imported into the United States in 2010
would be considered new, and its engine would have to comply with the
emission limits in effect for model year 2007. This provision is
important to prevent manufacturers from avoiding the emission
requirements by building vessels abroad, transferring their title, and
then importing them as used vessels.
Engines that are to be exported to countries with emission
standards different than ours are exempt from the requirements of this
final rule. Marine engines that are exported but are subsequently re-
imported into the United States must, however, meet the new emission
standards that apply based on the manufacturing date of the engine.
This would be the case when a foreign company purchases marine engines
manufactured in the United States for installation on a vessel that
will be subsequently exported to the United States. It would also be
the case when a foreign company purchases marine engines manufactured
in the United States for dressing and subsequent re-exportation to the
United States. Engines that are intended for export but that will be
re-imported into the United States are subject to the emission
standards at the time the engine is manufactured, unless the vessel
manufacturer or marinizer intends to re-certify the engines to comply
with emission standards before they enter the United States.
Consequently, foreign purchasers who do not wish to recertify the
engines will need to make sure they purchase complying engines for
those marine vessels or engines they intend to subsequently offer for
sale in the United States. Engines intended for export and sale in a
foreign country should be easily distinguishable from complying engines
because complying engines are required to be labeled as such. Any
person who introduces into commerce in the United States a noncomplying
engine that is intended for export and use in a foreign country will be
subject to civil penalties.
To determine when an engine or vessel will be considered
``imported'' for the purposes of determining compliance with emission
standards, we will follow the approach contained in the Harmonized
Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS). According to HTSUS,
vessels used in international trade or commerce or vessels brought into
the territory of the United States by nonresidents for their own use in
pleasure cruising are admitted without formal customs consumption entry
or payment of duty.2 This approach is consistent with the
Treasury Department's ruling, which concluded that vessels coming into
the United States temporarily as carriers of passengers or merchandise
are not subject to customs entry or duty, but if brought into the
United States permanently, they are to be considered and treated as
imported merchandise. See American Customs Brokerage Co., Inc., a/c
Astral Corp. v. United States, 375 F. Supp. 1360, 1366 (Cust. Ct.
1974). This means that engines installed on vessels flagged in another
country that come into the United States temporarily will not be
subject to the emission standards, because they are not imported and
are therefore not new engines under Clean Air Act Section 216(3) and
213(d).
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\2\ HTSUS (1994), Additional U.S. Note 1. In particular, cruise
ships, ferry boats, cargo ships, barges and ``similar vessels for
the transportation of persons or goods'' are duty free. HTSUS (1994)
8901.
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C. Marine Engine Definitions
In the final land-based nonroad engine rule, we determined that a
portable auxiliary engine used onboard a marine vessel should not be
considered a marine engine (October 23, 1998, 63 FR 56967). Instead, a
portable auxiliary engine is considered to be a land-based engine
subject to the requirements of 40 CFR Part 89. To distinguish a marine
auxiliary engine installed on a marine vessel from a land-based
portable auxiliary engine used on a marine vessel, we specified in that
rulemaking that an auxiliary engine is installed on a marine vessel if
its fuel, cooling, or exhaust systems are an integral part of the
vessel. These auxiliary engines are therefore not fundamentally
different than land-based engines and we regulate them under 40 CFR
Part 89.
With very few exceptions, this final marine engine rule applies
equally to propulsion and auxiliary engines. Consistent with the
definitions in 40 CFR Part 89, a propulsion engine is one that is
intended to move a vessel through the water or assists in guiding the
direction of the vessel (including, for example, bow thrusters).
Auxiliary engines are all other marine engines. Propulsion and
auxiliary engines have different duty cycles and different load factors
for calculating emission credits. Auxiliary engines will not be subject
to not-to-exceed requirements until we finalize them for land-based
nonroad engines. Also, auxiliary engines are not eligible to qualify as
recreational engines.
[[Page 73303]]
Marine drilling platforms are another example of an application
where the question arises of whether an engine is a marine engine
(subject to 40 CFR Part 94) or a land-based nonroad diesel engine
(subject to 40 CFR 89). Drill ships are clearly marine vessels, so
engines installed in drill ships are marine engines. In contrast,
permanently anchored drilling platforms would not qualify as marine
vessels, so none of the engines associated with one of these facilities
would be a marine engine. A third class of drilling equipment is less
clear. Semi-submersible drilling rigs are moored to the ocean bottom,
but have some propulsion capability. We consider these to be marine
vessels, so any engine that is ``installed'' on such a rig would be a
marine engine. As described above, we would consider portable engines
on a drilling rig to be land-based nonroad engines, since they are not
installed on the vessel.
D. Remanufactured Engines
As described in the proposed rule, we are not setting emission
standards for engines originally manufactured before the Tier 2
standards take effect. Section VI describes our ongoing concern with
remanufactured engines.
E. Recreational Engines
We continue to believe, as we discussed in the proposal, that it is
appropriate to distinguish between commercial and recreational marine
engines for the purpose of establishing requirements for engine and
vessel manufacturers. This is because the performance characteristics
for these two kinds of engines can be substantially different, due to
the different characteristics of the vessels on which they are
installed. Commercial marine vessels tend to be displacement hull
vessels, designed and built for a unique application. Power ratings for
engines used on these vessels are analogous to land-based applications,
and these engines are warranted for 2,000 to 5,000 hours of use a year.
Recreational vessels, on the other hand, tend to be planing vessels,
and engines used on these vessels are designed to achieve higher power
output with less engine weight. This increase in power reduces the
lifetime of the engine; recreational marine engines are therefore
warranted for fewer hours of operation than their commercial
counterparts.
We will be pursuing emission limits for recreational marine engines
in a separate rulemaking. This makes it necessary to clearly define
recreational marine engine, so engine manufacturers and users will be
able to know which set of standards apply to their engine.
In this final rule, we are finalizing a definition of recreational
marine engine as a propulsion engine that is intended by the
manufacturer to be installed on a recreational vessel. To ensure that
users will not install a recreational engine on a commercial vessel his
engine, we are requiring the following label language (in our proposed
rulemaking for recreational marine engines, we will also address any
changes that would be appropriate or necessary for this label):
THIS ENGINE IS CATEGORIZED AS A RECREATIONAL ENGINE UNDER 40 CFR PART
94, AND IS NOT SUBJECT TO THE EMISSION STANDARDS OF THAT PART.
INSTALLATION OF THIS ENGINE IN ANY NONRECREATIONAL VESSEL IS A
VIOLATION OF FEDERAL LAW SUBJECT TO CIVIL PENALTY.
It should be noted that there is no prohibition against installing
a certified commercial marine engine on a recreational vessel. In fact,
we encourage recreational vessel manufacturers to use certified engines
whenever possible due to the beneficial impact on the environment.
There is also no prohibition on installing an old marine engine in an
old vessel.
We are revising our definition of recreational marine engine, in
response to comments, to bring it more in line with the Coast Guard
approach contained in 46 U.S.C. 2101. Specifically, we are defining a
recreational vessel as a vessel that is intended by the vessel
manufacturer to be operated primarily for pleasure or leased, rented or
chartered to another for the latter's pleasure. However, we continue to
believe that it is necessary to put some boundaries on this definition,
since certain vessels that are used for pleasure may have operating
characteristics that are, in fact, similar to commercial marine
vessels. For example, engines installed on excursion boats should be
grouped with commercial marine engines because they are used much more
intensely (more hours, higher load) than engines on a similar vessel
operated exclusively for one's own pleasure. Therefore, we are drawing
on the Coast Guard's definition of passenger vessel to further
delineate what will be considered to be a recreational vessel.
Specifically, vessels of less than 100 gross tons that carry more than
six passengers will not be considered recreational vessels, and vessel
of 100 gross tons or more that carry one or more passengers will not be
considered recreational vessels. For the purpose of defining a
recreational vessel, a passenger will have the same meaning as that in
given by 46 U.S.C. 2101(21), which is generally a person that pays to
be on the vessel. Finally, a vessel that is used solely for competition
will not be considered a recreational vessel.
A vessel will be a considered a recreational vessel if the boat
builder intends that the customer will operate the boat consistent with
the recreational-vessel definition. Relying on the boat builder's
intent is necessary since manufacturers need to establish a vessel's
classification before it is sold, whereas the Coast Guard definitions
apply at the time of use. The final definition therefore relies on the
intent of the boat builder to establish that the vessel will be used
consistent with the above criteria. If a boat builder manufactures a
vessel for a customer who intends to use the vessel for recreational
purposes, we will always consider that a recreational vessel regardless
of how the owner (or a subsequent owners) actually uses it. To be able
to verify that boat buyers don't abuse this provision, we would need to
have some way of verifying the validity of the vessel manufacturer's
original intent, for example, with written assurance from the buyer. We
are not finalizing such a requirement in this final rule, but intend to
address it when we propose emission standards for recreational marine
engines.
F. Engine Dressing Exemption
Some companies produce marine engines by marinizing new, land-based
engines and modifying them for installation on a marine vessel. This
can be done in a way that does not affect emissions. For example, the
modifications may consist of adding mounting hardware and a generator
or reduction gears for propulsion. It can also involve installing a new
marine cooling system that meets original manufacturer specifications
and duplicates the cooling characteristics of the land-based engine,
but with a different cooling medium (i.e., water). This is similar to
the process of buying certified land-based engines to make a generator
or other equipment. This simplified approach of producing an engine can
be described as dressing an engine for a particular application.
Because the modified land-based engines are subsequently used on a
marine vessel, however, these modified engines will be considered
marine diesel engines, which then fall under the requirements in this
final rule.
The final rule exempts engines from the marine certification
requirements if
[[Page 73304]]
the marinizing company meets the following conditions.
(i) The engine being dressed, (the ``base'' engine) must be a
heavy-duty highway, land-based nonroad, or locomotive engine, certified
pursuant to 40 CFR Part 86, 40 CFR Part 89, or 40 CFR Part 92. The base
engine must be certified to the standards that apply at the time the
base engine manufacturer completes assembly of the engine. We don't
allow stockpiling of uncertified engines.
(ii) The dressing process must not involve any changes that can
reasonably be expected to increase engine emissions. This includes a
requirement that engine cooling and aftercooling systems stay within
the ranges specified by the original engine manufacturer.
(iii) The original emissions-related label must remain on the
engine.
(iv) The dressing company must report annually to us the models
that are exempt under this provision.
(v) The engine model must not be primarily for marine application.
The goal of our engine dressing provisions is to eliminate the
burden of certification and other compliance requirements where we have
confidence that engines already certified to comparable standards from
other programs will meet marine engine emission standards. Moreover,
the certificate holder for the base engine continues to be liable,
under the terms of the original certification, for the emissions
performance of the dressed engine. We will nevertheless require, as we
proposed, that a company certify dressed engines under 40 CFR Part 94
if the majority of engines produced are for marine application. This
prevents a company taking advantage of the engine dressing exemption to
produce marine diesel engines under, for example, a land-based nonroad
diesel certificate, even though the engine might be used almost
exclusively for marine application. Companies that produce engines
qualifying for the engine dressing exemption will be exempt from the
certification requirements and prohibited acts of 40 CFR Part 94.
Minimal reporting and labeling requirements apply to these engines, as
described below.
Companies that produce marine versions of their base engines may
qualify for the engine dressing exemption if they meet the established
criteria. Base engine manufacturers utilizing the dressing exemption
must submit marine-specific emission data on their dressed marine
engines. In addition, we may request marine-specific data from the
original engine manufacturer if another company is dressing their
engines for marine application. We would use this data for oversight to
determine the validity of the exemption. Except for this testing
responsibility, the discussion of engine dressing applies equally
whether an original engine manufacturer or a post-manufacture marinizer
produces the marine engine.
Heavy-duty highway engines are certified to a much different test
cycle, which has in the past prevented us from accepting a highway
engine certificate for nonroad applications for certification. Now that
we are proposing to revise the standards and test procedures for these
engines to control steady-state emissions, we can be more confident
that they will adequately control emissions in a marine application.
Thus, any certified heavy-duty highway, nonroad, or locomotive engine
will be eligible for the dressing exemption.
Engine manufacturers might use averaging, banking, or trading to
produce land-based engines that are certified with emission levels
exceeding the comparable marine emission standard. These engines could
not meet the proposed engine dressing criteria. Unlike an original
engine manufacturer, a post-manufacture marinizer has no control over
this. We have therefore simplified the criteria to say that any engine
must be certified to land-based standards that apply to that engine at
the time the dressing company buys the engine. This is true regardless
of whether the original engine was certified using emission credits
under the ABT program. Similarly, our NTE provisions do not apply to
dressed engines, unless NTE provisions are in place for the certified
base engine.
Engines that qualify as dressed engines are exempt from the marine
emission standards. We therefore will not treat these as regulated
marine engines. If we find that a company with an engine dressing
exemption does not, in fact, meet the criteria spelled out in the
regulations, the engines are not exempt and we may pursue enforcement
for selling uncertified marine engines and/or tampering with certified
engines.
We are including in the final rule a requirement that dressing
companies put a label on each exempted engine stating the name of the
dressing company and the fact that the engine was marinized without
affecting emission controls. This will make clear that the engine is
acceptable for use in a marine vessel. In addition, dressing companies
will need to give us minimal notification that they are modifying
certified engines. This can be done once annually for a company's whole
range of dressed marine engines.
In addition to the labeling requirement, we encourage engine
manufacturers to inform companies dressing their engines of these
requirements. This will not only aid us in educating affected
companies, it may help protect engine manufacturers from exposure to
liability if their engines are ever found in a marine vessel without
proper documentation.
G. Foreign-Trade Exemption
Oceangoing vessels with Category 3 propulsion engines typically
have additional Category 1 and Category 2 engines onboard. We are
adopting a provision that will allow owners of qualifying vessels to
obtain an exemption from the national emission requirements for
Category 1 and Category 2 engines that are installed on any U.S.-
flagged vessel engaged in foreign trade or other overseas operation. We
expect that ship owners will buy MARPOL-compliant engines because ships
that travel to foreign ports will eventually need to demonstrate
compliance with the Annex VI NOX limits to get an
International Air Pollution Prevention Certificate for their vessels.
While the proposed regulation text inadvertently limited this to
auxiliary engines, the exemption applies equally to propulsion engines
that meet the criteria. This provision will allow all engines on
qualifying vessels to meet solely the international requirements. This
exemption will go into effect at the same time as the implementation of
the domestic emission standards for these engines.
A vessel owner can obtain this exemption if it can be demonstrated
to the Administrator's satisfaction that the vessel: (a) Will spend
less than 25 percent of its total engine operation time within 320
nautical kilometers (200 nautical miles) of U.S. territory; or (b) will
not operate between two United States ports, as evidenced by the vessel
having solely a registry endorsement from the Coast Guard. The second
qualifying criterion was described in the preamble to the proposed
rule, but was inadvertantly omitted from the proposed regulation text.
For installation of new or replacement engines on used vessels, the
vessel's service record can be used to show where the vessel will be
operated. For a new vessel, however, this determination must be made
before it is placed into service, so it will not be possible to use the
vessel's service record to make the determination described in (a).
Instead, application to the Administrator for this exemption
[[Page 73305]]
can rely on the vessel owner's business plans for the vessel, as well
as on records from other vessels under the owner's control, any
features of the vessel that will tend to limit its use within the
specified area, or such other information as the Administrator shall
request. Similarly, the determination described in (b) will rely on a
good faith statement by the owner that the vessel is intended to hold
only a registry endorsement. It should be noted, however, that if we
learn that a vessel owner subsequently receives a coastwise or other
registration that would allow the vessel to operate between two U.S.
ports, we may review the validity of the exemption. This would also
have a bearing on future requests for an exemption.
Category 1 and 2 engines that are exempt under this provision must
be labeled to indicate that they have been certified only to the MARPOL
Annex VI NOX curve limits and that they are for use solely
on vessels that meet the above criteria.
H. National Security Exemption
With regard to the national security exemption, we are applying an
approach similar to that in our existing land-based nonroad and
gasoline marine programs (40 CFR 89.908 and 40 CFR 91.1008). Under this
exemption, only marine engines used in vessels that exhibit substantial
features ordinarily associated with military combat, such as armor,
permanently affixed weaponry, specialized electronic warfare systems,
unique stealth performance requirements, and/or unique combat
maneuverability requirements and which will be owned and/or used by an
agency of the federal government with the responsibility for national
defense, will be exempt from the regulations in this subpart for
reasons of national security. No request for an exemption is necessary
for these engines.
There may be situations in which an exemption from the emission
controls is necessary for other vessels used for national security.
Manufacturers may in these cases request a special national security
exemption. A manufacturer will need to justify this request and get an
agency of the federal government charged with responsibility for
national defense to endorse it. We understand that the Navy, and all
other branches of the government, will do their best to comply with the
emission standards finalized in this final rule.
I. Competition Exemption
We are addressing competition engines, also referred to as racing
engines, in two ways. First, engines produced by the manufacturer
specifically for competition are exempt from the requirements of the
rule. The Clean Air Act does not consider these to be nonroad engines,
so none of the requirements of 40 CFR 94 apply, except for a
requirement to label the engines. Manufacturers need only get our
approval to sell engines under this exemption. Second, someone can
modify a certified engine for competition purposes. Normally we would
prohibit making such changes to certified engines under the anti-
tampering provisions. The final rule, however, exempts these engines
from the anti-tampering provisions for engines that are used ``solely
for competition.''
Engines or vessels used for amateur or occasional competition do
not meet the competition exemption criteria. Our review of a request
from a manufacturer should prevent abuse of this provision for engines
that are originally produced for competition. There is, however, no
approval step for someone who modifies engines for competition, so we
will more clearly spell out criteria indicating whether the engine will
be used solely for competition. Specifically, owners meeting all the
following criteria will qualify for the competition exemption:
--The engine and vessel are designed and built to be used solely for
competition. For example, we would not expect engines used solely for
competition to have a lifetime until rebuild greater than about 10
hours.
--The vessel is registered with a nationally recognized organization
that sanctions professional competitive events.
In addition, once an engine is modified for competition, the engine is
no longer certified to the requirements of 40 CFR 94 and must therefore
not be used in an application where we would require a certified
engine.
J. Other Exemptions
We are extending other nonroad exemptions to marine diesel engines.
These include the testing exemption, the manufacturer-owned exemption,
the display exemption, and the export exemption. Remember that these
exemptions are not necessarily automatic, and that the engine or vessel
manufacturer, or ultimate engine owner, may need to apply for them. As
part of the approval, we may require labels on exempted engines.
III. Engine Categories
The engines that are the subject of this action are very diverse in
terms of physical size, engine technology, control hardware, and costs
associated with reducing emissions. These differences make it difficult
to design one set of emission requirements for all marine diesel
engines. For example, numerical emission limits that may be reasonable
and feasible for a 37 kW engine used on an 5.5-meter (18-foot) boat may
not be reasonable or feasible for a 1,500 kW engine installed on a tug
or a 20,000 kW engine installed on an ocean-going container ship.
Similarly, numerical emission limits appropriate for very large engines
may be not be appropriately stringent for smaller engines, requiring
little or no emission reduction.
Consequently, it is necessary to divide marine diesel engines into
categories for the purposes of applying emission limits and duty
cycles. We are adopting the categorization scheme summarized in Table
1. This relies predominantly on per-cylinder displacement to
distinguish between categories of engines. This has the advantage that
per-cylinder displacement is an engine characteristic that is not
easily changed and is constant for a given engine model or series of
engine models.
Table 1.--Engine Category Definitions
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Category Displacement per cylinder
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1................................. disp. <5 liters (and power 37 kW).
2................................. 5 disp. <30 liters.
3................................. disp. 30 liters.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
We define Category 1 engines as those marine diesel engines that
are rated above 37 kW and have a per-cylinder displacement of less than
5 liters. This definition groups together the class of marine engines
that are serially produced and generally derived from land-based
nonroad configurations or use the same emission control technologies.
These engines are typically used as propulsion engines on relatively
small commercial vessels (fishing vessels, tugboats, crewboats, etc.)
They are also used as auxiliary engines on vessels of all sizes and
applications. Category 2 engines are those marine diesel engines with
per-cylinder displacement at or above 5 liters and up to 30 liters.
These are the largest engines that are widely used as propulsion
engines in harbor and coastal vessels in U.S. waters. These engines
also provide auxiliary power on very large vessels. Many of these
engines are of similar size and configuration as locomotive engines or
use comparable emission control technologies. We define Category 3
[[Page 73306]]
engines as those marine diesel engines with a displacement at or above
30 liters per cylinder. These are very large high-power engines that
are used almost exclusively for propulsion on vessels engaged in
international trade.
We further divide Category 1 engines into several subgroups. These
subgroups are similar to the land-based nonroad diesel engine
subgroups, except that the subgroups are based on per-cylinder
displacement rather than on engine power.
The final rule also divides Category 2 into subgroups, with
gradually increasing emission standards for larger engines. Engines
between 5 and 15 L/cyl are generally derived from locomotive engines
and have corresponding emission standards. The current range of marine
engine models over 15 L/cyl have design constraints that limit their
ability to control emissions. Since engines under 15 L/cyl may not
currently be capable of providing adequate propulsion power for all
vessels in this size range, we believe the best approach is to
accommodate the technology constraints of these engines by setting
emission standards less stringent than for locomotive-derived engines.
These standards reflect the reduced capability of controlling emissions
from engines designed to operate on heavy fuel (and the need to reduce
emissions from a higher baseline level).
Engines models between 15 and 20 L/cyl in particular are in a
somewhat transitional category. These engines are sometimes used in
harbor and inland river applications alongside locomotive-derived
engines. Higher-power models are used in coastal and open-sea
operations alongside engines with much larger per-cylinder
displacement. The final rule separates engines between 15 and 20 L/cyl
into two subgroups, those with a rated power less than 3300 kW and
those with a rated power 3300 kW or greater. Locomotive engine
manufacturers are developing new locomotive engines between 15 and 20
L/cyl (up to about 4500 kW), but it is not clear if these engines will
be made available for marine application. In the Tier 2 time frame, we
therefore believe it is appropriate to set emission standards based on
what is achievable for the engines currently available. If it appears
that these larger locomotive engines will become available as marine
engines in the future, we would need to reconsider this approach to
take into account the emission-control capabilities of these engines.
There are several marine engine models available worldwide with
per-cylinder displacement between 20 and 30 liters. Very few of these
engines are currently installed in vessels that are flagged and used in
the United States. In the final rule we expand Category 2 to include
engines up to 30 L/cyl. We subdivide the category with graduated
emission standards for 20 to 25 L/cyl and 25 to 30 L/cyl engines
reflecting the emission control capability of those engines. This
should prevent high-emission engines from displacing smaller engines in
common applications.
IV. Emission Standards and Related Provisions
This section describes the emission standards for commercial marine
diesel engines at or above 37 kW. It also describes provisions that
will ensure that engines comply with the emission limits across all
engine speed and load combinations, throughout their useful life. We
discuss in this section requirements related to test procedures, fuel
specifications, certification, and compliance.
A. Standards and Dates
1. MARPOL Annex VI
MARPOL Annex VI specifies that any diesel engine over 130 kW
installed on a vessel constructed on or after January 1, 2000 and to
any engine that undergoes a major conversion after that date must
comply with the Annex VI NOX limits.3 These
NOX requirements, listed in Table 2, are intended to apply
to all vessels in a country's fleet. However, according to Regulation
13(1)(b)(ii) of the Annex, a country has the option of setting
alternative NOX control measures for engines on vessels that
are not operated internationally. This final rule is intended to be an
alternative NOX control measure under the Annex for engines
on US-flagged vessels that are not operated internationally.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\3\ The Annex VI emission limits are not enforceable until the
annex goes into effect: 12 months after it is ratified by 15
countries representing at least 50 percent of the gross tonnage of
the world's merchant shipping.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
In this final rule, we are not adopting the MARPOL Annex VI
NOX emission limits under U.S. law. However, we are
encouraging engine manufacturers to make Annex VI compliant engines
available and ship owners to purchase and install them on all vessels
constructed on or after January 1, 2000. Because this voluntary
emission control program is the first set of standards for marine
diesel engines at or above 37 kW in the U.S., we sometimes refer to
them as Tier 1 standards. We are also not finalizing emission limits
for Category 3 engines in this rule, and the voluntary MARPOL Annex VI
NOX limits will be the sole emission control applicable to
those engines.
To encourage vessel owners to purchase MARPOL Annex VI compliant
engines prior to the date the Annex goes into force for the United
States, we have developed a voluntary certification program that will
allow engine manufacturers to obtain a Statement of Voluntary
Compliance to the MARPOL Annex VI NOX limits. Owners of
vessels that are not operated internationally but that will be subject
to the MARPOL survey requirements after Annex VI goes into effect for
the United States should be aware that they may be required to
demonstrate compliance with the Annex VI NOX limits when
they apply for their International Air Pollution Prevention (IAPP)
certificate. Owners of vessels that are operated internationally may
also be required to demonstrate compliance with the MARPOL limits after
the Annex goes into effect, both because they will be required to have
an IAPP and because they may be subject to port state controls. For all
of these reasons, we expect ship owners to begin purchasing compliant
engines for installation on ships constructed on or after January 1,
2000, and to bring engines into compliance when they undergo a major
conversion after that date. Ship owners who fail to comply with the
MARPOL VI NOX requirements may face compliance and liability
problems after U.S. ratification or the Annex goes into force
internationally. Bringing engines into compliance at that time may
involve retrofitting or replacing noncomplying engines. Ship owners may
also be required to remove their vessels from service while these
issues are resolved.
Table 2.--MARPOL Annex VI Emission Limits
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Engine Speed, rpm NOX (g/kW-hr)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
n <130.................................... 17.0
130 n <2000................... 45.n (-0.2)
n 2000......................... 9.8
------------------------------------------------------------------------
This voluntary approach to the MARPOL Annex VI emission limits
depends on the assumption that manufacturers will produce MARPOL-
compliant engines before the emission limits go into effect
internationally. Engine manufacturers can use the voluntary
certification program mentioned above to obtain a Statement of
Voluntary Compliance to the MARPOL NOX limits. If, however,
manufacturers continue to sell engines
[[Page 73307]]
with emissions above MARPOL levels or if the Annex is not ratified by
the United States or does not go into effect internationally, we will
revisit the need to adopt these emission limits under the Clean Air
Act.
Finally, note that after the standards finalized in this final rule
go into effect, engines meeting these national standards will also meet
the less stringent MARPOL Annex VI NOX limits and separate
emission testing will not be required. However, engines intended for
use on foreign-trade vessels or for sale in foreign countries will
still be required to comply with the administrative, recordkeeping, and
survey requirements that will be mandated when MARPOL Annex VI goes
into force for the United States.
2. Tier 2
The Clean Air Act provides guidance for setting emission standards
for nonroad engines in section 213(a)(3), instructing us to set
standards that
achieve the greatest degree of emission reduction achievable through
the application of technology the Administrator determines will be
available for the engines or vehicles to which such standards apply,
giving appropriate consideration to the cost of applying such
technology within the period of time available to manufacturers and to
noise, energy, and safety factors associated with the application of
such technology.
As described in the Final Regulatory Impact Assessment,
manufacturers of marine diesel engines typically start with a partially
or fully completed land-based nonroad diesel engine or, in some cases,
a highway diesel engine, and adapt it for use in the marine
environment. The emission standards that apply to land-based nonroad
diesel engines therefore serve as the primary basis for the standards
that apply to marine diesel engines. The land-based nonroad diesel
engine standards in turn were designed to expand the use of highway
engine technologies. The marine diesel new emission standards, and the
underlying technology assumptions, are similarly derived from highway
engine emission standards and technologies.
Table 3 contains the emission standards for commercial marine
diesel engines at or above 37 kW. We are setting a standard of 7.2 g/
kW-hr NOX+HC for most Category 1 engines. For engines under
0.9 liters per cylinder, a 7.5 g/kW-hr applies to correspond with the
standard for land-based nonroad engines. The PM standards vary by
engine size, as shown in Table 3; these values generally match the
limits that apply to the counterpart land-based engines. The CO
emission standard is 5 g/kW-hr for all engines. New Category 1 engines
under 0.9 liters per cylinder produced starting in 2005 must comply
with these standards. For Category 1 engines over 2.5 liters per
cylinder, the starting date is 2007. For the rest of Category 1, these
standards apply to new engines produced beginning in 2004.
For Category 2 engines between 5 and 15 liters per cylinder, the
NOX+HC and PM standards are 7.8 g/kW-hr and 0.27 g/kW-hr,
respectively. Bigger Category 2 engines are subject to graduated
NOX+HC standards and a PM standard of 0.5 g/kW-hr, as shown
in Table 3. These standards apply to new engines produced beginning in
2007.
These dates refer to the point at which the manufacturer concludes
the final assembly of the engine. This also applies to remanufactured
and imported engines that qualify as new marine engines. In addition,
an engine can become new without being manufactured, remanufactured, or
imported, if it is an engine that has been placed into service in non-
marine application before being installed on a vessel. In this case,
these dates refer to the point at which the engine is installed on a
vessel.
Table 3.--Final Tier 2 Emissions Standards and Dates
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Starting NOX+THC PM (g/kW- CO (g/kW-
Category Displacement (liters/cylinder) Date (g/kW-hr) hr) hr)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1............................ power 37 kW disp. <0.9.... 2005 7.5 0.40 5.0
0.9 disp. < 1.2.......... 2004 7.2 0.30 5.0
1.2 disp. < 2.5.......... 2004 7.2 0.20 5.0
2.5 disp. < 5.0.......... 2007 7.2 0.20 5.0
2............................ 5.0 disp. < 15.0......... 2007 7.8 0.27 5.0
15.0 disp. < 20.0, and 2007 8.7 0.50 5.0
power < 3300 kW.
15.0 disp. < 20.0, and 2007 9.8 0.50 5.0
power 3300 kW.
20.0 disp. < 25.0........ 2007 9.8 0.50 5.0
25.0 disp. < 30.0........ 2007 11.0 0.50 5.0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
We are finalizing requirements to ensure that engines meet the
emission standards during real-world operation, not only under
laboratory testing (see Section IV.G.). Under these requirements,
marine engines may not exceed the applicable emission standards by a
fixed percentage while the engine is operated in any load/speed
combination contained in specified not-to-exceed (NTE) zones.
B. Total Hydrocarbons
The emission standards specify total hydrocarbons (THC) rather than
nonmethane hydrocarbons. Organic emissions are sometimes expressed as
nonmethane hydrocarbons because methane is significantly less reactive
than other hydrocarbons in the formation of ozone. However, for diesel
engines, methane makes up only about two percent of the total
hydrocarbons. In addition, HC generally makes up less than five percent
of the combined HC+NOX from diesel engines. The combination
of these two factors makes the methane fraction a mathematically
insignificant portion of the HC+NOX emission standard.
C. Crankcase Emissions
We are requiring that all naturally aspirated marine diesel engines
have closed crankcases, where blowby gases are routed into the engine
intake air stream. For turbocharged engines, manufacturers may have a
closed crankcase or route blowby gases directly to the atmosphere. If
manufacturers do not have a closed crankcase, they must make it
possible to readily route blowby gases into the exhaust stream or
otherwise measure them for an in-use test. This approach is similar to
the approach we adopted for locomotives. The purpose of this
requirement is to provide manufacturers the incentive to reduce
crankcase emissions to the maximum extent possible, or eliminate them
altogether.
[[Page 73308]]
D. Smoke Requirements
We are not setting smoke requirements for marine diesel engines.
Manufacturers have stated that many of these engines, though currently
unregulated, are manufactured with smoke limiting controls at the
request of the engine purchasers. Users seek low smoke emissions, both
because they dislike the associated residue on decks and because they
can be subject to penalties in ports that have smoke emission
requirements. In many cases, marine engine exhaust gases are mixed with
water prior to being released. This practice reduces the significance
of smoke emissions, since smoke becomes significantly less visible when
mixed with water. Moreover, we believe that the new PM standards will
have the effect of further limiting smoke emissions.
E. Alternative Fuels
The new emission standards apply to marine diesel engines, without
regard to the type of fuel they use. This is consistent with nonroad
diesel engine regulations of 40 CFR Part 89. It is also generally
consistent with the locomotive regulations; however, the locomotive
regulations apply even more broadly because they also include spark-
ignited engines. We are aware that there are currently very few
alternative-fueled marine engines, but we believe that it is important
to make clear to manufacturers what standards will apply if they
produce these engines.
Heavy fuel (or residual fuel) is fundamentally different than the
distillate fuel used for testing and most in-use operation. We
therefore treat it as an alternative fuel. If manufacturers produce
their engines with sufficient hardware to be capable of operating on
heavy fuel, they should submit test data with their application for
certification showing that they meet the emission standards using both
distillate and heavy fuel. The Clean Air Act prohibits removing or
rendering inoperative elements of design in regulated engines. If
operators add fuel heating and filtering equipment and other hardware
to make a certified engine capable of operating on heavy fuel, we would
likely consider that to be making the emission control system
inoperative. We are requiring a statement on the engine label for
engines that can be modified to operate on heavy fuel to discourage
operators from making this modification.
To properly address the range of possible alternative-fuel engines,
it was necessary to modify the form of the HC standard. In the
regulation of highway vehicles and engines, we determined that it is
not appropriate to apply total hydrocarbon standards to engines fueled
with natural gas, which is primarily methane (59 FR 48472, September
21, 1994). Rather, nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC) standards should apply
to natural gas engines. We are therefore setting NMHC+NOX
standards for diesel-cycle marine engines that operate on natural gas.
The same numerical standards apply to both types of engines. For
example, an emission standard of 7.2 g/kW-hr THC+THC that applies to
diesel-fueled engines becomes 7.2 g/kW-hr NMHC+NOX for
natural gas engines. Similarly, reported emissions from alcohol-fueled
engines are on a basis of total HC-equivalent (THCE). THC-equivalent
emissions are calculated from the oxygenated organic components and
non-oxygenated organic components of the exhaust, summed together based
on the amount of organic carbon present in the exhaust. Refer to the
April 11, 1989 final rule for more information regarding the
determination of HC-equivalence (54 FR 14426). These approaches will
minimize variations in stringency for different fuel types.
F. Test Procedures
In this final rule we rely on previously established test
procedures for land-based diesel engines. Specifically, we require that
Category 1 marine engines be tested using the land-based nonroad
procedures of 40 CFR Part 89, and that Category 2 marine engines be
tested using the locomotive test procedures of 40 CFR Part 92. There
are two reasons for using this approach. First, most manufacturers of
marine diesel engines also manufacture land-based engines and will be
equipped to test engines using these test procedures. Second, marine
diesel engines are fundamentally similar to their land-based
counterparts, and it is therefore appropriate to measure their
emissions in the same way. In addition, the test procedures found in 40
CFR Parts 89 and 92 include flexibility for testing alternative-fuel
engines. Some changes are nevertheless necessary. Manufacturers should
be aware that the test procedures in MARPOL Annex VI are not equivalent
to the test procedures described here and in Sec. 94.103 and
Sec. 94.104. We are including the modifications to these test
procedures as described below.
1. Duty Cycles
Testing an engine for emissions typically consists of exercising it
over a prescribed duty cycle of speeds and loads, typically using an
engine dynamometer. The duty cycle used to measure emissions for
determining compliance with emission standards during the certification
process is intended to represent operation in the field. The nature of
that duty cycle is critical in evaluating the likely emissions
performance of engines designed to those standards. To address
operational differences between engines, we are specifying different
duty cycles for different types of marine diesel propulsion engines.
These are summarized here and described further in the Final RIA.
Propulsion engines that operate on a fixed-pitch propeller curve must
be certified using the International Standards Organization (ISO) E3
duty cycle. This is a four-mode steady-state cycle developed to
represent in-use operation of commercial marine diesel engines. The
four modes lie on an average propeller curve based on in-use
measurements.
Fixed-speed marine propulsion engines with variable-pitch or
electrically coupled propellers will be certified on the ISO E2 duty
cycle. This duty cycle is also a four-mode steady-state cycle. It uses
the same power and weighting factors as the E3 cycle, but the engine is
operated in each mode at rated speed.
Constant-speed auxiliary engines must be certified to the ISO D2
duty cycle. Variable-speed auxiliary engines must be certified to the
ISO C1 duty cycle. These duty cycles are consistent with the
requirements for land-based nonroad diesel engines.
There is another class of propulsion engines that run at variable-
speed and use a variable-pitched propeller. These engines are designed
to operate near the power curve for the engine to maximize fuel
efficiency. In general, these engines will operate at a constant speed
near peak torque except when maneuvering in port, where they operate
along the lug curve. Because of the expense of the system, variable-
speed engines are rarely used with variable-pitched propellers. ISO
does not have a test duty cycle specifically designed for these
engines. While we proposed to use the E2 duty cycle for these engines,
we have since learned the the in-use operation, especially in port
areas, is best represented by the C1 duty cycle. This is consistent
with MARPOL Annex VI.
For larger marine engines, conventional emission testing on a
dynamometer becomes more difficult because of the size of the engine.
Often engine mock ups are used for the development of these engines
where a single block is used for many years and only the power assembly
is changed out. For Category 2 engines, certification
[[Page 73309]]
tests may be performed on these engine mock-ups, provided that their
configuration is the same as that of the production engines. To obtain
approval for single-cylinder testing the manufacturer must rely on the
provision for special test procedures (40 CFR 94.207). This requires a
demonstration ``that it is equivalent to the specified procedures.'' We
will address the concern that single-cylinder testing may not be
appropriate in some cases by evaluation of the individual situations
under Sec. 94.27.
2. In-Use Testing
Before manufacturers produce engines, they certify that their
engines will meet all the standards that apply, including the standards
based on testing with the specified duty cycles and based on the
broader Not-to-Exceed standards, throughout the useful life of the
engines. We are interested in testing in-use engines to confirm that
they are emitting within these standards. For any in-use testing for
purposes of section 207(c), we would depend on receiving the permission
of the owner to conduct the testing on that vessel. We could do this
testing one of two ways. First, we could remove the engine from the
vessel and test it on a laboratory dynamometer, much like the
manufacturer's certification testing. This would be the most direct way
to determine if an engine continues to meet the certification standards
after the engine has been installed on a vessel. However, the cost of
removing and testing engines this way would be extremely high and a
ship operator may be unwilling to allow us to remove the engine from
service for emission testing.
Onboard testing is a second type of in-use emission measurement.
Being able to conduct emission testing onboard the vessel can make in-
use testing more accessible since onboard testing eliminates the need
for engine removal and minimizes the disruption of normal vessel
operations. The goal is for us to accurately assess the emission
performance of these engines when they are in service. We may use
onboard emission testing to identify and hold manufacturers responsible
for noncompliance with the emission standards (including the Not-to-
Exceed limits). The Clean Air Act authorizes us to pursue an emission-
related recall if we determine that a substantial number of engines,
when properly maintained and used, do not conform to the regulations
throughout their useful life. Noncompliance relates to meeting the
emissions levels under the associated test procedures, as defined in
the regulations. For example, the test procedure for the NTE emission
standard calls for nominally steady-state operation within a specified
zone of engine operation. In-use testing results may provide credible
and probative information relevant to making a determination of
compliance. We also recognize that the level of accuracy and precision
of in-use testing is one of the key factors to take into account when
making any such evaluation or determination of compliance. We believe
such systems and procedures would provide a significant benefit to both
the agency and the industry.
For marine diesel engines that expel exhaust gases underwater or
mix exhaust gases with water, we require that manufacturers equip the
engines with an exhaust sample port, where a probe can be inserted for
in-use emission tests. It is important that the location of this port
allows a well mixed and representative sample of the exhaust. The
purpose of this provision is to simplify in-use testing.
3. Test Fuel
The test procedure, including the test fuel, must adequately
represent in-use operation to ensure achievement of emission reductions
in use. To facilitate the testing process, we generally define a range
of specifications for a test fuel that is intended to represent in-use
fuels. Marine diesel engines need to comply with emission standards on
any fuel falling within the range of the test fuel specifications, with
one modification described below. This section describes the test fuel
we are specifying for Category 1 and Category 2 engines (see also 40
CFR 94.108). This test fuel is for all testing associated with the
standards in this final rule, including certification, production-line,
in-use, and NTE testing.
We are applying the recently finalized test fuel specifications for
land-based nonroad diesel engines to marine diesel engine testing, with
a modification to the sulfur specification as described below. We
believe that largely adopting the nonroad fuel will simplify
development and certification burdens for marine engines that are
developed from land-based counterparts. The test fuel for marine diesel
engine testing has a sulfur specification range of 0.03 to 0.80 weight-
percent (wt%), which covers the range of sulfur levels observed for
most in-use fuels. Manufacturers are generally responsible for ensuring
compliance with the emission standards using any fuel within this
range. Thus, they will be able to harmonize their marine test fuel with
U.S. highway (<0.05 wt%), nonroad (0.03 to 0.40 wt%), locomotive (0.2
to 0.4 wt%) and European testing (0.1 to 0.2 wt%). The full range of
test fuel specifications are presented in Chapter 3 of the Final RIA.
We are setting a higher upper limit for the marine diesel engine
sulfur specification (0.8 wt%) than was recently finalized for land-
based nonroad engines (0.4 wt%), because there is some information
available suggesting that marine fuels may have higher sulfur contents
than land-based diesel fuels.4 Using ASTM specification D
2069 as a guide, we considered choosing an upper limit of 1.5 wt%
sulfur. However, we are setting an upper limit on sulfur content of 0.8
wt%, because the available data show that most in-use marine fuels have
sulfur levels lower than this. Moreover, it is not clear that PM
emission could accurately be measured using the specified testing
procedures, or if the correction factor would be accurate, if fuels
with a sulfur content higher than 0.8 wt% are used.5
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\4\ ``In-Use Marine Diesel Fuel,'' Final Report by ICF
Consulting Group for EPA, August 1999 (Docket A-97-50, document IV-
A-4).
\5\ ``Exhaust Gas Emission Measurements: A Contribution to a
Realistic Approach,'' D. Bastenhof, dieselMAC, May, 1995.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
We determined that the new PM standards are feasible based largely
on the feasibility of the corresponding standards for land-based
nonroad and locomotive applications, which have a 0.4 wt% sulfur upper
limit for the test fuel. Since PM emissions are somewhat fuel sulfur-
dependent, we do not believe it is appropriate to require compliance
with the PM standards using fuel with a sulfur content above 0.4 wt%.
We are therefore allowing a correction of PM emissions for testing with
a fuel sulfur content greater than 0.4 wt%. Thus, the measured PM
emissions for any test performed using fuel with a sulfur content of
greater than 0.4 wt% may be corrected to the level that would have been
measured if the fuel had a sulfur content of 0.4 wt%. This does not
apply to systems using aftertreatment technologies, since the
correction equation is not valid for those engines. This correction
method is the same as that used for land-based nonroad engine testing
to Tier 1 emission standards. Moreover, in the nonroad rulemaking, for
engines rated over 37 kW certified to Tier 2 standards, we agreed to
use only fuel with sulfur levels up to 0.2 wt% for our testing. Because
Category 1 marine engines are mostly derived from land-based nonroad
engines, we believe it is appropriate to extend this provision to
Category 1 marine engines for the period during which they rely on
land-based engines operating at Tier 2 emission
[[Page 73310]]
levels. In the future effort to set marine Tier 3 emission levels, we
will revisit the appropriate range of fuel properties for in-use
testing in the context of the emission standards we set at that time.
4. Adjustable Parameters
Marine diesel engines are often designed with adjustable components
to allow the engine to be adjusted for maximum efficiency when used in
a particular application. This practice simplifies marine diesel engine
production, since the same basic engine can be used in many
applications. We recognize the need for this practice, but are also
concerned about varying emission levels across the range of adjustment.
We are therefore generally requiring that engines meet the emission
standards when operated anywhere within the adjustable range (see 40
CFR 94.205). In most cases, this means engine manufacturers will be
required to design their engines to prevent adjustments outside the
specified range to ensure that engines are always operated within the
specified range of adjustment. However, consistent with the approach
used in the locomotive rule, we may allow manufacturers to specify in
their applications for certification a narrower range of adjustment for
these components across which the engine is certified to comply with
the applicable emission standards, and demonstrate compliance across
that range. For these engines, this allowance means that a manufacturer
would specify a range of fuel injection timing, for example, over which
the engine complies with the emission standards. This range could be
designed to account for differences in fuel quality. Operators are then
prohibited by the anti-tampering provisions from adjusting engines
outside of this range.
