[Federal Register Volume 64, Number 119 (Tuesday, June 22, 1999)]
[Notices]
[Pages 33243-33269]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 99-15567]


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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

International Trade Administration
[A-583-815]


Certain Welded Stainless Steel Pipe from Taiwan; Final Results of 
Administrative Review

AGENCY: Import Administration, International Trade Administration, 
Department of Commerce.

ACTION: Notice of final results of administrative review.

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SUMMARY: On May 15, 1997, the Department of Commerce (the Department) 
published in the Federal Register the preliminary results of the 1992-
1993 and 1993-1994 administrative reviews of the antidumping duty order 
on certain welded stainless steel pipe from Taiwan (A-583-815). These 
reviews cover one manufacturer/exporter of the subject merchandise 
during the periods June 22, 1992 through November 30, 1993 and December 
1, 1993 through November 30, 1994.
    We gave interested parties an opportunity to comment on the 
preliminary results. Based upon our analysis of the comments received 
we have not changed the results from those presented in our preliminary 
results of review.

EFFECTIVE DATE: June 22, 1999.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Robert James at (202) 482-5222 or John 
Kugelman at (202) 482-0649, Antidumping and Countervailing Duty 
Enforcement Group III, Import Administration, International Trade 
Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, 14th Street and 
Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20230.

APPLICABLE STATUTE AND REGULATIONS: Unless otherwise indicated, all 
citations to the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended (the Tariff Act) and to 
the Department's regulations are in reference to the provisions as they 
existed on December 31, 1994.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

    On December 30, 1992, the Department published in the Federal 
Register the antidumping duty order on welded stainless steel pipe 
(WSSP) from Taiwan (57 FR 62300). On November 26, 1993, the Department 
published a notice of ``Opportunity to Request Administrative Review'' 
for the period June 22, 1992 through November 30, 1993 (58 FR 62326). 
In accordance with 19 CFR 353.22(a)(1), respondent Ta Chen Stainless 
Pipe Co., Ltd. (Ta Chen) requested that we conduct a review of its 
sales for this period. On January 18, 1994, we published in the Federal 
Register a notice of initiation of an antidumping duty administrative 
review covering the period June 22, 1992 through November 30, 1993. The 
Department subsequently published a notice of ``Opportunity to Request 
Administrative Review'' for the period December 1, 1993 through 
November 30, 1994 on December 6, 1994 (59 FR 62710). Again, Ta Chen 
requested a review of its sales for this period. On January 13, 1995, 
we published in the Federal Register our notice of initiation of the 
second administrative review (60 FR 3192).
    We published the preliminary results of these reviews in the 
Federal Register on May 15, 1997 (Certain Welded Stainless Steel Pipe 
From Taiwan; Notice of Preliminary Results of Administrative Reviews, 
62 FR 26776 (Preliminary Results)). Ta Chen filed a case brief on 
September 3, 1997; petitioners 1 submitted their rebuttal 
brief on September 10, 1997. The Department held a hearing on October 
21, 1997.
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    \1\ Avesta Sheffield Pipe, Damascus Tube Division, Damascus-
Bishop Tube Co., and the United Steel Workers of America (AFL-CIO/
CLC).
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    The Department has now completed these reviews in accordance with 
section 751 of the Tariff Act.

Scope of the Review

    The merchandise subject to these administrative reviews is certain 
welded austenitic stainless steel pipe (WSSP) that meets the standards 
and specifications set forth by the American Society for Testing and 
Materials (ASTM) for the welded form of chromium-nickel pipe designated 
ASTM A-312. The merchandise covered by the scope of the order also 
includes austenitic welded stainless steel pipes made according to the 
standards of other nations which are comparable to ASTM A-312.
    WSSP is produced by forming stainless steel flat-rolled products 
into a tubular configuration and welding along the seam. WSSP is a 
commodity product generally used as a conduit to transmit liquids or 
gases. Major applications for WSSP include, but are not limited to, 
digester lines, blow lines, pharmaceutical lines, petrochemical stock 
lines, brewery process and transport lines, general food processing 
lines, automotive paint lines, and paper process machines.
    Imports of WSSP are currently classifiable under the following 
Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTS) subheadings: 
7306.40.5005, 7306.04.5015, 7306.40.5040, 7306.40.5065, and 
7306.40.5085. Although these subheadings include both pipes and tubes, 
the scope of this investigation is limited to welded austenitic 
stainless steel pipes. Although the HTS subheadings are provided for 
convenience and Customs purposes, our written description of the scope 
of this order is dispositive.
    The periods for these reviews are June 22, 1992 through November 
30, 1993 and December 1, 1993 through November 30, 1994. These reviews 
cover one manufacturer/exporter, Ta Chen, and its wholly-owned U.S. 
subsidiary, Ta Chen International (TCI) (collectively, Ta Chen).

Analysis of Comments Received

    Due to the number of individual and company names and the 
importance of the timing of events in these reviews, that history is 
summarized briefly here. The comments that follow concern our 
application of adverse best information available (BIA) as the basis 
for Ta Chen's margins in the preliminary results of these reviews. Our 
decision to resort to BIA resulted from Ta Chen's dealings with two 
U.S. customers, referred to in the Preliminary Results as ``Company A'' 
and ``Company B'' to protect their identities. Ta Chen has since 
entered the names of these customers into the public record of these 
reviews and we here identify them by name: Company A is San Shing 
Hardware Works, USA (San Shing), and Company B is Sun Stainless, Inc. 
(Sun). San Shing and Sun were both established by current or former 
managers and officers of Ta Chen, were staffed entirely by current or 
former Ta Chen employees, and distributed only

[[Page 33244]]

Ta Chen products in the United States. According to Ta Chen, prior to 
June 1992 (the date of the preliminary determination in the less-than-
fair-value (LTFV) investigation) Ta Chen had sold pipe from the U.S. 
inventory of its subsidiary, TCI. In June 1992 TCI and San Shing (a 
U.S. company established in 1988 by the president of a Taiwanese firm, 
San Shing Hardware Works, Ltd.) allegedly signed an agreement whereby 
San Shing would purchase all of TCI's existing U.S. inventory and would 
replace TCI as the principal distributor of Ta Chen pipe products in 
the United States. San Shing also committed itself to purchasing 
substantial dollar values of Ta Chen products from TCI over the next 
two years, and rented its business location from the president of Ta 
Chen and TCI, Robert Shieh. Ta Chen claims it took these measures to 
avoid the burden of reporting exporter's sales price (ESP) sales to the 
Department. Operating under a number of ``doing business as'' (dba) 
names including, inter alia, Sun Stainless, Inc., Anderson Alloys, and 
Wholesale Alloys, San Shing accounted for well over eighty percent of 
Ta Chen's U.S. sales during the 1992-1993 period of review.
    According to Ta Chen, in September 1993 a member of Ta Chen's board 
of directors, Frank McLane, incorporated a new entity, also called Sun 
Stainless, Inc. This new Sun Stainless purchased all of San Shing's 
assets, including inventory, and assumed all of San Shing's obligations 
regarding its lease of space from Ta Chen's president, purchase 
commitments, credit arrangements, etc. One month later, in October 
1993, Mr. McLane allegedly sold all of his Ta Chen stock, resigned as 
an officer of Ta Chen, and severed all ties with the firm, devoting his 
full energies from that time forward to the new Sun.
    On May 18, 1994, Ta Chen filed its initial questionnaire response 
in the 1992-1993 review. San Shing, which accounted for over four-
fifths of Ta Chen's U.S. sales in that review, was not mentioned 
anywhere in the response. On July 18, 1994, petitioners first called 
the Department's attention to San Shing's existence, and named six of 
an eventual eight dba parties all claimed by Ta Chen as unrelated U.S. 
customers. Ta Chen responded on July 28, 1994, claiming that San Shing, 
as a newcomer to the U.S. stainless steel pipe market, had adopted the 
names of prior Ta Chen customers as dba names. This submission failed 
to note the two additional dba names also used by San Shing, but not 
included in the petitioners' July 18 allegations. On August 3, 1994, 
sixteen days after petitioners first called attention to its existence, 
the corporate charter of San Shing USA, Ta Chen's chosen replacement as 
master distributor, was dissolved.
    The Department conducted a thorough verification of Ta Chen's home 
market submissions in October 1994. Department officials then traveled 
to TCI's headquarters in Long Beach, California to verify Ta Chen's 
U.S. sales submissions. Aside from minor corrections, the resulting 
verification reports noted no major discrepancies and repeated Ta 
Chen's account of San Shing's and Sun's histories without further 
comment. See Memoranda to the File, Ta Chen and TCI Verifications, 
November 7, 1996, public versions of which are on file in Room B-099 of 
the main Commerce building.
    On July 12, 1995, petitioners renewed their allegations that Ta 
Chen, San Shing, and Sun were related parties, and appended reports by 
Dun & Bradstreet (D&B) and a foreign market researcher indicating that 
Sun Stainless had actually been founded by Frank McLane and W. Kendall 
(Ken) Mayes, TCI's sales manager, in May of 1992, not September 1993, 
as claimed by Ta Chen. Ta Chen's rebuttal of August 3, 1995 included 
affidavits from Mr. Mayes and a Taiwanese employee of Ta Chen denying 
the July 12 allegations.
    Over a year later, on November 12, 1996, Ta Chen filed a 
supplemental response in the third (1994-1995) review of this order 
which disclosed for the first time that Ta Chen (i) had authority to 
sign checks issued by San Shing, its dbas, and Frank McLane's Sun, (ii) 
had physical custody of these parties' check-signing stamps, (iii) 
controlled San Shing's and Sun's assets and had pledged these as 
collateral for a loan obtained on behalf of TCI, (iv) enjoyed full-time 
and unfettered computer access to San Shing's and Sun's computerized 
accounting records, and (v) shared sales and clerical personnel with 
San Shing and Sun. See Preliminary Results for a further description of 
these ties. The Department elicited further details concerning these 
connections in additional questionnaires, the relevant portions of 
which have been incorporated into the records of these reviews. Based 
on the totality of evidence before the Department, in the Preliminary 
Results we concluded that Ta Chen was related to San Shing and Sun 
within the meaning of section 771(13) of the Tariff Act. The Department 
also determined that Ta Chen had significantly impeded these reviews 
through its incomplete and inconsistent accounts of the events of the 
relevant periods and that Ta Chen's behavior warranted application of 
first-tier, uncooperative BIA.

Comment 1: Related Party as Defined by Statute and Practice

    Ta Chen insists that San Shing and Sun 2 were not 
related parties as defined by the Tariff Act in force at the time of 
all of Ta Chen's sales to these customers during the first and second 
periods of review (POR). First, Ta Chen notes that under the 1994 
statute, section 771(13) of the Tariff Act defines an ``exporter'' as 
including ``the person by whom or for whose account the merchandise is 
imported into the United States, if--
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    \2\ Although Ta Chen refers to San Shing and Sun Stainless, Inc. 
collectively as ``Sun,'' for clarity the Department has not done so.
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* * * * *
    (B) Such person owns or controls, directly or indirectly, 
through stock ownership or control or otherwise, any interest in the 
business of the exporter, manufacturer, or producer;
    (C) The exporter, manufacturer, or producer owns or controls, 
directly or indirectly, through stock ownership or control or 
otherwise, any interest in the business conducted by such person.

Ta Chen's September 3, 1997 Case Brief (Case Brief) at 7, quoting 
section 771(13) of the Tariff Act (Ta Chen's emphasis omitted).
    Under this statutory framework, Ta Chen argues, the ``exporter'' 
can only include the parties ``by whom or for whose account the 
merchandise is imported.'' According to Ta Chen, because Ta Chen first 
sold the subject merchandise to its U.S. subsidiary TCI, which took 
legal title to the pipe, incurred all seller's risks of non-payment, 
acted as the importer of record for all these transactions, and 
``entered the importation into its financial inventory,'' TCI, not San 
Shing or Sun, was ``the person by whom, or for whose account,'' the 
merchandise was imported. Case Brief at 9. Therefore, section 771(13) 
of the Tariff Act never reaches the issue of whether or not TCI 
subsequently resold the subject merchandise to a related party such as 
San Shing or Sun. Any such transactions, in Ta Chen's view, would be 
irrelevant under the statute, citing Certain Small Business Telephone 
Systems from the Republic of Korea, 54 FR 53141, 53151 (December 27, 
1989) (Small Business Telephones). In that case, Ta Chen submits, the 
Department concluded that the respondent's related U.S. customer was 
``neither the importer nor the person for whose account the merchandise 
is imported;'' therefore, the sales transactions between the 
respondent's U.S. subsidiary and the

[[Page 33245]]

related U.S. customer did not constitute ``related party'' 
transactions, as defined by the antidumping statute. Id. at 9, quoting 
Small Business Telephones. That the sales at issue in Small Business 
Telephones represented ESP transactions from the U.S. affiliate's 
warehouse, as opposed to what Ta Chen characterizes as purchase price 
(PP) transactions ``facilitated'' by its U.S. subsidiary TCI does not, 
Ta Chen argues, make any difference.
    Further, Ta Chen maintains that the Department's preliminary 
determination that Ta Chen is related to San Shing and to Sun because 
it controlled these entities is contrary to the plain language of the 
statute. Section 771 of the Tariff Act, Ta Chen argues, only defines 
two parties as related if one party ``owns or controls, directly or 
indirectly, through stock ownership or control or otherwise, any 
interest in the business of the other.'' Case Brief at 11, quoting 
section 771 of the Tariff Act (Ta Chen's emphasis). This ``interest,'' 
Ta Chen insists, is defined both in case law and Departmental practice 
as involving equity ownership of at least five percent of the stock of 
the related party. Ta Chen avers that the Department's Preliminary 
Results in these reviews have read the phrase ``any interest'' out of 
the statute. According to Ta Chen, ``[i]t is an elementary principle of 
statutory construction that a portion of a statute should not be 
rendered a nullity.'' Id., quoting Asociacion Colombiana de 
Exportadores de Flores v. United States (Asocoflores), 717 F. Supp. 
847, 851 (CIT 1989). Ta Chen interprets the Department's Preliminary 
Results as stating essentially that because Ta Chen exercised 
``control'' over San Shing and Sun, Ta Chen thereby controlled ``an 
interest in'' San Shing and Sun; such a reading, Ta Chen argues, 
renders the relevant statutory language meaningless and redundant. Case 
Brief at 12. Compounding the Department's error, Ta Chen continues, is 
that while recognizing the ``any interest'' requirement of section 
771(13)(B) and (C) of the Tariff Act, the Department nonetheless failed 
to define ``any interest'' in its Preliminary Results. In Ta Chen's 
view, this failure to define ``any interest'' as applied in these 
reviews, especially in light of past practice defining ``any interest'' 
as entailing five percent or more equity ownership, places the burden 
upon the respondent to definel the meaning of the undefined. Further, 
this ``abdication'' by the Department effectively precludes judicial 
review, as the reviewing court would also be hobbled by this same 
failure to define the relevant terms.
    Ta Chen suggests that, had Congress intended to include a control 
test in the definition of related parties under section 771, it would 
have done so. Instead, Ta Chen maintains, Congress chose to define two 
parties as related to one another not when one controlled the other 
but, rather, when one controlled ``any interest'' in the other. This 
distinction is critical, Ta Chen asserts, because Congress did include 
a simple control test at sections 773(d) and (e) of the Tariff Act (the 
``Special Rules'' for, respectively, Certain Multinational Corporations 
and disregarding related-party transfer prices for major inputs in the 
calculation of constructed value). ``Where the Congress includes 
language in one provision of a statute, but not in another, it is 
assumed that the Congress did so for a purpose. * * * [T]he difference 
in statutory language must be recognized.'' Case Brief at 14, citing 
Rusello v. United States, 464 U.S. 16, 23 (1983), and United States v. 
Wong Kim Bo, 472 F. 2d. 720, 722 (5th Cir. 1972). According to Ta Chen, 
Congress never intended that ``control any interest'' would be 
synonymous with ``control'' where, as here, neither entity owns or 
controls equity in the other. This reading, Ta Chen maintains, is 
supported by the legislative history underlying the relevant statutory 
provisions. Ta Chen, citing Nacco Materials Handling Group v. United 
States, Slip Op. 97-99 (CIT July 15, 1997) (Nacco Materials), notes 
that the Senate Report accompanying the Antidumping Act of 1921 (the 
1921 Act), progenitor of the Tariff Act, defined ``exporter'' as 
including the importer when ``the latter is financially interested in 
the former, or vice versa, whether through agency, stock control, 
resort to organization of subsidiary corporation, or otherwise.'' Case 
Brief at 15, quoting from S. Rep. No. 67-16, at 13 (April 28, 1921). 
One party's being ``financially interested'' in another, Ta Chen 
submits, is different from that party ``controlling'' another. Id.
    Ta Chen argues that the Preliminary Results not only ignore the 
plain statutory language but also conflict with the common dictionary 
meaning of the term ``interest'' as entailing equity ownership of a 
share, right, or title in a business or property. Id. at 16. The 
Department, Ta Chen avers, embraced this definition when it stated that 
its policy is to find parties related only where the ownership interest 
of one party in the other meets the five percent threshold. See, e.g., 
Certain Forged Steel Crankshafts From Japan (Crankshafts), 52 FR 36984 
(October 2, 1987).
    According to Ta Chen, that this interpretation (i.e., the reference 
to at least five-percent equity ownership) survived two major revisions 
to the antidumping law underscores Congress's approval of that 
interpretation. Ta Chen notes that both the 1984 Trade Act and the 
Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 left intact the statutory 
language of section 771(13) and its reliance on equity ownership. 
``Congress's amendment or re-enactment of the statutory scheme without 
overruling or clarifying the [administering] agency's interpretation is 
considered as approval of the agency interpretation.'' Case Brief at 
20, quoting Casey v. C.I.R., 830 F. 2d 1092, 1095 (10th Cir. 1987).
    Ta Chen further argues that the Department's interpretation of 
section 771(13) of the Tariff Act in the Preliminary Results could lead 
to absurd results, asserting that under this standard, ``any control, 
no matter how inconsequential, would make the parties related,'' 
including ``any clerical assistance, any forwarding of orders to a 
customer, any attempt to insure payment, any security interest, any 
informational exchanges, any movement of an employee from one company 
to another, etc.'' Case Brief at 18. And, having created one absurdity 
by reading ``any interest'' out of the statute, Ta Chen continues, the 
Department creates another absurdity by altering the statutory 
definition of ``controls . . . any interest'' into ``controls a 
substantial interest.'' Id., citing the Preliminary Results at 26778 
(Ta Chen's emphasis). Ta Chen argues that this attempt to rescue the 
Preliminary Results from absurdities founders on the Department's long-
established practice that a party's five percent equity interest in 
another makes them related for purposes of the statute; ``[five] 
percent is not a substantial or significant control interest.'' Id. at 
19.
    Ta Chen points to the amendments to the Tariff Act effected by the 
Uruguay Round Agreements Act (URAA) as further confirmation that 
control did not define related parties under the pre-URAA Tariff Act 
governing these administrative reviews. According to Ta Chen, the 
Statement of Administrative Action (SAA) accompanying the URAA supports 
Ta Chen's contention that the URAA fundamentally altered the prior 
definition of related parties by adding a control test as a means for 
finding parties affiliated. For example, the SAA states that 
``including control in the definition of ``affiliated'' will permit a 
more sophisticated analysis which better reflects the realities of the 
marketplace.'' Case Brief at 21 and 22

[[Page 33246]]

