[Federal Register Volume 63, Number 69 (Friday, April 10, 1998)]
[Notices]
[Pages 17838-17855]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 98-9557]
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
[FRL-5994-8; Docket No. A-97-05]
Source Category Listing for Section 112(d)(2) Rulemaking Pursuant
to Section 112(c)(6) Requirements
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Notice.
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SUMMARY: This action provides a list of source categories for
regulation under section 112(d) of the Clean Air Act (Act). A draft
listing of this action was posted in the Federal Register on June 20,
1997 (62 FR 33625) and public comment was taken on that draft. A
document summarizing comments and responses is available on the
Internet site (www.epa.gov/ttn/uatw/112c6fac.html) and in the project
docket. This action is being taken pursuant to section 112(c)(6) of the
Act, as amended in 1990, and a consent decree entered in Sierra Club v.
Browner, Civ. No. 95-1747 (D.D.C. 1995) (consolidated with Sierra Club
v. Browner, Civ. No. 96-436 (D.D.C. 1996)). Draft and final lists were
required under the amended consent decree to be completed and made
available by EPA by June 11, 1997 and April 3, 1998, respectively.
This listing, under section 112(c)(6) is to identify source
categories for which additional standards under section 112(d)(2) or
(d)(4) can be developed, but by itself does not automatically result in
regulation or control of emissions from sources within these source
categories. Based on this list, EPA will perform further analyses on
emissions and control methods for the listed source categories. The
regulatory development analysis will determine any ultimate regulatory
requirements.
DATES: Draft and final lists were required under the amended consent
decree to be completed and made available by EPA by June 11, 1997 and
April 3, 1998 respectively.
ADDRESSES: A docket containing information relating to the EPA's
development of this notice (Docket No. A-97-05) is available for public
inspection and copying between 8 a.m. and 5:30 p.m., Monday through
Friday except for Federal holidays, in the Air and Radiation Docket and
Information Center (MC-6102), Room M-1500, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 401 M Street, SW, Washington, DC 20460; telephone
(202) 260-7548.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Laurel Driver, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards (MD-15), U.S.
[[Page 17839]]
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27711, telephone number (919) 541-2859, electronic mail address:
[email protected].
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Docket. The docket is an organized and complete file of all the
information submitted to or otherwise considered by the Agency in the
development of this list of categories for sources for section
112(c)(6). The principal purpose of this docket is to allow interested
parties to identify and locate documents that serve as a record of the
process engaged in by the Agency to publish today's notice. The docket
is available for public inspection at the EPA's Air and Radiation
Docket and Information Center, which is listed in the addresses section
of this notice.
The information in this notice is organized as follows:
I. Introduction
A. Statutory Requirements
B. Schedule
II. Background
A. Overview of Regulatory Authority
B. General Procedure
III. Changes Made From Draft Listing
A. Response to Comments
1. Comments on Emissions Inventories
2. Comments on EPA Policy
B. Other Significant Changes
IV. Listing Determination Process
A. Sources Excluded from Section 112(c)(6) Analysis
1. Exclusions Identified in Draft Listing Notices
2. Cigarette Smoke
3. Utility Emissions
4. Consumer Products
5. Refueling Emissions at Gasoline Dispensing Facilities
B. Defining ``Subject to Standards''
1. Section 112(d)(2)
2. Section 112(d)(4)
3. Section 129
C. Regulatory Coverage for Section 112(c)(6) Pollutants
V. Sources Categories that Require Listing as a Result of the
Section 112(c)(6) Analysis
VI. Regulatory Requirements
A. General
B. Executive Order 12866 and Office of Management and Budget
(OMB) Review
Table 1. Summary of 1990 Emission Inventory Data for Section
112(c)(6) Pollutants (TONS/YRS)
Table 2. 1990 Anthropogenic Stationary Source Category Percentage
Contributions and Associated Regulations
Table 3. Cross-Reference Between the Section 112(c)(6) Inventory of
Sources and Applicable Regulations
Figure 1. Percentage Contributions Of Total Emissions--Included from
Regulatory Analysis
I. Introduction
A. Statutory Requirements
Section 112(c)(6) of the Act prescribes the following program for
seven specific pollutants:
With respect to alkylated lead compounds, polycyclic organic
matter, hexachlorobenzene, mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls,
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofurans and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-
dioxin, the Administrator shall, not later than 5 years after
November 15, 1990, list categories and subcategories of sources
assuring that sources accounting for not less than 90 per centum of
the aggregate emissions of each such pollutant are subject to
standards under subsection (d)(2) or (d)(4) of this section. Such
standards shall be promulgated not later than 10 years after
November 15, 1990. This paragraph shall not be construed to require
the Administrator to promulgate standards for such pollutants
emitted by electric utility steam generating units.
B. Schedule
The EPA has entered into a consent decree with the Sierra Club
Legal Defense Fund, Inc., in response to Sierra Club v. Browner, Civ.
No. 95-1747 (D.D.C. 1995) (consolidated with Sierra Club v. Browner,
Civ. No. 96-436 (D.D.C. 1996)). These actions concern performance of
certain duties under Act sections 112(c)(3), (c)(6), (k), and 202(l).
The consent decree, as amended, required, among other actions, that EPA
complete a draft of the list described in section 112(c)(6) no later
than June 11, 1997, and make a final list available no later than April
3, 1998.
II. Background
A. Overview of Regulatory Authority
Section 112 of the Act, as amended in 1990, contains the EPA's
authorities for reducing emissions of hazardous air pollutants (HAP).
Section 112(b)(1) contains an initial list of 189 HAP (revised to
contain 188 HAP, 61 FR 30816, June 18, 1996). Section 112(c)(1)
requires the Administrator to publish a list of all categories and
subcategories of major sources and area sources of the air pollutants
listed in or pursuant to section 112(b). Section 112(d) requires the
Administrator to promulgate regulations establishing emission standards
for each category or subcategory of major sources and area sources of
HAP listed in section 112(c). Section 112(d)(2) specifies that emission
standards promulgated under the section shall require the maximum
degree of reductions in emissions of the HAP subject to section 112
that are deemed achievable, i.e., the maximum achievable control
technology (MACT). These regulations are often termed ``technology-
based'' standards because they are based on the degree of emissions
control achievable through the application of technologies that the
best performing sources in the particular source category are using.
These technologies may include equipment or process design, chemical
substitution, collection and treatment of emissions, work practices,
and other measures.
Section 112(d)(4) provides for consideration of health thresholds
with an ample margin of safety. Certain other sections of section 112
require EPA, in addition to technology-based standards, to evaluate
risk to public health and the environment in determining whether other
control measures are appropriate.
Section 112(c)(6) names seven specific HAP that EPA must evaluate
to assure that certain sources of these HAP have been identified and
subjected to standards.
B. General Procedure
In order to determine the sources of the seven HAP named in section
112(c)(6), EPA developed a 1990 base-year emissions inventory of known
sources to the atmosphere of each HAP (refer to the inventory document
or the draft listing notice for a discussion of the base year
selection). This inventory of all sources (whether or not the emissions
are considered further in the section 112(c)(6) analysis) is summarized
in Table 1.
Once these sources of the total emissions were identified, only the
stationary, anthropogenic source categories which fall within the scope
of section 112 (or the equivalent section 129) were evaluated to
determine action necessary under section 112(c)(6). (More discussion of
source categories excluded from the section 112(c)(6) analysis follows
in section IV.A.)
Once the list of source categories was revised, the remaining pool
of source categories was evaluated to determine whether 90 percent of
those emissions are subject to standards. A summary of source
categories included in the section 112(c)(6) analysis and their percent
contributions are contained in Table 2. The majority of the source
categories were found to be already subject to either section 112(d)(2)
or section 129 standards (see section IV.B.3. regarding section
112(c)(6) credit for section 129 standards) or listed for such
regulation. The EPA reviewed the coverage of source categories to
determine whether additional source categories are needed to assure
that not less than 90 per centum of the aggregate emissions of each
pollutant are subject to standards.
[[Page 17840]]
The EPA published a draft listing of source categories accounting
for the section 112(c)(6) HAP emissions and the source categories
needed to meet the 90 percent requirement in the Federal Register on
June 20, 1997 (62 FR 33625). The notice and the base year inventory
document contain detailed information about emissions inventory
development methodology and its review process. In response to comments
on this draft and to new data that have been collected in conjunction
with concurrent EPA projects, EPA has made significant changes to the
inventory since the draft package. These changes are discussed in
section III.
Additionally, EPA has prepared Table 3, which provides a cross-
reference between the inventory prepared for section 112(c)(6) and the
list of categories under section 112(c)(1) for section 112(d)
standards. This table does not change any of the category definitions
or listing actions, but is provided solely for the convenience of the
public.
While this assessment uses the best available emissions data
currently available for 1990, EPA cannot, at this time, assure that
this calculation of the 90 percent will remain constant for two
reasons: (1) EPA has not completed the process of developing section
112(d)(2) standards and, therefore, cannot guarantee the outcome of
those standards; and (2) the emissions inventory estimates, and the
estimates for emissions allocations to major and area sources, for any
given source category are likely to change as more source category
specific information is collected in the process of developing
standards. Congress required this listing activity to be undertaken
before completion of many regulatory analyses, and EPA believes this
notice represents the best estimate of emissions of section 112(c)(6)
pollutants and their regulatory coverage possible at this time.
III. Changes Made From Draft Listing
The EPA posted the draft section 112(c)(6) listing in the Federal
Register on June 20, 1997. The EPA posted the notice, the 1990 base
year inventory, and an explanatory fact sheet on the EPA's Internet web
site (www.epa.gov/ttn/uatw/112c6fac.html). The EPA also notified trade
associations, environmental groups, regulatory agencies, and other
parties who had expressed interest or supplied data to alert them of
the availability of the section 112(c)(6) package. The EPA accepted
comments on the draft listing and base year inventory over a 30-day
comment period. A comment summary document is posted on the web site
and is available in the docket. A discussion of substantive changes in
the listing action resulting from comments and from data collected
through related EPA projects follows.
A. Response to Comments
A total of 27 separate comment letters were received regarding the
June 20, 1997 Federal Register package. Several of the comments
pertained to the accompanying 1990 base year emissions inventory
supporting the section 112(c)(6) listing process. Within the 27
individual comment letters, approximately 50 separate comment issues
were identified. These comments pertained to both technical and policy
issues. The EPA has prepared a document, ``Summary of Public Comments
on the section 112(c)(6) Draft Listing Notice,'' that summarizes all
technical and policy comments received on the July 20, 1997 section
112(c)(6) Federal Register package. Similarly focused comments have
been aggregated and summarized in the document, along with the EPA
responses to the comments. The responses indicate how a technical or
policy issue is being addressed in the final Federal Register listing
notice for section 112(c)(6) or in the final supporting emissions
inventory. The comment summary/response document can be found in the
docket for the section 112(c)(6) project and on the EPA air toxics web
page (http://www.epa.gov/ttn/uatw/112c6fac.html).
1. Comments on Emissions Inventories
The majority of the technical comments regarded items relating to
some aspect of an emissions inventory estimate for a source category.