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[[Page 73311]]
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[[Page 73312]]
5. Determination of Maximum Test Speed
The determination of maximum test speed, where speed is the angular
velocity of an engine's crankshaft (usually expressed in revolutions
per minute, or rpm) is an important aspect of the duty cycles and
``not-to-exceed'' (NTE) zones described in this document (see also 40
CFR 94.107). We define the maximum test speed of an engine as the
single point on an engine's maximum-power versus speed curve that lies
farthest away from the zero-power, zero-speed point on a normalized
maximum-power versus speed plot. In other words, consider straight
lines drawn between the origin (speed = 0, load = 0) and each point on
an engine's maximum-power versus speed curve (see Figure 1). Maximum
test speed is defined as that point where the length of this line
reaches its maximum value. Examples of results from this calculation
are illustrated by circles superimposed on four maximum-power versus
speed curves in Figure 1.
G. Not-to-Exceed Standards and Related Requirements
Our goal is for engines to control emissions over the broad range
of in-use speed and load combinations that can occur on a vessel,
achieving real-world emission reductions, rather than just controlling
emissions under certain laboratory conditions. An important tool for
achieving this goal is an in-use program with an objective standard and
an easily implemented test procedure. Historically, we have taken the
approach of setting a numerical standard on a specified test procedure
and relying on the prohibition of defeat devices to ensure in-use
control over a broad range of operation not included in the test
procedure.6
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\6\ EPA letter from Jane Armstrong and Bruce Buckheit, October
15, 1998.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
No single test procedure can cover all real world applications,
operations, or conditions. Yet to ensure that emission standards
provide the intended benefits in use, we must have a reasonable
expectation that emissions under real world conditions reflect those
measured on the test procedure. The defeat device prohibition is
designed to ensure that emissions controls are employed during real
world operation and not just under laboratory or test procedure
conditions. However, the defeat device prohibition is not a quantified
standard and does not have an associated test procedure, so it does not
have the clear objectivity and ready enforceability of a numerical
standard and test procedure. As a result, the current focus on a
standardized test procedure makes it harder to ensure that engines will
operate with the same level of control in the real world as in the test
cell.
Because the E3 duty cycle uses only four modes on an average
propeller curve to characterize marine diesel engine operation, we are
concerned that an engine designed to the duty cycle would not
necessarily perform the same way over the range of speed and load
combinations seen on a vessel. The E3 duty cycle is based on an average
propeller curve, but a propulsion marine engine may never be fitted
with an ``average propeller.'' For instance, a light vessel with a
planing hull may operate at lower torques than average while the same
engine operated on a heavy vessel with a deep displacement hull may
operate at higher torques than average. This can largely be a function
of how well the propeller is matched to the engine and vessel. A
planing hull vessel can operate at high torques at low speed prior to
planing.
To ensure that emissions from propulsion engines are controlled
over the full range of speed and load combinations seen on vessels, we
are establishing a zone under the engine's power curve where the engine
may not exceed a specified emission standard, for any of the regulated
pollutants, under the kind of operation that could reasonably be
expected to be seen in the real world. In addition, the whole range of
real ambient conditions is included in this ``not-to-exceed'' (NTE)
zone testing. The NTE zone, limit, and ambient conditions are described
below.
At the time of certification, manufacturers would have to submit a
statement that its engines will comply with these requirements under
all conditions that may reasonably be expected to occur in normal
vehicle operation and use. The manufacturer must provide a detailed
description of all testing, engineering analysis, and other information
that forms the basis for the statement. This certification statement
must be based on testing and/or research reasonably necessary to
support such a statement and on good engineering judgment. This
supporting information would have to be submitted to us at
certification if we request it; manufacturers would not necessarily be
required to submit NTE test data for compliance during certification.
We believe there are significant advantages to taking this sort of
approach. The test procedure is very flexible so it can represent many
in-use speed and load combinations and ambient conditions. Therefore,
the NTE approach takes all of the benefits of a numerical standard and
test procedure and expands it to cover a broad range of conditions.
Also, laboratory testing makes it harder to perform in-use testing
since either the engines would have to be removed from the vessel or
care would have to be taken that laboratory-type conditions can be
achieved on the vessel. With the NTE approach, in-use testing and
compliance become much easier since emissions may be sampled during
normal vessel use. Because this approach is objective, it makes
enforcement easier and provides more certainty to the industry of what
is expected in use versus over a fixed laboratory test procedure.
Even with the NTE requirements, we believe it is still important to
retain standards based on the steady-state duty cycles. This is the
standard that we expect the certified engines to meet on average in
use. The NTE testing is more focused on maximum emissions for segments
of operation and should not require additional technology beyond what
is used to meet the new emission standards. We believe that basing the
emissions standards on a distinct cycle and using the NTE zone to
ensure in-use control creates a comprehensive program. In addition, the
steady-state duty cycles give a basis for calculating credits for use
in the averaging, banking, and trading program.
The NTE zone for marine diesel engines certified with the E3 duty
cycle is illustrated in Figure 2 and is defined by the power curve of
the engine up to rated speed. This zone is based on the range of
conditions that a marine diesel propulsion engine typically experiences
in use. For variable-speed engines with variable-pitch propellers
certified to the C1 duty cycle, this zone is extended to include all
torque points between the E3 power curve (between 63 percent and 100
percent speed) and the lug curve. These NTE zones are divided into two
subzones above and below 45% of power at maximum test speed.
[[Page 73313]]
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[[Page 73314]]
We are requiring a similar approach for engines certified using the
constant-speed E2 duty cycle. In this case, the ``not-to-exceed'' zone
is at the speed for which the engine is designed to operate for loads
ranging from 25 to 100 percent of maximum load at that speed. Because a
constant speed can actually operate over a small range of engine speeds
in-use, the NTE zone includes this small range of speeds. This zone is
also split into subzones above and below 45% of maximum power. More
detail on the development of the boundaries and conditions associated
with the NTE zones may be found in Chapter 3 of the Final RIA.
We are requiring emissions caps for the NTE zones that represent a
multiplier times the weighted test result used for certification for
all of the regulated pollutants (HC+NOX, CO, and PM). This
is consistent with the concept of a weighted modal emission test such
as the steady-state tests included in this rule. The standard itself is
intended to represent the average emissions under steady-state
conditions. Since it is an average, some points can be higher, some
lower, and the manufacturer will design to maximize performance and
still meet the engine standard. The NTE limit is on top of this. It is
designed to make sure that no part of the engine operation and that no
application goes too far from the average level of control.
For propulsion engines certified to the E3, C1, and E2 duty cycles,
we believe that a not-to-exceed limit of 1.2 times the emissions
standard (or FEL) is appropriate for the subzone at or above 45% of
maximum test power. Below 45% of maximum test power, the cap is 1.5.
Data presented in Chapter 3 of the Final RIA show that these limits are
feasible for marine diesel engines, yet challenging because of
variations in emissions at high versus low speeds and loads for some
engines. This data show that the 1.2 cap is easily achievable at higher
power, but may be more challenging at low powers. We set the cap at 1.5
below 45% of maximum test power for this reason. These subzones and
caps apply equally to the Tier 2 emission standards for each regulated
pollutant. Manufacturers may alternatively choose to comply with a cap
of 1.25 over the whole zone, as we originally proposed. In any future
tier of standards, we will review the appropriateness of tailoring the
NTE approach to the unique characteristics of the individual exhaust
constituents.
When testing the engine within the NTE zone, only nominally steady-
state operation will be considered. It is unlikely that transient
operation is necessary under the NTE provisions to ensure that
emissions reductions are achieved for commercial marine diesel engines.
We designed the NTE zones to contain the operation near an assumed
propeller curve that the steady-state cycles are intended to represent.
We believe that the large majority of commercial marine operation in
the NTE zone is steady-state. For planing vessels, we believe the
transient operation as a vessel comes to plane generally is along the
torque curve and would not be within the NTE zone. However, we don't
have enough data to reliably say where under the torque curve marine
engines operate during transient operation. Also, we do not believe the
NTE zone should include areas where an engine may operate during
transients but not in steady-state modes. We therefore don't believe
that adding transient operation to the NTE requirements is necessary at
this time. This would change if we saw evidence that in-use emissions
increase due to insufficient emission control under transient
operation.
The NTE standards apply under any ambient air conditions. Within
the following air temperature and humidity ranges, no corrections will
be allowed to account for the effects of temperature or humidity on
emissions: 13-30 deg.C for ambient air temperature and 7.1-10.7 grams
water per kilogram of dry air for humidity. For engines drawing intake
air from an enclosed engine room, however, the high end of the air
temperature range is 35 deg.C (measured as intake air temperature).
Ambient water temperature must be in the range of 5-27 deg.C during NTE
testing. In addition, the engines must comply with the standards for
the full range of test fuel specifications. These ranges for ambient
conditions are discussed in more detail in Chapter 3 of the Final RIA.
The defeat device provisions established for highway and nonroad
engines apply to marine diesel engines in addition to the NTE
requirements. A design in which an engine met the standard at the
steady-state test points but was intentionally designed to approach the
NTE limit everywhere else would be considered to be defeating the
standard, except under limited circumstances discussed below.
Electronic controls that recognize when the engine is being tested for
emissions and adjust the emissions from the engine would be another
example of a defeat device, regardless of the emissions performance of
the engine.
We are aware that marine diesel engines may not be able to meet the
emissions limit under all conditions. Specifically, there are times
when emission control must be compromised for startability or safety.
We have excluded engine starting from NTE testing. In addition, our
defeat device provisions accommodate the manufacturers potential need
to allow emissions to increase to the extent necessary to protect the
engine, such as responding to engine overheating.
Manufacturers may ask us to approve an adjusted size or shape of
the NTE zone for certain engines if they can show us that the engines
will only operate within the revised NTE zone in normal use. This way,
manufacturers can avoid testing their engines under operation they
would rarely experience in a vessel. However, manufacturers are still
responsible for any engine operation seen in normal use. They are also
responsible for ensuring that their specified operation is indicative
of real-world operation. In addition, if a manufacturer designs an
engine for operation at speeds and loads outside of the NTE zone, the
manufacturer is responsible for notifying us so their NTE zone can be
modified appropriately to include this operation.
We are not in this final rule setting an NTE limit for auxiliary
marine engines. We do not yet have enough data on the operating
characteristics of auxiliary engines to determine NTE zones and the
associated limits for these engines. We expect to pursue similar
requirements for land-based nonroad diesel engines. If we adopt NTE
requirements for land-based nonroad diesel engines, we expect to extend
those provisions to marine auxiliary engines at the same time.
The NTE provisions will go into effect in the 2010 model year for
post-manufacture marinizers and in the 2007 model year for other
manufacturers for all commercial marine diesel engines. Manufacturers
have agreed to collect and show us data on their engines operating in
the NTE zone before the NTE standards take effect. We may also choose
to require them to give us this data under Sec. 208 of the Clean Air
Act. This delay in implementation of the NTE provisions for most
Category 1 engines will provide reasonable lead time by allowing more
time to collect data and assess engine operation in the NTE zone. For
larger engines, the early banking program will provide manufacturers
with an incentive to produce low-emission engines prior to 2007. This
way, if these manufacturers chose to stagger their product line and
produce low emission engines early, they will be able to add NTE-type
testing to the testing they perform while calibrating their engines.
[[Page 73315]]
H. Voluntary Low-Emitting Engine Program
In the final rule for land-based nonroad diesel engines, we
included a program of voluntary standards for low-emitting engines,
referring to these as ``Blue Sky Series'' engines (63 FR 56967, October
23, 1998). We are setting similar voluntary standards as part of this
rulemaking. The program, if successful, will lead to the introduction
and more widespread use of these low-emission technologies. The
qualifying emission levels are listed in Table 4. The voluntary
standards for the expanded subcategories above 15 L/cyl all follow the
pattern of a 40 percent reduction relative to the mandatory standards.
While the Blue Sky Series emission limits are voluntary, a manufacturer
choosing to certify an engine under this program must meet all the
provisions established to demonstrate compliance with these limits,
including allowable maintenance, warranty, useful life, rebuild, and
deterioration factor provisions.
Table 4.--Voluntary Emission Standards (g/kW-hr)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Engine size HC+NOX PM
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Power 37 kW, and displ.<0.9 L.......... 4.0 0.24
0.9 L displ.<1.2 L..................... 4.0 0.18
1.2 L displ.<2.5 L..................... 4.0 0.12
2.5 L displ.<5 L....................... 5.0 0.12
5.0 L displ.<15.0 L.................... 5.0 0.16
15.0 L disp. <20.0 L, and power <3300 5.2 0.30
kW...............................................
15.0 L disp. <20.0 L, and power 3300 kW.......................................
20.0 L disp. <25.0 L................... 5.9 0.30
25.0 L disp. <30.0 L................... 6.6 0.30
------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Blue Sky Series program begins immediately upon publication of
this final rule and continues through the 2010 model year. We intend to
evaluate the program to determine if it should be continued for 2011
and later engines, and if so, whether any changes are needed.
Creating a program of voluntary standards for low-emitting engines,
including testing and durability provisions to help ensure adequate in-
use performance, will be a major step forward in advancing innovative
emission control technologies, because EPA certification will provide
protection against false claims of environmentally beneficial products.
For the program to be most effective, however, incentives for the
production of these engines must be created as well.
We are concerned that such incentive programs not lead to a net
detriment to the environment through the double-counting of benefits.
We have therefore concluded that manufacturers choosing to sell an
engine with the Blue Sky Series designation should not generate
averaging, banking, and trading credits for demonstrating compliance
with EPA programs. Other groups are free to design credit programs
without concern for any double-counting or other unintended effect of
overlapping programs.
In addition to credit-based programs, we see substantial potential
for users and state and local governments to establish incentive
programs. For example, state or local governments or individual ports
may be able to add incentives for introducing low-emitting engine
technologies in harbor and other coastal vessels.
I. Durability
As directed by the Clean Air Act, we are requiring that
manufacturers design and build engines with durable emission controls.
This means that manufacturers are responsible for the emission results
for the engines they produce throughout their useful life.7
We are also establishing provisions to ensure proper maintenance and
repair of engines throughout their lifetime. The durability provisions,
described below, are intended to ensure that engines continue to meet
the applicable standards in use. The specific areas of the durability
program focused on here are useful life, warranty periods,
deterioration factors, and rebuilding requirements. Most of these
provisions are carried over from the land-based or locomotive programs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\7\ This is different from the approach used in MARPOL Annex VI,
according to which manufacturers must ensure their engines meet the
emission limits at the time of certification but ship owners become
responsible for their continued compliance with the limits. Under
that program, compliance is verified during flag-state and port-
state inspections.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Useful Life
Useful life is the period during which the marine engine is
required to meet the emission standards. For Category 1 engines, we are
setting a minimum useful life of 10 years or 10,000 hours of operation.
Specifically, the 10,000-hour requirement is based on an expected five-
year period until the first time the engine is rebuilt, and an expected
usage rate of 2,000 hours per year. For Category 2 engines, we are
setting a minimum useful life of 10 years or 20,000 hours of operation.
In this case, the 20,000-hour requirement for marine engines is
calculated based on an operating rate of 4,000 hours of use per year,
with five years between rebuilds. The useful life figures are minimum
values to take into account the possibility that manufacturers may in
the future design their engines for a longer period of operation before
rebuilding. If an engine is designed to be in service until rebuild
longer than our minimum useful life period, then the manufacturer must
specify a corresponding longer useful life for that engine family.
The above approach of basing useful life on time to first rebuild
was chosen because it is difficult to justify holding the engine
manufacturer responsible for an engine's emissions after the engine is
rebuilt. The original engine manufacturer has little, if any, control
over the rebuild process. When done improperly, the rebuilding process
can include changes to the engine that adversely affect emissions. At
the same time, however, these engines are often kept in service much
longer than the minimum useful life. Median values for service lives
are 15 years for Category 1 propulsion engines and 23 years for
Category 2 engines. These longer service lives mean that the engine may
be exempt from in-use testing for more than half its service life. We
therefore believe it is important to be able to conduct recall testing
on these engines throughout the established useful life period. We are
also establishing requirements for engine rebuilders.
To address the possibility of light commercial applications with
much shorter design lifetimes, the final rule allows manufacturers to
request a
[[Page 73316]]
shorter useful life for certain engines. Manufacturers in this case
need to determine the alternate useful life based on the documented
hourly service life of these engines in the field. This may in some
cases be much less than 10,000 hours of operation. To prevent abuse of
this provision, we won't approve any useful life less than 1,000 hours
and we will require that the manufacturer display the certified useful
life on the engine label. Also, the shortened useful life may not be
less the manufacturer's recommended overhaul interval or mechanical
warranty for that engine.
2. Warranty Periods
Tied to the useful life is the minimum warranty period imposed
under the Clean Air Act. The warranty periods for marine diesel engines
are based on the ratio of useful life and warranty periods established
for land-based nonroad engines. Specifically, we are setting a warranty
period that is 50 percent as long as the useful life (in both operating
hours and years) for both Category 1 and Category 2 engines. Also, the
emissions warranty may not be less than any mechanical warranties
offered by the manufacturer. This applies whether the mechanical
warranty is published or negotiated, and whether it is offered for a
fee or at no extra charge. Table 5 summarizes the useful life and
warranty values that apply.
We are also including defect reporting requirements in the final
rule. We require engine manufacturers to tell us whenever they identify
a specific emission-related defect in 25 or more Category 1 engines,
consistent with the provisions that apply to highway and land-based
nonroad engines. Similarly, we require notification for specific
emission-related defects in 10 or more Category 2 engines, which is the
same threshold that applies to locomotives. This is not limited to a
single engine model or model year.
Table 5.--Useful Life and Warranty Periods
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Useful Life Warranty Period
-------------------------------------------
Category Hours of Hours of
operation Years operation Years
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Category 1.......................................................... 10,000 10 5,000 5
Category 2.......................................................... 20,000 10 10,000 5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Deterioration Factors
To further ensure that the emission standards are met in use, we
require the application of a deterioration factor (DeF) in evaluating
emission control performance during the certification and production-
line testing process. The emissions from new engines are adjusted using
the DF to account for the expected deterioration in emissions over the
life of the engine due to wear and aging of the engine and emission
controls. The resulting emission level (i.e., the final deteriorated
emission level) represents the expected emissions at the end of the
useful life period. New emission control technologies such as
aftertreatment, sophisticated fuel delivery controls, and some cooling
systems, may lose some of their effectiveness as they age. DFs are
already required for highway vehicles and engines, land-based nonroad
engines, and locomotives. We are extending this approach to marine
diesel engines.
Marine diesel engine DFs will be determined by the engine
manufacturers in accordance with good engineering practices. Consistent
with the land-based nonroad and locomotive programs, we are not
specifying a detailed procedure. In generating DFs, however,
manufacturers must observe some general guidelines and get our
approval. In particular, the DF must be consistent with emissions
increases observed in-use based on emission testing of similar engines.
Additionally, the DF should be calculated for the worst-case engine
calibration offered within the engine family.8 DFs must be
calculated as an additive value (i.e., the arithmetic difference
between emission level at full useful life and the emission level at
the test point) for engines without exhaust aftertreatment devices. In
contrast, DFs must be calculated as a multiplicative value (i.e., the
ratio of the emission level at full useful life to the emission level
at the test point) for engines using exhaust aftertreatment devices.
This is consistent with the DF requirements applicable to other diesel
engines, based on observed patterns of emission deterioration.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\8\ The worst case would be the engine calibration expected to
generate the highest level of emission deterioration over the useful
life, using good engineering judgement.
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It is not our intent to require a great deal of data gathering on
engines that use established technology for which the manufacturers
have the experience to develop appropriate DFs. New DF testing may not
be needed where sufficient data already exists. However, we are
applying the DF requirement to all engines to be sure that
manufacturers are using reasonable methods to ascertain the capability
of engines to meet standards throughout their useful lives. Consistent
with the land-based engine programs, we will allow marine diesel engine
manufacturers the flexibility of using carryover and carryacross of
durability emission data from a single engine that has been certified
to the same or more stringent standard for which all of the data
applicable for certification has been submitted. In addition, we are
allowing deterioration data from highway or land-based nonroad engines
to be used for similar marine diesel engines.
Service accumulation is necessary to generate DFs from engines in
the laboratory. Consistent with the land-based nonroad rule, we are
specifying minimum allowable maintenance intervals for marine diesel
engine service accumulation to ensure that durability data represent
in-use performance (see 40 CFR 94.211(e)). These minimum intervals for
marine diesel engines are equivalent to those required for nonroad and
highway diesel engines (40 CFR 89.109; 40 CFR 86.094-25). For Category
2 engines, we will allow engine manufacturers to request alternate
minimum maintenance intervals at the time of certification, subject to
our approval. This allowance for Category 2 engines is necessary to
allow harmonization with locomotive maintenance practices (63 FR 18978,
April 16, 1998).
4. Rebuilt Engines
It is common for marine diesel engines to be rebuilt several times
during the course of their lifetimes. Similar to land-based nonroad
engines, we have two concerns regarding the rebuilding of marine diesel
engines. First, there may not be an incentive to check and repair
emission controls that do not affect engine performance. Second, there
may be an incentive to rebuild engines to an older
[[Page 73317]]
configuration due to real or perceived performance penalties associated
with technologies used to meet the new emission standards. Such
practices would likely result in increased emissions. To address these
concerns, we are extending the land-based nonroad rebuild requirements
to marine diesel engines. Under these requirements, the parties
involved in the process of rebuilding or remanufacturing engines must
follow specific provisions to avoid tampering with the engine and
emission controls. This requirement is based on the statutory
prohibition against tampering with regulated engines. The rebuild
requirements apply to any engine built on or after the date that new
emission standards apply to that engine's specific category or group,
regardless of the emission levels that the individual engine is
designed to achieve.
Anyone who rebuilds engines, in whole or part, and fails to comply
with these provisions may be liable for tampering. Individuals or
companies are responsible for the activities over which they have
control. Therefore, there may be more than one responsible party for a
single engine in cases where different parties perform different tasks
during the engine rebuilding process (e.g., engine rebuild, full engine
assembly, installation). We are not including any certification or in-
use emissions requirements for the rebuilder or engine owner.
We are adopting modest record keeping requirements that should be
in line with customary business practices. People involved in the
process of marine diesel engine rebuilding or remanufacturing will keep
the records. The required records include the hours of use accumulated
on the engine at the time of rebuild and a list of the work performed
on the engine or related systems. For work performed on the engine,
rebuilders must include a list of replacement parts used, engine
parameter adjustments, design element changes, and a description of any
work performed. Parties must keep the information for two years and may
use any format or system, provided that the information can be readily
understood by an EPA enforcement officer. We do not require that
companies keep information that is not reasonably available through
normal business practices. In cases where it is customary practice to
keep records for engine families rather than specific engines, where
the engines within that family are being rebuilt or remanufactured to
an identical configuration, such record keeping practices are
satisfactory. Rebuilders may use records such as build lists, parts
lists, and engineering parameters that they keep of the engine families
being rebuilt rather than on individual engines, provided that each
engine is rebuilt in the same way to those specifications.
5. Replacement Engines
There may be situations in which a marine diesel engine can or must
be replaced with a new engine. In general, we require that these
replacement engines meet the certification requirements that apply to
new engines for the year it is manufactured. The final rule makes
provision for engine manufacturers to produce new engines to replace an
older, uncertified model, where the replacement engine doesn't need to
comply with the emission standards that would otherwise apply to new
engines. This exemption for replacement engines is available if no new,
compliant engine is available that meets the physical and performance
characteristics of the engine being replaced (subject to our approval).
There is no exemption for engines that are replacing certified engines.
Consistent with replacement engine provisions in other programs, some
additional constraints ensure that companies do not circumvent the
regulations.
J. Certification
As discussed previously, we expect technology to be shared between
land-based engines and marine engines. Some engine manufacturers will
likely produce engines of the same basic design for sale in both areas.
Specifically, we expect Category 1 marine engines to share the
technology developed for land-based nonroad engines, and Category 2
engines to share technology developed for locomotive engines. To
account for this product overlap, we are basing certification data and
administration requirements for Category 1 on the existing program for
land-based nonroad engines, and for Category 2 marine engines on the
existing program for locomotive engines.9 Specific
certification provisions are discussed more fully in the following
sections.
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\9\See 40 CFR part 89, subpart B, for the provisions of the
land-based nonroad engine program and 40 CFR part 92, subpart C, for
the provisions of the locomotive program.
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1. Engine Family Definition
Engine grouping for the purpose of certification is accomplished
through the application of an ``engine family'' definition. Engines
expected to have similar emission characteristics throughout the useful
life are classified in the same engine family. Separate engine family
classification is also required for each marine engine category (i.e.,
Categories 1, 2, and 3 will be in separate engine families). We are
establishing specific parameters to define engine family for each
category of marine engine. To provide for administrative flexibility,
we may separate engines normally grouped together or to combine engines
normally grouped separately based upon a manufacturer's request
substantiated with an evaluation of emission characteristics over the
engine's useful life.
For Category 1, we are using the engine family definition for land-
based nonroad engines, with the addition of the type of fuel system and
whether fuel injection is controlled mechanically or electronically.
For Category 2, we are using the engine family definition for
locomotive engines.
These definitions provide consistency between land-based and marine
engines of the same basic type. The fuel system type and control type
were added to the land-based nonroad engine family definition to reduce
the variability of emissions within an engine family. This change will
aid manufacturers in selecting the ``worst-case'' engine for emission
testing. It will lessen the chance of noncompliance in use by ensuring
that the highest emitting engine is tested during certification.
Under the provisions of the land-based nonroad rule, engine
manufacturers have the option to petition for their marine engines to
be included in land-based engine families. We are not including this
flexibility for marine engines rated over 37 kW because the ``not-to-
exceed'' provisions in this final rule apply uniquely to marine
engines. We do, however, allow manufacturers to rely on the land-based
certification for land-based engines that are marinized without
affecting emissions (see Section II.F.).
The engine family definition is fundamental to the certification
process and to a large degree determines the amount of testing required
for certification. Manufacturers are required to estimate the rate of
deterioration for each engine family (see Section IV.I.3. for further
details). Compliance with the emission standard will also be
demonstrated for each engine family based upon required testing and the
application of the deterioration factor. Separate certificates of
conformity are required for each engine family.
2. Emission Data Engine Selection
Manufacturers must select the highest emitting engine (i.e.,
``worst-case'' engine) in a family for certification
[[Page 73318]]
testing. In making that determination, the manufacturer must use good
engineering judgement (considering, for example, all engine
configurations and power ratings within the engine family and the range
of installation options allowed). By requiring manufacturers to test
the worst-case engine, we can be sure that all engines within the
engine family are complying with emission standards for the least cost
(as measured by the number of tests required). Manufacturers may
request the separation of the dissimilar calibrations into separate
engine families. This may be appropriate, for example, if a
manufacturer feels that an engine family is grouped too broadly or that
the worst-case emission data engine underestimates the emission credits
available under the ABT provisions.
K. Production-Line Testing
One of the challenges of serial engine production is ensuring that
each engine produced has the same emission characteristics as the
original certification engine. We are finalizing a requirement for
manufacturers to conduct production line testing (PLT). The general
object of a PLT program is to show, with reasonable certainty, whether
certification designs have been translated into production engines that
meet applicable standards (or FELs) at the time of production, before
excess emissions are generated in use. PLT is performed on a regular
basis during the year by the engine manufacturer according to our
criteria.
With PLT testing, a manufacturer selects engines from its
production line for confirmatory testing. In general, a manufacturer
must test one percent of its total projected annual U.S. marine diesel
engine sales (propulsion and auxiliary) for each category each year. We
believe that a one percent sampling rate is appropriate for the marine
diesel engine industry because of its low production volumes, and that
a higher sampling rate would be overly burdensome for this industry. We
are not specifying a minimum number of tests for Category 1 engines. If
a manufacturer sells fewer than 100 Category units in the United States
in a given year, it is not required to do any PLT testing for those
engines that year. For Category 2 engines, a manufacturer must conduct
a minimum of one PLT test per year. Thus, for manufacturers with sales
of less than 100 Category 2 engines in a given year, one test is
required that year. For purposes of calculating the number of tests
required, Category 1 and Category 2 annual engine sales must be
considered separately.
The manufacturer selects a random sample of test engines that is
representative of annual production. We reserve the right to reject any
engines selected by manufacturers if we determine that such engines do
not represent production engines. Engines selected should cover the
broadest range of production possible, and from year to year should be
varied to cover all engine families if possible. Tests should also be
distributed evenly throughout the model year, to the extent possible.
Manufacturers must conduct emission testing of PLT engines in
accordance with the applicable federal testing procedures. Compliance
with the NTE provisions must be demonstrated as part of PLT testing.
The results must be communicated to us in periodic reports that
summarize emissions results, test procedures, and events such as the
date, time, and location of each test. These reports allow us to
continually monitor the PLT data. Reports must be submitted each
quarter. If no testing is performed during the period, no report is
required.
Under this testing scheme, if an engine fails a production line
test, the manufacturer must test two additional engines out of either
the next two days' production or the next fifteen engines produced in
that engine family in accordance with the applicable federal testing
procedures. This dual approach to testing additional engines accounts
for variations in production volumes. If production volumes are high,
then we believe the two-day provision will allow for the orderly
selection of additional test engines. Likewise, if production volumes
are low, then the provision allowing the engines to be selected from
the next fifteen produced will allow for orderly selection. When the
average of the three test results, for any pollutant, are greater than
the applicable standard or FEL for any pollutant, the manufacturer
fails the PLT for that engine family. Such failures must be reported to
us within two working days of the determination of a failure. Note that
compliance with the standards is required of every covered engine.
Thus, every engine failing a PLT test is considered noncompliant with
the standards and must be brought into compliance. Using the average of
three tests to determine compliance with the PLT program serves only as
a tool to decide when it is appropriate to suspend or revoke the
certificate of conformity for that engine family, and is not meant to
imply that not all engines have to comply with the standards.
In the PLT program, the Administrator can suspend or revoke the
manufacturer's certificate of conformity, in whole or in part, thirty
days after we determine that an engine family is noncompliant, or if
the engine manufacturer's report reveals that the PLT tests were not
performed correctly. During the thirty-day period after we establish
noncompliance, we will coordinate with the manufacturer to facilitate
the approval of the required production line remedy to eliminate the
need to halt production as much as possible. The manufacturer must then
address the noncompliance for the engines produced prior to the
suspension or revocation of the certificate of conformity (for example,
by bringing them into compliance or removing them from service). We can
reinstate the certificate after a suspension, or reissue one after a
revocation, if the manufacturer demonstrates through its PLT program
that improvements, modifications, or replacements have brought the
engine family into compliance. The regulations include hearing
provisions that provide a mechanism to resolve disputes between
manufacturers and us regarding a suspension or revocation decision
based on noncompliance with the PLT. It is important to point out that
we retain the legal authority to inspect and test engines if problems
arise in the PLT program. Note also that the definition of ``failure''
of the PLT is limited to the PLT program, and does not define failure
or noncompliance for other purposes. It is based in part on the
severity of the result of a failure (suspension or revocation of a
certificate) and is not meant to limit in any way the overall
obligation of the manufacturer to produce engines that meet the
standard.
We recognize the need for a PLT program that does not impose an
unreasonable burden on manufacturers. Therefore, consistent with the
requirement that testing be required on one percent of total marine
diesel engine production for each category, no PLT is required for
manufacturers whose Category 1 marine diesel engines sales are less
than 100 per year. This is because companies with such low sales are
unlikely to have in-house testing facilities, and requiring such
companies to send an engine to an independent test facility for PLT
purposes may be too burdensome. Note that companies exempt from the PLT
program are not exempt from other certification and compliance
provisions. Engines exempt from the PLT program must still meet the
emission limits as produced and in use. We reserve the right to conduct
an SEA on any manufacturer with engines certified to the requirements
of this final rule. In addition, we are not extending
[[Page 73319]]
this flexibility provision to the PLT program for Category 2 marine
diesel engines, since they are typically produced in very small
volumes.
Finally, while we believe this PLT program takes into account the
circumstances of this industry, we also understand that alternative
plans may be developed that better account for the individual needs of
an individual manufacturer. Thus, a manufacturer may submit an
alternative plan for a PLT program, subject to our approval. A
manufacturer's petition to use an alternative plan needs to address the
need for the alternative and include justifications for the number and
representativeness of engines tested. The alternative plan must also
have specific provisions regarding what constitutes a PLT failure for
an engine family.
L. Miscellaneous Compliance Issues
We are extending the general compliance provisions for land-based
nonroad engines to Category 1 and Category 2 marine diesel engines.
These include the tampering, defeat device, imported engines and
vessels, and general prohibition provisions.
M. Averaging, Banking, and Trading Program
Along with the emission standards, we are including a marine
averaging, banking, and trading (ABT) program. An ABT program is an
important factor that EPA takes into consideration in setting emission
standards that are appropriate under section 213 of the Clean Air Act.
ABT reduces the cost and improves the technological feasibility of
achieving the standards, helping to ensure the attainment of the
standards earlier than would otherwise be possible. Manufacturers gain
flexibility in product planning and the opportunity for a more cost-
effective introduction of product lines meeting a new standard. ABT
also creates an incentive for the early introduction of new technology,
which allows certain engine families to act as trail blazers for new
technology. This can help provide valuable information to manufacturers
on the technology before manufacturers need apply the technology
throughout their product line. This early introduction of clean
technology improves the feasibility of achieving the standards and can
provide valuable information for use in other regulatory programs that
may benefit from similar technologies.
The voluntary ABT program allows the certification of one or more
engine families within a given manufacturer's product line at emission
levels above the applicable emission standards, provided that the
increased emissions are offset by one or more families certified below
the emission standards. The average of all emissions for a particular
manufacturer's production (weighted by sales-weighted average power,
production volume and useful life) must be at or below the level of the
applicable emission standards. In addition to the averaging program
just described, the ABT program contains banking and trading
provisions, which allow a manufacturer to generate emission credits and
bank them for future use in its own averaging program or sell them to
another entity. Compliance is determined on a total mass emissions
basis to account for differences in production volume, power and useful
life among engine families.
The ABT program for marine diesel engines over 37 kW is based on
the corresponding ABT programs recently adopted for land-based nonroad
engines (63 FR 56967, October 23, 1998) and locomotives (63 FR 18978,
April 16, 1998), which roughly correspond to the Category 1 and
Category 2 engines, respectively. A manufacturer choosing to
participate in the ABT program must certify each participating engine
family to a family emission limit (FEL) determined by the manufacturer
during certification testing. A separate FEL must be determined for
each pollutant the manufacturer includes in the ABT program. The ABT
program is limited to HC+NOX and PM emissions. Thus, only
two different FELs may be generated for a given engine family.
Consistent with the recently finalized land-based nonroad engine
program, marine engine credits are to be calculated based on the
difference between the applicable standard(s) and FEL(s). However,
credit calculation for marine engines is somewhat different than that
for land-based nonroad engines, in that a load factor is inserted in
the equation. This term is necessary because, contrary to land-based
nonroad case, not all marine engines are expected to operate at the
same load. The credit calculation equation is as follows:
Emission credits = (Std--FEL) x (UL) x (Production) x (AvgPR) x
(10-6) x (LF)
Where:
Std = the applicable cycle-weighted marine engine
THC+NOX and/or PM emission standard in grams per kilowatt-
hour.
FEL = the family emission limit for the engine family in grams
per kilowatt-hour. (The FEL may not exceed the limit established in
Sec. 94.304(m) for each pollutant.)
UL = the useful life in hours.
Production = the number of engines participating in the
averaging, banking, and trading program within the given engine family
during the calendar year (or the number of engines in the subset of the
engine family for which credits are being calculated). Quarterly
production projections are used for initial certification. Actual
applicable production/sales volumes are used for end-of-year compliance
determination.
AvgPR = average power rating of all of the configurations
within an engine family, calculated on a sales-weighted basis, in
kilowatts.
LF = the load factor, dependent on whether the engine is
intended for propulsion or auxiliary applications, as follows:
A. 0.69 for propulsion engines
B. 0.51 for auxiliary engines.
We are prohibiting the generation of credits for one pollutant and
the simultaneous use of credits for the other pollutant within the same
engine family. In other words, a manufacturer may not simultaneously
generate HC+NOX credits and use PM credits on the same
engine family, and vice versa. This is consistent with the recently
finalized emission standards for land-based nonroad diesel engines.
This also reflects the inherent trade-off between NOX and PM
emissions in diesel engines.
FEL upper limits apply in the same manner as those in the
comparable land-based ABT programs to ensure that the emissions from
any given family certified under this ABT program not be significantly
higher than the applicable emission standards. In general, these FEL
upper limits correspond to the existing previous tier of standards for
the various classes. In other words, the FEL upper limits are generally
the Tier 1 standards for engines certifying according to the ABT
provisions relative to the Tier 2 standards. Since we are not including
any Tier 1 standards for marine engines in this rulemaking, the land-
based Tier 1 standards serve as FEL upper limits for the Tier 2 marine
engine standards. When the ABT provisions for land-based nonroad
engines were recently revised, there were no Tier 1 standards in place
for some land-based categories and pollutants. These cases correspond
to some Category 1 marine engines. In those cases we chose FEL upper
limits based on typical in-use emission levels of precontrol engines,
or existing
[[Page 73320]]
California Air Resources Board emission standards. For a more complete
discussion of the rationale for the Tier 2 FEL upper limits for
Category 1 engines the reader is directed to the most recent final rule
concerning land-based nonroad engine emission standards.
Consistent with the land-based ABT programs from which the marine
program is derived, ABT credits generated under this program do not
expire and are not discounted. Also consistent with the recently
finalized land-based nonroad diesel rule, credits generated on land-
based engines may not be used for demonstrating compliance for marine
diesel engines. We are concerned that manufacturers who produce engines
used in both marine and land-based applications could effectively trade
out of the marine portion of the program, thereby potentially obtaining
a competitive advantage over small marinizers who sell only marine
engines. For similar reasons, credits generated on Category 2 engines
can not be used for Category 1 engine compliance. For similar reasons
we proposed to prevent the use of credits generated on Category 1
engines from being used for Category 2 engines. Since the expressed
concern does not apply to credit exchanges going from smaller to bigger
engines, the final rule allows this. However, to account for the
likelihood that Category 2 engines will undergo more rebuilds in their
lifetime than Category 1 engines, manufacturers must discount any
Category 1 engine credits by 25 percent if they are used for Category 2
engine compliance.
Effective immediately, early credit generation is available for all
Category 1 and 2 commercial CI marine engines. Credits will be
generated relative to the actual Tier 2 standards and will be
undiscounted. However, if a manufacturer believes it should be allowed
to generate credits relative to an engine family's pre-control emission
levels (rather than the Tier 2 standards), it can choose to develop
engine family-specific baseline emission levels. Credits will then be
calculated relative to the manufacturer-generated baseline emission
rates, rather than the Tier 2 standards. Engine manufacturers that are
not post-manufacture marinizers generate baseline emission rates by
testing three engines from the family for which the baseline is being
generated, with the baseline calculated as the average of the three
engines. Under this option, engines must still meet the Tier 2
standards for all pollutants to generate credits, but the credits will
be calculated relative to the generated baseline rather than the Tier 2
standards. Any credits generated between a measured baseline and the
Tier 2 levels will be discounted by reducing the measured baseline
value by 10 percent. This is to account for the variability of testing
in-use engines to establish the baseline due to differences in hours of
use and maintenance practices.
Some early banking provisions apply uniquely to post-manufacture
marinizers. In recognition of their small size, more difficult resource
constraints and general reliance on engine manufacturers to produce
base engines, additional flexibility is warranted to ease the
transition to these rules. Therefore, post-manufacture marinizers may
establish a measured baseline by testing a single engine. Consistent
with the provisions of Sec. 94.209(a), the baseline established by this
single engine may be used for broadened engine families, provided the
marinizer starts with certified land-based engines. Also, they may
certify an engine under the early banking program with an engine that
does not meet the Tier 2 emission standards. However, since this
program is only intended to ease the transition to full compliance with
these standards and rules, the credits will only be available to post-
manufacture marinizers through the 2007 model years
In the recent rulemaking for nonroad diesel engines, we also set
emission standards for marine diesel engines below 37 kW. These engines
were also included in the land-based ABT program in that rule, with
some restrictions. We are not changing the way we treat these small
marine diesel engines. We are not integrating the ABT program in that
rule with the requirements in this final rule, so we don't allow
manufacturers to exchange credits for engines above and below 37 kW.
Credits may not be exchanged between Category 1 marine engine
families and land-based nonroad engine families. As with the
restriction of credit exchanges between engine families above and below
37 kW, this restriction applies because the stringency of the land-
based standards was determined in the absence of the availability of
credit exchange between marine and land-based engines. In addition,
there are differences in the way that marine and land-based credits are
calculated that are implicit in the calculation and that make the
credits somewhat incompatible. The first is that the difference in test
duty cycles means there is an implicit difference in load factor
between the two. The second is that there are provisions in this final
rule for varying useful lives of marine engine families, which are not
included in the land-based nonroad regulations. In addition, as
discussed above, the actual credit calculation equations for the two
programs are different.
We don't allow trading between Category 2 engines and locomotive
engines, because locomotive credits are calculated based on expected
remaining service life (which could be many useful life periods, due to
the inclusion of the remanufacturing provisions for locomotives),
whereas Category 2 marine engine credits are only calculated on the
basis of a single useful life.
Participation in the marine diesel ABT program is voluntary. For
those manufacturers choosing to use the program, compliance for
participating engine families is evaluated in two ways. First,
compliance of individual engine families with their FELs is determined
and enforced in the same manner as compliance with the emission
standards in the absence of an averaging, banking and trading program.
Each engine family must certify to the FEL (or FELs, as applicable),
and the FEL is treated as the emission limit for certification,
production-line and in-use testing (as well as for any other testing
done for other enforcement purposes) for each engine in the family.
Second, the final number of credits available to the manufacturer at
the end of a model year after considering the manufacturer's use of
credits from averaging, banking and trading must be greater than or
equal to zero.
The generation transfer and use of credits in the ABT program does
not change the obligation of all manufacturers to meet the applicable
standards. This provision is consistent with other mobile source ABT
programs. The marine diesel engine certificates of both parties
involved in the violating trading transaction could be voided ab initio
(i.e. back to date of issue) if the engine family or families exceed
emission standards as a result of a credit shortfall. A buyer of
credits which are shown later to be invalid will only be required to
make up the credit shortfall. There will be no penalty associated with
the unknowing purchase of invalid credits.
The integrity of the marine diesel averaging, banking and trading
program depends on manufacturers' accuracy in recordkeeping and
reporting and our effectiveness in tracking and auditing this
information. Failure of a manufacturer to maintain the required records
would result in the certificates for the affected engine family or
families being voided retroactively. Violations of
[[Page 73321]]
reporting requirements could result in a manufacturer being subject to
civil penalties as authorized by sections 213 and 205 of the Clean Air
Act. We allow positive reporting errors (i.e., those errors that result
in an underestimation of the manufacturer's positive credit balance) to
be corrected provided that the errors are identified within 180 days of
the time we receive the manufacturer's annual report.
N. Special Provisions for Post-Manufacture Marinizers
In general, we set engine emission standards that take effect at a
set point in time, concurrently precluding the installation in vehicles
or equipment of engines not certified to the new standards. The
rigidity of this approach is lessened to some extent through averaging,
banking, and trading programs, which allow engine manufacturers to
produce engines that exceed the emission limits as long as the added
emissions can be offset by engines that emit below the required levels.
While this approach generally works well, additional flexibility
provisions to help relieve compliance burdens may be needed in special
cases.
Marine diesel engines are produced using one of three basic
manufacturing methods. In the first, least common, method, marine
engines are designed and built exclusively for marine applications.
