[Federal Register Volume 61, Number 198 (Thursday, October 10, 1996)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 53089-53108]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 96-25557]


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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
50 CFR Part 17

RIN 1018-AD50


Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determination of 
Endangered Status for Twenty-five Plant Species From the Island of 
Oahu, Hawaii

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) determines 
endangered status pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as 
amended (Act), for 25 plant taxa--Chamaesyce herbstii (`akoko), 
Chamaesyce rockii (`akoko), Cyanea acuminata (haha), Cyanea 
humboldtiana (haha), Cyanea koolauensis (haha), Cyanea longiflora 
(haha), Cyanea st.-johnii (haha), Cyrtandra dentata (ha`iwale), 
Cyrtandra subumbellata (ha`iwale), Cyrtandra viridiflora (ha`iwale), 
Delissea subcordata (`oha), Eragrostis fosbergii (No common name 
(NCN)), Gardenia mannii (nanu), Labordia cyrtandrae (kamakahala), 
Lepidium arbuscula (`anaunau), Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis 
(NCN), Lobelia monostachya (NCN), Melicope saint-johnii (alani), 
Myrsine juddii (kolea), Phyllostegia hirsuta (NCN), Phyllostegia 
kaalaensis (NCN), Pritchardia kaalae (loulu), Schiedea kealiae (NCN), 
Trematolobelia singularis (NCN), and Viola oahuensis (NCN). All 25 taxa 
are endemic to the island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. The 25 plant taxa 
and their habitats have been variously affected or are currently 
threatened by one or more of the following--competition, predation, or 
habitat degradation from alien species; human impacts; fire; and 
natural disasters. This rule implements the Federal protection 
provisions provided by the Act for these plant taxa.

EFFECTIVE DATE: This rule takes effect November 12, 1996.

ADDRESSES: The complete file for this rule is available for inspection, 
by appointment, during normal business hours at the U.S. Fish and 
Wildlife Service, 300 Ala Moana Boulevard, Room 3108, P.O. Box 5088, 
Honolulu, Hawaii 96850.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Brooks Harper, Field Supervisor, 
Ecological Services (see ADDRESSES section) (telephone: 808/541-3441; 
facsimile 808/541-3470).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

    Chamaesyce herbstii, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea 
humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea st.-johnii, 
Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, 
Delissea subcordata, Eragrostis fosbergii, Gardenia mannii, Labordia 
cyrtandrae, Lepidium arbuscula, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, 
Lobelia monostachya, Melicope saint-johnii, Myrsine juddii, 
Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Pritchardia kaalae, 
Schiedea kealiae, Trematolobelia singularis, and Viola oahuensis are 
endemic to the island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands.
    The island of Oahu is formed from the remnants of two large shield 
volcanoes, the younger Koolau volcano on the east and the older Waianae 
volcano to the west (Department of Geography 1983). Their original 
shield volcano shape has been lost as a result of extensive erosion, 
and today these volcanoes are called mountains or ranges, and consist 
of long, narrow ridges. The Koolau Mountains were built by eruptions 
that took place primarily along a northwest-trending rift zone 
(Macdonald et al. 1983) and formed a range now approximately 60 
kilometers (km) (37 miles (mi)) long (Foote et al. 1972). Median annual 
rainfall for the Koolau Mountains varies from 130 to 640 centimeters 
(cm) (50 to 250 inches (in.)), most of which is received at higher 
elevations along the entire length of the windward (northeastern) side 
(Taliaferro 1959).
    Nineteen of the plant taxa in this final rule occur in the Koolau 
Mountains--Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea humboldtiana, 
Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyrtandra 
dentata, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Delissea 
subcordata, Gardenia mannii, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia gaudichaudii 
ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia monostachya, Melicope saint-johnii, Myrsine 
juddii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Trematolobelia singularis, and Viola 
oahuensis. The vegetation communities of the Koolau Mountains, 
especially in the upper elevations to which many of the plant taxa in 
this final rule are restricted, are primarily lowland mesic and wet 
forests dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha (`ohi`a) and/or other tree 
or fern taxa. However, the vegetation now covering the Koolau Mountain 
Range is mostly alien. The majority of the remaining native vegetation 
is restricted to steep valley head walls and inaccessible summit 
ridges. The windswept ridges are very steep and are characterized by 
grasses, ferns, and low-growing, stunted shrubs (Gagne and Cuddihy 
1990).
    The Waianae Mountains were built by eruptions that took place 
primarily along three rift zones. The two principal rift zones run in a 
northwestward and south-southeastward direction from the summit and a 
lesser one runs to the northeast. The range is approximately 64 km (40 
mi) long. The caldera lies between the north side of Makaha Valley and 
the head of Nanakuli Valley (MacDonald et al. 1983). The Waianae 
Mountains are in the rain shadow of the parallel Koolau Mountains and 
except for Mt. Kaala, the highest point on Oahu (1,225 meters (m)) 
4,020 feet (ft)), receive much less rainfall (Wagner et al. 1990). The 
median annual rainfall for the Waianae Mountains varies from 51 to 190 
cm (20 to 75 in) with only the small summit area of Mt. Kaala

