[Federal Register Volume 62, Number 140 (Tuesday, July 22, 1997)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 39199-39202]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 97-19212]


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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

40 CFR Part 52

[IL145-1, IL152-1; FRL-5861-4]


Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plan; Illinois 
Designation of Areas for Air Quality Planning Purposes; Illinois

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Proposed rule.

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SUMMARY: On November 14, 1995, May 9, 1996, June 14, 1996, and February 
3, 1997, the State of Illinois submitted a State Implementation Plan 
(SIP) revision request to meet commitments related to the conditional 
approval of Illinois' May 15, 1992, SIP submittal for the Lake Calumet 
(SE Chicago), McCook, and Granite City, Illinois, Particulate Matter 
(PM) nonattainment areas. The EPA is proposing limited approval and 
limited disapproval of the portion of the SIP revision request that 
applies to the Granite City area because it does not correct all of the 
deficiencies of the May 15, 1992 submittal, as discussed in the 
November 18, 1994, conditional approval notice. This action entails 
approval of the submitted regulations into the Illinois SIP for their 
strengthening effect, and disapproval of the submittal for not meeting 
all of the commitments of the conditional approval. All of the 
deficiencies were corrected, except that Illinois failed to provide an 
opacity limit for coke oven combustion stacks which is reflective of 
their mass limits. No action is being taken on the submitted plan 
corrections for the Lake Calumet and McCook areas at this time. They 
will be addressed in separate rulemaking actions.
    On March 19, 1996, and October 15, 1996, Illinois submitted a 
request to redesignate the Granite City area to attainment for PM. The 
EPA is also proposing disapproval of this request because the area does 
not have a fully approved implementation plan.

DATES: Written comments on this proposed rule must be received on or 
before August 21, 1997.

ADDRESSES: Written comments should be mailed to: J. Elmer Bortzer, 
Chief, Regulation Development Section, Air Programs Branch (AR-18J), 
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 5, 77 West Jackson 
Boulevard, Chicago, Illinois 60604.
    Copies of the State submittal and EPA's analysis of it are 
available for inspection at: Regulation Development Section, Regulation 
Development Branch (AR-18J), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 
Region 5, 77 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, Illinois 60604.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: David Pohlman, Environmental 
Scientist, Regulation Development Section, Regulation Development 
Branch (AR-18J), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 5, 77 
West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, Illinois 60604, (312) 886-3299.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

I. Background

    Under section 107(d)(4)(B) of the Clean Air Act (Act), as amended 
on November 15, 1990 (amended Act), certain areas (``initial areas'') 
were designated nonattainment for PM. Under section 188 of the amended 
Act these initial areas were classified as ``moderate''. The initial 
areas include the Lake Calumet, McCook, and Granite City, Illinois, PM 
nonattainment areas. (See 40 CFR 81.314 for a complete description of 
these areas.) Section 189 of the amended Act requires State submission 
of a PM SIP for the initial areas by November 15, 1991. Illinois 
submitted the required SIP revision for the Lake Calumet, McCook, and 
Granite City, Illinois, PM nonattainment areas to EPA on May 15, 1992. 
Upon review of Illinois' submittal, EPA identified several concerns. 
Illinois submitted a letter on March 2, 1994, committing to satisfy all 
of these concerns within one year of final conditional approval. On May 
25, 1994, the EPA proposed to conditionally approve the SIP. Final 
conditional approval was published on November 18, 1994, and became 
effective on December 19, 1994. The final conditional approval allowed 
the State until November 20, 1995 to correct the five stated 
deficiencies:
    1. Invalid emissions inventory and attainment demonstration, due to 
failure to include emissions from the roof monitors for the Basic 
Oxygen Furnaces (BOFs) and underestimated emissions from the quench 
towers at Granite City Steel (GCS).
    2. Failure to adequately address maintenance of the PM National 
Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for at least 3 years beyond the 
applicable attainment date.
    3. Lack of an opacity limit on coke oven combustion stacks.
    4. Lack of enforceable emissions limit for the electric arc furnace 
(EAF) roof vents at American Steel Foundries.
    5. The following enforceability concerns:
    a. Section 212.107, Measurement Methods for Visible Emissions could 
be misinterpreted as requiring use of Method 22 for sources subject to 
opacity limits as well as sources subject to limits on detectability of 
visible emissions.
    b. Inconsistencies in the measurement methods for opacity, visible 
emissions, and ``PM'' in section 212.110, 212.107, 212.108, and 
212.109.
    c. Language in several rules which exempts sources with no visible 
emissions from mass emissions limits.
    The Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA) held a public 
hearing on the proposed rules on January 5, 1996. The rules became 
effective at the State level on May 22, 1996, and were published in the 
Illinois Register on June 7, 1996. Illinois made submittals to meet the 
commitments related to the conditional approval on November 14, 1995, 
May 9, 1996, June 14, 1996, and February 3, 1997. At this time, the EPA 
is only acting on the portions of those submittals that pertain to the 
Granite City PM nonattainment area conditional approval, including the 
following new or revised rules in 35 Ill. Adm. Code:

Part 212: Visible and Particulate Matter Emissions

Subpart A: General

212.107  Measurement Method for Visible Emissions
212.108  Measurement Methods for PM-10 Emissions and Condensible PM-
10 Emissions
212.109  Measurement Methods for Opacity

[[Page 39200]]

212.110  Measurement Methods for Particulate Matter

Subpart L: Particulate Matter Emissions

212.324  Process Emission Units in Certain Areas

Subpart N: Food Manufacturing

212.362  Emission Units in Certain Areas

Subpart O: Stone, Clay, Glass and Concrete Manufacturing

212.425  Emission Units in Certain Areas

Subpart R: Primary and Fabricated Metal Products and Machinery 
Manufacture

212.443  Coke Plants
212.446  Basic Oxygen Furnaces
212.458  Emission Units in Certain Areas

Subpart S: Agriculture

212.464  Sources in Certain Areas

In addition to the rule changes needed to meet the commitments in the 
conditional approval, Illinois submitted other revised rules. Rules not 
related to the Granite City PM nonattainment area conditional approval 
will be addressed in future rulemaking actions.
    Title I, section 107(d)(3)(D) of the amended Act and the general 
preamble to Title I (57 FR 13498 (April 16, 1992)), allow the Governor 
of a State to request the redesignation of an area from nonattainment 
to attainment. The criteria used to review redesignation requests are 
derived from the Act, general preamble, and the following policy and 
guidance memorandum from the Director of the Air Quality Management 
Division to the Regional Air Directors, September 4, 1992, Procedures 
for Processing Requests to Redesignate Areas to Attainment. An area can 
be redesignated to attainment if the following conditions are met:
    1. The area has attained the applicable NAAQS;
    2. The area has a fully approved SIP under section 110(k) of the 
Act;
    3. The air quality improvement must be permanent and enforceable;
    4. The area has met all relevant requirements under section 110 and 
Part D of the Act;
    5. The area must have a fully approved maintenance plan pursuant to 
section 175(A) of the Act.