Most of these comments questioned the use of a particular emission rate
or factor or the use of an activity rate for a source category. The EPA
evaluated the technical data submitted and revised several emissions
estimates based on these comments. Any changes made in emissions
estimates based on these comments are reflected in the base-year
inventory document, Tables 1 and 2, and Figure 1 at the end of this
notice.
2. Comments on EPA Policy
The policy-oriented comments predominantly addressed what
regulatory programs could be counted as fulfilling the section
112(c)(6) ``subject to standards'' requirement, what portion of total
source category emissions can be credited as being ``subject to
standards'' for the section 112(c)(6) 90 percent requirement, what
source categories should be included in the 90 percent ``subject to
standards'' analysis, and what are appropriate definitions for the
polycyclic organic matter (POM) and dioxin/furan pollutants. Comments
also stated that EPA should do more to communicate the emissions
reductions that industries have done for section 112(c)(6) pollutants
since 1990 and that current emissions are significantly below 1990
levels; and that the aviation gasoline distribution category should not
be included in the listing since there is currently no viable
substitute for leaded aviation fuels and recent discussions between the
industry and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) indicated no
regulatory programs would be pursued for leaded aviation fuels. The
most substantive of these comments and EPA responses are summarized
below:
Comment: Several commenters were concerned that EPA consider
aviation safety and performance standards when considering ``Gasoline
Distribution (Aviation)'' as a source category under section 112(c)(6).
Response: The EPA will consider such safety standards. Section
112(d)(2) standards require using the technology and practices of the
best performers within an industry to set the standard for the rest of
the industry.
Comment: One commenter stated that credits for stage II gasoline
distribution regulations under sections 182(b)(3) and 202(a)(6) are
only appropriate if they are protective of human health.
Response: Section 112(c)(6) does not require EPA to determine an
emissions level ``protective of human health.'' In any case, EPA is not
including stage II gasoline distribution emissions in the section
112(c)(6) analysis for the reasons described in IV.A.5. below.
Comment: One commenter stated that in its section 112(c)(6)
proposal, EPA improperly and illegally counts emissions as ``subject to
standards'' that are not yet subject to standards, that are subject to
standards other than MACT, or that are only partially subject to
standards. Only emissions that are subject to standards under section
112(d)(2) and 112 (d)(4) can be counted toward the 90 percent goal
contained in section 112(c)(6).
Response: The EPA made changes in the final listing action in
response to this comment. First, HAP emissions from electric utility
steam generating units were removed from the analysis. Section
112(c)(6) provides that, ``This paragraph shall not be construed to
require the Administrator to promulgate standards for such pollutants
emitted by electric utility steam generating units.'' Furthermore,
section 112(n)(1)(A) requires EPA to perform a study of the public
health hazards posed by HAP
[[Page 17841]]
emissions from electric utility steam generating units and to regulate
those sources if ``appropriate and necessary after considering the
results of the study.'' The EPA believes that those provisions give the
Agency discretion to exclude utility emissions from listing and
regulation under section 112(c)(6). Congress enacted section
112(n)(1)(A) to establish the mechanism for determining whether
regulation of utility HAP emissions under section 112 was ``appropriate
and necessary'' and section 112(c)(6) specifically acknowledges that
function. The EPA believes that the language used in section 112(c)(6)
reflects Congress' determination that the mechanism established by
section 112(c)(6) is not appropriate for the regulation of utility HAP
emissions. Therefore, EPA has removed utility HAP emissions from this
analysis.
Second, EPA has added information on whether each Industrial
Combustion Coordinated Rulemaking (ICCR) category will be subject to
section 112 or section 129 standards. (EPA has found section 112(d)(2)
and 129 standards to be substantively the same, as discussed in the
draft listing Federal Register notice.)
Comment: One commenter stated that in determining source categories
subject to standards and counting emissions toward the section
112(c)(6) 90 percent goal, EPA has assumed that 100 percent of all
emissions for each MACT category are major source emissions. Therefore,
all emissions from a category for which there is a MACT are covered,
even if there are actually area sources that may not be subject to the
MACT.
Response: The EPA has made a significant effort to characterize
emissions from each of the section 112(c)(6) emissions source
categories. These area and major source emissions allocations are
detailed in the draft and final emissions inventory documents which
have been made available with the draft and final listing notices.
Information on these area/major allocations comes primarily from work
conducted in association with MACT standard development or derived from
definitions of facilities. The EPA finds the MACT data to be of
generally higher quality than the facility definition data, which are
expected to improve as MACT standards are developed for these
categories.
For the section 112(c)(6) analysis, in cases where a regulation for
a given source category has been promulgated, the percent of emissions
subject to the standard has been credited. For example, in the source
category gasoline distribution stage I, only 10 percent of the
emissions are from major sources subject to the standard and have been
counted toward the 90 percent goal. For source categories with
regulations that have not yet been promulgated, EPA will subject each
significant area source category to standards as directed by section
112(c)(6). When the regulations for each of those categories are
developed, EPA will analyze the data specific to those sources and
determine, under section 112(d), in what manner requirements will be
established. Some area categories may be negligible contributors to the
90 percent goal, and as such pose unwarranted burdens for subjecting to
standards. These trivial source categories will be removed from the
listing as they are evaluated since they will not contribute
significantly to the 90 percent goal.
Comment: One commenter stated that EPA's treatment of emissions in
the proposed notice implies that the Agency believes it has identified
all source categories of section 112(c)(6) pollutant emissions and,
therefore, has accounted for 100 percent of emissions. The EPA should
document the basis for this assumption. If this cannot be documented,
the EPA should not assume that 90 percent of the emissions reported in
the proposal notice equal 90 percent of the total amount of section
112(c)(6) pollutant emissions.
Response: The EPA has documented all sources for which emissions
data could be found and has indicated all source categories for which
emissions are suspected but no data to estimate emissions could be
found. The methodology for developing the emissions inventory estimates
is described in detail within the base year inventory document. Any
supported additional data that have been submitted by reviewers have
also been incorporated. The EPA believes it has sufficiently supported
its emissions estimates and has been as inclusive as possible of all
relevant data. The EPA further notes that the commenter has supplied no
information which would contradict or refute EPA's belief that all
source categories have been identified.
Comment: One commenter stated that the only MACT standards that are
countable toward the section 112(c)(6) 90 percent requirement are those
standards that specifically establish requirements for section
112(c)(6) HAP (i.e., EPA cannot claim credit for a MACT for benzene as
subjecting the source to standards for dioxin), and that a section
112(d)(2) standard for which EPA claims credit for section 112(c)(6)
purposes must specifically regulate the emissions of the section
112(c)(6) pollutant.
Similarly, another comment asserted that Congress intended for EPA
to reduce section 112(c)(6) HAP emissions by even more than they would
be reduced by any other section 112(d)(2) standard means, and that this
is why they imposed especially stringent emissions targets. The
commenter asserted that this interpretation is supported by the
legislative history of the Act.
Another commenter stated it is not appropriate for EPA to have
claimed section 112(c)(6) credit for section 112(d)(2) applicability
and MACT emission reductions when the subject standard does not reduce
nor require any reductions for the section 112(c)(6) HAP. If EPA
evaluates this situation for a category and determines that no real
reductions are possible under a given MACT, the commenter stated that
they should report this finding to Congress. The commenter further
argued that claiming these credits for standards that do nothing in
terms of real emission reductions is not appropriate.
Response: The EPA responds that section 112(c)(6) and 112(d) does
not require a specific quantitative reduction in emissions for any
particular HAP. Section 112(c)(6) calls for EPA to assure that certain
sources ``are subject to standards under subsection 112 (d)(2) or
(d)(4).'' The relevant sources are selected on the basis of whether
they emit the seven listed HAP. Section 112(c)(6) does not, however,
require that EPA achieve a specific amount of reductions of those seven
listed HAP. Today's action satisfies section 112(c)(6) by assuring that
source categories accounting for 90 percent of the emissions are
subject to standards under section 112 (d)(2) or (d)(4).
Section 112 (d)(2) and (d)(4), in turn, define the mechanism for
setting standards. That mechanism establishes a minimum level of
performance. Like section 112(c)(6), it does not mandate any particular
percentage reduction in emissions of any particular HAP. However,
standards under section 112(d)(2) will be reevaluated for ``residual
risk'' under section 112(f). Under this provision, EPA can impose
additional standards, if necessary, ``to provide an ample margin of
safety to protect public health * * * or to prevent, taking into
consideration costs, energy, safety, and other relevant factors, an
adverse environmental effect.''
Comment: Some commenters emphasized the point that in order for
area sources within the source categories listed in the section
112(c)(6) inventory to be regulated or for the area sources within the
applicable MACT to
[[Page 17842]]
be regulated, EPA must first make a determination that the sources pose
an adverse threat to human health or the environment pursuant to
section 112(c)(3) requirements. The EPA cannot impose MACT or any other
control requirements on area sources without making such a
determination first.
Similarly, a commenter did not believe that section 112(c)(6)
mandates the control of area sources within a listed source category.
The commenter went on to say that the proposal notice was unclear on
whether area sources were presumed to be affected by the credited MACT,
but that whether they were or were not, area sources within the
Portland cement industry are not presumed to be regulated by the
industry MACT standards as a result of their inclusion in the section
112(c)(6) source list.
Response: The EPA responds that section 112(c)(6) requires that
sources accounting for at least 90 percent of emissions of the
specified pollutants be subject to section 112(d)(2) standards or
section 112(d)(4). Unlike section 112(c)(3), this requirement does not
call for, nor does EPA believe it permits, a finding of health or
environmental threat from area sources to determine if such sources
need to be included to meet the 90 percent requirement. However, EPA
will determine whether specific regulation of the area source component
of a source category is appropriate, or necessary to meet the 90
percent goal, based on more source category-specific data collected as
part of the regulatory process.
Comment: Another commenter challenged that EPA should not, in its
listing for section 112(c)(6), split the Portland cement category into
two categories, one for sources combusting hazardous waste fuel and one
for sources not combusting hazardous waste fuel.
Response: Section 112(c) generally authorizes EPA to establish
source categories or subcategories for regulation as appropriate. The
EPA chose to split hazardous and non-hazardous waste-burning source
categories in order to reflect the distinctions made in MACT standards
currently under development within EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards (OAQPS) and the Office of Solid Waste (OSW). The OAQPS
rule, which is not yet proposed, applies to cement kilns that do not
burn hazardous waste and to other HAP-emitting sources at a cement
plant, regardless of whether or not the cement kiln burns hazardous
waste. Cement kilns that burn hazardous waste will be covered by the
hazardous waste combustor rule which was proposed April 19, 1996 (61 FR
17358). Approximately 40 out of the 210 cement kilns in the U.S. burn
hazardous waste as a fuel. The sources burning hazardous and
nonhazardous fuel are being regulated under separate actions due to
their different emissions characteristics, different air pollution
controls, and separate classification by virtue of section 3004 (q) of
the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.
Comment: Several commenters responded to EPA's request for input on
the most appropriate definition of POM for use in this action. While
many comments provided information that will improve the emissions
estimates for the various source categories emitting these compounds,
EPA did not receive information which would favor the selection of one
surrogate approach over another as a basis to make listing
determinations for all categories associated with emissions of section
112(c)(6) HAP.
