[Federal Register Volume 64, Number 241 (Thursday, December 16, 1999)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 70428-70444]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 99-31716]
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
40 CFR Part 52
[PA117-4095; FRL-6502-6]
Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans;
Pennsylvania; One-Hour Ozone Attainment Demonstration for the
Philadelphia-Wilmington-Trenton Ozone Nonattainment Area
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Proposed rule.
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SUMMARY: The EPA is proposing to approve the State Implementation Plan
(SIP) consisting of the 1-hour ozone attainment demonstration for the
Philadelphia-Wilmington-Trenton severe nonattainment area (the
Philadelphia area) submitted by the Pennsylvania Department of
Environmental Protection (PADEP) on April 30, 1998 and supplemented on
August 21, 1998. We are also proposing, in the alternative, to
disapprove this demonstration if Pennsylvania does not submit an
adequate motor vehicle emissions budget for its portion of the
Philadelphia area consistent with attainment and adopt and submit rules
for the regional NOX reductions consistent with the modeling
demonstration. For purposes of an adequate motor vehicle emissions
budget, the State will need to reaffirm that its previously submitted
enforceable commitment to adopt the measures needed for attainment
would apply to the additional measures to reduce emissions to support
the attainment test. The reaffirmation must also include the State's
commitment to the performance of a mid-course review and to revisions
to the SIP and motor vehicle emissions budget after MOBILE6 (the most
recent model for estimating mobile source emissions) is released. The
Philadelphia area is comprised of two counties in Delaware, one county
in Maryland, seven counties in New Jersey, and five counties in
Pennsylvania (namely, Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Montgomery, and
Philadelphia Counties). Elsewhere in today's Federal Register, we are
also proposing to take action on the 1-hour ozone attainment
demonstration SIP submittals from
[[Page 70429]]
Delaware, Maryland, and New Jersey for the Philadelphia area.
DATES: Written comments must be received on or before February 14,
2000.
ADDRESSES: Written comments may be mailed to David L. Arnold, Chief,
Ozone & Mobile Sources Branch, Mailcode 3AP21, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Region III, 1650 Arch Street, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19103. Copies of the documents relevant to this action are
available for public inspection during normal business hours at the Air
Protection Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region III,
1650 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103; and the
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Air
Quality, P.O. Box 8468, 400 Market Street, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
17105.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Jill Webster, (215) 814-2033. Or by e-
mail at [email protected].
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: This document provides background
information on attainment demonstration SIPs for the 1-hour ozone
national ambient air quality standard (NAAQS) and an analysis of the 1-
hour ozone attainment demonstration SIP submitted by PADEP for the
Philadelphia area. This document addresses the following questions:
What is the Basis for the Attainment Demonstration SIP?
What are the Components of a Modeled Attainment Demonstration?
What is the Frame Work for Proposing Action on the Attainment
Demonstration SIPs?
What Does EPA Expect to Happen with Respect to Attainment
Demonstrations for the Severe 1-Hour Ozone Nonattainment Areas?
What are the Relevant Policy and Guidance Documents?
How Does Pennsylvania's Submittal Satisfy the Frame Work?
What are the Consequences of State Failure?
I. Background
A. What is the Basis for the Attainment Demonstration SIP?
1. CAA Requirements
The Clean Air Act (CAA) requires EPA to establish national ambient
air quality standards (NAAQS or standards) for certain widespread
pollutants that cause or contribute to air pollution that is reasonably
anticipated to endanger public health or welfare. CAA sections 108 and
109. In 1979, EPA promulgated the 1-hour 0.12 parts per million (ppm)
ground-level ozone standard. 44 FR 8202 (Feb. 8, 1979). Ground-level
ozone is not emitted directly by sources. Rather, emissions of nitrogen
oxides (NOX) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react in
the presence of sunlight to form ground-level ozone. NOX and
VOC are referred to as precursors of ozone.
An area exceeds the 1-hour ozone standard each time an ambient air
quality monitor records a 1-hour average ozone concentration above
0.124 ppm. An area is violating the standard if, over a consecutive
three-year period, more than three exceedances are expected to occur at
any one monitor. The CAA, as amended in 1990, required EPA to designate
as nonattainment any area that was violating the 1-hour ozone standard,
generally based on air quality monitoring data from the three-year
period from 1987-1989. CAA section 107(d)(4); 56 FR 56694 (Nov. 6,
1991). The CAA further classified these areas, based on the area's
design value, as marginal, moderate, serious, severe or extreme. CAA
section 181(a). Marginal areas were suffering the least significant air
pollution problems while the areas classified as severe and extreme had
the most significant air pollution problems.
The control requirements and dates by which attainment needs to be
achieved vary with the area's classification. Marginal areas are
subject to the fewest mandated control requirements and have the
earliest attainment date. Severe and extreme areas are subject to more
stringent planning requirements but are provided more time to attain
the standard. Serious areas are required to attain the 1-hour standard
by November 15, 1999 and severe areas are required to attain by
November 15, 2005 or November 15, 2007. The Philadelphia area is
classified as severe and its attainment date is November 15, 2005.
Under section 182(c)(2) and (d) of the CAA, serious and severe
areas were required to submit by November 15, 1994 demonstrations of
how they would attain the 1-hour standard and how they would achieve
reductions in VOC emissions of 9 percent for each three-year period
until the attainment year (rate-of-progress or ROP). (In some cases,
NOX emission reductions can be substituted for the required
VOC emission reductions.) Today, in this proposed rule, EPA is
proposing action on the attainment demonstration SIP submitted by James
Seif, Secretary of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental
Protection for the Philadelphia area. In addition, elsewhere in this
Federal Register, EPA is today proposing to take action on the one-hour
ozone attainment demonstration SIPs for the three other States for the
Philadelphia area and for nine other serious or severe 1-hour ozone
nonattainment areas. The additional nine areas are Greater Connecticut
(CT), Springfield (Western Massachusetts) (MA), New-York-North New
Jersey-Long Island (NY-NJ-CT), Baltimore (MD), Metropolitan-Washington,
D.C. (DC-MD-VA), Atlanta (GA), Milwaukee-Racine (WI), Chicago-Gary-Lake
County (IL-IN), and Houston-Galveston-Brazoria (TX).
In general, an attainment demonstration SIP includes a modeling
analysis component showing how the area will achieve the standard by
its attainment date and the control measures necessary to achieve those
reductions. Another component of the attainment demonstration SIP is a
motor vehicle emissions budget for transportation conformity purposes.
Transportation conformity is a process for ensuring that States
consider the effects of emissions associated with new or improved
federally-funded roadways on attainment of the standard. As described
in section 176(c)(2)(A), attainment demonstrations necessarily include
the estimates of motor vehicle emissions that are consistent with
attainment, which then act as a budget or ceiling for the purposes of
determining whether transportation plans and projects conform to the
attainment SIP.
2. History and Time Frame for the State's Attainment Demonstration SIP
Notwithstanding significant efforts by the States, in 1995 EPA
recognized that many States in the eastern half of the United States
could not meet the November 1994 time frame for submitting an
attainment demonstration SIP because emissions of NOX and
VOCs in upwind States (and the ozone formed by these emissions)
affected these nonattainment areas and the full impact of this effect
had not yet been determined. This phenomenon is called ozone transport.
On March 2, 1995, Mary D. Nichols, EPA's then Assistant
Administrator for Air and Radiation, issued a memorandum to EPA's
Regional Administrators acknowledging the efforts made by States but
noting the remaining difficulties in making attainment demonstration
SIP submittals.1 Recognizing the problems created by ozone
transport, the March 2, 1995 memorandum called for a collaborative
process among the States in the eastern half of the country to evaluate
and address transport of ozone
[[Page 70430]]
and its precursors. This memorandum led to the formation of the Ozone
Transport Assessment Group (OTAG) 2 and provided for the
States to submit the attainment demonstration SIPs based on the
expected time frames for OTAG to complete its evaluation of ozone
transport.
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\1\ Memorandum, ``Ozone Attainment Demonstrations,'' issued
March 2, 1995. A copy of the memorandum may be found on EPA's web
site at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/t1pgm.html.
\2\ Letter from Mary A. Gade, Director, State of Illinois
Environmental Protection Agency to Environmental Council of States
(ECOS) Members, dated April 13, 1995.
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In June 1997, OTAG concluded and provided EPA with recommendations
regarding ozone transport. The OTAG generally concluded that transport
of ozone and the precursor NOX is significant and should be
reduced regionally to enable States in the eastern half of the country
to attain the ozone NAAQS.
In recognition of the length of the OTAG process, in a December 29,
1997 memorandum, Richard Wilson, EPA's then Acting Assistant
Administrator for Air and Radiation, provided until April 1998 for
States to submit the following elements of their attainment
demonstration SIPs for serious and severe nonattainment areas: (1)
Evidence that the applicable control measures in subpart 2 of part D of
title I of the CAA were adopted and implemented or were on an
expeditious course to being adopted and implemented; (2) a list of
measures needed to meet the remaining ROP emissions reduction
requirement and to reach attainment; (3) for severe areas only, a
commitment to adopt and submit target calculations for post-1999 ROP
and the control measures necessary for attainment and ROP plans through
the attainment year by the end of 2000; 3 (4) a commitment
to implement the SIP control programs in a timely manner and to meet
ROP emissions reductions and attainment; and (5) evidence of a public
hearing on the State submittal.4 This submission is
sometimes referred to as the Phase 2 submission. Motor vehicle
emissions budgets can be established based on a commitment to adopt the
measures needed for attainment and identification of the measures
needed. Thus, State submissions due in April 1998 under the Wilson
policy should have included a motor vehicle emissions budget.
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\3\ In general, a commitment for severe areas to adopt by
December 2000 the control measures necessary for attainment and ROP
plans through the attainment year applies to any additional measures
necessary for attainment that were not otherwise required to be
submitted earlier. (For example, this memorandum was not intended to
allow States to delay submission of measures required under the CAA,
such as inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs or reasonable
available control technology (RACT) regulations, required at an
earlier time.) Thus, this commitment applies to any control measures
or emission reductions on which the State relied for purposes of the
modeled attainment demonstration. To the extent a State has relied
upon a commitment to submit these measures by December 2000, EPA is
proposing an approval of the area's attainment demonstration. Some
severe areas submitted the actual adopted control measures and are
not relying upon a commitment.
\4\ Memorandum, ``Guidance for Implementing the 1-Hour Ozone and
Pre-Existing PM10 NAAQS,'' issued December 29, 1997. A
copy of this memorandum may be found on EPA's web site at http://
www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/t1pgm.html.
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Building upon the OTAG recommendations and technical analyses, in
November 1997, EPA proposed action addressing the ozone transport
problem. In its proposal, the EPA found that current SIPs in 22 States
and the District of Columbia (23 jurisdictions) were insufficient to
provide for attainment and maintenance of the 1-hour standard because
they did not regulate NOX emissions that significantly
contribute to ozone transport. 62 FR 60318 (Nov. 7, 1997). The EPA
finalized that rule in September 1998, calling on the 23 jurisdictions
to revise their SIPs to require NOX emissions reductions
within the State to a level consistent with a NOX emissions
budget identified in the final rule. 63 FR 57356 (Oct. 27, 1998). This
final rule is commonly referred to as the NOX SIP Call.