II. Analysis of State Submittal

    The first deficiency was an invalid emissions inventory and 
attainment demonstration. The emissions inventory issue concerning the 
quench tower emissions calculations involved the use of ``clean water'' 
(Clean water is defined as water with 1500 mg/l total 
dissolved solids (TDS). Dirty water is defined as 5000 mg/l 
TDS.) emission factor. The EPA had argued that, because Illinois' rules 
allow weekly averaging and the PM standard is based on 24-hour 
measurements, Illinois' quench rule could allow significantly dirtier 
water than the 1200 mg/l TDS limit suggests, and should, therefore, be 
modeled using the dirty water emission factor. Illinois submitted 
records of quench water TDS concentrations which show that daily 
concentrations rarely approach 1500 mg/l, let alone 5000 mg/l. 
(Appendix 2 to Attachment 17 of Illinois' May 9, 1996 submittal) Based 
on the information provided by Illinois, the EPA agrees that the use of 
the clean water emission factor was appropriate.
    To correct the problems with the attainment demonstration and 
emissions inventory, Illinois adopted and submitted to the EPA a 20%, 3 
minute average opacity limit on the GCS BOF roof monitors (35 IAC 
212.446(c)) and a more stringent mass limit of 60 pounds per hour or 
0.225 pounds per ton of steel produced for the BOF stack. Illinois also 
submitted a revised emissions inventory, which includes emissions from 
the BOF roof monitors, and a revised attainment demonstration including 
an air quality modeling analysis.
    In the submitted modeled attainment demonstration, which uses 5 
years of meteorological data, a violation of the 24 hour NAAQS is 
indicated when six exceedances of the 24 hour standard are predicted. 
Each receptor's predicted 6th highest 24 hour value is, therefore, 
compared to the standard. The 24 hour PM standard is 150 micrograms per 
cubic meter (g/m3). The highest, sixth highest 
predicted 24 hour PM concentration at any receptor in the Granite City 
nonattainment area was 135.7 g/m3. Thus, the 
modeling analysis predicts that the 24-hour NAAQS will be met.
    A modeled violation of the annual PM standard is indicated when any 
receptor's 5 year arithmetic mean annual PM concentration exceeds the 
annual PM standard of 50 g/m3. The highest 
arithmetic mean annual PM concentration predicted by the modeling for 
the Granite City area was 49.05 g/m3. Therefore, 
the modeling analysis predicts that the annual PM NAAQS will be met.
    The second deficiency was Illinois' failure to adequately address 
maintenance of the PM NAAQS for at least 3 years beyond the applicable 
attainment date. Because of the length of time it may take to determine 
whether an area has attained the standards, EPA recommends that PM 
nonattainment area SIP submittals demonstrate maintenance of the PM 
NAAQS for at least 3 years beyond the applicable attainment date. (See 
a August 20, 1991, memorandum from Fred H. Renner, Jr. to Regional Air 
Branch Chiefs titled ``Questions and Answers for Particulate Matter, 
Sulfur Dioxide, and Lead'') Illinois' May 15, 1992, submittal took 
growth into account in the modeling analysis, but did not adequately 
address maintenance of the NAAQS for PM.
    The attainment date was December 31, 1994. Therefore, Illinois 
needs to show maintenance up to December 31, 1997. In the May 9, 1996, 
submittal, Illinois used ambient monitoring data to show that 
background concentrations of PM were no higher in 1995 than they were 
in 1991, and there are no significant trends in background pm 
concentrations from 1989 to 1995. (See Figure 1 of Attachment 18 to the 
May 9, 1996, submittal.) Illinois concluded from this analysis that the 
effects of growth on ambient PM concentrations in the Granite City PM 
nonattainment area will continue to be negligible through the end of 
the maintenance period. The EPA agrees, because of the short time 
remaining in the maintenance period, that the projection of trends in 
PM background concentrations is sufficient for this maintenance 
demonstration.
    The third deficiency was the lack of an opacity limit on coke oven 
combustion stacks. Because coke oven operations are generally covered 
by special opacity limits, Illinois' SIP exempts coke oven sources from 
the statewide 30 percent opacity limit. This State exemption was 
approved by EPA on September 3, 1981. It was later realized that this 
exemption left coke oven combustion stacks without an opacity limit. 
Coke oven combustion stacks in Illinois are subject to grain loading 
limits which require stack tests for compliance determinations. Because 
stack tests can take months to perform and only last a few hours, an 
opacity limit, for which compliance can be determined by visual 
observations, is needed to ensure continuous compliance. This 
deficiency was cited in the November 18, 1994, conditional approval of 
Illinois' pm SIP submittal for the Granite City, Lake Calumet and 
McCook nonattainment areas.
    In response to the conditional approval of Illinois' PM plan, the 
State adopted a 30 percent opacity limit for coke oven combustion 
stacks. However, this rule also includes an exemption for ``when a leak 
between any coke oven and the oven's vertical or crossover flue(s) is 
being repaired . . .'' for up to 3 hours per repair. Illinois' position 
is that this is a very limited exemption. The State reports that the 
exemption will apply only 1 percent to 4 percent of the time, and that 
encouraging such