Response: POM is defined in section 112(b) to ``[i]nclude[ ]
organic compounds with more than one benzene ring, and which have a
boiling point greater than or equal to 100 deg.C.'' The complex mixture
of POM consists of literally thousands of organic compounds, and no
standardized method exists at this time to measure these emissions.
There are, however, some valid surrogates for POM that provide
sufficient emissions inventory data for this analysis: (1) Extractable
organic matter (EOM), which is composed of the solvent-extractable
fraction of particulate matter, (2) the sum of the seven polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbon compounds that are probable carcinogens (7-PAH),
and (3) the sum of the sixteen PAHs measured in EPA test method 610
(16-PAH). (For a more complete discussion of POM surrogates, refer to
the section 112(c)(6) emissions inventory document.) The EPA and others
are engaged in further efforts to better characterize the constituents
of POM that are most significant in evaluating health and environmental
effects.
Rather than circumventing that effort by selecting one surrogate,
EPA collected and used data for all three approaches in the section
112(c)(6) assessment. As a result, the Agency did not discard any of
the possible surrogates for POM; the section 112(c)(6) listing reflects
an analysis that satisfies the 90 percent requirement using each one of
the three approaches.
Comment: One commenter argued that use of toxic equivalency (TEQ)
is inappropriate as a surrogate for 2,3,7,8-TCDD. While 2,3,7,8-TCDD is
a single compound, TEQs sum emissions of various dioxins and furans
based on toxic equivalency (see inventory document for more discussion
of this issue).
Response: As explained in the draft listing Federal Register
notice, EPA chose to use the TEQ surrogate for evaluating 2,3,7,8-TCDD
because data on 2,3,7,8-TCDD emissions were not available for analysis.
Both EPA's MACT program and the ongoing Office of Research and
Development's Dioxin Reassessment Study predominantly report emission
estimates on a 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ basis. Therefore, to maximize the
number of source categories for which national estimates could be
determined on a common basis and best carry out the objectives of
section 112(c)(6), EPA chose to use the TEQ method for inventorying
2,3,7,8-TCDD and 2,3,7,8-TCDF as specified under section 112(c)(6).
B. Other Significant Changes
In addition to data supplied via the comments on the draft listing
package, EPA also incorporated significant changes to the section
112(c)(6) base year emissions inventory based on information gathered
through another EPA program. The urban area source program (section
112(c)(3) and 112(k)) requires an inventory information collection
effort which includes some of the section 112(c)(6) pollutants. This
emissions inventory effort has been under way concurrently with the
development of the section 112(c)(6) analysis, with public comment on
that inventory ending in November 1997. The data collected from that
program have been incorporated into the section 112(c)(6) inventory and
are reflected in the base year inventory document and the tables and
figures included in this notice.
IV. Listing Determination Process
As described before, early in the analysis, source categories that
are not considered appropriate for section 112 regulation (i.e.,
nonstationary, nonanthropogenic sources) were identified and excluded
from further evaluation for regulation under section 112(c)(6). From
this revised inventory list, source categories currently considered to
be subject to section 112(d)(2) and (d)(4) standards were identified,
along with source categories that are subject to section 129 standards
which substantively meet equivalent requirements.
The emission contributions from these source categories were
tallied for each pollutant to determine whether the sources of 90
percent of emissions are
[[Page 17843]]
already subject to standards or listed for such standards, as required
by section 112(c)(6). Those pollutants that do not have 90 percent
coverage require listing of additional source categories under section
112(c)(6) to attain the 90 percent level.
A. Sources Excluded From Section 112(c)(6) Analysis
Certain sources of section 112(c)(6) pollutants, although included
in the 1990 base year emissions inventory documentation, are not
included in the analysis of source categories subject to section
112(c)(6). For example, section 112 applies to stationary sources,
therefore mobile source emissions were excluded.
1. Exclusions Identified in the Draft Listing Notice
In addition to mobile source emissions, emissions from wild and
prescribed fires, residential fuel combustion, and pesticide
application were also excluded. The rationale for these exclusions was
discussed in the draft listing notice. In this notice, EPA has also
excluded cigarette smoke, utility boilers emissions, consumer products
emissions, and refueling emissions at gasoline dispensing facilities. A
discussion of each of these excluded source categories follows.
2. Cigarette Smoke
Although the section 112(c)(6) emissions inventory includes
estimates of emissions from cigarette smoke, EPA does not deem this to
be a source category intended for regulation as a stationary source
under section 112. Section 112(a)(3) defines ``stationary source'' by
referring to section 111(a), which provides that a stationary source is
``any building, structure, facility, or installation which emits or may
emit any air pollutant.'' Cigarette smoke does not fall within that
definition because it is not emitted by a fixed edifice such as a
``building, structure, facility, or installation.'' Therefore, this
source category was excluded from the inventory of emission sources
that are potentially subject to standards under section 112(c)(6).
3. Utility Emissions
The language in section 112(c)(6) states that the ``paragraph shall
not be construed to require the Administrator to promulgate standards
for such pollutants emitted by electric utility steam generating
units.'' The EPA believes this statement gives the Agency discretion
about whether EPA is required to include utility emissions in the
section 112(c)(6) analysis. In section 112(n)(1)(A), EPA is required to
assess the HAP emissions from electric utility steam generating units
and to regulate if ``appropriate and necessary.'' More information
about the utility study can be obtained from the Clean Air Act
Amendments bulletin board of the EPA's electronic Technology Transfer
Network (TTN) under ``Recently Signed Rules,'' (http://
ttnwww.rtpnc.epa.gov).
The EPA believes that section 112(n)(1)(A) is the appropriate
authority for evaluating utility emissions and determining the
necessity of regulation for this source category. In the draft section
112(c)(6) listing notice, EPA proposed to credit the emissions of
section 112(c)(6) pollutants from utilities as subject to standards
through section 112(n)(1)(A). This interpretation was challenged by
commenters. Therefore, as discussed above, EPA has determined it to be
more appropriate to exclude utility emissions from those considered for
the section 112(c)(6) analysis and to address them under section
112(n)(1)(A).
4. Consumer Products
Consumer products, such as surface coatings, metal cleaning
solvents, personal care products, and household cleaning products
contribute significantly to emissions of POM, as defined in the 16-
polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) definition. These emissions are composed
primarily of naphthalene. These emissions come primarily from the use,
consumption, storage, disposal, destruction, or decomposition of such
products, and as such, do not fit the definition of ``stationary
source'' provided in sections 111(a)(3) and 112(a)(3). These emissions
were not quantified in the draft section 112(c)(6) emissions inventory
or draft listing Federal Register notice. The emissions estimates are a
result of inventory-development work on a concurrent EPA project
related to emissions in urban areas (section 112(c)(3) and 112(k)). The
EPA believes it is important that the emissions from consumer products
be identified and the public informed of their potential significance.
Although these emissions account for a significant fraction of total
16-PAH emissions, EPA does not consider them appropriate for regulation
under section 112 and believes instead that they should be addressed
through other means.
Regulations for consumer products have been proposed for control of
volatile organic compounds (VOC) pursuant to section 183(e) of the Act
and are expected to result in significant reductions in VOC.
Naphthalene is a VOC. This provision requires EPA to account for
sources of 80 percent of total VOC emissions from consumer products in
ozone nonattainment areas and subject these sources to best available
controls.
The proposed rule would affect approximately 220 consumer product
manufacturers and importers nationwide. Many of these companies are
already taking steps to reformulate their products to emit less VOC.
The EPA worked closely with these companies in developing the proposed
rule.
More information on the proposed rule for consumer products can be
downloaded from the Clean Air Act Amendments bulletin board (under
``Recently Signed Rules'') of EPA's electronic Technology Transfer
Network (TTN), or by calling (919) 541-5742.
5. Refueling Emissions at Gasoline Dispensing Facilities
Refueling emissions at gasoline dispensing facilities (gas
stations) occur when vapors are displaced from a motor vehicle's fuel
tank during the refueling process. Refueling accounts for 374 tons of
the 16-PAH emissions (naphthalene) in the 1990 base year inventory. The
EPA recognizes the importance of controlling these emissions but
believes that they are not appropriately the subject of regulation
under section 112.
Promulgation of a section 112 standard to control emissions from
refueling would frustrate Congress' intent to regulate those emissions
through sections 182(b)(3) and 202(a)(6). Rather than treating
refueling emissions in the same manner that they treated other HAP
emissions, Congress elected to provide a special, comprehensive program
specifically tailored to refueling.
The first step of the program, in section 182(b)(3), sets forth a
short-term solution. It requires the installation of controls on fuel
pumps to recover refueling emissions (``stage II'') and includes a
schedule which calls for prompt compliance with its requirements. Stage
II was initially required for gasoline dispensing facilities which sell
more than 10,000 gallons of gasoline per month (or 50,000 gallons per
month, in the case of independent small business marketers) in all
areas that are ``moderate'' or worse nonattainment areas for ozone. In
addition, section 184(b)(2) of the Act requires all areas in the ozone
transport region (OTR) to adopt stage II controls or control measures
capable of achieving comparable emissions reductions.
The second step, in section 202(a)(6), mandates the use of vehicle-
based vapor
[[Page 17844]]
recovery systems in all new light-duty vehicles (``onboard''). The
schedule provided in section 202(a)(6) allows for a lengthier
compliance process that imposes onboard controls after the installation
of Stage II. Upon promulgation of EPA's onboard regulations, the
section 182(b)(3) Stage II requirements no longer applied to
``moderate'' ozone nonattainment areas, although States were free to
leave stage II controls in place. For instance, some States concluded
that stage II was necessary for them to meet reasonable further
progress or attainment and maintenance requirements under title I of
the Act. Moreover, States are free under section 116 of the Act to
apply Stage II requirements more stringently than is federally
required. Once EPA determines by rule that those onboard controls are
in widespread use throughout the motor vehicle fleet, the Stage II
controls may be scaled back in ``serious'' or worse ozone nonattainment
areas, while areas in the OTR will remain subject to the requirements
of section 184(b)(2) to apply Stage II or comparable measures.
Enactment of sections 182(b)(3) and 202(a)(6) was preceded by
lengthy, detailed debate about the all aspects of Stage II and onboard
systems (e.g., S. Rep. No. 231, 100th Cong., 1st Sess. 404-407 (1987)),
including the safety of the systems (e.g., Environmental and Natural
Resources Policy Division, Library of Congress, 103d Cong., 1st Sess.,
A Legislative History of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, at
10729-33 (Comm. Print 1993) (statement of Sen. Coats)), the
relationship between the requirements (e.g., H.R. Rep. No. 490, 101st
Cong., 2d Sess., pt. 1, at 303-304 (1990)), and the costs imposed by
the controls (e.g., Legislative History, supra, at 4837, 4843
(statement of Sen. Chafee)). Moreover, Congress recognized that the
Stage II and onboard requirements of sections 182(b)(3) and 202(a)(6)
would produce substantial toxics benefits:
Both Stage II and onboard are designed to capture emissions from
refueling of mobile sources. They capture emissions of benzene, a
known carcinogen, and other toxic pollutants (S. Rep. No. 231, at
23).
Two other benefits attributable to Stage II systems are reduced
human exposure to toxics compounds and increased safety (S. Rep. No.
228, 101st Cong., 1st Sess. 40 (1989)).
Onboard systems also reduce human exposure to toxic pollution
(S. Rep. No. 228, at 94).