3. Time Frame for Taking Action on Attainment Demonstration SIPs for 10
Serious and Severe Areas
The States generally submitted the SIPs between April and October
of 1998; some States are still submitting additional revisions as
described below. Under the CAA, EPA is required to approve or
disapprove a State's submission no later than 18 months following
submission. (The statute provides up to 6 months for a completeness
determination and an additional 12 months for approval or disapproval.)
The EPA believes that it is important to keep the process moving
forward in evaluating these plans and, as appropriate, approving them.
Thus, in today's Federal Register, EPA is proposing to take action on
the 10 serious and severe 1-hour ozone attainment demonstration SIPs
(located in 13 States and the District of Columbia) and intends to take
final action on these submissions over the next 6-12 months. The reader
is referred to individual dates in this document for specific
information on actions leading to EPA's final rulemaking on these
plans.
4. Options for Action on a State's Attainment Demonstration SIP
Depending upon the circumstances unique to each of the 10 area SIP
submissions on which EPA is proposing action today, EPA is proposing
one or more of these types of approval or disapproval in the
alternative. In addition, these proposals may identify additional
action that will be necessary from the State.
The CAA provides for EPA to approve, disapprove, partially approve
or conditionally approve a State's plan submission. CAA section 110(k).
The EPA must fully approve the submission if it meets the attainment
demonstration requirement of the CAA. If the submission is deficient in
some way, EPA may disapprove the submission. In the alternative, if
portions of the submission are approvable, EPA may partially approve
and partially disapprove, or may conditionally approve based on a
commitment to correct the deficiency by a date certain, which can be no
later than one year from the date of EPA's final conditional approval.
The EPA may partially approve a submission if separable parts of
the submission, standing alone, are consistent with the CAA. For
example, if a State submits a modeled attainment demonstration,
including control measures, but the modeling does not demonstrate
attainment, EPA could approve the control measures and disapprove the
modeling for failing to demonstrate attainment.
The EPA may issue a conditional approval based on a State's
commitment to expeditiously correct a deficiency by a date certain that
can be no later than one year following EPA's conditional approval.
Such commitments do not need to be independently enforceable because,
if the State does not fulfill its commitment, the conditional approval
is converted to a disapproval. For example, if a State commits to
submit additional control measures and fails to submit them or EPA
determines the State's submission of the control measures is
incomplete, the EPA will notify the State by letter that the
conditional approval has been converted to a disapproval. If the State
submits control measures that EPA determines are complete or that are
deemed complete, EPA will determine through rulemaking whether the
State's attainment demonstration is fully approvable or whether the
conditional approval of the attainment demonstration should be
converted to a disapproval.
[[Page 70431]]
Finally, EPA has recognized that in some limited circumstances, it
may be appropriate to issue a full approval for a submission that
consists, in part, of an enforceable commitment. Unlike the commitment
for conditional approval, such an enforceable commitment can be
enforced in court by EPA or citizens. In addition, this type of
commitment may extend beyond one year following EPA's approval action.
Thus, EPA may accept such an enforceable commitment where it is
infeasible for the State to accomplish the necessary action in the
short term.
B. What are the Components of a Modeled Attainment Demonstration?
The EPA provides that States may rely on a modeled attainment
demonstration supplemented with additional evidence to demonstrate
attainment.5 In order to have a complete modeling
demonstration submission, States should have submitted the required
modeling analysis and identified any additional evidence that EPA
should consider in evaluating whether the area will attain the
standard.
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\5\ The EPA issued guidance on the air quality modeling that is
used to demonstrate attainment with the 1-hour ozone NAAQS. See U.S.
EPA, (1991), Guideline for Regulatory Application of the Urban
Airshed Model, EPA-450/4-91-013, (July 1991). A copy may be found on
EPA's web site at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/scram/ (file name:
``UAMREG''). See also U.S. EPA, (1996), Guidance on Use of Modeled
Results to Demonstrate Attainment of the Ozone NAAQS, EPA-454/B-95-
007, (June 1996). A copy may be found on EPA's web site at http://
www.epa.gov/ttn/scram/ (file name: ``O3TEST'').
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1. Modeling Requirements
For purposes of demonstrating attainment, the CAA requires serious
and severe areas to use photochemical grid modeling or an analytical
method EPA determines to be as effective. The photochemical grid model
is set up using meteorological conditions conducive to the formation of
ozone. Emissions for a base year are used to evaluate the model's
ability to reproduce actual monitored air quality values and to predict
air quality changes in the attainment year due to the emission changes
which include growth up to and controls implemented by the attainment
year. A modeling domain is chosen that encompasses the nonattainment
area. Attainment is demonstrated when all predicted concentrations
inside the modeling domain are at or below the NAAQS or at an
acceptable upper limit above the NAAQS permitted under certain
conditions by EPA's guidance. When the predicted concentrations are
above the NAAQS, an optional weight of evidence determination which
incorporates, but is not limited to, other analyses, such as air
quality and emissions trends, may be used to address uncertainty
inherent in the application of photochemical grid models.
The EPA guidance identifies the features of a modeling analysis
that are essential to obtain credible results. First, the State must
develop and implement a modeling protocol. The modeling protocol
describes the methods and procedures to be used in conducting the
modeling analyses and provides for policy oversight and technical
review by individuals responsible for developing or assessing the
attainment demonstration (State and local agencies, EPA Regional
offices, the regulated community, and public interest groups). Second,
for purposes of developing the information to put into the model, the
State must select air pollution days, i.e., days in the past with bad
air quality, that are representative of the ozone pollution problem for
the nonattainment area. Third, the State needs to identify the
appropriate dimensions of the area to be modeled, i.e., the domain
size. The domain should be larger than the designated nonattainment
area to reduce uncertainty in the boundary conditions and should
include large upwind sources just outside the nonattainment area. In
general, the domain is considered the local area where control measures
are most beneficial to bring the area into attainment. Fourth, the
State needs to determine the grid resolution. The horizontal and
vertical resolutions in the model affect the dispersion and transport
of emission plumes. Artificially large grid cells (too few vertical
layers and horizontal grids) may dilute concentrations and may not
properly consider impacts of complex terrain, complex meteorology, and
land/water interfaces. Fifth, the State needs to generate
meteorological data that describe atmospheric conditions and emissions
inputs. Finally, the State needs to verify that the model is properly
simulating the chemistry and atmospheric conditions through diagnostic
analyses and model performance tests. Once these steps are
satisfactorily completed, the model is ready to be used to generate air
quality estimates to support an attainment demonstration.
The modeled attainment test compares model-predicted 1-hour daily
maximum concentrations in all grid cells for the attainment year to the
level of the NAAQS. A predicted concentration above 0.124 ppm ozone
indicates that the area is expected to exceed the standard in the
attainment year and a prediction at or below 0.124 ppm indicates that
the area is expected to attain the standard. This type of test is often
referred to as an exceedance test. The EPA's guidance recommends that
States use either of two modeled attainment or exceedance tests for the
1-hour ozone NAAQS: a deterministic test or a statistical test.
The deterministic test requires the State to compare predicted 1-
hour daily maximum ozone concentrations for each modeled day
6 to the attainment level of 0.124 ppm. If none of the
predictions exceed 0.124 ppm, the test is passed.
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\6\ The initial, ``ramp-up'' days for each episode are excluded
from this determination.
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The statistical test takes into account the fact that the form of
the 1-hour ozone standard allows exceedances. If, over a three-year
period, the area has an average of one or fewer exceedances per year,
the area is not violating the standard. Thus, if the State models a
very extreme day, the statistical test provides that a prediction above
0.124 ppm up to a certain upper limit may be consistent with attainment
of the standard. (The form of the 1-hour standard allows for up to
three readings above the standard over a three-year period before an
area is considered to be in violation.)
The acceptable upper limit above 0.124 ppm is determined by
examining the size of exceedances at monitoring sites which meet the 1-
hour NAAQS. For example, a monitoring site for which the four highest
1-hour average concentrations over a three-year period are 0.136 ppm,
0.130 ppm, 0.128 ppm and 0.122 ppm is attaining the standard. To
identify an acceptable upper limit, the statistical likelihood of
observing ozone air quality exceedances of the standard of various
concentrations is equated to the severity of the modeled day. The upper
limit generally represents the maximum ozone concentration observed at
a location on a single day and it would be the only reading above the
standard that would be expected to occur no more than an average of
once a year over a three-year period. Therefore, if the maximum ozone
concentration predicted by the model is below the acceptable upper
limit, in this case 0.136 ppm, then EPA might conclude that the modeled
attainment test is passed. Generally, exceedances well above 0.124 ppm
are very unusual at monitoring sites meeting the NAAQS. Thus, these
upper limits are rarely substantially higher than the attainment level
of 0.124 ppm.
[[Page 70432]]
2. Additional Analyses Where Modeling Fails to Show Attainment
When the modeling does not conclusively demonstrate attainment,
additional analyses may be presented to help determine whether the area
will attain the standard. As with other predictive tools, there are
inherent uncertainties associated with modeling and its results. For
example, there are uncertainties in some of the modeling inputs, such
as the meteorological and emissions data bases for individual days and
in the methodology used to assess the severity of an exceedance at
individual sites. The EPA's guidance recognizes these limitations, and
provides a means for considering other evidence to help assess whether
attainment of the NAAQS is likely. The process by which this is done is
called a weight of evidence (WOE) determination.
Under a WOE determination, the State can rely on and EPA will
consider factors such as other modeled attainment tests, e.g., a
rollback analysis; other modeled outputs, e.g., changes in the
predicted frequency and pervasiveness of exceedances and predicted
changes in the design value; actual observed air quality trends;
estimated emissions trends; analyses of air quality monitored data; the
responsiveness of the model predictions to further controls; and,
whether there are additional control measures that are or will be
approved into the SIP but were not included in the modeling analysis.
This list is not an exclusive list of factors that may be considered
and these factors could vary from case to case. The EPA's guidance
contains no limit on how close a modeled attainment test must be to
passing to conclude that other evidence besides an attainment test is
sufficiently compelling to suggest attainment. However, the further a
modeled attainment test is from being passed, the more compelling the
WOE needs to be.
The EPA's 1996 modeling guidance also recognizes a need to perform
a mid-course review as a means for addressing uncertainty in the
modeling results. Because of the uncertainty in long term projections,
EPA believes a viable attainment demonstration that relies on WOE needs
to contain provisions for periodic review of monitoring, emissions, and
modeling data to assess the extent to which refinements to emission
control measures are needed. The mid-course review is discussed in
Section C.6.
C. What is the Frame Work for Proposing Action on the Attainment
Demonstration SIPs?
In addition to the modeling analysis and WOE support demonstrating
attainment, the EPA has identified the following key elements which
must be present in order for EPA to approve or conditionally approve
the 1-hour attainment demonstration SIPs. These elements are listed
below and then described in detail.
--CAA measures and measures relied on in the modeled attainment
demonstration SIP. This includes adopted and submitted rules for all
previously required CAA mandated measures for the specific area
classification. This also includes measures that may not be required
for the area classification but that the State relied on in the SIP
submission for attainment and ROP plans on which EPA is proposing to
take action on today.
--NOX reductions affecting boundary conditions.
--Motor vehicle emissions budget. A motor vehicle emissions budget
which can be determined by EPA to be adequate for conformity purposes.
--Tier 2/Sulfur program benefits where needed to demonstrate
attainment. Inclusion of reductions expected from EPA's Tier 2 tailpipe
and low sulfur-in-fuel standards in the attainment demonstration and
the motor vehicle emissions budget.