(quoting the SAA at 78). Further, Ta Chen argues, the Senate report 
notes that the URAA added the factor of control in determining whether 
two parties are affiliated. Id. That Congress felt compelled to amend 
the Tariff Act to include specifically the indicium of control, Ta Chen 
avers, demonstrates that such a test was lacking in the old law: ``when 
a legislative body amends statutory language, its intention is to 
change existing law.'' Ta Chen continues: ``Congress completely rewrote 
the statutory language of the affiliated parties provision . . . adding 
the control test.'' Id. at 24 and 25. If control had been a factor in 
the pre-URAA Tariff Act's definition of related parties, Ta Chen 
concludes, there would have been no need to change the statutory 
language within the context of the Uruguay Round negotiations.
    The Department, Ta Chen argues, has similarly distinguished between 
the prior definition of ``related parties'' and the expanded definition 
of ``affiliated persons,'' which, Ta Chen asserts, introduced the 
concept of control. Ta Chen notes that the Department in its Notice of 
Proposed Rulemaking (Proposed Rule) (61 FR 7308 (February 27, 1996)) 
issued in the wake of the URAA's amendments, remarked upon the 
confusion of many parties over the definition of control, and noted 
that the statute and SAA failed to provide ``sufficient guidance as to 
when the Department will consider an affiliate to exist by virtue of 
``control'' . . .'' Case Brief at 28, quoting Proposed Rule. If the 
control test always existed in the law, Ta Chen asks, why is the 
Department only now beginning to define control? The answer, Ta Chen 
submits, is that the control test was added by the 1995 amendments of 
the URAA.
    To buttress its contention that the URAA added a control test to 
the related-party equation, Ta Chen notes that non-equity control 
relationships have been common--and widely known--for years prior to 
enactment of the URAA; yet, Ta Chen asserts, neither Congress nor the 
Department felt an apparent need to address these non-equity 
relationships within the context of the antidumping law. Furthermore, 
generally-accepted accounting principles (GAAP) in the United States 
have long recognized, and distinguished between, relationships 
involving control and those involving equity interest. Ta Chen 
maintains that this bifurcation is evident in the Department's 
administration of antidumping administrative reviews; since enactment 
of the URAA the Department's antidumping questionnaires, verification 
outlines, and published determinations are replete with discussions of 
control, whereas ``[s]uch discussion does not exist under the pre-[URAA 
Tariff] Act.'' The reason, Ta Chen avers, is ``not because the world 
changed . . . [r]ather, the reason is that the law changed.'' Case 
Brief at 31.
    The Preliminary Results, Ta Chen continues, are contrary not only 
to the plain language of the statute and the common meaning of the term 
``related,'' but also fly in the face of long-standing Department 
practice. Citing Crankshafts and Disposable Pocket Lighters from 
Thailand, 60 FR 14263, 14268 (March 16, 1995) (Pocket Lighters), Ta 
Chen contends that under the pre-URAA statute, the Department has 
determined that two parties cannot be considered related absent common 
stock ownership. According to Ta Chen, in Disposable Lighters the 
Department refused to find two parties related despite closely 
intertwined operations, joint manipulation of prices and production 
decisions, and long-standing business relationships, including past 
ownership of one party by the other. The decisive factor in this 
determination, Ta Chen suggests, was the absence of any common equity 
relationship between the two entities during the period under review. 
Ta Chen maintains that the Department has hewn to this interpretation 
in litigation, as well. For example, Ta Chen continues, in Nacco 
Materials the Department concluded that the respondent and its two 
related entities satisfied the ownership requirements of section 
771(13)(C) of the Tariff Act through direct or indirect ownership by 
the respondent. See Nacco Materials, at 10 and 11. Ta Chen insists that 
in the instant reviews Ta Chen, San Shing, and Sun have not satisfied 
what Ta Chen views as a statutory requirement for finding parties 
related.
    Ta Chen suggests that even cases cited by petitioners in these 
reviews to support their claim that parties can be related through 
control (see, e.g., Certain Fresh Cut Flowers From Colombia, 61 FR 
42833, 42861 (August 19, 1996) (Colombian Flowers), and Roller Chain, 
Other Than Bicycle Chain, From Japan, 57 FR 43697 (September 22, 1992)) 
indicate that the Department defined ``any interest'' solely in terms 
of equity ownership. Case Brief at 36 and 37. Ta Chen maintains that 
prior to the Preliminary Results the Department has never stated that 
control of a company is tantamount to controlling an interest in that 
party. Indeed, Ta Chen avers, such control is ``irrelevant to whether 
the statutory standard is met.'' Id. at 37. As an example, Ta Chen 
cites Fresh Cut Roses From Ecuador where, Ta Chen argues, the 
Department concluded that the petitioner's concerns over the 
possibility of price manipulation and control of production and sales 
were inapposite as there was no evidence that ``any of these statutory 
indicators'' of related parties had been found. See Fresh Cut Roses 
From Ecuador, 60 FR 7019, 7040 (February 6, 1995). According to Ta 
Chen, the Department likewise argued before the Court of International 
Trade (the Court) that the issue of control over prices ``is irrelevant 
to the initial determination of whether the parties are indeed 
related'' within the meaning of section 771(D) of the Tariff Act. Case 
Brief at 38, quoting Torrington Co., Inc. v. United States, Slip Op. 
97-29 (CIT March 7, 1997). In that case, Ta Chen argues, the Court 
concluded that ``requiring Commerce to look beyond the financial 
relationships of the companies would obviate the need for a statute 
setting forth specific guidelines for determining whether parties are 
indeed related.'' Id. at 40, quoting Torrington at 19. And in Zenith 
Radio Corp. v. United States (Zenith), Ta Chen maintains, the Court 
affirmed the Department's position that such financial relationships 
``go to the essence of those relationships which the law details in 19 
U.S.C. Sec. 1766(13).'' Id., quoting Zenith at 606 F. Supp 695, 699 
(CIT 1985), aff'd, 783 F.2d 185 (Fed. Cir. 1986). Ta Chen points to 
Cellular Mobile Telephones From Japan, 54 48011, 48016 (November 20, 
1989) as another instance where the Department ruled that the presence 
of non-equity relationships embodied in a Japanese keiretsu was 
irrelevant to its related-party determination. Case Brief at 40.
    Ta Chen draws further support for its interpretation of the statute 
from a ``separate line of cases'' involving the collapsing of related 
parties. While conceding that home market collapsing determinations are 
not coterminous with the Department's definition of exporter for the 
purpose of determining United States price, Ta Chen nonetheless asserts 
the Department has consistently reached the statutory definition that 
two parties are related before proceeding to the ``non-statutory 
question'' of whether or not to collapse the two entities for purposes 
of antidumping margin calculation. Case Brief at 45 and 46, citing 
Pocket Lighters, 60 FR 14263, 14276, Fresh Cut Roses From Ecuador, 60 
FR 7019, 7040 (February 6, 1995), and Colombian Flowers, 61 FR 42833, 
42853 (1996). Rather, Ta Chen avers, the Department's Preliminary 
Results ``[puts] the cart before the horse'' by, as Ta Chen frames it, 
reaching the collapsing decision first,

[[Page 33247]]

and then using that decision to determine whether Ta Chen is related to 
San Shing and Sun within the meaning of section 771(13)(B) and (C) of 
the Tariff Act. Case Brief at 47. Citing these ``parallel lines'' of 
precedent, Ta Chen argues that the Department has always found parties 
``only related when one owns another and no other factors are 
considered relevant.'' Id. at 48 and 49.
    Ta Chen next turns to the Department's conclusion in the 
Preliminary Results that Ta Chen and Sun were related pursuant to 
subsection 771(13)(B) of the Tariff Act by virtue of the common 
ownership interests allegedly held by Mr. Frank McLane, who at the time 
in question was still a board member of Ta Chen. Ta Chen notes that the 
Preliminary Results assert that Mr. McLane simultaneously held equity 
interest in Ta Chen and owned Sun outright, thus making Ta Chen and Sun 
related. This conclusion, Ta Chen argues, is both factually and legally 
flawed. As a threshold matter, Ta Chen asserts, subsection 771(13)(B) 
of the Tariff Act holds that the exporter includes the person ``by whom 
or for whose account'' the subject pipe is imported into the United 
States (i.e., Mr. McLane's Sun), if such person owns or controls ``any 
interest in the business of the exporter, manufacturer or producer'' 
(i.e., Ta Chen). In Ta Chen's view, the Department could at most 
conclude that Mr. McLane was related to Sun or that Mr. McLane was 
related to Ta Chen. The Department could not argue, Ta Chen maintains, 
that Sun was, therefore, related to Ta Chen. Case Brief at 97.
    Ta Chen adduces additional support for its contention that Frank 
McLane did not simultaneously own interests in Sun and Ta Chen by 
citing to corporate tax returns for San Shing for the 1992 and 1993 tax 
years. According to Ta Chen, San Shing's return for the year ended 
October 31, 1993 does not list Mr. McLane as either an officer or an 
owner. Ta Chen also argues that separate D&B reports on Ta Chen 
International, submitted by petitioners, do not list Sun as a related 
concern. Furthermore, Ta Chen claims, its audited financial statements 
do not list Sun as being related to Ta Chen or TCI, although they do 
list Mr. McLane's other business interests, such as McLane Leisure and 
McLane Manufacturing, as related parties. Case Brief at 105. Finally, 
Ta Chen concludes, the Department has stated in verification reports in 
other proceedings that Mr. McLane's involvement with Sun commenced 
after he left Ta Chen. Id., citing Ta Chen's July 18, 1994 submission.
    Assuming that Ta Chen and Sun were related before November 1993, Ta 
Chen claims that it did not sell subject merchandise to Sun prior to 
that time. According to Ta Chen, until November Ta Chen sold to San 
Shing, doing business as Sun Stainless, Inc., not to Frank McLane's Sun 
Stainless, Inc. It would be ``pure conjecture,'' Ta Chen submits, for 
the Department to conclude that Ta Chen sold to Mr. McLane's Sun. Case 
Brief at 107.
    Finally, assuming that the pre-URAA law permits consideration of 
control in finding parties related, Ta Chen argues that the application 
of such a test in the instant reviews is unlawful absent sufficient 
agency explanation. The Preliminary Results, Ta Chen insists, represent 
a departure from the Department's practice of defining related parties 
in terms of five percent equity ownership; the failure to note and 
explain this so-called departure renders these determinations unlawful. 
Case Brief at 51, citing USX Corp. v. United States'' 682 F. Supp. 60, 
63 (CIT 1988). Furthermore, Ta Chen continues, the Preliminary Results 
represent an unfair retroactive application of what Ta Chen describes 
as a new control test under section 771(13) of the pre-URAA Tariff Act. 
Principles of fairness, Ta Chen submits, require the Department to 
reverse its preliminary finding that Ta Chen is related to San Shing 
and Sun, especially, Ta Chen argues, because (i) this is a case of 
first impression, (ii) the Preliminary Results represent an abrupt 
departure from past administrative practice with respect to related-
party issues, (iii) Ta Chen relied upon its understanding of the law 
then in effect when it responded to the Department's requests for 
information on related parties, (iv) the Preliminary Results would 
impose an ``enormous'' burden upon Ta Chen (by raising its margins to 
the BIA rates presented in the Preliminary Results), and (v) there is, 
in Ta Chen's view, no statutory interest in applying this new test to 
these backlog reviews.
    Petitioners dismiss Ta Chen's arguments about the statutory 
definition of related parties, noting that the plain language of the 
statute ``expressly speaks of parties being related through control 
other than by equity ownership, and [that] the Department's 
questionnaires were unambiguous in so defining related parties and 
asking for information accordingly from Ta Chen.'' Petitioners' 
September 10, 1997 Rebuttal Brief (Rebuttal Brief) at 1. As a 
preliminary matter, petitioners assert that Ta Chen's behavior 
throughout the first and second reviews of this order has constituted a 
``deliberate hoax'' by which Ta Chen has ``intentionally reported the 
wrong body of sales in each of these two reviews, having refused to 
submit to the Department the sales that Ta Chen surreptitiously made 
through San Shing and Sun Stainless to Ta Chen's first truly unrelated 
customers in the United States.'' Id. at 2; for more of petitioners' 
discussion of Ta Chen's comportment in these reviews, see Comments 2 
and 3, below).
    According to petitioners, section 771(13) of the pre-URAA Tariff 
Act defined ``exporter'' primarily to determine when ESP versus PP is 
the appropriate basis for United States price. Petitioners maintain 
that the critical question facing the Department in the instant reviews 
is whether or not the Department may rely upon Ta Chen's reported sales 
prices to San Shing and to Sun Stainless, Inc., or must instead use the 
price charged by these parties to their subsequent U.S. customers. 
Therefore, petitioners insist, section 771(13) controls whether or not 
Ta Chen, San Shing, and Sun are ``related'' under the pre-URAA statute. 
Quoting section 771(13), petitioners stress that the term `` `exporter' 
includes the person by whom or for whose account the merchandise is 
imported into the United States'' when such person ``owns or controls, 
directly or indirectly, through stock ownership or control or 
otherwise, any interest in the business'' of the exporter.'' Rebuttal 
Brief at 17, quoting section 771(13)(B) of the Tariff Act (petitioners' 
emphases). Likewise, petitioners note, section 771(13)(C) repeats the 
explicit reference to parties being related when the exporter ``owns or 
controls, through stock ownership, or control or otherwise, any 
interest in the business'' of the importer. Id. (petitioners' 
emphases). Thus, petitioners assert, contra Ta Chen, that the pre-URAA 
definition of related parties extended beyond the bright-line test of 
equity ownership and provided expressly for situations wherein one 
party controls, through means other than stock ownership, any interest 
in the business of the other party. Stock ownership is not, petitioners 
insist, the ``sine qua non'' for a finding that two or more parties are 
related for the statutory purposes of defining the ``exporter.''
    Rather, petitioners continue, Ta Chen ignores several aspects of 
the statute's plain language in its ``quest to prove that Ta Chen was 
not related to [San Shing or to] Sun by virtue of its control over [San 
Shing's and] Sun's activities under the pre-1995 law.'' Rebuttal Brief

[[Page 33248]]

at 17.\3\ According to petitioners, the focus of the definition of 
exporter is not solely on the person by whom the merchandise is 
imported into the United States, but also on the person for whose 
account the merchandise is imported. In the instant case, petitioners 
argue, San Shing and Sun were the persons for whose account subject 
WSSP was imported during the relevant POR. Ta Chen's own 
representations during these reviews that TCI was a mere facilitator 
and paper-processor for its back-to-back U.S. sales is, petitioners 
believe, further evidence that San Shing and Sun, not TCI, were the 
parties for whom subject stainless steel pipe was imported into the 
United States. In petitioners' view, Ta Chen's persistent arguments 
concerning TCI's role in Ta Chen's U.S. sales transactions raise 
additional questions as to whether these sales were properly 
characterized as PP sales. Indeed, petitioners contend, the sole case 
cited by Ta Chen in support of its claim that TCI is properly 
considered the exporter under section 771(13) of the Tariff Act, Small 
Business Telephones, involved ESP, and not PP, sales, thus supporting 
petitioners' view that Ta Chen's sales through TCI were ESP 
transactions. Rebuttal Brief at 18.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \3\ As in Ta Chen's case brief, petitioners have referred to San 
Shing and Sun collectively as ``Sun.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Petitioners term unfounded Ta Chen's interpretation of the phrase 
``any interest'' as requiring equity ownership to find two or more 
parties related under section 771(13) of the Tariff Act, and suggest 
that Ta Chen has attempted to dismiss the explicit statutory reference 
to relationships based on control other than through stock ownership by 
means of a ``creative interpretation of the law that is not supported 
by its plain language, its legislative history or basic principles of 
statutory construction.'' Rebuttal Brief at 19. Ta Chen, petitioners 
note, has accused the Department of violating a basic principle of 
statutory construction that no part of a statute be rendered a nullity 
(i.e., by allegedly disregarding the phrase ``any interest''). However, 
petitioners continue, Ta Chen's reading of the statute would violate 
the same principle: by defining the term ``interest'' as requiring 
ownership of an equity share in a company, Ta Chen has rendered the 
explicit references to ``control'' superfluous. Rather, petitioners 
submit, were Ta Chen's interpretation of the statute correct, there 
would be no need to refer to ``control'' beyond ownership, as control 
of an interest in a business would be synonymous with ownership of 
equity in that business. Ta Chen's reading of the statute, petitioners 
contend, would defeat this ``cardinal principle of statutory 
construction by striking reference to ``control'' other than through 
stock ownership from the statute.'' Rebuttal Brief at 20.
    As for Ta Chen's assertions that equity ownership is required to 
demonstrate that two parties are related, petitioners argue that Ta 
Chen's interpretation is not supported by the statute's legislative 
history. Specifically, petitioners note, the Senate Report cited by Ta 
Chen in its case brief refers to cases wherein an exporter is 
financially interested in an importer, and lists various examples of 
how one company might be financially interested in the other. ``Only 
one of those examples is stock control,'' petitioners note. Other 
possible scenarios, according to petitioners, include ``agency 
relationships, resort to organization of subsidiary corporation, `or 
otherwise.' '' Id. at 20, quoting S. Rep. No. 67-16, at 13 (1921). 
Thus, petitioners aver, the legislative history recognized that 
companies could be financially interested by means other than equity 
ownership. Petitioners insist that the exclusive supplier 
relationships, the debt-financing arrangements, Ta Chen's custody of 
San Shing's and Sun's check signing stamps, and Ta Chen's complete 
access to these customers' computer records ``provide overwhelming 
evidence that Ta Chen had a financial interest in [San Shing and] Sun, 
even in the absence of stock ownership.'' Id. at 21.
    Petitioners concede that in the past the Department has focused 
primarily upon stock ownership in rendering its related-party 
determinations, noting that ``as a matter of commercial reality,'' most 
related-party situations entail some measure of common stock ownership. 
However, petitioners aver, that the primary means of identifying 
related parties under the pre-URAA Tariff Act was through equity 
ownership can in no way be interpreted to preclude examination of 
relationships outside of equity ownership. ``Indeed, the plain language 
of the statute states just the opposite--that control could be based on 
stock ownership `or otherwise.' '' Rebuttal Brief at 21 (citation 
omitted). For example, petitioners claim, in Colombian Flowers the 
Department ``recognized that section 771(13) `establishes a standard 
for relationship based on association, ownership or control.' '' Id. at 
22.
    The possibility that parties could be related through means other 
than stock ownership, petitioners insist, was confirmed in several 
cases before the Court. Petitioners argue that in E.I. DuPont de 
Nemours & Co. versus United States (DuPont), the Court ``explicitly 
rejected'' the respondent's argument that the Department may only 
consider evidence of equity ownership, quoting approvingly from the 
Court's opinion that ``the ITA is not constrained to examine only 
financial relationships in making the determination.'' Petitioners 
quote further: ``The requirements of U.S. law were satisfied when the 
ITA investigated both financial and non-financial connections. The ITA 
properly considered and balanced those relationships which the law 
details in [section 771(13)(B)].'' Rebuttal Brief at 22, quoting 
DuPont, 841 F. Supp. 1237, 1248 (CIT 1993). That this case actually 
entailed equity ownerships, petitioners stress, is irrelevant to the 
specific proposition that equity ownership is not the sole criterion 
for defining related parties under section 771(13) of the Tariff Act. 
Petitioners also point to the Court's holdings in Sugiyama Chain Co., 
Ltd. versus United States (Sugiyama) that the Department ``may properly 
consider `both financial and/or non-financial connections' when 
assessing whether parties are related within the meaning of [771(13)(C) 
of the Tariff Act].'' Id at 22, quoting Sugiyama, 852 F. Supp. 1103, 
1110 (CIT 1994). This interpretation of the relevant related-party 
provisions of the statute by both the Department and the Court, 
petitioners conclude, renders Ta Chen's exclusive focus on equity 
ownership ``invalid.'' Id. at 23.
    Petitioners also find Ta Chen's reliance on Torrington 
disingenuous. The facts of that case, petitioners maintain, revealed 
that the parties at issue were clearly related based upon a 
``substantial level of stock ownership.'' The foreign respondent, in 
urging the Department not to treat the parties as related, argued that 
the Department should be required to look beyond equity ownership and 
examine the level of control exercised by the parties. Petitioners note 
that the Court agreed with the Department's position that a 
demonstration of equity ownership alone sufficed to find parties 
related, thus obviating the need for any additional requirement that 
the Department also demonstrate control. This, petitioners suggest, is 
far different from Ta Chen's reading of Torrington as holding 
negatively that control in the absence of equity ownership could not be 
the basis for finding parties related. The Torrington decision, 
petitioners insist, is perfectly consistent with the Department's 
Preliminary Results in finding Ta Chen related to San Shing and Sun; 
``[i]n other words, either

[[Page 33249]]

equity ownership or control is sufficient; both are not needed.'' 
Rebuttal Brief at 24.
    In petitioners' view, the Department must resist Ta Chen's efforts 
to focus solely upon the issue of stock ownership, and to gloss over 
Departmental and judicial precedent holding that parties may be related 
even without common equity relationships. According to petitioners, the 
reason the Department tended to rely primarily upon equity 
relationships in the past was simply because such equity ownership is 
the most common means by which control is found in commercial practice. 
Petitioners acknowledge that most of the cases where the Department 
examined the possibility of control also involved some degree of equity 
ownership. However, petitioners conclude, nothing in these cases 
disturbs the fundamental conclusion of the Department or the courts--or 
the plain language of the statute--that control other than through 
stock ownership is sufficient grounds to find parties related under 
section 771(13).
    As for Ta Chen's assertion that the URAA added the concept of 
control to the Department's related-party (or ``affiliated persons'') 
determinations, petitioners maintain that Ta Chen's arguments are 
equally unavailing. The URAA, petitioners submit, did not add a new 
concept of control to the Tariff Act as Ta Chen suggests. There was no 
need to add a control test to the related-party provisions of the 
Tariff Act because, petitioners contend, such a test already existed 
under the plain language of the pre-URAA Tariff Act. Rather, 
petitioners suggest, the URAA's amendments merely ``heighten[ed] the 
agency's focus on this concept.'' Rebuttal Brief at 25 (original 
emphasis). Thus, petitioners aver, as the Department stated in a 
memorandum in Engineering Process Gas Turbo-Compressor Systems From 
Japan cited by Ta Chen, ``[p]rior to enactment of the URAA, the 
Department traditionally focused on equity ownership as the basis for 
determining what entities were `related.' The URAA expanded the 
definition of related parties (now called `affiliated' parties) and 
shifted the focus to control rather than equity.'' Rebuttal Brief at 
25, quoting the Department's December 4, 1996 memorandum at 2 
(petitioners' emphasis added). Contrary to Ta Chen's assertions, 
petitioners believe, stating that the Department will shift its focus 
from equity ownership to control is decidedly different than stating 
that control outside of equity ownership was entirely irrelevant under 
the pre-URAA statute.
    Petitioners further suggest that Ta Chen itself is guilty of 
violating a second cardinal principle of statutory construction cited 
by Ta Chen in its case brief: that Congress did not intend for an 
agency's interpretation of a statute to lead to absurdities. According 
to petitioners, Ta Chen accuses the Department of perpetrating 
absurdities with the Preliminary Results' focus on ``any control, no 
matter how inconsequential.'' Rebuttal Brief at 26, quoting Ta Chen's 
Case Brief at 18. This contention, petitioners insist, is meritless, 
suggesting that while the Department may have concluded that any single 
activity cited by Ta Chen was insufficient grounds for finding two or 
more parties related, never before has the Department observed such a 
collection of activities ``demonstrating operational control by a 
supplier over its customer.'' Rebuttal Brief at 26. Second, petitioners 
accuse Ta Chen of ``mischaracteriz[ing]'' the nature of these 
activities. Thus, petitioners aver, the Preliminary Results did not, as 
Ta Chen holds, find that ``any security interest'' indicated control; 
rather, petitioners note, Sun's and San Shing's pledging of their 
assets for Ta Chen's benefit indicated control. Similarly, petitioners 
stress, the Department did not state that ``any attempt to insure 
payment'' indicated control, but that Ta Chen's unfettered access to 
San Shing's and Sun's computers and proprietary data indicated control. 
Nor did the Department conclude that ``any forwarding of orders'' 
indicated control but, rather, petitioners maintain, that Ta Chen's 
direct involvement in sales negotiations indicated control. When 
examining the record, petitioners argue, ``it is clear that the 
Department is not finding `control' based on `inconsequential' factors 
but rather on the array of activities that far exceeds that observed 
between companies that are truly unrelated and dealing at arm's-
length.'' Rebuttal Brief at 27. Rather, petitioners insist, the 
Preliminary Results are ``fully justified and consistent with 
legislative intent'' as expressed through Congress' use of language 
which included ownership or control, direct or indirect, in defining 
the ``exporter.'' Id.
    Petitioners submit that it would be an absurdity, given the facts 
of record in these reviews, for the Department to find that Ta Chen, 
San Shing and Sun were not related parties. The array of connections 
found between Ta Chen and its principal customers San Shing and Sun, 
petitioners contend, is far beyond that seen between unrelated parties, 
and ``establishes a degree of control that is unparalleled, to 
petitioners' knowledge, in any other case.'' Rebuttal Brief at 27 and 
28. Even where parties are clearly related through equity ownership of 
five percent (the figure cited by Ta Chen as defining related parties 
for purposes of the statute), petitioners ask, would one expect to see 
the level of control Ta Chen exercised over San Shing and Sun in these 
reviews? Would a supplier holding less than a majority stock interest 
in a customer be in a position to demand custody of the customer's 
signature stamp, access to its computer records and accounts, the 
ability to negotiate sales to the customer's customers, and the 
pledging of the customer's accounts receivable and inventory for the 
supplier's benefit? Petitioners answer with a firm no, reiterating that 
the degree of control Ta Chen exercised over San Shing and Sun far 
exceeds that seen in other cases, and more than satisfies the statutory 
related-party provisions of section 771(13) of the Tariff Act.
    Furthermore, petitioners aver, the Department's questionnaires in 
these reviews provided explicit instructions that Ta Chen rely upon the 
definition of related party found at section 771(13), which includes 
relationships through equity ownership or control. In petitioners' 
view, that Ta Chen failed to do so both in its submitted responses and 
during a verification focusing specifically upon the issue of related 
parties ``can only be seen as an effort by Ta Chen deliberately to 
withhold requested information * * *'' Rebuttal Brief at 29. The 
evidence regarding direct sales negotiations with its customers' 
customers, check-signing authority, the pledging of the customers' 
assets for Ta Chen's benefit, and direct computer access to the 
customers' records, none of which was revealed at verification, 
establishes a compelling case that Ta Chen controlled San Shing and 
Sun, and failed to disclose that control until after its responses had 
been submitted and verified. Petitioners dismiss out of hand Ta Chen's 
contention that it withheld all of this information because the 
statutory definition of related party was somehow unclear. Rather, 
petitioners note, Ta Chen came forward only when forced to do so by the 
subsequent disclosure of ``certain, salient facts'' by petitioners and 
by a separate grand jury proceeding. Even accepting Ta Chen's 
definition of related parties as being limited to equity ownership, 
petitioners argue, the Department specifically asked Ta Chen to supply 
information on parties to which Ta Chen was related by virtue of

[[Page 33250]]

control other than through stock ownership. This, petitioners insist, 
Ta Chen failed to do. Rather, petitioners suggest that Ta Chen's 
behavior throughout these two reviews evidences ``the deliberate 
withholding of information'' and ``justifies application of total, 
adverse'' BIA to Ta Chen. Id. at 30.