See also Legislative History, supra, at 5617-18 (statement of Sen.
Baucus); S. Rep. 231, at 137, 460.
Congress' intent to comprehensively address refueling emissions
from gasoline dispensing stations through stage II and onboard
requirements is clearly illustrated by the focused regulatory scheme
provided in those provisions, by the prolonged and detailed debate on
the issue, and by the recognition that sections 182(b)(3) and 202(a)(6)
control toxics. Imposition of a section 112 standard upon that unique
arrangement would frustrate Congress' intent to control emissions from
refueling through the comprehensive regulatory structure anticipated by
sections 182(b)(3) and 202(a)(6).
To be sure, other types of emission sources are subject to
regulation under more than one provision of the Act. For example, an
industrial facility may have both section 110 State implementation plan
requirements and section 112 air toxics standards. In those situations,
sources become subject to multiple requirements because Congress
constructed those parts of the Act to allow for overlapping coverage.
Sections 110 and 112 are intended to apply broadly to a wide range of
sources without excluding the application of other general
requirements. In the case of evaporative losses from vehicle refueling,
however, Congress required stage II and onboard as controls
specifically focused on regulating the emissions from a single type of
emission point after significant and lengthy discussion and after
recognizing that those controls accomplish the goals of section 112.
The unique structure and history of sections 182(b)(3) and 202(a)(6)
indicate Congress' intent to strike a balance between burdens on
gasoline station owners and refiners and to achieve a uniform,
comprehensive regulatory approach to control of refueling emissions. By
contrast, the remainder of the Act contemplates the application of
multiple provisions to sources.
Recognition of Congress' plan to control refueling emissions
through stage II and onboard, rather than through MACT, does not affect
the public health. As mentioned above, Congress understood that the
emission reductions achieved by sections 182(b)(3) and 202(a)(6) will
be comparable to those achieved by a standard under section 112. The
onboard controls yield a 95 percent emissions reduction over
uncontrolled levels. Due to fleet turnover, 90 percent of light duty
vehicles are expected to be equipped with onboard controls by 2015.
Once it is fully phased in, onboard will achieve that level of control
for 97 percent of new vehicles and 94 percent of refueling emissions.
That will lead to reductions of VOC and HAP emissions of 300,000 to
400,000 tons per year. Imposition of a section 112 standard on
refueling would not be likely to achieve greater reductions.
More information about stage II and onboard can be obtained at
EPA's Internet web site (http://www.epa.gov/OMSWWW/gopher/Regs/LD-hwy/
Onboard/orvrq&a.txt).
B. Defining ``Subject to Standards''
The focus of the regulations under section 112(d) has been to
initially develop standards for emissions of air toxics based on the
MACT available for each industry source category emitting HAP. Section
112(c)(6) specifically states that sources that account for 90 percent
of emissions of section 112(c)(6) specific pollutants be subject to
standards under section 112(d)(2) or 112(d)(4). It is important to
recognize that in making sources ``subject to standards,'' the language
of section 112(c)(6) does not specify either a particular degree of
emissions control or a reduction in these specific pollutants'
emissions to be achieved by such regulations. Rather, specific control
requirements are set as referenced in section 112(d)(2) and (d)(4).
In the next phase of section 112 programs (under section 112(f)),
EPA will evaluate the necessity of further emissions reductions in
order ``to provide an ample margin of safety to protect public health .
. . or to prevent, taking into consideration costs, energy, safety, and
other relevant factors, an adverse environmental effect.'' These latter
determinations will rely on information required by the 1990 Amendments
to the Act or gathered since they were passed. For example, the Dioxin
Reassessment Study, the Great Waters Report to Congress, and the
Mercury Report to Congress, represent extensive assessments of the
health effects and the potential exposure of humans and the environment
to the pollutants identified in section 112(c)(6). This information
will be used in future decisions regarding the imposition of health-
based emission reductions.
1. Section 112(d)(2)
Section 112(d)(2) standards are based on the maximum level of
control, defined in section 112(d)(3) as the ``maximum degree of
reduction in emissions that is deemed achievable'' (i.e., MACT), as
determined by the best-performing 12 percent of sources within the
source category for existing sources. Section 112(d)(2) provides for
measures that (a) reduce the volume or eliminate emissions of HAP
through process
[[Page 17845]]
changes, substitution of materials or modifications; (b) enclose
systems or processes to eliminate HAP emissions; (c) collect, capture,
or treat HAP when released from a process, stack, storage, or fugitive
emissions point; (d) are design, equipment, work practice, or
operational standards (including requirements for operator training or
certification); or (e) are a combination of the above.
Many source categories, which have been identified as ones that
account for the emissions of the various section 112(c)(6) pollutants,
have previously been listed for section 112(d)(2) regulation and appear
on the source category list promulgated for section 112(c)(1) (57 FR
31576, July 16, 1992; 61 FR 28197, June 4, 1996). These standards are
at varying phases of completion, and, for many, analysis has not yet
been initiated. In developing the basis for today's action, EPA relied
on the best available information. However, as EPA recognizes, and many
commenters have noted, many uncertainties remain concerning the
accuracy of its identification of source categories and estimates of
emissions. As the Agency proceeds to develop appropriate emission
standards, it will necessarily develop improved source category-
specific information, which may affect the estimates of total
emissions, the percentage of emissions subject to standards, allocation
of emissions within a source category to major and area sources, and
source categories for which standards need to be developed. As it
proceeds to develop these standards and associated information, EPA
intends to further evaluate this information against its obligation to
assure that sources accounting for not less than 90 percent of
emissions are subject to standards. In accordance with section
112(c)(6), EPA is ultimately responsible for adopting regulations to
meet the 90 percent requirement.
In cases where regulatory development has proceeded to a point such
that data are sufficient to estimate the portion of the emissions from
a given source category that will be subject to the regulation, such an
estimate was made. For instance, if a section 112(d)(2) standard will
apply only to sources determined to be major as defined in section
112(a), then only the fraction of the total source category emissions
that are estimated from major sources would be counted as subject to
standards. For example, the section 112(d)(2) standard for stage I
gasoline distribution (40 CFR part 63, subpart R, promulgated December
14, 1994) only regulates major sources, which account for 10 percent of
emissions from that source category. As a result, the section 112(c)(6)
analysis only credits 10 percent of the emissions (refer to Table 2).
2. Section 112(d)(4)
Congress provided in section 112(d)(4) that EPA could, at its
discretion, develop risk-based standards for HAP ``for which a health
threshold has been established,'' provided that the standard achieves
an ``ample margin of safety.'' The full text of the provision reads:
With respect to pollutants for which a health threshold has been
established, the Administrator may consider such threshold level,
with an ample margin of safety, when establishing emission standards
under this subsection.
A determination that a threshold exists has not been made for
alkylated lead, POM, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB's), 2,3,7,8-TCDF, or 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Therefore, section 112(d)(4)
authority has not been, and cannot yet be, used to regulate the
emissions of any of these pollutants.
The EPA has established a reference dose (RfD) for methyl mercury
and a reference concentration (RfC) for inorganic mercury, but section
112(d)(4) has not been used in regulating the emissions of these
mercury compounds. Regulation based on these mercury thresholds is
difficult because EPA lacks a method to link deposition or ambient
concentrations to exposure concentrations for these pollutants. (A more
detailed discussion of section 112(d)(4) appears in the draft listing
Federal Register notice.)
3. Section 129
Some source categories identified as contributors to the estimates
of emissions of section 112(c)(6) pollutants are not currently listed
for regulation under section 112(d)(2), but are subject to section 129
standards.
Because section 129 provides for a substantively equivalent level
of control as section 112(d)(2) and because section 129(h)(2) prohibits
subjecting solid waste incinerators to both section 129 and section
112(d) standards, the Agency believes that it is appropriate to include
section 129 as a regulatory instrument equivalent to section 112(d)(2).
The EPA further believes that listing source categories for section
112(c)(6) that are already covered under section 129 would lead to a
redundant regulatory effort and would produce no additional
environmental benefit. The EPA is, therefore, crediting the emissions
of section 112(c)(6) pollutants from section 129 source categories as
subject to standards under section 112(c)(6). A more complete
discussion of section 129 standards and comparison to section 112(d)(2)
standards is provided in the draft listing Federal Register notice.
Some section 129 standards are being developed as part of the ICCR.
The ICCR is based on the authority of sections 112 and 129. Each of the
ICCR source categories will be subject to either section 112 or 129
authority (as noted in Table 2) depending on the materials the source
category burns (a conventional fuel or a waste product). This project
was discussed in detail in the draft listing notice. Source categories
previously identified in the draft notice as ICCR standards have been
modified to identify whether they will be subject to section 112 or
section 129 in conjunction with the ICCR. These identifications of
section 112 and 129 standards may change as EPA determines whether
combustion devices used at these sources burn ``fuel'' or ``waste.''
Additional information about the ICCR is available on the EPA TTN or at
the ICCR Main Menu on the Internet (http://ttnwww.rtpnc.epa.gov). When
accessing the World Wide Web site, select ``TTN BBS Web'' from the
first menu, then select ``Gateway to Technical Areas'' from the second
menu, and, finally, select ``ICCR-Industrial Combustion Coordinated
Rulemaking'' from the third menu.
C. Regulatory Coverage for Section 112(c)(6) Pollutants
Table 2 provides a summary of the source categories that emit
section 112(c)(6) HAP and the percentage of emissions attributable to
each category. Note that as described in section IV.A., only the
sources that EPA believes are appropriate for regulation under section
112 are included in this analysis. Table 1 shows the full emissions
inventory.
In Table 2, the percent contributions of source categories that are
eligible for section 112(d) standards (and, therefore, included in the
section 112(c)(6) analysis) are summed for each pollutant in order to
identify those section 112(c)(6) pollutants that do not have at least
90 percent of emissions subject to standards. Those section 112(c)(6)
pollutants at or above the 90 percent level are: POM (as defined by
EOM), 2,3,7,8-TCDD, mercury, PCB's, and HCB. These pollutants do not
appear, at this time, to require the listing of any additional source
categories for future rulemaking.
Based on the 1990 baseline emissions inventory, the 90 percent
subject to standards requirement is not met for the
[[Page 17846]]
following pollutants: POM (as defined by 7-PAH), POM (as defined by 16-
PAH), and alkylated lead. For these pollutants, additional source
categories will have to be identified to attain the 90 percent level.
These additional source categories are being listed under section
112(c)(6) for section 112(d)(2) or (d)(4) standards development. As
noted earlier, these listings, as presented now, are based on the best
information that is currently available. Given the above mentioned
uncertainties, however, EPA recognizes that the list may be subject to
change. Hence, the EPA anticipates that it may, in the future, amend
the list of source categories published in today's notice, in order to
fulfill the requirement to subject sources accounting for 90 percent of
the emissions of the section 112(c)(6) HAP to standards. For example,
as EPA evaluates a particular source category, it may find that area
sources contribute insignificantly to the emissions of POM and
regulation would not be necessary to attain the 90 percent requirement.
In such a situation, EPA may find it appropriate to take credit for
regulation of the major sources only. As better estimates of emissions
are developed during the MACT development process, EPA intends to
evaluate this information against its obligation to assure that sources
accounting for 90 percent of emissions are subject to standards. Any
future evaluation of the 90 percent requirement would have to be based
on 1990 emissions in order to maintain consistency.