--In certain areas, additional measures to further reduce emissions
to support the attainment test. Additional measures, may be measures
adopted regionally such as in the Ozone Transport Region (OTR), or
locally (intrastate) in individual States.
--Mid-course review. An enforceable commitment to conduct a mid-
course review and evaluation based on air quality and emission trends.
The mid-course review would show whether the adopted control measures
are sufficient to reach attainment by the area's attainment date, or
that additional control measures are necessary.
1. CAA Measures and Measures Relied on in the Modeled Attainment
Demonstration SIP
The States should have adopted the control measures already
required under the CAA for the area classification. Since these 10
serious and severe areas need to achieve substantial reductions from
their 1990 emissions levels in order to attain, EPA anticipates that
these areas need all of the measures required under the CAA to attain
the 1-hour ozone NAAQS.
In addition, the States may have included control measures in its
attainment strategy that are in addition to measures required in the
CAA. (For serious areas, these should have already been identified and
adopted, whereas severe areas have until December 2000 to submit
measures necessary to achieve ROP through the attainment year and to
attain.) For purposes of fully approving the State's SIP, the State
will need to adopt and submit all VOC and NOX controls
within the local modeling domain that were relied on for purposes of
the modeled attainment demonstration.
The following tables present a summary of the CAA requirements that
need to be met for each serious and severe nonattainment area for the
1-hour ozone NAAQS. These requirements are specified in section 182 of
the CAA. Information on more measures that States may have adopted or
relied on in their current SIP submissions is not shown in the tables.
EPA will need to take final action approving all measures relied on for
attainment, including the required ROP control measures and target
calculations, before EPA can issue a final full approval of the
attainment demonstration as meeting CAA section 182(c)(2) (for serious
areas) or (d) (for severe areas).
Table 1.--CAA Requirements for Serious Areas
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--NSR for VOC and NOX,\1\ including an offset ratio of 1.2:1 and a major
VOC and NOX source cutoff of 50 tons per year (tpy)
--Reasonable Available Control Technology (RACT) for VOC and NOX\1\
--Enhanced Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) program
--15% volatile organic compound (VOC) plans
--Emissions inventory
--Emission statements
--Attainment demonstration
--9 percent ROP plan through 1999
--Clean fuels program or substitute
--Enhanced monitoring Photochemical assessment Monitoring Stations
(PAMS)
--Stage II vapor recovery
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\1\ Unless the area has in effect a NOX waiver under section 182(f). The
Philadelphia area is not such an area.
Table 2.--CAA Requirements for Severe Areas
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--All of the nonattainment area requirements for serious areas
--NSR, including an offset ratio of 1.3:1 and a major VOC and NOX source
cutoff of 25 tons per year (tpy)
--Reformulated gasoline
--9 percent ROP plan through attainment year
[[Page 70433]]
--Requirement for fees for major sources for failure to attain (SIP due
12/31/99)
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2. NOX Reductions Affecting Boundary Conditions
The EPA completed final rulemaking on the NOX SIP call
on October 27, 1998, which required States to address transport of
NOX and ozone to other States. To address transport, the
NOX SIP call established emissions budgets for
NOX that 23 jurisdictions were required to show they would
meet through enforceable SIP measures adopted and submitted by
September 30, 1999. The NOX SIP call is intended to reduce
emissions in upwind States that significantly contribute to
nonattainment problems. The EPA did not identify specific sources that
the States must regulate nor did EPA limit the States' choices
regarding where to achieve the emission reductions. Subsequently, a
three-judge panel of the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia
Circuit issued an order staying the portion of the NOX SIP
call rule requiring States to submit rules by September 30, 1999.
The NOX SIP call rule establishes budgets for the States
in which 9 of the nonattainment areas for which EPA is proposing action
today are located. The 9 areas are: Greater Connecticut, Springfield
MA, New York-North New Jersey-Long Island (NY-NJ-CT), Baltimore MD,
Philadelphia-Wilmington-Trenton (PA-NJ-DE-MD), Metropolitan Washington,
D.C. (DC-MD-VA), Atlanta GA, Milwaukee-Racine WI, and Chicago-Gary-Lake
County (IL-IN).
Emission reductions that will be achieved through EPA's
NOX SIP call will reduce the levels of ozone and ozone
precursors entering nonattainment areas at their boundaries. For
purposes of developing attainment demonstrations, States define local
modeling domains that include both the nonattainment area and nearby
surrounding areas. The ozone levels at the boundary of the local
modeling domain are reflected in modeled attainment demonstrations and
are referred to as boundary conditions. With the exception of Houston,
the 1-hour attainment demonstrations on which EPA is proposing action
have relied, in part, on the NOX SIP Call reductions for
purposes of determining the boundary conditions of the modeling domain.
Emission reductions assumed in the attainment demonstrations are
modeled to occur both within the State and in upwind States; thus,
intrastate reductions as well as reductions in other States impact the
boundary conditions. Although the court has indefinitely stayed the SIP
submission deadline, the NOX SIP Call rule remains in
effect. Therefore, EPA believes it is appropriate to allow States to
continue to assume the reductions from the NOX SIP Call in
areas outside the local 1-hour modeling domains. If States assume
control levels and emission reductions other than those of the
NOX SIP Call within their State but outside of the modeling
domain, States must also adopt control measures to achieve those
reductions in order to have an approvable plan.
Accordingly, States in which the nonattainment areas are located
will not be required to adopt measures outside the modeling domain to
achieve the NOX SIP Call budgets prior to the time that all
States are required to comply with the NOX SIP Call. If the
reductions from the NOX SIP Call do not occur as planned,
States will need to revise their SIPs to add additional local measures
or obtain interstate reductions, or both, in order to provide
sufficient reductions needed for attainment.
As provided above, any controls assumed by the State inside the
local modeling domain 7 for purposes of the modeled
attainment demonstration must be adopted and submitted as part of the
State's 1-hour attainment demonstration SIP. It is only for reductions
occurring outside the local modeling domain that States may assume
implementation of NOX SIP call measures and the resulting
boundary conditions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\7\ For the purposes of this document, ``local modeling domain''
is typically an urban scale domain with horizontal dimensions less
than about 300 km on a side, horizontal grid resolution less than or
equal to 5 x 5 km or finer. The domain is large enough to ensure
that emissions occurring at 8 am in the domain's center are still
within the domain at 8 pm the same day. If recirculation of the
nonattainment area's previous day's emissions is believed to
contribute to an observed problem, the domain is large enough to
characterize this.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Motor Vehicle Emissions Budget
The EPA believes that attainment demonstration SIPs must
necessarily estimate the motor vehicle emissions that will be produced
in the attainment year and demonstrate that this emissions level, when
considered with emissions from all other sources, is consistent with
attainment. The estimate of motor vehicle emissions is used to
determine the conformity of transportation plans and programs to the
SIP, as described by CAA section 176(c)(2)(A). For transportation
conformity purposes, the estimate of motor vehicle emissions is known
as the motor vehicle emissions budget. The EPA believes that
appropriately identified motor vehicle emissions budgets are a
necessary part of an attainment demonstration SIP. A SIP cannot
effectively demonstrate attainment unless it identifies the level of
motor vehicle emissions that can be produced while still demonstrating
attainment.
The EPA has determined that except for the Western MA (Springfield)
attainment demonstration SIP, the motor vehicle emission budgets for
all areas in today's proposals are inadequate or missing from the
attainment demonstration. Therefore, EPA is proposing to disapprove the
attainment demonstration SIPs for those nine areas if the States do not
submit motor vehicle emissions budgets that EPA can find adequate by
May 31, 2000.8 In order for EPA to complete the adequacy
process by the end of May, States should submit a budget no later than
December 31, 1999.9 If an area does not have a motor vehicle
emissions budget that EPA can determine adequate for conformity
purposes by May 31, 2000, EPA plans to take final action at that time
disapproving in full the area's attainment demonstration. The emissions
budget should reflect all the motor vehicle control measures contained
in the attainment demonstration, i.e., measures already adopted for the
nonattainment area as well as those yet to be adopted.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\8\ For severe areas, EPA will determine the adequacy of the
emissions budgets associated with the post-1999 ROP plans once the
States submit the target calculations, which are due no later than
December 2000.
\9\ A final budget is preferred; but, if the State public
hearing process is not yet complete, then the draft budget for
public hearing may be submitted. The adequacy process generally
takes at least 90 days. Therefore, in order for EPA to complete the
adequacy process no later than the end of May, EPA must have by
February 15, 2000, the final budget or a draft that is substantially
similar to what the final budget will be. The State must submit the
final budget by April 15, 2000.
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4. Tier 2/Sulfur Program Benefits
On May 13, 1999, EPA published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking
(NPRM) proposing a major, comprehensive program designed to
significantly reduce emissions from passenger cars and light trucks
(including sport-utility vehicles, minivans, and pickup trucks) and to
reduce sulfur in gasoline. Under the proposed program, automakers would
produce vehicles designed to have very low emissions when operated on
low-sulfur gasoline, and oil refiners would provide that cleaner
gasoline nationwide. The EPA subsequently issued two supplemental
notices. 64 FR
[[Page 70434]]
35112 (June 30, 1999); 64 FR 57827 (October 27, 1999).
These two supplemental notices provide 1-hour ozone modeling and
monitoring information that support EPA's belief that the Tier 2/Sulfur
program is necessary to help areas attain the 1-hour NAAQS. Under the
proposed rule, NOX and VOC emission reductions (as well as
other reductions not directly relevant for attainment of the 1-hour
ozone standard) would occur beginning in the 2004 ozone season although
incentives for early compliance by vehicle manufacturers and refiners
will likely result in some reductions prior to 2004. Nationwide, the
Tier 2/Sulfur program is projected to result in reductions of
approximately 800,000 tons of NOX per year by 2007 and
1,200,000 tons by 2010.
In the October 27, 1999 supplemental notice, EPA reported in Table
1 that EPA's regional ozone modeling indicated that 17 metropolitan
areas for which the 1-hour standard applies need the Tier 2/Sulfur
program reductions to help attain the 1-hour ozone standard. The
Philadelphia area whose attainment demonstration EPA is proposing to
approve today is included on that list.