[[Page 53090]]

receiving the highest amount. Relative to the Koolau Mountains, the 
Waianae Mountains have a greater range of elevations, moisture regimes, 
and habitat types. As a result, the most biologically diverse region on 
the island of Oahu is the Waianae Mountains.
    Thirteen of the 25 plant taxa occur in the Waianae Mountains--
Chamaesyce herbstii, Cyanea longiflora, Cyrtandra dentata, Delissea 
subcordata, Eragrostis fosbergii, Gardenia mannii, Labordia cyrtandrae, 
Lepidium arbuscula, Melicope saint-johnii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, 
Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Pritchardia kaalae, and Schiedea kealiae. 
These taxa, with the exception of Lepidium arbuscula and Schiedea 
kealiae, are found primarily in mesic forests dominated by `ohi`a, 
Acacia koa (koa), Diospyros sandwicensis (lama), or a diverse mix of 
trees. Lepidium arbuscula is found primarily in mesic shrublands on 
ridges, steep slopes, and cliffs composed of a variety of native 
shrubs, herbs, and grasses. Schiedea kealiae is found on dry cliff 
communities with a variety of native trees and shrubs (Joel Lau, The 
Nature Conservancy of Hawaii (TNCH), pers. comm., 1994).
    The known habitat of these 25 plant taxa is owned by the City and 
County of Honolulu, the State of Hawaii (including land classified as 
Department of Hawaiian Homelands, Natural Area Reserve (NAR) System, 
Forest Reserve, and land leased by the Federal Government (Department 
of Defense (DOD)) for military use), the Federal Government, and 
private parties. Plants on land owned or leased by the Federal 
government are located on portions of Dillingham, Kaena Point, Makua, 
and Schofield Barracks Military Reservations; Kawailoa and Kahuku 
training areas; Lualualei Naval Reservation; and the Omega U.S. Coast 
Guard Station. Private lands include Honouliuli Preserve, leased from a 
major landowner by TNCH.