V. Source Categories That Require Listing as a Result of the
Section 112(c)(6) Analysis
A review of the available data indicates that a substantial
majority of source categories emitting section 112(c)(6) pollutants
have already been listed for regulation under section 112(d)(2) or are
subject to regulation under equivalent authorities. Based on EPA's
current information, in order to meet the section 112(c)(6) requirement
to assure that the sources of at least 90 percent of the aggregate
emissions of each specific HAP are subject to standards, the following
source categories require such listing: Open burning of scrap tires and
gasoline distribution, leaded aviation fuel. The source category, wood
treatment and preservation, had appeared in the draft listing Federal
Register notice, but has been removed from consideration for this list.
Comments were submitted that significantly reduced the emissions
estimates for this source category, as well as changes that affected
estimates of other source category emissions, resulting in a lower
percent contribution from this source category and in its removal from
this listing.
This listing under section 112(c)(6) identifies source categories
for which standards under section 112(d)(2) or (d)(4) will be
developed, but by itself does not automatically result in regulation or
control of emissions from sources within these source categories. The
EPA will perform further analyses on emissions and control methods for
the listed source categories. This regulatory development analysis will
determine any ultimate regulatory requirements.
A summary of the reasons for each of the above source category's
inclusion follows.
--Open burning of scrap tires: Although data submitted in response to
the draft listing package resulted in a significant reduction in the
emissions estimate for this source category, it still accounts for a
significant portion of POM emissions in the section 112(c)(6) analysis
(14.3 percent defined as 7-PAH, and 3.4 percent defined as 16-PAH).
Subjecting emissions from this source to standards will bring the
percentage of 7-PAH emissions that are subject to standards up to the
level of 99.3 percent, and 16-PAH emissions up to the level of 90.2
percent.
The EPA realizes that scrap tires are not routinely burned in the
open as part of agricultural or industrial processes and that these
sources are different from facilities designed for the incineration of
scrap tires. There are numerous storage piles of scrap tires across the
country created through legal and illegal practices. These storage
piles are often set on fire by arson, accident, or natural causes
(lightning). Some states and organizations have created rules and
guidelines designed to reduce and eventually eliminate the fire threat
posed by stockpiled tires. The EPA will consider these efforts in
developing a section 112(d)(2) standard for this source category. These
emissions involve inadvertent and incidental releases of emissions
rather than discharges as a direct result of process operations; as
such it is analogous to the incidental but significant release of
emissions through process leaks or from solvent-laden cleaning rags.
The EPA believes it can subject these sources to standards in a fashion
similar to its approach to other sources from which significant
emissions could result from unsafe or ineffective work management
practices.
--Gasoline distribution, aviation fuel: This category, consists of
evaporative losses from the transfer and storage of leaded aviation
fuel, and aircraft refueling and associated spillage. Note that these
emissions are associated with fuel containing alkylated lead, commonly
referred to as aviation gas, and used primarily in general aviation
aircraft. This is not the same as commercial jet fuel. This source
category accounts for 81.3 percent of the 1990 base year inventory.
However, since leaded gasoline has been banned for use in motor
vehicles since the 1990 inventory estimate, this source category
accounts for the only known remaining emissions of alkylated lead. Thus
listing this source category will subject 100 percent of current
alkylated lead emissions to standards.
VI. Regulatory Requirements
A. General
Today's notice is not a rule; it is essentially a housekeeping or
maintenance activity which does not impose regulatory requirements or
costs on any sources, including small businesses. Therefore, the EPA
has not prepared an economic impact analysis pursuant to section 317 of
the Act, nor a regulatory flexibility analysis pursuant to the
Regulatory Flexibility Act (Pub. L. 96-354, September 19, 1980), nor a
budgetary impact statement pursuant to the Unfunded Mandates Act of
1995. Also, this notice does not contain any information collection
requirements and, therefore, is not subject to the Paperwork Reduction
Act, 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.
B. Executive Order 12866 and Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
Review
Under Executive Order 12866 (58 FR 51735; October 4, 1993), the
Agency must determine whether a regulatory action is ``significant''
and therefore subject to OMB review and the requirements of the
Executive Order. The Order defines ``significant'' regulatory action as
one that is likely to lead to a rule that may either: (1) Have an
annual effect on this economy of $100 million or more, or adversely and
materially affect a sector of the economy, productivity, competition,
jobs, the environment, public health or safety, or State, local or
tribal governments or communities; (2) create a serious inconsistency
or otherwise interfere with an action taken or planned by another
agency; (3) materially alter the budgetary impact of entitlements,
grants, user fees, or loan programs or the rights and obligations of
recipients thereof; or (4) raise novel legal or policy issues arising
out of legal mandates, the President's priorities, or
[[Page 17847]]
the principles set forth in the Executive Order.
Pursuant to the terms of Executive Order 12866, this is not a
``significant regulatory action'' within the meaning of the Executive
Order. This notice was submitted to OMB for review. Any written
comments from OMB and written EPA responses are available in the
docket.
C. Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996
Today's action is not a rule subject to notice-and-comment
requirements and is thus not subject to the Small Business Regulatory
Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996. In addition, as mentioned above, this
notice merely lists categories of sources and does not impose any
regulatory requirements. Consequently, this notice will not have any
economic impact on small entities.
D. Submission to Congress and the Comptroller General
The Congressional Review Act, 5 U.S.C. 801 et seq., as added by the
Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996, does not
apply because this action is not a rule, as that term is defined in 5
U.S.C. 804(3).
Dated: April 3, 1998.
Richard D. Wilson,
Acting Assistant Administrator for Air and Radiation.
Table 1.--Summary of 1990 Emission Inventory Data for Section 112(C)(6) Pollutants (Tons/Yr)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
POM
Source category ------------------------------------ 2,3,7,8- Mercury PCB HCB Alkylated
7-PAH 16-PAH EOM TCDD TEQ lead
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Abrasive Grain (Media) Manufacturing.................... .......... 2.48e+01 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Adhesives and Sealants (SICs combined).................. .......... 4.18e+00 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Aerospace Industry (Surface Coating).................... .......... 1.64e+03 .......... .......... 4.00e+00 .......... .......... ..........
Agricultural Chemicals.................................. .......... 9.03e+00 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Asphalt Hot-Mix Production.............................. 9.40e-02 4.37e+01 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Asphalt Roofing Production.............................. 1.68e+00 4.36e+01 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Battery Production...................................... .......... .......... .......... .......... 2.00e-02 .......... .......... ..........
Blast Furnace and Steel Mills........................... .......... 4.99e+02 .......... .......... 2.50e-01 .......... .......... ..........
Carbamate Insecticides Production....................... .......... 4.08e+00 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Carbon Black Production................................. 4.50e-01 4.33e+00 .......... .......... 2.50e-01 .......... .......... ..........
Carbon Reactivation Furnaces............................ .......... .......... .......... 1.25e-07 .......... .......... .......... ..........
Chemical Manufacturing: Cyclic Crude and Intermediate
Production............................................. .......... 1.04e+02 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Chemical Preparations (SICs combined)................... .......... 6.79e+00 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Chloralkali Production.................................. .......... 4.52e+00 .......... .......... 9.80e+00 .......... .......... ..........
Chlorinated Solvents Production......................... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 5.81e-01 ..........
Chromium Plating: Chromic Anodizing..................... .......... .......... .......... .......... 2.50e-03 .......... .......... ..........
Cigarette Smoke......................................... 5.20e-01 3.45e+00 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Clay Refractories....................................... .......... 5.00e-01 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Cleaning Products (SICs combined)....................... .......... 1.38e+00 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Coke Ovens: By-Product Recovery Plants.................. .......... 7.78e+01 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Coke Ovens: Charging, Topside & Door Leaks.............. 7.18e+01 5.39e+02 6.79e+02 .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching & Battery Stacks......... 3.01e+01 5.17e+02 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Commercial Coal Combustion.............................. 3.60e+01 1.73e+02 2.74e+03 .......... 7.77e-01 .......... .......... ..........
Commercial Natural Gas Combustion....................... .......... 3.00e-02 1.92e+03 .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Commercial Oil Combustion............................... 3.16e-02 5.33e+01 1.32e+03 .......... 2.00e-01 .......... .......... ..........
Commercial Printing, Gravure............................ .......... 2.89e+01 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Commercial Printing, Letterpress and Screen............. .......... 1.04e+01 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Commercial Wood/Wood Residue Combustion................. 1.01e+00 3.58e+01 1.95e+03 .......... 8.00e-03 .......... .......... ..........
Consumer Products Usage................................. .......... 5.73e+03 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Crematories............................................. 1.42e-08 8.33e-06 .......... 9.15e-12 3.77e-04 .......... .......... ..........
Custom Compound Purchased Resins Manufacture............ .......... .......... .......... .......... 1.28e-01 .......... .......... ..........
Dental Preparation and Use.............................. .......... .......... .......... 8.00e-01 .......... .......... .......... ..........
Drum and Barrel Reclamation............................. 1.27e-06 8.19e-05 .......... 2.51e-07 .......... .......... .......... ..........
Electronic and Other Electric Equipment Manufacturing
(SICs combined)........................................ .......... 3.05e+01 .......... .......... 8.83e-01 .......... .......... ..........
Fabricated Metal Products............................... .......... 1.43e+02 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Fabricated Rubber Products.............................. .......... 1.48e+02 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Ferroalloy Manufacture.................................. 2.60e-01 5.60e-01 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Fiber Cans, Drums, and Similar Products................. .......... 5.06e+00 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Fluorescent Lamp Recycling.............................. .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 6.00e-03 .......... ..........
Food Products (SICs combined)........................... .......... 3.54e+00 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Gasoline Distribution (Aviation)........................ .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 3.75e-01
Gasoline Distribution (Stage I)......................... .......... 3.55e+02 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 8.64e-02
Gasoline Distribution (Stage II)........................ .......... 3.74e+02 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 1.92e-02
General Laboratory Activities........................... .......... .......... .......... .......... 8.00e-01 .......... .......... ..........
Geothermal Power........................................ .......... .......... .......... .......... 1.30e+00 .......... .......... ..........
Gum and Wood Chemical................................... .......... 5.00e-01 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Hazardous Waste Incineration............................ 2.09e-02 1.75e-01 .......... 3.30e-05 3.20e+00 2.78e-02 .......... ..........
Industrial Coal Combustion.............................. 3.09e+00 1.57e+02 2.41e+03 .......... 2.20e+01 .......... .......... ..........
Industrial Gases Manufacturing.......................... .......... 9.43e+00 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Industrial Inorganic Chemicals Manufacturing............ .......... 1.57e+01 .......... .......... 1.00e+00 .......... .......... ..........
Industrial Machinery and Electrical Equipment (SICs
combined).............................................. .......... 2.77e+00 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Industrial Natural Gas Combustion....................... .......... 2.00e-02 9.28e+02 .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Industrial Oil Combustion............................... 3.07e-02 5.09e+01 4.94e+02 .......... 5.80e+00 4.97e-05 .......... ..........
Industrial Organic Chemicals Manufacturing.............. .......... 2.27e+02 .......... .......... 2.00e-02 .......... .......... ..........