The EPA issued a memorandum that provides estimates of the
emissions reductions associated with the Tier 2/Sulfur program
proposal.10 The memorandum provides the tonnage benefits for
the Tier 2/Sulfur program in 2007 on a county-by-county basis for all
counties within the 10 serious and severe nonattainment areas for which
EPA is proposing to take action today and the 2005 tonnage benefits for
the Tier 2/Sulfur program for each county for three areas.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\10\ Memorandum, ``1-Hour Ozone Attainment Demonstrations and
Tier 2/Sulfur Rulemaking'' from Lydia Wegman, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards and Merrylin Zaw-Mon, Office of Mobile
Sources to the Air Division Directors, Regions I-VI, issued November
8, 1999. A copy of this memorandum may be found on EPA's web site at
http://www.epa.gov/oms/transp/traqconf.htm.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
The EPA also issued a memorandum which explains the connection
between the Tier 2/Sulfur program, motor vehicle emissions budgets for
conformity determinations, and timing for SIP revisions to account for
the Tier 2/Sulfur program benefit.11 This memorandum
explains that conformity analyses in serious and severe ozone
nonattainment areas can begin including Tier 2/Sulfur program benefits
once EPA's Tier 2 rule is promulgated, provided that the attainment
demonstration SIPs and associated motor vehicle emissions budgets
include the Tier 2 benefits. For areas that require all or some portion
of the Tier 2 benefits to demonstrate attainment but have not yet
included the benefits in the motor vehicle emissions budgets, EPA's
adequacy finding will include a condition that conformity
determinations may not take credit for Tier 2 until the SIP budgets are
revised to reflect Tier 2 benefits. See EPA's memorandum for more
information.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\11\ Memorandum, ``Guidance on Motor Vehicle Emissions Budgets
in One-Hour Ozone Attainment Demonstrations'', from Merrylin Zaw-
Mon, Office of Mobile Sources, to Air Division Directors, Regions I-
VI, issued November 3, 1999. A copy of this memorandum may be found
on EPA's web site at http://www.epa.gov/oms/transp/traqconf.htm.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
For the New York-North New Jersey-Long Island, Philadelphia-
Wilmington-Trenton, Baltimore, Atlanta, and Houston nonattainment
areas, the EPA is proposing to determine that additional emission
reductions beyond those provided by the SIP submission are necessary
for attainment. With the exception of the Atlanta nonattainment area, a
portion of that reduction will be achieved by EPA's Tier 2/Sulfur
program, which EPA expects to finalize shortly. States that need to
rely in whole or in part on the Tier 2 benefits to help demonstrate
attainment will need to adjust the demonstration for their SIP
submission, emission inventories and motor vehicle emissions budgets to
include the Tier 2/Sulfur program reductions in order for EPA to
approve the SIP submittal. The submittal requirement including the
analysis to make that submission is described in the two memoranda
cited. States may use the tonnage benefits and guidance in these
memoranda to make these adjustments to the SIP submission and motor
vehicle emission budgets. The EPA encourages States to submit these SIP
revisions by December 31, 1999 to allow EPA to include them in the
motor vehicle emissions budget adequacy determinations which need to be
completed by May 31, 2000. Alternatively, these revisions should be
submitted by July 2000 for serious nonattainment areas, as EPA
anticipates completing rulemaking on these SIPs in the fall of 2000.
For severe nonattainment areas, these revisions should be submitted by
December 31, 2000.
A number of areas for which the EPA is not proposing to determine
that additional emission reduction beyond those provided by the SIP
submission are necessary for attainment will be taking a partial credit
for Tier 2 when they use credit from national low emissions vehicles
(NLEV) in their attainment demonstration. These nonattainment areas are
the Milwaukee-Racine, Chicago-Gary-Lake County and Metropolitan
Washington, D.C. areas. By regulation, the NLEV standards do not extend
beyond the 2003 model year unless EPA promulgates Tier 2 vehicle
standards at least as stringent as the NLEV standards. See 40 CFR
86.1701-99(c). Thus, the emission reductions relied upon from 2004 and
later model year NLEV vehicles will actually be due to the promulgation
of the Tier 2 standards, either through the extension of the NLEV
program or a portion of the reduction from vehicles meeting the Tier 2
standards.
Like all the other SIPs that rely on Tier 2 reductions in order to
demonstrate attainment, the attainment demonstrations for the
Milwaukee-Racine, Chicago-Gary-Lake County and Metropolitan Washington,
D.C. areas must be revised to estimate the effects of Tier 2 according
to our policy before EPA can take final action approving such
attainment demonstrations. Until the SIPs are revised to include full
Tier 2 credit, EPA can determine by May 31, 2000 that a motor vehicle
emissions budget is adequate if the budget would be otherwise adequate.
No conditions need be placed on such adequacy determinations since the
budgets in such SIPs already include reductions equivalent to the
amount of emission reductions the areas will be relying on from Tier 2
by virtue of the NLEV reductions included in the budgets.
Revisions to the motor vehicle emissions budget and the attainment
demonstration when EPA issues the MOBILE6 model. Within one year of
when EPA issues the MOBILE6 model for estimating mobile source
emissions which takes into account the emissions benefit of EPA's Tier
2/Sulfur program, States will need to revise their motor vehicle
emissions budgets in their attainment demonstration SIPs if the Tier 2/
Sulfur program is necessary for attainment. In addition, the budgets
will need to be revised using MOBILE6 in those areas that do not need
the Tier 2/Sulfur program for attainment but decide to include its
benefits in the motor vehicle emissions budget anyway. The EPA will
work with States on a case-by-case basis if the new emission estimates
raise issues about the sufficiency of the attainment demonstration.
States described in the paragraph above will need to submit an
enforceable commitment in the near term to revise their motor vehicle
emissions budget within one year after EPA's release of MOBILE6. This
commitment should be submitted to EPA along with the other commitments
discussed elsewhere in this notice, or alternatively, as part of the
SIP revision
[[Page 70435]]
that modifies the motor vehicle emission inventories and budgets to
include the Tier 2/Sulfur program benefits needed in order for EPA to
approve the SIP submittal.12
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\12\ For purposes of conformity, the State needs a commitment
that has been subject to public hearing. If the State has submitted
a commitment that has been subject to public hearing and that
provides for the adoption of all measures necessary for attainment,
the State should submit a letter prior to December 31, 1999,
amending the commitment to include the revision of the budget after
the release of MOBILE6.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Additional Measures to Further Reduce Emissions
The EPA is proposing to find that the attainment demonstrations for
New York-North New Jersey-Long Island; Atlanta; Houston; Baltimore; and
Philadelphia-Wilmington-Trenton areas; even considering the Tier 2/
Sulfur program reductions and the WOE, will not achieve attainment
without the application of additional emission control measures to
achieve additional emission reductions. Thus, for each of these areas,
EPA has identified specific percentages of NOX and/or VOC
emissions which must be reduced through additional control measures in
order to demonstrate attainment and to enable EPA to approve the
demonstration. The need for additional emission reductions is generally
based on a lack of sufficient compelling evidence that the
demonstration shows attainment at the current level of adopted or
planned emission controls.
This is discussed in detail below for the Philadelphia area. The
method used by EPA to calculate the amount of additional reductions is
described in a Technical Support Document (TSD) located in the record
for this proposed rule. Briefly, the method makes use of the
relationship between ozone and its precursors (VOC and NOX)
to identify additional reductions that, at a minimum, would bring the
model predicted future ozone concentration to a level at or below the
standard. The relationship is derived by comparing changes in either
(1) the model predicted ozone to changes in modeled emissions or (2) in
observed air quality to changes in actual emissions.
The EPA is not requesting that States perform new photochemical
grid modeling to assess the full air quality impact of the additional
measures that would be adopted. Rather, as described above, one of the
factors that EPA can consider as part of the WOE analysis of the
attainment demonstration is whether there will be additional emission
reductions anticipated that were not modeled. Therefore, EPA will
consider the reductions from these additional measures as part of the
WOE analysis if the State adopts the measures or, as appropriate,
submits an enforceable commitment to adopt the measures.
As an initial matter, for areas that need additional measures, the
State must submit a commitment to adopt additional control measures to
meet the level of reductions that EPA has identified as necessary for
attainment. For purposes of conformity, if the State submitted a
commitment, which has been subject to public hearing, to adopt the
control measures necessary for attainment and ROP through the area's
attainment date in conformance with the December 1997 Wilson policy,
the State will not need an additional commitment at this time. However,
the state will need to amend its commitment by letter to provide two
things concerning the additional measures.
First, the State will need to identify a list of potential control
measures (from which a set of measures could be selected) that when
implemented, would be expected to provide sufficient additional
emission reductions to meet the level of reductions that EPA has
identified as necessary for attainment. States need not commit to adopt
any specific measures on their list at this time, but if they do not do
so, they must identify sufficient additional emission reductions to
attain the standard with the submitted motor vehicle emissions budget.
These measures may not involve additional limits on highway
construction beyond those that could be imposed under the submitted
motor vehicle emissions budget. (See memorandum, ``Guidance on Motor
Vehicle Emissions Budgets in One-Hour Ozone Attainment
Demonstrations,'' from Merrylin Zaw-Mon, Office of Mobile Sources, to
Air Division Directors, Regions I-VI.13) States may, of
course, select control measures that do impose limits on highway
construction, but if they do so, they must revise the budget to reflect
the effects of specific, identified measures that were either committed
to in the SIP or were actually adopted. Otherwise, EPA could not
conclude that the submitted motor vehicle emissions budget would be
providing for attainment, and EPA could not find it adequate for
conformity purposes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\13\ Memorandum, ``Guidance on Motor Vehicle Emissions Budgets
in One-Hour Ozone Attainment Demonstrations'', from Merrylin Zaw-
Mon, Office of Mobile Sources, to Air Division Directors, Regions I-
VI, issued November 3, 1999. A copy of this memo may be found on
EPA's web site at http://www.epa.gov/oms/transp/traqconf.htm .
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Second, the letter should provide that the State will recalculate
and submit a revised motor vehicle emissions budget that includes the
effects, if any, of the measure or measures that are ultimately adopted
when those measures are submitted as SIP revisions should any of the
measures pertain to motor vehicles.
For purposes of approving the SIP, the State will need an
enforceable commitment that identifies the date by which the additional
measures will be submitted, identifies the percentage reductions needed
of VOC and NOX, and provides that the State will recalculate
and submit a revised motor vehicle emissions budget that includes the
effects, if any, of the measure or measures that are ultimately adopted
when these measures are submitted as SIP revisions should any of the
measures pertain to motor vehicles. To the extent the State's current
commitment does not include one of the above items or to the extent
that a State plans to revise one of the above items in an existing
commitment, the State will need a new public hearing.
For areas within the OTR, EPA believes it is appropriate to provide
a State that is relying on a regional solution to a Congressionally-
recognized regional air pollution problem with more time to adopt and
submit measures for additional reductions to EPA than for a State that
will rely on intrastate measures to achieve the reductions. Therefore,
the EPA believes that States in the OTR must be allowed sufficient time
for the OTR to analyze the appropriate measures as well as time for the
State to adopt the measures. For these States, EPA believes it is
appropriate for them to commit to work through the OTR to develop a
regional strategy regarding the measures necessary to meet the
additional reductions identified by EPA for these areas. However, as a
backstop, the State will need to commit to adopt intrastate measures
sufficient to achieve the additional reductions if the regional
measures are not identified by the OTR and adopted by the relevant
States. For purposes of conformity, if the State submitted a commitment
consistent with the December 1997 Wilson policy and which has been
subject to public hearing, the State may amend its current commitment
by letter to provide these assurances. However, before EPA can take
final rulemaking action to approve the attainment demonstration, the
State will need to meet the public hearing requirements for the
commitment and submit it to EPA as a SIP revision. The EPA will have to
propose and take final
[[Page 70436]]
action on this SIP revision before EPA can fully approve the State's
attainment demonstration. The State will have to submit the necessary
measures themselves (and a revised motor vehicle emissions budget that
includes the effects, if any, of the measure or measures that are
ultimately adopted should any of the measures pertain to motor
vehicles) as a SIP revision no later than October 31, 2001.
Guidance on additional control measures. Much progress has been
made over the past 25 years to reduce VOC emissions and over the past 9
years to reduce NOX emissions. Many large sources have been
controlled to some extent through RACT rules or other emission
standards or limitations, such as maximum achievable control technology
(MACT), new source performance standards (NSPS) and the emission
control requirements for NSR--lowest achievable emissions rate (LAER)
and best achievable control technology (BACT). However, there may be
controls available for sources that have not yet been regulated as well
as additional means for achieving reductions from sources that have
already been regulated. The EPA has prepared a report to assist States
in identifying additional measures. This report is called ``Serious and
Severe Ozone Nonattainment Areas: Information on Emissions, Control
Measures Adopted or Planned and Other Available Control Measures.'' The
purpose of this report is to provide information to State and local
agencies to assist them in identifying additional control measures that
can be adopted into their SIPs to support the attainment demonstrations
for the serious and severe nonattainment areas under consideration.