This is typically the case for very large Category 3 engines as well as
some smaller engines that are produced for special niche markets. In
the second method, an engine manufacturer produces a marine diesel
engine using a land-based engine that was built by that same
manufacturer. In the third method, an unrelated company, referred to
here as a ``marinizer'' produces a marine diesel engine by purchasing a
completed or partially completed land-based nonroad or highway engine
from an engine manufacturer and modifying it for use in the marine
environment according to the marinizing company's own processes.
Marinizers tend to be small companies and their output is often
designed for niche markets. To address their concerns, we are adopting
several provisions to streamline the certification process for
marinizers.
1. Application of Flexibility Provisions
The following flexibility provisions will be available only to
these marinizers. We define the term post-manufacture marinizer as ``an
entity that produces a marine engine by modifying a non-marine engine,
whether certified or uncertified, complete or partially complete, where
such entity is not controlled by the manufacturer of the base engine or
by an entity that also controls the manufacturer of the base engine.''
This definition no longer refers only to companies that ``substantially
modify'' non-marine engines because the engine dressing exemption makes
provision for companies whose marinization process does not include
steps that might affect emissions.
A vessel manufacturer that substantially modifies a certified
engine or an engine certified to a previous tier of emission limits or
that installs an uncertified engine will be considered a marinizer and
must comply with the certification and compliance provisions in this
final rule. This clarification is necessary because it is not uncommon
for vessel manufacturers to modify marine engines. This may be done to
increase the power of an engine or to respond to the needs of a
particular user. By considering these vessel manufacturers as
marinizers, we will ensure that the engine modifications do not also
increase the emissions of an otherwise certified engine.
2. Broader Engine Families
We are allowing marinizers to use a broad engine family definition.
Under this provision, a marinizer may include any engines that have
similar emission deterioration characteristics in one engine family.
Thus, a marinizer could conceivably group all commercial marine diesel
engines into one engine family. These engines must all be in the same
category and they must be previously certified to meet land-based
nonroad, locomotive, or heavy-duty highway emission standards. Separate
engine families will be required for each category of marine engines
Note that all other provisions of the final rule apply to this
broad engine family including, but not limited to, selection and
testing of an emission data engine, application of a deterioration
factor (DF), and compliance with the standards.
Even with these larger engine families, marinizers are responsible
to conduct testing on a worst-case engine. We can suggest some
guidelines for identifying worst-emitter engines without the expense of
conducting a full emission test on each engine calibration of each
model.
Marinizers can utilize low-cost equipment and a simple procedure to
routinely measure parts per million (ppm) levels of gaseous pollutants.
We expect that every company operates most or all production engines
for quality control purposes, probably with a small number of fixed
cycles. Measuring for NOX emissions during that time
provides an additional diagnostic for engine performance, and should
provide a good benchmark for comparing emission levels across the
product line. Measured ppm NOX readings should correlate
closely with NOX emission levels from a full certification
test. Conversely, the lowest measured NOX emissions (or
highest CO emissions) are an indication of the worst PM emitter. The
marinizer may choose to send in test data from a single duty cycle on a
single engine, but remains liable for all pollutants on all engines in
the family, with any applicable duty cycle.
This guidance suggests a possible means by which a post-manufacture
marinizer can limit the testing burden in the effort to certify broad
engine families where it may not be apparent which engine to test. If
this does not address a marinizer's concerns, the remaining alternative
is to certify each engine family, using the standard engine-family
definition.
3. Carryover Provisions
Engine manufacturers may carry over engine data generated in a
previous model year's certification to certify for the current year.
This provision will also apply to the broader engine families of
marinizers, with the constraint that the marinizer will need to
generate new data if any model in the broad engine family is modified
in any way that will make it the highest emitter in the family.
4. Streamlined Certification for Subsequent Years
We are adopting a streamlined certification process for marinizers.
This process applies beginning with the year after the relevant
implementation dates and continues until engine design changes cause a
different engine model to be the highest emitter in the marinizer's
broad engine family. Recertification would be required at that point.
Under this streamlined certification process, the marinizer submits an
annual certification application stating that there have been no
changes in the design or production of the engine models that make up
the engine family. If there have been changes, the marinizer can still
avoid a complete certification submission with test data by
demonstrating that there is no change in the identity of the highest
emitter or its emissions.
5. Additional Compliance Time
Marinizers generally depend on engine manufacturers producing base
engines for marinizing and may therefore be affected by circumstances
[[Page 73322]]
beyond their control. This can make it difficult to certify the
marinized engines. Consequently, there may be situations in which,
despite its best efforts, a marinizer cannot meet the implementation
dates, even with the flexibility provisions described in this section.
Such a situation may occur if an engine supplier without a major
business interest in a marinizer were to change or drop an engine model
very late in the implementation process, or was not able to supply the
marinizer with an engine in sufficient time for the marinizer to
recertify the engine. Based on this concern, we are allowing a one-year
delay in the implementation dates for post-manufacture marinizers. In
this case, marinizers would need only notify us that they are using the
additional year before meeting emission standards.
A similar need for additional lead time is appropriate for post-
manufacture marinizers to demonstrate compliance with Not-to-Exceed
requirements. Post-manufacture marinizer's reliance on another
company's base engines affects the time needed for the development and
testing work needed to comply. As described above, engine manufacturers
generally have until 2007 to comply with Not-to-Exceed requirements. We
are extending that to 2010 for post-manufacture marinizers. Three years
of extra lead time (compared to one year for the primary certification
standards) is appropriate considering their more limited resources.
6. Special Hardship Provision
As a relief mechanism of last resort, we are also extending to
post-manufacture marinizers the hardship relief provisions we included
in the recently finalized land-based nonroad rule (see 40 CFR
89.102(f)). Under this provision, marinizers can ask us for additional
time to meet the emission limits. Under this hardship relief provision,
appeals must be made in writing, be submitted before the earliest date
of noncompliance, include evidence that failure to comply was not the
fault of the marinizer (e.g., a supply contract was broken by the
engine supplier), and include evidence that the inability to sell the
subject engines will have a major impact on the company's solvency. We
would work with the applicant to ensure that all other remedies
available under the flexibility provisions are exhausted before
granting additional relief, and limit the period of relief to no more
than one year. Furthermore, any relief may not exceed one year beyond
the date relief is granted. We expect that this provision will be used
only rarely. Each granting of relief would be treated as a separate
agreement, with no prior guarantee of success, and with the inclusion
of measures, agreed to in writing by the marinizer, for recovering the
lost environmental benefit. If a marinizer during this hardship period
produces certified engines (to emission levels less stringent than
would otherwise be required), we would take that into account in
determining the lost environmental benefit. This provision is not
limited to small businesses, as described in the proposal, since all
post-manufacture marinizers have a similar reliance on other
manufacturers to produce their engines.
7. Incomplete Marine Engine Exemption
We finalized the nonroad diesel rule with no allowance to import
uncertified nonroad engines that will be changed into a marine engine.
This final rule is changing the definition of marine engines to include
those that are ``intended'' to be installed on a marine vessel. This is
necessary to allow post-manufacture marinizers to import loose engines
for marinizing. We also include provisions specifically allowing post-
manufacture marinizers to import uncertified engines. Once emission
standards apply, a marinizer importing such engines must already have a
certificate showing that the engine is part of a certified engine
family. The regulations also obligate the marinizer to modify all the
imported engines to comply with the requirements of 40 CFR part 94.
V. Technological Feasibility
The emissions standards in this final rule apply to a large variety
of marine diesel engine sizes and applications. Section 213(a)(3) of
the Clean Air Act directs us to establish standards that provide the
``greatest degree of emission reduction achievable through the
application of technology which the Administrator determines will be
available for the engines or vehicles to which such standards apply,
giving appropriate consideration to the cost of applying such
technology within the period of time available to manufacturers and to
noise, energy, and safety factors associated with the application of
such technology.''
We have concluded that the requirements in this final rule are
appropriate under section 213 of the Clean Air Act and are
technologically feasible on the prescribed schedule. The Final RIA and
the Summary and Analysis of Comments contain a detailed treatment of
emission-control technologies and the basis for selecting the
individual standards. The costs associated with these technologies are
discussed in Section VII. We have also concluded, as described in the
Final RIA, that the emission standards will have no significant
negative effect on noise, energy, or safety.
VI. Areas for Future Action
A. Tier 3 Emission Standards
We have decided not to finalize the proposed Tier 3 emission
standards at this time. We intend to address this next tier of emission
standards through a separate final rule. This may involve a
supplemental proposal. Delaying action on Tier 3 standards will allow
us to learn from the application of Tier 3 technology to land-based
nonroad diesel engines. Also, it will give us time to consider emission
control strategies such as aftertreatment.
B. Emission Standards for Remanufactured Engines
As described in the proposed rule, we are aware of the obstacles to
implementing emission standards that would apply to existing engines at
the point of rebuild or remanufacture. The comments in favor of such
standards did not address these questions. Nevertheless, we are
concerned that the gradual turnover to new engines and vessels will
cause a very slow introduction of new technologies. As new technologies
become available to comply with MARPOL Annex VI emission standards and
the emission standards in this final rule, we are hopeful that emission
controls on new engines will improve even before our standards take
effect. Our early banking provisions add an incentive for this to
occur.
To the extent that we observe companies not taking reasonable
measures to introduce emission control technologies, we will need to
reconsider the importance of setting standards on remanufactured
engines. In contrast, introduction and use of emission control
technologies ahead of the regulated schedule may reduce the need for a
control program for these engines.
C. NTE Requirements for Auxiliary Engines
We are not at this time finalizing NTE requirements for auxiliary
marine engines in this final rule. We are contemplating, however, to
establish NTE requirements for similar land-based nonroad diesel
engines. When we adopt such requirements for nonroad diesel engines, we
expect to apply the same provisions, including zones and caps, to
auxiliary marine diesel engines at the same time.
[[Page 73323]]
D. Application of Provisions to Marine Diesel Engines Less than 37 kW
Marine diesel engines less than 37 kW were included in the
rulemaking for nonroad diesel engines and are subject to the emission
control program contained in 40 CFR Part 89. That program has two tiers
of emission limits, phased in from 1999 to 2000 for Tier 1 and 2004 to
2005 for Tier 2. In general, marine diesel engines less than 37 kW are
subject to the same certification and compliance program as land-based
nonroad diesel engines. Exceptions to this general approach include the
duty cycle (E3, but with a C1 option), ABT program restrictions (land-
based credits cannot be used to offset marine diesel emissions), and
implementation flexibility provisions that allow post-manufacture
marinizers to phase in compliance with Tier 1 emission limits according
to the schedule extended to nonroad equipment manufacturers.
We intend eventually to consolidate the smaller engines in a
general marine diesel engine regulation. Consolidating existing
requirements without reopening those issues may, however, cause
confusion. Commenters did not feel strongly that there would be an
advantage to combining programs, so we are not consolidating them at
this time. We will likely pursue the next tier of emission standards
(i.e., Tier 3) for all marine diesel engines together. This way we will
be able to integrate the requirements for varying engines sizes in the
most sensible way.
E. Category 3 Engines
State and environmental organization commenters have made clear in
their comments that they are eager to see greater emission reductions
from Category 3 engines, including PM emissions. These commenters are
particularly concerned that the MARPOL NOX limits are not
stringent enough to appreciably reduce NOX inventories and
ozone levels. Chapter 5 of the Final RIA describes the expected
NOX reductions from the MARPOL Annex VI limits in more
detail. There is enough foreign vessel traffic in U.S. ports that these
engines contribute substantially to local air pollution in port areas.
However, imposing separate national requirements on foreign-flagged
ships that use U.S. ports raises sensitive concerns relating to
international trade and policy. Consequently, we will recommend that
the United States urge the International Maritime Organization to
consider and adopt more stringent NOX limits as well as PM
limits for marine diesel engines. Technologies currently under
development for very large marine engines hold a lot of promise for
reducing their emissions in the future. The emission standards
finalized in this final rule for engines capable of burning heavy fuels
(15 L/cyl and larger) also suggest that emission improvements can be
obtained from slow- and medium-speed engines. Finally, the standards in
this final rule for smaller marine diesel engines will provide a good
starting point for a new tier of international standards for those
engines.
VII. Projected Impacts
A. Environmental Impacts
Chapter 5 of the Final Regulatory Impact Analysis provides a
detailed explanation of the methodology we used to determine the
environmental benefits from marine diesel engines associated with this
final rule. The following discussion gives a general overview of the
methodology and the results.
1. Category 1 Engines
For the purposes of the inventory analysis, Category 1 commercial
engines were divided into commercial propulsion and auxiliary
categories. Annual emissions were then calculated using engine
populations, load factors, annual hours of use, rated power, emission
factors, turnover, and growth rates. The sources for and the values of
these factors are provided in the Final RIA. Note that we received some
indication that the annual use for recreational engines may be lower
than assumed in the inventory analysis and calculations (Table 5-2 of
the Final Regulatory Impact Analysis).
Table 6 presents the projected emissions inventory from Category 1
commercial propulsion and auxiliary marine engines with and without the
new emission standards. Table 6 also presents the anticipated effects
of the MARPOL Annex VI standards on the Category 1 NOX
inventory. The CO standard places a cap on existing emission levels, so
no benefits are claimed here.
Table 6.--Category 1 Commercial Propulsion and Auxiliary Emissions Inventory (thousand short tons per year)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HC NOX PM CO
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Year MARPOL
Base Control Base Annex Control Base Control Base
VI
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2000.................................... 11.3 11.3 436 434 434 14.0 14.0 69
2005.................................... 11.9 11.5 457 449 435 14.7 14.7 72
2010.................................... 12.5 11.1 479 465 406 15.4 12.9 76
2020.................................... 13.7 10.4 527 506 368 17.0 11.1 83
2030.................................... 15.1 11.2 580 556 392 18.7 11.7 91
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Category 2 Engines
We developed baseline emission inventories for Category 2 marine
engines under contract with Carnegie Mellon University.10
For the purposes of this analysis, emissions are included from all
Category 2 engines operated in the Great Lakes, inland waterways, and
coastal waters up to 320 kilometers (200 miles) offshore. Emissions
from U.S.-flagged vessels were determined using ship registry data,
fuel consumption, rated power, operation assumptions, and fuel specific
emission factors. Emissions from foreign-flagged vessels were developed
based on cargo movements and waterways data, vessel speeds, average
dead weight tonnage per ship, and assumed cargo capacity factors.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\10\ Corbett, J., Fischbeck, P., ``Commercial Marine Emissions
Inventory and Analysis for United States Continental and Inland
Waterways,'' Carnegie Mellon University, Order No. 8A-0516-NATX,
September 1998 (Docket A-97-50; document II-A-01).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
To model the benefits of the new standards, we applied an engine
replacement schedule and new engine standards to the baseline
inventory. In this case, no emission reductions are expected beyond the
already low levels of HC. Also, the PM and CO standards are intended as
caps, and no benefits are claimed for those pollutants. Table 7 shows
the projected emissions for
[[Page 73324]]
Category 2 vessels with and without the new emission standards. The
anticipated NOX impacts for the application of MARPOL Annex
VI standards to U.S.-flagged vessels are also included. The analysis
presumes no control of emissions beyond MARPOL levels for foreign-
flagged vessels; these are included in the analysis because they
operate in U.S. waters.
Table 7.--Category 2 Emissions Inventory (thousand short tons per year)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HC NOX PM CO
-----------------------------------------------------
Year MARPOL
Base Base Annex Control Base Base
VI
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2000...................................................... 11.1 267 265 265 6.1 34.1
2010...................................................... 12.3 295 278 266 6.8 37.7
2020...................................................... 13.6 325 292 250 7.5 41.7
2030...................................................... 15.0 360 315 243 8.3 46.0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Total Impacts
Table 9 contains the baseline annual emissions from marine diesel
engines at or above 37 kW as a whole as well as projections of the
annual emissions with the MARPOL Annex VI requirements and EPA
standards in place. According to this analysis, the emission standards
in this final rule will result in reductions, beyond the MARPOL Annex
VI limits, of 8 percent HC, 15 percent NOX, and 11 percent
PM percent CO from marine diesel engines in 2020. Nationally, these
reductions represents reductions of 0.9 percent NOX and 0.1
percent PM. The percent reduction would clearly be much higher for port
areas. This is especially true for San Diego, Beaumont-Port Arthur, San
Francisco and similar ports where marine diesel engines account for a
large fraction of the NOX emissions.11
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\11\ Marine diesel engines make up about approximately 17% of
the NOX on a summer day for San Diego, 15% for Beaumont-
Port Arthur, and 12% for San Francisco. See the final report
``Commercial Marine Vessel Contributions to Emission Inventories,''
submitted by Booz-Allen & Hamilton, Inc., October 7, 1991 (Docket A-
97-50; document II-A-5).
Table 9.--Emission Reductions from Engines Subject to Tier 2 Standards
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2000 2010 2020 2030
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HC (103 short tons).................. Baseline..................... 22.4 24.7 27.3 30.1
Controlled................... 22.4 23.3 24.0 26.2
Reduction.................... 0% 6% 12% 13%
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOX (103 short tons)................. Baseline..................... 702.2 773.5 852.2 939.0
MARPOL....................... 699.6 742.3 797.5 871.1
Controlled................... 699.6 672.1 618.0 634.7
Reduction*................... 0% 13% 27% 32%
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PM 103 short tons.................... Baseline..................... 20.1 22.2 24.4 27.0
Controlled................... 201.1 19.7 18.6 20.0
Reduction.................... 0% 11% 24% 26%
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*This reduction is from the baseline. The Tier 2 standards are expected to achieve a 23 percent reduction in
2020 from the levels expected from the MARPOL standards.
In addition to the effect of the new standards on direct PM
emissions noted above, the standards are expected to reduce the
concentrations of secondary PM. Secondary PM is formed when
NOX reacts with ammonia in the atmosphere to yield ammonium
nitrate particulate. As described in Chapter 5 of the Final RIA, each
100 tons of NOX reduction results in about a 4-ton reduction
in secondary PM. This conversion rate varies from region to region, and
is greatest in the West. We estimate that the 257,000 tons per year
total NOX reduction projected for marine engines in 2020
will simultaneously reduce secondary PM by about 10,300 tons. This
secondary PM reduction is almost double the direct PM reductions for
2020 projected for this rulemaking.
B. Noise, Energy, and Safety
Engines designed to meet the new emission standards will generally
operate at lower noise levels. One important source of noise in diesel
combustion is the sound associated with the combustion event itself.
When a premixed charge of fuel and air ignites, the very rapid
combustion leads to a sharp increase in pressure, which is easily heard
and recognized as the characteristic sound of a diesel engine. The
conditions that lead to high noise levels also cause high levels of
NOX formation. Fuel injection changes and other
NOX control strategies therefore typically reduce engine
noise, sometimes dramatically.
We do not anticipate any negative impacts on energy or safety as a
result of this final rule. The impact of the new standards on energy is
measured by the effect on fuel consumption from complying engines.
Although it is not expected to be a primary compliance strategy, marine
engine manufacturers could retard engine timing to comply with emission
limits. This could lead to an increase in fuel consumption in the
absence of other changes to the engines. Most of the technology changes
anticipated in response to the new standards, however, have the
potential to reduce fuel consumption as well as emissions. Therefore,
on balance, no increase in energy consumption is expected. As far as
safety is concerned, we believe that marine engine manufacturers will
use only proven technology that is currently used in
[[Page 73325]]
other engines such as nonroad land-based diesel applications,
locomotives, and diesel trucks.
C. Economic Impacts
In assessing the economic impact of setting emission standards, we
have made a best estimate of the combination of technologies that an
engine manufacturer will most likely use to meet the new standards. The
analysis presents estimated cost increases for new engines and
equipment. This economic impact is comprised of variable costs (for
hardware and assembly time) and fixed costs (for research and
development, retooling, and certification). The analysis considers
total operating costs, including maintenance and fuel consumption, as
well. Cost estimates based on these projected technology packages
represent an expected change in the cost of engines as they begin to
comply with new emission standards. Separate projected costs were
derived for engines used in five different ranges of rated power; costs
were developed for engines near the middle of the listed ranges. All
costs are presented in 1997 dollars. Full details of our cost analysis
can be found in Chapter 4 of the Final RIA.
Table 10 summarizes the projected costs of these technologies for
meeting the new emission limits. Anticipated incremental cost impacts
of the Tier 2 emission limits for the first years of production range
from $1,800 to $54,000 per engine, in general with proportionally
higher projected costs for larger engines. Long-term impacts on engine
costs are expected to be much lower, dropping to levels between $500
and $13,000. Most of this cost reduction is accounted for by the fact
that development time and other fixed costs dominate the cost analysis,
but disappear after the projected five-year amortization period.
The cost analysis also includes an estimated burden resulting from
the need to do additional maintenance work during periodic rebuilds.
Complying engines will be equipped with technologies that will require
replacement of hardware that is either more expensive than from earlier
models, or that is only used because of emission standards. Using
typical rebuild schedules, the analysis projects incremental costs for
multiple rebuilds, resulting in net-present-value costs that range from
$400 to $12,000. In addition to rebuild cost impacts, Table 10 includes
an estimated cost burden for conducting production line testing of 1
percent of total industry-wide production.
Table 10.--Projected Cost Impacts by Power Rating (kW)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Increased
Power rating (kW) Short-term Long-term operating
cost impact cost impact cost (npv)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
37-225................................................................... $1,798 $486 $442
225-560.................................................................. 3,191 846 704
560-1000................................................................. 25,147 856 206
1000-2000................................................................ 22,575 1,120 636
2000+.................................................................... 53,923 13,019 12,430
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The above analysis presents unit cost estimates for each power
category. With current data for engine and vessel sales for each
category and projections for the future, these costs can be translated
into projected direct costs to the nation for the new emission
standards in any year. Aggregate costs are estimated at about $10
million in the first year the new standards apply, increasing to a peak
of about $16 million in 2008 as increasing numbers of engines become
subject to the new standards. The following years show a drop in
aggregate costs as the per-unit cost of compliance decreases, resulting
in aggregate costs of $2 million to $3 million after 2010.
Some of the anticipated emission-control technologies improve fuel
efficiency, while others may have a negative effect. We believe that,
on average, manufacturers will be able to comply with the emission
standards without increasing fuel consumption relative to today's
models. This will be less true for engine models that have already
incorporated advanced technologies. These engines, however, will not
need to make the extensive hardware changes projected in our analysis,
so they should have a much smaller increase in production costs.
Similarly, manufacturers may choose to avoid the high R&D costs of
implementing a new technology for an engine family with low sales
volume by relying on timing retard as a lower-cost alternative. To show
how this compares, we conducted a sensitivity analysis to show the
costs associated with a fuel penalty resulting from relying on retarded
timing. The Final RIA quantifies the cost of a timing retard strategy,
which results in an estimated net-present-value cost increase from fuel
consumption ranging from $400 for a 100 kW engine to $19,000 for a 3000
kW engine. This cost results from increased fuel consumption.
Considering the established effectiveness of timing retard as a
strategy to control NOX emissions, this may be a viable
approach, as either a substitute or a supplemental technology.
D. Cost-effectiveness
We estimated the cost-effectiveness (i.e., the cost per ton of
emission reduction) of the new emission standards for the same nominal
power ratings of marine engines and vessels highlighted earlier in this
section. This analysis has been performed only for Category 1 and
Category 2 marine engines, since the final rule does not apply to
Category 3 engines. Chapter 6 of the Final RIA contains a more detailed
discussion of the cost-effectiveness analysis.
As described in the Final RIA, neither costs nor emission benefits
were specifically attributed to the not-to-exceed provisions. The
calculated cost-effectiveness of the emission standards presented here
therefore includes all the anticipated effects on costs and emission
reductions.
1. Tier 2 Cost-Effectiveness
For determining the cost-effectiveness of the Tier 2 emission
standards, only benefits beyond those achieved by the MARPOL Annex VI
standard were considered. This is a conservative estimate because we
attributed all the costs of the technology associated with the Tier 2
levels to this action and did not attribute any of these costs to the
MARPOL Annex VI standard. For the sake of this analysis, we assigned
the whole cost increase to reducing HC+NOX emissions.
NOX reductions represent approximately 98 percent of the
total HC+NOX emission reductions expected from the new
standards. Table
[[Page 73326]]
11 presents the cost-effectiveness of the Tier 2 standards.
Table 11.--Cost-Effectiveness of the Marine Tier 2 Standards for HC and NOX
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cost-
NPV of NPV Discounted effectiveness
Nominal power(kW) total benefits cost- without non-
lifetime (short effectiveness emission
costs tons) benefit.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
100..................................................... $2,239 4.3 $470 $521
400..................................................... 3,894 26 137 151
750..................................................... 25,354 80 318 319
1500.................................................... 23,210 267 87 88
3000.................................................... 66,353 750 81 89
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Weighting the projected cost and emission benefit numbers presented
above by the populations of the individual power categories, we
calculated the cost-effectiveness of the Tier 2 HC+NOX
standards for Category 1 and 2, both separately and combined. Table 12
contains the resulting aggregate cost-effectiveness results for the
Tier 2 standards.
Table 12.--Aggregate Cost-Effectiveness for the Marine Tier 2 Standards for HC and NOX
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cost-
NPV of NPV Discounted Effectiveness
total Benefits Cost- without non-
lifetime (short Effectiveness emission
costs tons) benefits
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Category 1.............................................. $4,333 24 $131 $185
Category 2.............................................. 66,353 750 64 89
Combined................................................ 5,667 39 103 172
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
While the cost estimates described under the Economic Impacts do
not take into account the observed value of performance improvements in
the field, these non-emission benefits should be taken into account in
the calculation of cost-effectiveness. We believe that an equal
weighting of emission and non-emission benefits is justified for those
technologies which clearly have substantial non-emission benefits,
namely fuel injection changes and turbocharging. For some or all of
these technologies, a greater value for the non-emission benefits could
likely be justified. This has the effect of halving the cost for those
technologies in the cost-effectiveness calculation. The cost-
effectiveness values in this document are based on this calculation
methodology. Cost-effectiveness values are shown without adjustment for
non-emission benefits in Tables 11 and 12 for comparison purposes.
2. Comparison to Other Programs
In an effort to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the
HC+NOX controls for marine engines, we have summarized the
cost-effectiveness results for five other recent EPA mobile source
rulemakings that required reductions in NOX (or
NMHC+NOX) emissions. The heavy-duty vehicle portion of the
Clean Fuel Fleet Vehicle Program yielded a cost-effectiveness of
approximately $1,500 per ton of NOX. The most recent
NMHC+NOX standards for highway heavy-duty diesel engines
yielded a cost-effectiveness of $100-$600 per ton of
NMHC+NOX. The newly adopted standards for locomotive engines
yielded a cost-effectiveness of $160-$250 per ton of NOX.
Finally, the recent standards for nonroad engines reported a cost-
effectiveness of $410-$600 per ton. The cost-effectiveness of the new
HC+NOX standards for marine diesel engines presented above
is more favorable than the cost-effectiveness of many other recent
programs.
We have also summarized the cost-effectiveness results for three
other recent EPA mobile source rulemakings that required reductions in
PM emissions. The cost-effectiveness of the most recent urban bus
engine PM standard was estimated to be $10,000-$16,000 per ton, and the
cost-effectiveness of the urban bus retrofit/rebuild program was
estimated to be approximately $25,000 per ton. The October 1998 nonroad
diesel final rule reported a cost-effectiveness for PM of $2,300 per
ton (using the same conservative method used here for marine engines).
The cost-effectiveness of the PM emission standard for marine diesel
engines presented above is more favorable than that of either of the
urban bus programs and is comparable to that of the nonroad rule.
We also analyzed the PM cost-effectiveness of the new standards by
attributing half of the increased costs to controlling PM to compare
with other PM control strategies. This approach effectively double-
counts these costs, since we already assess the full cost of the
program in the calculation of NOX+HC cost-effectiveness.
This aggregate discounted lifetime cost-effectiveness represents the
highest figure that could be expected for cost-effectiveness of the new
standards and was calculated to provide an indication of the upper
bound of PM cost-effectiveness values. The resulting fleet-wide
discounted lifetime cost-effectiveness of the PM standards is
approximately $600-$2,600 per ton. This cost-effectiveness is much
better than for the urban bus PM standard and the urban bus retrofit/
rebuild program and is comparable to the nonroad Tier 2 standards.
In addition to the benefits of reducing ozone within and
transported into urban ozone nonattainment areas, the NOX
reductions from the new standards are expected to have beneficial
impacts with respect to crop damage, secondary particulate formation,
acid deposition, eutrophication, visibility, and the viability of
forests, as described earlier.
[[Page 73327]]
Because it is difficult to quantify the monetary value of these
societal benefits, the cost-effectiveness values presented do not
assign any numerical value to them.
VIII. Direct Final Changes
In the proposal for this rulemaking, we did not include
modifications to the PLT regulations for locomotives in 40 CFR Part 92.
However, on May 13, 1999, EMA submitted a comment to the public docket
stating that they believe it is important to make the PLT provisions
consistent between locomotives and Category 2 marine engines. We agree
with this comment. This requires two revisions to the locomotive
regulations. The first revision is the addition of a regulatory
provision that authorizes the Administrator to conduct alternate PLT
programs instead of the program specified in the regulations. The
locomotive FRM preamble stated that we were finalizing such a
provision, but the regulatory text was not included in the notice.
Thus, we believe there is good cause to finalize this provision without
providing the public additional opportunity to comment on it.
The second issue is related to a technical detail of the locomotive
PLT program. The previously finalized regulations require that engines
tested for PLT have service accumulation ``equivalent to 300 hours of
operation.'' EMA commented that we should require only that they have
service accumulation ``up to 300 hours of operation,'' which is the
same as we proposed for marine engines in this rulemaking. Given the
technical nature of this issue, we believe that it would be appropriate
to finalize this revision, without providing the public an opportunity
to comment on them.
In addition, we are revising the definition of new in 40 CFR 89.2.
The existing definition inadvertantly omits a portion of the intended
definition. The revised definition is consistent with our other control
programs.
The revisions to 40 CFR parts 89 and 92 will be effective February
28, 2000, provided that we do not receive notification on or before
January 28, 2000 that someone wishes to file an adverse or negative
comment regarding this issue. If we do not receive such comment, this
provision will become final and effective without further EPA action.
If on the other hand, we do receive notification on or before January
28, 2000 that someone wishes to file an adverse or negative comment
regarding this issue, we will withdraw this revision, then propose it
and go through full notice-and-comment procedures before finalizing the
revision again.
IX. Public Participation
A wide variety of interested parties participated in the rulemaking
process that culminates with this final rule. This process provided
several opportunities for public comment over a period of several
years. We first proposed emission standards for marine diesel engines
on November 9, 1994 (59 FR 55929), with a supplemental proposal on
February 7, 1996 (61 FR 4600). An Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking
published May 22, 1998 announced our plan to pursue a new direction in
regulating marine diesel engines (63 FR 28309). Comments received on
that notice were considered in the development of the proposal
(December 11, 1998, 63 FR 68508). The comment period and public hearing
associated with that proposal provided another opportunity for public
input. We have also met with a variety of stakeholders at various
points in the process, including engine manufacturers, engine
marinizers, vessel builders, environmental organizations, and states.
We have described and provided responses to the comments on the
proposed rule in the Summary and Analysis of Comments, which is
available in the docket for this rulemaking and on the Office of Mobile
Sources internet home page. Some of the principal areas of comment are
highlighted here. Engine manufacturers and others had extensive comment
on the feasibility, appropriate level and timing of the standards.
Several commenters focused on the proposed Tier 3 standards and the
largest Category 2 engines. The final rule divides Category 2 into new
subcategories with differentiated emission standards. Additional
comments centered on the timing and level of the Tier 2 standards. We
address these comments in Chapter 3 of the Final RIA and in Chapter 3
of the Summary and Analysis of Comments. Manufacturers also expressed
several concerns with the proposed not-to-exceed provisions. They
questioned the principle of Not-to-Exceed requirements generally and
their effect on the stringency of the emission standards. They also
raised practical issues related to the conditions and ranges associated
with Not-to-Exceed testing. The Summary and Analysis of Comments in
Chapter 4 provides responses to these comments and describes the
several changes we made to the proposed rule to address these concerns.
Though we are not including recreational engines and vessels in
this final rule, we need to define these terms here to differentiate
them from commercial models. Engine and vessel manufacturers had
objections to our proposed definitions, primarily because of potential
inconsistencies with Coast Guard requirements and the potential
liability for vessel manufacturers. To address these concerns, we drew
directly from the existing Coast Guard definitions, with one necessary
change. A manufacturer needs to establish a vessel's classification as
commercial or recreational before it is sold or used, so the final
definitions specify the intent of the manufacturers to produce vessels
for recreational purposes as the determining factor. We describe this
further in Section II.E. above and in Chapter 2 of the Summary and
Analysis of Comments.
X. Administrative Requirements
A. Administrative Designation and Regulatory Analysis
Under Executive Order 12866, the Agency must determine whether this
regulatory action is ``significant'' and therefore subject to Office of
Management and Budget (OMB) review and the requirements of the
Executive Order (58 FR 51735, Oct. 4, 1993). The order defines
``significant regulatory action'' as any regulatory action that is
likely to result in a rule that may:
(1) Have an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more or
adversely affect in a material way the economy, a sector of the
economy, productivity, competition, jobs, the environment, public
health or safety, or State, local, or tribal governments or
communities;
(2) Create a serious inconsistency or otherwise interfere with an
action taken or planned by another agency;
(3) Materially alter the budgetary impact of entitlements, grants,
user fees, or loan programs or the rights and obligations of recipients
thereof; or,
(4) Raise novel legal or policy issues arising out of legal
mandates, the President's priorities, or the principles set forth in
the Executive Order.
Pursuant to the terms of Executive Order 12866, EPA has submitted
this rulemaking to the Office of Management and Budget for review and
prepared a Final RIA, which is available in the docket. Any written
comments from OMB and any EPA response to OMB comments are also in the
public docket. EPA estimates total societal costs resulting from this
final rule between $15 million and $20 million for the early years,
with a decreasing annual figure once manufacturers fully amortize their
fixed costs.
[[Page 73328]]
B. Regulatory Flexibility
The Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) generally requires an agency
to conduct a regulatory flexibility analysis of any rule subject to
notice and comment requirements, unless the Agency certifies that the
rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial
number of small entities. Small entities include small businesses,
small not-for-profit enterprises, and small governmental jurisdictions.
For the reasons set out below, this rulemaking will not have a
significant impact on a substantial number of small entities.
EPA has identified four types of entities that may be affected by
the final rule: base engine manufacturers, post-manufacture marinizers,
commercial vessel builders, and boat operators.
The group of companies that marinize their own base engines
presents no small business impacts concerns because all of the
manufacturers are large (using the Small Business Administration
definitions).
Numerous manufacturers of commercial vessels and commercial boats
qualify as small businesses. 12 This final rule, however, is
expected to impose very little additional cost on these entities.
According to discussions with several of these vessel and boat builders
and a related trade association, the production of new commercial
vessels is generally flexible enough to accommodate physical changes to
an engine without forcing a redesign of the vessel.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\12\ Commercial vessels are larger merchant vessels, typically
exceeding 400 feet in length and generally used in waterborne trade
and/or passenger transport. Commercial boats are smaller service,
industrial, and fishing vessels generally used in inland and coastal
waters. A more indepth description of these industry sectors is
contained in ``Industry Characterization: Commercial Marine Vessel
Manufacturers'' prepared by ICF, Inc. for US Environmental
Protection Agency, Contract No. 68-C5-0010, September 1998 (Docket
A-97-50, document II-A-3).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
The small entities likely to be affected by the final rule are
post-manufacture marinizers. These companies modify a land-based engine
for use in the marine environment. The following discussion of the
impacts on these companies is derived from an impact assessment
prepared for this rulemaking by ICF, Inc. and discussions with several
potentially affected companies. 13
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\13\ ``Characterization and Small Business Impact Assessment for
Small and Large Marine Compression Ignition Engine Manufacturers/
Marinizers,'' prepared by ICF Incorporated for U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Contract Number 68-C5-0010, September 1998
(Docket A-97-50; document II-A-4).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Through conversations with engine manufacturers and vessel
builders, EPA initially identified twelve small post-manufacture
marinizers. Four of these were subsequently eliminated from the
Agency's analysis (two were eliminated because there were subsidiary
companies of other companies on the list; two others were eliminated
because they do not actually manufacture marine engines). The eight
remaining companies were used to develop a model small company for
purposes of exploring the impact of this rulemaking. Using this model
small company as a guide, it was estimated that average compliance
costs will range from 1.3 percent to 3.9 percent (relative to total
revenues), depending on the compliance cost scenario used.
14 As discussed above, this final rule contains many
provisions to ease the burden of compliance for small post-manufacture
marinizers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\14\ ICF explored three cost scenarios: $100,000, $200,000, and
$300,000 per engine family.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Because the number of companies examined is so small, EPA also
performed an analysis using company-specific data instead of the model
company. According to this data, in the least costly compliance
scenario, four small post-manufacture marinizers may be affected by
more than 3 percent of sales, two companies by 1 to 3 percent of sales,
and two companies by less than 1 percent of sales. Of the four
companies originally thought to be affected by more than 3 percent of
sales, two were eliminated because they, in fact, only dress engines.
The original estimate of 3 percent is therefore an overstatement of
costs for these companies. As discussed above, a company dressing
engines needs to label the engines, but does not need to demonstrate
compliance with emission standards. Under the expanded definition of
engine dressing in the final rule, one additional company would be
exempt from certification requirements for most of its engines, which
undergo an exchange of turbochargers. Consequently, it is expected that
only one small company may be affected by more than 3 percent of annual
sales. It may, however, be possible for all marinizers subject to
certification requirements to reduce the impacts of this rule further.
For example, they can marinize a cleaner engine, thus reducing the
design and development costs associated with bringing a previous tier
engine to the new emission standards. Alternatively, they may be able
to work more closely with the base engine manufacturer to reduce the
need for extensive redesign of their marinization process.
C. Paperwork Reduction Act
The information collection requirements in this final rule have
been submitted for approval to the Office of Management and Budget
(OMB) under the Paperwork Reduction Act, 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq. An
Information Collection Request has been prepared by EPA, and a copy may
be obtained from Sandy Farmer, OPPE Regulatory Information Division;
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2137); 401 M St., S.W.;
Washington, DC 20460 or by calling (202) 260-2740.
The information being collected is to be used by EPA to ensure that
new marine diesel engines comply with applicable emissions standards
through certification requirements and various subsequent compliance
provisions.
The annual public reporting and recordkeeping burden for this
collection of information is estimated to average 589 hours per
response, with collection required annually. The estimated number of
respondents is 32. Burden means the total time, effort, or financial
resources expended by persons to generate, maintain, retain, disclose,
or provide information to or for a federal agency. This includes the
time needed to review instructions; develop, acquire, install, and
utilize technology and systems for the purposes of collecting,
validating, and verifying information, processing and maintaining
information, and disclosing and providing information; adjusting the
existing ways to comply with any previously applicable instructions and
requirements; train personnel to be able respond to a collection of
information; search data sources; complete and review the collection of
information; and transmit or otherwise disclose the information.
An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required
to respond to a collection of information unless it displays a
currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for EPA's
regulations are displayed in 40 CFR Part 9 and 48 CFR Chapter 15.
In compliance with the Paperwork Reduction Act (44 U.S.C. 3501 et
seq.), this document announces that the Information Collection Request
for this rulemaking has been forwarded to the Office of Management and
Budget (OMB) for review and approval. The Information Collection
Request describes the nature of the information collection and its
expected burden and cost. Sections 94.203, 94.206, 94.213, 94.215,
94.308, 94.309, 94.403, 94.404, 94.406, 94.508, 94.509, 94.803,
94.1104, 94.1108 do not apply until the Office of
[[Page 73329]]
Management and Budget has approved the information collection
requirements contained in them. We will publish a document in the
Federal Register announcing the information collection requirements are
approved.
D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act
Title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA), Public
Law 104-4, establishes requirements for federal agencies to assess the
effects of their regulatory actions on state, local, and tribal
governments and the private sector. Under section 202 of the UMRA, EPA
generally must prepare a written statement, including a cost-benefit
analysis, for proposed and final rules with ``federal mandates'' that
may result in expenditures to state, local, and tribal governments, in
the aggregate, or to the private sector, of $100 million or more in any
one year. Before promulgating an EPA rule for which a written statement
is needed, section 205 of the UMRA generally requires EPA to identify
and consider a reasonable number of regulatory alternatives and adopt
the least costly, most cost-effective, or least burdensome alternative
that achieves the objectives of the rule. The provisions of section 205
do not apply when they are inconsistent with applicable law. Moreover,
section 205 allows EPA to adopt an alternative other than the least
costly, most cost-effective, or least burdensome alternative if the
Administrator publishes with the final rule an explanation of why that
alternative was not adopted. Before EPA establishes any regulatory
requirements that may significantly or uniquely affect small
governments, including tribal governments, it must have developed under
section 203 of the UMRA a small government agency plan. The plan must
provide for notifying potentially affected small governments, enabling
officials of affected small governments to have meaningful and timely
input in the development of EPA regulatory proposals with significant
federal intergovernmental mandates, and informing, educating, and
advising small governments on compliance with the regulatory
requirements.
EPA has determined that this rule does not contain a federal
mandate that may result in expenditures of $100 million or more for
state, local, and tribal governments, in the aggregate, or the private
sector in any one year. The rule does not impose any enforceable duties
on state, local, or tribal governments, i.e., they manufacture no
engines and are therefore not required to comply with the requirements
of this rule. For the same reason, EPA has determined that this rule
also contains no regulatory requirements that might significantly or
uniquely affect small governments. EPA projects that annual economic
effects will be far less than $100 million. Thus, this final rule is
not subject to the requirements of sections 202 and 205 of the UMRA.
E. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act
Section 12(d) of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement
Act of 1995 (``NTTAA''), Public Law 104-113, section 12(d) (15 U.S.C.
272 note) directs EPA to use voluntary consensus standards in its
regulatory activities unless doing so would be inconsistent with
applicable law or otherwise impractical. Voluntary consensus standards
are technical standards (e.g., materials specifications, test methods,
sampling procedures, and business practices) that are developed or
adopted by voluntary consensus standards bodies. NTTAA directs EPA to
provide Congress, through OMB, explanations when the Agency decides not
to use available and applicable voluntary consensus standards.
In specifying the proposed test procedures for marine engines, we
sought to maximize consistency with other nonroad programs in 40 CFR
Parts 89 and 92. This is because most commercial marine engines in the
U.S. are derivations of engines that are regulated under 40 CFR Parts
89 and 92. The test procedures from these EPA programs sections are
very similar to those specified in ISO 8178, with a few important
differences. First, the ISO procedures correct measured emissions to a
narrow set of reference testing conditions to minimize variability in
measured emission values. This is in conflict with our goal generally
to ensure to control of emissions over the wide range of engine
operation and ambient conditions that the engine can reasonably be
expected to encounter in use. The narrow set of ISO reference testing
conditions is also in conflict with the not-to-exceed emission
standards in this final rule, which specifically requires manufacturers
to control emissions in a zone of engine operation over defined ranges
of test conditions that are wider. Second, the ISO procedures allow
wide discretion for manufacturers to set important test parameters such
as rated speed and fuel properties. We describe in the Summary and
Analysis of Comments why it is important to define an explicit
procedure to determine an objective value for an engine's rated speed
and to establish a range of test fuel properties (especially sulfur).
Third, an ISO committee is in the process of making various corrections
to the calculations and sampling and analysis procedures currently
specified in 8178. EPA is hopeful that future ISO test procedures will
be developed that are usable for the broad range of testing needed, and
that such procedures could then be adopted by reference. EPA also
expects that any development of revised test procedures will be done in
accordance with ISO procedures and in a balanced manner and thus
include the opportunity for involvement of a range of interested
parties (potentially including parties such as industry, EPA, state
governments, and environmental groups) so that the resulting procedures
can represent these different interests.
F. Protection of Children
Executive Order 13045, entitled ``Protection of Children from
Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks'' (62 FR 19885, April 23,
1997), applies to a rule that is determined to be ``economically
significant,'' as defined under Executive Order 12866, if the
environmental health or safety risk addressed by the rule has a
disproportionate effect on children. For these rules, the Agency must
evaluate the environmental health or safety effects of the planned rule
on children; and explain why the planned regulation is preferable to
other potentially effective and reasonably feasible alternatives
considered by the Agency.