[[Page 39201]]

maintenance would reduce potential problems with future emissions. The 
State explains that this exemption is needed only for LTV Steel in 
Chicago because of a procedure LTV uses to detect and repair oven leaks 
using ceramic welding. Illinois states that other coke ovens in the 
State (including Granite City Steel) almost never require ceramic 
welding; however, the rule applies to all Illinois coke oven batteries 
so that such repairs will be allowed when coke oven aging requires 
future repairs at other facilities.
    The EPA believes this rule is unacceptable for several reasons. 
First, the exemption could apply for a large percentage of time, since 
repairs which would qualify for the exemption are quite common. 
Illinois' estimate of 1 percent to 4 percent exemption time is based on 
only ceramic welding. There are other types of repairs which could 
qualify for the exemption, such as silica dusting, spray patching, 
panel patching, end flue rehabilitation, and through wall 
rehabilitation. Aside from the significance of unlimited emissions for 
1 percent to 4 percent of the time (for ceramic welding), the exemption 
time would be even higher when other types of repairs are considered.
    Second, compliance with this opacity limit will not ensure 
compliance with the corresponding mass emission limits. Since there is 
no repair exemption in the mass limits for these sources, it is likely 
that the mass limits would be exceeded during the 3-hour exemption 
periods.
    Third, the repair opacity exemption could be used to argue against 
stack tests taken while ovens are being repaired. It could be argued 
that, by accepting the opacity repair exemption, the EPA would be 
recognizing that sources cannot comply with emissions limits while oven 
repairs are being made.
    Fourth, the exemption allows for battery condition to degrade to 
the point where ceramic welding is needed. An unlimited repair 
exemption would encourage the patching of old batteries when more 
substantive repairs would be appropriate. In fact, Illinois has stated 
that the exemption is currently only needed for LTV Steel in Chicago, 
yet the rule applies statewide so that other batteries can take 
advantage of the exemption when their condition deteriorates.
    Fifth, other states across the country impose 20% opacity limits on 
coke oven combustion stacks, with exemptions, if any, of only a few 
minutes per hour. Even in areas not designated nonattainment for PM, 
these stacks are often covered by 20% opacity limits. Indiana imposes a 
20 percent six minute average opacity limit on coke oven combustion 
stacks in PM nonattainment areas, with no exemption. Other such stacks 
in Indiana are covered by either a 30 percent or 40 percent six minute 
average, with no exemption. Ohio requires combustion stacks to meet a 
20 percent 6-minute average opacity limit with a 1 averaging period per 
hour exemption up to 60 percent opacity. Michigan also has a 20 percent 
6-minute average opacity limit, with a 1 averaging period per hour 
exemption up to 27 percent opacity. West Virginia imposes a 20% opacity 
limit with a 5-minute per hour exemption up to 40%, while Utah uses a 
20% 6-minute average limit with no exemption. In Allegheny County, 
Pennsylvania, opacity from coke oven combustion stacks is not allowed 
to equal or exceed 20% opacity for more than 3 minutes per hour, and is 
never allowed to exceed 60% opacity.
    Since this opacity limit is not acceptable, Illinois has not 
adequately addressed this issue.
    The fourth conditional approval item involved the pM emission 
limitations on the electric arc furnace roof vents at American Steel 
Foundries. The EPA considered the mass limits on these sources to be 
unenforceable because the stacks are too short to be tested for 
compliance. The rules submitted by IEPA include a 20% opacity limit (6-
min average) on the EAF roof vents at American Steel Foundries. This 
limit is enforceable. Therefore, the enforceability problem has been 
addressed.
    The final issue from the November 18, 1994, conditional approval 
notice involves wording problems in several of Illinois' rules. In the 
1992 submittal, 35 IAC Section 212.107, Measurement Methods for Visible 
Emissions, stated that Method 22 should be used for ``detection of 
visible emissions''. This could be misinterpreted as requiring use of 
Method 22 for sources subject to opacity limits as well as sources 
subject to limits on detectability of visible emissions. The revised 
rule (See the June 14, 1996, submittal.) contains revised language 
which adequately clarifies the intended uses of Method 22.
    Another wording problem was the fact that measurement methods for 
opacity, visible emissions, and ``PM'' in 35 IAC 212.107, 212.108, 
212.109, and 212.110 were not always consistent with each other. The 
revised rules in the June 14, 1996, submittal contain much less overlap 
than the previous rules. The rules are now consistent.
    Finally, several of the rules in the 1992 submittal contained 
language which exempted sources with no visible emissions from mass 
emissions limits. Illinois has added language which states that the 
exemption ``is not a defense to a finding of a violation of the mass 
emission limits''. This issue has been adequately addressed.
    Under cover letters dated March 19, 1996, and October 15, 1996, the 
State submitted a redesignation request for the Granite City PM 
nonattainment area. A public hearing was held on May 6, 1996.
    All five of the redesignation criteria given under section 
107(d)(3)(E) of the Clean Air Act must be satisfied in order for the 
EPA to redesignate an area from nonattainment to attainment. Under the 
second criterion, the EPA is prohibited from redesignating an area to 
attainment when a SIP for that area has not been fully approved. Those 
States containing initial moderate PM nonattainment areas were required 
to submit a SIP by November 15, 1991 which implemented reasonably 
available control measures (RACM) by December 10, 1993 and demonstrated 
attainment of the PM NAAQS by December 31, 1994. The SIP for the area 
must be fully approved under section 110(k) of the Act, and must 
satisfy all requirements that apply to the area.
    Illinois submitted the required SIP revision for the Granite City 
PM nonattainment area to EPA on May 15, 1992. Upon review of Illinois' 
submittal, EPA identified several concerns. Illinois submitted a letter 
on March 2, 1994, committing to satisfy all of these concerns within 
one year of final conditional approval. On May 25, 1994, the EPA 
proposed to conditionally approve the SIP. Final conditional approval 
was published on November 18, 1994, and became effective on December 
19, 1994. The final conditional approval gave the State one year to 
correct the five stated deficiencies. Illinois made submittals to meet 
the commitments related to the conditional approval on November 14, 
1995, May 9, 1996, June 14, 1996, and February 3, 1997. In this notice, 
the EPA is proposing to disapprove this submittal because it does not 
correct all the concerns cited in the conditional approval. Illinois 
has not provided an enforceable limit for coke oven combustion stacks 
(see discussion above). Therefore, Illinois does not have a fully 
approved SIP for the Granite City PM nonattainment area. Without a 
fully approved SIP, the redesignation request can not be approved.
    Section 179(a) of the amended Act states that if the Administrator 
finds that a State has failed to make a required submission, finds that 
a SIP or SIP