Department's Position:

    Based upon our review of the evidence on the record in these 
reviews, we conclude that the Department cannot reasonably rely upon 
sales between Ta Chen and San Shing or Sun for the purpose of 
calculating Ta Chen's dumping margins for these reviews. We agree with 
petitioners that the record evidence is clear that Ta Chen was, in 
fact, related to San Shing and Sun, as defined in section 771(13) of 
the pre-URAA Tariff Act.
    First, nothing in the statute or its legislative history proscribes 
the examination of non-equity relationships in making a related-party 
determination pursuant to section 771(13) of the pre-URAA Tariff Act. 
The plain language of the Tariff Act provides the Department with the 
statutory mandate to examine, where appropriate, whether parties are 
related by means of control in defining the exporter for purposes of 
determining U.S. price. Furthermore, the Department has recognized in 
its pre-URAA administrative determinations that certain factual 
situations require it to look to non-financial factors when making its 
related-party determinations, an interpretation of the statute which 
the Court has upheld.
    We also reject Ta Chen's contention that the definition of 
``interest'' in section 771(13)(B) and (C) is limited to common stock 
ownership; nothing in the statute itself or its accompanying 
legislative history so constrains the Department in its analysis of 
related parties. Rather, we agree with petitioners that the principal 
reason stock ownership is so often cited as the basis for finding an 
exporter related to a U.S. importer is because equity ownership is the 
most common indicator of two parties' relationship found in commercial 
practice. In fact, common equity ownership has served as prima facie 
evidence that two parties are related for purposes of the Tariff Act. 
See, e.g., Color Television Receivers, Except for Video Monitors, From 
Taiwan, 53 FR 49706, 49712 (December 9, 1988). That common equity 
ownership constitutes prima facie evidence of related-party status is 
not, however, tantamount to saying it is the only evidence of such a 
relationship. Put simply, the statute does not direct the Department to 
find parties unrelated in the absence of common stock ownership. 
Further, nothing in the statute, the legislative history, or the 
regulations defines ``interest'' as being limited solely to stock 
ownership, or fixes a bright-line figure for the requisite level of 
equity ownership at five percent or more.
    Turning first to the statutory language, the statute's explicit 
reference to parties being related ``through stock ownership or control 
or otherwise'' demonstrates clearly that Congress anticipated that 
companies could be related for the purposes of defining the 
``exporter'' through means other than through stock or equity 
ownership. Such a reading is consistent with Congressional intent, the 
legislative history, and the express purpose of section 771(13) of the 
Tariff Act, which is to determine the proper basis for United States 
price in calculating dumping margins. As Ta Chen notes, ``[i]t is an 
elementary principle of statutory construction that a portion of the 
statute should not be rendered a nullity.'' See Asocoflores. Ta Chen's 
reading of the statute, however, would render a nullity the explicit 
statutory references to parties being related ``through stock ownership 
or control or otherwise.'' Therefore, accepting the narrow reading of 
the statute posited by Ta Chen would be inconsistent with the plain 
language of the statute.
    In addition, the Senate Report accompanying the 1921 Act clarifies 
that the Department is not limited solely to consideration of equity 
interests in making its related-party determinations, nor does it limit 
``financial interests'' solely to common equity ownership. Congress 
specifically included non-equity relationships as possible bases for 
finding parties related; by noting that an interest can involve a 
financial interest or interest ``through agency, stock control, resort 
to organization of subsidiary corporation or otherwise,'' Congress 
clearly envisioned the possibility of non-equity relationships between 
an exporter and an importer such that the prices between them become 
unreliable for purposes of calculating dumping margins. See S. Rep. No. 
67-16, at 13 (1921). Clearly, then, Congress did not share the view of 
section 771(13) urged by Ta Chen that related parties were limited per 
se to those sharing common equity ownership. Rather, Congress' broader 
view, as expressed in the plain language of the statute, afforded the 
Department the discretion to examine non-financial relationships where, 
as here, the record evidence so demanded. Any other reading of the 
legislative history would place artificial restraints on the 
Department's analysis and would be inconsistent with commercial 
realities, which recognize a wide range of relationships which could 
affect pricing and production decisions between parties.
    Turning to the Department's interpretation of the relevant 
statutory provisions, at one time the Department focused primarily upon 
equity interests in rendering its related-party determinations under 
section 771(13) of the Tariff Act. See, e.g., Cellular Mobile 
Telephones and Subassemblies From Japan, 54 FR 48011, 48016 (November 
20, 1989), and Small Business Telephones, 54 FR 53141, 53151 (December 
27, 1989). The Department concluded that an equity interest of five 
percent or more, standing alone, was sufficient evidence to demonstrate 
that the prices between the parties could be manipulated. See, e.g., 
Final Determinations of Sales at Less Than Fair Value: Certain Hot-
Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products, Certain Cold-Rolled Carbon Steel 
Flat Products, and Certain Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat 
Products From Japan, 58 FR 37154, 37157 (July 9, 1993). In certain 
situations, the Department decided that the facts on record did not 
justify examining factors of control beyond five percent equity 
ownership when determining if parties were related. See, e.g., Pocket 
Lighters, 60 FR 14263. In Zenith the Court upheld our decision not to 
broaden the related party inquiry beyond an examination of equity 
relationships. 606 F. Supp. 695, 699 and 700 (CIT 1985). The court 
stated that the Department is not required by the statute to look 
beyond financial relationships.4
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \4\ Ta Chen misreads the Court's decision in Zenith. There the 
Court found that while there was no statutory requirement that the 
Department examine ``relationships which do not find expression in 
financial terms,'' nowhere did the court assert that the Department 
was statutorily barred from an examination of non-financial 
relationships. Zenith, 606 F. Supp. at 700.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    However, the Department has recognized the possibility of parties 
being related through non-financial interests in factual situations 
where elements of control exist that raise the distinct possibility of 
price manipulation. Thus, the Department has not felt constrained to 
examine only financial relationships and, where appropriate, has 
ventured beyond a consideration of equity ownership in its 
interpretation of section 771(13) of the Tariff Act. See, e.g., 
Portable Electric Typewriters From Japan: Final Results of 
Administrative Review, 48 FR 7768, 7770 (February 24, 1983) 
(considering

[[Page 33251]]

factors indicating control, but ultimately rejecting the sufficiency of 
these factors to prove the parties were related in this case); Final 
Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value: Oil Country Tubular 
Goods From Argentina, 60 FR 33539, 33544 (June 28, 1995) (considering, 
in addition to equity factors, non-equity factors such as shared 
management and indirect control before concluding that the producer was 
not related to certain customers). For example, in Polyethylene 
Terephthalate Film From Korea, the Department ``confirmed that the 
three entities are related in terms of common stock ownership, shared 
directors, and common management control'' for purposes of determining 
U.S. price. See Final Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value: 
Polyethylene Terephthalate Film From Korea, 56 FR 16305, 16314 (April 
22, 1991) (emphasis added). Similarly, in Roller Chain From Japan the 
Department, in finding that respondent Sugiyama was related to its 
customer, stated that it ``considers shared directorship to be evidence 
of a relationship between these two organizations.'' Roller Chain, 
Other Than Bicycle Chain, From Japan, 57 FR 43697, 43701 (September 22, 
1992). Again, the Department clearly examined factors of control, and 
not solely the level of equity ownership in defining related parties 
under the statute.
    The Court has affirmed the Department's interpretation that a 
related-party determination may include an examination of non-financial 
factors. In Sugiyama Chain Co. v. United States, the Court expressly 
rejected the plaintiff's argument that section 771(13)(C) of the Tariff 
Act limited the Department to an examination of financial relationship 
when determining if parties are related under that provision of the 
statute. 852 F. Supp. 1103, 1112 (CIT 1994). Instead, the Court held 
that the Department ``may properly consider `both financial and/or non-
financial connections' when assessing whether parties are related 
within the meaning of [section 771(13)(c)].'' Id. (quoting DuPont, 841 
F. Supp. 1237, 1248). Similarly, the court in Dupont ruled that the 
Department's examination of both financial and non-financial factors 
was in accordance with its statutory mandate. See DuPont, 841 F. Supp. 
at 1248.
    As the express statutory language indicates, the purpose of the 
pre-URAA definition of ``exporter'' provided at section 771(13) is to 
``determine when an importer is `connected' to the exporter so as to 
warrant the use of `exporters sales price' as the basis for U.S. 
price.'' Statement of Administrative Action at 839. Under the statute 
the Department is constrained from relying upon prices between an 
exporter and a related U.S. customer in calculating dumping margins 
because of the possibility that prices between the parties will be 
manipulated to mask dumping activities of the foreign respondent. As 
stated earlier, in order to effectuate this statutory mandate the 
Department has recognized that certain non-financial relationships 
between parties may give rise to the potential for price manipulation 
or control. See, e.g., Polyethylene Terephthalate Film From Korea, 56 
FR 16305, 16314 (April 22, 1991); Portable Electric Typewriters From 
Japan, 48 FR 7768, 7770 (February 24, 1983). The Court has held that 
this interpretation is reasonable and in accordance with the law.
    Ta Chen's exclusive focus on equity ownership in its Case Brief 
ignores the express purpose of the related-party determination made 
pursuant to section 771(13). While the Department's inquiry may begin 
with an examination of equity ownership, nothing precludes examination 
of other factors, especially where, as here, we have record evidence of 
non-financial relationships demonstrating connections between the 
parties which raise the distinct possibility of price manipulation. Our 
examination of related parties in light of non-financial relationships 
in these reviews is consistent with the express purposes of this 
provision. In fact, Ta Chen insists in its case brief that its prices 
to San Shing and Sun were lower than prices to its other U.S. 
customers, mistakenly viewing this as evidence that the parties could 
not be related, and that the prices between them are reliable for 
margin calculations. On the contrary, by offering preferential pricing 
for goods sold to San Shing and Sun, Ta Chen not only has demonstrated 
that its relationship with San Shing and Sun raises the possibility of 
Ta Chen affecting pricing, but has admitted that this relationship has 
resulted in preferential pricing. We also find misplaced Ta Chen's 
emphasis on revisions to the Tariff Act effected by the URAA. Contrary 
to Ta Chen's argument, new section 771(33) does not represent a 
fundamental change in the statute's intent. Rather, as petitioners 
note, the URAA's definition of affiliated persons merely shifted the 
focus. While in the past the predominant focus was on control through 
equity ownership, the new Tariff Act highlights all means of control in 
addition to equity ownership. See Rebuttal Brief at 25, citing 
Engineering Process Gas Turbo-Compressor Systems From Japan.
    We also do not accept Ta Chen's definition of ``any interest'' as 
being limited to a minimum five percent equity ownership. The five-
percent equity test is a mere starting point in the Department's 
inquiry, establishing prima facie evidence that two parties are 
related. The analysis urged by Ta Chen would ignore the clear evidence 
in the record of these reviews that Ta Chen controlled San Shing and 
Sun and, through these parties, had the potential to manipulate prices 
to U.S. customers. We conclude further that Ta Chen did, in fact, have 
a non-equity financial interest in San Shing or Sun. The totality of 
the facts in this case, including Ta Chen's control of San Shing's and 
then Sun's check signing stamps, the unfettered computer ties, the 
involvement of Mr. Shieh in negotiating the prices accepted by San 
Shing and Sun, the exclusive supplier relationships, the pledging of 
San Shing's and Sun's assets to TCI's benefit, the intermingling of 
personnel, the preferential pricing and credit terms (for more on each 
of these ties see our response to Comment 2, below), and the rise and 
disappearance at Ta Chen's behest of both San Shing and Sun as Ta 
Chen's sole distributors, all indicate that San Shing's and Sun's 
financial interests were indistinguishable from Ta Chen's.
    In fact, given the depth and breadth of these non-equity financial 
ties, one would reasonably expect to find common equity ownership. Its 
absence is the only missing element in the panoply of indicia which 
demonstrate that Ta Chen ``owned or controlled, through stock 
ownership, or control, or otherwise,'' an interest in the business of 
San Shing and Sun. Notwithstanding this absence, the Department cannot 
be constrained to finding that no relationship exists where parties 
have no equity interest between them. Such a limitation would invite 
parties to evade the antidumping law by simply avoiding any common 
stock ownership.
    Finally, assuming, arguendo, that the statute and the Department's 
past practice bar a finding that Ta Chen was related to San Shing and 
Sun pursuant to section 771(13)(C) of the Tariff Act, the facts of 
these reviews lead us to conclude, nevertheless, that the prices 
between these parties were, at a minimum, subject to manipulation by Ta 
Chen. Ta Chen acknowledges that its prices to San Shing and Sun were 
lower than its prices to Ta Chen's other U.S. customers. This pattern 
of preferential pricing undermines the credibility of Ta Chen's 
assertions concerning its

[[Page 33252]]

relationships with San Shing and Sun and renders prices between them 
unsuitable for margin calculation purposes, given our statutory mandate 
to calculate dumping margins based upon arm's-length prices to the 
United States.
    Our interpretation of the related-party provisions for these final 
results is consistent with the plain language of the statute when 
applied to the facts of this case. Any other conclusion would render 
this portion of the Tariff Act a nullity and would result in 
absurdities, given the evidence of record demonstrating Ta Chen's 
control over these parties. Both San Shing and Sun were established by 
current or former managers and officers of Ta Chen, were staffed 
entirely by current or former Ta Chen employees, and distributed only 
Ta Chen pipe products in the United States. Finally, we reject Ta 
Chen's suggestion that the Department has in this case applied an 
extra-statutory test based upon ``substantial'' interest. Our use of 
this adjective in the Preliminary Results was descriptive only, and in 
no way implies the use of any new basis for the examination of 
relationships based upon control.

Comment 2: Ta Chen's Control of San Shing and Sun

    Assuming, arguendo, that the statute permits finding parties 
related based upon control, Ta Chen insists that it exercised no 
control over either San Shing or Sun. Ta Chen first contends that if it 
had held any interest in San Shing or Sun it would have ``received 
something'' from Chih Chou Chang's sale of San Shing to Frank McLane, 
and the subsequent sale of Mr. McLane's Sun Stainless, Inc. to a third 
party, Picol Enterprises.5 Ta Chen claims that it received 
nothing from either transaction, which ``alone demonstrates that Ta 
Chen had no interest in either [San Shing or] Sun.'' Case Brief at 54.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ This firm is identified variously as ``Picol International'' 
and ``Picol Enterprises.'' The contract covering Frank McLane's sale 
of Sun lists the purchaser as ``Picol Enterprises.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Furthermore, Ta Chen argues, even the indicia of control cited by 
the Department in the Preliminary Results do not lead to a finding that 
Ta Chen exercised control over San Shing and Sun. For example, while Ta 
Chen concedes that it had physical custody of the check signature 
stamps used first by San Shing and later by Sun, Ta Chen claims that it 
could not unilaterally execute checks drawn against San Shing's or 
Sun's accounts. Nor, Ta Chen continues, could Ta Chen prevent either 
San Shing or Sun from writing checks without Ta Chen's approval and 
signature. This physical custody of the signature stamp was, Ta Chen 
insists, merely an avenue for monitoring disbursements by these 
companies. Ta Chen suggests that this was a prudent measure given both 
the large volume of merchandise involved, as well as the 210-day credit 
terms Ta Chen extended first to San Shing and then to Sun. In Ta Chen's 
view, under these conditions it was entirely reasonable to impose 
``strong measures'' to permit ``stringent credit monitoring.'' Case 
Brief at 57.
    In addition, Ta Chen admits that it had full access to San Shing's 
and Sun's computer systems. Because, Ta Chen claims, San Shing and Sun 
could write checks without using the signature stamps held by Ta Chen, 
this method of monitoring their disbursements ``was not perfect.'' Id. 
Hence, Ta Chen insisted upon additional computer monitoring of San 
Shing's and Sun's accounts receivable and payable. Ta Chen concludes by 
insisting that (i) it did not control disbursements of funds by San 
Shing and Sun, and (ii) any such control over disbursements would be 
irrelevant where, as in the instant reviews, the only control at issue 
would be control over prices. Such stringent control, Ta Chen argues 
further, is an acceptable practice under the Uniform Commercial Code 
(UCC). According to Ta Chen, under Article 9 of the UCC, ``policing'' 
or ``dominion'' by a secured party (here, Ta Chen) over its unrelated 
debtors (referring to San Shing and Sun) ``is both permissible and 
expected.'' Case Brief at 59, citing Sec. 9-205, Comment 5 of the UCC. 
In other contexts, Ta Chen argues, courts have found it unremarkable 
that one company would provide its financial and computer records to a 
second unrelated company.
    Ta Chen also takes issue with the Preliminary Results' conclusion 
that Ta Chen shared sales department personnel with San Shing and Sun. 
According to Ta Chen, the record indicates that no individuals were 
simultaneously employed by Ta Chen and either San Shing or Sun. As to 
the activities of Ta Chen's former sales manager Ken Mayes, Ta Chen 
asserts that Mr. Mayes was an independent contractor, and not an 
employee of Ta Chen. Ta Chen maintains that Mr. Mayes only began 
working for San Shing (and later, Sun) after terminating the 
independent contractor relationship with Ta Chen. Furthermore, Ta Chen 
continues, it is not uncommon for individuals in the U.S. stainless 
steel market to move about among the limited number of players in the 
industry. While acknowledging that Ta Chen did provide some assistance 
to San Shing and Sun, Ta Chen insists that its employees remained on Ta 
Chen's payroll, acting on Ta Chen's behalf. Case Brief at 63. Even if 
Ta Chen shared employees with San Shing or Sun, Ta Chen avers, such 
commingling of personnel would not indicate that the parties are 
related. Even company officers, Ta Chen suggests, are merely corporate 
employees who do not necessarily have a share of, and therefore, an 
interest in, their employers. Ta Chen argues that the Department may 
not assume that because an individual is employed simultaneously by two 
firms, the two firms are related, or that the individual controls any 
interest in the firms. Id. at 64. Ta Chen also insists that a payment 
Ta Chen made to Mr. Mayes in 1995, or three years after he allegedly 
left Ta Chen's employ, does not indicate that Mr. Mayes was employed by 
Ta Chen in the intervening period (i.e., when he worked for San Shing 
and Sun). Rather, Ta Chen claims, this payment stemmed from a previous 
agreement between Mr. Mayes and Mr. Robert Shieh, Ta Chen's and TCI's 
president and CEO, whereby in return for Mr. Mayes's expertise and 
assistance in Ta Chen's start-up in the United States, Ta Chen would 
pay a certain amount to Mr. Mayes should it reach a pre-determined 
level of profits in any future year. Ta Chen accuses the Department of 
establishing a ``per se rule'' that because money changed hands between 
Ta Chen and Ken Mayes, Mr. Mayes was an employee of Ta Chen, and 
further, Ta Chen and Mr. Mayes were, therefore, related parties. This 
one-time profit sharing payment, Ta Chen argues, conferred no ownership 
rights or control over prices to Mr. Mayes, and is thus irrelevant to a 
related-party determination. Further, Ta Chen insists, both Ta Chen and 
San Shing (or Sun) acted freely and in their own best interests 
throughout this period. Id. at 68 and 69.
    The close business relationships which existed in the instant 
reviews, Ta Chen maintains, do not constitute grounds for finding Ta 
Chen related with San Shing or Sun. For instance, Ta Chen argues, in 
OCTG From Argentina the Department found close business ties between 
parties irrelevant, even in the face of a prior equity connection. 
Subsequent equity ties were likewise found irrelevant in Pocket 
Lighters, 60 FR 14263, 14267. According to Ta Chen, the parties at 
issue must be related through equity ownership at the time of the sales 
in question for the relationship to be legally relevant. Case Brief at 
65. Furthermore, Ta Chen continues, the

[[Page 33253]]