This final rule is not subject to Executive Order 13045, because it
does not involve decisions on environmental health or safety risks that
may disproportionately affect children. Moreover, this rule is
determined not to be economically significant under Executive Order
12866.
G. Executive Order 13132 (Federalism)
Executive Order 13132, entitled ``Federalism'' (64 FR 43255, August
10, 1999), requires EPA to develop an accountable process to ensure
``meaningful and timely input by State and local officials in the
development of regulatory policies that have federalism implications.''
``Policies that have federalism implications'' is defined in the
Executive Order to include regulations that have ``substantial direct
effects on the States, on the relationship between the national
government and the States, or on the distribution of power and
responsibilities among the various levels of government.'' Under
Executive Order 13132, EPA may not issue a regulation that has
federalism implications, that imposes substantial direct compliance
costs, and that is not required by statute, unless the Federal
government provides the funds
[[Page 73330]]
necessary to pay the direct compliance costs incurred by State and
local governments, or EPA consults with State and local officials early
in the process of developing the proposed regulation. EPA also may not
issue a regulation that has federalism implications and that preempts
State law unless the Agency consults with State and local officials
early in the process of developing the proposed regulation.
If EPA complies by consulting, Executive Order 13132 requires EPA
to provide to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), in a
separately identified section of the preamble to the rule, a federalism
summary impact statement (FSIS). The FSIS must include a description of
the extent of EPA's prior consultation with State and local officials,
a summary of the nature of their concerns and the agency's position
supporting the need to issue the regulation, and a statement of the
extent to which the concerns of State and local officials have been
met. Also, when EPA transmits a draft final rule with federalism
implications to OMB for review pursuant to Executive Order 12866, EPA
must include a certification from the agency's Federalism Official
stating that EPA has met the requirements of Executive Order 13132 in a
meaningful and timely manner.
This final rule will not have substantial direct effects on the
States, on the relationship between the national government and the
States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the
various levels of government, as specified in Executive Order 13132.
This final rule creates no mandate on state, local or tribal
governments. The rule imposes no enforceable duties on these entities,
because they do not manufacture any engines that are subject to this
rule. This rule will be implemented at the federal level and impose
compliance obligations only on private industry. Thus, the requirements
of section 6 of the Executive Order do not apply to this rule.
H. Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments
Under Executive Order 13084, EPA may not issue a regulation that is
not required by statute, that significantly or uniquely affects the
communities of Indian tribal governments, and that imposes substantial
direct compliance costs on those communities, unless the federal
government provides the funds necessary to pay the direct compliance
costs incurred by the tribal governments, or EPA consults with those
governments. If EPA complies by consulting, Executive Order 13084
requires EPA to provide to the Office of Management and Budget, in a
separately identified section of the preamble to the rule, a
description of the extent of EPA's prior consultation with
representatives of affected tribal governments, a summary of the nature
of their concerns, and a statement supporting the need to issue the
regulation. In addition, Executive Order 13084 requires EPA to develop
an effective process permitting elected officials and other
representatives of Indian tribal governments ``to provide meaningful
and timely input in the development of regulatory policies on matters
that significantly or uniquely affect their communities.''
This final rule will not significantly or uniquely affect the
communities of Indian tribal governments. As noted above, this rule
will be implemented at the federal level and impose compliance
obligations only on private industry. Accordingly, the requirements of
section 3(b) of Executive Order 13084 do not apply to this rule.
I. Submission to Congress and the Comptroller General
The Congressional Review Act, 5 U.S.C. 801 et seq., as added by the
Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996, generally
provides that before a rule may take effect, the agency promulgating
the rule must submit a rule report, which includes a copy of the rule,
to each House of the Congress and to the Comptroller General of the
United States. EPA will submit a report containing this rule and other
required information to the U.S. Senate, the U.S. House of
Representatives, and the Comptroller General of the United States prior
to publication of the rule in the Federal Register. This rule is not a
``major rule'' as defined by 5 U.S.C. 804 (2).
XI. Judicial Review
Under section 307(b) of the Act, EPA finds that these regulations
are of national applicability. Accordingly, judicial review of this
action is available only by filing a petition for review in the United
States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit by
February 28, 2000. Under section 307 (b)(2) of the Act, the
requirements published in this document may not be challenged later in
judicial proceedings brought by EPA to enforce these requirements.
List of Subjects
40 CFR Part 89
Environmental protection, Administrative practice and procedure,
Confidential business information, Diesel fuel, Imports, Labeling,
Motor vehicle pollution, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements,
Research, Vessels, Warranties.
40 CFR Part 92
Environmental protection, Administrative practice and procedure,
Air pollution control, Confidential business information, Imports,
Labeling, Railroads, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements,
Warranties.
40 CFR Part 94
Environmental protection, Administrative practice and procedure,
Air pollution control, Confidential business information, Diesel fuel,
Imports, Incorporation by reference, Penalties, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements, Research, Vessels, Warranties.
Dated: November 23, 1999.
Carol M. Browner,
Administrator.
For the reasons set out in the preamble, title 40, chapter I, of
the Code of Federal Regulations is amended as set forth below.
PART 89--[AMENDED]
1. The authority citation for Part 89 is revised to read as
follows:
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7521, 7522, 7523, 7524, 7525, 7541, 7542,
7543, 7545, 7547, 7549, 7550, and 7601(a).
Subpart A--[Amended]
2. Section 89.1 is revised to read as follows:
Sec. 89.1 Applicability.
(a) This part applies for all compression-ignition nonroad engines
(see definition of ``nonroad engine'' in Sec. 89.2) except those
specified in paragraph (b) of this section. This means that the engines
for which this part applies include but are not limited to the
following:
(1) Compression-ignition engines exempted from the requirements of
40 CFR Part 92 by 40 CFR 92.907;
(2) Compression-ignition engines exempted from the requirements of
40 CFR Part 94 by 40 CFR 94.907;
(3) Portable compression-ignition engines that are used in but not
installed in marine vessels (as defined in the General Provisions of
the United States Code, 1 U.S.C. 3);
[[Page 73331]]
(4) Non-propulsion compression-ignition engines used in
locomotives; and
(5) Compression-ignition marine engines with rated power under 37
kW.
(b) (1) Aircraft engines. This part does not apply for engines used
in aircraft (as defined in 40 CFR 87.1).
(2) Mining engines. This part does not apply for engines used in
underground mining of engines used in underground mining equipment and
regulated by the Mining Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) in 30
CFR Parts 7, 31, 32, 36, 56, 57, 70, and 75.
(3) Locomotive engines. This part does not apply for engines that:
(i) Are subject to the standards of 40 CFR part 92; or
(ii) Are exempted from the requirements of 40 CFR part 92 by
exemption provisions of 40 CFR part 92 other than those specified in 40
CFR 92.907.
(4) Marine engines. This part does not apply for engines that:
(i) Are subject to the standards of 40 CFR part 94;
(ii) Are exempted from the requirements of 40 CFR part 94 by
exemption provisions of 40 CFR part 94 other than those specified in 40
CFR 94.907; or
(iii) Are marine engines (as defined in 40 CFR part 94) with rated
power at or above 37kW that are manufactured in calendar years in which
the standards of 40 CFR part 94 are not yet applicable.
(5) Hobby engines. This part does not apply for engines with a per-
cylinder displacement of less than 50 cubic centimeters.
3. Section 89.2 is amended by revising the definition of ``New'' to
read as follows:
Sec. 89.2 Definitions.
* * * * *
New for purposes of this part, means a nonroad engine, nonroad
vehicle, or nonroad equipment the equitable or legal title to which has
never been transferred to an ultimate purchaser. Where the equitable or
legal title to the engine, vehicle, or equipment is not transferred to
an ultimate purchaser until after the engine, vehicle, or equipment is
placed into service, then the engine, vehicle, or equipment will no
longer be new after it is placed into service. A nonroad engine,
vehicle, or equipment is placed into service when it is used for its
functional purposes. With respect to imported nonroad engines, nonroad
vehicles, or nonroad equipment, the term new means an engine, vehicle,
or piece of equipment that is not covered by a certificate of
conformity issued under this part at the time of importation, and that
is manufactured after the effective date of a regulation issued under
this part which is applicable to such engine, vehicle, or equipment (or
which would be applicable to such engine, vehicle, or equipment had it
been manufactured for importation into the United States).
* * * * *
PART 92--[AMENDED]
4. The authority citation for Part 92 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7522, 7523, 7524, 7525, 7541, 7542, 7543,
7545, 7547, 7549, 7550 and 7601(a).
Subpart F--[Amended]
5. Section 92.503 is amended by adding paragraph (c) to read as
follows:
Sec. 92.503 General Requirements.
* * * * *
(c) Upon request, the Administrator may also allow manufacturers
(and remanufacturers, where applicable) to conduct alternate production
line testing programs, provided the Administrator determines that the
alternate production line testing program provides equivalent assurance
that the locomotives and locomotive engines that are being produced
conform to the provisions of this part. As part of this allowance or
for other reasons, the Administrator may waive some or all of the
requirements of this subpart.
6. Section 92.506 is amended by revising paragraph (c) to read as
follows:
Sec. 92.506 Test procedures.
* * * * *
(c) Service Accumulation/Green Engine factor. The manufacturer or
remanufacturer shall accumulate service on the locomotives and
locomotive engines to be tested up to 300 hours of operation. In lieu
of conducting such service accumulation, the manufacturer or
remanufacturer may establish a Green Engine factor for each regulated
pollutant for each engine family to be used in calculating emissions
test results. The manufacturer or remanufacturer shall obtain the
approval of the Administrator prior to using a Green Engine factor.
* * * * *
7. Part 94 is added to read as follows:
PART 94--CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION FROM MARINE COMPRESSION-IGNITION
ENGINES
Subpart A--General Provisions for Emission Regulations for Compression-
Ignition Marine Engines
Sec.
94.1 Applicability.
94.2 Definitions.
94.3 Abbreviations.
94.4 Treatment of confidential information.
94.5 Reference materials.
94.6 Regulatory structure.
94.7 General standards and requirements.
94.8 Exhaust emission standards.
94.9 Compliance with emission standards.
94.10 Warranty period.
94.11 Requirements for rebuilding certified engines.
94.12 Interim provisions.
Subpart B--Test Procedures
94.101 Applicability.
94.102 General provisions.
94.103 Test procedures for Category 1 marine engines.
94.104 Test procedures for Category 2 marine engines.
94.105 Duty cycles.
94.106 Supplemental test procedures.
94.107 Determination of maximum test speed.
94.108 Test fuels.
Subpart C--Certification Provisions
94.201 Applicability.
94.202 Definitions.
94.203 Application for certification.
94.204 Designation of engine families.
94.205 Prohibited controls, adjustable parameters.
94.206 Required information.
94.207 Special test procedures.
94.208 Certification.
94.209 Special provisions for post-manufacture marinizers.
94.210 Amending the application and certificate of conformity.
94.211 Emission-related maintenance instructions for purchasers.
94.212 Labeling.
94.213 Submission of engine identification numbers.
94.214 Production engines.
94.215 Maintenance of records; submittal of information; right of
entry.
94.216 Hearing procedures.
94.217 Emission data engine selection.
94.218 Deterioration factor determination.
94.219 Durability data engine selection.
94.220 Service accumulation.
94.221 Application of good engineering judgment.
94.222 Certification of engines on imported vessels.
Subpart D--Certification Averaging, Banking, and Trading Provisions
94.301 Applicability.
94.302 Definitions.
94.303 General provisions.
94.304 Compliance requirements.
94.305 Credit generation and use calculation.
94.306 Certification.
[[Page 73332]]
94.307 Labeling.
94.308 Maintenance of records.
94.309 Reports.
94.310 Notice of opportunity for hearing.
Subpart E--Emission-related Defect Reporting Requirements, Voluntary
Emission Recall Program
94.401 Applicability.
94.402 Definitions.
94.403 Emission defect information report.
94.404 Voluntary emissions recall reporting.
94.405 Alternative report formats.
94.406 Reports filing: record retention.
94.407 Responsibility under other legal provisions preserved.
94.408 Disclaimer of production warranty applicability.
Subpart F--Manufacturer Production Line Testing Programs
94.501 Applicability.
94.502 Definitions.
94.503 General requirements.
94.504 Right of entry and access.
94.505 Sample selection for testing.
94.506 Test procedures.
94.507 Sequence of testing.
94.508 Calculation and reporting of test results.
94.509 Maintenance of records; submittal of information.
94.510 Compliance with criteria for production line testing.
94.511 [Reserved]
94.512 Suspension and revocation of certificates of conformity.
94.513 Request for public hearing.
94.514 Administrative procedures for public hearing.
94.515 Hearing procedures.
94.516 Appeal of hearing decision.
94.517 Treatment of confidential information.
Subpart G--[Reserved]
Subpart H--Recall Regulations
94.701 Applicability.
94.702 Definitions.
94.703 Applicability of 40 CFR Part 85, Subpart S.
Subpart I--Importation of Nonconforming Engines
94.801 Applicability.
94.802 Definitions.
94.803 Admission.
94.804 Exemptions.
94.805 Prohibited acts; penalties.
Subpart J--Exclusion and Exemption Provisions
94.901 Purpose and applicability.
94.902 Definitions.
94.903 Exclusions.
94.904 Exemptions.
94.905 Testing exemption.
94.906 Manufacturer-owned exemption, display exemption, competition
exemption, and foreign trade vessel exemption.
94.907 Engine dressing exemption.
94.908 National security exemption.
94.909 Export exemptions.
94.910 Granting of exemptions.
94.911 Submission of exemption requests.
Subpart K--[Reserved]
Subpart L--General Enforcement Provisions and Prohibited Acts
94.1101 Applicability.
94.1102 Definitions.
94.1103 Prohibited acts.
94.1104 General enforcement provisions.
94.1105 Injunction proceedings for prohibited acts.
94.1106 Penalties.
94.1107 Warranty provisions.
94.1108 In-use compliance provisions.
Appendix I to Part 94--Emission-Related Engine Parameters and
Specifications.
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7522, 7523, 7524, 7525, 7541, 7542, 7543,
7545, 7547, 7549, 7550 and 7601(a).
Subpart A--General Provisions for Emission Regulations for
Compression-Ignition Marine Engines
Sec. 94.1 Applicability.
(a) Except as noted in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, the
provisions of this part apply to manufacturers (including post-
manufacture marinizers and dressers), rebuilders, owners and operators
of:
(1) Marine engines that are compression-ignition engines
manufactured (or that otherwise become new) on or after January 1,
2004;
(2) Marine vessels manufactured (or that otherwise become new) on
or after January 1, 2004 and which include a compression-ignition
marine engine.
(b) Notwithstanding the provision of paragraph (c) of this section,
the requirements and prohibitions of this part do not apply with
respect to the engines identified in paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) of this
section where such engines are:
(1) Category 3 marine engines;
(2) Marine engines with rated power below 37 kW; or
(3) Marine engines on foreign vessels.
(c) The provisions of subpart L of this part apply to all persons
with respect to the engines identified in paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) of
this section.
(d) The provisions of this part do not apply to any persons with
respect to the engines not identified in paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) of
this section.
(e) The prohibition specified in Sec. 94.1103(a)(6) applies to all
persons with respect to recreational marine engines. Notwithstanding
the provision of paragraph (c) of this section, requirements or
prohibitions other than the prohibition specified in Sec. 94.1103(a)(6)
do not apply with respect to recreational marine engines.
Sec. 94.2 Definitions.
(a) The definitions of this section apply to this subpart. They
also apply to all subparts of this part, except where noted otherwise.
(b) As used in this part, all terms not defined in this section
shall have the meaning given them in the Act: Act means the Clean Air
Act as amended (42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.).
Adjustable Parameter means any device, system, or element of design
which is physically or electronically capable of being adjusted
(including those which are difficult to access) and which, if adjusted,
may affect emissions or engine performance during emission testing.
Administrator means the Administrator of the Environmental
Protection Agency or his/her authorized representative.
Aftertreatment system or aftertreatment component or aftertreatment
technology means any system or component or technology mounted
downstream of the exhaust valve or exhaust port whose design function
is to reduce exhaust emissions.
Applicable standard means a standard to which an engine is subject;
or, where an engine is certified to another standard or FEL, applicable
standard means the other standard or FEL to which the engine is
certified, as allowed by Sec. 94.8. This definition does not apply to
subpart D of this part.
Auxiliary engine means a marine engine that is not a propulsion
engine.
Auxiliary emission control device (AECD) means any element of
design which senses temperature, vessel speed, engine RPM, atmospheric
pressure, manifold pressure or vacuum, or any other parameter for the
purpose of activating, modulating, delaying, or deactivating the
operation of any part of the emission control system (including, but
not limited to injection timing); or any other feature that causes in-
use emissions to be higher than those measured under test conditions.
Averaging means the exchange of emission credits among engine
families within a given manufacturer's product line.
Banking means the retention of emission credits by a credit holder
for use in future calendar year averaging or trading as permitted by
the regulations in this part.
Base engine means a land-based engine to be marinized, as
configured prior to marinization.
Blue Sky Series engine means an engine meeting the requirements of
Sec. 94.7(e).
Calibration means the set of specifications, including tolerances,
specific to a particular design, version, or application of a
component, or components, or assembly capable of functionally
describing its operation over its working range.
[[Page 73333]]
Category 1 means relating to a marine engine with a rated power
greater than or equal to 37 kilowatts and a specific engine
displacement less than 5.0 liters per cylinder.
Category 2 means relating to a marine engine with a specific engine
displacement greater than or equal to 5.0 liters per cylinder but less
than 30 liters per cylinder.
Category 3 means relating to a marine engine with a specific engine
displacement greater than or equal to 30 liters per cylinder.
Commercial marine engine means a marine engine that is not a
recreational marine engine.
Compliance date means the date on which compliance with a standard
becomes mandatory. For example, the compliance date for standards which
first apply to the 2004 model year, is January 1, 2004.
Compression-ignition means relating to a type of engine with
operating characteristics significantly similar to the theoretical
Diesel combustion cycle. The non-use of a throttle to regulate intake
air flow for controlling power during normal operation is indicative of
a compression-ignition engine.
Configuration means any subclassification of an engine family which
can be described on the basis of gross power, emission control system,
governed speed, injector size, engine calibration, and other parameters
as designated by the Administrator.
Constant-speed engine means an engine that is governed to operate
only at a single rated speed.
Crankcase emissions means airborne substances emitted to the
atmosphere from any portion of the engine crankcase ventilation or
engine lubrication system.
Defeat device means an AECD or other control feature that reduces
the effectiveness of the emission control system under conditions which
may reasonably be expected to be encountered in normal engine operation
and use, unless the AECD or other control feature has been identified
by the manufacturer in the application for certification, and:
(1) Such conditions are substantially represented by the portion of
the applicable duty cycle of Sec. 94.105 during which the applicable
emission rates are measured;
(2) The need for the AECD or other control feature is justified in
terms of protecting the engine or vessel against damage or accident; or
(3) The AECD or other control feature does not go beyond the
requirements of engine starting.
Designated Officer means the person designated by the Director of
the Office of Mobile Sources to act as the Designated Officer under the
provisions of this part. For marine engines, the address for the
Designated Officer is: Group Manager, Engine Compliance Group, U.S. EPA
(mail code 6403J), 401 M Street SW, Washington, DC, 20460.
Deterioration factor means the difference between exhaust emissions
at the end of useful life and exhaust emissions at the low hour test
point expressed as either: the ratio of exhaust emissions at the end of
useful life to exhaust emissions at the low hour test point (for
multiplicative deterioration factors); or the difference between
exhaust emissions at the end of useful life and exhaust emissions at
the low hour test point (for additive deterioration factors).
Diesel fuel means any fuel suitable for use in diesel engines which
is commonly or commercially known or sold as diesel fuel.
Dresser means any entity that modifies a land-based engine for use
in a marine vessel, in compliance with the provisions of Sec. 94.907.
This means that dressers may not modify the engine in a way that would
affect emissions.
Emission control system means those devices, systems or elements of
design which control or reduce the emission of substances from an
engine. This includes, but is not limited to, mechanical and electronic
components and controls, and computer software.
Emission credits means the amount of emission reduction or
exceedance, by an engine family, below or above the emission standard,
respectively, as calculated under subpart D of this part. Emission
reductions below the standard are considered as ``positive credits,''
while emission exceedances above the standard are considered as
``negative credits.'' In addition, ``projected credits'' refer to
emission credits based on the projected applicable production/sales
volume of the engine family. ``Reserved credits'' are emission credits
generated within a calendar year waiting to be reported to EPA at the
end of the calendar year. ``Actual credits'' refer to emission credits
based on actual applicable production/sales volume as contained in the
end-of-year reports submitted to EPA.
Emission-data engine means an engine which is tested for purposes
of emission certification or production line testing.
Emission-related defect means a defect in design, materials, or
workmanship in a device, system, or assembly which affects any
parameter or specification enumerated in Appendix I of this part.
Emission-related maintenance means that maintenance which
substantially affects emissions or which is likely to affect the
deterioration of the engine or vessel with respect to emissions.
Engine family means a group of engine configurations that are
expected to have similar emission characteristics throughout the useful
lives of the engines (see Sec. 94.204), and that are (or were) covered
(or requested to be covered) by a specific certificate of conformity.
Engineering analysis means a summary of scientific and/or
engineering principles and facts that support a conclusion made by a
manufacturer, with respect to compliance with the provisions of this
part.
EPA Enforcement Officer means any officer or employee of the
Environmental Protection Agency so designated in writing by the
Administrator or his/her designee.
Exhaust emissions means substances (i.e., gases and particles)
emitted to the atmosphere from any opening downstream from the exhaust
port or exhaust valve of an engine.
Exhaust gas recirculation means an emission control technology that
reduces emissions by routing gases that had been exhausted from the
combustion chamber(s) back into the engine to be mixed with incoming
air prior to or during combustion. The use of valve timing to increase
the amount of residual exhaust gas in the combustion chamber(s) that is
mixed with incoming air prior to or during combustion is not considered
to be exhaust gas recirculation for the purposes of this part.
Family Emission Limit (FEL) means an emission level declared by the
certifying manufacturer to serve in lieu of an otherwise applicable
emission standard for certification and compliance purposes in the
averaging, banking and trading program. FELs are expressed to the same
number of decimal places as the applicable emission standard.
Foreign vessel means a vessel of foreign registry or a vessel
operated under the authority of a country other than the United States.
Fuel system means the combination of fuel tank(s), fuel pump(s),
fuel lines and filters, pressure regulator(s), and fuel injection
components, fuel system vents, and any other component involved in the
delivery of fuel to the engine.
Green Engine Factor means a factor that is applied to emission
[[Page 73334]]
measurements from an engine that has had little or no service
accumulation. The Green Engine Factor adjusts emission measurements to
be equivalent to emission measurements from an engine that has had
approximately 300 hours of use.
Identification number means a specification (for example, model
number/serial number combination) which allows a particular engine to
be distinguished from other similar engines.
Importer means an entity or person who imports engines from a
foreign country into the United States (including its territories).
Intermediate Speed means peak torque speed if peak torque speed
occurs from 60 to 75 percent of maximum test speed. If peak torque
speed is less than 60 percent of maximum test speed, intermediate speed
means 60 percent of maximum test speed. If peak torque speed is greater
than 75 percent of maximum test speed, intermediate speed means 75
percent of maximum test speed.
Low hour engine means an engine during the interval between the
time that normal assembly operations and adjustments are completed and
the time that 300 additional operating hours have been accumulated
(including hours of operation accumulated during emission testing, if
performed).
Malfunction means a condition in which the operation of a component
in an engine occurs in a manner other than that specified by the
certifying manufacturer (e.g., as specified in the application for
certification); or the operation of an engine in that condition.
Manufacturer means any person engaged in the manufacturing or
assembling of new engines or importing such engines for resale, or who
acts for and is under the control of any such person in connection with
the distribution of such engines. The term manufacturer includes post-
manufacturer marinizers, but does not include any dealer with respect
to new engines received by such person in commerce.
Manufacturer-owned engine means an uncertified marine engine that
is owned and controlled by a manufacturer, is used for product
development, and is not sold or leased.
Marine engine means an engine that is installed or intended to be
installed on a marine vessel. This definition does not include portable
auxiliary engines for which the fueling, cooling and exhaust systems
are not integral parts of the vessel.
Marine vessel has the meaning specified in the General Provisions
of the United States Code, 1 U.S.C. 3.
Maximum Test Power means:
(1) For Category 1 engines, the power output observed at the
maximum test speed with the maximum fueling rate possible.
(2) For Category 2 engines, 90 percent of the power output observed
at the maximum test speed with the maximum fueling rate possible.
Maximum Test Torque means the torque output observed at the test
speed with the maximum fueling rate possible at that speed.
Method of aspiration means the method whereby air for fuel
combustion enters the engine (e.g., naturally aspirated or
turbocharged).
Model year means the manufacturer's annual new model production
period which includes January 1 of the calendar year, ends no later
than December 31 of the calendar year, and does not begin earlier than
January 2 of the previous calendar year. Where a manufacturer has no
annual new model production period, model year means calendar year.
New marine engine means:
(1)(i) A marine engine, the equitable or legal title to which has
never been transferred to an ultimate purchaser;
(ii) A marine engine installed on a vessel, the equitable or legal
title to such vessel has never been transferred to an ultimate
purchaser; or
(iii) A marine engine that has not been placed into service on a
vessel.
(2) Where the equitable or legal title to an engine or vessel is
not transferred to an ultimate purchaser prior to its being placed into
service, the engine ceases to be new after it is placed into service.
(3) With respect to imported engines, the term ``new marine
engine'' means an engine that is not covered by a certificate of
conformity under this part at the time of importation, and that was
manufactured after the starting date of the emission standards in this
part which are applicable to such engine (or which would be applicable
to such engine had it been manufactured for importation into the United
States).
New vessel means:
(1)(i) A vessel, the equitable or legal title to which has never
been transferred to an ultimate purchaser; or
(ii) A vessel that has been modified such that the value of the
modifications exceeds 50 percent of the value of the modified vessel.
(2) Where the equitable or legal title to a vessel is not
transferred to an ultimate purchaser prior to its being placed into
service, the vessel ceases to be new when it is placed into service.
Nonconforming marine engine means a marine engine which is not
covered by a certificate of conformity prior to importation or being
offered for importation (or for which such coverage has not been
adequately demonstrated to EPA); or a marine engine which was
originally covered by a certificate of conformity, but which is not in
a certified configuration, or otherwise does not comply with the
conditions of that certificate of conformity.
Note: This definition does not include domestic marine engines
which are not covered by a certificate of conformity prior to their
introduction into U.S. commerce; such engines are considered to be
``noncomplying marine engines.''
Oxides of nitrogen means nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide. Oxides
of nitrogen are expressed quantitatively as if the nitric oxide were in
the form of nitrogen dioxide (oxides of nitrogen are assumed to have a
molecular weight equivalent to nitrogen dioxide).
Passenger has the meaning given by 46 U.S.C. 2101(21). This
generally means that a passenger is a person that pays to be on the
vessel.
Post-manufacture marinizer means an entity that produces a marine
engine by modifying a non-marine engine, whether certified or
uncertified, complete or partially complete, where such entity is not
controlled by the manufacturer of the base engine or by an entity that
also controls the manufacturer of the base engine. In addition, vessel
manufacturers that substantially modify marine engines are post-
manufacture marinizers. For the purpose of this definition,
``substantially modify'' means changing an engine in a way that could
change engine emission characteristics.
Presentation of credentials means the display of the document
designating a person as an EPA enforcement officer.
Primary fuel means that type of fuel (e.g., petroleum distillate
diesel fuel) that is expected to be consumed in the greatest quantity
(volume basis) when the engine is operated in use.
Propulsion engine means an engine that moves a vessel through the
water or directs the movement of a vessel.
Recreational marine engine means a propulsion marine engine that is
intended by the manufacturer to be installed on a recreational vessel,
and which is permanently labeled as follows: ``THIS ENGINE IS
CATEGORIZED AS A RECREATIONAL ENGINE UNDER 40 CFR PART 94, AND IS NOT
SUBJECT TO THE EMISSION STANDARDS OF THAT PART. INSTALLATION OF THIS
ENGINE IN ANY NONRECREATIONAL VESSEL IS
[[Page 73335]]
A VIOLATION OF FEDERAL LAW SUBJECT TO CIVIL PENALTY.''
Recreational vessel means a vessel that is intended by the vessel
manufacturer to be operated primarily for pleasure or leased, rented or
chartered to another for the latter's pleasure. For this definition,
the term ``operated primarily for pleasure or leased, rented or
chartered to another for the latter's pleasure'' does not include the
following vessels:
(1) Vessels of less than 100 gross tons that carry more than 6
passengers (as defined in this section).
(2) Vessels of 100 gross tons or more that carry one or more
passengers (as defined in this section).
(3) Vessels used solely for competition.
Service life means the total life of an engine. Service life begins
when the engine is originally manufactured and continues until the
engine is permanently removed from service.
Specific emissions means emissions expressed on the basis of
observed brake power, using units of g/kW-hr. Observed brake power
measurement includes accessories on the engine if these accessories are
required for running an emission test (except for the cooling fan).
When it is not possible to test the engine in the gross conditions, for
example if the engine and transmission form a single integral unit, the
engine may be tested in the net condition. Power corrections from net
to gross conditions will be allowed with prior approval of the
Administrator.
Specified by a certificate of conformity or specified in a
certificate of conformity means stated or otherwise specified in a
certificate of conformity or an approved application for certification.
Test engine means an engine in a test sample.
Test sample means the collection of engines or vessels selected
from the population of an engine family for emission testing.
Tier 2 means relating to an engine subject to the Tier 2 emission
standards listed in Sec. 94.8.
Total Hydrocarbon Equivalent means the sum of the carbon mass
contributions of non-oxygenated hydrocarbons, alcohols and aldehydes,
or other organic compounds that are measured separately as contained in
a gas sample, expressed as petroleum-fueled engine hydrocarbons. The
hydrogen-to-carbon ratio of the equivalent hydrocarbon is 1.85:1.
Trading means the exchange of engine emission credits between
credit holders.
Ultimate Purchaser means, with respect to any new engine or vessel,
the first person who in good faith purchases such new engine or vessel
for purposes other than resale.
United States. United States includes the customs territory of the
United States as defined in 19 U.S.C. 1202, and the Virgin Islands,
Guam, American Samoa, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana
Islands.
U.S.-directed production volume means the number of marine engine
units, subject to this part, produced by a manufacturer for which the
manufacturer has reasonable assurance that sale was or will be made to
ultimate purchasers in the United States.
Useful life means the period during which an engine is designed to
properly function in terms of reliability and fuel consumption, without
being remanufactured, specified as hours of operation and years. It is
the period during which a new engine is required to comply with all
applicable emission standards. (Note: Sec. 94.9(a) specifies minimum
requirements for useful life values.)
Vessel means a marine vessel.
Voluntary emission recall means a repair, adjustment, or
modification program voluntarily initiated and conducted by a
manufacturer to remedy any emission-related defect for which
notification of engine or vessel owners has been provided.
Sec. 94.3 Abbreviations.
The abbreviations of this section apply to all subparts of this
part and have the following meanings:
AECD--Auxiliary emission control device.
API--American Petroleum Institute.
ASTM--American Society for Testing and Materials.
deg.C--Degrees Celsius.
CI--Compression ignition.
CO--Carbon monoxide.
CO2--Carbon dioxide.
disp.--volumetric displacement of an engine cylinder.
EGR--Exhaust gas recirculation.
EP--End point.
EPA--Environmental Protection Agency.
FEL--Family emission limit.
ft--foot or feet.
FTP--Federal Test Procedure.
g--gram(s).
g/kW-hr--Grams per kilowatt hour.
gal--U.S. gallon.
h--hour(s).
HC--hydrocarbon.
Hg--Mercury.
hp--horsepower.
ICI--Independent Commercial Importer.
in--inch(es).
K--Kelvin.
kg--kilogram(s).
km--kilometer(s).
kPa--kilopascal(s).
kW--kilowatt.
L/cyl--liters per cylinder.
m--meter(s).
max--maximum.
mg--milligram(s).
min--minute.
ml--milliliter(s).
mm--millimeter.
NIST--National Institute for Standards and Testing.
NMHC--Non-methane hydrocarbons.
NTIS--National Technical Information Service.
NO--nitric oxide.
NO2--nitrogen dioxide.
NOX--oxides of nitrogen.
No.--number.
O2--oxygen.
pct--percent.
PM--particulate matter.
PMM--post-manufacture marinizer.
ppm--parts per million by volume.
ppmC--parts per million, carbon.
rpm--revolutions per minute.
s--second(s).
SAE--Society of Automotive Engineers.
SEA--Selective Enforcement Auditing.
SI--International system of units (i.e., metric).
THC--Total hydrocarbon.
THCE--Total hydrocarbon equivalent.
U.S.--United States.
U.S.C.--United States Code.
vs--versus.
W--watt(s).
wt--weight.
Sec. 94.4 Treatment of confidential information.
(a) Any manufacturer may assert that some or all of the information
submitted pursuant to this part is entitled to confidential treatment
as provided by 40 CFR part 2, subpart B.
(b) Any claim of confidentiality must accompany the information at
the time it is submitted to EPA.
(c) To assert that information submitted pursuant to this part is
confidential, a person or manufacturer must indicate clearly the items
of information claimed confidential by marking, circling, bracketing,
stamping, or otherwise specifying the confidential information.
Furthermore, EPA requests, but does not require, that the submitter
also provide a second copy of its submittal from which all confidential
information has been deleted. If a need arises to publicly release
nonconfidential information, EPA will assume that the submitter has
accurately deleted the confidential information from this second copy.
(d) If a claim is made that some or all of the information
submitted pursuant to this part is entitled to confidential treatment,
the information covered by that confidentiality claim will be disclosed
by EPA only to the extent and by means of the procedures set forth in
40 CFR part 2, subpart B.
(e) Information provided without a claim of confidentiality at the
time of submission may be made available to
[[Page 73336]]
the public by EPA without further notice to the submitter, in
accordance with 40 CFR 2.204(c)(2)(i)(A).
Sec. 94.5 Reference materials.
(a) The documents in paragraph (b) of this section have been
incorporated by reference. The incorporation by reference was approved
by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C.
552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies may be inspected at U.S. EPA, OAR, 401
M Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460, or at the Office of the Federal
Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW., suite 700, Washington, DC.
(b) The following paragraphs and tables set forth the material that
has been incorporated by reference in this part:
(1) ASTM material. The following table sets forth material from the
American Society for Testing and Materials that has been incorporated
by reference. The first column lists the number and name of the
material. The second column lists the section(s) of the part, other
than this section, in which the matter is referenced. The second column
is presented for information only and may not be all-inclusive. More
recent versions of these standards may be used with advance approval of
the Administrator. Copies of these materials may be obtained from
American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Dr., West
Conshohocken, PA 19428. The table follows:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Document number and name 40 CFR part 94 reference
------------------------------------------------------------------------
ASTM D 86-97: ``Standard Test Method Sec. 94.108 to Subpart D.
for Distillation of Petroleum Products
at Atmospheric Pressure''.
ASTM D 93-97: ``Standard Test Methods Sec. 94.108 to Subpart D.
for Flash-Point by Pensky-Martens
Closed Cup Tester''.
ASTM D 129-95: ``Standard Test Method Sec. 94.108 to Subpart D.
for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
(General Bomb Method)''.
ASTM D 287-92: ``Standard Test Method Sec. 94.108 to Subpart D.
for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and
Petroleum Products'' (Hydrometer
Method).
ASTM D 445-97: ``Standard Test Method Sec. 94.108 to Subpart D.
for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
and Opaque Liquids (and the
Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)''.
ASTM D 613-95: ``Standard Test Method Sec. 94.108 to Subpart D.
for Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel Oil''.
ASTM D 1319-98: ``Standard Test Method Sec. 94.108 to Subpart D.
for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid
Petroleum Products by Fluorescent
Indicator Adsorption''.
ASTM D 2622-98: ``Standard Test Method Sec. 94.108 to Subpart D.
for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray
Fluorescence Spectrometry''.
ASTM D 5186-96: ``Standard Test Method Sec. 94.108 to Subpart D.
for ``Determination of the Aromatic
Content and Polynuclear Aromatic
Content of Diesel Fuels and Aviation
Turbine Fuels By Supercritical Fluid
Chromatography''.
ASTM E 29-93a: ``Standard Practice for Secs. 94.9, 94.218, 94.305,
Using Significant Digits in Test Data 94.508.
to Determine Conformance with
Specifications''.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) [Reserved]
Sec. 94.6 Regulatory structure.
This section provides an overview of the regulatory structure of
this part.
(a) The regulations of this Part 94 are intended to control
emissions from in-use marine engines.
(b) The engines for which the regulations of this part (i.e., 40
CFR part 94) apply are specified by Sec. 94.1, and by the definitions
of Sec. 94.2. The point at which an engine or vessel becomes subject to
the regulations of this part is determined by the definitions of new
marine engine and new marine vessel in Sec. 94.2. Subpart J of this
part contains provisions exempting certain engines and vessels from the
emission standards in this part under special circumstances.
(c) To comply with the requirements of this part, a manufacturer
must demonstrate to EPA that the engine meets the applicable standards
of Secs. 94.7 and 94.8, and all other requirements of this part. The
requirements of this certification process are described in subparts C
and D of this part.
(d) Subpart B of this part specifies procedures and equipment to be
used for conducting emission tests for the purpose of the regulations
of this part.
(e) Subparts E, F, and H of this part specify requirements for
manufacturers after certification; that is during production and use of
the engines.
(f) Subpart I of this part contains requirements applicable to the
importation of marine engines covered by the provisions of this part.
(g) Subpart L of this part describes prohibited acts and contains
other enforcement provisions relating to marine engines and vessels
covered by the provisions of this part.
(h) Unless specified otherwise, the provisions of this part apply
to all marine engines and vessels subject to the emission standards of
this part.
Sec. 94.7 General standards and requirements.
(a) Marine engines and vessels may not be equipped with a defeat
device.
(b) An engine may not be equipped with an emission control system
for the purpose of complying with emission standards if such a system
will cause or contribute to an unreasonable risk to public health,
welfare, or safety in its operation or function.
(c) An engine with an emission control system may not emit any
noxious or toxic substance which would not be emitted in the operation
of the engine in the absence of such a system, except as specifically
permitted by regulation.
(d) All engines subject to the emission standards of this part
shall be equipped with a connection in the engine exhaust system that
is located downstream of the engine and before any point at which the
exhaust contacts water (or any other cooling/scrubbing medium) for the
temporary attachment of gaseous and/or particulate emission sampling
equipment. This connection shall be internally threaded with standard
pipe threads of a size not larger than one-half inch, and shall be
closed by a pipe-plug when not in use. (Equivalent connections are
allowed.)
(e) Electronically controlled engines subject to the emission
standards of this part shall broadcast on engine's controller area
networks engine torque
[[Page 73337]]
(as percent of maximum) and engine speed.
Sec. 94.8 Exhaust emission standards.
(a) Exhaust emissions from marine compression-ignition engines
shall not exceed the applicable exhaust emission standards contained in
Table A-1 as follows:
Table A-1.--Primary Tier 2 Exhaust Emission Standards (g/kw-hr)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Engine size--liters/cylinder, rated Model THC+NOX g/ CO g/kW- PM g/kW-
power Category Year \1\ /kW-hr hr hr
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Disp. <0.9 and power 37 kW Category 1.................. 2005 7.5 5.0 0.40
0.9 disp. <1.2 all power Category 1.................. 2004 7.2 5.0 0.30
levels.
1.2 disp. <2.5 all power Category 1.................. 2004 7.2 5.0 0.20
levels.
2.5 disp. <5.0 all power Category 1.................. 2007 7.2 5.0 0.20
levels.
5.0 disp. <15.0 all power Category 2.................. 2007 7.8 5.0 0.27
levels.
15.0 disp. <20.0 power < Category 2.................. 2007 8.7 5.0 0.50
3300 kW.
15.0 disp. <20.0 power 3300 kW.
20.0 disp. <25.0 all power Category 2.................. 2007 9.8 5.0 0.50
levels.
25.0 disp. <30.0 all power Category 2.................. 2007 11.0 5.0 0.50
levels.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ The model years listed indicate the model years for which the specified standards start.
(b) Exhaust emissions of oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbon, and particulate matter (and other compounds, as
applicable) shall be measured using the procedures set forth in subpart
B of this part.
(c) In lieu of the THC+NOX standards, and PM standards
specified in paragraph (a) of this section, manufacturers may elect to
include engine families in the averaging, banking, and trading program,
the provisions of which are specified in subpart D of this part. The
manufacturer shall then set a family emission limit (FEL) which will
serve as the standard for that engine family.
(d)(1) Naturally aspirated engines subject to the standards of this
section shall not discharge crankcase emissions into the ambient
atmosphere.
(2) For engines using turbochargers, pumps, blowers, or
superchargers for air induction, if the engine discharges crankcase
emissions into the ambient atmosphere in use, these crankcase emissions
shall be included in all exhaust emission measurements.
(e) Exhaust emissions from propulsion engines subject to the
standards (or FELs) in paragraph (a), (c), or (f) of this section shall
not exceed:
(1) 1.20 times the applicable standards (or FELs) when tested in
accordance with the supplemental test procedures specified in
Sec. 94.106 at loads greater than or equal to 45 percent of the maximum
power at rated speed or 1.50 times the applicable standards (or FELs)
at loads less than 45 percent of the maximum power at rated speed; or
(2) 1.25 times the applicable standards (or FELs) when tested over
the whole power range in accordance with the supplemental test
procedures specified in Sec. 94.106.
(f) The following paragraphs define the requirements for low-
emitting Blue Sky Series engines.
(1) Voluntary standards. Engines may be designated ``Blue Sky
Series'' engines through the 2010 model year by meeting the voluntary
standards listed in Table A-2, which apply to all certification and in-
use testing, as follows:
Table A-2.--Voluntary Emission Standards (g/kW-hr)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rated Brake Power (kW) THC+NOX PM
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Power 37 kW, and displ.<0.9............ 4.0 0.24
0.9displ.<1.2.......................... 4.0 0.18
1.2displ.<2.5.......................... 4.0 0.12
2.5displ.<5............................ 5.0 0.12
5displ.<15............................. 5.0 0.16
15 disp. <20, and power <3300 kW....... 5.2 0.30
15 disp. <20, and power 3300 5.9 0.30
kW...............................................
20 disp. <25........................... 5.9 0.30
25 disp. <30........................... 6.6 0.30
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Additional standards. Blue Sky Series engines are subject to
all provisions that would otherwise apply under this part.
(3) Test procedures. Manufacturers may use an alternate procedure
to demonstrate the desired level of emission control if approved in
advance by the Administrator.
(g) Standards for alternative fuels. The standards described in
this section apply to compression-ignition engines, irrespective of
fuel, with the following two exceptions:
(1) Engines fueled with natural gas shall comply with
NMHC+NOX standards that are numerically equivalent to the
THC+NOX described in paragraph (a) of this section; and
(2) Engines fueled with alcohol fuel shall comply with
THCE+NOX standards that are numerically equivalent to the
THC+NOX described in paragraph (a) of this section.
Sec. 94.9 Compliance with emission standards.
(a) The general standards and requirements in Sec. 94.7 and the
emission standards in Sec. 94.8 apply to each new engine throughout its
useful life period. The useful life is specified both in years and in
hours of operation, and ends when either of the values (hours of
operation or years) is exceeded.
(1) The minimum useful life is 10 years or 10,000 hours of
operation for Category 1 and 10 years or 20,000 hours of operation for
Category 2.
(2) The manufacturer shall specify a longer useful life if the
engine is designed to remain in service longer than the applicable
minimum useful life without being rebuilt. A manufacturer's recommended
time to remanufacture/rebuild longer than the minimum useful life is
one indicator of a longer design life.
(3) Upon request by the manufacturer, the Administrator may allow
useful life values shorter than the minimum values specified in
paragraph (a)(1) of this section, provided:
(i) The useful life value may not be shorter than any of the
following:
(A) 1000 hours of operation.