This report has been added to the record for this proposal.
In summary, the report provides information in four areas. First,
the report contains detailed information on emissions for ozone
precursor emissions of NOX and VOCs. This inventory data
gives an indication of where the major emissions are coming from in a
particular geographic area and may indicate where it will be profitable
to look for further reductions. Second, the report contains information
on control measures for emission sources of NOX and VOC
(including stationary, area and mobile source measures) for which
controls may not have been adopted by many jurisdictions. This would
include many measures listed among the control measures EPA considered
when developing the Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) for promulgation
of the 8-hour ozone NAAQS. Third, the report includes information on
standards EPA has issued for the NSPS and MACT programs as well as
information on alternative control techniques (ACT) documents. This may
be useful to States who may already specify emission limits on existing
source categories to which NSPS and MACT for new sources apply, but the
current RACT level of control for these existing sources may not match
the level specified in the NSPS or MACT standards for new sources or
sources which emit hazardous air pollutants. Finally, the report
includes information on the control measures not already covered
elsewhere that States have adopted, or have proposed to adopt at the
date of the report, into their SIPs. Comparison of information on
measures already adopted into others' SIPs may help inform States about
reductions that may be available from their sources whose emissions are
currently not regulated.
Another source of information is the BACT and LAER determinations
that States have made for individual new sources. Information on BACT/
LAER determinations is available through EPA's RACT/BACT/LAER
Clearinghouse (RBLC) which may be accessed on EPA's web site on the
internet at the following address: www.epa.gov/ttn/catc/.
The ACT documents for VOC and NOX are valuable because
EPA has not issued control technique guidelines (CTGs) that specify the
level of RACT for several categories of sources. For some of these
source categories, EPA has prepared ACT documents which describe
various control technologies and associated costs for reducing
emissions. While States were required to adopt RACT for major sources
within these source categories, the ACT documents may identify an
additional level of control for regulated sources or may provide
control options for non-major sources within these source categories.
States are free to evaluate the various options given and use the
results to assist in formulating their own regulations.
The EPA report lists the various sources EPA used to develop the
lists of additional measures. These sources include an EPA draft
control measure data base, State and Territorial Air Pollution
Administrators and the Association of Local Air Pollution Control
Official's (STAPPA/ALAPCO's) books ``Controlling Nitrogen Oxides under
the Clean Air Act: A Menu of Options'', and ``Meeting the 15-Percent
Rate-of-Progress Requirement Under the Clean Air Act: A Menu of
Options'', California's ozone SIP for the South Coast and various ACT
documents.
There is one control approach which bears special mention because
it is broader in application than any one specific control measure.
There is the approach of ``cap and trade.'' In this approach, a cap is
placed on emissions, and existing sources are given emission
allotments. Under a declining cap, emissions would be decreased each
year. Sources may over-control and sell part of their allotments to
other sources which under-control. Overall, the percentage decrease in
emissions is maintained, but the reductions are made where they are
most economical. A cap and trade program has been in operation in the
South Coast Air Quality Management District in California since about
1992.
The State of Illinois has adopted a declining cap and trade
program. The Illinois program will set a cap on future emissions of
major sources in the Chicago area that in most cases is 12 percent
lower than baseline emissions. Illinois will issue a number of emission
allotments corresponding to the cap level and will require each source
to have VOC emissions at or below the level for which it holds emission
allotments. Trading of emission allotments will be allowed, so that
sources that reduce VOC emissions more than 12 percent may sell
emission allotments, and sources that reduce VOC emission less than 12
percent must buy emission allotments. The proposed reductions are
planned to begin in the next ozone season, May 2000.
In addition, EPA's draft economic incentives program guidance (EIP)
was proposed in September 1999. This encourages cost-effective and
innovative approaches to achieving air pollution goals through
emissions trading. Such an approach has been demonstrated to be
successful and cost-effective in reducing air pollution in EPA's acid
rain emissions trading program. These and other similar programs should
allow cost-effective implementation of additional control measures.
Finally, a reduction in VOC and NOX emissions can be
achieved through a wide range of control measures. These measures range
from technology based actions such as retrofitting diesel trucks and
buses, and controlling ground service equipment at airports to activity
based controls such as increased use of transit by utilizing existing
Federal tax incentives, market and pricing based programs, and ozone
action days. States can also achieve emission reductions by
implementing programs involving cleaner burning fuels. The State of
Texas is also considering a rule to change the times during the day in
which construction can occur to reduce
[[Page 70437]]
ozone precursor emissions during periods when ozone formation is
occurring. There are a wide range of new and innovative programs beyond
the few examples listed here. These measures, if taken together, can
provide significant emission reductions for attainment purposes. In
addition, a variety of mobile source measures could be considered as
part of the commitment to meet the need for additional emission
reduction measures.
6. Mid-Course Review
A mid-course review (MCR) is a reassessment of modeling analyses
and more recent monitored data to determine if a prescribed control
strategy is resulting in emission reductions and air quality
improvements needed to attain the ambient air quality standard for
ozone as expeditiously as practicable but no later than the statutory
dates.
The EPA believes that a commitment to perform a MCR is a critical
element of the WOE analysis for the attainment demonstration on which
EPA is proposing to take action today. In order to approve the
attainment demonstration SIP for the Philadelphia area, EPA believes
that the States whose counties comprise the area must submit an
enforceable commitment to perform a MCR as described here.14
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\14\ For purposes of conformity, the State needs a commitment
that has been subject to public hearing. If the State has submitted
a commitment that has been subject to public hearing and that
provides for the adoption of all measures necessary for attainment,
the State should submit a letter prior to December 31, 1999,
amending the commitment to include the MCR.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
As part of the commitment, the State should commit to work with EPA
in a public consultative process to develop a methodology for
performing the MCR and developing the criteria by which adequate
progress would be judged.
For severe areas, the States must have an enforceable commitment to
perform the MCR, preferably following the 2003 ozone season, and to
submit the results to EPA by the end of the review year (e.g., by
December 31, 2003). EPA believes that an analysis in 2003 would be most
robust since some or all of the regional NOX emission
reductions should be achieved by that date. EPA would then review the
results and determine whether any States need to adopt and submit
additional control measures for purposes of attainment. The EPA is not
requesting that States commit now to adopt new control measures as a
result of this process. It would be impracticable for the States to
make a commitment that is specific enough to be considered enforceable.
Moreover, the MCR could indicate that upwind States may need to adopt
some or all of the additional controls needed to ensure an area attains
the standard. Therefore, if EPA determines additional control measures
are needed for attainment, EPA would determine whether additional
emission reductions as necessary from States in which the nonattainment
area is located or upwind States, or both. The EPA would require the
affected State or States to adopt and submit the new measures within a
period specified at the time. The EPA anticipates that these findings
would be made as calls for SIP revisions under section 110(k)(5) and,
therefore, the period for submission of the measures would be no longer
than 18 months after the EPA finding. A draft guidance document
regarding the MCR process is located in the docket for this proposal
and may also be found on EPA's web site at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/
scram/ .
D. In Summary, What Does EPA Expect to Happen with Respect to
Attainment Demonstrations for the Severe 1-Hour Ozone Nonattainment
Areas?
The following table shows a summary of information on what EPA
expects from the States in which the Philadelphia area is located to
allow EPA to approve the 1-hour ozone attainment demonstration SIPs.
Table 3.--Summary Schedule of Future Actions Related to Attainment Demonstration for the Philadelphia-Wilmington-
Trenton Severe Nonattainment Area in Pennsylvania and Which is Located in the OTR
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Required no later than Action
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
12/31/99......................................................... State submits the following to EPA:
--Motor vehicle emissions budget \1\
--Commitments \2\ or reaffirmation of a
previous commitment to do the following:
--Submit by 10/31/01 measures for
additional emission reductions as
required in the attainment demonstration
test; for additional emission reduction
measures developed through the regional
process, the State must also submit a
commitment for the additional measures
and a backstop commitment to adopt and
submit by 10/31/01 intrastate measures
for the emission reductions in the event
the OTR process does not recommend
measures that produce emission
reductions.
--Submit revised SIP & motor vehicle
emissions budget by 10/31/01 if
additional measures (due by 10/31/01)
affect the motor vehicle emissions
inventory
--Revise SIP & motor vehicle emissions
budget 1 year after MOBILE6 issued.\3\
--Perform a mid-course review.
--A list of potential control measures
could provide additional emission
reductions needed to attain the standard
\4\
4/15/00.......................................................... State submits in final any submissions made
in draft by 12/31/99.
Before EPA final rulemaking...................................... State submits enforceable commitments for any
above-mentioned commitments that may not yet
have been subjected to public hearing.
12/31/00......................................................... --State submits adopted modeled measures
relied on in attainment demonstration and
relied on for ROP through the attainment
year.
--State revises & submits SIP & motor vehicle
emissions budget to account for Tier 2
reductions as needed.\5\
10/31/01......................................................... --OTR States submit additional measures
developed through the regional process.
--State revises SIP & motor vehicle emissions
budget if the additional measures are for
motor vehicle category.
Within 1 yr after release of MOBILE6 model....................... State submits revised SIP & motor vehicle
emissions budget based on MOBILE6.
[[Page 70438]]
12/31/03......................................................... State submits to EPA results of mid-course
review.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Final budget preferable; however, if public process is not yet complete, then a ``draft'' budget (the one
undergoing public process) may be submitted at this time with a final budget by 4/15/00. However, if a final
budget is significantly different from the draft submitted earlier, the final budget must be submitted by 2/15/
00 to accommodate the 90 day processing period prior to the 5/31/00 date by which EPA must find the motor
vehicle emissions budget adequate. Note that the budget can reflect estimated Tier 2 emission reductions--see
memorandum from Lydia Wegman and Merrylin Zaw-Mon, ``1-Hour Ozone Attainment Demonstrations and Tier 2/Sulfur
Rulemaking.''
\2\ As provided in the preamble text, the State may clarify by letter an existing commitment, which has been
subject to public hearing, to submit the control measures needed for attainment. If the State has not yet
submitted such a commitment, the State should adopt a commitment after public hearing. If the public hearing
process is not yet complete, then draft commitments may be submitted at this time. The final commitment should
be submitted no later than 4/15/00.
\3\ The revision for MOBILE6 is only required for SIPs that include the effects of Tier 2. The commitment to
revise the SIP after MOBILE6 may be submitted at the same time that the state submits the budget that includes
the effects of Tier 2 (no later than 12/31/00).
\4\ The State is not required to commit to adopt any specific measures. However, if the State does not do so,
the list cannot include any measures that place limits on highway construction.
\5\ If the state submits such a revision, it must be accompanied by a commitment to revise the SIP and motor
vehicle emissions budget 1 year after MOBILE6 is issued (if the commitment has not already been submitted).
E. What are the Relevant Policy and Guidance Documents?
In this document we have cited several policy and guidance
memoranda. We have also developed several technical documents related
to today's proposed action. These documents and their location on our
web site are listed below, and we have placed a copy of these documents
in the docket for this proposed action.