Discussion of the 25 Plant Taxa Included in This Final Rule

    Chamaesyce herbstii was first described by Warren Wagner (1988) 
based on a specimen collected by Derral Herbst in 1969 in the Waianae 
Mountains of Oahu. Other published names which Wagner considers to be 
synonymous with Chamaesyce herbstii include C. rockii var. grandifolia, 
Euphorbia clusiaefolia var. grandifolia, and E. forbesii (Hillebrand 
1888, Koutnik 1985, Wagner 1988).
    Chamaesyce herbstii, a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), 
is a small tree ranging from 3 to 8 m (10 to 26 ft) tall. The thin, 
leathery leaves, normally 8 to 19.5 cm (3.1 to 7.7 in.) long and 1.8 to 
3.8 cm (0.7 to 1.5 in.) wide, are narrowly oblong or sometimes more 
lance-shaped or elliptic. The leaves are arranged in pairs on the same 
plane. The small, petalless flower clusters (cyathia or compact 
flowering stalks with small individual flowers, the whole simulating a 
single flower) occur in groups of 3 to 15 in branched, open flowering 
stalks. The individual flower stalks are 8 to 20 millimeters (mm) (0.3 
to 0.8 in.) long. The hairy inflorescence bracts (specialized leaves) 
are broadly bell-shaped and contain five to six yellowish green glands. 
The green or sometimes reddish purple-tinged, angular capsules (dry 
fruit that open at maturity) scarcely protrude from the bracts. This 
species is distinguished from others in the genus by the length of the 
flowering stalk and the color of the angular fruits (Koutnik 1990).
    Historically Chamaesyce herbstii was known from scattered 
populations in the northern and central Waianae Mountains on the island 
of Oahu (Hawaii Heritage Program (HHP) 1994c1 to 1994c5). Currently 
this species is known from four populations in the central and northern 
Waianae Mountains--South Ekahanui Gulch, Pahole (Kukuiula) Gulch, 
Kapuna Gulch, and West Makaleha-Central Makaleha. These populations are 
found on private land in TNCH's Honouliuli Preserve and State land, 
including Pahole NAR (HHP 1994c1 to 1994c5). The total number of plants 
is estimated to be fewer than 200. Chamaesyce herbstii typically grows 
in mesic koa-`ohi`a lowland forests, Pisonia sp. (papala kepau)-
Charpentiera sp. (papala) lowland forests, or diverse mesic forests at 
elevations between 530 and 700 m (1,750 to 2,300 ft). Associated plant 
taxa include the federally endangered Alectryon macrococcus var. 
macrococcus (mahoe), as well as Hibiscus arnottianus var. arnottianus 
(koki`o ke`oke`o), Melicope sp. (alani), Pouteria sp. (`ala`a), and 
Urera glabra (opuhe) (HHP 1994c1 to 1994c5).
    The primary threats to Chamaesyce herbstii are habitat degradation 
and/or destruction by feral pigs (Sus scrofa); competition with alien 
plant taxa such as Grevillea robusta (silk oak), Passiflora suberosa 
(huehue haole), Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava), and Schinus 
terebinthifolius (Christmas berry); potential fire; and risk of 
extinction from naturally occurring events (such as hurricanes) and/or 
reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining 
populations (HHP 1994c1 to 1994c5; Christa Russell, TNCH, pers. comm. 
1994).
    Joseph F. Rock collected a plant in 1908 in the Koolau Mountains, 
Oahu, which was described a year later by Charles Noyes Forbes as 
Euphorbia rockii. Leon Croizat and Otto Degener (Degener and Croizat 
1936) later transferred the species to Chamaesyce, resulting in the new 
combination Chamaesyce rockii, the name accepted in the current 
treatment of Hawaiian members of the genus (Koutnik 1990). The specific 
epithet honors Rock, an intrepid collector and scholar of the Hawaiian 
flora.
    Chamaesyce rockii, a member of the spurge family, is usually a 
compact shrub or sometimes a small tree typically ranging from 0.5 to 2 
m (1.6 to 6.6 ft) tall, but in protected sites it has been known to 
reach 4 m (13 ft) in height. The leathery leaves, generally 8 to 14 cm 
(3 to 5.5 in.) long and 2 to 3.5 cm (0.8 to 1.4 in.) wide, are narrowly 
oblong to oblong-elliptic or sometimes narrowly elliptic in shape. The 
leaves are arranged in two opposite rows along the stem, and have 
smooth leaf margins. The cyathia occur in groups of about 3 to 10 in 
branched, open to sometimes condensed flowering stalks that are usually 
2 to 6 cm (0.8 to 2.4 in.) long. The bracts of the flowering stalks are 
broadly bell-shaped and contain five to six greenish yellow, green, or 
red glands. The fruit is a brilliant red (sometimes pink-tinged red), 
round, hairless capsule, 14 to 25 mm (0.6 to 1 in.) long. The fruit 
protrudes noticeably from the bracts. This species differs from others 
in the genus in that it has large, red, capsular fruit (Koutnik 1990).
    Chamaesyce rockii was known historically from scattered populations 
along the Koolau Mountains on the island of Oahu (HHP 1994d1 to 
1994d13). Eleven of the thirteen known populations of this species are 
extant and are found on private land and State land leased by DOD for 
the Kawailoa Training Area, as well as on Federal land on Schofield 
Barracks Military Reservation (HHP 1994d1 to 1994d11). Currently the 
total number of plants is estimated to be between 200 and 400 plants. 
Chamaesyce rockii typically grows in wet `ohi`a-Dicranopteris linearis 
(uluhe) forest and shrubland between 640 and 915 m (2,100 and 3,000 ft) 
in elevation. Associated plant taxa include Dubautia laxa (na`ena`e pua 
melemele), Machaerina sp. (`uki), Psychotria fauriei (kopiko), 
Wikstroemia sp. (`akia), and Myrsine juddii (kolea) (HHP 1994d4).
    The primary threats to Chamaesyce rockii are habitat degradation 
and/or destruction by feral pigs, potential impacts from military 
activities, and competition with alien plant taxa, such