(B) The manufacturer's recommended overhaul interval.
(C) The mechanical warranty provided by the manufacturer to the
owner.
(ii) The manufacturer must have documentation from in-use engines
showing that these engines will rarely operate longer than the
alternate useful life.
(iii) The manufacturer displays the useful life on the engine
label.
(b) Certification is the process by which manufacturers apply for
and obtain certificates of conformity from EPA, which allows the
manufacturer to introduce into commerce new marine engines for sale or
use in the U.S.
[[Page 73338]]
(1) Compliance with the applicable emission standards by an engine
family shall be demonstrated by the certifying manufacturer before a
certificate of conformity may be issued under Sec. 94.208.
Manufacturers shall demonstrate compliance using emission data,
measured using the procedures specified in Subpart B of this part, from
a low hour engine. A development engine that is equivalent in design to
the marine engines being certified may be used for Category 2
certification.
(2) The emission values to compare with the standards shall be the
emission values of a low hour engine, or a development engine, adjusted
by the deterioration factors developed in accordance with the
provisions of Sec. 94.219. Before any emission value is compared with
the standard, it shall be rounded, in accordance with ASTM E 29-93a
(incorporated by reference at Sec. 94.5), to the same number of
significant figures as contained in the applicable standard.
(c) Upon request by the manufacturer, the Administrator may limit
the applicability of exhaust emission requirements of Sec. 94.8(e) as
necessary for safety or to otherwise protect the engine.
Sec. 94.10 Warranty period.
(a) Warranties imposed by Sec. 94.1107 shall apply for a period of
operating hours equal to at least 50 percent of the useful life in
operating hours or a period of years equal to at least 50 percent of
the useful life in years, whichever comes first.
(b) Warranties imposed by Sec. 94.1107 shall apply for a period not
less than any mechanical warranties provided by the manufacturer to the
owner.
Sec. 94.11 Requirements for rebuilding certified engines.
(a) The provisions of this section apply with respect to engines
subject to the standards prescribed in Sec. 94.8 and are applicable to
the process of engine rebuilding. Engine rebuilding means to overhaul
an engine or to otherwise perform extensive service on the engine (or
on a portion of the engine or engine system). For the purpose of this
definition, perform extensive service means to disassemble the engine
(or portion of the engine or engine system), inspect and/or replace
many of the parts, and reassemble the engine (or portion of the engine
or engine system) in such a manner that significantly increases the
service life of the resultant engine.
(b) When rebuilding an engine, portions of an engine, or an engine
system, there must be a reasonable technical basis for knowing that the
resultant engine is equivalent, from an emissions standpoint, to a
certified configuration (i.e., tolerances, calibrations,
specifications), and the model year(s) of the resulting engine
configuration must be identified. A reasonable basis would exist if:
(1) Parts installed, whether the parts are new, used, or rebuilt,
are such that a person familiar with the design and function of motor
vehicle engines would reasonably believe that the parts perform the
same function with respect to emission control as the original parts;
and
(2) Any parameter adjustment or design element change is made only:
(i) In accordance with the original engine manufacturer's
instructions; or
(ii) Where data or other reasonable technical basis exists that
such parameter adjustment or design element change, when performed on
the engine or similar engines, is not expected to adversely affect in-
use emissions.
(c) When an engine is being rebuilt and remains installed or is
reinstalled in the same vessel, it must be rebuilt to a configuration
of the same or later model year as the original engine. When an engine
is being replaced, the replacement engine must be an engine of (or
rebuilt to) a certified configuration that is equivalent, from an
emissions standpoint, to the engine being replaced.
(d) At time of rebuild, emission-related codes or signals from on-
board monitoring systems may not be erased or reset without diagnosing
and responding appropriately to the diagnostic codes, regardless of
whether the systems are installed to satisfy requirements in
Sec. 94.211 or for other reasons and regardless of form or interface.
Diagnostic systems must be free of all such codes when the rebuilt
engine is returned to service. Such signals may not be rendered
inoperative during the rebuilding process.
(e)(1) When conducting a rebuild, all critical emission-related
components listed in Appendix I of this part not otherwise addressed by
paragraphs (b) through (d) of this section must be checked and cleaned,
adjusted, repaired, or replaced as necessary, following manufacturer
recommended practices.
(2) During the installation of a rebuilt engine, all critical
emission-related components listed in Appendix I of this part not
otherwise addressed by paragraphs (b) through (d) of this section must
be checked as necessary, following manufacturer recommended practices.
(f) Records shall be kept by parties conducting activities included
in paragraphs (b) through (e) of this section. At minimum the records
shall include the hours of operation at the time of rebuild, a listing
of work performed on the engine and emission-related control components
(including a listing of parts and components used, engine parameter
adjustments, emission-related codes or signals responded to and reset),
and work performed under paragraph (e) of this section.
(1) Parties may keep records in whatever format or system they
choose as long as the records are understandable to an EPA enforcement
officer or can be otherwise provided to an EPA enforcement officer in
an understandable format when requested.
(2) Parties are not required to keep records of information that is
not reasonably available through normal business practices including
information on activities not conducted by themselves or information
that they cannot reasonably access.
(3) Parties may keep records of their rebuilding practices for an
engine family rather than on each individual engine rebuilt in cases
where those rebuild practices are followed routinely.
(4) Records must be kept for a minimum of two years after the
engine is rebuilt.
Sec. 94.12 Interim provisions.
This section contains provisions that apply for a limited number of
calendar years or model years. These provisions apply instead of other
provisions of this part.
(a) Compliance date of standards. Post-manufacture marinizers may
elect to delay the model year of the Tier 2 standards as specified in
Sec. 94.8 by one year for each engine family. Compliance with the
standards becomes mandatory after that year. Post-manufacture
marinizers wishing to take advantage of this provision must inform the
Designated Officer of their intent to do so in writing before the date
that compliance with the standards would otherwise be mandatory.
(b) Early banking of emission credits. (1) A manufacturer may
optionally certify engines manufactured before the date the Tier 2
standards take effect to earn emission credits under the averaging,
banking, and trading program. Such optionally certified engines are
subject to all provisions relating to mandatory certification and
enforcement described in this part. Manufacturers may begin earning
credits on January 28, 2000.
[[Page 73339]]
(2) Consistent with the provisions of Subpart D of this part,
NOX and PM emission credits may be generated from engines
prior to the applicable effective compliance date of the applicable
standard (i.e., the effective compliance date in Sec. 94.8(a), as
applicable), relative to baseline emission rates.
(3)(i) THC+NOX credits generated under this paragraph
(b) shall be calculated as specified in Sec. 92.305, except that the
baseline emission rate may be either the applicable standard or a
measured THC+NOX baseline level for the configuration with
the lowest NOX emission rate in the applicable engine
family. The additional credits resulting from using a measured baseline
(instead of the applicable standard) shall be discounted by 10 percent.
This discount does not apply to the portion of the credits resulting
from the engine's emissions being below the applicable standard.
Baseline emission rates may not exceed the IMO NOX limits.
(ii) PM credits generated under this paragraph (b) shall be
calculated as specified in Sec. 94.305, except that the applicable
standard may be replaced by a measured PM baseline emission rate for
the configuration with the lowest NOX emission rate in the
applicable engine family that is approved in advance by the
Administrator. The additional credits resulting from using a measured
baseline (instead of the applicable standard) shall be discounted by 10
percent. This discount does not apply to the portion of the credits
resulting from the engine's emissions being below the applicable
standard.
(4)(i) For post-manufacture marinizers, measured baseline emission
levels may be based on emissions from a single engine for each engine
family.
(ii) For all other manufacturers, measured baseline emission levels
must be based on the average of emissions from at least three engines
for each engine family.
(iii) The Administrator must approve any measured baselines in
advance.
(5) For an engine to be eligible to generate early credits under
this paragraph (b), its certified emission levels for all pollutants
must be below the Tier 2 standards listed in Sec. 94.8, with the
following exception: PMMs may include in this early credit program
Category 1 marine engines with certified emissions above the Tier 2
standards listed in Sec. 94.8. Early credits generated by Category 1
marine engines with certified emissions above the Tier 2 standards
listed in Sec. 94.8 may not be used for model year 2008 or later
engines.
(c) Testing of Category 1 engines subject to the requirements of
this part that is conducted by the Administrator shall be performed
using test fuels that meet the specifications in Sec. 94.108 and have a
sulfur content no higher than 0.20 weight percent, unless the PM
emission rates are corrected for the effect of a higher fuel sulfur
content.
(d) Post-manufacture marinizers may import an uncertified engine
for marinization, in cases where the engine in the final marinized
configuration is not subject to the standards of this part because:
(1) The model year of the marinized engine is prior to the first
model year for which engines of that size are subject to the standards;
(2) The post-manufacture marinizer is marinizing the engine under
paragraph (a) of this section; or
(3) The post-manufacture marinizer is granted hardship relief from
the Tier 2 standards under Sec. 94.209(c).
(e) Notwithstanding the other provisions of this part, the
requirements of Sec. 94.8(e) start with 2010 model year engines for
post-manufacture marinizers and 2007 model year engines for all other
engine manufacturers.
Subpart B--Test Procedures
Sec. 94.101 Applicability.
Provisions of this subpart apply for testing performed by the
Administrator or a manufacturer.
Sec. 94.102 General provisions.
(a) The test procedures specified in this part are intended to
produce emission measurements that are equivalent to emission
measurements that would result from emission tests performed during in-
use operation using the same engine configuration installed in a
vessel.
(b) Test procedures otherwise allowed by the provisions of this
subpart shall not be used where such procedures are not consistent with
good engineering practice and the regulatory goal specified in
paragraph (a) of this section.
(c) Alternate test procedures may be used if shown to yield
equivalent results, and if approved in advance by the Administrator.
Sec. 94.103 Test procedures for Category 1 marine engines.
(a) Gaseous and particulate emissions shall be measured using the
test procedures specified in 40 CFR part 89, except as otherwise
specified in this subpart.
(b) The Administrator may specify changes to the provisions of
paragraph (a) of this section that are necessary to comply with the
general provisions of Sec. 94.102.
Sec. 94.104 Test procedures for Category 2 marine engines.
(a) Gaseous and particulate emissions shall be measured using the
test procedures specified in 40 CFR part 92, except as otherwise
specified in this subpart.
(b)(1) The requirements of 40 CFR part 92 related to charge air
temperatures, engine speed and load, and engine air inlet restriction
pressures do not apply for marine engines.
(2) For marine engine testing, charge air temperatures, engine
speed and load, and engine air inlet restriction pressures shall be
representative of typical in-use marine engine conditions.
(c) The Administrator may specify changes to the provisions of
paragraph (a) of this section that are necessary to comply with the
general provisions of Sec. 94.102.
Sec. 94.105 Duty cycles.
(a) Overview. For the purpose of determining compliance with the
emission standards of Sec. 94.8, except for those in Sec. 94.8(e),
engines shall be tested using the appropriate duty cycles described in
this section.
(b) General cycle. Propulsion engines that are used with (or
intended to be used with) fixed-pitch propellers, and any other engines
for the other duty cycles of this section don't apply, shall be tested
using the duty cycle described in the following Table B-1:
Table B-1.--General Marine Duty Cycle
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Engine
speed \1\ Percent of Minimum
Mode No. (percent of maximum time in Weighting
maximum test power mode factors
test speed) \2\ (minutes)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1........................................................... 100 100 5.0 0.20
2........................................................... 91 75 5.0 0.50
[[Page 73340]]
3........................................................... 80 50 5.0 0.15
4........................................................... 63 25 5.0 0.15
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Engine speed: 2 percent of point.
\2\ Power: 2 percent of engine maximum value.
(c) Variable-pitch and electrically coupled propellers. (1)
Constant-speed propulsion engines that are used with (or intended to be
used with) variable-pitch propellers or with electrically coupled
propellers shall be tested using the duty cycle described in the
following Table B-2:
Table B-2.--Duty Cycle for Constant-Speed Propulsion Engines
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Engine
speed \1\ Percent of Minimum
Mode No. (percent of maximum time in Weighting
maximum test power mode factors
test speed) \2\ (minutes)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1........................................................... 100 100 5.0 0.20
2........................................................... 100 75 5.0 0.50
3........................................................... 100 50 5.0 0.15
4........................................................... 100 25 5.0 0.15
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Engine speed: 2 percent of point.
\2\ Power: 2 percent of engine maximum value.
(2) For the purpose of determining compliance with the emission
standards of Sec. 94.8, variable-speed propulsion engines that are used
with (or intended to be used with) variable-pitch propellers or with
electrically coupled propellers shall be tested using the duty cycle
described in Table B-3, which follows:
Table B-3.--Duty Cycle for Variable Speed Propulsion Engines Used on Non-Propeller Law Vessels and for Variable
Speed Auxiliary Engines
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percent of Minimum
maximum time in Weighting
Test segment Mode No. Engine speed \1\ test torque mode factors
\2\ (minutes)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1......................... 1 Maximum Test Speed.............. 100 5.0 0.15
1......................... 2 Maximum Test Speed.............. 75 5.0 0.15
1......................... 3 Maximum Test Speed.............. 50 5.0 0.15
1......................... 4 Maximum Test Speed.............. 10 5.0 0.10
2......................... 5 Intermediate.................... 100 5.0 0.10
2......................... 6 Intermediate.................... 75 5.0 0.10
2......................... 7 Intermediate.................... 50 5.0 0.10
2......................... 8 Idle............................ 0 5.0 0.15
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Engine speed (non-idle): 2 percent of point. Engine speed (idle): Within manufacturer's
specifications. Idle speed is specified by the manufacturer.
\2\ Torque (non-idle): 2 percent of engine maximum value. Torque (idle): minimum fueling rate Load
less than 5 percent of peak torque.
(d) Auxiliary. For the purpose of determining compliance with the
emission standards of Sec. 94.8:
(1) Constant speed auxiliary engines shall be tested using the duty
cycle described in Table B-4, which follows:
Table B-4.--Duty Cycle for Constant-Speed Auxiliary Engines
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percent of Minimum
maximum time in Weighting
Mode No. Engine speed \1\ test torque mode factors
\2\ (minutes)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1............................... Maximum Test Speed..................... 100 5.0 0.05
2............................... Maximum Test Speed..................... 75 5.0 0.25
3............................... Maximum Test Speed..................... 50 5.0 0.30
4............................... Maximum Test Speed..................... 25 5.0 0.30
[[Page 73341]]
5............................... Maximum Test Speed..................... 10 5.0 0.10
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Engine speed: 2 percent of point.
\2\ Torque: 2 percent of engine maximum value.
(2) Variable speed auxiliary engines shall be tested using the duty
cycle described in Table B-3 in paragraph (c)(2) of this section.
Sec. 94.106 Supplemental test procedures.
This section describes the test procedures for supplemental testing
conducted to determine compliance with the exhaust emission
requirements of Sec. 94.8(e). In general, the supplemental test
procedures are the same as those otherwise specified by this subpart,
except that they cover any speeds, loads, ambient conditions, and
operating parameters that may be experienced in use. The test
procedures specified by other sections in this subpart also apply to
these tests, except as specified in this section.
(a) Notwithstanding other provisions of this subpart, testing
conducted to determine compliance with the exhaust emission
requirements of Sec. 94.8(e) may be conducted:
(1) At any speed and load (or any combination of speeds and loads
that is nominally steady-state) within the applicable Not To Exceed
Zone specified in paragraph (b) of this section;
(2)(i) Without correction, at any intake air temperature between
13 deg.C and 35 deg.C (or between 13 deg.C and 30 deg.C for engines not
drawing intake air directly from a space that could be heated by the
engine);
(ii) Without correction at any ambient water temperature (or
equivalent) between 5 deg.C and 27 deg.C;
(iii) Without correction at any ambient humidity between 7.1 and
10.7 grams of moisture per kilogram of dry air; and
(3) With a continuous sampling period not less than 30 seconds in
duration.
(b) The specified Not to Exceed Zones for marine engines are
defined as follows. These Not to Exceed Zones apply, unless a modified
zone is established under paragraph (c) of this section.
(1) For Category 1 engines certified using the duty cycle specified
in Sec. 94.105(a), the Not to Exceed zones are defined as follows:
(i) The Not to Exceed zone is the region between the curves power =
1.15 x SPD2 and power = 0.85 x SPD4,
excluding all operation below 25% of maximum power at rated speed and
excluding all operation below 63% of maximum test speed.
(ii) This zone is divided into two subzones, one above and one
below 45% of maximum power at rated speed.
(iii) SPD in paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this section refers to percent
of maximum test speed.
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P
[[Page 73342]]
(iv) See Figure B-1 for an illustration of this Not to Exceed zone
which follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR29DE99.002
[[Page 73343]]
(2) For Category 2 engines certified using the duty cycle specified
in Sec. 94.105(a), the Not to Exceed zones are defined as follows:
(i) The Not to Exceed zone is the region between the curves power =
1.04 x SPD2 and power = 0.76 x SPD4,
excluding all operation below 25% of maximum power at rated speed and
excluding all operation below 63% of maximum test speed.
(ii) This zone is divided into two subzones, one above and one
below 45% of maximum power at rated speed.
(iii) SPD in paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section refers to percent
of maximum test speed.
(iv) See Figure B-2 in paragraph (b)(3) of this section for an
illustration of this Not to Exceed zone.
(3) For engines certified using the duty cycle specified in
Sec. 94.105(b)(2), the Not to Exceed zones are defined as follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR29DE99.003
[[Page 73344]]
(i) The Not to Exceed zone is the region above the curve power =
0.85 x SPD2, excluding all operation below 25% of maximum
power at rated speed and excluding all operation below 63% of maximum
test speed.
(ii) This zone is divided into two subzones, one above and one
below 45% of maximum power at rated speed.
(iii) SPD in paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this section refers to percent
of maximum test speed.
(iv) See Figure B-3 for an illustration of this Not to Exceed zone:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR29DE99.004
[[Page 73345]]
(4) For engines certified using the duty cycle specified in
Sec. 94.105(b)(1), the Not to Exceed Zone is defined as any load
greater than or equal to 25 percent of maximum power at rated speed,
and at any speed at which the engine operates in use.
(c)(1) Upon request by the manufacturer, the Administrator may
specify a narrower Not to Exceed Zone for an engine family at the time
of certification, provided that the narrower Not to Exceed Zone
includes all speeds greater than 63 percent of maximum test speed and
loads greater than 25 percent of maximum power at rated speed at which
the engines are expected to normally operate in use.
(2) At the time of certification, the Administrator may specify, or
require the manufacturer to specify, a broader Not to Exceed Zone for
an engine family, provided that the broader Not to Exceed Zone includes
only speeds greater than 63 percent of maximum test speed and loads
greater than 25 percent of maximum power at rated speed at which the
engines are expected to normally operate in use.
(d) Testing conducted to determine compliance with the exhaust
emission requirements of Sec. 94.8(e) may be conducted at any ambient
air temperature or humidity outside the ranges specified in paragraph
(a)(2) of this section, provided that emission measurements are
corrected to be equivalent to measurements within the ranges specified
in paragraph (a)(2) of this section. Correction of emission
measurements made in accordance with this paragraph (d) shall be made
in accordance with good engineering practice. The measurements shall be
corrected to be within the range using the minimum possible correction.
(e) Testing conducted under this section may not include engine
starting.
Sec. 94.107 Determination of maximum test speed.
(a) Overview. This section specifies how to determine maximum test
speed from a lug curve. This maximum test speed is used in Secs. 94.105
and 94.106 (including the tolerances for engine speed specified in
Sec. 94.105).
(b) Generation of lug curve. Prior to beginning emission testing,
generate maximum measured brakepower versus engine speed data points
using the applicable method specified in 40 CFR 86.1332. These data
points form the lug curve. It is not necessary to generate the entire
lug curve. For the portion of the curve where power increases with
increasing speed, it is not necessary to generate points with power
less than 90 percent of the maximum power value. For the portion of the
curve where power decreases with increasing speed, it is not necessary
to generate points with power less than 75 percent of the maximum power
value.
(c) Normalization of lug curve. (1) Identify the point (power and
speed) on the lug curve at which maximum power occurs.
(2) Normalize the power values of the lug curve by dividing them by
the maximum power value identified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section,
and multiplying the resulting values by 100.
(3) Normalize the engine speed values of the lug curve by dividing
them by the speed at which maximum power occurs, which is identified in
paragraph (b)(1) of this section, and multiplying the resulting values
by 100.
(4) Maximum engine power is located on the normalized lug curve at
100 percent power and 100 percent speed.
(d) Determination of maximum test speed. Calculate the maximum test
speed from the speedfactor analysis described in this paragraph (d).
(1) For a given combination of engine power and speed (i.e., a
given power/speed point), the speedfactor is the distance to the
normalized power/speed point from the zero power, zero speed point. The
value of the speedfactor is defined as:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR29DE99.005
(2) Calculate speedfactors for the power/speed data points on the
lug curve, and determine the maximum value.
(3) Maximum test speed is the speed at which the maximum value for
the speedfactor occurs.
(e) For constant-speed engines, rated speed is the maximum test
speed.
Sec. 94.108 Test fuels.
(a) Distillate diesel test fuel. (1) The diesel fuels for testing
marine engines designed to operate on distillate diesel fuel shall be
clean and bright, with pour and cloud points adequate for operability.
The diesel fuel may contain nonmetallic additives as follows: cetane
improver, metal deactivator, antioxidant, dehazer, antirust, pour
depressant, dye, dispersant, and biocide. The diesel fuel shall also
meet the specifications (as determined using methods incorporated by
reference at Sec. 94.5) in Table B-5, or substantially equivalent
specifications approved by the Administrator, as follows:
Table B-5.--Federal Test Fuel Specifications
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Value (Type
Item Procedure (ASTM) \1\ 2-D)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cetane..................................................... D 613-95.............................. 40-48
Distillation Range:
IBP, deg.C............................................ D 86-97............................... 171-204
10% point, deg.C...................................... D 86-97............................... 204-238
50% point, deg.C...................................... D 86-97............................... 243-282
90% point, deg.C...................................... D 86-97............................... 293-332
EP, deg.C............................................. D 86-97............................... 321-366
Gravity, API........................................... D 287-92.............................. 32-37
Total Sulfur, weight%.................................. D 129-95 or D 2622-98................. 0.03-0.80
Hydrocarbon composition:
Aromatics, % vol....................................... D 1319-98 or D 5186-96................ 10 (2)
Paraffins, Naphthalenes, Olefins....................... D 1319-98............................. (3)
Flashpoint, deg.C (minimum)........................... D 93-97............................... 54
Viscosity @ 38 deg.C, Centistokes..................... D 445-97.............................. 2.0-3.2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ All ASTM procedures in this table have been incorporated by reference. See Sec. 94.6.
\2\ Minimum.
\3\ Remainder.
[[Page 73346]]
(2) Other diesel fuels may be used for testing provided:
(i) They are commercially available; and
(ii) Information, acceptable to the Administrator, is provided to
show that only the designated fuel would be used in service; and
(iii) Use of a fuel listed under paragraph (a)(1) of this section
would have a detrimental effect on emissions or durability; and
(iv) Written approval from the Administrator of the fuel
specifications is provided prior to the start of testing.
(3) The specification of the fuel to be used under paragraphs
(a)(1), and (a)(2) of this section shall be reported in the application
for certification.
(b) Other fuel types. For engines that are designed to be capable
of using a type of fuel (or mixed fuel) instead of or in addition to
distillate diesel fuel (e.g., natural gas, methanol, or nondistillate
diesel), and that are expected to use that type of fuel (or mixed fuel)
in service, a commercially available fuel of that type shall be used
for exhaust emission testing. The manufacturer shall propose for the
Administrator's approval a set of test fuel specifications that take
into account the engine design and the properties of commercially
available fuels. The Administrator may require testing on each fuel if
it is designed to operate on more than one fuel. These test fuel
specifications shall be reported in the application for certification.
(c) Service accumulation fuel. Fuel used for service accumulation
shall be representative of the typical fuel expected to be used by the
engines in service.
(d) Correction for sulfur. (1) Particulate emission measurements
from engines without exhaust aftertreatment obtained using a diesel
fuel containing more than 0.40 weight percent sulfur may be adjusted to
a sulfur content of 0.40 weight percent.
(2) Adjustments to the particulate measurement shall be made using
the following equation:
PMadj=PM-[BSFC *0.0917 *(FSF-0.0040)]
Where:
PMadj=adjusted measured PM level [g/kW-hr]
PM=measured weighted PM level [g/KW-hr]
BSFC=measured brake specific fuel consumption [g/KW-hr]
FSF=fuel sulfur weight fraction
Subpart C--Certification Provisions
Sec. 94.201 Applicability.
The requirements of this subpart are applicable to manufacturers of
engines subject to the standards of subpart A of this part.
Sec. 94.202 Definitions.
The definitions of subpart A of this part apply to this subpart.
Sec. 94.203 Application for certification.
(a) For each engine family that complies with all applicable
standards and requirements, the manufacturer shall submit to the
Administrator a completed application for a certificate of conformity.
(b) The application shall be approved and signed by the authorized
representative of the manufacturer.
(c) The application shall be updated and corrected by amendment,
where necessary, as provided for in Sec. 94.210 to accurately reflect
the manufacturer's production.
(d) Each application shall include all the following information:
(1)(i) A description of the basic engine design, including but not
limited to, the engine family specifications, the provisions of which
are contained in Sec. 94.204.
(ii) A list of distinguishable configurations to be included in the
engine family.
(2) An explanation of how the emission control system operates,
including detailed descriptions of:
(i) All emission control system components;
(ii) The injection timing map or maps (i.e., degrees before or
after top-dead-center), and any functional dependence of such timing on
other operational parameters (e.g., engine coolant temperature or
engine speed);
(iii) Each auxiliary emission control device (AECD); and
(iv) All fuel system components to be installed on any production
or test engine(s).
(3) A description of the test engine.
(4) Special or alternate test procedures, if applicable.
(5) A description of the operating cycle and the period of
operation necessary to accumulate service hours on the test engine and
stabilize emission levels.
(6) A description of all adjustable operating parameters (e.g.,
injection timing and fuel rate), including all the following:
(i) The nominal or recommended setting and the associated
production tolerances.
(ii) The physically adjustable range (Note: if this is different
than the intended adjustable range, describe why these are different).
(iii) The limits or stops used to limit adjustable ranges.
(iv) Production tolerances of the limits or stops used to establish
each physically adjustable range.
(v) Information relating to the reason that the physical limits or
stops used to establish the physically adjustable range of each
parameter, or any other means used to inhibit adjustment, are the most
effective means possible of preventing adjustment of parameters to
settings outside the manufacturer's specified adjustable ranges on in-
use engines.
(7) For families participating in the averaging, banking, and
trading program, the information specified in subpart D of this part.
(8) Projected U.S.-directed production volume information for each
configuration.
(9) A description of the test equipment and fuel used.
(10) All test data obtained by the manufacturer on each test
engine.
(11) The intended useful life period for the engine family, in
accordance with Sec. 94.9(a).
(12) The intended deterioration factors for the engine family, in
accordance with Sec. 94.218.
(13) All information required for EPA to interpret all messages and
parameters broadcast on an engine's controller area network, including
but not limited to message or parameter identification, scaling, limit,
offset, and transfer function. (The manufacturer may reference publicly
released controller area network standards where applicable. The format
of this information shall be provided in a format similar to publicly
released documents pertaining to controller area network standards.)
(14) A statement that the all the engines included in the engine
family comply with the Not To Exceed standards specified in
Sec. 94.8(e) when operated under all conditions which may reasonably be
expected to be encountered in normal operation and use; the
manufacturer also must provide a detailed description of all testing,
engineering analyses, and other information which provides the basis
for this statement.
(15) An unconditional statement certifying that all engines
included in the engine family comply with all requirements of this part
and the Clean Air Act.
(16) A statement indicating duty-cycle and application of the
engine (e.g., used to propel planing vessels, use to propel vessels
with variable-pitch propellers, constant-speed auxiliary, etc.).
(e) At the Administrator's request, the manufacturer shall supply
such additional information as may be required to evaluate the
application.
(f)(1) If the manufacturer submits some or all of the information
specified in paragraph (d) of this section in
[[Page 73347]]
advance of its full application for certification, the Administrator
shall review the information and make the determinations required in
Sec. 94.208 (d) within 90 days of the manufacturer's submittal.
(2) The 90-day decision period is exclusive of any elapsed time
during which EPA is waiting for additional information requested from a
manufacturer regarding an adjustable parameter (the 90-day period
resumes upon receipt of the manufacturer's response). For example, if
EPA requests additional information 30 days after the manufacturer
submits information under paragraph (f)(1) of this section, then the
Administrator would make a determination within 60 days of the receipt
of the requested information from the manufacturer.
(g)(1) The Administrator may modify the information submission
requirements of paragraph (d) of this section, provided that all of the
information specified therein is maintained by the manufacturer as
required by Sec. 94.215, and amended, updated, or corrected as
necessary.
(2) For the purposes of this paragraph (g), Sec. 94.215 includes
all information specified in paragraph (d) of this section, whether or
not such information is actually submitted to the Administrator for any
particular model year.
(3) The Administrator may review a manufacturer's records at any
time. At the Administrator's discretion, this review may take place
either at the manufacturer's facility or at another facility designated
by the Administrator.
Sec. 94.204 Designation of engine families.
This section specifies the procedure and requirements for grouping
of engines into engine families.
(a) Manufacturers shall divide their engines into groupings of
engines which are expected to have similar emission characteristics
throughout their useful life. Each group shall be defined as a separate
engine family.
(b) For Category 1 marine engines, the following characteristics
distinguish engine families:
(1) Fuel;
(2) Cooling method (including cooling medium);
(3) Method of air aspiration;
(4) Method of exhaust aftertreatment (for example, catalytic
converter or particulate trap);
(5) Combustion chamber design;
(6) Bore;
(7) Stroke;
(8) Number of cylinders, (engines with aftertreatment devices
only);
(9) Cylinder arrangement (engines with aftertreatment devices
only); and
(10) Fuel system configuration
(c) For Category 2 marine engines, the following characteristics
distinguish engine families:
(1) The combustion cycle (e.g., diesel cycle);
(2) The type of engine cooling employed (air-cooled or water-
cooled), and procedure(s) employed to maintain engine temperature
within desired limits (thermostat, on-off radiator fan(s), radiator
shutters, etc.);
(3) The bore and stroke dimensions;
(4) The approximate intake and exhaust event timing and duration
(valve or port);
(5) The location of the intake and exhaust valves (or ports);
(6) The size of the intake and exhaust valves (or ports);
(7) The overall injection, or as appropriate ignition, timing
characteristics (i.e., the deviation of the timing curves from the
optimal fuel economy timing curve must be similar in degree);
(8) The combustion chamber configuration and the surface-to-volume
ratio of the combustion chamber when the piston is at top dead center
position, using nominal combustion chamber dimensions;
(9) The location of the piston rings on the piston;
(10) The method of air aspiration (turbocharged, supercharged,
naturally aspirated, Roots blown);
(11) The turbocharger or supercharger general performance
characteristics (e.g., approximate boost pressure, approximate response
time, approximate size relative to engine displacement);
(12) The type of air inlet cooler (air-to-air, air-to-liquid,
approximate degree to which inlet air is cooled);
(13) The intake manifold induction port size and configuration;
(14) The type of fuel and fuel system configuration;
(15) The configuration of the fuel injectors and approximate
injection pressure;
(16) The type of fuel injection system controls (i.e., mechanical
or electronic);
(17) The type of smoke control system;
(18) The exhaust manifold port size and configuration; and
(19) The type of exhaust aftertreatment system (oxidation catalyst,
particulate trap), and characteristics of the aftertreatment system
(catalyst loading, converter size vs engine size).
(d) Upon request by the manufacturer, engines that are eligible to
be included in the same engine family based on the criteria in
paragraph (b) or (c) of this section may be divided into different
engine families. This request must be accompanied by information the
manufacturer believes supports the use of these different engine
families.
(e) Upon request by the manufacturer, the Administrator may allow
engines that would be required to be grouped into separate engine
families based on the criteria in paragraph (b) or (c) of this section
to be grouped into a single engine family if the manufacturer
demonstrates that the engines will have similar emission
characteristics. This request must be accompanied by emission
information supporting the appropriateness of such combined engine
families.
Sec. 94.205 Prohibited controls, adjustable parameters.
(a) Any system installed on, or incorporated in, a new engine to
enable the engine to conform to the standards contained in this part:
(1) Shall not cause a violation of the general standards of
Sec. 94.7.
(2) Shall function during all in-use operation, except as otherwise
allowed by this part.
(b) Nonroad engines equipped with adjustable parameters must comply
with all requirements of this subpart for any adjustment in the
physically adjustable range.
(c) The Administrator may require that adjustable parameters be set
to any specification within its adjustable range for certification,
selective enforcement audit, or in-use testing to determine compliance
with the requirements of this subpart.
(d) In specifying the adjustable range of each adjustable parameter
on a new engine, the manufacturer, shall:
(1) Ensure that safe engine operating characteristics are available
within that range, as required by section 202(a)(4) of the Clean Air
Act, taking into consideration the production tolerances; and
(2) To the maximum extent practicable, limit the physical range of
adjustability to that which is necessary for proper operation of the
engine.
Sec. 94.206 Required information.
(a) The manufacturer shall perform the tests required by the
applicable test procedures, and submit to the Administrator the
information required by this section: Provided, that if requested by
the manufacturer, the Administrator may waive any requirement of this
section for testing of engines for which the required emission data are
otherwise available.
(b) The manufacturer shall submit exhaust emission deterioration
factors,
[[Page 73348]]
with supporting data. The determination of the deterioration factors
shall be conducted in accordance with Sec. 94.218 to ensure that the
engines covered by a certificate issued under Sec. 94.208 will meet all
of the emission standards in Sec. 94.8 in use for the useful life of
the engine.
(c) The manufacturer shall submit emission data on such engines
tested in accordance with the applicable test procedures of Subpart B
of this part. These data shall include zero hour data, if generated. In
lieu of providing the emission data required by paragraph (a) of this
section, the Administrator may, upon request by the manufacturer, allow
the manufacturer to demonstrate (on the basis of previous emission
tests, development tests, or other testing information) that the engine
will conform with the applicable emission standards of Sec. 94.8.
(d) The manufacturer shall submit a statement that the engines for
which certification is requested conform to the requirements in
Sec. 94.7 and that the descriptions of tests performed to ascertain
compliance with the general standards in Sec. 94.7, and the data
derived from such tests, are available to the Administrator upon
request.
(e) The manufacturer shall submit a statement that the emission
data engine used to demonstrate compliance with the applicable
standards of this part is in all material respects as described in the
manufacturer's application for certification; that it has been tested
in accordance with the applicable test procedures utilizing the fuels
and equipment described in the application for certification; and that
on the basis of such tests, the engine family conforms to the
requirements of this part. If, on the basis of the data supplied and
any additional data as required by the Administrator, the Administrator
determines that the test engine was not as described in the application
for certification or was not tested in accordance with the applicable
test procedures utilizing the fuels and equipment as described in the
application for certification, the Administrator may make the
determination that the engine does not meet the applicable standards.
If the Administrator makes such a determination, he/she may withhold,
suspend, or revoke the certificate of conformity under Sec. 94.208
(c)(3)(i).
Sec. 94.207 Special test procedures.
(a) Establishment of special test procedures by EPA. The
Administrator may, on the basis of written application by a
manufacturer, establish special test procedures other than those set
forth in this part, for any engine that the Administrator determines is
not susceptible to satisfactory testing under the specified test
procedures set forth in Subpart B of this part.
(b) Use of alternate test procedures by a manufacturer. (1) A
manufacturer may elect to use an alternate test procedure, provided
that it is equivalent to the specified procedures with respect to the
demonstration of compliance, its use is approved in advance by the
Administrator, and the basis for the equivalence with the specified
test procedures is fully described in the manufacturer's application.
(2) The Administrator may reject data generated under alternate
test procedures if the data do not correlate with data generated under
the specified procedures.
Sec. 94.208 Certification.
(a) If, after a review of the application for certification, test
reports and data acquired from an engine or from a development data
engine, and any other information required or obtained by EPA, the
Administrator determines that the application is complete and that the
engine family meets the requirements of the Act and this part, he/she
will issue a certificate of conformity with respect to such engine
family, except as provided by paragraph (c)(3) of this section. The
certificate of conformity is valid for each engine family from the date
of issuance by EPA until 31 December of the model year or calendar year
for which it is issued and upon such terms and conditions as the
Administrator deems necessary or appropriate to ensure that the
production engines covered by the certificate will meet the
requirements of the Act and of this part.
(b) [Reserved]
(c)(1) The manufacturer shall bear the burden of establishing to
the satisfaction of the Administrator that the conditions upon which
the certificates were issued were satisfied or excused.
(2) The Administrator will determine whether the test data included
in the application represents all engines of the engine family.
(3) Notwithstanding the fact that any engine(s) may comply with
other provisions of this subpart, the Administrator may withhold or
deny the issuance of any certificate of conformity, or suspend or
revoke any such certificate(s) which has (have) been issued with
respect to any such engine(s) if:
(i) The manufacturer submits false or incomplete information in its
application for certification thereof;
(ii) The manufacturer renders inaccurate any test data which it
submits pertaining thereto or otherwise circumvents the intent of the
Act, or of this part with respect to such engine;
(iii) Any EPA Enforcement Officer is denied access on the terms
specified in Sec. 94.215 to any facility or portion thereof which
contains any of the following:
(A) An engine which is scheduled to undergo emissions testing, or
which is undergoing emissions testing, or which has undergone emissions
testing; or
(B) Any components used or considered for use in the construction,
modification or buildup of any engine which is scheduled to undergo
emissions testing, or which is undergoing emissions testing, or which
has undergone emissions testing for purposes of emissions
certification; or
(C) Any production engine which is or will be claimed by the
manufacturer to be covered by the certificate; or
(D) Any step in the construction of the engine; or
(E) Any records, documents, reports or histories required by this
part to be kept concerning any of the items listed in paragraphs
(c)(3)(iii)(A) through (D) of this section; or
(iv) Any EPA Enforcement Officer is denied ``reasonable
assistance'' (as defined in Sec. 94.215).
(4) In any case in which a manufacturer knowingly submits false or
inaccurate information or knowingly renders inaccurate or invalid any
test data or commits any other fraudulent acts and such acts contribute
substantially to the Administrator's decision to issue a certificate of
conformity, the Administrator may deem such certificate void ab initio.
(5) In any case in which certification of an engine is to be
withheld, denied, revoked or suspended under paragraph (c)(3) of this
section, and in which the Administrator has presented to the
manufacturer involved reasonable evidence that a violation of
Sec. 94.215 in fact occurred, the manufacturer, if it wishes to contend
that, even though the violation occurred, the engine in question was
not involved in the violation to a degree that would warrant
withholding, denial, revocation or suspension of certification under
paragraph (c)(3) of this section, shall have the burden of establishing
that contention to the satisfaction of the Administrator.
(6) Any revocation, suspension, or voiding of certification under
paragraph (c)(3) of this section shall:
(i) Be made only after the manufacturer concerned has been offered
an opportunity for a hearing
[[Page 73349]]
conducted in accordance with Sec. 94.216; and
(ii) Extend no further than to forbid the introduction into
commerce of engines previously covered by the certification which are
still in the hands of the manufacturer, except in cases of such fraud
or other misconduct that makes the certification invalid ab initio.
(7) The manufacturer may request, within 30 days of receiving
notification, that any determination made by the Administrator under
paragraph (c)(3) of this section to withhold or deny certification be
reviewed in a hearing conducted in accordance with Sec. 94.216. The
request shall be in writing, signed by an authorized representative of
the manufacturer and shall include a statement specifying the
manufacturer's objections to the Administrator's determinations, and
data in support of such objections. If the Administrator finds, after a
review of the request and supporting data, that the request raises a
substantial factual issue, he/she will grant the request with respect
to such issue.
(d) In approving an application for certification, the
Administrator may specify or require the manufacturer to specify:
(1) A broader range of adjustability than recommended by the
manufacturer for those engine parameters which are subject to
adjustment, if the Administrator determines that it is not reasonable
to expect the parameter to be kept adjusted within the recommended
range in use;
(2) A longer useful life period, if the Administrator determines
that the useful life of the engines in the engine family, as defined in
Sec. 94.2, is longer than the period specified by the manufacturer;
(3) Larger deterioration factors, if the Administrator determines
that the deterioration factors specified by the manufacturer do not
meet the requirements of Sec. 94.218; and/or
(4) A broader Not to Exceed Zone subject to the provisions of
Sec. 94.106(b).
(e) Within 30 days following receipt of notification of the
Administrator's determinations made under paragraph (d) of this
section, the manufacturer may request a hearing on the Administrator's
determinations. The request shall be in writing, signed by an
authorized representative of the manufacturer and shall include a
statement specifying the manufacturer's objections to the
Administrator's determinations and data in support of such objections.
If, after review of the request and supporting data, the Administrator
finds that the request raises a substantial factual issue, the
manufacturer shall be provided with a hearing in accordance with
Sec. 94.216 with respect to such issue.
Sec. 94.209 Special provisions for post-manufacture marinizers.
(a) Broader engine families. To be eligible to use the provisions
of this paragraph (a), the manufacturer must demonstrate that it is a
post-manufacture marinizer as defined in Sec. 94.2 and that the base
engines used for modification shall have a valid certificate of
conformity issued under 40 CFR part 89 or 40 CFR part 92 or the heavy-
duty engine provisions of 40 CFR part 86.
(1) In lieu of the requirements of Sec. 94.204, an eligible
manufacturer may group all its engine models into an engine family
consisting of engines within a single category of engines that have
similar emission deterioration characteristics.
(2) The manufacturer remains subject to all provisions of this part
other than Sec. 94.204 for engines using the engine family defined in
paragraph (a)(1) of this section.
(b) Hardship relief. Post-manufacture marinizers may take any of
the otherwise prohibited actions identified in Sec. 94.1103(a)(1) if
approved in advance by the Administrator, and subject to the following
requirements:
(1) Application for relief must be submitted to the Designated
Officer in writing prior to the earliest date in which the applying
manufacturer would be in violation of Sec. 94.1103. The manufacturer
must submit evidence showing that the requirements for approval have
been met.
(2) The conditions causing the impending violation must not be
substantially the fault of the applying manufacturer.
(3) The conditions causing the impending violation must be such
that the applying manufacturer will experience serious economic
hardship if relief is not granted.
(4) The applying manufacturer must demonstrate that no other
allowances under this part will be available to avoid the impending
violation.
(5) Any relief may not exceed one year beyond the date relief is
granted.
(6) The Administrator may impose other conditions on the granting
of relief including provisions to recover the lost environmental
benefit.
Sec. 94.210 Amending the application and certificate of conformity.
(a) The manufacturer shall notify the Administrator when changes to
information required to be described in the application for
certification are to be made to a product line covered by a certificate
of conformity. This notification shall include a request to amend the
application or the existing certificate of conformity. Except as
provided in paragraph (e) of this section, no manufacturer shall make
said changes or produce said engines prior to receiving approval from
the Administrator.
(b) A manufacturer's request to amend the application or the
existing certificate of conformity shall include the following
information:
(1) A full description of the change to be made in production, or
of the engines to be added;
(2) Engineering evaluations or data showing that the engines as
modified or added will comply with all applicable emission standards;
and
(3) A determination whether the manufacturer's original test fleet
selection is still appropriate, and if the original test fleet
selection is determined not to be appropriate, test fleet selection(s)
representing the engines changed or added which would have been
required if the engines had been included in the original application
for certification.
(c) The Administrator may require the manufacturer to perform tests
on the engine representing the engine to be added or changed.
(d)(1) Based on the description of the amendment and data derived
from such testing as the Administrator may require or conduct, the
Administrator will determine whether the change or addition would still
be covered by the certificate of conformity then in effect.
(2) If the Administrator determines that the change or new
engine(s) meets the requirements of this part and the Act, the
appropriate certificate of conformity shall be amended.