Recent documents
1. ``Guidance for Improving Weight of Evidence Through
Identification of Additional Emission Reductions, Not Modeled.'' U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Emissions, Monitoring, and Analysis Division, Air Quality
Modeling Group, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. November 1999. Web
site: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/scram/.
2. ``Serious and Severe Ozone Nonattainment Areas: Information on
Emissions, Control Measures Adopted or Planned and Other Available
Control Measures.'' Draft Report. November 3, 1999. Ozone Policy and
Strategies Group. U.S. EPA, RTP, NC.
3. Memorandum, ``Guidance on Motor Vehicle Emissions Budgets in
One-Hour Attainment Demonstrations,'' from Merrylin Zaw-Mon, Office of
Mobile Sources, to Air Division Directors, Regions I-VI. November 3,
1999. Web site: http://www.epa.gov/oms/transp/traqconf.htm.
4. Memorandum from Lydia Wegman and Merrylin Zaw-Mon to the Air
Division Directors, Regions I-VI, ``1-Hour Ozone Attainment
Demonstrations and Tier 2/Sulfur Rulemaking.'' November 8, 1999. Web
site: http://www.epa.gov/oms/trans/traqconf.htm.
5. Draft Memorandum, ``1-Hour Ozone NAAQS--Mid-Course Review
Guidance.'' From John Seitz, Director, Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards. Website: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/scram/.
6. Memorandum, ``Guidance on Reasonably Available Control Measures
(RACM) Requirement and Attainment Demonstration Submissions for Ozone
Nonattainment Areas.'' John S. Seitz, Director, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards. November 30, 1999. Web site: http://
www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/t1pgm.html.
Previous documents
1. U.S. EPA, (1991), Guideline for Regulatory Application of the
Urban Airshed Model, EPA-450/4-91-013, (July 1991). Web site: http://
www.epa.gov/ttn/scram/ (file name: ``UAMREG'').
2. U.S. EPA, (1996), Guidance on Use of Modeled Results to
Demonstrate Attainment of the Ozone NAAQS, EPA-454/B-95-007, (June
1996). Web site: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/scram/ (file name: ``O3TEST'').
3. Memorandum, ``Ozone Attainment Demonstrations,'' from Mary D.
Nichols, issued March 2, 1995. Website: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/
t1pgm.html.
4. Memorandum, ``Extension of Attainment Dates for Downwind
Transport Areas,'' issued July 16, 1998. Website: http://www.epa.gov/
ttn/oarpg/t1pgm.html.
5. December 29, 1997 Memorandum from Richard Wilson, Acting
Assistant Administrator for Air and Radiation ``Guidance for
Implementing the 1-Hour Ozone and Pre-Existing PM10 NAAQS.''
Web site: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/t1pgm.html.
II. EPA's Review and Analysis of the Pennsylvania State Submittal
This section provides a review of Pennsylvania's submittal and an
analysis of how it satisfies the frame work discussed in section I.C.
of this document. A more detailed description of the Pennsylvania
submittal and EPA's evaluation are included in a TSD prepared in
support of this rulemaking action.
A. Analysis of the Local Modeling and Weight of Evidence
1. Analysis of the Modeling for the Local Modeling Domain
The CAA requires that serious areas and above perform photochemical
grid modeling to help determine the emission reductions of VOC and
NOX necessary to achieve the attainment of the 1-hour ozone
standard. The PADEP fulfilled this requirement through the application
of the Urban Airshed Model, Version 4 (UAM-IV) and through the use of
the modeling results from the OTAG application of the Urban Airshed
Model, Version 5 (UAM-V).
The ozone attainment demonstration for the Philadelphia area
contains local scale modeling that, other than the number of episodes
modeled, fulfills EPA recommended modeling procedures. EPA modeling
guidance requires that a total of three episodes be modeled from at
least two meteorological regimes. Modeling was performed for two
episodes (July 7-8, 1988 & July 18-20, 1991) in the Philadelphia area.
Given the severe nature of the episodes modeled, even if three episodes
were modeled, the two episodes that were modeled would most likely be
the controlling episodes in the determination of the emission
reductions needed in the Philadelphia
[[Page 70439]]
area for attainment. The two episodes that were modeled also represent
the most frequently occurring meteorological conditions conducive to
high ozone in the Philadelphia area. When the 2005 emission inventory
with the control strategy is modeled, peak ozone concentration is
reduced by approximately 31 ppb from the modeled peak concentrations in
the 1988 and 1991 base cases. When this reduction is applied to the
peak measured concentration for the July 1991 episode (155 ppb), the
resulting concentration is 124 ppb which indicates attainment.
The local modeling for the Philadelphia area over-predicts ozone
concentrations for the July 1991 episode. The modeling predicts peak
concentrations in the Philadelphia area plume of between 156-190 ppb
while ozone monitors in the same area during the same time period show
a peak concentration of 151 ppb. This indicates that the model is over-
predicting the actual ozone concentration by an average of 15%. When
model over-prediction is accounted for in the July 1991 episode, the
local-scale modeling predicts a peak concentration of 127 ppb. In this
case, EPA's alternative attainment test guidance entitled ``Guidance on
the Use of Modeled Results to Demonstrate Attainment of the Ozone
NAAQS'' will allow a peak concentration of 141 ppb and still consider
the modeled result attainment due to the severity of the meteorological
ozone forming potential of the episode day. The local modeling for the
July 1988 episode does not over-predict ozone concentrations. Modeled
peak concentrations for the July 1988 episode exceed levels consistent
with attainment. Therefore, it is necessary to warrant the
consideration of weight-of-evidence arguments that support the
demonstration of attainment.
The attainment emission control strategy contained in
Pennsylvania's attainment demonstration, when combined with the control
strategies being implemented in the other states that are part of the
Philadelphia area, results in the improvement in the number of grid
cell hours above the standard between 81-85 percent. This result
satisfies the requirement of the second bench mark of the Statistical
Test, described in EPA's alternative attainment test guidance cited
above, which requires that the area control strategy result in a
reduction of the number of grid cell hours above the ozone standard by
80 percent.
When the Philadelphia area design values in the base case modeling
period are adjusted for the air quality improvement predicted in the
attainment year by the local-scale modeling according to the screening
test outlined in EPA's guidance entitled ``Draft Guidance on the Use of
Models and Other Analysis in Attainment Demonstrations for the 8-Hour
Ozone NAAQS,'' the result is a 2005 projected design value of 126 ppb.
The local-scale modeling results are close enough to attainment to
warrant the consideration of WOE arguments that support the
demonstration of attainment. With the exception of the additional
controls on point sources needed to satisfy the NOX SIP
call, all other measures modeled in the demonstration of attainment
have been adopted and implemented by Pennsylvania and the other States
comprising the Philadelphia area.
2. Weight of Evidence (WOE) Analyses
A WOE determination is a diverse set of technical analyses
performed to assess the confidence one has in the modeled results and
to help assess the adequacy of a proposed strategy when the outcome of
local scale modeling is close to attainment. The attainment
demonstration for the Philadelphia area provides WOE arguments that
corroborate further that it is likely the Philadelphia area will attain
the 1-hour ozone standard by the statutory date of 2005. EPA has
developed design value adjustment factors based on regional scale
modeling for the supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking of the
NOX SIP call (63 FR 25902, May 11, 1998). These adjustment
factors were used to adjust the 1996 design values for the Philadelphia
area. This analysis showed all adjusted design values below 125 ppb in
the Philadelphia area.
Because the Philadelphia area local modeling showed some peak
concentrations above levels deemed consistent with attainment, EPA has
conducted an analysis to determine what additional emission reductions
may be needed to support ozone attainment in the Philadelphia area. EPA
has determined that the Philadelphia area will need additional emission
reductions of 0.3 percent of NOX and 4.5 percent of VOC to
ensure attainment of the ozone NAAQS. These reductions are in addition
to the NOX and VOC emission reductions that will be achieved
from the Tier 2 rule. The additional VOC reductions may be achieved
through NOX substitution in accordance with existing EPA
guidance. PADEP has submitted an enforceable commitment to adopt
whatever rules are necessary to attain the 1-hour NAAQS for ozone. This
enforceable commitment was made by Pennsylvania as part of a formal SIP
revision submitted on July 31, 1998.
Based upon the results of the local scale modeling along with the
additional weight of evidence arguments presented above, EPA believes
the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania has demonstrated attainment if PADEP
submits a reaffirmation of its previous enforceable commitment to adopt
additional measures as specified in section I.C.5.
B. Analysis of State Submittal Against the Framework for Proposing
Action
1. CAA Measures and Measures Relied Upon in the Current SIP Submission
Table 4 contains the CAA required control measures the Commonwealth
has implemented and the federal approval status of each.
Table 4.--Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Control Measures in the 1-Hour Ozone Attainment Plans for the
Philadelphia Area
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Name of control measure or SIP Included in local
element Type of measure modeling Approval status
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Enhanced Inspection & Maintenance.... CAA SIP Requirement.... Yes.................... SIP approved.
NOX RACT............................. CAA SIP Requirement.... Yes.................... SIP approval pending.
VOC RACT............................. CAA SIP Requirement.... Yes.................... SIP approval pending.
Stage II Vapor Recovery.............. CAA SIP Requirement.... Yes.................... SIP approved.
On-board Refueling Vapor Recovery.... federal rule........... Yes.................... Promulgated at 40 CFR
86.
Stage I Vapor Recovery............... CAA SIP Requirement.... Yes.................... SIP approved.
Federal Motor Vehicle Control program federal rule........... Yes.................... Promulgated at 40 CFR
86.
[[Page 70440]]
Federal Non-road Gasoline Engines.... federal rule........... Yes.................... Promulgated at 40 CFR
90.
Federal Non-road Heavy Duty diesel federal rule........... Yes.................... Promulgated at 40 CFR
engines. 89.
AIM Surface Coatings................. federal rule........... Yes.................... Promulgated at 40 CFR
59 subpart D.
Consumer & commercial products....... federal rule........... Yes.................... Promulgated at 40 CFR
59 subpart C.
Autobody refinishing federal rule........... Yes.................... Promulgated at 40 CFR
59 subpart B.
Reformulated Gasoline................ federal rule........... Yes.................... Promulgated at 40 CFR
80 subpart D.
National Low Emission Vehicle (NLEV). State opt-in........... Yes.................... Federal program
promulgated at 40 CFR
86 subpart R. State
opt-in adopted and
submitted; SIP
approval pending.
OTC NOX MOU Phase II................. State initiative....... Yes.................... SIP approval pending.
Clean Fuel Fleets (CFF).............. CAA SIP Requirement.... No-NLEV was modeled.... NLEV Substitute Adopted
and submitted.
Marine Engine Standards.............. federal rule........... No..................... Promulgated at 40 CFR
91.
Railroad Engine Standards............ federal rule........... No..................... Promulgated at 40 CFR
92.
Heavy Duty Diesel Engines (On-road).. federal rule........... No..................... Promulgated at 40 CFR
86.
New Source Review CAA SIP Requirement.... N/A \1\................ SIP approval pending.
15% VOC Reduction Plan............... CAA SIP Requirement.... Yes \2\................ SIP approval pending.
Base Year Emissions Inventory........ CAA SIP Requirement.... N/A.................... SIP approved.
Emissions Statements................. CAA SIP Requirement.... N/A.................... SIP approved.
9% rate of progress plans............ CAA SIP Requirement.... Yes \2\................ SIP approval pending.
Improving rule effectiveness from 80% State Initiative....... Yes.................... SIP approval pending.
to 90%.