[[Page 39202]]

revision submitted by the State does not satisfy the minimum criteria 
established under section 110(k) of the amended Act, or disapproves a 
SIP submission in whole or in part, unless the deficiency has been 
corrected within 18 months after the finding, one of the sanctions 
referred to in section 179(b) of the amended Act shall apply until the 
Administrator determines that the State has come into compliance. 
(Pursuant to 40 CFR 52.31, the first sanction shall be a sanction 
requiring 2 to 1 offsets, in the absence of a case-specific selection 
otherwise.) If the deficiency has not been corrected within 6 months of 
the selection of the first sanction, the second sanction under section 
179(b) shall also apply. In addition, section 110(c) of the Act 
requires promulgation of a Federal Implementation Plan (FIP) within 2 
years after the finding or disapproval, as discussed above, unless the 
State corrects the deficiency and the SIP is approved before the FIP is 
promulgated.
    On December 17, 1991, a letter was sent to the Governor of Illinois 
notifying him that the EPA was making a finding that the State of 
Illinois had failed to submit PM SIPs for the Lake Calumet, McCook, and 
Granite City nonattainment areas. This letter triggered both the 
sanctions and FIP processes as explained above. Illinois submitted a PM 
SIP revision for the three nonattainment areas on May 15, 1992, and in 
an April 30, 1993, letter to the State the EPA informed the State that 
the SIP was determined to be complete. Therefore, the deficiency which 
started the sanctions and FIP processes was corrected, and the 
sanctions process ended. The FIP process, however, was not stopped by 
the correction of the deficiency and EPA was to promulgate a FIP within 
2 years of the failure-to-submit letter (or December 17, 1993), unless 
a PM SIP for the three nonattainment areas was finally approved before 
then.
    On November 18, 1994, the EPA conditionally approved the SIP. The 
final conditional approval allowed the State until November 20, 1995, 
to correct the five stated deficiencies. Conditional approval does not 
start a new sanctions process, unless the state fails to make a 
submittal to address the deficiencies, makes an incomplete submittal, 
or the submittal is ultimately disapproved. Illinois made a submittal 
to meet the commitments related to the conditional approval on November 
14, 1995. Supplemental information was submitted on May 9, 1996, June 
14, 1996, and February 3, 1997. This submittal became complete by 
operation of law on May 14, 1996.