Department has previously examined cases wherein a respondent provided 
``clerical type assistance'' [sic] to customers and found such 
assistance irrelevant to the issue of relatedness. See, e.g., 
Polyethylene Terephthalate Film From Korea, 62 FR 10526, 10529 (1997). 
In Tapered Roller Bearings From Japan, 61 FR 57629 (November 7, 1996), 
Ta Chen maintains, even the provision of sales personnel, training, 
inventory management assistance, use of computer resources for 
inventory and ordering, accounting assistance, and marketing and 
customer service training were insufficient to find a U.S. subsidiary 
related to its customers. Ta Chen continues by noting that the 
Department's level-of-trade analysis performed under the post-URAA 
Tariff Act routinely includes examination of precisely these types of 
relationships, demonstrating, Ta Chen submits, that ``such services can 
be, and are, provided by sellers to their unrelated customers.'' Case 
Brief at 66.
    Furthermore, Ta Chen argues, in past cases the Department has 
determined that parties are not related even in the face of much 
starker evidence of the parties' consanguinity. According to Ta Chen, 
in Certain Fresh Cut Flowers From Mexico, 56 FR 1794, 1799 (January 17, 
1991) the parties shared the same address, telephone numbers, invoice 
forms, and the same individual signed all invoices. The Department not 
only found the parties unrelated, but ``did not indicate that these 
facts were even relevant to whether the parties were related.'' Case 
Brief at 67.
    Ta Chen also insists that there was nothing untoward in Ta Chen's 
practice of meeting with the customers of San Shing and Sun, and 
forwarding orders from these customers to San Shing and Sun. On the 
contrary, Ta Chen maintains, ``it is a perfectly understandable 
business practice for a mill to act in this way and to meet with it own 
previous customers and assure them that its use of a new inventory-
holding master distributor will not adversely affect service or the 
price competitiveness of its products.'' Case Brief at 70, n. 17. Ta 
Chen claims that its officials ``knew the prices'' Sun would charge for 
subject WSSP, and accepted customer orders on behalf of San Shing and 
Sun. As Ta Chen ``would not wish to undermine [San Shing and] Sun,'' Ta 
Chen claims, it forwarded these orders to San Shing or Sun, as 
appropriate, rather than simply filling the order and billing the 
customers directly. Case Brief at 71. According to Ta Chen's account, 
San Shing and Sun were free to accept or reject any orders obtained by 
Ta Chen. Ta Chen likens this pattern of activity with a commission 
agent who secures an order on behalf of a given supplier, and then 
forwards that order to the supplier. In Ta Chen's estimation, such a 
transaction would not render the commissionaire related to the 
supplier.
    Furthermore, Ta Chen asserts, such practices as described in these 
reviews are common between unrelated parties and ``thus, are not 
probative of Ta Chen and [San Shing and] Sun being related.'' Case 
Brief at 73. Citing statements by officials of a U.S. pipe company, a 
U.S. pipe and pipe fittings distributor, and a distributors' 
association, which Ta Chen submitted for the record, Ta Chen contends 
that mill officials would not fill orders directly from their 
distributors' customers, thus undercutting the distributors; rather, Ta 
Chen claims, the mill would forward the order to the distributor. Ta 
Chen challenges the credibility of one witness put forth by 
petitioners, Mr. Brent Ward, who asserted in a sworn affidavit that 
such intimate involvement of a mill with its customers' subsequent 
sales of merchandise is unheard of among unrelated parties. Ta Chen 
wonders whether ``this lone domestic mill witness can really speak 
knowledgeably about the practices of offshore mills in assuring [the] 
ultimate customers about shipment and delivery with respect to'' 
subject WSSP. Id. at 74 (original emphases).
    Ta Chen argues that even if it knew the prices at which San Shing 
and Sun would sell the subject pipe they purchased from Ta Chen, such 
knowledge ``is of no moment.'' Id. Ta Chen cites the public testimony 
of Joe Avento before the International Trade Commission (the 
Commission) in an unrelated inquiry that the market for a fungible 
product such as WSSP is price-driven, and that these prices are 
``generally well known by these participants'' in the marketplace. Id. 
at 75. Ta Chen also cites to TRBs From Japan, where a respondent 
provided its distributors with resale prices, as another case where the 
supplier had knowledge of its customers' prices. Again, Ta Chen avers, 
such knowledge would be insufficient grounds for finding two parties 
related for purposes of the Tariff Act.
    Turning next to the liens held by Ta Chen on San Shing's and Sun's 
assets, which these parties supplied voluntarily, Ta Chen argues that 
such liens do not make parties related and are, in fact, common between 
unrelated parties. Ta Chen reiterates that it sold stainless steel pipe 
and other stainless steel products to San Shing and Sun on extended 
credit terms. As an exercise in prudence, Ta Chen allows, it obtained a 
security interest in the inventory and accounts receivable of first San 
Shing, and then Sun. Furthermore, Ta Chen submits, its assignment of 
these security interests to a third party (i.e., TCI's creditor bank) 
is irrelevant to a discussion of whether Ta Chen was related to San 
Shing and Sun. In fact, Ta Chen stresses, the UCC, at Sec. 9-318, 
Comment 4, notes that security interests in ``intangibles'' such as 
accounts receivable ``can be freely assigned.'' Case Brief at 81, 
quoting UCC Sec. 9-318, Comment 4.
    Ta Chen states that in June 1993 TCI asked San Shing to grant a 
lien directly to TCI's bank. Ta Chen insists that this arrangement had 
the same result as TCI securing an interest in San Shing's inventory 
and accounts receivable and then assigning this interest to TCI's bank. 
Asking San Shing to grant the lien directly to TCI's bank was, Ta Chen 
avers, ``a way to simplify a still otherwise ordinary commercial 
arrangement,'' and imposed no additional burdens upon San Shing. Id. Ta 
Chen accuses the Department of creating another per se rule that 
providing UCC security interests as a condition for obtaining a loan 
makes two parties related. Rather, Ta Chen submits, failure to seek a 
lien on a borrower's assets would be a stronger indication that two 
parties are related, and that the creditor did not need to secure the 
debt. Ta Chen also claims that San Shing (and later, Sun) actually did 
receive consideration in return for granting these UCC liens, in the 
form of extended credit terms.
    In addition, Ta Chen claims that since San Shing and Sun only 
distributed Ta Chen products, any liens on their inventory and accounts 
receivable were necessarily limited to the outstanding amounts owed to 
Ta Chen. That the liens covered all of San Shing's inventory and 
accounts receivable is, Ta Chen declares again, ``of no moment.'' Ta 
Chen notes that Article 9 of the UCC permits creditors to seek a 
``blanket'' interest in both existing and ``after-acquired'' assets, 
rather than attempting to secure interests only in specific assets. 
Case Brief at 83. Nor is it unusual, Ta Chen continues, for a party 
pledging its assets as security to a creditor to pledge full 
cooperation in enforcing the lien in the event of default by the 
creditor. In the instant case, Ta Chen submits, as San Shing and Sun 
held the accounts receivable at issue, efforts to secure payment from 
San Shing's and Sun's customers would necessarily continue to rest with 
San Shing and Sun.

[[Page 33254]]

    Ta Chen also sees nothing unusual in San Shing and Sun, putatively 
unrelated parties, entering into these security arrangements with no 
written documentation as to their terms. Ta Chen claims that, while it 
was ``unable to find any formal writing memorializing the agreement 
that [TCI's loan with its creditor bank] would always be less than the 
accounts payable of San Shing and McLane's Sun Stainless to TCI,'' such 
agreements were, Ta Chen contends, ``referenced in various 
correspondence during the relevant period between the parties * * *'' 
Case Brief at 85. Ta Chen implies that, just as terms of sales are not 
always committed to writing, there is nothing unusual in the absence of 
written documents concerning the debt financing arrangements between Ta 
Chen and San Shing, and between Ta Chen and Sun.
    Even if the facts surrounding the debt financing arrangements 
between these parties were, in fact, unusual, Ta Chen avers, that would 
not provide a basis for finding Ta Chen related with San Shing or Sun. 
Ta Chen asserts that all parties acted freely and in their own best 
interests. Therefore, Ta Chen concludes, these security agreements do 
not indicate that Ta Chen controlled San Shing or Sun. Ta Chen points 
to the statements it submitted for the record from two individuals 
involved in the steel industry in the United States as support for its 
contention that security arrangements such as those described above are 
``reasonable given a concern of nonpayment.'' Case Brief at 88. Ta Chen 
quotes one of these statements at length, noting with approval this 
individual's opinion that such measures can and do occur between 
suppliers and their unrelated distributor customers. Not only did Ta 
Chen's witnesses find these arrangements ``perfectly normal,'' but 
TCI's audited financial statements likewise did not include San Shing 
or Sun when listing loan guarantees provided by related parties. Id. at 
89.
    As two final notes with respect to the debt financing arrangements, 
Ta Chen states that no prior Departmental precedent exists for the 
proposition that secured debts or loan guarantees are sufficient 
grounds for finding parties related under the pre-URAA Tariff Act. Even 
under what Ta Chen interprets as a broader definition of 
``affiliation'' under the post-URAA Tariff Act, to date the Department 
has yet to find that loans make parties affiliated. Case Brief at 90, 
citing to Certain Internal Combustion Industrial Forklift Trucks From 
Japan, 62 FR 5592, 5604 (February 6, 1997), and Large Newspaper 
Printing Presses From Japan, 61 FR 38139, 38157 (July 23, 1996). 
Second, Ta Chen criticizes the Preliminary Results for failing to 
explain precisely how the liens at issue in these reviews could affect 
control over prices which, Ta Chen reiterates, is the only aspect of 
control relevant to these reviews.
    Ta Chen next discusses San Shing's and Sun's exclusive supplier 
relationships with Ta Chen. While conceding that, in fact, San Shing 
and Sun purchased and sold Ta Chen products exclusively, Ta Chen claims 
that San Shing and Sun were ``free to do business with others of 
[their] own choosing, as well as buy and sell others' products.'' Case 
Brief at 90. Ta Chen cites prior cases decided under the pre-URAA 
statute wherein the Department considered exclusive buy-sell 
relationships; in such cases, Ta Chen argues, the Department did not 
find such relationships indicative of the parties' being related. Id., 
citing Portable Electric Typewriters From Japan, 48 FR 7768, 7770 
(February 28, 1983), and Certain Residential Door Locks and Parts 
Thereof From Taiwan, 54 FR 53153 (December 27, 1989) (Door Locks From 
Taiwan). Even under post-URAA determinations, Ta Chen avers, the 
Department has not found exclusive buy-sell relationships sufficient to 
consider two or more parties affiliated. According to Ta Chen, the 
Department examined such relationships in Cold-Rolled and Corrosion 
Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products From Korea, 62 FR 18404, 18441 
(April 15, 1997) and Open-End Spun Rayon Singles Yarn From Austria, 62 
FR 14399, 14401 (March 26, 1997), and concluded that because the 
parties were free to transact with others, their exclusive buy-sell 
arrangements did not render the parties affiliated. Case Brief at 91 
and 92. On a broader plane, Ta Chen continues, San Shing and Sun could 
not be considered ``reliant'' upon Ta Chen because each had interests 
beyond their dealings with Ta Chen. San Shing, Ta Chen notes, sold 
fasteners, while Mr. McLane had interests involving lawnmower parts and 
plastic patio furniture. Ken Mayes, Ta Chen asserts, had an additional 
business interest in another pipe distributor, Stainless Specialties, 
Inc.
    As further evidence that San Shing and Sun were not related to Ta 
Chen, the company states that its ``net, ex-factory price to [San Shing 
and] Sun was less than its net, ex-factory price to other U.S. 
customers.'' Case Brief at 95 (original emphasis). These pricing 
patterns, Ta Chen asserts, demonstrate that Ta Chen ``did not have 
control over'' San Shing and Sun. Id. Ta Chen allows that, had it 
exercised control over these distributors, it would have charged them 
higher prices, so as to mask any dumping of subject stainless pipe sold 
to genuinely unrelated customers. That Ta Chen's prices to San Shing 
and Sun were lower than its prices to other customers ``further 
confirm[s]'' that Ta Chen is not related to San Shing or to Sun.
    Ta Chen also assails the credibility of the D&B report cited in the 
Preliminary Results as evidence that Ta Chen and Sun were related 
through Frank McLane's common equity ownership. According to Ta Chen, 
the conclusion in the D&B report that Frank McLane and Ken Mayes had 
been active with Sun since 1992 (indicating that Mr. McLane 
simultaneously held equity in Ta Chen and owned Sun outright) is based 
upon hearsay: ``[o]ne D&B clerk apparently heard something from 
somebody. A second D&B clerk speculates from what the first D&B clerk 
said.'' Case Brief at 100. According to Ta Chen, its certification that 
Mr. McLane ``had no involvement with any Sun before the one he 
incorporated in September 1993'' should be sufficient to refute the D&B 
report. Id. Requiring Ta Chen to go beyond the certified questionnaire 
responses ``unlawfully places the burden on Ta Chen to rebut the D&B 
report.'' Id. at 108. Ta Chen also claims that the Department should 
disregard the D&B report because petitioners failed to submit the 
September 1994 D&B report to the Department prior to the October 1994 
verification in the first pipe review.
    Assuming that the D&B report constitutes evidence, Ta Chen asserts 
that it is not substantial evidence and, therefore, any reliance upon 
it is unlawful. Citing Timken Co. v. United States, 894 F. 2d 385, 388 
(Fed. Cir. 1990), Ta Chen argues that ``substantial evidence is `such 
relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to 
support a conclusion.' '' Case Brief at 101. Ta Chen notes that Dun & 
Bradstreet issues a stock disclaimer with its reports that it does not 
guarantee their accuracy. Further, Ta Chen charges, the accuracy of 
this particular report is further impeached by the apparent removal of 
the unique D&B number identifying the subject of the report. Ta Chen 
asserts that this is not a minor matter since two Suns are at issue in 
this case--San Shing's dba Sun Stainless, Inc., and Frank McLane's Sun 
Stainless, Inc. Ta Chen also hints that other alterations may have been 
made to the D&B report.
    In addition, Ta Chen maintains that the D&B report does not 
specifically cite Mr. Mayes as the source for the claim that Messrs. 
McLane and Mayes had been active in Sun since 1992. Since the

[[Page 33255]]

D&B report does not indicate that Mr. McLane was president or owner of 
Sun prior to November 1993, the clear and unequivocal evidence 
indicates that Mr. McLane only became involved with Sun at the later 
date. In fact, Ta Chen submits, the contract arising from Mr. McLane's 
July 1995 sale of Sun to an unrelated firm, Picol Enterprises, states 
that Mr. McLane was president of Sun since November 5, 1993.
    In closing on this point, Ta Chen alleges that the Department 
treated it unfairly by not accepting into the record submissions by Ta 
Chen addressing the credibility of the D&B report. Ta Chen asserts that 
it first received notice of the possible ``breadth of 
Sec. 771(13)(B),'' and the importance of the D&B report, upon 
publication of the Department's Preliminary Results. Case Brief at 109. 
Ta Chen maintains that its July 2, 1997 submission on this point 
(rejected by the Department as untimely new factual information) should 
have been accepted for the record.
    Petitioners assert that ``Ta Chen's version of its actions [with 
respect to San Shing and Sun] and what has transpired is incomplete and 
defies common sense and reality.'' Rebuttal Brief at 3. As a 
preliminary matter, petitioners chide Ta Chen for failing to provide a 
single specific example involving any other firms of ties such as those 
found between Ta Chen and San Shing and Ta Chen and Sun, which Ta Chen 
maintains are common between unrelated parties. The reason Ta Chen has 
failed to do so, petitioners insist, is because these practices ``are 
not common and do not exist between unrelated parties.'' Rebuttal Brief 
at 12. Petitioners maintain that Ta Chen has failed to substantiate its 
claims that these extraordinary ties are, in fact, normal. With respect 
to Ta Chen's possession of San Shing's and Sun's signature stamps, 
petitioners note that Ta Chen was unable to cite a single instance 
where a supplier had physical custody of its unrelated customers' 
signature stamps. Similarly, although Ta Chen claims that the invasive 
computer monitoring Ta Chen employed with respect to San Shing and Sun 
was ``prudent,'' petitioners note that Ta Chen has failed to provide a 
single example involving any other companies of such monitoring. ``[I]f 
Ta Chen's ties with San Shing and Sun Stainless really are nothing out 
of the ordinary commercially speaking, why has the Department * * * 
never seen the likes of these ties in any other of the many cases under 
the antidumping law that the Department has considered over the last 
seventeen years?'' Id. Were this not such a serious matter, petitioners 
suggest, Ta Chen's claims with respect to the shared sales personnel, 
computer links, common negotiations with San Shing's and Sun's 
customers, and the pledging of San Shing's and Sun's assets to Ta 
Chen's benefit ``would be laughable, because they are ludicrous.'' Id.
    Addressing in turn each element of control cited by the Department 
in its Preliminary Results and discussed at length in Ta Chen's case 
brief, petitioners present a point-by-point rebuttal. As for Ta Chen's 
possession of the signature stamp and its maintenance of the computer 
links with San Shing and Sun, petitioners contend that these 
arrangements are ``exceptional and [amount] to control over the other 
person's finances.'' Rebuttal Brief at 13. Ken Mayes's statement that 
San Shing and Sun were free to write checks of their own volition is, 
petitioners charge, ``an unsubstantiated ipse dixit that is entitled to 
no credence.'' Id.
    With respect to the sharing of sales personnel, petitioners also 
disagree with Ta Chen's assertion that it did not share common 
employees with San Shing or Sun. According to petitioners, Ta Chen's 
November 12, 1996 submission in the 1994--1995 administrative review 
(portions of which were incorporated into the records of these 
administrative reviews) indicates clearly that there was sharing of 
sales personnel among these parties; ``the sort of intermingling of 
employees that Ta Chen admits took place suffices to establish Ta 
Chen's control of San Shing and Sun Stainless.'' Rebuttal Brief at 14. 
Furthermore, petitioners continue, Ta Chen's claims with respect to 
payments made to Ken Mayes are ``not buttressed by documented 
evidence.'' Rather, petitioners aver, while allegedly employed by San 
Shing and later Sun, Mr. Mayes's self interest ``lay in helping Ta Chen 
to be sufficiently profitable to trigger his bonus,'' doing so at the 
expense of San Shing and Sun. Id. Such a tie, petitioners attest, would 
further support the Department's determination that Ta Chen controlled 
San Shing and Sun.
    Petitioners also dismiss as ``fanciful speculation'' Ta Chen's 
claim that its knowledge of San Shing's and Sun's prices for WSSP was 
not remarkable and, thus, ``of no moment.'' Petitioners insist that 
``[t]he idea that a distributor would inform its arm's-length supplier 
of the distributor's prices to its customers is not believable in any 
market.'' Id. Rather, petitioners suggest, a distributor would keep its 
prices from its supplier to ``maximize whatever negotiating room [the 
distributor] has with [its] supplier.'' Id. at 15.
    As for the security interests pledged by San Shing and Sun, 
petitioners contend that this arrangement ``epitomizes the control 
exerted by Ta Chen over San Shing and Sun Stainless.'' Id. With San 
Shing and Sun retaining legal title to the subject merchandise, 
petitioners aver, the pledging of these assets as collateral for TCI's 
line of credit should not have occurred. Furthermore, petitioners 
continue, that San Shing and Sun entered into these arrangements 
without any written agreements is additional evidence that ``there was 
no arm's-length relationship at play.'' Id. In fact, petitioners note, 
the failure of San Shing or Sun to obtain written agreement concerning 
any of the elements of control cited in the Preliminary Results (i.e., 
the custody of the signature stamp, the free computer access, and the 
security interests) establishes a ``pattern that confirms control and 
related-party relationships.'' Petitioners also dismiss as 
unsubstantiated Ta Chen's assertion that San Shing and Sun were free to 
do business with others; petitioners point out that there is no 
evidence of record that San Shing or Sun ever purchased subject 
merchandise from anyone other than Ta Chen.
    As for the D&B report, petitioners stand by the accuracy of this 
document, and point to an affidavit from an employee of Dun & 
Bradstreet attesting to the provenance of the information contained in 
that report. According to this employee, the source for the 
information, including that Mr. McLane and Mr. Mayes had started the 
company in 1992, was none other than Ken Mayes himself, who provided 
this information in a May 24, 1994 interview with Dun & Bradstreet 
analysts. Petitioners aver that Mr. Mayes offered this account of Sun's 
history long before Ta Chen and Sun were aware of petitioners' 
concerns, i.e., at a time when Mr. Mayes ``had no reason to miscite Sun 
Stainless date of establishment and roster of officers from its 
inception.'' Rebuttal Brief at 8. Petitioners compare the May 24, 1994 
statement with Mr. Mayes's later statement, submitted on December 20, 
1996, that he and Mr. McLane's affiliation with Sun commenced in 
November 1993, describing the latter as unsubstantiated. Further, 
according to petitioners, the later statement is based upon claims that 
Mr. McLane actually purchased San Shing's assets ``that are themselves 
unsubstantiated.'' Id. at 9. In defending the accuracy of the D&B 
report, petitioners reiterate that Dun & Bradstreet's source for the 
report was Ken Mayes, and assert that the timing of this May 1994 
statement, and ``Dun &

[[Page 33256]]

Bradstreet's professional reputation are solid grounds for the 
Department to conclude that the D&B report is accurate.'' Id.
    Petitioners conclude by asserting that Sun Stainless was 
established expressly to evade antidumping duties. Since Sun's 1992 
establishment, petitioners allege, ``Ta Chen has maneuvered by pretense 
and artifice to keep its real unrelated-party sales in the United 
States from undergoing the Department's scrutiny.'' According to 
petitioners, Ta Chen's means to this end were its ``hidden control'' of 
San Shing and Sun; therefore, petitioners argue, ``the statute calls 
for the conclusion that Ta Chen was related to San Shing and Sun 
Stainless.'' Rebuttal Brief at 16.