(3) If the Administrator determines that the changed engine(s) does
not meet the requirements of this part and the Act, the certificate of
conformity will not be amended. The Administrator shall provide a
written explanation to the manufacturer of the decision not to amend
the certificate. The manufacturer may request a hearing on a denial.
(e) A manufacturer may make changes in or additions to production
engines concurrently with the notification to the Administrator, as
required by paragraph (a) of this section, if the manufacturer complies
with the following requirements:
(1) In addition to the information required in paragraph (b) of
this section, the manufacturer shall supply supporting documentation,
test data, and engineering evaluations as appropriate to demonstrate
that all
[[Page 73350]]
affected engines will still meet applicable emission standards.
(2) If, after a review, the Administrator determines additional
testing is required, the manufacturer shall provide the required test
data within 30 days or cease production of the affected engines.
(3) If the Administrator determines that the affected engines do
not meet applicable requirements, the Administrator will notify the
manufacturer to cease production of the affected engines and to recall
and correct at no expense to the owner all affected engines previously
produced.
(4) Election to produce engines under this paragraph (e) will be
deemed to be a consent to recall all engines that the Administrator
determines do not meet applicable standards and to cause such
nonconformity to be remedied at no expense to the owner.
Sec. 94.211 Emission-related maintenance instructions for purchasers.
(a) The manufacturer shall furnish or cause to be furnished to the
ultimate purchaser of each new engine, subject to the standards
prescribed in Sec. 94.8, written instructions for the proper
maintenance and use of the engine as are reasonable and necessary to
assure the proper functioning of the emissions control system,
consistent with the applicable provisions of paragraph (b) of this
section.
(1) The maintenance and use instructions required by this section
shall be clear and easily understandable.
(2) The maintenance instructions required by this section shall
contain a general description of the documentation that would
demonstrate for warranty purposes that the ultimate purchaser or any
subsequent owner had complied with the instructions.
(b)(1) The manufacturer must provide in boldface type on the first
page of the written maintenance instructions notice that maintenance,
replacement, or repair of the emission control devices and systems may
be performed by any engine repair establishment or individual.
(2) The instructions under paragraph (b)(1) of this section will
not include any condition on the ultimate purchaser's or owner's using,
in connection with such engine, any component or service (other than a
component or service provided without charge under the terms of the
purchase agreement) which is identified by brand, trade, or corporate
name. Such instructions also will not directly or indirectly
distinguish between service performed by any other service
establishments with which such manufacturer has a commercial
relationship and service performed by independent vessel or engine
repair facilities with which such manufacturer has no commercial
relationship.
(3) The prohibition of paragraph (b)(2) of this section may be
waived by the Administrator if:
(i) The manufacturer demonstrates to the Administrator's
satisfaction that the engine will function properly only if the
component or service so identified is used in connection with such
engine; and
(ii) The Administrator finds that such a waiver is in the public
interest.
(c) The manufacturer shall provide to the Administrator, no later
than the time of the submission required by Sec. 94.203, a copy of the
emission-related maintenance instructions that the manufacturer
proposes to supply to the ultimate purchaser or owner in accordance
with this section. The Administrator will review such instructions to
determine whether they are reasonable and necessary to ensure the
proper functioning of the engine's emission control systems. If the
Administrator determines that such instructions are not reasonable and
necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the emission control
systems, he/she may disapprove the application for certification or may
require that the manufacturer modify the instructions.
(d) Any revision to the maintenance instructions which will affect
emissions shall be supplied to the Administrator at least 30 days
before being supplied to the ultimate purchaser or owner unless the
Administrator consents to a lesser period of time, and is subject to
the provisions of Sec. 94.210.
(e) This paragraph (e) specifies emission-related scheduled
maintenance for purposes of obtaining durability data for marine
engines. The maintenance intervals specified in this paragraph are
minimum intervals.
(1) All emission-related scheduled maintenance for purposes of
obtaining durability data must occur at the same or longer hours of use
intervals as those specified in the manufacturer's maintenance
instructions furnished to the ultimate purchaser of the engine under
paragraph (a) of this section. This maintenance schedule may be updated
as necessary throughout the testing of the engine, provided that no
maintenance operation is deleted from the maintenance schedule after
the operation has been performed on the test equipment or engine.
(2) Any emission-related maintenance which is performed on
equipment, engines, subsystems, or components must be technologically
necessary to ensure in-use compliance with the emission standards. The
manufacturer must submit data which demonstrate to the Administrator
that all of the emission-related scheduled maintenance which is to be
performed is technologically necessary. Scheduled maintenance must be
approved by the Administrator prior to being performed or being
included in the emission-related maintenance instructions provided to
the purchasers under paragraph (a) of this section.
(i) The Administrator may require longer maintenance intervals than
those listed in paragraphs (e)(3) and (e)(4) of this section where the
listed intervals are not technologically necessary.
(ii) The Administrator may allow manufacturers to specify shorter
maintenance intervals than those listed in paragraphs (e)(3) and (e)(4)
of this section where technologically necessary for Category 2 engines.
(3) The adjustment, cleaning, repair, or replacement of items
listed in paragraphs (e)(3)(i) through (e)(3)(iii) of this section
shall occur at 1,500 hours of use and at 1,500-hour intervals
thereafter.
(i) Exhaust gas recirculation system-related filters and coolers.
(ii) Positive crankcase ventilation valve.
(iii) Fuel injector tips (cleaning only).
(4) The adjustment, cleaning and repair of items in paragraphs
(e)(4)(i) through (e)(4)(vii) of this section shall occur at 3,000
hours of use and at 3,000-hour intervals thereafter for engines with
per-cylinder displacement less than 1.2 liters, or at 4,500-hour
intervals thereafter for engines with per-cylinder displacement greater
than or equal to 1.2 liters.
(i) Fuel injectors.
(ii) Turbocharger.
(iii) Electronic engine control unit and its associated sensors and
actuators.
(iv) Particulate trap or trap-oxidizer system (including related
components).
(v) Exhaust gas recirculation system (including all related control
valves and tubing), except as otherwise provided in paragraph (e)(3)(i)
of this section.
(vi) Catalytic convertor.
(vii) Any other add-on emission-related component (i.e., a
component whose sole or primary purpose is to reduce emissions or whose
failure will significantly degrade emission control and whose function
is not integral to the design and performance of the engine).
(f) Scheduled maintenance not related to emissions which is
reasonable and technologically necessary (e.g., oil change, oil filter
change, fuel filter change, air filter change, cooling system
[[Page 73351]]
maintenance, adjustment of idle speed, governor, engine bolt torque,
valve lash, injector lash, timing, lubrication of the exhaust manifold
heat control valve, etc.) may be performed on durability engines at the
least frequent intervals recommended by the manufacturer to the
ultimate purchaser, (e.g., not the intervals recommended for severe
service).
(g) Adjustment of engine idle speed on emission data engines may be
performed once before the low-hour emission test point. Any other
engine, emission control system, or fuel system adjustment, repair,
removal, disassembly, cleaning, or replacement on emission data
vehicles shall be performed only with advance approval of the
Administrator.
(h) Equipment, instruments, or tools may not be used to identify
malfunctioning, maladjusted, or defective engine components unless the
same or equivalent equipment, instruments, or tools will be available
to dealerships and other service outlets and are:
(1) Used in conjunction with scheduled maintenance on such
components; or
(2) Used subsequent to the identification of an engine malfunction,
as provided in paragraph (e) of this section for emission data engines;
or
(3) Specifically authorized by the Administrator.
(i) All test data, maintenance reports, and required engineering
reports shall be compiled and provided to the Administrator in
accordance with Sec. 94.215.
(j)(1) The components listed in paragraphs (j)(1)(i) through
(j)(1)(vi) of this section are defined as critical emission-related
components.
(i) Catalytic convertor.
(ii) Electronic engine control unit and its associated sensors and
actuators.
(iii) Exhaust gas recirculation system (including all related
filters, coolers, control valves, and tubing).
(iv) Positive crankcase ventilation valve.
(v) Particulate trap or trap-oxidizer system.
(vi) Any other add-on emission-related component (i.e., a component
whose sole or primary purpose is to reduce emissions or whose failure
will significantly degrade emission control and whose function is not
integral to the design and performance of the engine).
(2) All critical emission-related scheduled maintenance must have a
reasonable likelihood of being performed in use. The manufacturer must
show the reasonable likelihood of such maintenance being performed in-
use. Critical emission-related scheduled maintenance items which
satisfy one of the conditions defined in paragraphs (j)(2)(i) through
(j)(2)(vi) of this section will be accepted as having a reasonable
likelihood of being performed in use.
(i) Data are presented which establish for the Administrator a
connection between emissions and engine performance such that as
emissions increase due to lack of maintenance, vehicle performance will
simultaneously deteriorate to a point unacceptable for typical
operation.
(ii) Survey data are submitted which adequately demonstrate to the
Administrator with an 80 percent confidence level that 80 percent of
such engines already have this critical maintenance item performed in-
use at the recommended interval(s).
(iii) A clearly displayed visible signal system approved by the
Administrator is installed to alert the equipment operator that
maintenance is due. A signal bearing the message ``maintenance needed''
or ``check engine,'' or a similar message approved by the
Administrator, shall be actuated at the appropriate usage point or by
component failure. This signal must be continuous while the engine is
in operation and not be easily eliminated without performance of the
required maintenance. Resetting the signal shall be a required step in
the maintenance operation. The method for resetting the signal system
shall be approved by the Administrator. The system must not be designed
to deactivate upon the end of the useful life of the engine or
thereafter.
(iv) A manufacturer may desire to demonstrate through a survey that
a critical maintenance item is likely to be performed without a visible
signal on a maintenance item for which there is no prior in-use
experience without the signal. To that end, the manufacturer may in a
given model year market up to 200 randomly selected engines per
critical emission-related maintenance item without such visible
signals, and monitor the performance of the critical maintenance item
by the owners to show compliance with paragraph (j)(2)(ii) of this
section. This option is restricted to two consecutive model years and
may not be repeated until any previous survey has been completed. If
the critical maintenance involves more than one engine family, the
sample will be sales weighted to ensure that it is representative of
all the families in question.
(v) The manufacturer provides the maintenance free of charge, and
clearly informs the customer that the maintenance is free in the
instructions provided under paragraph (a) of this section.
(vi) The manufacturer uses any other method which the Administrator
approves as establishing a reasonable likelihood that the critical
maintenance will be performed in-use.
(3) Visible signal systems used under paragraph (j)(2)(iii) of this
section are considered an element of design of the emission control
system. Therefore, disabling, resetting, or otherwise rendering such
signals inoperative without also performing the indicated maintenance
procedure is a prohibited act.
Sec. 94.212 Labeling.
(a) General requirements. (1) Each new engine covered by a
certificate of conformity under Sec. 94.208 shall be labeled by the
manufacturer in the manner described in this paragraph (b) of this
section at the time of manufacture.
(2) Each new marine engine modified from a base engine by post-
manufacture marinizers in accordance with the provisions of Sec. 94.209
(b) and covered by a certificate of conformity under Sec. 94.208 shall
be labeled by the PMM in the manner described in paragraph (b) of this
section.
(b) Engine labels. Engine labels meeting the specifications of this
section shall be applied to every engine by the manufacturer at the
point of original manufacture. Engine labels shall be permanent and
legible and shall be affixed to the engine in a position in which it
will be readily visible after installation of the engine in the vessel.
The label shall be attached to an engine part necessary for normal
operation and not normally requiring replacement during the useful life
of the engine. The label shall be affixed by the manufacturer in such
manner that it cannot be removed without destroying or defacing the
label. The label shall not be affixed to any equipment which is easily
detached from such engine. The label may be not be made up of more than
one piece without the advance approval of the Administrator. The label
shall contain the following information lettered in the English
language in block letters and numerals, which shall be of a color that
contrasts with the background of the label:
(1) The label heading: Marine Engine Emission Control Information.
(2) Full corporate name and trademark of the manufacturer.
(3) The model year.
(4) The per-cylinder displacement of the engine.
(5) Engine family and configuration identification.
[[Page 73352]]
(6) A prominent unconditional statement of compliance with U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency regulations which apply to marine
engines designated by the parameters of paragraphs 5(b)(2)(v)(A)
through (E) of this section.
(7) The useful life of the engine.
(8) The standards and/or FELs to which the engine was certified.
(9) Engine tune-up specifications and adjustments, as recommended
by the manufacturer in accordance with the applicable emission
standards, including but not limited to idle speeds(s), injection
timing, valve lash (as applicable), as well as other parameters deemed
necessary by the manufacturer.
(10) The application for which the engine family is certified. (For
example: constant-speed auxiliary, variable-speed propulsion engines
used with fixed-pitch propellers, etc.)
(c) The provisions of this section shall not prevent a manufacturer
from also providing on the label any other information that such
manufacturer deems necessary for, or useful to, the proper operation
and satisfactory maintenance of the vessel or engine.
(d) Engines certified under the voluntary standards described in
Sec. 94.8(f) to be designated as Blue Sky Series engines must contain
the statement on the label: ``Blue Sky Series''.
(e) If an engine can be modified to operate on residual fuel, but
has not been certified to meet the standards on such a fuel, it must
contain the statement on the label: ``THIS ENGINE IS CERTIFIED FOR
OPERATION ONLY WITH DISTILLATE DIESEL FUEL. MODIFYING THE ENGINE TO
OPERATE ON RESIDUAL FUEL MAY BE A VIOLATION OF FEDERAL LAW SUBJECT TO
CIVIL PENALTIES.'' The Administrator may approve alternate language.
Sec. 94.213 Submission of engine identification numbers.
(a) Upon request of the Administrator, the manufacturer of any
engine covered by a certificate of conformity shall, within 30 days of
receipt of such request, identify by engine identification number, the
engines covered by the certificate of conformity.
(b) The manufacturer of any engines covered by a certificate of
conformity shall provide to the Administrator, within 60 days of the
issuance of a certificate of conformity, an explanation of the elements
in any engine identification coding system in sufficient detail to
enable the Administrator to identify those engines which are covered by
a certificate of conformity.
Sec. 94.214 Production engines.
Any manufacturer obtaining certification under this part shall
supply to the Administrator, upon his/her request, a reasonable number
of production engines, as specified by the Administrator. The engines
shall be representative of the engines, emission control systems, and
fuel systems offered and typical of production engines available for
sale or use under the certificate. These engines shall be supplied for
testing at such time and place and for such reasonable periods as the
Administrator may require.
Sec. 94.215 Maintenance of records; submittal of information; right of
entry.
(a) Any manufacturer subject to any of the standards or procedures
prescribed in this subpart shall establish, maintain and retain the
following adequately organized and indexed records:
(1) General records. The records required to be maintained by this
paragraph (a) shall consist of:
(i) Identification and description of all certification engines for
which testing is required under this subpart.
(ii) A description of all emission control systems which are
installed on or incorporated in each certification engine.
(iii) A description of all procedures used to test each such
certification engine.
(iv) A copy of all applications for certification, filed with the
Administrator.
(2) Individual records. (i) A brief history of each engine used for
certification under this subpart including:
(A) In the case where a current production engine is modified for
use as a certification engine, a description of the process by which
the engine was selected and of the modifications made. In the case
where the certification engine is not derived from a current production
engine, a general description of the buildup of the engine (e.g.,
whether experimental heads were cast and machined according to supplied
drawings). In the cases in the previous two sentences, a description of
the origin and selection process for fuel system components, ignition
system components (as applicable), intake air pressurization and
cooling system components, cylinders, pistons and piston rings, exhaust
smoke control system components, and exhaust aftertreatment devices as
applicable, shall be included. The required descriptions shall specify
the steps taken to assure that the certification engine, with respect
to its engine, drivetrain, fuel system, emission control system
components, exhaust aftertreatment devices, or any other devices or
components as applicable, that can reasonably be expected to influence
exhaust emissions will be representative of production engines and that
either: all components and/or engine, construction processes, component
inspection and selection techniques, and assembly techniques employed
in constructing such engines are reasonably likely to be implemented
for production engines; or that they are as close as practicable to
planned construction and assembly process.
(B) A complete record of all emission tests performed (except tests
performed by EPA directly), including test results, the date and
purpose of each test, and the number of hours accumulated on the
engine.
(C) A record and description of all maintenance and other servicing
performed, giving the date of the maintenance or service and the reason
for it.
(D) A record and description of each test performed to diagnose
engine or emission control system performance, giving the date and time
of the test and the reason for it.
(E) A brief description of any significant events affecting the
engine during the period covered by the history and not described by an
entry under one of the previous headings, including such extraordinary
events as accidents involving the engine or dynamometer runaway.
(ii) Each such history shall be started on the date that the first
of any of the selection or buildup activities in paragraph (a)(2)(i)(A)
of this section occurred with respect to the certification engine and
shall be kept in a designated location.
(3) All records, other than routine emission test records, required
to be maintained under this subpart shall be retained by the
manufacturer for a period of 8 years after issuance of all certificates
of conformity to which they relate. Routine emission test records shall
be retained by the manufacturer for a period of one (1) year after
issuance of all certificates of conformity to which they relate.
Records may be retained as hard copy or reduced to computer disks,
etc., depending on the record retention procedures of the manufacturer:
Provided, that in every case all the information contained in the hard
copy shall be retained.
(4) Nothing in this section limits the Administrator's discretion
in requiring the manufacturer to retain additional
[[Page 73353]]
records or submit information not specifically required by this
section.
(5) Pursuant to a request made by the Administrator, the
manufacturer shall submit to him/her the information that is required
to be retained.
(6) EPA may void a certificate of conformity ab initio for an
engine family for which the manufacturer fails to retain the records
required in this section or to provide such information to the
Administrator upon request.
(b) The manufacturer of engines subject to any of the standards
prescribed in this part shall submit to the Administrator, at the time
of issuance by the manufacturer, copies of all instructions or
explanations regarding the use, repair, adjustment, maintenance, or
testing of such engine, relevant to the control of crankcase, or
exhaust emissions issued by the manufacturer, for use by other
manufacturers, assembly plants, distributors, dealers, owners and
operators. Any material not translated into the English language need
not be submitted unless specifically requested by the Administrator.
(c) Any manufacturer participating in averaging, banking and
trading program of subpart D of this part must comply with the
maintenance of records requirements of Sec. 94.308.
(d)(1) Any manufacturer who has applied for certification of a new
engine subject to certification testing under this subpart shall admit
or cause to be admitted any EPA Enforcement Officer during operating
hours on presentation of credentials to any of the following:
(i) Any facility where any such tests or any procedures or
activities connected with such test are or were performed;
(ii) Any facility where any engine which is being tested (or was
tested, or is to be tested) is present;
(iii) Any facility where any construction process or assembly
process used in the modification or buildup of such an engine into a
certification engine is taking place or has taken place; or
(iv) Any facility where any record or other document relating to
any of the activities listed in this paragraph (d)(1).
(2) Upon admission to any facility referred to in paragraph (d)(1)
of this section, any EPA Enforcement Officer shall be allowed:
(i) To inspect and monitor any part or aspect of such procedures,
activities and testing facilities including, but not limited to,
monitoring engine preconditioning, emissions tests, service
accumulation, maintenance, and engine storage procedures, and to verify
correlation or calibration of test equipment;
(ii) To inspect and make copies of any such records, designs, or
other documents, including those records specified in Subpart D of this
part; and
(iii) To inspect and/or photograph any part or aspect of any such
certification engine and any components to be used in the construction
thereof.
(3) In order to allow the Administrator to determine whether or not
production engines, conform to the conditions upon which a certificate
of conformity has been issued, or conform in all material respects to
the design specifications applicable to those engines, as described in
the application for certification for which a certificate of conformity
has been issued, any manufacturer shall admit any EPA Enforcement
Officer on presentation of credentials to:
(i) Any facility where any document, design or procedure relating
to the translation of the design and construction of engines and
emission related components described in the application for
certification or used for certification testing into production engines
is located or carried on;
(ii) Any facility where any engines to be introduced into commerce
are manufactured; and
(iii) Any facility where records specified this section are
located.
(4) On admission to any such facility referred to in paragraph
(d)(3) of this section, any EPA Enforcement Officer shall be allowed:
(i) To inspect and monitor any aspects of such manufacture and
other procedures;
(ii) To inspect and make copies of any such records, documents or
designs;
(iii) To inspect and photograph any part or aspect of any such
engine(s) and any component used in the assembly thereof that are
reasonably related to the purpose of his/her entry; and
(iv) To inspect and make copies of any records and documents
specified in this section.
(5) Any EPA Enforcement Officer shall be furnished by those in
charge of a facility being inspected with such reasonable assistance as
he/she may request to help him/her discharge any function listed in
this part. Each applicant for or recipient of certification is required
to cause those in charge of a facility operated for its benefit to
furnish such reasonable assistance without charge to EPA whether or not
the applicant controls the facility.
(6) The duty to admit or cause to be admitted any EPA Enforcement
Officer applies to any facility involved in the manufacturing or
assembling of engines, whether or not the manufacturer owns or controls
the facility in question and applies both to domestic and to foreign
manufacturers and facilities. EPA will not attempt to make any
inspections which it has been informed that local law forbids. However,
if local law makes it impossible to do what is necessary to insure the
accuracy of data generated at a facility, no informed judgment that an
engine is certifiable or is covered by a certificate can properly be
based on those data. It is the responsibility of the manufacturer to
locate its testing and manufacturing facilities in jurisdictions where
this situation will not arise.
(7) For purposes of this section:
(i) ``Presentation of credentials'' shall mean display of the
document designating a person as an EPA Enforcement Officer.
(ii) Where component or engine storage areas or facilities are
concerned, ``operating hours'' shall mean all times during which
personnel other than custodial personnel are at work in the vicinity of
the area or facility and have access to it.
(iii) Where facilities or areas other than those covered by
paragraph (d)(7)(ii) of this section are concerned, ``operating hours''
shall mean all times during which an assembly line is in operation or
all times during which testing, maintenance, service accumulation,
production or compilation of records, or any other procedure or
activity related to certification testing, to translation of designs
from the test stage to the production stage, or to engine manufacture,
or assembly is being carried out in a facility.
(iv) ``Reasonable assistance'' includes, but is not limited to,
clerical, copying, interpretation and translation services, the making
available on request of personnel of the facility being inspected
during their working hours to inform the EPA Enforcement Officer of how
the facility operates and to answer his questions, and the performance
on request of emissions tests on any engine which is being, has been,
or will be used for certification testing. Such tests shall be
nondestructive, but may require appropriate service accumulation. A
manufacturer may be compelled to cause the personal appearance of any
employee at such a facility before an EPA Enforcement Officer by
written request for his appearance, signed by the Assistant
Administrator for Air and Radiation or the Assistant Administrator for
Enforcement and Compliance Assurance, served on the manufacturer. Any
such employee who has been instructed by the manufacturer to appear
will be entitled to be
[[Page 73354]]
accompanied, represented and advised by counsel.
(v) Any entry without 24 hour prior written or oral notification to
the affected manufacturer shall be authorized in writing by the
Assistant Administrator for Air and Radiation or the Assistant
Administrator for Enforcement and Compliance Assurance.
(8) EPA may void a certificate of conformity ab initio for engines
introduced into commerce if the manufacturer (or contractor for the
manufacturer, if applicable) fails to comply with any provision of this
section.
Sec. 94.216 Hearing procedures.
(a)(1) After granting a request for a hearing under Sec. 94.210 or
Sec. 94.208, the Administrator shall designate a Presiding Officer for
the hearing.
(2) The hearing shall be held as soon as practicable at a time and
place fixed by the Administrator or by the Presiding Officer.
(3) In the case of any hearing requested pursuant to Sec. 94.208,
the Administrator may in his/her discretion direct that all argument
and presentation of evidence be concluded within such fixed period not
less than 30 days as he/she may establish from the date that the first
written offer of a hearing is made to the manufacturer. To expedite
proceedings, the Administrator may direct that the decision of the
Presiding Officer (who may, but need not be the Administrator) shall be
the final EPA decision.
(b)(1) Upon his/her appointment pursuant to paragraph (a) of this
section, the Presiding Officer will establish a hearing file. The file
shall consist of the notice issued by the Administrator under
Sec. 94.210 or Sec. 94.208 together with any accompanying material, the
request for a hearing and the supporting data submitted therewith, and
all documents relating to the request for certification and all
documents submitted therewith, and correspondence and other data
material to the hearing.
(2) The hearing file will be available for inspection by the
applicant at the office of the Presiding Officer.
(c) An applicant may appear in person, or may be represented by
counsel or by any other duly authorized representative.
(d)(1) The Presiding Officer, upon the request of any party, or in
his/her discretion, may arrange for a prehearing conference at a time
and place specified by him/her to consider the following:
(i) Simplification of the issues;
(ii) Stipulations, admissions of fact, and the introduction of
documents;
(iii) Limitation of the number of expert witnesses;
(iv) Possibility of agreement disposing of all or any of the issues
in dispute;
(v) Such other matters as may aid in the disposition of the
hearing, including such additional tests as may be agreed upon by the
parties.
(2) The results of the conference shall be reduced to writing by
the Presiding Officer and made part of the record.
(e)(1) Hearings shall be conducted by the Presiding Officer in an
informal but orderly and expeditious manner. The parties may offer oral
or written evidence, subject to the exclusion by the Presiding Officer
of irrelevant, immaterial and repetitious evidence.
(2) Witnesses will not be required to testify under oath. However,
the Presiding Officer shall call to the attention of witnesses that
their statements may be subject to the provisions of 18 U.S.C. 1001
which imposes penalties for knowingly making false statements or
representations, or using false documents in any matter within the
jurisdiction of any department or agency of the United States.
(3) Any witness may be examined or cross-examined by the Presiding
Officer, the parties, or their representatives.
(4) Hearings shall be reported verbatim. Copies of transcripts of
proceedings may be purchased by the applicant from the reporter.
(5) All written statements, charts, tabulations, and similar data
offered in evidence at the hearings shall, upon a showing satisfactory
to the Presiding Officer of their authenticity, relevancy, and
materiality, be received in evidence and shall constitute a part of the
record.
(6) Oral argument may be permitted in the discretion of the
Presiding Officer and shall be reported as part of the record unless
otherwise ordered by him/her.
(f)(1) The Presiding Officer shall make an initial decision which
shall include written findings and conclusions and the reasons or basis
therefor on all the material issues of fact, law, or discretion
presented on the record. The findings, conclusions, and written
decision shall be provided to the parties and made a part of the
record. The initial decision shall become the decision of the
Administrator without further proceedings unless there is an appeal to
the Administrator or motion for review by the Administrator within 30
days of the date the initial decision was filed.
(2) On appeal from or review of the initial decision, the
Administrator shall have all the powers which he/she would have in
making the initial decision including the discretion to require or
allow briefs, oral argument, the taking of additional evidence or the
remanding to the Presiding Officer for additional proceedings. The
decision by the Administrator shall include written findings and
conclusions and the reasons or basis therefor on all the material
issues of fact, law, or discretion presented on the appeal or
considered in the review.
Sec. 94.217 Emission data engine selection.
(a) The manufacturer must select for testing, from each engine
family, the engine configuration which is expected to be worst-case for
exhaust emission compliance on in-use engines, considering all exhaust
emission constituents and the range of installation options available
to vessel builders. The engines selected for testing are collectively
described as the test fleet.
(b) Each engine in the test fleet must be constructed to be
representative of production engines.
(c) After review of the manufacturer's test fleet, the
Administrator may select from the available fleet one additional test
engine from each engine family.
(d) Each engine selected shall be tested according to the
provisions of Subpart B of this part.
(e) In lieu of testing an emission data engine selected under
paragraph (a) of this section and submitting the resulting data, a
manufacturer may, with Administrator approval, use emission data on a
similar engine for which certification has previously been obtained or
for which all applicable data required under this subpart have
previously been submitted. These data must be submitted in the
application for certification.
Sec. 94.218 Deterioration factor determination.
Manufacturers shall determine exhaust emission deterioration
factors using good engineering judgement according to the provisions of
this section. Every deterioration factor must be, in the
Administrator's judgment, consistent with emissions increases observed
in-use based on emission testing of similar engines. Deterioration
factors that predict emission increases over the useful life of an
engine that are significantly less than the emission increases over the
useful life observed from in-use testing of similar engines shall not
be used.
(a) A separate exhaust emission deterioration factor shall be
established for each engine family and for each emission constituent
applicable to that family.
[[Page 73355]]
(b) Calculation procedures. (1) For engines not utilizing
aftertreatment technology (e.g., catalyst). For each applicable
emission constituent, an additive deterioration factor shall be used;
that is, a deterioration factor that when added to the low mileage
emission rate equals the emission rate at the end of useful life.
However, if the deterioration factor supplied by the manufacturer is
less than zero, it shall be zero for the purposes of this section.
(2) For engines utilizing aftertreatment technology (e.g.,
catalyst). For each applicable emission constituent, a multiplicative
deterioration factor shall be used; that is deterioration factors that
when multiplied by the low mileage emission rate equal the emission
rate at the end of useful life. However, if the deterioration factor
supplied by the manufacturer is less than one, it shall be one for the
purposes of this section.
(c) Rounding. (1) In the case of a multiplicative exhaust emission
deterioration factor, the factor shall be rounded to three places to
the right of the decimal point in accordance with ASTM E 29-93a
(incorporated by reference at Sec. 94.5).
(2) In the case of an additive exhaust emission deterioration
factor, the factor shall be established to a minimum of two places to
the right of the decimal in accordance with ASTM E 29-93a (incorporated
by reference at Sec. 94.5).
(d)(1) Except as allowed by paragraph (d)(2) of this section, the
manufacturer shall determine the deterioration factors based on service
accumulation and related testing, according to the manufacturer's
procedures, and the provisions of Secs. 94.219 and 94.220. The
manufacturer shall determine the form and extent of this service
accumulation, consistent with good engineering practice, and shall
describe this process in the application for certification.
(2) Alternatives to service accumulation and testing for the
determination of a deterioration factor. A written explanation of the
appropriateness of using an alternative must be included in the
application for certification.
(i) Carryover and carryacross of durability emission data. In lieu
of testing an emission data or durability data engine selected under
Sec. 94.217 or Sec. 94.219, and submitting the resulting data, a
manufacturer may, with Administrator approval, use exhaust emission
deterioration data on a similar engine for which certification to the
same standard has previously been obtained or for which all applicable
data required under this subpart have previously been submitted. These
data must be submitted in the application for certification.
(ii) Use of non-marine deterioration data. In the case where a
manufacturer produces a certified motor vehicle engine, locomotive
engine, or other nonroad engine that is similar to the marine engine to
be certified, deterioration data from the non-marine engine may be
applied to the marine engine. This application of deterioration data
from such an engine to a marine engine is subject to Administrator
approval, and the determination of whether the engines are similar
shall be based on good engineering judgment.
(iii) Engineering analysis for established technologies. In the
case where an engine family uses technology which is well established,
an analysis based on good engineering practices may be used in lieu of
testing to determine a deterioration factor for that engine family.
Engines using exhaust gas recirculation or aftertreatment are excluded
from this provision. The manufacturer shall provide a written statement
to the Administrator that all data, analyses, test procedures,
evaluations, and other documents, on which the deterioration factor is
based, are available to the Administrator upon request.
Sec. 94.219 Durability data engine selection.
(a) The manufacturer shall select for durability testing, from each
engine family, the engine configuration which is expected to generate
the highest level of exhaust emission deterioration on engines in use,
considering all exhaust emission constituents and the range of
installation options available to vessel builders. The manufacturer
shall use good engineering judgment in making this selection.
(b) Carryover data satisfying the provisions of Sec. 94.220 may
also be used in lieu of testing the configuration selected in paragraph
(a) of this section.
(c) Durability data engines shall be built from subsystems and
components that are representative of actual production engines.
Sec. 94.220 Service accumulation.
(a) Each test emission data engine in the test fleet may be
operated with all emission control systems operating properly for a
period, up to 125 hours of operation, that is sufficient to stabilize
emissions.
(b) Durability data engines shall accumulate service in a manner
which will represent the emission levels from in-use engines over their
full useful life, consistent with good engineering judgement.
(1) Components may be removed from the engine and aged separately.
(2) End of useful life emission levels and deterioration factors
may be projected from durability data engines which have completed less
than full useful life service accumulation, provided that the amount of
service accumulation completed and projection procedures are determined
using good engineering judgement.
(c) No maintenance, other than recommended lubrication and filter
changes or maintenance otherwise allowed by this part, may be performed
during service accumulation without the Administrator's approval.
(d) The manufacturer must maintain, and provide to the
Administrator if requested, records stating the rationale for selecting
the service accumulation period and records describing the method used
to accumulate service hours on the test engine(s).
Sec. 94.221 Application of good engineering judgment.
(a) The manufacturer shall exercise good engineering judgment in
making all decisions called for under this part, including but not
limited to selections, categorizations, determinations, and
applications of the requirements of the part.
(b) Upon written request by the Administrator, the manufacturer
shall provide within 15 working days (or such longer period as may be
allowed by the Administrator) a written description of the engineering
judgment in question.
(c) The Administrator may reject any such decision by a
manufacturer if it is not based on good engineering judgment or is
otherwise inconsistent with the requirements of this part.
(d) If the Administrator rejects a decision by a manufacturer with
respect to the exercise of good engineering judgment, the following
provisions shall apply:
(1) If the Administrator determines that incorrect information was
deliberately used in the decision process, that important information
was deliberately overlooked, that the decision was not made in good
faith, or that the decision was not made with a rational basis, the
Administrator may suspend or void ab initio a certificate of
conformity.
(2) If the Administrator determines that the manufacturer's
decision is not covered by the provisions of paragraph (d) (1) of this
section, but that a different decision would reflect a better exercise
of good engineering judgment, then the Administrator will notify the
[[Page 73356]]
manufacturer of this concern and the basis of the concern.
(i) The manufacturer shall have at least 30 days to respond to this
notice. The Administrator may extend this response period upon request
from the manufacturer if it is necessary to generate additional data
for the manufacturer's response.
(ii) The Administrator shall make the final ruling after
considering the information provided by the manufacturer during the
response period. If the Administrator determines that the
manufacturer's decision was not made using good engineering judgment,
he/she may reject that decision and apply the new ruling to future
corresponding decisions as soon as practicable.
(e) The Administrator shall notify the manufacturer in writing
regarding any decision reached under paragraph (d)(1) or (2) of this
section. The Administrator shall include in this notification the basis
for reaching the determination.
(f) Within 30 working days following receipt of notification of the
Administrator's determinations made under paragraph (d) of this
section, the manufacturer may request a hearing on those
determinations. The request shall be in writing, signed by an
authorized representative of the manufacturer, and shall include a
statement specifying the manufacturer's objections to the
Administrator's determinations, and data or other analysis in support
of such objections. If, after review of the request and supporting data
or analysis, the Administrator finds that the request raises a
substantial factual issue, he/she shall provide the manufacturer a
hearing in accordance with Sec. 94.216 with respect to such issue.
Sec. 94.222 Certification of engines on imported vessels.
For marine engines subject to the requirements of this part that
are installed on imported vessels, the Administrator may specify
alternate certification provisions as necessary.
Subpart D Certification Averaging, Banking, and Trading Provisions
Sec. 94.301 Applicability.
Marine engine families subject to the standards of Subpart A of
this part are eligible to participate in the certification averaging,
banking, and trading program described in this subpart.
The provisions of this subpart apply to manufacturers of new
engines that are subject to the emission standards of Sec. 94.8.
Sec. 94.302 Definitions.
The definitions of Subpart A of this part apply to this subpart.
The following definitions also apply:
Applicable standard means a standard that would have otherwise been
applicable had the engine not been certified under this subpart to an
FEL different than that standard.
Broker means any entity that facilitates a trade between a buyer
and seller.
Buyer means the entity that receives credits as a result of trade.
Reserved credits means credits that have been generated but have
not yet been reviewed by EPA or used to demonstrate compliance under
the averaging provisions of this subpart.
Seller means the entity that provides credits during a trade.
Sec. 94.303 General provisions.
(a) Participation in the averaging, banking, and trading program is
voluntary. A manufacturer may choose to involve some or all of its
engine families in any or all aspects of the program.
(b) An engine family is eligible to participate in the
certification averaging, banking, and trading program for
THC+NOX and PM emissions only if it is subject to regulation
under this part with certain exceptions specified in paragraph (c) of
this section. No averaging, banking, and trading program is available
for meeting the CO standards of this part.
(c) Engines may not participate in the certification averaging,
banking, and trading program if they are exported. Only engines
certified under this part are eligible for generation or use of credits
in this certification averaging, banking, and trading program. Engines
certified to the Blue Sky provisions of Sec. 94.8(f) are not eligible
for inclusion in this certification averaging, banking, and trading
program.
(d) Averaging involves the generation of credits by a manufacturer
for use by that same manufacturer in the same calendar year. A
manufacturer may use averaging during certification to offset an
emission exceedance of an engine family caused by an FEL above the
applicable emission standard, subject to the provisions of this
subpart.
(e) Banking involves the generation of credits by a manufacturer in
a given calendar year for use in a subsequent model year. A
manufacturer may bank actual credits only after the end of the calendar
year and after EPA has reviewed the manufacturer's end-of-year reports.
During the calendar year and before submittal of the end-of-year
report, credits originally designated in the certification process for
banking will be considered reserved and may be redesignated for trading
or averaging in the end-of-year report. Credits declared for banking
from the previous calendar year that have not been reviewed by EPA may
be used in averaging or trading transactions. However, such credits may
be revoked at a later time following EPA review of the end-of-year
report or any subsequent audit actions.
(f) Trading involves the sale of banked credits for use in
certification of new engines under this part. Only banked credits may
be traded; reserved credits may not be traded.
Sec. 94.304 Compliance requirements.
(a) Manufacturers wishing to participate in certification
averaging, banking and trading programs shall select a FEL for each
engine family they wish to include. The level of the FEL shall be
selected by the manufacturer, subject to the upper limits described in
paragraph (m) of this section. An engine family certified to an FEL is
subject to all provisions specified in this part, except that the
applicable FEL replaces the applicable THC+NOX and PM
emission standard for the family participating in the averaging,
banking, and trading program.
(b) A manufacturer may certify one or more engine families at FELs
above or below the applicable emission standard, provided the summation
of the manufacturer's projected balance of all credit transactions in a
given calendar year is greater than or equal to zero, as calculated for
each family under Sec. 94.305 and reported under Sec. 94.309.
(c) Manufacturers certifying engine families with FELs exceeding
the applicable emission standard shall obtain emission credits in
amounts sufficient to address the shortfall. Credits may be obtained
from averaging, banking, or trading, subject to the restrictions
described in this subpart.
(d) Manufacturers certifying engine families with FELs below the
applicable emission standard may generate emission credits to average,
bank, or trade, or a combination thereof.
(e) An engine family may not generate credits for one pollutant
while also using credits for another pollutant in the same model year.
(f) Credits may only be used for certification; they may not be
used to remedy a violation of the FEL determined by production line or
in-use testing. Credits may be used to allow subsequent production of
engines for an engine family failing production line testing if the
manufacturer elects to recertify to a higher FEL.
(g) [Reserved].
[[Page 73357]]
(h) If an FEL is changed after initial certification in any given
model year, the manufacturer must conduct production line testing to
verify that the emission levels are achieved, with one exception: when
an FEL is changed immediately after (and because of) a production line
testing failure, additional verification testing is not required.
(i) Manufacturers participating in the averaging, banking and
trading program must demonstrate compliance with the applicable
emission standards at the end of the model year. Manufacturers that
have certified engine families to FELs above the applicable emission
standards and do not have sufficient emission credits to offset the
difference between the emission standard and the FEL for such engine
families will be in violation of the conditions of the certificate of
conformity for such engine families. The certificates of conformity may
be voided ab initio for those engine families.
(j) In the event of a negative credit balance resulting from a
credit trade, both the buyer(s) and the seller(s) are liable, except in
cases involving fraud. Certificates of all engine families
participating in a negative trade may be voided ab initio.
(1) Where a buyer of credits is not responsible for causing the
negative credit balance, the buyer is only liable to supply additional
credits equivalent to any amount of invalid credits that the buyer used
for its engine family(ies).
(2) Credit holders responsible for the credit shortfall may be
subject to the requirements of Sec. 94.309(g)(3).
(k) Credits generated by Category 1 engine families may be used for
compliance by Category 1 or Category 2 engine families. Credits
generated from Category 1 engine families for use by Category 2 engine
families must be discounted by 25 percent. Credits generated by
Category 2 engine families may be used for compliance only by Category
2 engine families.
(l) Credit life shall be unlimited.
(m) Upper limits. The FELs for THC+NOX and PM for new
engines certified for participation in this averaging, banking and
trading program may not exceed the following values:
(1) For Category 1 engines, the FEL may not exceed the levels
contained in Table D-1, which follows:
Table D-1.--Category 1 Upper Limits for Tier 2 Family Emission Limits
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Model year THC+NOX FEL PM FEL g/
Subcategory liters/cylinder \1\ g/kW-hr kW-hr
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Power 37 kW disp. < 0.9...................................... 2005 11.5 1.2
0.9 disp. < 1.2.............................................. 2004 11.5 1.2
1.2 disp. < 2.5.............................................. 2004 10.5 0.54
2.5 disp. < 5.0.............................................. 2007 10.5 0.54
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ The model years listed indicate the model years for which the specified standards start.
(2) For Category 2 engines, the FEL may not exceed the applicable
standard by more than 25 percent.
Sec. 94.305 Credit generation and use calculation.
(a) For each participating engine family, THC+NOX and PM
emission credits (positive or negative) are to be calculated according
to the equation in paragraph (b) of this section and rounded in
accordance with ASTM E 29-93a (incorporated by reference at Sec. 94.5),
to the nearest one-hundredth of a megagram (Mg). Consistent units are
to be used throughout the calculation.
(b) Credits (Mg) for each engine family are calculated as: Emission
credits = (Std--FEL) X (UL) X (Production) X (AvgPR) X (LF) X
(10-6)
Where:
(i) Std = the applicable cycle-weighted marine engine
THC+NOX or PM emission standard in grams per kilowatt-hour.
(ii) FEL = the family emission limit for the engine family in grams
per kilowatt-hour. (The FEL may not exceed the limit established in
Sec. 94.304(m) for each pollutant.)
(iii) UL = the useful life in hours of operation.
(iv) Production = the number of engines participating in the
averaging, banking, and trading program within the given engine family
during the calendar year (or the number of engines in the subset of the
engine family for which credits are being calculated). Quarterly
production projections are used for initial certification. Actual
applicable production/sales volumes are used for end-of-year compliance
determination.
(v) AvgPR = average power rating of all of the configurations
within an engine family, calculated on a sales-weighted basis, in
kilowatts.
(vi) LF = the load factor, dependent on whether the engine is
intended for propulsion or auxiliary applications, as follows:
(A) 0.69 for propulsion engines,
(B) 0.51 for auxiliary engines.
Sec. 94.306 Certification.
(a) In the application for certification a manufacturer must:
(1) Declare its intent to include specific engine families in the
averaging, banking, and/or trading programs. Separate declarations are
required for each pollutant (THC+NOX and PM).
(2) Declare FELs for each engine family participating in
certification averaging, banking, and/or trading.
(i) The FELs must be to the same number of significant digits as
the emission standard.
(ii) In no case may the FEL exceed the upper limit prescribed in
Sec. 94.304(m).
(3) Conduct and submit detailed calculations of projected emission
credits (positive or negative) based on quarterly production
projections for each participating family and for each pollutant, using
the applicable equation in Sec. 94.305 and the applicable values of the
terms in the equation for the specific family.
(i) If the engine family is projected to have negative emission
credits, state specifically the source (manufacturer/engine family) of
the credits necessary to offset the credit deficit according to
quarterly projected production.
(ii) If the engine family is projected to generate credits, state
specifically where the quarterly projected credits will be applied
(manufacturer/engine family or reserved).
(4) Submit a statement that the engines for which certification is
requested will not, to the best of the manufacturer's belief, cause the
manufacturer to have a negative credit balance when all credits are
calculated for all the manufacturer's engine families participating in
the averaging, banking, and trading program.