Fees for Major Sources for failure to CAA SIP Requirement.... No \3\................. SIP due 12/31/2000
attain.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Does not produce emission reductions.
\2\ The measures used to demonstrate rate of progress were modeled.
\3\ This measure will only take effect if the area fails to attain by 2005 and would only be implemented after
2005.
The PADEP has submitted all CAA mandated measures. Many, but not
all, of these measures have been approved. EPA is proposing approval of
Pennsylvania's attainment demonstration for the Philadelphia area
contingent upon approval of all CAA required measures and other
attainment measures before final approval is issued for the attainment
demonstration.
2. NOX Reductions Affecting Boundary Conditions
The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania relied upon the NOX SIP
Call reductions in the Philadelphia area attainment demonstration plan.
Therefore, a crucial element of the attainment demonstration for the
Philadelphia area is the adoption and implementation of NOX
controls consistent with the modeling demonstration. As discussed in
Section I.C.1. above, Pennsylvania must adopt NOX SIP call
level controls within the modeling domain in order to have an
approvable attainment demonstration. Pennsylvania must submit to EPA
adopted control measures consistent with the NOX reductions
assumed in the attainment demonstration before EPA may approve the
attainment demonstration SIP.
3. Motor Vehicle Emissions Budget
The EPA has found that the motor vehicle emissions budget in the
attainment demonstration submitted by Pennsylvania is inadequate for
conformity purposes. On October 26, 1999, Judith M. Katz, Director, Air
Protection Division, EPA, Region III, sent a letter to Mr. James
Salvaggio, Director, Bureau of Air Quality Control, Pennsylvania
Department of Environmental Protection indicating that the motor
vehicle emissions budgets in their demonstration SIP were not adequate
for conformity purposes.
The motor vehicle emission budget in the attainment demonstration
for the Pennsylvania portion of the Philadelphia area is inadequate
because it does not meet all the requirements in 40 CFR Part 93,
section 93.118(e)(4). EPA made this determination because the plan
requires additional measures to further reduce emissions to support the
attainment test and because the budgets do not reflect all measures
assumed in the local modeling. The following paragraphs provide a
summary of each of these findings, of the corrective action required
and of EPA's proposed action.
Additional measures to further reduce emissions to support the
attainment test: The motor vehicle emissions budget(s), when considered
together with all other emissions sources are not consistent with
applicable requirements for attainment as detailed in section
93.118(e)(4)(iv) of the Conformity rule. The attainment plan identifies
motor vehicle emissions budgets for 2005. But the budgets do not meet
this requirement because the WOE support for the attainment
demonstration will be acceptable only if Pennsylvania provides a
reaffirmation by letter that its previously submitted enforceable
commitment to adopt additional measures to further reduce emissions
includes those necessary to support the attainment test as specified in
section I.C.5., above. There will be additional mobile source control
measures in effect by 2005 that will assist the area in
[[Page 70441]]
demonstrating attainment in 2005. Table 5 lists these measures and
indicates which of these are currently reflected in the motor vehicle
emissions budgets.
Budgets do not reflect all measures assumed in the local modeling:
The motor vehicle emissions budgets are not consistent with and clearly
related to the emissions inventory and the control measures in the
submitted SIPs as required by section 93.118(e)(4)(v) of the Conformity
rule. Adequate motor vehicle emissions budgets must reflect application
of all the control measures assumed in the local modeling
demonstration. The current motor vehicle emissions budgets do not
reflect a low emissions vehicle program which was assumed in the local
modeling. Pennsylvania has adopted and submitted a SIP revision for an
NLEV program and thus has adopted this modeled measure.
EPA has interpreted the general adequacy criteria with respect to
the 1-hour ozone attainment demonstrations to require the motor vehicle
emissions budgets to include the effects of all motor vehicle controls,
including federal measures and the mobile source control measures
assumed in the NOX SIP call, that will be in place in the
attainment year.15 Table 5 lists these measures that will
contribute to attainment in 2005 and that will affect the budget.
Therefore, the revised motor vehicle emissions budget presumptively
must include all currently promulgated federal measures and state SIP
measures shown in Table 5 with the exception of Clean Fuel Fleets
(CFF). Pennsylvania has submitted an NLEV SIP revision as a substitute
for CFF. For the Pennsylvania component of the motor vehicle emissions
budget NLEV must be used as in lieu of CFF.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\15\ Memorandum, ``Guidance on Motor Vehicle Emissions Budgets
in One-Hour Ozone Attainment Demonstrations'', from Merrylin Zaw-
Mon, Office of Mobile Sources, to Air Division Directors, Regions I-
VI, issued November 3, 1999.
Table 5.--Additional Mobile Source Control Measures Needed for the 2005
Motor Vehicle Emissions Budgets
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Control measures contained
Control measures available in 2005 in the budgets
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Federal Motor Vehicle Control Program Tier Tier 1 FMVCP only.
1 (FMVCP).
Tier 1................................
Tier 2................................
High enhanced I/M (State Adopted)......... High enhanced I/M.
Phase II RFG.............................. Phase II RFG.
National Low Emissions Vehicles (NLEV) Not factored into budget.
(State).
On-board vapor recovery (Federal)......... On-board vapor recovery.
Stage II Vapor Recovery................... Stage II Vapor Recovery.
Heavy-duty Diesel Vehicle (HDV) 2 gm std.. Not factored into budget.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Motor vehicle emissions budget and EPA's proposed action: EPA is
proposing to approve the attainment demonstration SIP if Pennsylvania
corrects the deficiencies that cause the motor vehicle emissions budget
to be inadequate. In the alternative, EPA is proposing to disapprove
the attainment demonstration SIP, if by May 31, 2000, EPA has not made
a determination that Pennsylvania has an adequate motor vehicle
emissions budget for Pennsylvania's portion of the Philadelphia area.
Because many States may shortly be submitting revised demonstrations
with revised motor vehicle emission budgets, EPA is providing a 60 day
comment period on this proposed rule. If Pennsylvania submits a revised
attainment demonstration, EPA will place the revisions in the docket
for this rulemaking and will post a notice on EPA's website at
www.epa.gov/oms/traq. By posting notice on the website, EPA will also
initiate the adequacy process.
4. Tier 2/Sulfur Program Benefits
As a result of EPA's review of the State's SIP submittal, EPA
believes that the ozone modeling submitted by the Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania for the Philadelphia area upon which EPA is proposing to
approve and to disapprove-in-the-alternative will need the emission
reductions from EPA's Tier 2/Sulfur program to attain the 1-hour ozone
NAAQS. Further, EPA believes that the Philadelphia area will need
additional emission reductions identified by EPA, beyond those from
EPA's Tier 2/Sulfur program, to attain the 1-hour ozone NAAQS.
For the Philadelphia area, EPA is proposing to determine that the
submitted control strategy does not provide for attainment by the
attainment deadline. However, the emission reductions of EPA's Tier 2/
Sulfur program, which are not reflected in the submitted SIP, will
assist in attainment. Because the Philadelphia area must rely on
reductions from the Tier 2/Sulfur program in order to demonstrate
attainment, the effects of these standards must be included in the
motor vehicle emissions budget.
To assist the States whose counties comprise the Philadelphia area
in the preparation of a new submission which could be approved or
conditionally approved, EPA has prepared an estimate of the air quality
benefits of EPA's Tier 2/Sulfur program. In our calculation, EPA
assumed that all of the Tier
2/Sulfur emissions reductions will contribute to the ability of the
Philadelphia area to demonstrate attainment. The EPA has further
calculated how much additional emission reduction is needed for the
Philadelphia area in order for EPA to approve or conditionally approve
a revised and re-submitted attainment demonstration for this area. The
EPA suggests that the States include these calculations as part of the
WOE analysis accompanying the adjusted attainment demonstration and
revised motor vehicle emissions budget for this area. Today, EPA is
proposing to approve a new attainment demonstration if it meets this
description.
However, States can use some of EPA's Tier 2/Sulfur program credit
for other purposes. Thus, the States could take credit for all or some
of EPA's Tier 2/Sulfur program credit for their attainment
demonstration. If the Tier 2/Sulfur program credit the States are
assuming for attainment is less than the amount that EPA assumed in
calculating the amount of additional emission reductions needed to
attain, i.e., the States are applying some or all of the Tier 2/Sulfur
program credit for other purposes, the States will have to calculate
the new additional emission reductions needed and commit to adopt
measures to achieve them. If the States assume all the Tier 2/Sulfur
program credit will go toward attainment, then the States will be able
to rely on EPA's estimate of the additional emission reductions needed.
Revisions to the motor vehicle emissions budget and the attainment
demonstration when EPA issues the MOBILE6 model: Pennsylvania has
previously committed to adopting additional control measures as
necessary to attain the one-hour ozone NAAQS as discussed in the
preceding section (II.C.3) of this document. EPA believes for the
purposes of determining the motor vehicle emissions budget adequate
that Pennsylvania already has a commitment to adopt any needed
additional measures, but we need
[[Page 70442]]
reaffirmation from PADEP that the intent of the existing commitment
meets all the conditions as stated in section I.C of this action
including revising the mobile vehicle emissions budget when EPA issues
the MOBILE6 model. EPA needs to receive this reaffirmation by December
31, 1999 as discussed in section I. above. If Pennsylvania does not
reaffirm by December 31, 1999, that its existing commitment to adopt
additional measures as necessary to reach attainment is consistent
within the framework of this action, then EPA will be unable to
determine the area has an adequate conformity budget. The commitment to
revise the SIP after MOBILE6 may be submitted at the same time that the
state submits the budget that includes the effects of Tier 2 (no later
than July 1, 2000).
5. Additional Measures to Further Reduce Emissions to Support the
Attainment Test
Based on the results of the local scale modeling along with the
additional weight-of-evidence analyses provided in the attainment
demonstration for the Philadelphia area, EPA believes that PADEP has
successfully demonstrated attainment of the 1-hour ozone standard for
the Philadelphia area by the 2005 statutory date if PADEP provides a
reaffirmation by letter that its previously submitted enforceable
commitment to adopt additional measures to further reduce emissions
includes those necessary to support the attainment test as specified in
section I.C.5., above. EPA has determined that the Philadelphia area
will need additional emission reductions of 0.3 percent per day of
NOX and 4.5 percent per day of VOC to ensure attainment of
the ozone NAAQS. The baseline for these percentages is the 1990
emissions inventory. These reductions are in addition to the
NOX and VOC emission reductions that will be achieved from
the Tier 2 rule.
6. Mid-course Review
In accordance with the provisions of I.C.6., above, EPA must
receive an enforceable commitment or a reaffirmation of a previous
enforceable commitment to include a mid-course review from PADEP for
the Philadelphia area by the date specified in Table 3 of this document
before the attainment demonstration can be approved.
III. What Are The Consequences of State Failure?
This section explains the CAA consequences of State failure to meet
the time frames and terms described generally in this notice. The CAA
provides for the imposition of sanctions and the promulgation of a
federal implementation plan if States fail to submit a required plan,
submit a plan that is determined to be incomplete or if EPA disapproves
a plan submitted by the State. (We using the phrase ``failure to
submit'' to cover both the situation where a State makes no submission
and the situation where the State makes a submission that we find is
incomplete in accordance with section 110(k)(1)(B) and 40 CFR part 51,
Appendix V.) For purposes of sanctions, there are no sanctions clocks
in place based on a failure to submit. Thus, the description of the
timing of sanctions, below, is linked to a potential disapproval of the
State's submission.