Department's Position

    We agree with petitioners that the factual evidence of record 
demonstrates a level of operational control exercised by Ta Chen over 
both San Shing and Sun that more than satisfies the statutory 
provisions for finding Ta Chen, San Shing, and Sun related parties.
    Ta Chen in its case brief focuses upon each indication of control 
cited in the Preliminary Results in isolation, characterizing each of 
these connections as (i) commonplace and unremarkable in the commercial 
world, (ii) insufficient to demonstrate Ta Chen's control of these 
parties, and, (iii) irrelevant to a finding that these parties are 
related for purposes of the Tariff Act. However, we have examined the 
totality of the evidence in this case as it pertains to Ta Chen's 
overarching control over not only the activities of San Shing and Sun, 
but over their existence as well.
    In placing such emphasis on a so-called five-percent equity test, 
Ta Chen ignores the true purpose of section 771(13) of the Tariff Act, 
which is to define the ``exporter'' for purposes of determining the 
correct basis for U.S. price. According to Ta Chen's repeated 
assertions, the only relevance of the present discussion is whether or 
not Ta Chen could control pricing decisions made by San Shing and Sun 
in selling subject merchandise in the United States. In fact, the 
evidence of record indicates this was so, as do Ta Chen's own 
admissions during the course of these reviews. As we have indicated , 
San Shing and Sun were both established by current or former managers 
and officers of Ta Chen, were staffed entirely by current or former Ta 
Chen employees, and distributed only Ta Chen products in the United 
States. Throughout their involvement in these proceedings Ta Chen had 
control of San Shing's and Sun's bank accounts, with authority to sign 
checks issued by San Shing, its dbas, and Frank McLane's Sun. Ta Chen 
also had physical custody of these parties' check-signing stamps. Ta 
Chen further controlled San Shing's and Sun's assets and these parties 
pledged their assets as collateral for a loan obtained on behalf of 
TCI. In addition, Ta Chen enjoyed full-time and unfettered computer 
access to San Shing's and Sun's computerized accounting records. Ta 
Chen's owner, Robert Shieh, owned the property housing San Shing and 
Sun, and Ta Chen shared sales and clerical personnel with the two 
companies. Finally, Robert Shieh actually negotiated the prices that 
San Shing and Sun would realize on their subsequent resales of subject 
merchandise to unrelated customers.
    Furthermore, for the Department to conclude that Ta Chen did not 
exercise effective control over San Shing and Sun would require the 
Department to ignore numerous lacunae in Ta Chen's account. The 
inconsistencies, inaccuracies, partial admissions, and lack of 
documentation in Ta Chen's version of events in these administrative 
reviews do not support Ta Chen's claims.
    First, as for Ta Chen's argument that had it held an interest in 
San Shing or Sun it would have received consideration for the sale of 
San Shing to Mr. McLane, and Mr. McLane's eventual sale of Sun 
Stainless, Inc. to Picol Enterprises, this argument suffers one fatal 
flaw. Ta Chen's claim that Mr. McLane purchased San Shing from Chih 
Chou Chang in the fall of 1993 is unsubstantiated. The transaction 
itself has never been documented for the record. In fact, aside from Ta 
Chen's claims on this matter, we have no evidence that any assets, or 
consideration therefor, actually changed hands in September 1993. Ta 
Chen's failure to document for the record this transaction is 
significant given Ta Chen's ability to enter into the record the most 
sensitive financial information concerning these parties, e.g., the 
individual tax returns of Frank McLane and the corporate tax returns of 
the putatively unrelated parties, San Shing and Sun. More 
fundamentally, as we discuss below, record evidence indicates that Ta 
Chen misstated the commencement of Frank McLane's (and Ken Mayes's) 
involvement with the second ``Sun Stainless, Inc.,'' incorrectly 
indicating that Mr. McLane did not simultaneously act as president of 
Sun and as a director and shareholder of Ta Chen. Because the 
underlying chronology is itself impeached, we cannot accept at face 
value Ta Chen's claim that it did not receive compensation for these 
transactions, whether in the form of cash value or other non-monetary 
consideration.
    Turning now to the indications of control enumerated in the 
Preliminary Results, we affirm our preliminary finding that Ta Chen 
controlled San Shing's and Sun's disbursements. One avenue Ta Chen used 
to exercise this control was through its possession of San Shing's and 
Sun's signature stamps. Ta Chen's assertion that it is commonplace for 
a business entity to surrender control over its disbursements to an 
unrelated party, as both San Shing and Sun did to Ta Chen, by turning 
over physical custody of their signature stamps to an unrelated 
supplier is not credible and is not supported by record evidence. Nor 
is there record support for Ta Chen's ex post facto claim that it could 
not execute checks unilaterally; having possession of both the checks 
and the signature stamp enabled Ta Chen to execute checks at will upon 
these entities' accounts. Furthermore, there is no support, either in 
the record of these reviews or in the Department's experience, for the 
notion that demanding control over an unrelated customer's checking 
account would be required to effect ``stringent credit monitoring'' of 
the customer's expenditures, as Ta Chen claims here. In fact, control 
by one party over another party's checking account is usually only 
found between related parties.
    Similarly, we find that Ta Chen's unlimited level of computer 
access to San Shing's and Sun's proprietary data supports a finding 
that Ta Chen exercised control over these parties. Ta Chen's assertions 
with respect to this computer access are unpersuasive and are not 
supported by evidence in the record. Ta Chen attempts to present its 
full-time and unrestricted ability to scrutinize San Shing's and Sun's 
proprietary business records as prudent monitoring by a creditor of its 
unrelated debtors which is ``permissible and expected'' under 
provisions of the UCC. We note that, while a creditor is entitled to 
periodic reports from a debtor concerning, e.g., the debtor's sales and 
deliveries and the agings of accounts receivable used as collateral, 
nothing in the UCC envisions the unlimited access Ta Chen enjoyed here. 
See Nassberg, Richard T., The Lender's Handbook, American Law 
Institute, American Bar Association Committee on Continuing 
Professional Education, Philadelphia, 1986, at 32 and 33. Further, Ta 
Chen has offered no examples of any other firm allowing its unrelated 
supplier such extensive access to its payroll and

[[Page 33257]]

accounting information. Contrary to Ta Chen's claims, such a practice 
is not common and, to the Department's knowledge, does not exist 
between truly unrelated parties. As we noted in the final results of 
the 1994-1995 administrative review of this order, ``Ta Chen officials 
stated at the Department's [June 1997] verification at TCI that [Sun] 
maintained no security system or passwords with which to limit or 
terminate Ta Chen's access to its records; Ta Chen's access to [Sun's] 
accounting system was complete.'' Certain Welded Stainless Steel Pipe 
From Taiwan, 62 FR 37543, 37549 (July 14, 1997).6
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\ The original text identifies Sun as ``Company B.'' Although 
the verification concerned the 1994-1995 administrative review, this 
narrative applied to prior periods as well. See Memorandum to the 
File, June 19, 1997, at 5, a public version of which is on file in 
room B-099 of the main Commerce building.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    With respect to the claimed need for the computer access and 
control over San Shing's and Sun's disbursements, this claim too is 
undermined by Ta Chen's own statements in the record. Ta Chen insists 
that it required these measures of control as a means of monitoring its 
customers in light of the substantial quantities of merchandise Ta Chen 
sold to San Shing and Sun, and in return for the 210-day credit terms 
offered by Ta Chen.7 But as Ta Chen noted in its July 28, 
1994 submission in the first administrative review, San Shing was an 
established company enjoying ``substantial resources including lines of 
credit.'' Ta Chen's July 28, 1994 submission at 9. Furthermore, with 
respect to the balances owed by San Shing and Sun, as Ta Chen itself 
concedes, Ta Chen's ``risk [of non-payment] is not significant, since 
actual bad debt has not been a problem.'' Ta Chen's November 12, 1996 
submission at 81. If San Shing enjoyed such substantial resources, and 
never presented a risk of non-payment, Ta Chen's stated need to 
implement monitoring measures to secure payment for its sales is 
without support. The absence of a genuine credit risk would, in fact, 
attenuate the need for this relationship. The second possible reason 
for these ties, posited by Ta Chen's witnesses, is that it allows for 
``just-in-time'' delivery of inventory. While electronic ordering is a 
common and growing practice between suppliers and their distributors, 
this typically entails a sharply delimited level of access--most 
commonly, a one-way communication between the customer's purchasing 
department and the supplier's sales department. We are aware of no 
circumstances where electronic ordering would allow a supplier to have 
unrestricted access to the accounts payable, accounts receivable, 
inventory, and payroll data of an unrelated customer. We conclude that 
these untrammeled on-line computer ties existed because Ta Chen was 
controlling and directing San Shing and Sun.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\ We note that, in addition to preferential pricing, these 
extended credit terms offered to San Shing and Sun would further 
indicate that their dealings were not at arm's length.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We also conclude that the record indicates that Ta Chen shared 
personnel with San Shing and Sun. In fact, Ta Chen's November 12, 1996 
submission details a long two-way history of shared office personnel 
between Ta Chen and San Shing dating to before San Shing ever purchased 
Ta Chen pipe. For example, Ta Chen claims that ``[f]rom the outset of 
[Ta Chen's and San Shing's] landlord-tenant relationship, TCI provided 
San Shing USA with assistance from its personnel and, from time to 
time, the use of TCI office equipment.'' Furthermore, San Shing 
``provided necessary technical and other support to TCI personnel'' 
when TCI commenced its production of fasteners. See Ta Chen's November 
12, 1996 submission at pages 51 through 54. In addition, Ta Chen's 
sales manager, Mr. Mayes, also acted as sales manager for San Shing and 
for Sun. For more on Mr. Mayes's role in these reviews, see our 
response to Comment 3, below. When considered together with the other 
indicia of control, this commingling of personnel lends additional 
support to the conclusion that Ta Chen was related to San Shing and Sun 
as defined in the Tariff Act.
    With respect to Ta Chen's involvement in negotiating sales prices 
to San Shing's and Sun's customers--the true focus of this inquiry--Ta 
Chen insists that this involvement does not indicate control by Ta Chen 
of San Shing and Sun, and further asserts that such practices are 
commonplace. However, we agree with petitioners that Ta Chen's claims 
that negotiating the prices of its customers' subsequent sales is 
common between unrelated parties are unsupported either by record 
evidence or the Department's experience. San Shing and Sun were engaged 
in the distribution of a fungible, commodity product, i.e., ASTM A312 
pipe and fittings made from this pipe. As Ta Chen's witness Mr. Joe 
Avento notes, the market for such products is price-driven. With little 
margin for profit, an unrelated distributor, as a matter of survival, 
would guard the prices it would accept for reselling the product in 
order, as petitioners phrase it, to ``maximize whatever negotiating 
room [the customer] has with [its] supplier.'' Rebuttal Brief at 15. Ta 
Chen has argued that the only element of control relevant to an 
antidumping proceeding is control over prices; Ta Chen's admitted role 
in setting prices for San Shing's and Sun's subsequent sales of WSSP to 
unrelated customers in the United States is evidence of precisely this 
type of control. For Ta Chen, as the supplying mill, to liken its role 
in these transactions to that of a mere commission agent, passing 
purchase orders between end-users and its distributors San Shing and 
Sun, is not credible. Ta Chen has noted that Ta Chen officials 
(specifically, Ta Chen's president, Mr. Robert Shieh) not only met with 
customers of San Shing and Sun, but that these same customers would 
contact Ta Chen directly, bypassing altogether their putative 
suppliers, San Shing and Sun. Ta Chen claims that ``Ta Chen officials 
would not wish to undermine [San Shing or] Sun,'' and that it merely 
forwarded any purchase orders it received to San Shing or Sun for their 
independent consideration and acceptance or rejection. See Ta Chen's 
Case Brief at 71. Here again, however, there is no record evidence, 
aside from Ta Chen's unsupported claims, that it ever forwarded a 
customer's order to San Shing or Sun, nor is there evidence of either 
San Shing or Sun ever rejecting a purchase order so obtained from TCI. 
Furthermore, Ta Chen's fastidious avoidance of ``undermining'' San 
Shing and Sun was unnecessary, given its control of the transactions 
from the mill in Tainan to the delivery to the ultimate end user in the 
United States.
    Turning to the debt security arrangements between San Shing, Sun, 
TCI, and TCI's creditor bank, Ta Chen claims that such arrangements are 
``irrelevant.'' Ta Chen maintains that debt security arrangements by 
themselves have proven insufficient grounds for finding parties related 
for purposes of section 771(13) of the Tariff Act. Nevertheless, the 
nature of these particular security assignments, including the absence 
of any written agreement between these putatively unrelated parties, 
further supports our finding that transactions between these parties 
were not at arm's length. Within the larger context of Ta Chen's 
relationships with these entities, we find the debt security 
arrangements provide additional evidence of the degree of Ta Chen's 
control over all aspects of San Shing's and Sun's operations. Here, San 
Shing, and then Sun, unilaterally, and without consideration, assigned 
their entire

[[Page 33258]]

inventory and accounts receivable directly to TCI's bank to facilitate 
a loan for TCI. That San Shing and Sun would accept such a risk without 
any consideration--without even a written agreement memorializing the 
terms and duration of the agreement--is not consistent with the 
dealings between truly unrelated companies. Nor has Ta Chen offered 
convincing evidence that this arrangement is, in fact, commonplace. Ta 
Chen fails to note that the UCC financing statements submitted for the 
record ``serve only to perfect the lender's rights against competing 
creditors and that rights so perfected must be created under a valid 
security agreement.'' The Lender's Handbook, op. cit. at 27 (emphasis 
added). In spite of numerous submissions focusing upon the significance 
of these loan guarantees and their relevance to these proceedings, and 
in spite of our specific requests that Ta Chen do so, Ta Chen has never 
submitted evidence that a valid security agreement was ever created. Ta 
Chen has stated only that it ``asked'' first San Shing, and then Sun, 
to assign their inventory and receivables as security for a line of 
credit TCI obtained from a California bank, and that these parties 
agreed freely in return for extended credit terms. See Case Brief at 81 
and 82. However, that these putatively unrelated parties would accede 
to such a request in the absence of any written security agreement as 
to the nature of the assignments, their scope, their duration, etc. 
does not comport with the actions of unrelated parties dealing at arm's 
length. Contrary to Ta Chen's assertion, in fact, the existence of 
these UCC filings absent any valid security agreement serves merely to 
underscore the dominion Ta Chen enjoyed over the actions and the assets 
of both San Shing and Sun.
    Furthermore, Ta Chen has never documented for the record why the 
allegedly unrelated San Shing would be willing to offer its entire 
accounts receivable and inventory to secure a loan for TCI, or why Sun, 
supposedly unrelated to either Ta Chen or to San Shing, would assume 
these same obligations in toto when, as of the claimed date of its 
founding, it would have no outstanding balances whatever with Ta Chen. 
Two other aspects of these security agreements bear noting. First, that 
the secured amount available to TCI from its bank was always limited to 
the amount San Shing or Sun owed TCI for their purchases of Ta Chen's 
stainless pipe products is an ipse dixit which Ta Chen, the sole party 
able to do so, has failed to document for the record. Ta Chen claims in 
its case brief that these agreements were ``referenced in various 
correspondence during the relevant periods between the parties,'' yet 
Ta Chen did not submit any of this correspondence for the record. Our 
thorough review of Ta Chen's and TCI's correspondence files during the 
October 1994 verifications also did not reveal any mention of these 
agreements. Second, Ta Chen insists that because San Shing and Sun only 
sold Ta Chen products, the value of any assets assigned by San Shing 
and Sun to TCI's bank necessarily equaled the amount owed by San Shing 
and Sun to TCI. See Case Brief at 82 and 83. However, this would be 
true only if San Shing and Sun sold this merchandise at the same price 
it originally paid to TCI. If San Shing and Sun marked up the price of 
the merchandise, which they would have to do to realize any profit from 
these transactions, then the secured amount necessarily exceeded the 
receivables San Shing and Sun owed to TCI. Furthermore, San Shing sold 
nuts and bolts for the automotive industry. Thus, its inventory and 
accounts receivable from the start of this relationship extended beyond 
the pipe and pipe fittings supplied by Ta Chen. Contrary to Ta Chen's 
assertions, the value of San Shing's inventory and accounts receivable 
clearly did exceed the amount San Shing owed to Ta Chen for its pipe 
products.
    As for the exclusive supplier relationships between Ta Chen, San 
Shing and Sun, Ta Chen concedes that it was the exclusive supplier to 
both entities, but claims that each was free to do business with 
whomever it chose. However, Ta Chen has presented no evidence of San 
Shing or Sun ever seeking to purchase pipe or pipe products from any 
other firm. In fact, the record clearly indicates that except for the 
fasteners manufactured by San Shing Hardware Works, Ltd., San Shing 
dealt exclusively with Ta Chen merchandise; Sun Stainless was 
established for this purpose alone. Both were entirely reliant upon Ta 
Chen for their supplies of pipe and pipe fittings. We also find that Ta 
Chen's case citations in this regard are not entirely on point. In 
Portable Electric Typewriters, for example, respondent Tokyo Juki sold 
merchandise exclusively to EuroImport, S.A., a subsidiary of Olivetti. 
Petitioner in that case, citing a number of factors, including 
assumption of start-up costs, Olivetti's supplying typewriter parts to 
Tokyo Juki, and the fact that Tokyo Juki sold subject typewriters 
exclusively to EuroImport, alleged that Tokyo Juki and Olivetti were 
related parties. We concluded that ``Olivetti's and Tokyo Juki's 
relationship does not constitute control as contemplated by section 
771(13) of the Tariff Act,'' and that petitioner's arguments with 
respect to EuroImport were ``not persuasive.'' Portable Electric 
Typewriters From Japan, 48 FR 7768, 7771.8 While EuroImport 
had an exclusive distributor arrangement to distribute Tokyo Juki's 
typewriters, there is no indication that the obverse was true, i.e., 
that Tokyo Juki was the exclusive supplier to EuroImport. In all 
likelihood, EuroImport also distributed typewriters manufactured by its 
parent, Olivetti, and may have distributed typewriters supplied by any 
number of manufacturers. Unlike the instant case, there is no evidence 
that EuroImport was dependent upon Tokyo Juki for its continued sales 
operations. Thus, Portable Electric Typewriters never reaches the issue 
of whether or not an exclusive supplier relationship is, or is not, 
evidence of parties' being related under section 771(13) of the Tariff 
Act by means of control. Furthermore, in sharp contrast to the instant 
case, the totality of evidence in Portable Electric Typewriters clearly 
indicated that Tokyo Juki could not control Olivetti or vice versa. 
Likewise, the citation to Residential Door Locks From Taiwan is 
inapposite. There we concluded that ``[t]here is no evidence on the 
record that Posse and Tong Lung operated closely together, were billed 
jointly, had their day-to-day operations directed by joint owners, or 
conducted transactions between themselves.'' Residential Door Locks 
From Taiwan, 54 FR 53153, 53161 (emphases added). We did not say, as Ta 
Chen asserts, that exclusive-supplier relationships could not be 
indicative of related-party status; on the contrary, we clearly 
examined the issue of exclusive supplier relationships within the 
context of a related-party determination and found that not only was 
there no exclusive supplier relationship between Posse and Tong Lung, 
there were no business transactions of any kind between the two.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \8\ This discussion of ``control as contemplated by section 
771(13) of the Tariff Act'' would be unnecessary if, as Ta Chen 
insists, the statute only defined related parties in terms of common 
equity ownership.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Furthermore, Ta Chen has presented no evidence in support of its 
contention that these indicia of control, including computer access, 
control of disbursements, and intervention by a mill in its unrelated 
customers' sales are common. Despite the claims of Ta Chen's witnesses, 
Mr. Charles Reid, Mr.

[[Page 33259]]

Theodore Cadieu of the USX Corporation, and officials from a U.S. pipe 
producer and a distributors' association, that such practices happen 
``all the time,'' none could cite a single specific example of similar 
ties between unrelated parties. The head of the distributors' 
association, who would be expected to have familiarity with the 
practices of its membership, failed to name a single member firm 
engaging in such ``common'' practices. See Ta Chen's February 7, 1997 
submission at 54, Ta Chen's January 31, 1997 submission at 151, and Ta 
Chen's April 1, 1997 submission. As for the qualification of 
petitioner's affiant, Mr. Brent Ward, to speak to ``the practices of 
offshore mills,'' Ta Chen has known at least since the Department's 
April 28, 1997 public hearing (in the 1994-1995 administrative review) 
Mr. Ward's qualifications to address these matters. Mr. Ward is the 
president of the domestic producer, Damascus-Bishop Tube Company, and 
also the Specialty Tubing Group, an association of North American 
producers of WSSP. His firm also purchases and distributes ornamental 
steel tubing produced by offshore mills. See Memorandum to the File, 
October 30, 1997, at 2, and Hearing Transcript (``Open Session''), May 
12, 1997 at 15 through 21 and 34 through 37, on file in room B-099 of 
the main Commerce building. It is worth quoting Mr. Ward, acting in all 
three capacities, at some length:

[a]t most, if it is necessary, a producing mill might have the 
opportunity to meet with both a distributor and that distributor's 
customer to discuss issues of material specification and/or quality 
requirements, but not to discuss issues of prices and quantities. * 
* *  [I]n reality distributors in the welded stainless steel pipe 
industry in the United States that are truly unaffiliated with their 
supplying mills jealously guard both their corporate independence 
and their commercial ties with their customers and limit any contact 
by the mills with those customers as much as possible. The logic 
behind this approach at one level, of course, is simply that the 
distributors do not want to lose control of their businesses and do 
not want their customers to buy directly from the mills and 
eliminate the distributor's role in the chain of distribution.

See Affidavit of Mr. Brent Ward, submitted April 8, 1997.
    We find Mr. Ward's common-sense description of the business ties 
typically found between unrelated parties to be credible, especially in 
light of Ta Chen's inability to cite any evidence to the contrary.
    Finally, turning to Ta Chen's relationship with Sun through Mr. 
McLane's full ownership of Sun while holding a share of, and acting as 
a director for, Ta Chen, we find that substantial evidence of record in 
these reviews indicates that Mr. McLane's involvement with Sun predates 
the September 14, 1993 date claimed by Ta Chen. Mr. McLane, working 
with Mr. Mayes, established Sun and was actively engaging in sales of 
subject merchandise by 1992. The evidence of this is not, as Ta Chen 
characterizes it, hearsay. It is, in fact, the September 20, 1994 
report of a disinterested and credible organization, Dun & Bradstreet, 
whose reports are routinely relied upon by the business and investment 
communities in assessing businesses' creditworthiness. Dun & 
Bradstreet's source was Mr. Ken Mayes who, as the putative vice 
president and director of Sun, clearly had familiarity with the history 
and operations of this firm. In a May 27, 1994 interview with Dun & 
Bradstreet's analysts, Mr. Mayes stated that ``Sun Stainless, Inc.'' 
was started in 1992.9 Mr. Mayes noted that Mr. McLane was 
the president and he the vice president of Sun. Furthermore, the D&B 
report includes a ``fiscal statement'' covering the period from 
November 1, 1992 to October 31, 1993. This document shows that for the 
year ended October 31, 1993, Sun had millions of dollars in sales, 
accounts payable, and accounts receivable.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\ We note this date coincides with Ta Chen's decision to 
``exit the ESP business'' and to rely on newcomers to the pipe 
industry as its sole distributors in the United States. Thus, 
contrary to Ta Chen's assertions, the D&B report has not erroneously 
stated the founding date of San Shing USA, which existed as a 
distributor of fasteners manufactured by its parent, San Shing 
Hardware Works, Ltd., in Taiwan prior to its involvement in Ta 
Chen's pipe distribution. See Case Brief at 107.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    If, as Ta Chen claims, Frank McLane's Sun Stainless, Inc. only 
became operational as of November 1, 1993, there should have been no 
financial activity reported for the year prior to that date. Certainly, 
there would be no activity reported prior to September 1993 when Mr. 
McLane allegedly founded his new Sun Stainless, Inc. Perhaps 
recognizing this inconsistency, Ta Chen suggested in its August 2, 1995 
submission that

[t]he Dun & Bradstreets submitted by Petitioners on Frank McLane's 
Sun Stainless, Inc. obviously include the financial results of San 
Shing USA for the pre-October 31, 1993 period and the financial 
results of Frank McLane's Sun Stainless, Inc. for the period 
November 1, 1993 onward.