[[Page 53091]]

as strawberry guava and Clidemia hirta (Koster's curse) (HHP 1994d1 to 
1994d5, 1994d7, 1994d8).
    While a pharmaceutical botanist on the vessel Uranie, Charles 
Gaudichaud-Beaupre collected a new lobelioid on Oahu, which he later 
described and named Delissea acuminata (Hillebrand 1888). Wilhelm 
Hillebrand (1888) transferred this species to the genus Cyanea, 
resulting in the new combination Cyanea acuminata. This is the name 
accepted in the current treatment of Hawaiian members of the family 
(Lammers 1990). Other published names considered synonymous with Cyanea 
acuminata include C. acuminata var. calycina, C. acuminata forma 
latifolia, C. occultans, Delissea acuminata var. calycina, D. acuminata 
forma latifolia, D. acuminata var. latifolia, D. occultans, and Lobelia 
acuminata (Degener and Degener 1982, Hosaka and Degener 1938, Lammers 
1990, St. John 1981 and 1987b, Wawra 1873).
    Cyanea acuminata, a member of the bellflower family 
(Campanulaceae), is an unbranched shrub 0.3 to 2 m (1 to 6.6 ft) tall. 
The leaves, 11 to 32 cm (4.3 to 12.6 in.) long and 3 to 9 cm (1.2 to 
3.5 in.) wide, are inversely lance-shaped to narrowly egg-shaped or 
elliptic. The upper leaf surface is green, whereas the lower surface is 
whitish green. The slightly hardened leaf edges contain small, 
spreading, pointed teeth. The leaf stalks are 2 to 10 cm (0.8 to 4 in.) 
long. Six to 20 flowers are arranged on a flowering stalk 15 to 60 mm 
(0.6 to 2.4 in.) long. The calyx lobes, 2 to 5 mm (0.08 to 0.2 in.) 
long, are narrowly triangular. The corolla is white and sometimes 
tinged purplish, 30 to 35 mm (1.2 to 1.4 in.) long and 3 to 4 mm (0.1 
to 0.2 in.) wide. The tubular portion of the flower is almost erect to 
slightly curved, while the lobes are one-fourth to one-third as long as 
the tube and spreading. The yellow to yellowish orange, round berries 
are approximately 5 mm (0.2 in.) long. This species is distinguished 
from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the color of the petals 
and fruit and length of the calyx lobes, flowering stalk, and leaf 
stalks (Lammers 1990).
    Historically, Cyanea acuminata was known from 31 scattered 
populations in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu (HHP 1994e1 to 1994e32). 
Currently, fewer than 100 plants are known from 15 populations on 
privately owned land; City and County of Honolulu land; State land, 
including land leased by the DOD for the Kawailoa Training Area; and 
Federal land on Schofield Barracks Military Reservation and the Omega 
Coast Guard Station (HHP 1994e1 to 1994e12, 1994e20, 1994e24, 1994e25). 
This species typically grows on slopes, ridges, or stream banks from 
305 to 915 m (1,000 to 3,000 ft) elevation. The plants are found in 
mesic to wet `ohi`a-uluhe, koa-`ohi`a, or Diospyros sandwicensis 
(lama)-`ohi`a forest (HHP 1994e1 to 1994e9, 1994e11, 1994e12, 1994e24, 
1994e25; Lammers 1990).
    The major threats to Cyanea acuminata are habitat degradation and/
or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military 
activities; potential predation by rats; competition with the noxious 
alien plant Christmas berry, Koster's curse, and Ageratina adenophora 
(Maui pamakani); and risk of extinction from naturally occurring events 
and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining 
individuals (HHP 1994e1 to 1994e4, 1994e7, 1994e8, 1994e10 to 1994e12, 