A. What are the CAA's Provisions for Sanctions?
If EPA disapproves a required SIP, such as the attainment
demonstration SIPs, section 179(a) provides for the imposition of two
sanctions. The first sanction would apply 18 months after EPA
disapproves the SIP if the State fails to make the required submittal
which EPA proposes to fully or conditionally approve within that time.
Under EPA's sanctions regulations, 40 CFR 52.31, the first sanction
would be 2:1 offsets for sources subject to the new source review
requirements under section 173 of the CAA. If the State has still
failed to submit a SIP for which EPA proposes full or conditional
approval 6 months after the first sanction is imposed, the second
sanction will apply. The second sanction is a limitation on the receipt
of Federal highway funds. EPA also has authority under section 110(m)
to a broader area, but is not proposing to take such action today.
B. What are the CAA's FIP Provisions if a State Fails to Submit a Plan?
In addition to sanctions, if EPA finds that a State failed to
submit the required SIP revision or disapproves the required SIP
revision EPA must promulgate a FIP no later than 2 years from the date
of the finding if the deficiency has not been corrected. The attainment
demonstration SIPs on which EPA is taking action today were originally
due in November 1994. However, through a series of policy memoranda,
EPA recognized that States had not submitted attainment demonstrations
and were constrained to do so until ozone transport had been further
analyzed. As provided in the Background, above, EPA provided for States
to submit the attainment demonstration SIPs in two phases. In June
1996, EPA made findings that ten States and the District of Columbia
had failed to submit the phase I SIPs for nine nonattainment areas. 61
FR 36292 (July 10, 1996). In addition on May 19, 1997, EPA made a
similar finding for Pennsylvania for the Philadelphia area. 62 FR
27201.
In July 1998, several environmental groups filed a notice of
citizen suit, alleging that EPA had outstanding sanctions and FIP
obligations for the serious and severe nonattainment areas on which EPA
is proposing action today. These groups filed a lawsuit in the Federal
District Court for the District of Columbia on November 8, 1999.
IV. Proposed Action
A. Proposed Approval
EPA is proposing to approve the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania's
attainment demonstration SIP revision which was submitted on April 30,
1998 for the Philadelphia area if the following actions occur in
accordance with the schedules in section I.D, Table 3:
(1) Pennsylvania adopts and submits an adequate motor vehicle
emissions budget.
(2) Pennsylvania submits a list of control measures that, when
implemented, would be expected to provide sufficient additional
emission reductions to attain the standard as discussed in I.C.5. The
Commonwealth need not commit to adopt any specific measures on their
list at this time, but if they do not do so, they must identify
sufficient additional emission reductions to attain the standard with
the submitted motor vehicle emissions budget. These measures may not
involve additional limits on highway construction beyond those that
could be imposed under the submitted motor vehicle emissions budget.
(3) Pennsylvania adopts and submits a rule(s) for the regional
NOX reductions consistent with the modeling demonstration.
(4) Pennsylvania adopts and submits an enforceable commitment, or
reaffirmation of existing enforceable commitment to do the following:
(a) Submit measures by 10/31/01 for additional emission reductions
as required in the attainment demonstration test as discussed in
section I.C.5. For additional emission reduction measures developed
through the regional process, the State must also submit an enforceable
commitment for the additional measures and a backstop commitment to
adopt and submit intrastate measures for the emission reductions in the
event the OTR process does not recommend measures that produce emission
reductions.
(b) Submit a revised SIP & motor vehicle emissions budget by 10/31/
01 if
[[Page 70443]]
additional measures affect the motor vehicle emissions inventory.
(c) Submit revised SIP & motor vehicle emissions budget 1 year
after MOBILE6 issued.
(d) Perform a mid-course review.
B. Proposed Disapproval-in-the-Alternative
EPA is also proposing, in the alternative, to disapprove this SIP
revision, if any of the actions listed in III.A, above, do not occur in
accordance with the schedules in section I.D, Table 3.
EPA is soliciting public comments on the issues discussed in this
document or on other relevant issues relating to the attainment
demonstration for the Philadelphia area. These comments will be
considered before taking final action. Interested parties may
participate in the Federal rulemaking procedure by submitting written
comments to the EPA Regional Office listed in the Addresses sectioin of
this document. A more detailed description of the Commonwealth's
submittal and EPA's evaluation are included in a Technical Support
Document (TSD) prepared in support of this rulemaking action. A copy of
the TSD is available upon request from the EPA Regional Office listed
in the Addresses section of this document.
V. Administrative Requirements
A. Executive Order (E.O.) 12866
The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has exempted this
regulatory action from review under E.O. 12866, entitled ``Regulatory
Planning and Review.''
B. Executive Order 13045
Executive Order 13045, entitled ``Protection of Children from
Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks'' (62 FR 19885, April 23,
1997), applies to any rule that the EPA determines (1) is
``economically significant,'' as defined under Executive Order 12866,
and (2) the environmental health or safety risk addressed by the rule
has a disproportionate effect on children. If the regulatory action
meets both criteria, the Agency must evaluate the environmental health
or safety effects of the planned rule on children and explain why the
planned regulation is preferable to other potentially effective and
reasonably feasible alternatives considered by the Agency. This final
rule is not subject to E.O. 13045 because it does not involve decisions
intended to mitigate environmental health and safety risks.
C. Executive Order 13084
Under E.O. 13084, EPA may not issue a regulation that is not
required by statute, that significantly affects or uniquely affects the
communities of Indian tribal governments, and that imposes substantial
direct compliance costs on those communities, unless the Federal
government provides the funds necessary to pay the direct compliance
costs incurred by the tribal governments. If the mandate is unfunded,
EPA must provide to the Office of Management and Budget, in a
separately identified section of the preamble to the rule, a
description of the extent of EPA's prior consultation with
representatives of affected tribal governments, a summary of the nature
of their concerns, and a statement supporting the need to issue the
regulation. In addition, Executive Order 13084 requires EPA to develop
an effective process permitting elected and other representatives of
Indian tribal governments ``to provide meaningful and timely input in
the development of regulatory policies on matters that significantly or
uniquely affect their communities.'' Today's rule does not
significantly or uniquely affect the communities of Indian tribal
governments. This action does not involve or impose any requirements
that affect Indian Tribes. Accordingly, the requirements of section
3(b) of E.O. 13084 do not apply to this rule.
D. Executive Order 13132
Executive Order 13132, Federalism (64 FR 43255, August 10, 1999),
revokes and replaces Executive Orders 12612 (Federalism) and 12875
(Enhancing the Intergovernmental Partnership). Executive Order 13132
requires EPA to develop an accountable process to ensure ``meaningful
and timely input by State and local officials in the development of
regulatory policies that have federalism implications.'' ``Policies
that have federalism implications'' is defined in the Executive Order
to include regulations that have ``substantial direct effects on the
States, on the relationship between the national government and the
States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the
various levels of government.'' Under Executive Order 13132, EPA may
not issue a regulation that has federalism implications, that imposes
substantial direct compliance costs, and that is not required by
statute, unless the Federal government provides the funds necessary to
pay the direct compliance costs incurred by State and local
governments, or EPA consults with State and local officials early in
the process of developing the proposed regulation. EPA also may not
issue a regulation that has federalism implications and that preempts
State law unless the Agency consults with State and local officials
early in the process of developing the proposed regulation.
This rule will not have substantial direct effects on the States,
on the relationship between the national government and the States, or
on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various
levels of government, as specified in Executive Order 13132 (64 FR
43255, August 10, 1999), because it merely approves a State rule
implementing a federal standard, and does not alter the relationship or
the distribution of power and responsibilities established in the Clean
Air Act. Thus, the requirements of section 6 of the Executive Order do
not apply to this rule.
E. Regulatory Flexibility Act
The Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) generally requires an agency
to conduct a regulatory flexibility analysis of any rule subject to
notice and comment rulemaking requirements unless the agency certifies
that the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a
substantial number of small entities. Small entities include small
businesses, small not-for-profit enterprises, and small governmental
jurisdictions. This proposed rule will not have a significant impact on
a substantial number of small entities because SIP approvals under
section 110 and subchapter I, part D of the Clean Air Act do not create
any new requirements but simply approve requirements that the State is
already imposing. Therefore, because the Federal SIP approval does not
create any new requirements, I certify that this action will not have a
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.
Moreover, due to the nature of the Federal-State relationship under the
Clean Air Act, preparation of a flexibility analysis would constitute
Federal inquiry into the economic reasonableness of state action. The
Clean Air Act forbids EPA to base its actions concerning SIPs on such
grounds. Union Electric Co. v. U.S. EPA, 427 U.S. 246, 255-66 (1976);
42 U.S.C. 7410(a)(2).
The EPA's alternative proposed disapproval of the State request
under section 110 and subchapter I, part D of the Act would not affect
any existing requirements applicable to small entities. Any pre-
existing Federal requirements would remain in place after this
disapproval. Federal
[[Page 70444]]
disapproval of the State submittal does not affect State-
enforceability. Moreover EPA's disapproval of the submittal would not
impose any new Federal requirements. Therefore, I certify that the
proposed disapproval would not have a significant impact on a
substantial number of small entities.
F. Unfunded Mandates
Under section 202 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995
(``Unfunded Mandates Act''), signed into law on March 22, 1995, EPA
must prepare a budgetary impact statement to accompany any proposed or
final rule that includes a Federal mandate that may result in estimated
annual costs to State, local, or tribal governments in the aggregate;
or to private sector, of $100 million or more. Under section 205, EPA
must select the most cost-effective and least burdensome alternative
that achieves the objectives of the rule and is consistent with
statutory requirements. Section 203 requires EPA to establish a plan
for informing and advising any small governments that may be
significantly or uniquely impacted by the rule.
EPA has determined that the proposed approval action does not
include a Federal mandate that may result in estimated annual costs of
$100 million or more to either State, local, or tribal governments in
the aggregate, or to the private sector. This Federal action approves
pre-existing requirements under State or local law, and imposes no new
requirements. Accordingly, no additional costs to State, local, or
tribal governments, or to the private sector, result from this action.
Sections 202 and 205 do not apply to the proposed disapproval
because the proposed disapproval of the SIP submittal would not, in and
of itself, constitute a Federal mandate because it would not impose an
enforceable duty on any entity. In addition, the Act does not permit
EPA to consider the types of analyses described in section 202 in
determining whether a SIP submittal meets the CAA. Finally, section 203
does not apply to the proposed disapproval because it would affect only
the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, which is not a small government.
G. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act
Section 12 of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act
(NTTAA) of 1995 requires Federal agencies to evaluate existing
technical standards when developing new regulations. To comply with
NTTAA, the EPA must consider and use ``voluntary consensus standards''
(VCS) if available and applicable when developing programs and policies
unless doing so would be inconsistent with applicable law or otherwise
impractical.
EPA believes that VCS are inapplicable to this action. Today's
action, proposing approval of Pennsylvania's One-Hour Ozone Attainment
Demonstration for the Philadelphia-Wilmington-Trenton Ozone
Nonattainment Area, does not require the public to perform activities
conducive to the use of VCS.
List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 52
Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Hydrocarbons,
Nitrogen dioxide, Ozone.
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.
Dated: November 30, 1999.
Thomas C. Voltaggio,
Acting Regional Administrator, Region III.
[FR Doc. 99-31716 Filed 12-15-99; 8:45 am]
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