Ta Chen's August 2, 1995 submission at 3, n. 4 (original bracketing 
deleted).
    Ta Chen went on to speculate that ``D&B's reporting in this fashion 
may be useful, as the profitability of San Shing USA's assets during 
the pre-October 31, 1993 period may be a useful indicator of the 
financial performance of Frank McLane's Sun Stainless, Inc. during the 
post-November 1, 1993 period.'' Id. It is not at all obvious, however, 
that the D&B report for a putatively new corporate entity, Sun 
Stainless, Inc., would include the financial results for a separate 
party, San Shing. Unless Mr. Mayes incorrectly presented San Shing's 
financial results as Sun's own, Dun & Bradstreet could not have 
confused the two. Indeed, since San Shing used the name ``Sun 
Stainless, Inc.'' as a fictitious dba name only, any search for 
financial information on ``Sun Stainless, Inc.'' (as distinct from San 
Shing Hardware Works, USA), would be unavailing because, according to 
Ta Chen, Sun never really existed before September 1993, other than as 
a name on San Shing's invoice forms. Furthermore, if Sun had truly 
started as a new, independent entity in November 1993, the performance 
of San Shing in the prior year would be of little or no help in 
predicting how a new firm, with different ownership, different levels 
of financing, and different levels of business experience and 
expertise, would perform in the market.
    Mr. Mayes's May 27, 1994 statements to a disinterested person, 
i.e., Dun & Bradstreet, were made at a time when Mr. Mayes had no 
reason to foresee that petitioners and, later, the Department, would 
inquire as to the dates of Sun's establishment. To the contrary, his 
later statements on Ta Chen's behalf for the record of these reviews 
were made at a time when he had a direct interest in sustaining Ta 
Chen's claim that it was not related to Sun. We conclude that the 
information contained in the D&B report more accurately reflects the 
history of Frank McLane's Sun Stainless, Inc.10
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \10\ This same chronology was corroborated by a foreign market 
researcher retained by petitioners. See Petitioners' July 12, 1995 
submission at Attachment 5. Even if the D&B analysts interpreted 
erroneously Mr. Mayes's May 27, 1994 statements, it is clear that 
Mr. McLane negotiated the purchase of San Shing USA's inventory 
sometime prior to mid-September 1993, i.e., while he was still a 
shareholder in, and director of, Ta Chen.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To conclude, after an exhaustive examination of the record evidence 
in this case, we find that Ta Chen enjoyed complete control over the 
establishment, existence, and activities of both San Shing and Sun, and 
that as a result, Ta Chen was related to San Shing and Sun in 
accordance with section 771(13) of the pre-URAA Tariff Act.

Comment 3: Use of Best Information Available

    Even if the Department had the discretion to find Ta Chen related 
to San

[[Page 33260]]

Shing and Sun within the meaning of section 771(13) of the Tariff Act, 
Ta Chen argues, the Department nonetheless acted unlawfully in applying 
BIA to Ta Chen. According to Ta Chen, the Department never clearly 
requested from Ta Chen any information regarding control of San Shing 
or Sun by Ta Chen, and never indicated what such control might entail. 
Citing Sigma Corp. v. United States, 841 F. Supp. 1255 (CIT 1994), Ta 
Chen asserts that the Department cannot `` `expect a respondent to be a 
mind-reader' * * *  BIA cannot be imposed for failure to provide 
information that was not requested, or clearly requested.'' Case Brief 
at 112 (Ta Chen's emphasis omitted). Ta Chen also points to, inter 
alia, Usinor Sacilor v. United States, 907 F. Supp. 426, 427 (CIT 
1995), Creswell Trading Co., Inc. v. United States, 15 F. 3d 1054, 1062 
(Fed. Cir. 1994), Daewoo Electronic Co. v. United States, 13 CIT 253 
266, and Queen's Flowers de Colombia, et al., v. United States, Slip 
Op. 96-152 (CIT September 25, 1996) as supporting its contention that 
the Department may not penalize a respondent ``for failure to provide 
information on relationships which the respondent had no fair notice 
that the Department wanted.'' Case Brief at 112 through 114.
    The Preliminary Results are especially galling, Ta Chen charges, 
given what Ta Chen characterizes as the Department's oft-stated 
position that ``control indicia were irrelevant under the pre-[URAA] 
statute.'' Id. at 114. In cases involving financial inter-dependencies, 
interlocking and coordinated directors and officers, and de facto joint 
operation through, e.g., a Japanese keiretsu, Ta Chen claims, the 
Department has ``repeatedly and publicly'' stated that control was 
irrelevant to its analysis. Id.
    Furthermore, Ta Chen avers, Ta Chen submitted for the record the 
information relied upon by the Department as indicative of control 
prior to issuing any supplemental questionnaires in the 1992-1993 and 
1993-1994 reviews. With this information in hand, Ta Chen alleges, the 
Department issued supplemental questionnaires in both of these reviews, 
all covering Ta Chen's sales to San Shing and Sun. At no time, Ta Chen 
submits, did the Department ask Ta Chen to report the subsequent 
resales of Ta Chen pipe made by San Shing and Sun Stainless. Ta Chen 
argues that in Olympic Adhesives, Inc. v. United States, 899 F. 2d 
1565, 1573 (Fed. Cir. 1990) the Court of Appeals for the Federal 
Circuit (Federal Circuit) held that when a respondent answers fully the 
Department's questionnaire and receives a supplemental request 
``pursuing a different inquiry,'' the respondent has reasonable grounds 
for believing that the original queries were fully answered. Case Brief 
at 116. This holds a fortiori, Ta Chen continues, where the information 
concerning Ta Chen's relationships with San Shing and Sun was submitted 
prior to the Department's supplemental questionnaire. Why, Ta Chen 
asks, if the previous information ``clearly indicated'' that Ta Chen 
was related to San Shing and Sun, did the Department ask Ta Chen for 
wide-ranging information concerning Ta Chen's sales to San Shing and 
Sun, but never to report sales by San Shing and Sun? Ta Chen submits 
that it is not the Department's practice to determine that a response 
is inadequate in toto because a respondent reports the wrong body of 
U.S. sales, not to inform the respondent of the deficiency, to ask 
extensive questions about the putatively useless sales data, and only 
then to notify the respondent of what the Department now claims was 
evident all along: that the Department could not use Ta Chen's reported 
U.S. sales.
    Ta Chen concludes that the questionnaires it received did not state 
that parties could be considered related through control; therefore, Ta 
Chen declares, it would be unlawful for the Department to proceed with 
BIA because Ta Chen failed to address these control issues in its 
responses.
    If the Department continues to hold that Ta Chen's submitted U.S. 
sales data are unusable for these final results, Ta Chen nonetheless 
disputes the Preliminary Results' finding that Ta Chen failed to 
cooperate with the Department and, thus, deserves adverse (or ``first 
tier'') BIA. First, Ta Chen rejects the Department's conclusion that Ta 
Chen failed to disclose fully its relationships with San Shing and Sun. 
Rather, Ta Chen claims, it reported that Ta Chen was not related to San 
Shing and Sun as defined by the Tariff Act. Only later, Ta Chen avers, 
in the context of the 1994-1995 administrative review of WSSP did the 
Department phrase the question differently, asking Ta Chen to describe 
``all relationships'' with San Shing and Sun. Ta Chen asserts that it 
answered fully this broader inquiry in its November 12, 1996 response 
in that proceeding. Ta Chen dismisses petitioners' claim that Ta Chen 
was forthcoming with this new information only because of a separate 
legal proceeding as both speculative and irrelevant to these 
proceedings. Rather, Ta Chen holds, once the Department framed the 
question as it did in the 1994-1995 review, Ta Chen responded candidly.
    Ta Chen also claims that it explained accurately the provenance of 
the dba names used by San Shing and that, in any event, the Department 
failed to explain the significance of Ta Chen's account to the decision 
to apply uncooperative BIA. Furthermore, Ta Chen submits, in the 1993-
1994 POR all sales of subject WSSP to ``Sun Stainless, Inc.'' were to 
Frank McLane's Sun, not to San Shing and its dba Sun, thus making the 
derivation of these names especially irrelevant to the latter review 
period. Case Brief at 121, citing the Department's verification report 
for the 1992-1993 review. Ta Chen challenges the Preliminary Results' 
conclusion that Ta Chen misled the Department with respect to the 
origin of the dba names. According to Ta Chen, its November 12, 1996 
submission never claimed that ``all of the dba names would appear in 
the Ta Chen customer list submitted in the original [LTFV] 
investigation.'' Id. Rather, Ta Chen argues, only some of these names 
would be drawn from the customer list with the remainder selected 
because they were ``American[-]sounding.'' Id. In any event, Ta Chen 
continues, the record does indicate the prior existence of six of the 
eight dba names Ta Chen claims were used by San Shing. Ta Chen claims 
that Charles Reid, with whom the Department spoke at the October 1994 
verification, was also owner of Wholesale Alloys, one of the dba names. 
As to the use of the name Sun, Ta Chen asserts:

[t]he record does not establish the prior existence of the name Sun 
in the market. But what the record does show is that San Shing 
essentially went by the name Sun. That is what it was known as in 
the market and the vast bulk of its sales were under the name Sun. 
For someone to have the mindset that this was a company known as 
Sun, but on occasion using other dba names, would be reasonable and 
reflect the reality of the situation.

Case Brief at 123.
    As for one customer name, Anderson Alloys (Anderson), Ta Chen 
insists that the Department in the Preliminary Results has assumed 
incorrectly that the Anderson of South Carolina is the same as San 
Shing's dba Anderson Alloys. The record, Ta Chen notes, is replete with 
references to two Andersons. The Anderson allegedly owned and operated 
by Charles Reid had a South Carolina mailing address; any sales to this 
Anderson, Ta Chen avers, can be segregated in Ta Chen's U.S. sales 
listing through use of this address. Furthermore, Ta Chen declares, all 
sales to Anderson in the 1993-1994 POR were to the South Carolina firm, 
as San Shing USA was no longer using the dba designation Anderson 
Alloys. ``By then,

[[Page 33261]]

Sun was of course a sufficiently known company in the market that there 
was no reason to use dba designations for name recognition.'' Case 
Brief at 125.
    Ta Chen takes issue with petitioners' attempt to portray the use of 
dba names as part of an effort to conceal sales to San Shing. Citing 
its October 20, 1994 submission in the 1992-1993 review, Ta Chen claims 
that it reported its U.S. sales to the Department using the names as 
appearing on the invoices TCI issued to the customer. For example, Ta 
Chen continues, a majority of its invoices to San Shing bore the name 
``Sun Stainless, Inc.'', and were so reported. Other sales to San Shing 
under its other dba names were likewise reported using the applicable 
dba name. Furthermore, Ta Chen argues, its submitted sales data reflect 
a trend where sales to the various dbas were supplanted by sales 
exclusively to Sun Stainless, Inc., as ``Sun became more well-known and 
the use of alternative dba names became unnecessary.'' Case Brief at 
127.
    As for the sales contracts between Ta Chen and San Shing, and 
between San Shing and Frank McLane, Ta Chen avers that these documents 
were not unusual, nor did they provide substantial grounds for adverse 
BIA. Contrary to the Preliminary Results, Ta Chen claims that the June 
1992 contract, while allowing the possibility of future negotiations, 
did, in fact, set the prices for the sale of San Shing's inventory to 
Frank McLane. According to Ta Chen, sales contracts often omit price 
terms when, e.g., ``the parties in their repeated dealings have 
customarily set the price at a later date,'' or in the face of risks of 
a ``fluctuating market, particularly where delivery is postponed a 
considerable period of time (for example, `delivery six months from 
today.')'' Case Brief at 129, quoting, respectively, Nelson, Deborah 
L., and Jennifer L. Howicz, Williston on Sales, 5th Ed. at 377, and 
Hawkland, Will D., Uniform Commercial Code Series, Sec. 2-305:01 at 301 
(1997). Under the two-year term of the contract between Ta Chen and San 
Shing, Ta Chen submits, the open-ended nature of this contract was not 
remarkable. Ta Chen also claims that the first such purchase, which 
entailed all of TCI's then-existing U.S. inventory of WSSP, was 
concluded prior to the preliminary LTFV determination in this case, 
thereby averting suspension of liquidation. According to Ta Chen, the 
second incremental purchase six months later was timed to permit TCI to 
sell all of its existing inventory of fittings prior to suspension of 
liquidation in that investigation. See Preliminary Determination of 
Sales at Less Than Fair Value: Certain Stainless Steel Butt-Weld Pipe 
Fittings From Taiwan, 57 FR 61047 (December 23, 1992). Ta Chen asserts 
that such agreements between Ta Chen and San Shing were not improvident 
and that, in any event, these contracts are irrelevant for purposes of 
the Tariff Act. The Department, Ta Chen alleges, failed to explain why 
an ``unusual'' contract would suffice to treat the respondent with 
adverse BIA. Case Brief at 132. When confronted with similar contracts 
in other cases, Ta Chen argues, the Department concluded that the 
contracts were ``not necessary or relevant to calculation of the 
dumping margin,'' and have never been the basis for imposing 
uncooperative BIA. Id.
    With respect to Mr. Mayes's involvement with Ta Chen, San Shing and 
Sun, Ta Chen maintains that this is also an inappropriate basis for 
resorting to adverse BIA. Mr. Mayes, Ta Chen declares, worked for Ta 
Chen, later worked for San Shing, and later still worked for Mr. 
McLane's Sun; however, ``[Mr.] Mayes never worked for Ta Chen and Sun 
at the same time.'' Ta Chen submits that an employee leaving one 
company to work for another ``happens all the time.'' Case Brief at 
133. As to Ta Chen's previous statement that Mr. Mayes was never 
``employed by San Shing,'' Ta Chen claims that it did note that Mr. 
Mayes was an ``independent contractor'' for San Shing. An independent 
contractor is not, Ta Chen declares, an employee. Case Brief at 134. As 
to monies paid by Ta Chen to Mr. Mayes after his alleged departure from 
TCI, Ta Chen insists that there was a single payment in 1995 pursuant 
to the standing agreement between Ta Chen and Mr. Mayes. According to 
Ta Chen, in return for helping Ta Chen get its start in the U.S. pipe 
market by turning over his customer lists to Ta Chen, Mr. Mayes would 
become eligible for a one-time payment should Ta Chen reach a specific 
profit level. Ta Chen suggests that ``in a cyclical steel industry, 
where, when profits are good, they are great,'' achieving this level of 
profit was ``almost an inevitability.'' Case Brief at 135. Ta Chen 
charges once again that the Department has created a per se rule that 
payment of money by one party to another is tantamount to employment by 
the former of the latter. Rather, Ta Chen concludes, this one-time 
profit-sharing payment conferred no ownership rights and is, thus, 
irrelevant to the issue of related parties.
    Ta Chen next assails the Department's characterization in the 
Preliminary Results that Ta Chen misled the Department with respect to 
the debt-financing arrangements between Ta Chen and San Shing and Ta 
Chen and Sun. According to Ta Chen, its descriptions of these 
arrangements were ``consistent'' and ``clear'' throughout these 
reviews. Ta Chen insists that as early as July 1994 the record 
indicated that San Shing's accounts receivable were ``not securing San 
Shing's debt to TCI but, rather, Ta Chen's debt to a Los Angeles 
bank.'' Case Brief at 137. Furthermore, Ta Chen disagrees with the 
Preliminary Results' conclusion that it had misled the Department 
through its various characterizations of the debt arrangements. That Ta 
Chen pursued one argument to rebut the petitioners' submission as to 
the implication of the debt assignment, and later pursued a different 
argument to address petitioners' documentary evidence of those 
assignments is not, Ta Chen insists, a basis for concluding that Ta 
Chen misled the Department. Finally, Ta Chen avers, the relevance of Ta 
Chen's submissions addressing the security arrangements is unclear 
given the ``undefined'' nature of the Department's control test. As for 
the 1993-1994 review, Ta Chen claims the alternating arguments in the 
cited submissions were only presented in the 1992-1993 review; thus, 
they are irrelevant with respect to a BIA decision in the later review 
period.
    Ta Chen claims further that the Department's verification reports 
in the first administrative review confirm that the company cooperated 
fully with the Department. Ta Chen states that it answered accurately 
every question asked, and supplied all requested documents. ``There 
is,'' Ta Chen insists, ``no record evidence otherwise.'' Id. at 139 and 
140. Noting the free access granted to the Department's verifiers, Ta 
Chen concludes that ``[n]ever once did the verifiers state that, per a 
control standard for relatedness, they were now going to address common 
indicia of control, or ask questions thereon. There are no statements 
in any of the verification reports otherwise.'' Case Brief at 140. Ta 
Chen dismisses the Preliminary Results' claim that Ta Chen withheld 
relevant information from the verifiers ``[d]espite repeated probing by 
[the] verifiers,'' claiming that the Preliminary Results failed to 
explain what this ``repeated probing'' involved. Id., quoting the 
Department's Preliminary Results Analysis Memorandum at 9. Ta Chen 
claims that the concern expressed by the Department during verification 
was whether one party owned the other, not whether one party controlled 
another. ``Nothing was said or asked by the verifiers to suggest 
otherwise.'' Id. The Department cannot, Ta Chen insists,

[[Page 33262]]

resort to BIA where it ``does not have the information it wants because 
it did not ask the right questions.'' Id. at 141. Furthermore, even if 
an alleged failure to be forthcoming in the October 1994 verification 
could be cited as grounds for adverse BIA in the 1992-1993 
administrative review, Ta Chen continues, such is not the case for the 
1993-1994 period of review. Conceding that it has, in fact, entered the 
relevant portions of the 1994 verification reports into the records of 
the 1993-1994 WSSP review and the 1992-1994 review of butt-weld pipe 
fittings, Ta Chen nevertheless insists that it ``did not use the 
verification in the first pipe review to conceal its relationship with 
[San Shing and] Sun in these other reviews.'' Case Brief at 142.
    Comparing its treatment at the hands of the Department in the 
instant reviews to that of respondents in other proceedings, Ta Chen 
suggests that the Department has elsewhere allowed far more egregious 
conduct to pass without resort to first-tier BIA. For example, Ta Chen 
cites a review of Antifriction Bearings (except Tapered Roller 
Bearings) From France, et al., 57 FR 28360 (June 24, 1992), where the 
Department applied uncooperative BIA only to those companies that 
failed to respond to the questionnaire altogether. There, Ta Chen 
submits, the Department applied second-tier BIA to other firms despite 
``extensive misrepresentations and omission in [the firms'] 
questionnaire responses.'' Id. Likewise, Ta Chen cites Emerson Power 
Transmission Corp. v. United States, 903 F.Supp. 48 (CIT 1995) 
(Emerson), and NSK, Ltd. v. United States, 910 F.Supp. 663 (CIT 1995) 
(NSK) for the proposition that second-tier BIA is ``proper and 
consistent with'' Departmental practice where a respondent has tried 
but failed to cooperate. Id. at 144, quoting NSK, Ltd. v. United 
States. In addition, Ta Chen avers, a Binational Panel Review convened 
pursuant to Article 1904 of the North American Free Trade Act concluded 
that the Department must impose second-tier BIA in light of the 
respondents' ``repeated efforts to provide answers to the Department's 
numerous questionnaires.'' Id.
    Ta Chen notes that the Department applied second-tier BIA in 
Certain Small Business Telephones From Taiwan, 59 FR 66912 (December 
28, 1994), and Certain Fresh Cut Flowers From Colombia, 59 FR 15159 
(March 31, 1994), even though respondents in these proceedings 
improperly reported U.S. sales to related parties, improperly 
classified ESP sales as PP sales, and misreported data which were 
crucial to the antidumping calculations. In Sugiyama Chain Co., Ltd. v. 
United States, 852 F. Supp. 1003 (CIT 1994), a case spanning seven 
review periods, Ta Chen points out that the Department relied upon 
second-tier cooperative BIA despite Sugiyama's failure to report its 
sixty percent equity relationship with its ``dominant'' home market 
customer. In addition, Ta Chen claims, the Department found that 
Sugiyama failed to provide its financial statements, had significant 
unrecorded transactions, and could not reconcile its U.S. and home 
market sales listings. Yet, Ta Chen asserts, the Department applied 
cooperative BIA in all but one of the seven reviews at bar. Ta Chen 
argues that because it disclosed the information upon which the 
Department based its related-party determination (as distinct from the 
Sugiyama case, where the Department discovered this information on its 
own), Ta Chen should not be a candidate for first-tier uncooperative 
BIA.
    As for the choice of a BIA margin, Ta Chen takes issue with the 
Department's use of the highest margin from the petition as BIA in the 
Preliminary Results. In Certain Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes 
From Thailand, 62 FR 17590 (April 10, 1997), Ta Chen maintains, the 
Department used an average of the petition margins as BIA even though 
(i) the Department discovered purchases from and sales to affiliated 
parties and (ii) the parties' affiliation was evident on the basis of 
common stock ownership and, thus, the respondent should have known to 
report the affiliated-party transactions. Similarly, according to Ta 
Chen, in Brass Sheet and Strip From Sweden, 57 FR 29278 (July 1, 1992), 
the Department rejected a respondent's questionnaire response in toto, 
applying first-tier BIA; yet, Ta Chen notes, despite what it 
characterizes as the more egregious failings of the company's 
questionnaire response, the Department assigned as adverse BIA the 
respondent's own margin from the LTFV investigation. Selection of a BIA 
margin, Ta Chen asserts, should be based upon an objective reading of 
the respondent's cooperation, rather than any subjective and 
speculative standard of intent. Id. at 148 and 151.
    Ta Chen urges the Department to use as BIA Ta Chen's cash deposit 
rate from the LTFV investigation, claiming this would be sufficient to 
``motivate cooperation'' on the part of Ta Chen. Id. at 153. Ta Chen 
reasons that it requested the three pending administrative reviews in 
order to reduce its antidumping liabilities; if the Department 
reinstated the prior cash deposit rate of 3.27 percent, ``Ta Chen's 
purpose in participating in these reviews will have been completely 
undermined.'' Case Brief at 153. Ta Chen draws a distinction between 
the pending reviews of WSSP and other cases wherein a respondent is 
required to participate in an administrative review sought by a 
petitioner; in the latter case, Ta Chen argues, the threat of a higher 
margin suggested by petitioner serves to induce respondents' 
cooperation. This is especially so, Ta Chen argues, where the possible 
revocation of the antidumping duty order with respect to the respondent 
hangs in the balance. Ta Chen suggests that it requested the first 
three reviews of WSSP with the expectation that it would receive zero 
or de minimis margins in all three and, thereby, be eligible for 
revocation. Failure to cooperate in the instant reviews, Ta Chen 
concludes, would defeat Ta Chen's purpose in requesting these reviews 
in the first place.
    Ta Chen distinguishes these reviews from the issue before the Court 
in Industria de Fundicao Tupy and American Iron & Alloys Corp. v. 
United States (Industria de Fundicao), 936 F. Supp. 1009, 1019 (CIT 
1989). In contrast to these reviews of WSSP, Ta Chen submits, the 
review at issue in Tupy was requested by the petitioners. In light of 
Tupy's failure to cooperate, Ta Chen notes, petitioners in that case 
presented evidence that Tupy's existing dumping margin would be 
insufficient to induce cooperation. There, Ta Chen concludes, the 
Department also used an average of the margins alleged in the 
antidumping petition in setting Tupy's BIA margin.
    Ta Chen also faults the 31.90 percent BIA margin presented in the 
Preliminary Results as unlawfully punitive, contending that it is not 
probative of current conditions. Consistent with the holdings of the 
Federal Circuit in D&L Supply Co, Inc. v. United States, (D&L Supply) 
1997 WL 230117 at 2 (Fed. Cir. May 8, 1997), Ta Chen asserts that there 
is an ``interest in selecting a rate that has some relationship to 
commercial practices in the particular industry.'' Case Brief at 155, 
quoting D&L Supply. Rather, Ta Chen argues, the Department has already 
verified that Ta Chen's margins should be 3.27 percent for the WSSP 
case and 0.67 percent for the pipe fittings case. These past margins, 
Ta Chen submits, are ``substantial evidence'' as to Ta Chen's expected 
future dumping of subject merchandise. Id. at 156. Ta Chen urges the 
Department to disregard the margins suggested in the petition in favor 
of the