III. EPA's Proposed Rulemaking Action

    Illinois has corrected all of the deficiencies listed in the 
November 18, 1994, conditional approval as they relate to the Granite 
City PM nonattainment area except for one deficiency. The State failed 
to provide an acceptable opacity limit on coke oven combustion stacks. 
Because Illinois has not met all of the commitments of the conditional 
approval, the EPA is proposing limited approval/limited disapproval of 
the plan. By this action, EPA is proposing to approve those regulations 
that have a strengthening effect on the SIP, while at the same time 
proposing to disapprove the overall SIP for failure to satisfy the 
requirement under the Clean Air Act for a fully enforceable plan that 
assures attainment. See sections 172(c)(1), 172(c)(6), and 189(a)(1)(B) 
of the Act. The EPA may grant such a limited approval under section 
110(k)(3) of the Act in light of the general authority delegated to EPA 
under section 301(a) of the Act, which allows EPA to take actions 
necessary to carry out the purposes of the Act.
    Upon limited approval/limited disapproval of the Granite City PM 
SIP, a new 18-month sanctions clock will begin. See section 179 (a) and 
(b) of the Act. To correct the deficiency and avoid implementation of 
sanctions, Illinois must submit a complete plan to the EPA, and that 
plan must be fully approved within 18 months from the final limited 
approval/limited disapproval.
    The EPA is also proposing disapproval of Illinois' March 19, 1996, 
and October 15, 1996, request to redesignate the Granite City area to 
attainment for PM because the SIP for the area has not been fully 
approved by the EPA.
    EPA is requesting written comments on all aspects of this proposed 
rule. As indicated at the outset of this document, EPA will consider 
any written comments received by August 21, 1997.

IV. Administrative Requirements

A. Executive Order 12866

    The Office of Management and Budget has exempted this regulatory 
action from Executive Order 12866 review.

B. Regulatory Flexibility Act

    Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act, 5 U.S.C. section 600 et seq., 
EPA must prepare a regulatory flexibility analysis assessing the impact 
of any proposed or final rule on small entities. 5 U.S.C. sections 603 
and 604. Alternatively, EPA may certify that the rule will not have a 
significant impact on a substantial number of small entities. Small 
entities include small businesses, small not-for-profit enterprises, 
and government entities with jurisdiction over populations of less than 
50,000.
    SIP approvals under section 110 and subchapter I, part D of the Act 
do not create any new requirements, but simply approve requirements 
that the State is already imposing. Therefore, because the Federal SIP 
approval does not impose any new requirements, the Administrator 
certifies that it does not have a significant impact on any small 
entities affected. Moreover, due to the nature of the Federal-State 
relationship under the Act, preparation of a flexibility analysis would 
constitute Federal inquiry into the economic reasonableness of the 
State action. The Clean Air Act forbids EPA to base its actions 
concerning SIPs on such grounds. Union Electric Co. v. EPA., 427 U.S. 
246, 256-66 (1976); 42 U.S.C. 7410(a)(2).

C. Unfunded Mandates

    Under Section 202 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995, 
signed into law on March 22, 1995, EPA must undertake various actions 
in association with any proposed or final rule that includes a Federal 
mandate that may result in estimated costs to state, local, or tribal 
governments in the aggregate; or to the private sector, of $100 million 
or more. This Federal action approves pre-existing requirements under 
state or local law, and imposes no new requirements. Accordingly, no 
additional costs to state, local, or tribal governments, or the private 
sector, result from this action.

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 52

    Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Incorporation by 
reference, Particulate matter.

    Dated: July 1, 1997.
David A. Ullrich,
Acting Regional Administrator.
[FR Doc. 97-19212 Filed 7-21-97; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P