Industrial Stationary IC Engines--Diesel................ 8.93e-02 5.02e+00 1.93e+03 .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Industrial Stationary IC Engines--Natural Gas........... 1.03e+00 4.76e+01 .......... .......... 4.47e+00 .......... .......... ..........
Industrial Turbines--Diesel Fired....................... .......... 1.55e-02 1.73e+03 .......... 9.00e-02 .......... .......... ..........
Industrial Turbines: Natural Gas Fired.................. .......... 1.38e+01 7.39e+02 .......... 1.61e+00 .......... .......... ..........
Industrial Waste Oil Combustion......................... 1.34e+00 7.82e+00 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Industrial Wood/Wood Residue Combustion................. 1.21e+00 6.88e+01 4.42e+04 5.07e-05 2.03e-01 .......... .......... ..........
[[Page 17848]]
Inorganic Pigments Manufacturing........................ .......... .......... .......... .......... 5.00e-03 .......... .......... ..........
Instrument Manufacturing................................ .......... .......... .......... .......... 5.00e-01 .......... .......... ..........
Iron and Steel Foundries................................ 6.00e-02 1.90e-01 .......... 1.15e-05 .......... .......... .......... ..........
Lamp Breakage........................................... .......... .......... .......... .......... 1.50e+00 .......... .......... ..........
Landfill (Gas) Flares................................... 1.05e-03 4.45e-01 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Lightweight Aggegate Kilns.............................. .......... .......... .......... 3.60e-06 3.10e-01 .......... .......... ..........
Lime Manufacturing...................................... .......... .......... .......... .......... 7.00e-01 .......... .......... ..........
Lubricating Oils and Grease............................. .......... 6.00e-02 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Medical Waste Incineration.............................. .......... 8.00e-01 1.50e+01 6.60e-04 5.00e+01 4.03e-02 .......... ..........
Metal Household Furniture............................... .......... 2.50e-03 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Miscellaneous Manufacturing............................. .......... 6.58e+00 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Miscellaneous Plastics Products......................... .......... 5.76e+00 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Municipal Waste Combustion.............................. .......... 9.67e-02 1.82e+02 3.65e-03 5.50e+01 8.01e-02 .......... ..........
Naphthalene--Miscellaneous Uses......................... .......... 1.25e+00 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Naphthalene Production.................................. .......... 6.46e+01 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Naphthalene Sulfonates Production....................... .......... 6.53e+00 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Non-Road Vehicles and Equipment (NRVE)--Aircraft........ 9.00e-02 4.79e+00 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Nonmetallic Mineral Products............................ .......... 2.50e-03 .......... .......... 5.00e-03 .......... .......... ..........
NRVE--Other............................................. 2.40e+01 4.70e+01 2.51e+04 .......... .......... .......... .......... 1.66e-01
Office Furniture, Except Wood Manufacturing............. .......... 6.45e+00 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
On-Road Vehicles........................................ 3.44e+01 7.59e+01 5.62e+04 9.50e-05 .......... .......... .......... ..........
Open Burning of Scrap Tires............................. 5.25e+01 2.94e+02 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Other Biological Incineration........................... .......... .......... 1.05e+00 1.60e-04 .......... 2.49e-03 .......... ..........
Other Miscellaneous (SICs combined)..................... .......... 1.45e+00 .......... .......... 2.50e-01 .......... .......... ..........
Other Secondary Nonferrous Metals Recovery.............. .......... .......... .......... .......... 2.50e-01 .......... .......... ..........
Other Structural Clay Products.......................... .......... 5.60e-01 .......... .......... 1.10e-01 .......... .......... ..........
Paints and Allied Products.............................. .......... 3.07e+01 .......... .......... 7.50e-03 .......... .......... ..........
Paper Coated and Laminated, Packaging................... .......... 5.54e+01 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Partitions and Fixtures................................. .......... 4.35e+00 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Pesticides Application.................................. .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 1.46e-01 ..........
Pesticides Manufacture.................................. .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 4.58e-01 ..........
Petroleum Refining: All Processes....................... 1.64e+01 1.10e+03 .......... .......... 4.35e-02 .......... .......... ..........
Pharmaceutical Preparations and Manufacturing (SICs
combined).............................................. .......... 7.66e-01 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Phthalic Anhydride Production........................... .......... 2.62e+01 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Plastic Foam Products Manufacturing..................... .......... 1.10e+02 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Plastics Material and Resins Manufacturing.............. .......... 8.55e+00 .......... .......... 4.00e-03 .......... .......... ..........
Porcelain Electrical Supplies........................... .......... 2.08e+00 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Portland Cement Manufacture: Hazardous Waste Kilns...... 2.08e+00 1.26e+01 .......... 4.75e-04 2.75e+00 .......... .......... ..........
Portland Cement Manufacture: Non-Hazardous Waste Kilns.. 2.60e+00 4.79e+01 .......... 4.29e-05 4.13e+00 .......... .......... ..........
Primary Aluminum Production............................. 1.41e+02 6.62e+02 3.88e+03 .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Primary Copper Production............................... .......... .......... .......... .......... 7.40e-01 .......... .......... ..........
Primary Lead Smelting................................... .......... .......... .......... .......... 1.30e+00 .......... .......... ..........
Primary Metal Products Manufacturing (SICs combined).... .......... 2.69e+01 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Public Building and Related Furniture................... 1.16e+01 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Pulp and Paper--Kraft Recovery Furnaces................. 3.74e+00 6.49e+02 3.42e-07 1.90e+00 .......... .......... .......... ..........
Pulp and Paper--Lime Kilns.............................. 2.50e-01 1.83e+02 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Pulp and Paper--Sulfite Recovery Furnaces............... 6.17e+00 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Residential Coal Combustion............................. 3.19e+01 1.03e+02 2.34e-04 6.00e-01 .......... .......... .......... ..........
Residential Natural Gas Combustion...................... 8.02e-02 5.10e+00 4.14e+03 .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Residential Oil Combustion.............................. 1.70e+00 2.10e+01 1.47e+03 3.78e-06 3.00e+00 .......... .......... ..........
Residential Wood Combustion............................. 5.72e+02 8.86e+03 2.36e+05 3.38e-05 .......... .......... .......... ..........
Scrap or Waste Tire Combustion.......................... 2.17e-05 5.18e-03 3.00e-07 1.04e-03 .......... .......... .......... ..........
Secondary Aluminum Smelting............................. 1.90e-04 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Secondary Copper Smelting............................... .......... .......... 6.80e-06 .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Secondary Lead Smelting................................. 1.90e-02 6.99e+01 4.25e-06 1.13e-02 .......... .......... .......... ..........
Secondary Mercury Production............................ .......... .......... 7.52e-01 .......... .......... .......... ..........
Sewage Sludge Incineration.............................. 8.67e-03 1.64e+00 2.65e-05 1.80e+00 5.12e-03
Ship Building and Repair (Surface Coating).............. 1.44e+01 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Surface Active Agents Manufacturing..................... 7.41e+00 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Textiles (SICs Combined)................................ 9.68e+00 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Tire Manufacturing...................................... 7.00e+00 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 4.35e-01 ..........
Transportation Equipment Manufacturing (SICs combined).. 5.16e+01 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Utility Coal Combustion................................. 2.10e-01 7.55e+00 3.86e+04 1.10e-04 5.10e+01 6.80e-01 .......... ..........
Utility Natural Gas Combustion.......................... 6.90e-01 1.00e+03 1.60e-03 .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Utility Oil Combustion.................................. 5.00e-02 5.70e-01 5.31e+02 7.00e-06 2.50e-01 1.49e-04 .......... ..........
Utility Turbines--Diesel Fired.......................... 3.00e-02 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Wildfires and Prescribed Burning........................ 9.64e+02 2.54e+03 9.50e-05 .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Wood Household Furniture Manufacturing.................. 1.13e+01 .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Wood Treatment/Wood Preserving.......................... 9.04e+01 3.80e-0 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Emissions (tons/yr)......................... 1995.80 26476.54 428035.05 0.0059 234.59 0.16 2.30 0.65
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 17849]]
Table 2.--1990 Anthropogenic Stationary Source Category Percentage Contributions and Associated Regulations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
POM
Source category ------------------------------------ 2,3,7,8- Mercury PCB HCB Alkylated Applicable regulation
7-PAH 16-PAH EOM TCDD TEQ lead
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source Categories Subject to
Regulation
(8)Percent contribution
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aerospace Industry (Surface 18.838 .......... .......... 2.226 .......... .......... .......... Sec. 112(d)(2).
Coating) {Subject to
regulations is 100% of total
values}.
Asphalt Hot-Mix Production..... 0.026 0.502 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... Sec. 112(d)(2).
Asphalt Roofing Production..... 0.458 0.501 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... Sec. 112(d)(2).
Blast Furnace and Steel Mills.. .......... 5.732 .......... .......... 0.139 .......... .......... .......... Sec. 112(d)(2).
Chemical Manufacturing: Cyclic .......... 1.195 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... Sec. 112(d)(2).
Crude and Intermediate
Production.
Chloralkali Production......... .......... 0.052 .......... .......... 5.453 .......... .......... .......... Sec. 112(d)(2).
Chlorinated Solvents Production .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 39.417 .......... Sec. 112(d)(2).
Chromium Plating: Chromic .......... .......... .......... .......... 0.001 .......... .......... .......... Sec. 112(d)(2).
Anodizing {Subject to
Regulation is 100% of total
values}.
Coke Ovens: By-Product Recovery .......... 0.894 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... Sec. 112(d)(2).
Plants.
Coke Ovens: Charging, Topside & 19.570 6.191 1.043 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... Sec. 112(d)(2).
Door Leaks.
Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching 8.204 5.934 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... Sec. 112(d)(2).
& Battery Stacks.
Commercial Printing, Gravure .......... 0.330 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... Sec. 112(d)(2).
{Subject to Regulation is
99.35% of total values}.
Fabricated Metal Products...... .......... 1.643 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... Sec. 112(d)(2).
Gasoline Distribution (Stage I) .......... 0.408 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 1.873 Sec. 112(d)(2).
{Subject to Regulation is 10%
of total values}.
Hazardous Waste Incineration... 0.006 0.002 .......... 0.616 1.781 17.721 .......... .......... Sec. 112(d)(2).
Industrial Organic Chemicals .......... 2.579 .......... .......... 0.011 .......... .......... .......... Sec. 112(d)(2).
Manufacturing {Subject to
Regulation is 98.91% of total
values}.
Lightweight Aggregate Kilns.... .......... .......... .......... 0.067 0.173 .......... .......... .......... Sec. 112(d)(2).
Naphthalene Production......... .......... 0.742 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... Sec. 112(d)(2).
Paints and Allied Products..... .......... 0.353 .......... .......... 0.004 .......... .......... .......... Sec. 112(d)(2).
Paper Coated and Laminated, .......... 0.636 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... Sec. 112(d)(2).
Packaging.
Pesticides Manufacture......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 31.072 .......... Sec. 112(d)(2).
Petroleum Refining: All 4.360 12.326 .......... .......... 0.024 .......... .......... .......... Sec. 112(d)(2).
Processes {Subject to
Regulation is 97.55% of total
values}.
Phthalic Anhydride Production.. .......... 0.301 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... Sec. 112(d)(2).