[[Page 33263]]

verified dumping margins from the appropriate LTFV determination.
    Ta Chen also suggests that the failure of petitioners in this case 
to request a review of Ta Chen for the first three PORs is indicative 
of petitioners' belief that Ta Chen is not dumping WSSP into the U.S. 
market. In administrative reviews requested solely by a respondent who 
then fails to cooperate, Ta Chen argues, the Department's practice is 
to impose second-tier BIA. The Department's treatment of Ta Chen in the 
instant reviews, Ta Chen asserts, constitutes another per se rule 
(i.e., that it is irrelevant whether respondents or petitioners 
requested the review when selecting BIA), which is contrary to the 
Department's practice of deciding BIA issues on a case-by-case basis.
    In addition, Ta Chen notes what it sees as significant changes in 
the U.S. market since publication of the antidumping duty order. Ta 
Chen claims that it is no longer forced to compete against other 
Taiwanese producers of WSSP who, according to Ta Chen, largely withdrew 
from the U.S. market after the imposition of antidumping duties. In 
support of this contention, Ta Chen quotes from a 1996 determination by 
the Canadian International Trade Tribunal which concludes that 
``Taiwanese producers other than Ta Chen have been excluded from the 
U.S. market.'' Ta Chen's Case Brief at 166 and 167. Ta Chen also 
insists that the health of the U.S. industry has improved markedly 
since the original investigation in this case. Id. at 162 and 163, 
citing Welded Stainless Steel Pipe From Malaysia, ITC Pub. No. 2744 
(March 1994).
    According to Ta Chen, petitioners' inaction is especially relevant 
in light of statements made by representatives of the U.S. industry in 
other antidumping proceedings. For instance, Ta Chen claims that the 
U.S. industry testified before the Commission in the investigation of 
welded stainless steel pipe from Malaysia that the imposition of 
antidumping duties on WSSP from Taiwan had effectively eliminated 
dumping by Taiwanese producers. See ITC Pub. No. 2744 at I-10. Ta Chen 
cites a telephone conversation purportedly held between the president 
of a U.S. pipe producer and Robert Shieh wherein this individual stated 
that he did not think a review of Ta Chen was necessary. Case Brief at 
158. In a similar vein, Ta Chen cites the testimony of Mr. Avento, 
president of the U.S. pipe producer Bristol Metals, insisting that 
``Taiwan imports have been checked by the antidumping laws.'' Ta Chen's 
Case Brief at 162, quoting Economic Effects of Antidumping and 
Countervailing Duty Orders and Suspension Agreements, ITC Pub. No. 2900 
(June 1995). Ta Chen argues that these statements ``support a [zero] 
percent dumping finding for Ta Chen.'' Id. at 163. Furthermore, Ta Chen 
suggests that these statements, coming after the original petition in 
this case, are more indicative of present market conditions. Ta Chen 
also cites to statements submitted by Ta Chen into the record of these 
reviews from the pipe company president and another purchaser of Ta 
Chen's WSSP and stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings, both claiming 
that Ta Chen was not dumping at 31.90 percent margins through San Shing 
and Sun. Taken together, Ta Chen submits that petitioners' failure to 
request a review, and the subsequent statements as to the state of the 
U.S. market for WSSP after imposition of antidumping duties, indicate 
that petitioners have ``repudiated [the 31.90 percent margin] as 
inapplicable to more recent time periods, including the period[s] of 
these reviews.'' Id. at 165. Furthermore, Ta Chen argues, the 31.90 
percent rate applied to producers other than Ta Chen and is, thus, 
``irrelevant and unlawful.''
    Petitioners reject Ta Chen's description of events in these 
reviews, charging that ``Ta Chen is a scofflaw and has lied to the 
Department.'' Rebuttal Brief at 31. According to petitioners, Ta Chen's 
``convoluted and excessive contentions and claims'' do not alter the 
simple issue in these reviews. First, petitioners contend, Ta Chen did, 
in fact, know from the outset that the Department was seeking a full 
reporting of Ta Chen's sales in the United States to unrelated parties. 
Petitioners insist that Ta Chen was ``fairly, timely, and pointedly'' 
asked by the Department whether or not it was related through equity 
ownership or control or otherwise to any of its U.S. customers. 
Petitioners also argue that the questionnaires were clear in requiring 
Ta Chen to report only sales in the United States to unrelated 
purchasers. Rebuttal Brief at 31 and 32.
    Second, petitioners continue, Ta Chen knew precisely what was being 
asked of it by the Department and acted deliberately to conceal from 
the Department the true nature of its related-party transactions 
through San Shing and Sun Stainless. Petitioners point to what they 
term the ``glaring omissions'' of Ta Chen in these reviews, such as its 
failure to even mention the existence of San Shing until petitioners 
identified it in the record, and its inability to document Mr. McLane's 
alleged purchase of San Shing's assets in the fall of 1993. Such 
omissions, petitioners argue, cannot be reconciled with Ta Chen's 
portrayal of itself as a ``confused, cooperative respondent that has 
been misled and treated unfairly by the Department.'' Id. at 33.
    Third, petitioners suggest that Ta Chen deliberately decided to 
misreport the proper body of its U.S. sales by claiming San Shing's 
various dbas as unrelated customers. Ta Chen has persisted with this 
sham, petitioners charge, throughout the Department's verifications in 
October 1994 (in the 1992-1993 administrative review), June 1997 (in 
the 1994-1995 review), and to the present day. Id. at 33.
    Finally, petitioners characterize Ta Chen as ``an intransigently 
uncooperative respondent,'' that has ``in the most egregious manner 
conceivable'' attempted to compromise the integrity of the Department's 
administration of the antidumping law. According to petitioners, Ta 
Chen has done so by simultaneously submitting reams of unusable data 
while ``deliberately withholding critical information'' necessary for 
the Department's analysis. Id. at 34 and 35. Citing the chronology of 
events in these reviews, petitioners accuse Ta Chen of working to 
deceive the Department, withholding critical evidence and ``attempting 
to explain away'' unfavorable evidence it could not suppress. These 
explanations, petitioners maintain, ``are not substantiated by the 
record and are so divorced from commercial reality as to be patently 
ridiculous.'' Id. Accusing Ta Chen of ``a manipulative disdain for and 
an offensive disregard of the antidumping law,'' petitioners urge the 
Department to assign total adverse BIA to Ta Chen. Id.
    Petitioners dismiss Ta Chen's protestations that it has been a 
cooperative respondent in these reviews, terming Ta Chen's reported 
sales data ``a deliberate hoax.'' Rebuttal Brief at 2. Resort to 
uncooperative BIA, petitioners insist, is ``not only justified, but 
essential to the integrity of the administrative process.'' Id. 
Petitioners suggest that Ta Chen's belated admissions contained in Ta 
Chen's November 12, 1996 submission in the third administrative review 
owed more to a grand jury investigation of Ta Chen, ``and not to the 
sudden realization by Ta Chen that this material was considered to be 
relevant * * * Ta Chen chose rather to deceive the Department insofar 
as possible.'' Id. at 3.
    Petitioners point to the following as examples of Ta Chen's 
fraudulent deception in these reviews:

     Despite making the overwhelming majority of it sales in 
the first review to San Shing, Ta Chen never acknowledged the 
existence of San Shing in its questionnaire

[[Page 33264]]

responses or sales listings until forced to by petitioners' July 18, 
1994 submission. Nor, petitioners claim, has Ta Chen explained 
convincingly why it failed to volunteer this information;
     With respect to the use of dba names, Ta Chen's 
description has been inconsistent and, in any event, unbelievable. 
That Ta Chen would turn its U.S. sales operations over to San Shing, 
which had no prior experience in the stainless steel industry, and 
that Ta Chen's previous customers would lend their names to San 
Shing (thus undercutting their own livelihoods) is, petitioners 
aver, unsubstantiated;
     The August 3, 1994 dissolution of San Shing, falling a 
mere sixteen days after petitioners first called the Department's 
attention to San Shing's role in the first administrative review, 
further reinforces the conclusion, petitioners maintain, that Ta 
Chen ``fraudulently'' failed to cooperate in these reviews. Contrary 
to Ta Chen's proffered explanations, petitioners insist, ``San 
Shing's involvement having been discovered, Ta Chen acted promptly 
in early August 1994 to remove San Shing from the Department's 
scrutiny as much as possible'';
     Further unsubstantiated, according to petitioners, are 
Ta Chen's claims with respect to Frank McLane's alleged purchase of 
San Shing in October 1993. The reason this sale has not been 
substantiated, petitioners charge, is that it never took place. 
Petitioners contrast the ``dearth of documentation'' regarding Mr. 
McLane's purchase of San Shing with the July 1995 sale of Sun 
Stainless, Inc. to Picol Enterprises, which occurred after Ta Chen 
had known of petitioners' concerns regarding Sun for more than a 
year. Even if events unfolded as Ta Chen has claimed, petitioners 
continue, ``[w]hile an officer and member of the board of directors 
of Ta Chen until some unspecified time in October 1993, Frank McLane 
could not have negotiated on his own behalf to purchase San Shing's 
assets [i.e., Ta Chen pipe and pipe fittings] * * * and still be in 
harmony with his fiduciary duties as an officer and member of the 
board of directors of Ta Chen.''
     With respect to the D&B report on Sun, petitioners note 
that Ken Mayes provided Dun & Bradstreet with the information 
contained in the report on May 27, 1994, before petitioners voiced 
concern over the activities of San Shing and Sun; at that time, 
petitioners contend, Mr Mayes ``had no reason to miscite Sun 
Stainless'' date of establishment and roster of officers from its 
inception.'' Ta Chen's assertions that Mr. McLane had no involvement 
with Sun prior to November 1993 are, petitioners insist, 
unsubstantiated, and are based upon claims that are also 
unsubstantiated;
     Petitioners stand by their foreign market research, 
portions of which are in the record of these reviews, which 
indicated through interviews with Ta Chen officials that Sun 
Stainless was created by Ta Chen expressly to circumvent antidumping 
duty liability.

Rebuttal Brief at pages 3 through 9.
    According to petitioners, the pattern of facts cited above proves 
that Ta Chen has ``actively tried to deceive the Department,'' both 
through its failure to report accurately is U.S. sales and by 
concealing the true nature of its ties to San Shing and Sun. Id. at 9. 
Furthermore, petitioners charge, each time petitioners submitted 
information which they claim Ta Chen rightly should have volunteered, 
Ta Chen ``has quickly reacted to cover its fraud and thereby has 
compounded its fraud.'' Rebuttal Brief at 9. ``In essence,'' 
petitioners continue, ``the same group of individuals, among them Frank 
McLane, Kou-An Lee [the president of San Shing Hardware Works, Ltd. in 
Taiwan], Chih Chou Chang, and the president of Ta Chen and Ta Chen 
International, Robert Shieh--have simply used different corporate names 
to conduct their common business, jettisoning one name and moving on to 
the next whenever their charade was in jeopardy of being discovered.'' 
Id. at 10. The clearest illustration of Ta Chen's fraud, petitioners 
maintain, is its failure to even name San Shing as a customer in the 
first review, and its inability to document the origins of ``Sun 
Stainless, Inc.'' And once petitioners alerted the Department to these 
activities, petitioners contend, San Shing was dissolved as a corporate 
entity in an effort by Ta Chen to ``perpetuate its misreporting 
scheme.''
    Likewise, petitioners dismiss Ta Chen's assertion that it 
voluntarily provided all the relevant facts concerning San Shing and 
Sun in its November 12, 1996 submission. Petitioners characterize Ta 
Chen's case brief as exhibiting ``utter contempt for the statute and an 
extraordinary brazenness'' in its efforts to demonstrate both that Ta 
Chen did not appreciate the relevance of this information and that the 
ties among Ta Chen, San Shing, and Sun are commonplace in the U.S. 
stainless steel pipe industry. Ta Chen's protestations, petitioners 
claim, ``ring hollow,'' especially in light of petitioners' numerous 
submissions challenging Ta Chen's activities with respect to San Shing 
and Sun, and the Department's extraordinary verifications in October 
1994. In fact, petitioners view Ta Chen's continued claims of 
cooperation as further evidence of bad faith on Ta Chen's part.
    Petitioners turn next to Ta Chen's lengthy arguments that it did, 
in fact, cooperate fully with the Department in these reviews. 
Petitioners emphasize that there was never any doubt as to which body 
of U.S. sales data the Department required from Ta Chen. Given the 
unambiguous language of the statute, petitioners aver, ``Ta Chen's 
efforts to find refuge'' in defining related parties solely in terms of 
equity ownership ``is so much chicanery.'' Rebuttal Brief at 32. 
Petitioners insist that anything less than first-tier BIA ``would 
reward Ta Chen for flagrantly and fraudulently disregarding the statute 
and the Department's regulations and questionnaires.'' Id. at 33.
    As for the choice of BIA margins, petitioners urge the Department 
to dismiss Ta Chen's argument that use of the 31.90 percent rate as BIA 
would be unlawful. According to petitioners, the Department's 
application of BIA is ``discretionary and case-by-case in nature.'' Id. 
The Department's BIA methodology must be consistent with the statute, 
petitioners aver; beyond that, the Department ``is not required to 
supply a `reasoned analysis' justifying its adoption of best 
information otherwise available.'' Id., citing Allied Signal Aerospace 
Co. v. United States, 28 F.3d 1188, 1191 (Fed. Cir. 1994), and National 
Steel Corp. v. United States, 870 F. Supp. 1130, 1135 (CIT 1994). Nor, 
petitioners argue, should the Department be swayed by Ta Chen's claims 
that its misreporting in these reviews has been less severe than that 
of respondents in other cases that received second-tier BIA. According 
to petitioners, Ta Chen's behavior in these reviews ``strikes at the 
essence of the Department's authority,'' making reliance on the 31.90 
percent rate ``reasonable.'' Rebuttal Brief at 34, n.11. Petitioners 
also reject Ta Chen's claims that the 31.90 percent rate has been 
verified as wrong, noting that this rate ``has stood for nearly five 
years as the rate given as the best information available to two other 
similarly uncooperative Taiwanese respondents.'' Id. Petitioners insist 
that use of total BIA is appropriate where, as here, a respondent's 
submitted information is so flawed that the ``response as a whole is 
rendered unusable.'' Id. at 34, citing Rhone Poulenc, Inc. v. United 
States, 710 F. Supp. 341, 346 (CIT 1989), aff'd, 899 F.2d 1185 (1990). 
Ta Chen's submitted data are ``so badly skewed,'' petitioners insist, 
as to render its entire response ``unreliable and unusable.'' Id.

Department's Position

    As is clear from our responses to Comments One and Two, Ta Chen 
submitted the improper body of U.S. sales to the Department. The U.S. 
sales data submitted by Ta Chen in the 1992-1993 and 1993-1994 
administrative reviews cannot be relied upon in calculating Ta Chen's 
antidumping margins. These flaws affect such a vast majority of Ta 
Chen's U.S. sales in both reviews as to render its questionnaire 
responses unuseable in toto.

[[Page 33265]]

    We also agree with petitioners that, through its persistent refusal 
to disclose fully its relationships with San Shing and Sun, despite our 
repeated inquiries into these relationships, Ta Chen impeded the 
conduct of these administrative reviews and did not act to the best of 
its ability by providing complete, accurate and verifiable responses to 
the Department's questionnaires.
    As a factual matter, we reject Ta Chen's claims that the Department 
never clearly requested information from Ta Chen concerning its sales 
to unrelated customers in the United States, or that the Department was 
in some way remiss in failing to seek data on San Shing's or Sun's 
downstream sales. In fact, the only reason we did not insist 
immediately that Ta Chen report San Shing's and Sun's sales as its 
first sales to unrelated customers in the United States is because the 
full extent of these relationships was not known until well after we 
had received and verified Ta Chen's original and supplemental responses 
in the first review. In our original antidumping questionnaires, issued 
March 16, 1994 in the 1992-1993 review, and March 2, 1995 in the 1993-
1994 review, we asked Ta Chen to report its first U.S. sales to 
unrelated customers, and provided the statutory definition of related 
parties, including the references to parties being related ``through 
stock ownership or control or otherwise,'' at Appendix II. Ta Chen 
instead reported sales to numerous customers, representing each of 
these as Ta Chen's separate and unrelated customers. Despite the fact 
that well over eighty percent of Ta Chen's U.S. sales in the first 
review were to San Shing, Ta Chen never acknowledged this company's 
existence in its initial questionnaire response. When petitioners first 
obtained business and real estate records indicating that Ta Chen might 
be related to these parties, Ta Chen admitted the existence of San 
Shing, and presented the wholly unconvincing story of San Shing's 
entrance into the United States market (see below for more on this 
point).
    The Department issued its supplemental questionnaire in the 1992-
1993 review on July 19, 1994, or one day after petitioners' first 
allegations concerning San Shing and Sun. On August 12, 1994, Ta Chen 
filed its 274-page supplemental questionnaire response. While this 
response included a revised U.S. sales listing and voluminous narrative 
and statistical information, again Ta Chen made no mention of San 
Shing.
    As petitioners adduced additional evidence pointing to Ta Chen's 
failure to disclose relevant information, however, Ta Chen proffered 
arguments why the Department should not inquire further into these 
relationships. Due to petitioners' related-party allegations, however, 
the Department sent a team of verifiers to Tainan and to Long Beach in 
October 1994 to verify Ta Chen's questionnaire responses in the 1992--
1993 review. Ta Chen argues now that the results of these 
verifications, as outlined in the Department's reports for the record, 
prove conclusively that Ta Chen cooperated fully in these reviews. To 
the contrary, the results of these verifications do not support Ta 
Chen's claims that it cooperated with the Department. Despite an 
extensive verification of related-party issues, Ta Chen withheld all of 
the information concerning its extensive ties to San Shing and Sun. We 
were able to verify only those aspects of the control indicia for which 
petitioners had already produced documentary evidence for the record. 
Ta Chen provided information concerning (i) the dates Mr. McLane 
allegedly sold his stock in Ta Chen, and (ii) Mr. Shieh's ownership of 
the real property allegedly rented first to San Shing and then to Sun, 
including the arm's-length nature of the monthly rents charged by Mr. 
Shieh. Despite having free access to any employee, and despite 
reviewing TCI's correspondence files with relevant customers, including 
San Shing and Sun, and Ta Chen's correspondence files with TCI, we did 
not find a single memorandum, letter, facsimile message, phone message, 
or any other communication concerning the check-signing ability, the 
computer access, the debt-financing arrangements, the shared employees, 
etc. And, Ta Chen's protestations notwithstanding, the verifiers did 
indeed ask questions about, inter alia, the facts of, and reasons for, 
Mr. McLane's establishment of the second ``Sun Stainless, Inc.,'' Mr. 
Shieh's rental of property to San Shing and Sun, and other questions 
about their dealings. The Department also polled other offices within 
the International Trade Administration for information on Ta Chen, and 
interviewed third parties, such as the president of San Shing Hardware 
Works, Ltd. in Tainan and several of Ta Chen's putative U.S. agents 
(including Mr. Reid) in Long Beach.11 See Memoranda, Holly 
A. Kuga to Robert Chu, Ian Davis, Dan Duvall, and to Charles Bell, 
dated October 5, 1994. Clearly, all of these efforts were to determine 
if the transactions between these parties were at arm's length. And all 
were equally unavailing.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \11\ It should be noted that none of these individuals provided 
any information about Ta Chen's and TCI's ties to San Shing and Sun.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Therefore, contrary to the claims in Ta Chen's Case Brief, after 
two sales and two cost questionnaire responses, and full home market 
and U.S. sales and cost-of-production verifications, Ta Chen disclosed 
nothing about the nature of its ties to San Shing and Sun. Finally, in 
November and December 1996, Ta Chen made further partial disclosures of 
the facts surrounding its relationships with San Shing and Sun. The 
incomplete nature of these disclosures was made clear when Ta Chen, in 
its September 3, 1997 Case Brief, disclosed additional salient 
information for the first time: Ta Chen identified two additional dba 
names used by San Shing during this period. Ta Chen's partial and 
belated disclosure of relevant factual information casts further doubt 
on the reliability of its reported sales data as a whole.
    Had Ta Chen had any concerns or questions as to the statutory 
definition of related parties, it could have contacted the Department's 
officials, as instructed in the questionnaires. Further, petitioners' 
July 1994, October 1994, and July 1995 allegations concerning San Shing 
and Sun, and the Department's attendant focus upon this issue, put Ta 
Chen on notice that its relationships with San Shing and Sun were a 
major issue in these reviews. Instead, Ta Chen released information 
piecemeal and incompletely.
    Ta Chen's explanations for its behavior during these reviews are in 
themselves problematic. As a preliminary matter, they are not credible 
from a business standpoint when one looks beyond the text of the legal 
arguments. Ta Chen has claimed that in 1992 it elected to ``exit the 
``ESP business,''' essentially because reporting ESP sales in the wake 
of the antidumping duty order would be too burdensome. See Ta Chen's 
July 28, 1994 submission at 8 and 9. Ta Chen continues:

[t]he market void created by Ta Chen's withdrawal from the ``ESP 
business''--i.e., TCI sales from U.S. inventory--created an 
opportunity for others. San Shing, a company unrelated to Ta Chen, 
and with substantial resources, including lines of credit, decided 
to fill this void. That is, San Shing decided to buy pipe from Ta 
Chen for inventory in the United States and subsequent resale.
    But U.S. pipe customers did not know San Shing. U.S. pipe 
customers did know TCI's prior customers who had resold Ta Chen 
pipe, including customers who were Rep's, consignment agents and 
distributors for Ta Chen. Hence, San Shing, in agreement with these 
prior TCI customers, used their names on a ``dba basis'' to make 
those unfamiliar