(b) Based on this information, each manufacturer's certification
application must demonstrate:
[[Page 73358]]
(1) That at the end of model year production, each engine family
has a net emissions credit balance equal to or greater than zero for
any pollutant and program for which participation in certification
under averaging, banking, and/or trading is being sought. The equation
in section Sec. 94.305 shall be used in this calculation for each
engine family.
(2) That the manufacturer will obtain sufficient credits to be used
to comply with the emission standard for any engine family with an FEL
that exceeds the applicable emission standard, or where credits will be
applied if the FEL is less than the emission standard. In cases where
credits are being obtained, for each engine family involved the
manufacturer must identify specifically the source of the credits being
used (manufacturer/engine family). All such reports shall include all
credits involved in certification averaging, banking, or trading.
(3) That in cases where credits are being generated/supplied, the
use of such credits is specifically designated (manufacturer/engine
family or reserved). All such reports shall include all credits
involved in certification averaging, banking, or trading.
(c) Manufacturers must monitor projected versus actual production
throughout the model year to ensure that compliance with emission
standards is achieved at the end of the model year.
(d) At the end of the model year, the manufacturer must provide the
end-of-year reports required under Sec. 94.309.
(1) Projected credits based on the information supplied in the
certification application may be used to obtain a certificate of
conformity. However, any such projected credits must be validated based
on review of the end of model year reports and may be revoked at a
later time based on follow-up audits or any other verification measure
deemed appropriate by the Administrator.
(2) Compliance for engine families using averaging, banking, or
trading will be determined at the end of the model year. Manufacturers
that have certified engine families with credit balances for
THC+NOX and/or PM that do not equal or exceed zero shall be
in violation of the conditions of the certificate of conformity for
such engine families. The certificate of conformity may be voided ab
initio for those engine families.
(e) Other conditions of certification.
(1) All certificates issued are conditional upon compliance by the
manufacturer with the provisions of this subpart both during and after
the calendar year of production.
(2) Failure to comply with all provisions of this subpart will be
considered to be a failure to satisfy the conditions upon which the
certificate was issued, and the certificate may be deemed void ab
initio.
(3) The manufacturer bears the burden of establishing to the
satisfaction of the Administrator that the conditions upon which the
certificate was issued were satisfied or waived.
Sec. 94.307 Labeling.
For all engines included in the certification averaging, banking,
and trading program, the FEL to which the engine is certified must be
included on the label required in Sec. 94.212.
Sec. 94.308 Maintenance of records.
(a) The manufacturer of any engine that is certified under the
averaging, banking, and trading program must establish, maintain, and
retain the following adequately organized and indexed records for each
such engine produced:
(1) EPA engine family and configuration;
(2) Engine identification number;
(3) Engine calendar year and build date;
(4) Rated power;
(5) Purchaser and destination; and
(6) Assembly plant.
(b) The manufacturer of any engine family that is certified under
the averaging, banking, and trading program must establish, maintain,
and retain the following adequately organized and indexed records for
each such family:
(1) Model year and EPA engine family;
(2) Family Emission Limit(s) (FEL);
(3) Rated power for each configuration;
(4) Projected applicable production/sales volume for the calendar
year;
(5) Actual applicable production/sales volume for the calendar
year; and
(6) Useful life.
(c) Any manufacturer producing an engine family participating in
trading of credits must maintain the following records on a quarterly
basis for each engine family in the trading program:
(1) The model year and engine family;
(2) The actual quarterly and cumulative applicable production/sales
volume;
(3) The values required to calculate credits as given in
Sec. 94.305;
(4) The resulting type and number of credits generated/required;
(5) How and where credit surpluses are dispersed; and
(6) How and through what means credit deficits are met.
(d) The manufacturer must retain all records required to be
maintained under this section for a period of 8 years from the due date
for the end-of-calendar year report. Records may be retained as hard
copy or reduced to microfilm, ADP diskettes, and so forth, depending on
the manufacturer's record retention procedure; provided, that in every
case all information contained in the hard copy is retained.
(e) Nothing in this section limits the Administrator's discretion
in requiring the manufacturer to retain additional records or submit
information not specifically required by this section.
(f) Pursuant to a request made by the Administrator, the
manufacturer must submit to the Administrator the information that the
manufacturer is required to retain.
(g) EPA may void ab initio a certificate of conformity for an
engine family for which the manufacturer fails to retain the records
required in this section or to provide such information to the
Administrator upon request.
Sec. 94.309 Reports.
(a) Manufacturers must submit the certification information as
required under Sec. 94.306, and end-of-year reports each year as part
of their participation in certification averaging, banking, and trading
programs.
(b) Quarterly reports. All entities involved in credit trades must
submit quarterly reports. The reports shall include the source or
recipient of the credits, the amount of credits involved plus remaining
balances, details regarding the pollutant, and model year as well as
the information prescribed in Sec. 94.308(c). Copies of contracts
related to credit trading must be included or supplied by the buyer,
seller, and broker, as applicable.
(c) End-of-year reports must include the information prescribed in
Sec. 94.308(b). The report shall include a calculation of credit
balances for each family to show that the summation of the
manufacturer's use of credits results in a credit balance equal to or
greater than zero. The report shall be consistent in detail with the
information submitted under Sec. 94.306 and show how credit surpluses
were dispersed and how credit shortfalls were met on a family specific
basis. The end-of-year report shall incorporate any information
reflected in previous quarterly reports.
(d) The applicable production/sales volume for quarterly and end-
of-year reports must be based on the location of either the point of
first retail sale by the manufacturer or the point at which the engine
is placed into service, whichever occurs first. This is called the
final product purchase location.
[[Page 73359]]
(e) Each quarterly and end-of-year report submitted shall include a
statement certifying to the accuracy and authenticity of the material
reported therein.
(f) Requirements for submission. (1) Quarterly reports must be
submitted within 90 days of the end of the calendar quarter to the
Designated Officer.
(2) End-of-year reports must be submitted within 120 days of the
end of the calendar year to the Designated Officer.
(3) Failure by a manufacturer participating in the averaging,
banking, or trading program to submit any quarterly or end-of-year
reports in the specified time for all engines is a violation of
sections 203(a)(1) and 213 of the Clean Air Act for each engine.
(4) A manufacturer generating credits for banking only who fails to
submit end-of-year reports in the applicable specified time period (120
days after the end of the calendar year) may not use or trade the
credits until such reports are received and reviewed by EPA. Use of
projected credits pending EPA review is not permitted in these
circumstances.
(g) Reporting errors. (1) Errors discovered by EPA or the
manufacturer in the end-of-year report, including errors in credit
calculation, may be corrected 180-days subsequent to submission of the
end-of-year report. Errors discovered by EPA after 180-days shall be
correctable if, as a result of the correction, the manufacturer's
credits are reduced. Errors in the manufacturer's favor are not
corrected if discovered after the 180-day correction period allowed.
(2) If EPA or the manufacturer determines that a reporting error
occurred on an end-of-year report previously submitted to EPA under
this section, the manufacturer's credits and credit calculations will
be recalculated. Erroneous positive credits will be void. Erroneous
negative credit balances may be corrected by EPA.
(3) If EPA review of a manufacturer's end-of-year report indicates
a credit shortfall, the manufacturer will be permitted to purchase the
necessary credits to bring the credit balance to zero. These credits
must be supplied at the ratio of 1.1 credits for each 1.0 credit
needed. If sufficient credits are not available to bring the credit
balance to zero for the family(ies) involved, EPA may void the
certificate(s) for that family(ies) ab initio. In addition, all engines
within an engine family for which there are insufficient credits will
be considered to have violated the conditions of the certificate of
conformity and therefore are not covered by that certificate.
(4) If within 180 days of receipt of the manufacturer's end-of-year
report, EPA review determines a reporting error in the manufacturer's
favor (that is, resulting in an increased credit balance) or if the
manufacturer discovers such an error within 180 days of EPA receipt of
the end-of-year report, the credits are restored for use by the
manufacturer.
Sec. 94.310 Notice of opportunity for hearing.
Any voiding of the certificate under this subpart will be made only
after the manufacturer concerned has been offered an opportunity for a
hearing conducted in accordance with Sec. 94.216 and, if a manufacturer
requests such a hearing, will be made only after an initial decision by
the Presiding Officer.
Subpart E--Emission-related Defect Reporting Requirements,
Voluntary Emission Recall Program
Sec. 94.401 Applicability.
The requirements of this subpart are applicable to manufacturers of
engines subject to the provisions of Subpart A of this part. The
requirement to report emission-related defects affecting a given class
or category of engines applies for eight years from the end of the year
in which such engines were manufactured.
Sec. 94.402 Definitions.
The definitions of Subpart A of this part apply to this subpart.
Sec. 94.403 Emission defect information report.
(a) A manufacturer must file a defect information report whenever
it determines, in accordance with procedures it established to identify
either safety-related or performance defects (or based on other
information), that a specific emission-related defect exists in 25 or
more Category 1 marine engines, or 10 or more Category 2 marine
engines. No report must be filed under this paragraph for any emission-
related defect corrected prior to the sale of the affected engines to
an ultimate purchaser. (Note: These limits apply to the occurrence of
the same defect, and are not constrained by engine family or model
year.)
(b) Defect information reports required under paragraph (a) of this
section must be submitted not more than 15 working days after the same
emission-related defect is found to effect 25 or more Category 1 marine
engines, or 10 or more Category 2 marine engines. Information required
by paragraph (c) of this section that is either not available within 15
working days or is significantly revised must be submitted as it
becomes available.
(c) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, each
defect report must contain the following information in substantially
the format outlined:
(1) The manufacturer's corporate name.
(2) A description of the defect.
(3) A description of each class or category of engines potentially
affected by the defect including make, model, calendar year produced,
purchaser and any other information as may be required to identify the
engines affected.
(4) For each class or category of engines described in response to
paragraph (c)(3) of this section, the following shall also be provided:
(i) The number of engines known or estimated to have the defect and
an explanation of the means by which this number was determined.
(ii) The address of the plant(s) at which the potentially defective
engines were produced.
(5) An evaluation of the emissions impact of the defect and a
description of any operational or performance problems which a
defective engine might exhibit.
(6) Available emissions data which relate to the defect.
(7) An indication of any anticipated follow-up by the manufacturer.
Sec. 94.404 Voluntary emissions recall reporting.
(a) When any manufacturer initiates a voluntary emissions recall
campaign involving an engine, the manufacturer shall submit to EPA a
report describing the manufacturer's voluntary emissions recall plan as
prescribed by this section within 15 working days of the date owner
notification was begun. The report shall contain the following:
(1) A description of each class or category of engines recalled
including the number of engines to be recalled, the calendar year if
applicable, the make, the model, and such other information as may be
required to identify the engines recalled.
(2) A description of the specific modifications, alterations,
repairs, corrections, adjustments, or other changes to be made to
correct the engines affected by the emission-related defect.
(3) A description of the method by which the manufacturer will
notify engine owners.
(4) A description of the proper maintenance or use, if any, upon
which the manufacturer conditions eligibility for repair under the
remedial plan, an explanation of the manufacturer's reasons for
imposing any such
[[Page 73360]]
condition, and a description of the proof to be required of an engine
owner to demonstrate compliance with any such condition.
(5) A description of the procedure to be followed by engine owners
to obtain correction of the nonconformity. This shall include
designation of the date on or after which the owner can have the
nonconformity remedied, the time reasonably necessary to perform the
labor to remedy the defect, and the designation of facilities at which
the defect can be remedied.
(6) If some or all the nonconforming engines are to be remedied by
persons other than authorized warranty agents of the manufacturer, a
description of the class of persons other than authorized warranty
agents of the manufacturer who will remedy the defect.
(7) A copy of any written notification sent to engine owners.
(8) A description of the system by which the manufacturer will
assure that an adequate supply of parts will be available to perform
the repair under the remedial plan including the date by which an
adequate supply of parts will be available to initiate the repair
campaign, the percentage of the total parts requirement of each person
who is to perform the repair under the remedial plan to be shipped to
initiate the campaign, and the method to be used to assure the supply
remains both adequate and responsive to owner demand.
(9) Three copies of all necessary instructions to be sent to those
persons who are to perform the repair under the remedial plan.
(10) A description of the impact of the changes on fuel
consumption, operation or performance, and safety of each class or
category of engines to be recalled.
(11) A sample of any label to be applied to engines which
participate in the voluntary recall campaign.
(b) Unless otherwise specified by the Administrator, the
manufacturer shall report on the progress of the recall campaign by
submitting subsequent reports for six consecutive quarters, or until
proven that remedial action has been adequately taken on all affected
engines, whichever occurs first, commencing with the quarter after the
voluntary emissions recall campaign actually begins. Such reports shall
be submitted no later than 25 working days after the close of each
calendar quarter. For each class or group of engine subject to the
voluntary emissions recall campaign, the quarterly report shall contain
the:
(1) Emission recall campaign number, if any, designated by the
manufacturer.
(2) Date owner notification was begun, and date completed.
(3) Number of engines involved in the voluntary emissions recall
campaign.
(4) Number of engines known or estimated to be affected by the
emission-related defect and an explanation of the means by which this
number was determined.
(5) Number of engines inspected pursuant to voluntary emission
recall plan.
(6) Number of inspected engines found to be affected by the
emissions-related defect.
(7) Number of engines actually receiving repair under the remedial
plan.
(8) Number of engines determined to be unavailable for inspection
or repair under the remedial plan due to exportation, scrappage, or for
other reasons (specify).
(9) Number of engines determined to be ineligible for remedial
action due to a failure to properly maintain or use such engines.
(10) Three copies of any service bulletins which relate to the
defect to be corrected and which have not previously been reported.
(11) Three copies of all communications transmitted to engine
owners which relate to the defect to be corrected and which have not
previously been submitted.
(c) If the manufacturer determines that any of the information
requested in paragraph (b) of this section has changed or was
incorrect, revised information and an explanatory note shall be
submitted. Answers to paragraphs (b)(5), (6), (7), (8), and (9) of this
section shall be cumulative totals.
(d) The manufacturer shall maintain in a form suitable for
inspection, such as computer information storage devices or card files,
the names and addresses of engine owners:
(1) To whom notification was given;
(2) Who received remedial repair or inspection under the remedial
plan; and
(3) Who were determined not to qualify for such remedial action
when eligibility is conditioned on proper maintenance or use.
(e) The records described in paragraph (d) of this section shall be
made available to the Administrator upon request.
Sec. 94.405 Alternative report formats.
(a) Any manufacturer may submit a plan for making either of the
reports required by Secs. 94.403 and 94.404 on computer diskettes,
magnetic tape or other machine readable format. The plan shall be
accompanied by sufficient technical detail to allow a determination
that data requirements of these sections will be met and that the data
in such format will be usable by EPA.
(b) Upon approval by the Administrator of the reporting system, the
manufacturer may use such system until otherwise notified by the
Administrator.
Sec. 94.406 Reports filing: record retention.
(a) The reports required by Secs. 94.403 and 94.404 shall be sent
to the Designated Officer.
(b) The information gathered by the manufacturer to compile the
reports required by Secs. 94.403 and 94.404 shall be retained for not
less than 8 years from the date of the manufacture of the engines and
shall be made available to duly authorized officials of the EPA upon
request.
Sec. 94.407 Responsibility under other legal provisions preserved.
The filing of any report under the provisions of this subpart shall
not affect a manufacturer's responsibility to file reports or
applications, obtain approval, or give notice under any provision of
law.
Sec. 94.408 Disclaimer of production warranty applicability.
(a) The act of filing an Emission Defect Information Report
pursuant to Sec. 94.403 is inconclusive as to the existence of a defect
subject to the warranty provided by section 207(a) of the Act.
(b) A manufacturer may include on each page of its Emission Defect
Information Report a disclaimer stating that the filing of a Defect
Information Report pursuant to this subpart is not conclusive as to the
applicability of the Production Warranty provided by section 207(a) of
the Act.
Subpart F--Manufacturer Production Line Testing Programs
Sec. 94.501 Applicability.
(a) The requirements of this subpart are applicable to
manufacturers of engines subject to the provisions of Subpart A of this
part.
(b) The provisions of Subpart F of 40 CFR Part 89 (Selective
Enforcement Audit) apply to engines subject to the provisions of
Subpart A of this part.
Sec. 94.502 Definitions.
The definitions in Subpart A of this part apply to this subpart.
Sec. 94.503 General requirements.
(a) Manufacturers shall test production line engines in accordance
with sampling procedures specified in Sec. 94.505 and the test
procedures specified in Sec. 94.506.
[[Page 73361]]
(b) Upon request, the Administrator may also allow manufacturers to
conduct alternate production line testing programs, provided the
Administrator determines that the alternate production line testing
program provides equivalent assurance that the engines that are being
produced conform to the provisions of this part. As part of this
allowance or for other reasons, the Administrator may waive some or all
of the requirements of this subpart.
(c) The requirements of this subpart apply with respect to all
applicable standards and FELs of Subpart A of this part, including the
supplemental standards of Sec. 94.8(e).
Sec. 94.504 Right of entry and access.
(a) To allow the Administrator to determine whether a manufacturer
is complying with the provisions of this part, one or more EPA
enforcement officers may enter during operating hours and upon
presentation of credentials any of the following places:
(1) Any facility, including ports of entry, where any engine is to
be introduced into commerce or any emission-related component is
manufactured, assembled, or stored;
(2) Any facility where any test conducted pursuant to a
manufacturer's production line testing program or any procedure or
activity connected with such test is or was performed;
(3) Any facility where any test engine is present; and
(4) Any facility where any record required under Sec. 94.509 or
other document relating to this subpart is located.
(b) Upon admission to any facility referred to in paragraph (a) of
this section, EPA enforcement officers are authorized to perform the
following inspection-related activities:
(1) To inspect and monitor any aspect of engine manufacture,
assembly, storage, testing and other procedures, and to inspect and
monitor the facilities in which these procedures are conducted;
(2) To inspect and monitor any aspect of engine test procedures or
activities, including test engine selection, preparation and service
accumulation, emission duty cycles, and maintenance and verification of
test equipment calibration;
(3) To inspect and make copies of any records or documents related
to the assembly, storage, selection, and testing of a engine; and
(4) To inspect and photograph any part or aspect of any engine and
any component used in the assembly thereof that is reasonably related
to the purpose of the entry.
(c) EPA enforcement officers are authorized to obtain reasonable
assistance without cost from those in charge of a facility to help the
officers perform any function listed in this subpart and they are
authorized to request the manufacturer to make arrangements with those
in charge of a facility operated for the manufacturer benefit to
furnish reasonable assistance without cost to EPA.
(1) Reasonable assistance includes, but is not limited to,
clerical, copying, interpretation and translation services; the making
available on an EPA enforcement officer's request of personnel of the
facility being inspected during their working hours to inform the EPA
enforcement officer of how the facility operates and to answer the
officer's questions; and the performance on request of emission tests
on any engine which is being, has been, or will be used for production
line testing.
(2) By written request, signed by the Assistant Administrator for
Air and Radiation or the Assistant Administrator for Enforcement and
Compliance Assurance, and served on the manufacturer, a manufacturer
may be compelled to cause the personal appearance of any employee at
such a facility before an EPA enforcement officer. Any such employee
who has been instructed by the manufacturer to appear will be entitled
to be accompanied, represented, and advised by counsel.
(d) EPA enforcement officers are authorized to seek a warrant or
court order authorizing the EPA enforcement officers to conduct the
activities authorized in this section, as appropriate, to execute the
functions specified in this section. EPA enforcement officers may
proceed ex parte to obtain a warrant or court order whether or not the
EPA enforcement officers first attempted to seek permission from the
manufacturer or the party in charge of the facility(ies) in question to
conduct the activities authorized in this section.
(e) A manufacturer is responsible for locating its foreign testing
and manufacturing facilities in jurisdictions where local law does not
prohibit an EPA enforcement officer(s) from conducting the activities
specified in this section. EPA will not attempt to make any inspections
which it has been informed local foreign law prohibits.
Sec. 94.505 Sample selection for testing.
(a) At the start of each model year, the manufacturer will begin to
select engines from each engine family for production line testing.
Each engine will be selected from the end of the production line.
Testing shall be performed throughout the entire model year to the
extent possible. Engines selected shall cover the broadest range of
production possible.
(1)(i) The required sample size for Category 1 engine manufacturers
is one percent of projected annual U.S.-directed production for all
Category 1 engine families, provided that no engine tested fails to
meet applicable emission standards. Test engines shall include a
proportional sample from each engine family. The required sample size
is zero if a manufacturer's projected annual production for all
Category 1 engine families is less than 100.
(ii) The required sample size for a Category 2 engine family is one
percent of projected annual U.S.-directed production for that engine
family, with a minimum sample size of one test per model year provided
that no engine tested fails to meet applicable emission standards.
(2) Manufacturers may elect to test additional engines. All
additional engines must be tested in accordance with the applicable
test procedures of this part.
(3) The Administrator may reject any engines selected by the
manufacturer if he/she determines that such engines are not
representative of actual production.
(b) The manufacturer must assemble the test engines using the same
mass production process that will be used for engines to be introduced
into commerce.
(c) No quality control, testing, or assembly procedures will be
used on any test engine or any portion thereof, including parts and
subassemblies, that have not been or will not be used during the
production and assembly of all other engines of that family, except
with the approval of the Administrator.
Sec. 94.506 Test procedures.
(a)(1) For engines subject to the provisions of this subpart, the
prescribed test procedures are those procedures described in Subpart B
of this part, except as provided in this section.
(2) The Administrator may, on the basis of a written application by
a manufacturer, prescribe test procedures other than those specified in
paragraph (a)(1) of this section for any engine he/she determines is
not susceptible to satisfactory testing using procedures specified in
paragraph (a)(1) of this section.
(3) If test procedures other than those in Subpart B of this part
were used in certification of the engine family being
[[Page 73362]]
tested under this subpart (other than alternate test procedures
necessary for testing of a development engine instead of a low hour
engine under Sec. 94.9), the manufacturer shall use the test procedures
used in certification for production line testing.
(b)(1) The manufacturer may not adjust, repair, prepare, modify, or
perform any emission test on any test engine unless this adjustment,
repair, preparation, modification and/or test is documented in the
manufacturer's engine assembly and inspection procedures and is
actually performed by the manufacturer or unless this adjustment,
repair, preparation, modification and/or test is required or permitted
under this subpart or is approved in advance by the Administrator.
(2) Any adjustable engine parameter must be set to values or
positions that are within the range specified in the approved
application for certification.
(3) The Administrator may adjust or require to be adjusted any
engine parameter which the Administrator has determined to be subject
to adjustment for certification and production line testing, to any
setting within the specified adjustable range of that parameter, as
determined by the Administrator, prior to the performance of any test.
(c) Service Accumulation/Green Engine Factor. The manufacturer
shall accumulate up to 300 hours of service on the engines to be
tested. In lieu of conducting such service accumulation, the
manufacturer may establish a Green Engine Factor for each regulated
pollutant for each engine family to be used in calculating emissions
test results. The manufacturer shall obtain the approval of the
Administrator prior to using a Green Engine Factor.
(d) The manufacturer may not perform any maintenance on test
engines after selection for testing.
(e) If an engine is shipped to a facility other than the production
facility for production line testing, and an adjustment or repair is
necessary because of such shipment, the engine manufacturer must
perform the necessary adjustment or repair only after the initial test
of the engine, except where the Administrator has determined that the
test would be impossible to perform or would permanently damage the
engine.
(f) If an engine cannot complete the service accumulation or an
emission test, because of a malfunction, the manufacturer may request
that the Administrator authorize either the repair of that engine or
its deletion from the test sequence.
(g) Retesting. If an engine manufacturer determines that any
production line emission test of an engine is invalid, the engine must
be retested in accordance with the requirements of this subpart.
Emission results from all tests must be reported to EPA, including test
results the manufacturer determines are invalid. The engine
manufacturer must also include a detailed explanation of the reasons
for invalidating any test in the quarterly report required in
Sec. 94.508(e). In the event a retest is performed, a request may be
made to the Administrator, within ten days of the end of the production
quarter, for permission to substitute the after-repair test results for
the original test results. The Administrator will either affirm or deny
the request by the engine manufacturer within ten working days from
receipt of the request.
Sec. 94.507 Sequence of testing.
(a) If one or more engines fail a production line test, then the
manufacturer must test two additional engines for each engine that
fails.
(b) The two additional engines tested under paragraph (a) of this
section shall be selected from either the next fifteen produced in that
engine family, or from those engines produced in that engine family
within 48 hours of the completion of the failed test.
Sec. 94.508 Calculation and reporting of test results.
(a) Manufacturers shall calculate initial test results using the
applicable test procedure specified in Sec. 94.506(a). These results
must also include the Green Engine Factor, if applicable. The
manufacturer shall round these results, in accordance with ASTM E 29-
93a (incorporated by reference at Sec. 94.5), to the number of decimal
places contained in the applicable emission standard expressed to one
additional significant figure.
(b) Test results shall be calculated by summing the initial test
results derived in paragraph (a) of this section for each test engine,
dividing by the number of tests conducted on the engine, and rounding
in accordance with ASTM E 29-93a (incorporated by reference at
Sec. 94.5) to the same number of decimal places contained in the
applicable standard expressed to one additional decimal place. (For
example, if the applicable standard is 7.8, then round the test results
to two places to the right of the decimal.)
(c) Manufacturers shall calculate the final test results for each
test engine by applying the appropriate deterioration factors, derived
in the certification process for the engine family, to the test results
described in paragraph (b) of this section, and rounding in accordance
with ASTM E 29-93a (incorporated by reference at Sec. 94.5) to the same
number of decimal places contained in the applicable standard expressed
to one additional decimal place. (For example, if the applicable
standard is 7.8, then round the test results to two places to the right
of the decimal.)
(d) If, subsequent to an initial failure of a production line test,
the average of the test results for the failed engine and the two
additional engines tested, is greater than any applicable emission
standard or FEL, the engine family is deemed to be in non-compliance
with applicable emission standards, and the manufacturer must notify
the Administrator within 2 working days of such noncompliance.
(e) Within 30 calendar days of the end of each quarter, each
manufacturer must submit to the Administrator a report which includes
the following information:
(1) The location and description of the manufacturer's emission
test facilities which were utilized to conduct testing reported
pursuant to this section;
(2) Total production and sample size for each engine family;
(3) The applicable standards and/or FELs against which each engine
family was tested;
(4) A description of the test engines;
(5) For each test conducted:
(i) A description of the test engine, including:
(A) Configuration and engine family identification;
(B) Year, make, and build date;
(C) Engine identification number;
(D) Number of hours of service accumulated on engine prior to
testing; and
(E) Description of Green Engine Factor; how it is determined and
how it is applied;
(ii) Location(s) where service accumulation was conducted and
description of accumulation procedure and schedule, if applicable;
(iii) Test number, date, test procedure used, initial test results
before and after rounding, and final test results for all production
line emission tests conducted, whether valid or invalid, and the reason
for invalidation of any test results, if applicable;
(iv) A complete description of any adjustment, modification,
repair, preparation, maintenance, and testing which was performed on
the test engine, has not been reported pursuant to any other paragraph
of this subpart, and will not be performed on other production engines;
[[Page 73363]]
(v) Any other information the Administrator may request relevant to
the determination whether the new engines being manufactured by the
manufacturer do in fact conform with the regulations with respect to
which the certificate of conformity was issued;
(6) For each failed engine as defined in Sec. 94.510(a), a
description of the remedy and test results for all retests as required
by Sec. 94.512(g);
(7) The date of the end of the engine manufacturer's model year
production for each engine family tested; and
(8) The following signed statement and endorsement by an authorized
representative of the manufacturer:
This report is submitted pursuant to Sections 213 and 208 of the
Clean Air Act. This production line testing program was conducted in
complete conformance with all applicable regulations under 40 CFR
part 94. No emission-related changes to production processes or
quality control procedures for the engine family tested have been
made during this production line testing program that affect engines
from the production line. All data and information reported herein
is, to the best of (Company Name) knowledge, true and accurate. I am
aware of the penalties associated with violations of the Clean Air
Act and the regulations thereunder.
(Authorized Company Representative.)
Sec. 94.509 Maintenance of records; submittal of information.
(a) The manufacturer for any new engine subject to any of the
provisions of this subpart must establish, maintain, and retain the
following adequately organized and indexed records:
(1) General records. A description of all equipment used to test
engines in accordance with Sec. 94.503. The equipment requirements in
Subpart B of this part apply to tests performed under this subpart.
(2) Individual records. These records pertain to each production
line test conducted pursuant to this subpart and include:
(i) The date, time, and location of each test;
(ii) The method by which the Green Engine Factor was calculated or
the number of hours of service accumulated on the test engine when the
test began and ended;
(iii) The names of all supervisory personnel involved in the
conduct of the production line test;
(iv) A record and description of any adjustment, repair,
preparation or modification performed on test engines, giving the date,
associated time, justification, name(s) of the authorizing personnel,
and names of all supervisory personnel responsible for the conduct of
the action;
(v) If applicable, the date the engine was shipped from the
assembly plant, associated storage facility or port facility, and the
date the engine was received at the testing facility;
(vi) A complete record of all emission tests performed pursuant to
this subpart (except tests performed directly by EPA), including all
individual worksheets and/or other documentation relating to each test,
or exact copies thereof, in accordance with the record requirements
specified in Subpart B of this part;
(vii) A brief description of any significant events during testing
not otherwise described under this paragraph (a)(2) of this section,
commencing with the test engine selection process and including such
extraordinary events as engine damage during shipment.
(3) The manufacturer must establish, maintain and retain general
records, pursuant to paragraph (a)(1) of this section, for each test
cell that can be used to perform emission testing under this subpart.
(b) The manufacturer must retain all records required to be
maintained under this subpart for a period of eight (8) years after
completion of all testing. Records may be retained as hard copy (i.e.,
on paper) or reduced to microfilm, floppy disk, or some other method of
data storage, depending upon the manufacturer's record retention
procedure; provided, that in every case, all the information contained
in the hard copy is retained.
(c) The manufacturer must, upon request by the Administrator,
submit the following information with regard to engine production:
(1) Projected production for each configuration within each engine
family for which certification has been requested and/or approved.
(2) Number of engines, by configuration and assembly plant,
scheduled for production.
(d) Nothing in this section limits the Administrator's discretion
to require a manufacturer to establish, maintain, retain or submit to
EPA information not specified by this section.
(e) All reports, submissions, notifications, and requests for
approval made under this subpart must be addressed to the Designated
Officer.
(f) The manufacturer must electronically submit the results of its
production line testing using an EPA information format.
Sec. 94.510 Compliance with criteria for production line testing.
(a) A failed engine is one whose final test results pursuant to
Sec. 94.508(c), for one or more of the applicable pollutants, exceed an
applicable emission standard or FEL.
(b) An engine family is deemed to be in noncompliance, for purposes
of this subpart, if at any time throughout the model year, the average
of an initial failed engine and the two additional engines tested, is
greater than any applicable emission standard or FEL.
Sec. 94.511 [Reserved]
Sec. 94.512 Suspension and revocation of certificates of conformity.
(a) The certificate of conformity is suspended with respect to any
engine that fails a production line test pursuant to Sec. 94.510(a),
effective from the time the testing of that engine is completed.
(b) The Administrator may suspend the certificate of conformity for
an engine family which is in noncompliance pursuant to Sec. 94.510(b),
thirty days after the engine family is deemed to be in noncompliance.
(c) If the results of testing pursuant to this subpart indicate
that engines of a particular family produced at one plant of a
manufacturer do not conform to the regulations with respect to which
the certificate of conformity was issued, the Administrator may suspend
the certificate of conformity with respect to that family for engines
manufactured by the manufacturer at all other plants.
(d) The Administrator may suspend a certificate of conformity for
any engine family in whole or in part if:
(1) The manufacturer fails to comply with any of the requirements
of this subpart.
(2) The manufacturer submits false or incomplete information in any
report or information provided to the Administrator under this subpart.
(3) The manufacturer renders inaccurate any test data submitted
under this subpart.
(4) An EPA enforcement officer is denied the opportunity to conduct
activities authorized in this subpart.
(5) An EPA enforcement officer is unable to conduct activities
authorized in Sec. 94.504 for any reason.
(e) The Administrator shall notify the manufacturer in writing of
any suspension or revocation of a certificate of conformity in whole or
in part; a suspension or revocation is effective upon receipt of such
notification or thirty days from the time an engine family is deemed to
be in noncompliance under Secs. 94.508(d), 94.510(a), or 94.510(b),
whichever is earlier, except that the certificate is immediately
suspended with respect to any failed engines as provided for in
paragraph (a) of this section.
(f) The Administrator may revoke a certificate of conformity for an
engine
[[Page 73364]]
family when the certificate has been suspended pursuant to paragraph
(b) or (c) of this section if the remedy is one requiring a design
change or changes to the engine and/or emission control system as
described in the application for certification of the affected engine
family.
(g) Once a certificate has been suspended for a failed engine, as
provided for in paragraph (a) of this section, the manufacturer must
take the following actions before the certificate is reinstated for
that failed engine:
(1) Remedy the nonconformity;
(2) Demonstrate that the engine conforms to applicable standards or
family emission limits by retesting if applicable, the engine in
accordance with this part; and
(3) Submit a written report to the Administrator, after successful
completion of testing on the failed engine, which contains a
description of the remedy and test results for each engine in addition
to other information that may be required by this part.
(h) Once a certificate for a failed engine family has been
suspended pursuant to paragraph (b) or (c) of this section, the
manufacturer must take the following actions before the Administrator
will consider reinstating the certificate:
(1) Submit a written report to the Administrator which identifies
the reason for the noncompliance of the engines, describes the remedy,
including a description of any quality control and/or quality assurance
measures to be taken by the manufacturer to prevent future occurrences
of the problem, and states the date on which the remedies will be
implemented.
(2) Demonstrate that the engine family for which the certificate of
conformity has been suspended does in fact comply with the regulations
of this part by testing engines selected from normal production runs of
that engine family. Such testing must comply with the provisions of
this subpart. If the manufacturer elects to continue testing individual
engines after suspension of a certificate, the certificate is
reinstated for any engine actually determined to be in conformance with
the applicable standards or family emission limits through testing in
accordance with the applicable test procedures, provided that the
Administrator has not revoked the certificate pursuant to paragraph (f)
of this section.
(i) Once the certificate has been revoked for an engine family, if
the manufacturer desires to continue introduction into commerce of a
modified version of that family, the following actions must be taken
before the Administrator may issue a certificate for that modified
family:
(1) If the Administrator determines that the change(s) in engine
design may have an effect on emission performance deterioration, the
Administrator shall notify the manufacturer, within five working days
after receipt of the report in paragraph (h)(1) of this section,
whether subsequent testing under this subpart will be sufficient to
evaluate the change or changes or whether additional testing will be
required; and
(2) After implementing the change or changes intended to remedy the
nonconformity, the manufacturer must demonstrate that the modified
engine family does in fact conform with the regulations of this part by
testing engines selected from normal production runs of that engine
family. When both of these requirements are met, the Administrator
shall reissue the certificate or issue a new certificate, as the case
may be, to include that family. If this subsequent testing reveals
failing data the revocation remains in effect.
(j) At any time subsequent to an initial suspension of a
certificate of conformity for a test engine pursuant to paragraph (a)
of this section, but not later than 30 days (or such other period as
may be allowed by the Administrator) after notification of the
Administrator's decision to suspend or revoke a certificate of
conformity in whole or in part pursuant to paragraph (b), (c), or (f)
of this section, a manufacturer may request a hearing as to whether the
tests have been properly conducted or any sampling methods have been
properly applied.
(k) Any suspension of a certificate of conformity under paragraphs
(a),(b),(c) and (d) of this section:
(1) Shall be made only after the manufacturer concerned has been
offered an opportunity for a hearing conducted in accordance with
Secs. 94.513, 94.514, and 94.515; and
(2) Need not apply to engines no longer in the possession of the
manufacturer.
(l) After the Administrator suspends or revokes a certificate of
conformity pursuant to this section or voids a certificate of
conformity under paragraph Sec. 94.215, and prior to the commencement
of a hearing under Sec. 94.513, if the manufacturer demonstrates to the
Administrator's satisfaction that the decision to suspend, revoke, or
void the certificate was based on erroneous information, the
Administrator shall reinstate the certificate.
(m) To permit a manufacturer to avoid storing non-test engines
while conducting subsequent testing of the noncomplying family, a
manufacturer may request that the Administrator conditionally reinstate
the certificate for that family. The Administrator may reinstate the
certificate subject to the following condition: the manufacturer must
commit to recall all engines of that family produced from the time the
certificate is conditionally reinstated if the family fails subsequent
testing and must commit to remedy any nonconformity at no expense to
the owner.
Sec. 94.513 Request for public hearing.
(a) If the manufacturer disagrees with the Administrator's decision
to suspend or revoke a certificate or disputes the basis for an
automatic suspension pursuant to Sec. 94.512(a), the manufacturer may
request a public hearing.
(b) The manufacturer's request shall be filed with the
Administrator not later than 30 days after the Administrator's
notification of his or her decision to suspend or revoke, unless
otherwise specified by the Administrator. The manufacturer shall
simultaneously serve two copies of this request upon the Designated
Officer and file two copies with the Hearing Clerk of the Agency.
Failure of the manufacturer to request a hearing within the time
provided constitutes a waiver of the right to a hearing. Subsequent to
the expiration of the period for requesting a hearing as of right, the
Administrator may, in his or her discretion and for good cause shown,
grant the manufacturer a hearing to contest the suspension or
revocation.
(c) A manufacturer shall include in the request for a public
hearing:
(1) A statement as to which configuration(s) within a family is to
be the subject of the hearing;
(2) A concise statement of the issues to be raised by the
manufacturer at the hearing, except that in the case of the hearing
requested under Sec. 94.512(j), the hearing is restricted to the
following issues:
(i) Whether tests have been properly conducted (specifically,
whether the tests were conducted in accordance with applicable
regulations under this part and whether test equipment was properly
calibrated and functioning);
(ii) Whether there exists a basis for distinguishing engines
produced at plants other than the one from which engines were selected
for testing which would invalidate the Administrator's decision under
Sec. 94.512(c));
(3) A statement specifying reasons why the manufacturer believes it
will prevail on the merits of each of the issues raised; and
[[Page 73365]]
(4) A summary of the evidence which supports the manufacturer's
position on each of the issues raised.
(d) A copy of all requests for public hearings will be kept on file
in the Office of the Hearing Clerk and will be made available to the
public during Agency business hours.
Sec. 94.514 Administrative procedures for public hearing.
(a) The Presiding Officer shall be an Administrative Law Judge
appointed pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 3105 (see also 5 CFR part 930).
(b) The Judicial Officer shall be an officer or employee of the
Agency appointed as a Judicial Officer by the Administrator, pursuant
to this section, who shall meet the qualifications and perform
functions as follows:
(1) Qualifications. A Judicial Officer may be a permanent or
temporary employee of the Agency who performs other duties for the
Agency. The Judicial Officer shall not be employed by the Office of
Enforcement or have any connection with the preparation or presentation
of evidence for a hearing held pursuant to this subpart. The Judicial
Officer shall be a graduate of an accredited law school and a member in
good standing of a recognized Bar Association of any state or the
District of Columbia.
(2) Functions. The Administrator may consult with the Judicial
Officer or delegate all or part of the Administrator's authority to act
in a given case under this section to a Judicial Officer, provided that
this delegation does not preclude the Judicial Officer from referring
any motion or case to the Administrator when the Judicial Officer
determines such referral to be appropriate.
(c) For the purposes of this section, one or more Judicial Officers
may be designated by the Administrator. As work requires, a Judicial
Officer may be designated to act for the purposes of a particular case.
(d)(1) In the case of a hearing requested under Sec. 94.512(j),
when it clearly appears from the data and other information contained
in the request for a hearing that no genuine and substantial question
of fact or law exists with respect to the issues specified in
Sec. 94.513(c)(2), the Administrator may enter an order denying the
request for a hearing and reaffirming the original decision to suspend
or revoke a certificate of conformity.
(2) In the case of a hearing requested under Sec. 94.513 to
challenge a suspension of a certificate of conformity for the reason(s)
specified in Sec. 94.512(d), when it clearly appears from the data and
other information contained in the request for the hearing that no
genuine and substantial question of fact or law exists with respect to
the issue of whether the refusal to comply with this subpart was caused
by conditions and circumstances outside the control of the
manufacturer, the Administrator may enter an order denying the request
for a hearing and suspending the certificate of conformity.
(3) Any order issued under paragraph (d)(1) or (d)(2) of this
section has the force and effect of a final decision of the
Administrator, as issued pursuant to Sec. 94.516.
(4) If the Administrator determines that a genuine and substantial
question of fact or law does exist with respect to any of the issues
referred to in paragraphs (d)(1) and (d)(2) of this section, the
Administrator shall grant the request for a hearing and publish a
notice of public hearing in the Federal Register or by such other means
as the Administrator finds appropriate to provide notice to the public.
(e) Filing and service. (1) An original and two copies of all
documents or papers required or permitted to be filed pursuant to this
section and Sec. 94.513(c) must be filed with the Hearing Clerk of the
Agency. Filing is considered timely if mailed, as determined by the
postmark, to the Hearing Clerk within the time allowed by this section
and Sec. 94.513(b). If filing is to be accomplished by mailing, the
documents must be sent to the address set forth in the notice of public
hearing referred to in paragraph (d)(4) of this section.
(2) To the maximum extent possible, testimony will be presented in
written form. Copies of written testimony will be served upon all
parties as soon as practicable prior to the start of the hearing. A
certificate of service will be provided on or accompany each document
or paper filed with the Hearing Clerk. Documents to be served upon the
Director of the Engine Programs and Compliance Division must be sent by
registered mail to: Director, Engine Programs and Compliance Division
6403-J, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M Street S.W.,
Washington, D.C. 20460. Service by registered mail is complete upon
mailing.
(f) Computation of time. (1) In computing any period of time
prescribed or allowed by this section, except as otherwise provided,
the day of the act or event from which the designated period of time
begins to run is not included. Saturdays, Sundays, and federal legal
holidays are included in computing the period allowed for the filing of
any document or paper, except that when the period expires on a
Saturday, Sunday, or federal legal holiday, the period is extended to
include the next following business day.
(2) A prescribed period of time within which a party is required or
permitted to do an act is computed from the time of service, except
that when service is accomplished by mail, three days will be added to
the prescribed period.
(g) Consolidation. The Administrator or the Presiding Officer in
his or her discretion may consolidate two or more proceedings to be
held under this section for the purpose of resolving one or more issues
whenever it appears that consolidation will expedite or simplify
consideration of these issues. Consolidation does not affect the right
of any party to raise issues that could have been raised if
consolidation had not occurred.
(h) Hearing date. To the extent possible hearings under Sec. 94.513
will be scheduled to commence within 14 days of receipt of the request
for a hearing.
Sec. 94.515 Hearing procedures.
The procedures provided in 40 CFR 86.1014-84(i) through (s) apply
for hearings requested pursuant to Sec. 94.513 regarding suspension,
revocation, or voiding of a certificate of conformity.
Sec. 94.516 Appeal of hearing decision.
The procedures provided in 40 CFR 86.1014-84 (t) through (aa) apply
for appeals filed with respect to hearings held pursuant to
Sec. 94.515.
Sec. 94.517 Treatment of confidential information.
Except for information required by Sec. 94.508(e)(2) and quarterly
emission test results described in Sec. 94.508(e), information
submitted pursuant to this subpart shall be made available to the
public by EPA, notwithstanding any claim of confidentiality made by the
submitter. The provisions for treatment of confidential information
described in Sec. 94.4 apply to the information required by
Sec. 94.508(e)(2) and quarterly emission test results described in
Sec. 94.508(e).
Subpart G--[Reserved]
Subpart H--Recall Regulations
Sec. 94.701 Applicability.
The requirements of this subpart are applicable to all engines
subject to the provisions of this part.
Sec. 94.702 Definitions.
The definitions in Subpart A of this part apply to this subpart.
[[Page 73366]]
Sec. 94.703 Applicability of 40 CFR part 85, subpart S.
(a) Engines subject to provisions of this part are subject to
recall regulations specified in 40 CFR part 85, subpart S, except for
the items set forth in this section.
(b) In 40 CFR 85.1801, section 216 of the Clean Air Act applies,
rather than section 214 of the Act.