Plastic Foam Products .......... 1.264 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... Sec. 112(d)(2).
Manufacturing.
Portland Cement Manufacture: 0.567 0.145 .......... 8.873 1.530 .......... .......... .......... Sec. 112(d)(2).
Hazardous Waste Kilns.
Portland Cement Manufacture: 0.709 0.550 .......... 0.801 2.297 .......... .......... .......... Sec. 112(d)(2).
Non-Hazardous Waste Kilns.
Primary Aluminum Production.... 38.431 7.604 5.953 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... Sec. 112(d)(2).
Pulp and Paper--Kraft Recovery 1.019 7.455 .......... 0.006 1.057 .......... .......... .......... Sec. 112(d)(2).
Furnaces.
Pulp and Paper--Lime Kilns..... 0.068 2.102 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... Sec. 112(d)(2).
Secondary Aluminum Smelting.... .......... .......... .......... 3.549 .......... .......... .......... .......... Sec. 112(d)(2).
Secondary Lead Smelting........ 0.005 0.803 .......... 0.079 0.006 .......... .......... .......... Sec. 112(d)(2).
Ship Building and Repair .......... 0.156 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... Sec. 112(d)(2).
(Surface Coating) {Subject to
Regulation is 94.41% of total
values}.
Tire Manufacturing............. .......... 0.080 .......... .......... .......... .......... 29.512 .......... Sec. 112(d)(2).
Transportation Equipment .......... 0.593 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... Sec. 112(d)(2).
Manufacturing (SICs combined).
Wood Household Furniture .......... 0.127 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... Sec. 112(d)(2).
Manufacturing {Subject to
Regulation is 97.9% of total
values}.
Medical Waste Incineration..... .......... 0.009 0.023 12.329 27.824 25.689 .......... .......... Sec. 129.
Municipal Waste Combustion..... .......... 0.001 0.280 68.183 30.606 51.042 .......... .......... Sec. 129.
Commercial Coal Combustion..... 9.812 1.984 4.214 .......... 0.432 .......... .......... .......... Sec. 112 (ICCR).
Commercial Oil Combustion...... 0.009 0.612 2.020 .......... 0.111 .......... .......... .......... Sec. 112 (ICCR).
Commercial Wood/Wood Residue 0.275 0.411 2.989 .......... 0.004 .......... .......... .......... Sec. 112 (ICCR).
Combustion b.
Industrial Coal Combustion..... 0.842 1.803 3.704 .......... 12.253 .......... .......... .......... Sec. 112 (ICCR).
Industrial Oil Combustion...... 0.008 0.584 0.759 .......... 3.228 0.032 .......... .......... Sec. 112 (ICCR).
Industrial Stationary IC 0.024 0.058 2.963 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... Sec. 112 (ICCR).
Engines--Diesel.
Industrial Stationary IC 0.281 0.547 .......... .......... 2.487 .......... .......... .......... Sec. 112 (ICCR).
Engines--Natural Gas.
[[Page 17850]]
Industrial Wood/Wood Residue 0.330 0.790 67.883 0.947 0.113 .......... .......... .......... Sec. 112 (ICCR).
Combustion b.
Total % Contribution for 85.003 86.834 91.829 95.452 91.762 94.484 100.000 1.873 .......................
Sources Subject to Regulation.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
112(c)(6) Source Categories for
Listing
(8) Percent contribution
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gasoline Distribution .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 81.266 .......................
(Aviation).
Open Burning of Scrap Tires.... 14.309 3.377 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
Total % Contribution for 14.309 3.377 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 81.266 .......................
112(c)(6) Source Categories
for Listing.
Cumulative % Contribution Total 99.313 90.211 91.829 95.452 91.762 94.484 100.000 83.140 .......................
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Other Source Categories that
Are Candidates for Listing
(8) Percent contribution
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Abrasive Grain (Media) .......... 0.285 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
Manufacturing.
Adhesives and Sealants (SICs .......... 0.048 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
combined) a.
Agricultural Chemicals a....... .......... 0.104 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
Battery Production............. .......... .......... .......... .......... 0.011 .......... .......... .......... .......................
Carbamate Insecticides .......... 0.047 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
Production a.
Carbon Black Production a...... 0.123 0.050 .......... .......... 0.139 .......... .......... .......... .......................
Carbon Reactivation Furnaces... .......... .......... .......... 0.002 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
Chemical Preparations (SICs .......... 0.078 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
combined).
Clay Refractories a............ .......... 0.006 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
Cleaning Products (SICs .......... 0.016 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
combined).
Commercial Natural Gas .......... <0.001 2.950 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
Combustion a.
Commercial Printing, Gravure .......... 0.002 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
{Not Subject to Regulation is
0.65% of total values}.
Commercial Printing, .......... 0.119 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
Letterpress a.
Crematories a.................. <0.001 <0.001 .......... <0.001 <0.001 .......... .......... .......... .......................
Custom Compound Purchased .......... .......... .......... .......... 0.071 .......... .......... .......... .......................
Resins Manufacture.
Dental Preparation and Use..... .......... .......... .......... .......... 0.445 .......... .......... .......... .......................
Drum and Barrel Reclamation.... <0.001 <0.001 .......... 0.005 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
Electronic and Other Electric .......... 0.350 .......... .......... 0.491 .......... .......... .......... .......................
Equipment Manufacturing (SICs
combined).
Fabricated Rubber Products..... .......... 1.700 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
Ferroalloy Manufacture a....... 0.071 0.006 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
Fiber Cans, Drums, and Similar .......... 0.058 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
Products.
Fluorescent Lamp Recycling..... .......... .......... .......... .......... 0.003 .......... .......... .......... .......................
Food Products (SICs combined) a .......... 0.041 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
Gasoline Distribution (Stage I) .......... 3.670 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 16.86 .......................
{Not Subject to Regulation is
90% of total value}.
General Laboratory Activities.. .......... .......... .......... .......... 0.445 .......... .......... .......... .......................
Geothermal Power............... .......... .......... .......... .......... 0.723 .......... .......... .......... .......................
Gum and Wood Chemical a........ .......... 0.006 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
Industrial Gases Manufacturing. .......... 0.108 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
Industrial Inorganic Chemicals .......... 0.180 .......... .......... 0.556 .......... .......... .......... .......................
Manufacturing.
Industrial Machinery and .......... 0.032 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
Electrical Equipment (SICs
combined) a.
Industrial Natural Gas .......... <0.001 1.425 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
Combustion a.
Industrial Organic Chemicals .......... 0.028 .......... .......... <0.001 .......... .......... .......... .......................
Manufacturing {Not Subject to
Regulation is 1.19% of total
values}.
Industrial Turbines--Diesel .......... <0.001 2.658 .......... 0.050 .......... .......... .......... .......................
Fired a.
Industrial Turbines--Natural .......... 0.159 1.135 .......... 0.896 .......... .......... .......... .......................
Gas Fired a.
Industrial Waste Oil Combustion 0.365 0.090 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
a.
Inorganic Pigments .......... .......... .......... .......... 0.003 .......... .......... .......... .......................
Manufacturing.
Instrument Manufacturing....... .......... .......... .......... .......... 0.278 .......... .......... .......... .......................
Iron Foundries a............... 0.016 0.002 .......... 0.215 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
Lamp Breakage.................. .......... .......... .......... .......... 0.835 .......... .......... .......... .......................
Landfill (Gas) Flares a........ <0.001 0.005 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
Lime Manufacturing a........... .......... .......... .......... .......... 0.390 .......... .......... .......... .......................
Lubricating Oils and Grease a.. .......... 0.001 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
Metal Household Furniture a.... .......... <0.001 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
Miscellaneous Manufacturing.... .......... 0.076 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
[[Page 17851]]
Miscellaneous Plastics Products .......... 0.066 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
a.
Naphthalene--Miscellaneous Uses .......... 0.014 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
a.
Naphthalene Sulfonates .......... 0.075 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
Production a.
Nonmetallic Mineral Products... .......... <0.001 .......... .......... 0.003 .......... .......... .......... .......................
Office Furniture, Except Wood .......... 0.074 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
Manufacturing a.
Other Biological Incineration a .......... .......... 0.002 2.989 .......... 1.585 .......... .......... .......................
Other Miscellaneous (SICs .......... 0.017 .......... .......... 0.139 .......... .......... .......... .......................
combined).
Other Secondary Nonferrous .......... .......... .......... .......... 0.139 .......... .......... .......... .......................
Metals Recovery.
Other Structural Clay Products .......... 0.006 .......... .......... 0.061 .......... .......... .......... .......................
a.
Partitions and Fixtures a...... .......... 0.050 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
Petroleum Refining: All 0.110 0.310 .......... .......... 0.001 .......... .......... .......... .......................
Processes {ot Subject
to Regulation is 2.45% of
total value}.
Pharmaceutical Preparations and .......... 0.009 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
Manufacturing (SICs combined)
a.
Plastics Material and Resins .......... 0.098 .......... .......... 0.002 .......... .......... .......... .......................
Manufacturing a.
Porcelain Electrical Supplies.. .......... 0.024 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
Primary Copper Production a.... .......... .......... .......... .......... 0.412 .......... .......... .......... .......................
Primary Lead Smelting a........ .......... .......... .......... .......... 0.723 .......... .......... .......... .......................
Primary Metal Products .......... 0.309 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
Manufacturing (SICs combined).
Public Building and Related .......... 0.133 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
Furniture a.
Pulp and Paper--Sulfite .......... 0.071 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
Recovery Furnaces a.
Scrap or Waste Tire <0.001 <0.001 .......... 0.006 .......... 0.666 .......... .......... .......................
Incineration a.
Secondary Copper Smelting...... .......... .......... .......... 0.127 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
Secondary Mercury Production... .......... .......... .......... .......... 0.418 .......... .......... .......... .......................
Sewage Sludge Incineration a... 0.002 0.019 .......... 0.495 1.002 3.265 .......... .......... .......................
Ship Building and Repair .......... 0.009 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
(Surface Coating) {Not Subject
to Regulation is 5.59% of
total value}.
Surface Active Agents .......... 0.085 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
Manufacturing a.
Textiles (SICs Combined) a..... .......... 0.111 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
Wood Household Furniture .......... 0.003 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
Manufacturing {Not Subject to
Regulation is 2.1% of total
value}.
Wood Treatment/Wood Preserving. .......... 1.038 .......... 0.710 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......................
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total % Contribution for 0.687 9.789 8.171 4.548 8.238 5.516 0.000 16.860 .......................
Other Source Categories
that are Candidates for
Listing.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
a Source categories for which major sources are listed for regulation under section 112(c)(1), but for which the EPA is not counting emissions toward
the section 112(c)(6) 90 percent goal. These source categories emit minor amounts of 112(c)(6) HAPs, and, as such, although the major sources in the
source category will be regulated under section 112(d)(2), as already planned, the area sources will not.
b At this time, it is unclear as to whether this source category will be regulated as section 112 or section 129 authority.
Table 3.--Cross-Reference Between Section 112(c)(6) Inventory of Sources and Applicable Regulations
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
112(c)(6) Category Applicable regulation 112 Source Category Names a
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adhesives and Sealants.............. Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Manufacture of Paints, Coatings, and
Adhesives.b
Aerospace Industry (Surface Coating) Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Aerospace Industries.