[[Page 33266]]

with the San Shing name feel comfortable by using a name they knew.
Ta Chen's July 18, 1994 submission at 10 (emphasis added; Ta Chen's 
bracketing omitted).
    Ta Chen, therefore, elected to rely upon San Shing, a company with 
no prior experience in the stainless steel or tubular products 
industries, to replace TCI as its sole distributor of stainless steel 
pipe and pipe fittings in the United States. Having made this decision, 
San Shing then purportedly on its own struck deals with known pipe 
dealers in the United States who had been prior TCI customers, whereby 
San Shing would use these dealers' names as dbas. The customers would 
then turn over their customer lists to San Shing and stand aside, 
allowing San Shing effectively to replace them in the distribution 
chain. However, having gone to such lengths to secure the names of 
known players in the U.S. market, San Shing then funneled the majority 
of its sales through the one previously unknown dba, ``Sun Stainless, 
Inc.''
    As petitioners pointed out more than four years ago, ``this 
arrangement makes neither commercial nor logical sense.'' Petitioners'' 
October 12, 1994 submission at 7. According to Ta Chen's narrative 
account, San Shing, operating under its various dba names, e.g., Sun 
and Anderson Alloys, sold Ta Chen pipe to the same customers who 
formerly purchased pipe from TCI's customers, e.g., Sun and Anderson 
Alloys. The stated reason for this arrangement is that it would make 
those downstream purchasers ``unfamiliar with the San Shing name feel 
comfortable by using a name they knew.'' Ta Chen's July 18, 1994 
submission at 10. But clearly Sun's and Anderson's former customers 
knew with whom they were dealing. If San Shing replaced these dealers, 
their customers would not ``feel more comfortable'' because they were 
buying pipe from ``San Shing, dba Sun Stainless,'' or ``San Shing, dba 
Anderson Alloys.'' On a more elementary level, this narrative implies 
that established pipe distributors in the United States, who earned 
their income by purchasing pipe from TCI and reselling it after a 
markup to various end users, simply stepped aside and allowed San Shing 
to use their businesses' names to sell to their former customers. Such 
a step is inconsistent with commercial reality, and yet Ta Chen claims 
to have found not one, but eight pipe distributors amenable to this 
arrangement.
    Ta Chen also misstated the origins of the dba names themselves. In 
its July 18, 1994 submission Ta Chen explained that ``San Shing, in 
agreement with these prior TCI customers, used their names on a ``dba 
basis'' to make those unfamiliar with the San Shing name feel 
comfortable by using a name they knew.'' Id. To verify this claim the 
Department introduced into the record of these reviews Ta Chen's U.S. 
customer list from the LTFV investigation. See Memorandum for the File, 
February 24, 1997. The most significant dba name, ``Sun Stainless, 
Inc.,'' is not found on this list. In fact, only three of the admitted 
eight dbas were prior Ta Chen customers. In explaining the need for San 
Shing to use dbas and how San Shing came to select the names it used, 
Ta Chen misstated the origins of these names, and never explained for 
the record where the dba names, most significantly ``Sun Stainless, 
Inc.,'' originated. Ta Chen explains its earlier misstatements by 
arguing in its case brief that its November 12, 1996 submission did not 
claim that ``all'' the dba names were those of prior TCI customers. 
While this is true, Ta Chen did so claim when first confronted with 
petitioners' knowledge of San Shing's and Sun's existence. Given the 
absence of evidence on the record that any sale of assets to Frank 
McLane ever took place (aside from Ta Chen's undocumented claims), 
given the lack of clarity surrounding Sun's 1992 founding, and given Ta 
Chen's failure to document for the record precisely how and why San 
Shing came to use dba names in the first place, Ta Chen's version of 
events is neither credible nor supported by evidence.
    Other factual aspects of the record are also troubling. For 
example, we continue to believe that the sales contract involving Chih 
Chou Chang and Robert Shieh was, in fact, highly unusual. Ta Chen 
argues that sales contracts with no prices are commonplace when such 
transactions are customary between the parties, or where the date of 
delivery is in doubt. That was certainly not the case here. These 
transactions were not a ``customary practice'' between Ta Chen and San 
Shing, they were one-time deals involving the transfer of Ta Chen's 
entire existing inventory of stainless steel pipe and stainless steel 
pipe fittings to San Shing. Delayed delivery was also not at issue, as 
delivery was immediate, with Robert Shieh arranging to move the 
merchandise from one of his properties (TCI's warehouse) to another of 
his properties nearby, rented to San Shing. The relevance of the 
contract in the present discussion is that its commercially-unrealistic 
terms further indicate that San Shing was created by, and related to, 
Ta Chen. We affirm our preliminary conclusion that ``[t]he terms of 
this contract do not comport with Ta Chen's repeated assertions that 
San Shing was new to the pipe trade, and so lacked familiarity with the 
U.S. pipe market that it was compelled to use ``dba'' names which 
`sounded more American.' '' Preliminary Analysis Memorandum, March 4, 
1997, at 7 and 8 (original bracketing omitted).
    We also disagree with Ta Chen's description of the activities of W. 
Kendall Mayes. The record clearly indicates that Mr. Mayes, working 
with TCI since its inception, took over the day-to-day management of 
first San Shing and then Sun Stainless at the insistence of Ta Chen, 
and not as a free agent who coincidentally migrated between these three 
firms as a result of the normal peregrinations within a tightly 
restricted industry environment. As to the ``independent contractor'' 
relationship with Ta Chen, the record evidence indicates that Mr. Mayes 
worked exclusively on behalf of Ta Chen, used Ta Chen office space and 
equipment, was paid monthly by Ta Chen, was covered under Ta Chen's 
group health insurance policy (even after he putatively ended his 
employment with Ta Chen), and continued to enjoy substantial financial 
benefits from his relationships with Ta Chen and Mr. Shieh long after 
this relationship allegedly ended. Furthermore, in return for this 
``independent contractor'' relationship, Mr. Mayes had to provide to Ta 
Chen his own list of customers, thus effectively selling his business 
to Ta Chen. We also disagree with Ta Chen's conclusion that the one-
time payment to Mr. Mayes conferred no control over pricing. Rather, 
given Mr. Mayes's successive roles as sales manager for TCI, San Shing, 
and Sun Stainless, together with Ta Chen's admitted role in negotiating 
the final prices between San Shing and Sun and their unrelated 
customers, the record indicates that Mr. Mayes enjoyed a knowledge and 
control of prices unknown between unrelated parties. Finally, as 
petitioners note, with a sizeable payment to Mr. Mayes from Ta Chen 
dependent upon Ta Chen's profitability, Mr. Mayes's own self-interest 
lay not in negotiating truly arm's-length prices between San Shing and 
Sun and Ta Chen, but in maximizing Ta Chen's profits in these 
transactions. This relationship further buttresses the Department's 
Preliminary Results determination that these transactions were not, in 
fact, at arm's-length. Rather than enforcing a ``per se''

[[Page 33267]]

rule concerning the exchange of money between Ta Chen and Mr. Mayes, we 
have drawn the only reasonable conclusion possible in light of the 
record evidence.
    As for sales made to Anderson Alloys, Ta Chen mistakenly argues 
that the Department can sort these sales by customer address to 
segregate sales made to the ``real'' Anderson Alloys in South Carolina 
from those made to the dba Anderson Alloys. However, we have no idea 
which sales are to which entity, as Ta Chen used the same address and 
customer code for both Andersons. More to the point, the ability to 
segregate sales to Charles Reid's Anderson and sales to San Shing's dba 
Anderson would have no bearing on our decision to resort to total 
first-tier BIA. Rather, we cannot ``use only portions of a response 
that were verifiable since this `would allow respondents to selectively 
submit data that would be to their benefit in the analysis of their 
selling practices.' '' Chinsung Industries Co., Ltd. et al. v. United 
States, 705 F. Supp 598, 601 (CIT 1989) (citations omitted). As the 
Court noted in Persico Pizzamiglio, S.A. v. United States, by allowing 
the Department ``to reject a submission in toto, the court encourages 
full disclosure by the respondent, because only full disclosure will 
lead to a dumping margin lower than that established by employing 
BIA.'' Persico Pizzamiglio, S.A. v. United States, 18 CIT 299 (CIT 
1994).
    Finally, with respect to Ta Chen's reliance upon the statements of 
Messrs. Avento and Reid to support its arguments, we note Bristol 
Metal's and Mr. Avento's longstanding affiliation with Ta Chen. Bristol 
Metals was one of Mr. Shieh's original partners in founding Ta Chen, 
and Joseph Avento himself was at one time on Ta Chen's board of 
directors. See, e.g., Ta Chen's May 18, 1994 questionnaire response at 
Exhibit 1. Mr. Avento later joined the petitioners in initiating this 
antidumping case. He now appears before the Department as Ta Chen's 
witness and advocate. Neither in its case brief nor in its original 
filing of Mr. Avento's statement has Ta Chen elected to reveal the 
current relationships between Ta Chen, Bristol Metals, and Mr. Avento, 
such as whether Ta Chen and Bristol make purchases from each other, or 
whether either holds stock in the other. Given his ongoing ties to Mr. 
Shieh and Ta Chen, the unsubstantiated nature of his testimony, and Ta 
Chen's unwillingness to disclose for the record Mr. Avento's current 
dealings with Mr. Shieh and Ta Chen, we are unable to establish his 
credibility as a witness about the U.S. stainless steel pipe industry 
as a whole.
    As for Charles Reid, Ta Chen acknowledges for the public record 
that Mr. Reid, using at least three trade names, was a customer of Ta 
Chen during the investigation and first period of administrative 
review. See Case Brief at 122.
    We conclude, therefore, that the use of total, adverse BIA is 
appropriate in this case. The statute's provision for use of BIA is, as 
the Federal Circuit has held, ``an investigative tool, which the 
[Department] may wield as an informal club over recalcitrant 
respondents whose failure to cooperate may work against their best 
interest.'' Atlantic Sugar Ltd. v. United States, 744 F.2d 1556, 1560 
(Fed. Cir. 1984). In the absence of subpoena power, the Department 
``cannot be left merely to the largesse of the parties at their 
discretion to supply the [Department] with information. . . . 
Otherwise, alleged unfair traders would be able to control the amount 
of antidumping duties by selectively providing the ITA with 
information.'' Olympic Adhesives, Inc. v. United States, 899 F.2d 1565, 
1571 (Fed. Cir. 1990). The decision to resort to BIA in an 
administrative review is made on a case-by-case basis after evaluating 
all evidence in the administrative record. With respect to the 
selection of BIA, the Department is granted considerable deference in 
deciding what constitutes the ``best'' information available. See 
Allied-Signal Aerospace Corp. v. United States, 966 F.2d 1185, 1191 
(Fed. Cir. 1993). The courts have long held that ``it is for Commerce, 
not respondent, to determine what is the best information'' available. 
Yamaha Motor Co. v. United States, 910 F. Supp. 679, 688 (CIT 1995).
    As discussed, we believe Ta Chen has impeded these administrative 
reviews through the submission of inaccurate and incomplete 
information, and through its lack of cooperation in bringing forth 
factual information known by Ta Chen to be of immediate relevance to 
these proceedings. We also agree with petitioners that Ta Chen's 
conduct in these reviews warrants use of first-tier BIA.
    We also find that Ta Chen's citations to past Departmental 
determinations in support of using cooperative, second-tier BIA are not 
on point. In Fresh Cut Flowers From Colombia, for example, the 
respondent's related entities had either gone out of business entirely, 
or were in the process of liquidation, and thus the firms were unable 
to provide sales data to the Department. Similarly, in Certain Small 
Business Telephones From Taiwan, the affiliated U.S. customer of 
respondent Bitronics was out of business. We concluded that ``[s]ince 
Bitronics made substantial attempts to submit information to the 
Department,'' second-tier, or cooperative, BIA would be most 
appropriate. See Certain Small Business Telephones From Taiwan; 
Preliminary Results of Administrative Review, 59 FR 66912, 66913 
(December 28, 1994). In the instant case, despite the 1995 sale of Sun 
to Picol Enterprises, Ta Chen has never indicated any such difficulty 
in accessing San Shing's and Sun's records, and has even submitted 
these companies' federal income tax returns in the record of this 
review.
    Emerson and NSK, cited by Ta Chen as grounds for use of second-tier 
BIA, are likewise not on point. Emerson involved a review of 
antifriction bearings from Japan where the Department, in two 
significant departures from standard practice, determined it would (i) 
use a sampling of home market sales, and (ii) use annual average home 
market prices as the basis for FMV, both to reduce the complexity and 
reporting burden of the review. Respondent Nippon Pillow Block Sales 
made good faith efforts to respond to the Department's questionnaire, 
but misinterpreted the instructions concerning which home market sales 
it would be required to report for purposes of sampling.\12\ In 
addition, the Department discovered other unreported sales at 
verification. The Department determined that, while Nippon had 
attempted to cooperate, it had failed to provide the home market sales 
data necessary to calculate annual weighted-average prices; therefore, 
Nippon's margin was based on second-tier BIA. In NSK, involving a 
review of tapered roller bearings (TRBs) from Japan, plaintiff NSK 
submitted complete, verifiable, and timely U.S. and home market sales 
responses. However, NSK balked when directed to submit cost of 
production data on TRB parts acquired from related suppliers, arguing 
that the Department had no legal authority to request these data absent 
``a specific and objective basis'' for suspecting that NSK's prices for 
the parts had been less than the suppliers' cost of production. NSK, 
910 F. Supp. at 666. The Court held that we properly rejected NSK's 
arguments, and that we correctly resorted to partial second-tier

[[Page 33268]]

BIA for the missing cost data.\13\ In each of the cited cases, while 
the responses were found to be deficient, the respondents attempted to 
cooperate with the Department's review. We contrast the behavior of 
these respondents with that of Ta Chen, and find that Ta Chen not only 
failed to submit the proper body of U.S. sales, but impeded the 
reviews. We conclude, therefore, that it would be inappropriate to base 
Ta Chen's margins for these reviews on second-tier, or cooperative, 
BIA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ Thus, while it is true that Nippon ``failed to report 
approximately 80% of its home market sales,'' it is only fair to 
note that Nippon was required to report only a portion of its home 
market sales for sampling purposes to begin with. Emerson, 903 F. 
Supp. at 52.
    \13\ The Court did remand NSK, ordering the Department to 
correct its application of second-tier BIA; the decision to use BIA 
was, however, upheld.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Similarly, we cannot accede to Ta Chen's suggestion that we apply 
its margin from the LTFV investigation as first-tier BIA, as this would 
amount to rewarding Ta Chen for its failure to disclose essential facts 
to the Department and to report the proper body of its U.S. sales. Were 
we to consider Ta Chen's margin, which was calculated in a segment of 
these proceedings wherein Ta Chen was deemed cooperative and its 
responses fully verified, as first-tier BIA, we would effectively cede 
control of these reviews to Ta Chen. The respondent would be free to 
submit selective, misleading, or inaccurate information, secure in its 
knowledge that the worst fate it could expect would be to receive its 
prior cash deposit rate as BIA. See Olympic Adhesives, Inc. v. United 
States, 899 F.2d 1565, 1572 (Fed. Cir. 1990). We find the Court's 
holdings in Industria de Fundicao to be directly on point: ``the Court 
will not allow respondent to cap its antidumping rate by refusing to 
provide updated information to [the Department].'' Industria de 
Fundicao, 936 F. Supp 1009, 1011. Contrary to Ta Chen's suggested 
approach, our aim in selecting BIA for non-cooperating respondents is 
to choose a margin which is sufficiently adverse ``to induce 
respondents to provide [the Department] with complete and accurate 
information in a timely fashion.'' National Steel Corp. v. United 
States, 913 F. Supp 593 (CIT 1996). Likewise, we find that the 
antidumping proceedings of other countries, such as Canada, are 
irrelevant to our selection of BIA in these reviews which are being 
conducted pursuant to U.S. antidumping law. Furthermore, aside from its 
irrelevance, information concerning antidumping proceedings before 
Canadian authorities is not in the administrative record of these 
reviews.
    We also reject Ta Chen's assertion that the 31.90 percent BIA 
margin is inappropriate because it was drawn from an earlier segment of 
these proceedings. In Mitsuboshi Belting Corp. Ltd. v. United States, 
the Court, relying upon the findings in Rhone Poulenc, found that the 
Department's use of a margin drawn from a LTFV investigation was 
reasonable and, further, that ``best information'' doesn't necessarily 
mean ``most recent information.'' The Court also rejected plaintiff's 
claim that the Department's choice of BIA was unreasonably harsh:

to be properly characterized as ``punitive,'' the agency would have 
had to reject low margin information in favor of high margin 
information that was demonstrably less probative of current 
conditions. Here, the agency only presumed that the highest prior 
margin was the best information of current margins. . . . We believe 
a permissible interpretation of the statute allows the agency to 
make such a presumption and that the presumption is not 
``punitive.'' Rather, it reflects a common sense inference that the 
highest prior margin is the most probative evidence of current 
margins because, if it were not so, the importer, knowing of the 
rule, would have produced current information showing the margin to 
be less.

Mitsuboshi Belting Ltd. and MBL (USA) Corp. v. United States., Court 
No. 93-09-00640, Slip Op. 97-28 (CIT March 12, 1997).
    Likewise, in Sugiyama Chain Co., Ltd. et al., v. United States, the 
plaintiff contested our selection of best information available as 
having no probative value concerning Sugiyama's current margins because 
the rate taken from the LTFV investigation had ``only a tenuous link to 
Sugiyama Chain's margins in the instant review.'' The Court approved of 
our use of the highest prior margin as BIA, noting that the Department 
``can make a common sense inference--indeed, there is a rebuttable 
presumption--that the highest prior margin is the most probative 
evidence indicative of the current margin.'' Sugiyama Chain Co., Ltd., 
et al. v. United States, 880 F. Supp. 869, 873 (CIT 1995); see also 
Rhone Poulenc, Inc. v. United States, 710 F. Supp. 341, 346 (CIT 1989) 
(``There is no mention in the statute or regulations that the best 
information available is the most recent information available.''), 
aff'd 899 F.2d 1185 (Fed. Cir. 1990). Furthermore, we reject Ta Chen's 
suggestion that the 31.90 percent margin has been ``verified as 
wrong.'' Our use of a margin drawn from data supplied by the 
petitioners comports fully with section 776(b) of the Tariff Act. It is 
not necessary, as Ta Chen appears to argue, for the Department to 
conduct an economic analysis of the stainless steel pipe industry 
before using a margin based on petitioners' data to determine the 
validity of these data. See Tai Ying Metal Industries Co. v. United 
States, 712 F. Supp 973, 978 (CIT 1989) (``it is reasonable for 
Commerce to rely upon the published margin from the LTFV investigation 
as the best information available without reassessing the record 
therefrom''). Furthermore, Ta Chen fails to note a prior investigation 
involving Ta Chen where the Department acted precisely as we have acted 
here, i.e., using the highest margin from the petition as first-tier 
BIA. In Certain Forged Stainless Steel Flanges From Taiwan Ta Chen was 
deemed an uncooperative respondent because it ``withdrew'' from the 
investigation immediately prior to verification. As first-tier, 
uncooperative BIA the Department chose the highest margin alleged in 
the petition, 48 percent, applying this rate to Ta Chen and to two 
other uncooperative respondents. See Certain Forged Stainless Steel 
Flanges From Taiwan, 58 FR 68859 (December 29, 1993).
    The 31.90 percent margin has stood unchallenged for over five years 
as the first-tier BIA margin and, in fact, still applies to two other 
Taiwan manufacturers of subject merchandise. See Final Determination of 
Sales at Less Than Fair Value: Certain Welded Stainless Steel Pipes 
From Taiwan, 57 FR 53705, 53708 (November 12, 1992). We conclude that 
use of this margin from the LTFV investigation is entirely consistent 
with the statute, the Department's regulations, and our past precedent.
    We also find inapposite Ta Chen's argument that, since petitioners 
did not request these reviews, petitioners are satisfied with Ta Chen's 
existing cash deposit rate. Whether or not petitioners requested these 
reviews is, at this point, irrelevant, and cannot be construed in any 
way as evidence of Ta Chen's dumping activities, or lack thereof, 
during the first and second periods of review. Ta Chen's reference to 
our determination concerning Yamaha in Antifriction Bearings From 
France, et al. (57 FR 28360) is also entirely inapposite. There, the 
Department was merely summarizing the extent of Yamaha's cooperation in 
the review, noting that ``Yamaha requested the review, provided the 
Department with questionnaire responses, and submitted to verification 
of its response . . .'' Ta Chen posits this one sentence as evidence of 
a per se rule that if a respondent requests a review, it is immune from 
first-tier BIA. Not only is this contention historically wrong, it 
ignores Ta Chen's failure to cooperate with the Department. As the 
Court noted in Industria de Fundicao, a respondent may not cap its 
antidumping

[[Page 33269]]

margins by refusing to cooperate in an administrative review.

Final Results of Review

    Based on our review of the arguments presented above, for these 
final results we have made no changes in the margins for Ta Chen. We 
have determined that Ta Chen's weighted-average margin for the period 
June 22, 1992 through November 30, 1993 is 31.90 percent. Likewise, Ta 
Chen's margin for the December 1, 1993 through November 30, 1994 period 
of review is 31.90 percent.
    The Department shall determine, and the U.S. Customs Service shall 
assess, antidumping duties on all appropriate entries. The Department 
will issue appraisement instructions directly to Customs.
    Furthermore, the following deposit requirements will be effective 
upon completion of the final results of these administrative reviews 
for all shipments of WSSP from Taiwan entered, or withdrawn from 
warehouse, for consumption on or after the publication of the final 
results of these administrative reviews, as provided in section 
751(a)(1) of the Tariff Act:
    (1) The cash deposit rate for Ta Chen will continue to be zero 
percent (see Welded Stainless Steel Pipe From Taiwan; Final Results of 
Administrative Review, 63 FR 38382 (July 16, 1998);
    (2) For previously reviewed or investigated companies other than Ta 
Chen, the cash deposit rate will continue to be the company-specific 
rate published for the most recent period;
    (3) If the exporter is not a firm covered in this review, a prior 
review, or the LTFV investigation, but the manufacturer is, the cash 
deposit rate will be the rate established for the most recent period 
for the manufacturer of the merchandise; and
    (4) If neither the exporter nor the manufacturer is a firm covered 
in this or any previous review conducted by the Department, the cash 
deposit rate will be 19.84 percent. See Amended Final Determination and 
Antidumping Duty Order; Certain Welded Stainless Steel Pipe From 
Taiwan, 57 FR 62300 (December 30, 1992).
    This notice also serves as a final reminder to importers of their 
responsibility under 19 CFR 353.26 to file a certificate regarding the 
reimbursement of antidumping duties prior to liquidation of the 
relevant entries during this review period. Failure to comply with this 
requirement could result in the Secretary's presumption that 
reimbursement of the antidumping duties occurred and the subsequent 
assessment of double antidumping duties.
    This notice also serves as a reminder to parties subject to 
administrative protective orders (APOs) of their responsibility 
concerning the disposition of proprietary information disclosed under 
APO in accordance with 19 CFR 353.34(d). Timely written notification of 
the return or destruction of APO materials, or conversion to judicial 
protective order, is hereby requested. Failure to comply with the 
regulations and the terms of an APO is a sanctionable violation.
    This determination is issued and published in accordance with 
sections 751(a)(1) and 777(i)(1) of the Tariff Act (19 U.S.C. 
1675(a)(1) and 1677f(i)(1)).

    Dated: June 11, 1999.
Robert S. LaRussa,
Assistant Secretary for Import Administration.
[FR Doc. 99-15567 Filed 6-21-99; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 3510-DS-P