(c) In 40 CFR 85.1802(a), section 213 of the Act applies, rather
than section 202 of the Act.
(d) In 40 CFR 85.1803(a) and 85.1805(a)(1) the reference to
``family emission limits'' as defined in this part 94 promulgated under
section 213 of the Act applies, rather than the reference to ``family
particulate emission limits as defined in 40 CFR part 86 promulgated
under section 202 of the Act''.
(e) Throughout the subpart references to ``engines'' apply rather
than references to ``vehicles or engines''.
Subpart I--Importation of Nonconforming Engines
Sec. 94.801 Applicability.
(a) Except where otherwise indicated, this subpart is applicable to
importers of engines (and vessels containing engines) for which the
Administrator has promulgated regulations under this part prescribing
emission standards, that are offered for importation or imported into
the United States, but which engines, at the time of importation or
being offered for importation, are not covered by certificates of
conformity issued under section 213 and section 206(a) of the Clean Air
Act (that is, which are nonconforming engines as defined in Sec. 94.2),
and this part. Compliance with regulations under this subpart does not
relieve any person or entity from compliance with other applicable
provisions of the Clean Air Act.
(b) Regulations prescribing further procedures for the importation
of engines into the Customs territory of the United States, as defined
in 19 U.S.C. 1202, are set forth in U.S. Customs Service regulations
(19 CFR Chapter I).
Sec. 94.802 Definitions.
The definitions of Subpart A of this part apply to this subpart.
Sec. 94.803 Admission.
(a) A nonconforming engine offered for importation may be admitted
into the United States pursuant to the provisions of this subpart.
Subpart C of this part, including Sec. 94.222, describes how to certify
engines installed on vessels before they are imported.
(b) To obtain admission, the importer must submit to the
Administrator a written request for approval containing the following:
(1) Identification of the importer of the engine and the importer's
address, telephone number, and taxpayer identification number;
(2) Identification of the engine's owner, the owner's address,
telephone number, and taxpayer identification number;
(3) Identification of the engine including make, model,
identification number, and original production year;
(4) Information indicating the provision in this subpart under
which the engine is to be imported, including a demonstration of how it
qualifies for the requested exemption;
(5) Identification of the place(s) where the engine is to be stored
until EPA approval of the importer's application to the Administrator
for final admission;
(6) Authorization for EPA enforcement officers to conduct
inspections or testing otherwise permitted by the Act or regulations
thereunder; and
(7) Such other information as is deemed necessary by the
Administrator.
Sec. 94.804 Exemptions.
(a) General provisions. (1) Unless otherwise specified, any person
may apply for the exemptions allowed by this section.
(2) Paragraph (b) of this section describes the provisions that
apply to temporary exemptions. Paragraph (c) of this section describes
provisions that apply to permanent exemptions.
(3) Applications for exemption under this section shall be mailed
to the Designated Officer.
(b) Notwithstanding other requirements of this subpart, a
nonconforming engine that qualifies for a temporary exemption under
this paragraph (b) may be conditionally admitted into the United States
if prior written approval for the conditional admission is obtained
from the Administrator. Conditional admission is to be under bond. The
Administrator may request that the U.S. Customs Service require a
specific bond amount to ensure compliance with the requirements of the
Act and this subpart. A written request for a temporary exemption from
the Administrator shall contain the information required in
Sec. 94.803. Noncompliance with the provisions of this paragraph (b)
will be considered unlawful importation and may result in the
forfeiture of the total amount of the bond, exportation of the engine,
and/or imposition of civil penalties.
(1) Exemption for repairs or alterations. A person may
conditionally import under bond a nonconforming engine solely for
purpose of repair(s) or alteration(s). The engine may not be operated
in the United States other than for the sole purpose of repair or
alteration or shipment to the point of repair or alteration and to the
port of export. It may not be sold or leased in the United States and
is to be exported upon completion of the repair(s) or alteration(s).
(2) Testing exemption. A person may conditionally import under bond
a nonconforming engine for testing, subject to the requirements of
Sec. 94.905. A test engine may be operated in the United States
provided that the operation is an integral part of the test. This
exemption is limited to a period not exceeding one year from the date
of importation unless a request is made by the appropriate importer,
and subsequently granted by EPA, concerning the engine in accordance
with Sec. 94.905 for a subsequent one-year period.
(3) Display exemptions. A person may conditionally import under
bond a nonconforming engine solely for display purposes, subject to
both of the following requirements:
(i) A display engine may be imported by any person for purposes
related to a business or the public interest. Such purposes do not
include collections normally inaccessible or unavailable to the public
on a daily basis, display of an engine at a dealership, private use, or
other purpose that the Administrator determines is not appropriate for
display exemptions. A display engine may not be sold or leased in the
United States and may not be operated in the United States except for
the operation incident and necessary to the display purpose.
(ii) A display exemption is granted for 12 months or for the
duration of the display purpose, whichever is shorter. Extensions of up
to 12 months each are available upon approval by the Administrator. In
no circumstances, however, may the total period of exemption exceed 36
months.
(c) A nonconforming engine that qualifies for a permanent exemption
under this paragraph (c) may be admitted into the United States if
prior written approval is obtained from the Administrator. A written
request for a permanent exemption from the Administrator shall contain
the information required in Sec. 94.803. Noncompliance with the
provisions of this paragraph (c) will be considered unlawful
importation and may result in the exportation of the engine and/or
imposition of civil penalties.
[[Page 73367]]
(1) National security exemption. Notwithstanding any other
requirement of this subpart, an engine may be permanently imported into
the United States under the national security exemption found in
Sec. 94.908.
(2) Competition exemption. Notwithstanding any other requirement of
this subpart, an engine may be permanently imported into the United
States under the competition exemption found in Sec. 94.906(c).
(3) Incomplete marine engine exemption. An engine that is intended
to be modified prior to being placed into service as a marine engine
may be imported in a nonconforming configuration, subject to the
following provisions:
(i) The modified engine must be covered by a valid marine engine
certificate issued under this part prior to importation and held by a
post-manufacture marinizer. (Note: Prior to certification,
manufacturers and post-manufacture marinizers may import uncertified
engines for testing, as specified in paragraph (b)(2) of this section.)
(ii) The engine may not be placed into non-marine service prior to
being installed in a vessel.
(iii) The importer must obtain written approval from the
Administrator prior to admission.
(iv) The engine and engine container must be labeled as specified
by the Administrator.
(v) A manufacturer importing an engine under this exemption must
modify the engine to comply with the requirements of this part.
Sec. 94.805 Prohibited acts; penalties.
(a) The importation of an engine (including an engine incorporated
in an imported marine vessel) which is not covered by a certificate of
conformity other than in accordance with this subpart and the entry
regulations of the U.S. Customs Service is prohibited. Failure to
comply with this section is a violation of section 213(d) and section
203 of the Act.
(b) Unless otherwise permitted by this subpart, during a period of
conditional admission, the importer of an engine may not:
(1) Operate the engine in the United States; or
(2) Sell or lease or offer the engine for sale or lease.
(c) An engine conditionally admitted pursuant to Sec. 94.804 and
not otherwise permanently exempted or excluded by the end of the period
of conditional admission, or within such additional time as the
Administrator and the U.S. Customs Service may allow, is deemed to be
unlawfully imported into the United States in violation of section
213(d) and section 203 of the Act, unless the engine has been delivered
to the U.S. Customs Service for export or other disposition under
applicable Customs laws and regulations by the end of the period of
conditional admission. An engine not so delivered is subject to seizure
by the U.S. Customs Service.
(d) An importer who violates section 213(d) and section 203 of the
Act is subject to a civil penalty under section 205 of the Act and
Sec. 94.1106. In addition to the penalty provided in the Act and
Sec. 94.1106, where applicable, a person or entity who imports an
engine under the exemption provisions of Sec. 94.804 and, who fails to
deliver the engine to the U.S. Customs Service by the end of the period
of conditional admission is liable for liquidated damages in the amount
of the bond required by applicable Customs laws and regulations.
Subpart J--Exclusion and Exemption Provisions
Sec. 94.901 Purpose and applicability.
The provisions of this subpart identify excluded engines (i.e.,
engines not covered by the Act) and allow for the exemption of engines
from certain provisions of this part. The applicability of the
exclusions is described in Sec. 94.903, and the applicability of the
exemption allowances is described in Secs. 94.904 through 94.909.
Sec. 94.902 Definitions.
The definitions of Subpart A of this part apply to this subpart.
Sec. 94.903 Exclusions.
(a) Upon written request with supporting documentation, EPA will
make written determinations as to whether certain engines are excluded
from applicability of this part. Any engines that are determined to be
excluded are not subject to the regulations under this part. Requests
to determine whether certain engines are excluded should be sent to the
Designated Officer.
(b) EPA will maintain a list of models of engines that have been
determined to be excluded from coverage under this part. This list will
be available to the public and may be obtained by writing to the
address in paragraph (a) of this section.
(c) In addition to the engines excluded in paragraph (a) of this
section, certain engines are not subject to the requirements and
prohibitions of this part because they are excluded from the
definitions of ``marine engine'' in Sec. 94.2.
Sec. 94.904 Exemptions.
(a) Except as specified otherwise in this subpart, the provisions
of Secs. 94.904 through 94.911 exempt certain new engines from the
standards, other requirements, and prohibitions of this part, except
for the requirements of this subpart and the requirements of
Sec. 94.1104. Additional requirements may apply for imported engines;
these are described in subpart I of this part.
(b)(1) Any person may request a testing exemption subject to the
provisions of Sec. 94.905.
(2) Any engine manufacturer may request a national security
exemption subject to the provisions of Sec. 94.908.
(3) Engines manufactured for export purposes are exempt without
application, subject to the provisions of Sec. 94.909, except as
otherwise specified by Sec. 94.909.
(4) Manufacturer-owned engines are exempt without application,
subject to the provisions of Sec. 94.906(a).
(5) Display engines are exempt without application, subject to the
provisions of Sec. 94.906(b). This does not apply to imported engines
(see Sec. 94.804).
(6) Engines used solely for competition are exempt, subject to the
provisions of Sec. 94.906(c).
(7) Engines used on foreign trade vessels are exempt, subject to
the provisions of Sec. 94.906(d).
Sec. 94.905 Testing exemption.
(a)(1) The Administrator may exempt from the standards and/or other
requirements and prohibitions of this part new engines that are being
used solely for the purpose of conducting a test program. Any person
requesting an exemption for the purpose of conducting a test program
must demonstrate the following:
(i) That the proposed test program has a purpose which constitutes
an appropriate basis for an exemption in accordance this section;
(ii) That the proposed test program necessitates the granting of an
exemption;
(iii) That the proposed test program exhibits reasonableness in
scope; and
(iv) That the proposed test program exhibits a degree of oversight
and control consonant with the purpose of the test program and EPA's
monitoring requirements.
(2) Paragraphs (b), (c), (d), and (e) of this section describe what
constitutes a sufficient demonstration for each of the four elements
identified in paragraphs (a)(1)(i) through (iv) of this section.
[[Page 73368]]
(b) With respect to the purpose of the proposed test program, an
appropriate purpose would be research, investigations, studies,
demonstrations, technology development, or training, but not national
security. A concise statement of purpose is a required item of
information.
(c) With respect to the necessity that an exemption be granted,
necessity arises from an inability to achieve the stated purpose in a
practicable manner without performing or causing to be performed one or
more of the prohibited acts under Sec. 94.1103. In appropriate
circumstances, time constraints may be a sufficient basis for
necessity, but the cost of certification alone, in the absence of
extraordinary circumstances, is not a basis for necessity.
(d) With respect to reasonableness, a test program must exhibit a
duration of reasonable length and affect a reasonable number of
engines. In this regard, required items of information include:
(1) An estimate of the program's duration; and
(2) The maximum number of engines involved.
(e) With respect to control, the test program must incorporate
procedures consistent with the purpose of the test and be capable of
affording EPA monitoring capability. As a minimum, required items of
information include:
(1) The technical nature of the testing;
(2) The location(s) of the testing;
(3) The time or work duration of the testing;
(4) The ownership arrangement with regard to the engines involved
in the testing;
(5) The intended final disposition of the engines;
(6) The manner in which the engine identification numbers will be
identified, recorded, and made available; and
(7) The means or procedure whereby test results will be recorded.
(f) A manufacturer of new engines may request a testing exemption
to cover engines intended for use in test programs planned or
anticipated over the course of a subsequent two-year period. Unless
otherwise required by the Director, Engine Programs and Compliance
Division, a manufacturer requesting such an exemption need only furnish
the information required by paragraphs (a)(1) and (d)(2) of this
section along with a description of the recordkeeping and control
procedures that will be employed to assure that the engines are used
for purposes consistent with paragraph (a) of this section.
(g) For engines being used for the purpose of developing a
fundamentally new emission control technology related either to an
alternative fuel or an aftertreatment device, the Administrator may
exempt the engine from some or all of the applicable standards of this
part for the full useful life of the engine, subject to the provisions
of paragraphs (a) through (f) of this section.
Sec. 94.906 Manufacturer-owned exemption, display exemption,
competition exemption, and foreign trade vessel exemption.
(a) Manufacturer-owned exemption. Any manufacturer-owned engine, as
defined by Sec. 94.2, is exempt from Sec. 94.1103, without application,
if the manufacturer complies with the following terms and conditions:
(1) The manufacturer must establish, maintain, and retain the
following adequately organized and indexed information on each exempted
engine:
(i) engine identification number;
(ii) Use of the engine on exempt status; and
(iii) Final disposition of any engine removed from exempt status.
(2) The manufacturer must provide right of entry and access to
these records to EPA Enforcement Officers as outlined in Sec. 94.208.
(3) The manufacturer must permanently affix a label to each engine
on exempt status, unless the requirement is waived or an alternate
procedure is approved by the Director, Engine Programs and Compliance
Division. This label should:
(i) Be affixed in a readily visible portion of the engine;
(ii) Be attached in such a manner that cannot be removed without
destruction or defacement;
(iii) State in the English language and in block letters and
numerals of a color that contrasts with the background of the label,
the following information:
(A) The label heading ``Emission Control Information'';
(B) Full corporate name and trademark of manufacturer;
(C) Engine displacement, engine family identification, and model
year of engine; or person of office to be contacted for further
information about the engine;
(D) The statement ``This engine is exempt from the prohibitions of
40 CFR 94.1103.''
(4) No provision of paragraph (a)(3) of this section prevents a
manufacturer from including any other information it desires on the
label.
(5) The engine is not used in revenue-generating service, or sold.
(b) Display exemption. An uncertified engine that is to be used
solely for display purposes, and that will only be operated incident
and necessary to the display purpose, and will not be sold unless an
applicable certificate of conformity has been obtained for the engine,
is exempt without request from the standards of this part. This does
not apply to imported engines (see Sec. 94.804).
(c) Competition exemption. The Administrator may exempt, upon
request, engines that are intended by the manufacturer to be used
solely for competition. Engines that are modified after they have been
placed into service and are used solely for competition are exempt
without request.
(d) Foreign trade exemption. (1) The Administrator may exempt, upon
request of the vessel owner, engines used on U.S.-flagged vessels
meeting the provisions of paragraph (d)(2) of this section.
(2) Vessel owners requesting an exemption under this paragraph (d)
must demonstrate to the Administrator that:
(i) The vessel will spend less than 25 percent of its operating
time within 320 nautical kilometers of U.S. territory; or
(ii) That it will not operate between two United States ports.
(3) For the purpose of this paragraph (d), the term ``vessel
owner'' includes any entities that have contracted to purchase a new
marine vessel.
(4) The engine manufacturer must label the engine, and must include
on the label the following statement: ``THIS ENGINE IS SUBJECT TO THE
MARPOL ANNEX VI NOX LIMITS AND IS INTENDED FOR USE SOLELY ON
VESSELS THAT SERVICE FOREIGN PORTS AS DESCRIBED IN 40 CFR 94.906.'', or
a similar statement approved by the Administrator.
Sec. 94.907 Engine dressing exemption.
(a) This section applies to you if you are an engine manufacturer
(this includes post-manufacture marinizers).
(b) The only requirements or prohibitions from this part that apply
to an engine that is exempt under this section are in this section.
(c) The requirements and prohibitions of this part apply to all
engines in the scope of Sec. 94.1 that do not qualify for the engine
dressing exemption.
(d) New marine engines that meets all the following criteria are
exempt under this section:
(1) You must produce it by marinizing an engine covered by a valid
certificate of conformity from one of the following programs:
(i) Heavy-duty highway engines (40 CFR part 86).
(ii) Land-based nonroad diesel engines (40 CFR part 89).
(iii) Locomotive engines (40 CFR part 92).
[[Page 73369]]
(2) The engine must have the label that required under 40 CFR part
86, 89, or 92.
(3) You must not make any changes to the certified engine that
could reasonably be expected to increase its emissions. For example, if
you make any of the following changes to one of these engines, you do
not qualify for the engine dressing exemption:
(i) Change any fuel system parameters from the certified
configuration.
(ii) Replace an original turbocharger.
(iii) Modify or design the marine engine cooling or aftercooling
system so that temperatures or heat rejection rates are outside the
original engine manufacturer's specified ranges.
(4) The engine model must not be primarily for marine applications.
This means that total sales of the engine model, from all companies,
must be mostly for non-marine applications.
(e) If you dress an engine under this exemption, you must do all of
the following:
(1) Make sure the original engine label will remain clearly visible
after installation in the vessel.
(2) Add a permanent supplemental label to the engine in a position
where it will remain clearly visible after installation in the vessel.
In your engine label, do the following:
(i) Include the heading: ``Marine Engine Emission Control
Information''.
(ii) Include your full corporate name and trademark.
(iii) State: ``This engine was marinized without affecting its
emission controls.''
(iv) State the date you finished marinizing the engine (month and
year).
(3) Send a signed letter to the Designated Officer by the end of
each calendar year (or less often if we tell you) with all the
following information:
(i) Identify your full corporate name, address, and telephone
number.
(ii) List the engine models you expect to produce under this
exemption in the coming year.
(iii) State: ``We produce each listed engine model for marine
application without making any changes that could increase its
certified emission levels, as described in 40 CFR 94.907.''
(f) In general you may use up your inventory of engines that are
not certified to new marine emission standards if they were originally
manufactured before the date of the new standards. However, stockpiling
these engines is a violation of Sec. 94.1103(a)(1)(i)(A).
(g) If your engines do not meet the criteria listed in paragraphs
(d)(2) through (d)(4) of this section, they will be subject to the
standards and prohibitions of this part. Marinization without an
exemption would be a violation of Sec. 94.1103(a)(1) and/or the
tampering prohibitions of the applicable land-based regulations (40 CFR
Parts 86, 89, or 92).
(h)(1) If you are the original manufacturer and marinizer of an
exempted engine, you must send us emission test data on the appropriate
marine duty cycles. You can include the data in your application for
certification or in the letter described in paragraph (e)(3) of this
section.
(2) If you are the original manufacturer of an exempted engine that
is marinized by a post-manufacture marinizer, you may be required to
send us emission test data on the appropriate marine duty cycles. If
such data are requested you will be allowed a reasonable amount of time
to collect the data.
Sec. 94.908 National security exemption.
(a)(1) Any marine engine, otherwise subject to this part, that is
used in a vessel that exhibits substantial features ordinarily
associated with military combat such as armor, permanently affixed
weaponry, specialized electronic warfare systems, unique stealth
performance requirements, and/or unique combat maneuverability
requirements and which will be owned and/or used by an agency of the
federal government with the responsibility for national defense, will
be exempt from the regulations in this subpart for reasons of national
security. No request for this exemption is necessary.
(2) Manufacturers may request a national security exemption for any
marine engine, otherwise subject to this part, which does not meet the
conditions described in paragraph (a)(1) of this section. A
manufacturer requesting a national security exemption must state the
purpose for which the exemption is required and the request must be
endorsed by an agency of the federal government charged with
responsibility for national defense.
(b) EPA will maintain a list of models of marine engines (and the
vessels which use them) that have been granted a national security
exemption under paragraph (a)(2) of this section. This list will be
available to the public and may be obtained by writing to the
Designated Officer.
Sec. 94.909 Export exemptions.
(a) A new engine intended solely for export, and so labeled or
tagged on the outside of any container and on the engine, is subject to
the provisions of Sec. 94.1103, unless the importing country has new
marine engine emission standards which differ from EPA standards.
(b) For the purpose of paragraph (a) of this section, a country
having no standards whatsoever is deemed to be a country having
emission standards which differ from EPA standards.
(c) It is a condition of any exemption for the purpose of export
under paragraph (a) of this section, that such exemption is void ab
initio with respect to a new engine intended solely for export, where
such engine is sold, or offered for sale, to an ultimate purchaser or
otherwise distributed or introduced into commerce in the United States
for purposes other than export.
Sec. 94.910 Granting of exemptions.
(a) If upon completion of the review of an exemption request made
pursuant to Sec. 94.905 or Sec. 94.908, EPA determines it is
appropriate to grant such an exemption, a memorandum of exemption is to
be prepared and submitted to the person requesting the exemption. The
memorandum is to set forth the basis for the exemption, its scope, and
such terms and conditions as are deemed necessary. Such terms and
conditions generally include, but are not limited to, agreements by the
applicant to conduct the exempt activity in the manner described to
EPA, create and maintain adequate records accessible to EPA at
reasonable times, employ labels for the exempt engines setting forth
the nature of the exemption, take appropriate measures to assure that
the terms of the exemption are met, and advise EPA of the termination
of the activity and the ultimate disposition of the engines.
(b) Any exemption granted pursuant to paragraph (a) of this section
is deemed to cover any subject engine only to the extent that the
specified terms and conditions are complied with. A breach of any term
or condition causes the exemption to be void ab initio with respect to
any engine. Consequently, the causing or the performing of an act
prohibited under Sec. 94.1103(a)(1) or (a)(3), other than in strict
conformity with all terms and conditions of this exemption, renders the
person to whom the exemption is granted, and any other person to whom
the provisions of Sec. 94.1103(a) are applicable, liable to suit under
sections 204 and 205 of the Act.
Sec. 94.911 Submission of exemption requests.
Requests for exemption or further information concerning exemptions
and/or the exemption request review procedure should be addressed to
the Designated Officer.
[[Page 73370]]
Subpart K--[Reserved]
Subpart L--General Enforcement Provisions and Prohibited Acts
Sec. 94.1101 Applicability.
The requirements of this subpart are applicable to all persons with
respect to engines subject to the provisions of Subpart A of this part.
Sec. 94.1102 Definitions.
The definitions of subpart A of this part apply to this subpart.
Sec. 94.1103 Prohibited acts.
(a) The following acts and the causing thereof are prohibited:
(1)(i)(A) In the case of a manufacturer of new engines, the sale,
the offering for sale, the introduction into commerce, the delivery for
introduction into commerce, or the distribution in commerce of any new
engine that is subject to the standards of this part, unless such
engine is covered by a certificate of conformity issued (and in effect)
under regulations found in this part.
(B) The manufacture of a engine for the purpose of an act listed in
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(A) of this section unless such engine is covered by
a certificate of conformity issued (and in effect) under regulations
found in this part prior to its introduction into commerce.
(ii) In the case of any person, except as provided in Subpart I of
this part, the importation into the United States of any engine
manufactured on or after the implementation date of the applicable
emission limits for the relevant engine, unless such engine is covered
by a certificate of conformity issued (and in effect) under regulations
found in this part.
(2)(i) For a person to fail or refuse to permit access to or
copying of records or to fail to make reports or provide information
required under this part.
(ii) For a person to fail or refuse to permit entry, testing, or
inspection authorized under this part.
(iii) For a person to fail or refuse to perform tests, or to have
tests performed as required by this part.
(iv) For a person to fail to establish or maintain records as
required under this part.
(3)(i) For a person to remove or render inoperative a device or
element of design installed on or in a engine in compliance with
regulations under this part, or to set any adjustable parameter to a
setting outside of the range specified by the manufacturer, as approved
in the application for certification by the Administrator.
(ii) For a person to manufacture, sell or offer to sell, or
install, a part or component intended for use with, or as part of, a
engine, where a principal effect of the part or component is to bypass,
defeat, or render inoperative a device or element of design installed
on or in a engine in compliance with regulations issued under this
part, and where the person knows or should know that the part or
component is being offered for sale or installed for this use or put to
such use.
(iii) for a person to deviate from the provisions of Sec. 94.11
when rebuilding an engine (or rebuilding a portion of an engine or
engine system).
(4) For a manufacturer of a new engine subject to standards
prescribed under this part:
(i) To sell, offer for sale, or introduce or deliver for
introduction into commerce, a new engine unless the manufacturer has
complied with the requirements of Sec. 94.1107.
(ii) To sell, offer for sale, or introduce or deliver for
introduction into commerce, a new engine unless all required labels and
tags are affixed to the engine in accordance with Sec. 94.212.
(iii) To fail or refuse to comply with the requirements of
Sec. 94.1108.
(iv) Except as provided in Sec. 94.211, to provide directly or
indirectly in any communication to the ultimate purchaser or a
subsequent purchaser that the coverage of a warranty under the Act is
conditioned upon use of a part, component, or system manufactured by
the manufacturer or a person acting for the manufacturer or under its
control, or conditioned upon service performed by such persons.
(v) To fail or refuse to comply with the terms and conditions of
the warranty under Sec. 94.1107.
(5) For a manufacturer of marine vessels to distribute in commerce,
sell, offer for sale, or deliver for introduction into commerce a new
vessel containing an engine not covered by a certificate of conformity
applicable for an engine model year the same as or later than the
calendar year in which the manufacture of the new vessel is initiated.
(Note: For the purpose of this paragraph (a)(5), the manufacture of a
vessel is initiated when the keel is laid, or the vessel is at a
similar stage of construction.)
(6) For any person to install a recreational marine engine in a
vessel that is manufactured on or after the implementation date of the
applicable standards and that is not a recreational vessel.
(b) For the purposes of enforcement of this part, the following
apply:
(1) Nothing in paragraph (a)(3) of this section is to be construed
to require the use of any manufacturer's parts in maintaining or
repairing a engine.
(2)(i) Actions for the purpose of repair or replacement of a device
or element of design or any other item are not considered prohibited
acts under paragraph (a)(3)(i) of this section if the action is a
necessary and temporary procedure, the device or element is replaced
upon completion of the procedure, and the action results in the proper
functioning of the device or element of design.
(ii) Actions for emergency purposes are not considered prohibited
acts under paragraph (a)(3)(i) of this section if the action is a
necessary and temporary procedure and the device or element is replaced
such that the proper functioning of the device or element of design is
restored as soon as possible.
(3) Where the Administrator determines that no engine that is
certified to the requirements of this part is produced by any
manufacturer with the appropriate physical or performance
characteristics to repower a vessel, the Administrator may allow an
engine manufacturer to introduce into commerce a replacement engine
without complying with all of the otherwise applicable requirements of
this part. Such engine shall not be subject to the prohibitions of
paragraph (a)(1) of this section, provided that:
(i) The engine requiring replacement is not certified or is
certified to emission standards that are less stringent than those in
effect when the replacement engine is built; and
(ii) The engine manufacturer or its agent takes ownership and
possession of the engine being replaced in partial exchange for the
replacement engine; and
(iii) The replacement engine is clearly labeled with the following
language, or similar alternate language approved by the Administrator:
``THIS ENGINE DOES NOT COMPLY WITH FEDERAL MARINE ENGINE EMISSION
REQUIREMENTS. SALE OR INSTALLATION OF THIS ENGINE FOR ANY PURPOSE OTHER
THAN AS A REPLACEMENT ENGINE FOR AN ENGINE MANUFACTURED PRIOR TO
JANUARY 1 [INSERT APPROPRIATE YEAR] IS A VIOLATION OF FEDERAL LAW
SUBJECT TO CIVIL PENALTY''; and
(iv) In cases where an engine is to be imported for replacement
purposes under the provisions of this paragraph (b)(3) of this section,
the term ``engine manufacturer'' shall not apply to an individual or
other entity that does not possess a current Certificate of Conformity
issued by EPA under this part; and
(v) Where the replacement engine is intended to replace an engine
that is
[[Page 73371]]
certified to emission standards that are less stringent than those in
effect when the replacement engine is built, the replacement engine
shall be identical in all material respects to a certified
configuration of the same or later model year as the engine being
replaced; and
(vi) Engines sold pursuant to the provisions of this paragraph will
neither generate nor use emission credits and will not be part of any
accounting under the averaging, banking and trading program.
Sec. 94.1104 General enforcement provisions.
(a) Information collection provisions. (1)(i) Every manufacturer of
new engines and other persons subject to the requirements of this part
must establish and maintain records, perform tests, make reports and
provide information the Administrator may reasonably require to
determine whether the manufacturer or other person has acted or is
acting in compliance with this part or to otherwise carry out the
provisions of this part, and must, upon request of an officer or
employee duly designated by the Administrator, permit the officer or
employee at reasonable times to have access to and copy such records.
The manufacturer shall comply in all respects with the requirements of
subpart E of this part.
(ii) Every manufacturer or owner of engines exempted from the
standards or requirements of this part must establish and maintain
records, perform tests, make reports and provide information the
Administrator may reasonably require regarding the emissions of such
engines.
(2) For purposes of enforcement of this part, an officer or
employee duly designated by the Administrator, upon presenting
appropriate credentials, is authorized:
(i) To enter, at reasonable times, any establishment of the
manufacturer, or of any person whom the manufacturer engaged to perform
any activity required under paragraph (a)(1) of this section, for the
purposes of inspecting or observing any activity conducted pursuant to
paragraph (a)(1) of this section; and
(ii) To inspect records, files, papers, processes, controls, and
facilities used in performing an activity required by paragraph (a)(1)
of this section, by the manufacturer or by a person whom the
manufacturer engaged to perform the activity.
(b) Exemption provision. The Administrator may exempt a new engine
from Sec. 94.1103 upon such terms and conditions as the Administrator
may find necessary for the purpose of export, research, investigations,
studies, demonstrations, or training, or for reasons of national
security, or for other purposes allowed by subpart J of this part.
(c) Importation provision. (1) A new engine, offered for
importation or imported by a person in violation of Sec. 94.1103 is to
be refused admission into the United States, but the Secretary of the
Treasury and the Administrator may, by joint regulation, provide for
deferring a final determination as to admission and authorizing the
delivery of such a engine offered for import to the owner or consignee
thereof upon such terms and conditions (including the furnishing of a
bond) as may appear to them appropriate to insure that the engine will
be brought into conformity with the standards, requirements, and
limitations applicable to it under this part.
(2) If a engine is finally refused admission under this paragraph
(c), the Secretary of the Treasury shall cause disposition thereof in
accordance with the customs laws unless it is exported, under
regulations prescribed by the Secretary, within 90 days of the date of
notice of the refusal or additional time as may be permitted pursuant
to the Treasury regulations.
(3) Disposition in accordance with the customs laws may not be made
in such manner as may result, directly or indirectly, in the sale, to
the ultimate consumer, of a new engine that fails to comply with
applicable standards of the Administrator under this part.
(d) Export provision. A new engine intended solely for export, and
so labeled or tagged on the outside of the container if used and on the
engine, shall be subject to the provisions of Sec. 94.1103, except that
if the country that is to receive the engine has emission standards
that differ from the standards prescribed under subpart A of this part,
then the engine must comply with the standards of the country that is
to receive the engine.
(e) Recordkeeping. Except where specified otherwise, records
required by this part must be kept for eight (8) years.
Sec. 94.1105 Injunction proceedings for prohibited acts.
(a) The district courts of the United States have jurisdiction to
restrain violations of Sec. 94.1103(a).
(b) Actions to restrain violations of Sec. 94.1103(a) must be
brought by and in the name of the United States. In an action,
subpoenas for witnesses who are required to attend a district court in
any district may run into any other district.
Sec. 94.1106 Penalties.
(a) Violations. A violation of the requirements of this subpart is
a violation of the applicable provisions of the Act, including sections
213(d) and 203, and is subject to the penalty provisions thereunder.
(1) A person who violates Sec. 94.1103(a)(1), (a)(4), (a)(5), or
(a)(6), or a manufacturer or dealer who violates Sec. 94.1103(a)(3)(i)
or (iii) is subject to a civil penalty of not more than $25,000 for
each violation unless modified by the Debt Collection Improvement Act
(31 U.S.C. chapter 37) and/or regulations issued there under.
(2) A person other than a manufacturer or dealer who violates
Sec. 94.1103(a)(3)(i) or (iii) or any person who violates
Sec. 94.1103(a)(3)(ii) is subject to a civil penalty of not more than
$2,500 for each violation unless modified by the Debt Collection
Improvement Act and/or regulations issued thereunder.
(3) A violation with respect to Sec. 94.1103(a)(1), (a)(3)(i),
(a)(4), or (a)(5) constitutes a separate offense with respect to each
engine.
(4) A violation with respect to Sec. 94.1103(a)(3)(ii) constitutes
a separate offense with respect to each part or component. Each day of
a violation with respect to Sec. 94.1103(a)(5) constitutes a separate
offense.
(5) A person who violates Sec. 94.1103(a)(2) or (a)(5) is subject
to a civil penalty of not more than $25,000 per day of violation unless
modified by the Debt Collection Improvement Act and/or regulations
issued thereunder.
(b) Civil actions. The Administrator may commence a civil action to
assess and recover any civil penalty under paragraph (a) of this
section.
(1) An action under this paragraph (b) may be brought in the
district court of the United States for the district in which the
defendant resides or has the Administrator's principal place of
business, and the court has jurisdiction to assess a civil penalty.
(2) In determining the amount of a civil penalty to be assessed
under this paragraph (b), the court is to take into account the gravity
of the violation, the economic benefit or savings (if any) resulting
from the violation, the size of the violator's business, the violator's
history of compliance with Title II of the Act, action taken to remedy
the violation, the effect of the penalty on the violator's ability to
continue in business, and such other matters as justice may require.
(3) In any such action, subpoenas for witnesses who are required to
attend a district court in any district may run into any other
district.
[[Page 73372]]
(c) Administrative assessment of certain penalties.--(1)
Administrative penalty authority. In lieu of commencing a civil action
under paragraph (b) of this section, the Administrator may assess any
civil penalty prescribed in paragraph (a) of this section, except that
the maximum amount of penalty sought against each violator in a penalty
assessment proceeding shall not exceed $200,000, unless the
Administrator and the Attorney General jointly determine that a matter
involving a larger penalty amount is appropriate for administrative
penalty assessment. Any such determination by the Administrator and the
Attorney General is not subject to judicial review. Assessment of a
civil penalty shall be by an order made on the record after opportunity
for a hearing held in accordance with the procedures found at 40 CFR
Part 22. The Administrator may compromise, or remit, with or without
conditions, any administrative penalty which may be imposed under this
section.
(2) Determining amount. In determining the amount of any civil
penalty assessed under this paragraph (c), the Administrator shall take
into account the gravity of the violation, the economic benefit or
savings (if any) resulting from the violation, the size of the
violator's business, the violator's history of compliance with Title II
of the Act, action taken to remedy the violation, the effect of the
penalty on the violator's ability to continue in business, and such
other matters as justice may require.
(3) Effect of administrator's action. (i) Action by the
Administrator under this paragraph (c) does not affect or limit the
Administrator's authority to enforce any provisions of the Act; except
that any violation with respect to which the Administrator has
commenced and is diligently prosecuting an action under this paragraph
(c), or for which the Administrator has issued a final order not
subject to further judicial review and for which the violator has paid
a penalty assessment under this paragraph shall not be the subject of a
civil penalty action under paragraph (b) of this section.
(ii) No action by the Administrator under this paragraph (c) shall
affect a person's obligation to comply with a section of this part.
(4) Finality of order. An order issued under this paragraph (c) is
to become final 30 days after its issuance unless a petition for
judicial review is filed under paragraph (c)(5) of this section.
(5) Judicial review. A person against whom a civil penalty is
assessed in accordance with this paragraph (c) may seek review of the
assessment in the United States District Court for the District of
Columbia or for the district in which the violation is alleged to have
occurred, in which such person resides, or where the person's principal
place of business is located, within the 30-day period beginning on the
date a civil penalty order is issued. The person shall simultaneously
send a copy of the filing by certified mail to the Administrator and
the Attorney General. The Administrator shall file in the court within
30 days a certified copy, or certified index, as appropriate, of the
record on which the order was issued. The court is not to set aside or
remand any order issued in accordance with the requirements of this
paragraph (c) unless substantial evidence does not exist in the record,
taken as a whole, to support the finding of a violation or unless the
Administrator's assessment of the penalty constitutes an abuse of
discretion, and the court is not to impose additional civil penalties
unless the Administrator's assessment of the penalty constitutes an
abuse of discretion. In any proceedings, the United States may seek to
recover civil penalties assessed under this section.
(6) Collection. (i) If any person fails to pay an assessment of a
civil penalty imposed by the Administrator as provided in this part
after the order making the assessment has become final or after a court
in an action brought under paragraph (c)(5) of this section has entered
a final judgment in favor of the Administrator, the Administrator shall
request that the Attorney General bring a civil action in an
appropriate district court to recover the amount assessed (plus
interest at rates established pursuant to section 6621(a)(2) of the
Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 6621(a)(2)) from the date of
the final order or the date of final judgment, as the case may be). In
such an action, the validity, amount, and appropriateness of the
penalty is not subject to review.
(ii) A person who fails to pay on a timely basis the amount of an
assessment of a civil penalty as described in paragraph (c)(6)(i) of
this section shall be required to pay, in addition to that amount and
interest, the United States' enforcement expenses, including attorney's
fees and costs for collection proceedings, and a quarterly nonpayment
penalty for each quarter during which the failure to pay persists. The
nonpayment penalty is an amount equal to ten percent of the aggregate
amount of that person's penalties and nonpayment penalties which are
unpaid as of the beginning of such quarter.
Sec. 94.1107 Warranty provisions.
(a) The manufacturer of each engine must warrant to the ultimate
purchaser and each subsequent purchaser or owner that the engine is
designed, built, and equipped so as to conform at the time of sale with
applicable regulations under section 213 of the Act, and is free from
defects in materials and workmanship which cause such engine to fail to
conform with applicable regulations for its warranty period (as
determined under Sec. 94.10).
(b) For the purposes of this section, the owner of any engine
warranted under this part is responsible for the proper maintenance of
the engine. Proper maintenance includes replacement and/or service, as
needed, at the owner's expense at a service establishment or facility
of the owner's choosing, of all parts, items, or devices which were in
general use with engines prior to 1999. For diesel engines, this would
generally include replacement or cleaning of the fuel delivery and
injection system.
Sec. 94.1108 In-use compliance provisions.
(a) Effective with respect to engines subject to the requirements
of this part:
(1) If the Administrator determines that a substantial number of
any class or category of engines, although properly maintained and
used, do not conform to the regulations prescribed under section 213 of
the Act when in actual use throughout their useful life period (as
defined under Sec. 94.2), the Administrator shall immediately notify
the manufacturer of such nonconformity and require the manufacturer to
submit a plan for remedying the nonconformity of the engines with
respect to which such notification is given.
(i) The manufacturer's plan shall provide that the nonconformity of
any such engines which are properly used and maintained will be
remedied at the expense of the manufacturer.
(ii) If the manufacturer disagrees with such determination of
nonconformity and so advises the Administrator, the Administrator shall
afford the manufacturer and other interested persons an opportunity to
present their views and evidence in support thereof at a public
hearing. Unless, as a result of such hearing, the Administrator
withdraws such determination of nonconformity, the Administrator shall,
within 60 days after the completion of such hearing, order the
manufacturer to provide prompt notification of such nonconformity in
accordance with paragraph (a)(2) of this section.
(2) Any notification required to be given by the manufacturer under
paragraph (a)(1) of this section with
[[Page 73373]]
respect to any class or category of engines shall be given to ultimate
purchasers, subsequent purchasers (if known), and dealers (as
applicable) in such manner and containing such information as required
in Subparts E and H of this part.
(3)(i) The certifying manufacturer shall furnish with each new
engine written instructions for the proper maintenance and use of the
engine by the ultimate purchaser as required under Sec. 94.211.
(ii) The instruction under paragraph (a)(3)(i) of this section must
not include any condition on the ultimate purchaser's using, in
connection with such engine, any component or service (other than a
component or service provided without charge under the terms of the
purchase agreement) which is identified by brand, trade, or corporate
name. Such instructions also must not directly or indirectly
distinguish between service performed by the franchised dealers of such
manufacturer, or any other service establishments with which such
manufacturer has a commercial relationship, and service performed by
independent engine repair facilities with which such manufacturer has
no commercial relationship.
(iii) The prohibition of paragraph (a)(3)(ii) of this section may
be waived by the Administrator if:
(A) The manufacturer satisfies the Administrator that the engine
will function properly only if the component or service so identified
is used in connection with such engine; and
(B) The Administrator finds that such a waiver is in the public
interest.
(iv) In addition, the manufacturer shall indicate by means of a
label or tag permanently affixed to the engine that the engine is
covered by a certificate of conformity issued for the purpose of
assuring achievement of emission standards prescribed under section 213
of the Act. This label or tag shall also contain information relating
to control of emissions as prescribed under Sec. 94.212.
(b) The manufacturer bears all cost obligation any dealer incurs as
a result of a requirement imposed by paragraph (a) of this section. The
transfer of any such cost obligation from a manufacturer to a dealer
through franchise or other agreement is prohibited.
(c) If a manufacturer includes in an advertisement a statement
respecting the cost or value of emission control devices or systems,
the manufacturer shall set forth in the statement the cost or value
attributed to these devices or systems by the Secretary of Labor
(through the Bureau of Labor Statistics). The Secretary of Labor, and
his or her representatives, has the same access for this purpose to the
books, documents, papers, and records of a manufacturer as the
Comptroller General has to those of a recipient of assistance for
purposes of section 311 of the Act.
Appendix I to Part 94--Emission-Related Engine Parameters and
Specifications
I. Basic Engine Parameters--Reciprocating Engines.
1. Compression ratio.
2. Type of air aspiration (natural, Roots blown, supercharged,
turbocharged).
3. Valves (intake and exhaust).
a. Head diameter dimension.
b. Valve lifter or actuator type and valve lash dimension.
4. Camshaft timing.
a. Valve opening--intake exhaust (degrees from TDC or BDC).
b. Valve closing--intake exhaust (degrees from TDC or BDC).
c. Valve overlap (degrees).
5. Ports--two stroke engines (intake and/or exhaust).
a. Flow area.
b. Opening timing (degrees from TDC or BDC).
c. Closing timing (degrees from TDC or BDC).
II. Intake Air System.
1. Roots blower/supercharger/turbocharger calibration.
2. Charge air cooling.
a. Type (air-to-air; air-to-liquid).
b. Type of liquid cooling (engine coolant, dedicated cooling
system).
c. Performance (charge air delivery temperature ( deg.F) at
rated power and one other power level under ambient conditions of
80 deg.F and 110 deg.F, and 3 minutes and 15 minutes after selecting
rated power, and 3 minutes and 5 minutes after selecting other power
level).
3. Temperature control system calibration.
4. Maximum allowable inlet air restriction.
III. Fuel System.
1. General.
a. Engine idle speed.
2. Fuel injection--compression ignition engines.
a. Control parameters and calibrations.
b. Transient enrichment system calibration.
c. Air-fuel flow calibration.
d. Altitude compensation system calibration.
e. Operating pressure(s).
f. Injector timing calibration.
IV. Engine Cooling System.
1. Thermostat calibration.
V. Exhaust System.
1. Maximum allowable back pressure.
VI. Exhaust Emission Control System.
1. Air injection system.
a. Control parameters and calibrations.
b. Pump flow rate.
2. EGR system.
a. Control parameters and calibrations.
b. EGR valve flow calibration.
3. Catalytic converter system.
a. Active surface area.
b. Volume of catalyst.
c. Conversion efficiency.
4. Backpressure.
VII. Crankcase Emission Control System.
1. Control parameters and calibrations.
2. Valve calibrations.
VIII. Auxiliary Emission Control Devices (AECD).
1. Control parameters and calibrations.
2. Component calibration(s).
[FR Doc. 99-31658 Filed 12-28-99; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P