Agricultural Chemicals.............. Sec. 112(d)(2).................... 4-Chloro-2-Methylphenoxyacetic Acid
Production, 2,4-D Salts and Esters
Production, 4,6-Dinitro-o-Cresol
Production, Butadiene-Furfural
Cotrimer Production, Captafol
Production, Captan Production,
Chloroneb Production, Chlorothalonil
Production, Dacthal (tm) Production,
Sodium Pentachlorophenate Production,
Tordon (tm) Acid Production.b
Asphalt Hot-Mix Production.......... Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Asphalt Concrete Manufacturing.
Asphalt Roofing Production.......... Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing.
Blast Furnace and Steel Mills....... Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacture.
Carbamate Insecticides Production... Sec. 112(d)(2).................... 4-Chloro-2-Methylphenoxyacetic Acid
Production, 2,4-D Salts and Esters
Production, 4,6-Dinitro-o-Cresol
Production, Butadiene-Furfural
Cotrimer Production, Captafol
Production, Captan Production,
Chloroneb Production, Chlorothalonil
Production, Dacthal (tm) Production,
Sodium Pentachlorophenate Production,
Tordon (tm) Acid Production.
Carbon Black Production............. Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Carbon Black Production.
[[Page 17852]]
Chemical Manufacturing: Cyclic Crude Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Synthetic Organic Chemical
and Intermediate Production. Manufacturing.
Chloralkali Production.............. Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Chlorine Production.
Chlorinated Solvents Production..... Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Synthetic Organic Chemical
Manufacturing.
Chromium Plating: Chromic Anodizing. Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Chromic Acid Anodizing.
Clay Refractories................... Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Chromium Refractory Production.c
Coke Ovens: By-Product Recovery Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Coke By-Product Plants.
Plants.
Coke Ovens: Charging, Topside & Door Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Coke Ovens: Charging, Top Side, and
Leaks. Door Leaks.
Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching & Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and
Battery Stacks. Battery Stacks.
Commercial Printing, Gravure........ Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating).
Commercial Printing, Letterpress and Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating).
Screen.
Fabricated Metal Products........... Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Miscellaneous Metal Parts and Products
(Surface Coating), Halogenated
Solvent Cleaning.
Ferroalloy Manufacture.............. Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Ferroalloys Production.
Food Products....................... Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Vegetable Oil Production.
Gasoline Distribution (Stage I)..... Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Gasoline Distribution (Stage 1).
Gum and Wood Chemical............... Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Synthetic Organic Chemical
Manufacturing.
Hazardous Waste Incineration........ Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Hazardous Waste Incineration.
Industrial Machinery and Electrical Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Miscellaneous Metal Parts and Products
Equipment. (Surface Coating), Semiconductor
Manufacturing, Halogenated Solvent
Cleaning.
Industrial Organic Chemicals Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Synthetic Organic Chemical
Manufacturing. Manufacturing.
Iron Foundries...................... Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Iron Foundries.
Lightweight Aggregate Kilns......... Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Hazardous Waste Incineration.
Lime Manufacturing.................. Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Lime Manufacturing.
Lubricating Oils and Grease......... Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Organic Liquids Distribution (Non-
Gasoline), Petroleum Refineries.
Metal Household Furniture........... Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Metal Furniture (Surface Coating),
Halogenated Solvent Cleaners.
Miscellaneous Plastics Products..... Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Plastic Parts and Products (Surface
Coating).
Naphthalene--Miscellaneous Uses..... Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Synthetic Organic Chemical
Manufacturing.
Naphthalene Production.............. Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Synthetic Organic Chemical
Manufacturing.
Naphthalene Sulfonates Production... Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Synthetic Organic Chemical
Manufacturing.
Office Furniture, Except Wood Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Metal Furniture (Surface Coating),
Manufacturing. Halogenated Solvent Cleaners.
Other Structural Clay Products...... Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Clay Products Manufacturing.
Paints and Allied Products.......... Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Manufacture of Paints, Coatings, and
Adhesives.b
Paper Coated and Laminated, Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating),
Packaging. Paper and Other Webs (Surface
Coating).
Partitions and Fixtures............. Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Metal Furniture (Surface Coating),
Wood Furniture (Surface Coating),
Halogenated Solvent Cleaners, Flat
Wood Paneling, Miscellaneous Metal
Parts and Products (Surface Coating),
Plastic Parts and Products (Surface
Coating).
Pesticides Manufacture.............. Sec. 112(d)(2).................... 4-Chloro-2-Methylphenoxyacetic Acid
Production, 2,4-D Salts and Esters
Production, 4,6-Dinitro-o-Cresol
Production, Butadiene-Furfural
Cotrimer Production, Captafol
Production, Captan Production,
Chloroneb Production, Chlorothalonil
Production, Dacthal (tm) Production,
Sodium Pentachlorophenate Production,
Tordon (tm) Acid Production.
Petroleum Refining: All Processes... Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Petroleum Refineries--Other Sources
Not Distinctly Listed, Petroleum
Refineries--Catalytic Cracking (Fluid
and other) Units, Catalytic Reforming
Units, and Sulfur Plant Units.
Pharmaceutical Preparations and Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Pharmaceuticals Production.
Manufacturing.
Phthalic Anhydride Production....... Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Synthetic Organic Chemical
Manufacturing.
Plastic Foam Products Manufacturing. Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Flexible Polyurethane Foam Production.
[[Page 17853]]
Plastics Material and Resins Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Acetal Resins Production, Alkyd Resins
Manufacturing. Production, Amino Resins Production,
Boat Manufacturing,
Carboxymethylcellulose Production,
Cellophane Production, Cellulose
Ethers Production, Maleic Anhydride
Copolymers Production,
Methylcellulose Production, Phenolic
Resins Production, Polyester Resins
Production, Polymerized Vinylidene
Chloride Production, Polymethyl
Methacrylate Resins Production,
Polyvinyl Acetate Emulsions
Production, Polyvinyl Alcohol
Production, Polyvinyl Butyral
Production, Polyvinyl Chloride and
Copolymers Production, Reinforced
Plastic Composites Production, Epoxy
Resins Production and Non-Nylon
Polyamides Production, Polyether
Polyols Production, Group I Polymers
and Resins, Group IV Polymers and
Resins: acrylonitrile butadiene
styrene resin (ABS), styrene
acrylonitrile resin (SAN), methyl
methacrylate acrylonitrile butadiene
styrene resin (MABS), methyl
methacrylate butadiene styrene resin
(MBS), polystyrene resin, poly
(ethylene terephthalate) resin (PET),
and nitrile resin.b
Portland Cement Manufacture: Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Hazardous Waste Incineration.
Hazardous Waste Kilns.
Portland Cement Manufacture: Non- Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Portland Cement Manufacturing.
Hazardous Waste Kilns.
Primary Aluminum Production......... Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Primary Aluminum Production.
Primary Copper Production........... Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Primary Copper Smelting.
Primary Lead Smelting............... Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Primary Lead Smelting.
Public Building and Related Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Metal Furniture (Surface Coating),
Furniture. Halogenated Solvent Cleaners, Wood
Furniture (Surface Coating).
Pulp and Paper--Kraft Recovery Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Pulp and Paper Production.
Furnaces.
Pulp and Paper--Lime Kilns.......... Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Pulp and Paper Production.
Pulp and Paper--Sulfite Recovery Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Pulp and Paper Production.
Furnaces.
Secondary Aluminum Smelting......... Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Secondary Aluminum Production.
Secondary Lead Smelting............. Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Secondary Lead Smelting.
Sewage Sludge Incineration.......... Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Sewage Sludge Incineration.
Ship Building and Repair (Surface Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Shipbuilding and Ship Repair (Surface
Coating). Coating).
Surface Active Agents Manufacturing. Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Synthetic Organic Chemical
Manufacturing.
Textiles............................ Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Printing, Coating, and Dyeing of
Fabrics.
Tire Manufacturing.................. Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Tire Production.
Transportation Equipment Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Miscellaneous Metal Parts and Products
Manufacturing. (Surface Coating), Auto and Light
Duty Truck (Surface Coating),
Shipbuilding and Ship Repair (Surface
Coating), Boat Manufacturing,
Halogenated Solvent Cleaners.
Wood Household Furniture Sec. 112(d)(2).................... Wood Furniture (Surface Coating).
Manufacturing.
Medical Waste Incineration.......... Sec. 129.......................... Medical Waste Incineration.
Municipal Waste Combustion.......... Sec. 129.......................... Municipal Waste Combustion.
Commercial Coal Combustion.......... Sec. 112 (ICCR)................... Institutional/Commercial Boilers.d
Commercial Natural Gas Combustion... Sec. 112 (ICCR)................... Institutional/Commercial Boilers.d
Commercial Oil Combustion........... Sec. 112 (ICCR)................... Institutional/Commercial Boilers.d
Commercial Wood/Wood Residue Sec. 112 (ICCR)................... Institutional/Commercial Boilers.d
Combustion.
Industrial Coal Combustion.......... Sec. 112 (ICCR)................... Industrial Boilers.d
Industrial Natural Gas Combustion... Sec. 112 (ICCR)................... Industrial Boilers.d
Industrial Oil Combustion........... Sec. 112 (ICCR)................... Industrial Boilers.d
Industrial Stationary IC Engines-- Sec. 112 (ICCR)................... Stationary Internal Combustion
Diesel. Engines.d
Industrial Stationary IC Engines-- Sec. 112 (ICCR)................... Stationary Internal Combustion
Natural Gas. Engines.d
Industrial Turbines--Diesel Fired... Sec. 112 (ICCR)................... Stationary Turbines.d
Industrial Turbines: Natural Gas Sec. 112 (ICCR)................... Stationary Turbines.d
Fired.
Industrial Waste Oil Combustion..... Sec. 112 (ICCR)................... Industrial Boilers.d
Industrial Wood/Wood Residue Sec. 112 (ICCR)................... Industrial Boilers.d
Combustion.
Landfill (Gas) Flares............... Sec. 112 (ICCR)................... Municipal Landfills.d
[[Page 17854]]
Crematories......................... Sec. 129 (ICCR)................... Crematories.d
Other Biological Incineration....... Sec. 129 (ICCR)................... Other Biological Incineration.d
Scrap or Waste Tire Incineration.... Sec. 129 (ICCR)................... Scrap or Waste Tire Incineration.d
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
a 112 Source Category Names were from the National Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants; Revision of
List of Categories of Sources and Schedule for Standards Under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act, Federal
Register Notice, February 12, 1998 pages 7155-7166.
b The reader is referred to a November 7, 1996 Federal Register Notice (61 FR 57602) which concerns the
anticipated listing action involving the subsumption of a number of source categories into one source
category, called the Miscellaneous Organic Chemical Processes source category. Each of the anticipated
subsumed categories are scheduled for standards promulgation no later than November 15, 2000; thus, the new
source category would be also scheduled for that regulatory time frame.
c Source category ``chromium refractory production'' will be expanded to become ``refractories production.''
d The Industrial Combustion Coordinated Rulemaking (ICCR) is to regulate various combustion sources by
consolidating authorities under sections 112 and 129. The section 112 categories are: combustion turbines,
reciprocating internal combustion engines, process heaters, institutional/commercial boilers, and industrial
boilers; while the section 129 categories are: industrial/commercial incinerators and other solid waste
incinerators.
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P
[[Page 17855]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN10AP98.001
[FR Doc. 98-9557 Filed 4-9-98; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-C