1994e20; J. Lau, C. Russell, and Joan Yoshioka, TNCH, pers. comms. 
1994).
    While a botanist on the vessel La Bonite on his third trip to 
Hawaii, Gaudichaud-Beaupre collected a new lobelioid on Oahu which he 
later described and named as Rollandia humboldtiana (Lammers 1990). 
Other published names considered synonymous with Rollandia humboldtiana 
include Delissea racemosa, Rollandia humboldtiana forma albida, R. 
pedunculosa, and R. racemosa (Hillebrand 1888, Lammers 1990, Mann 1867-
1868, St. John 1940, Wawra 1873). Recently, Lammers, Thomas Givnish, 
and Kenneth Sytsma merged the endemic Hawaiian genera Cyanea and 
Rollandia under the former name and published the new combination 
Cyanea humboldtiana (Lammers et al. 1993). The specific epithet honors 
the German naturalist and explorer, Baron Alexander von Humboldt.
    Cyanea humboldtiana, a member of the bellflower family, is an 
unbranched shrub with woody stems 1 to 2 m (3.2 to 6.6 ft) tall. The 
leaves are inversely egg-shaped to broadly elliptic, 18 to 45 cm (7 to 
18 in.) long and 7 to 16 cm (2.8 to 6.3 in.) wide. The leaf edges are 
hardened and have shallow, ascending rounded teeth. Five to twelve 
flowers are arranged on a hairy, downward bending flowering stalk which 
is 8 to 25 cm (3 to 10 in.) long. The dark magenta or white petals are 
6 to 7.5 cm (2.4 to 3 in.) long and hairy. The pale orangish yellow 
berries are elliptic to inversely egg-shaped. This species differs from 
others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the downward bending flowering 
stalk and the length of the flowering stalk (Lammers 1990).
    Cyanea humboldtiana was known historically from 17 populations from 
the central portion to the southern end of the Koolau Mountains of Oahu 
(HHP 1994f1 to 1994f17). Currently, between 100 and 220 plants are 
known from three populations--Konahuanui summit, Moanalua-Kaneohe 
summit, and Lulumahu Gulch. These populations occur on private land, 
State land, and Federal land on the Omega U.S. Coast Guard Station (HHP 
1994f1, 1994f2, 1994f16). This species is usually found in wet `ohi`a-
uluhe shrubland from 550 to 960 m (1,800 to 3,150 ft) elevation. 
Associated native plant taxa include ferns, alani, `uki, Ilex anomala 
(kawa`u), and Scaevola mollis (naupaka kuahiwi) (HHP 1994f1, 1994f16).
    Habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs, potential 
predation by rats, competition with the alien plant Koster's curse, and 
a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced 
reproductive vigor, due to the small number of remaining populations, 
are the major threats to Cyanea humboldtiana. The Konahuanui summit 
population also is threatened by trampling by hikers (HHP 1994f1, 
1994f2; J. Lau, C. Russell, and J. Yoshioka, pers. comms. 1994).
    Cyanea koolauensis was first described by Hillebrand (1888) as 
Rollandia longiflora var. angustifolia, based on a specimen he 
collected on Oahu. In 1918 Rock elevated the variety to full species 
status as Rollandia angustifolia (Rock 1918b). Lammers et al. (1993) 
published the new name Cyanea koolauensis to replace Rollandia 
angustifolia when they merged Cyanea and Rollandia, as the name Cyanea 
angustifolia had already been used.
    Cyanea koolauensis, a member of the bellflower family, is an 
unbranched shrub with woody stems, 1 to 1.5 m (3.5 to 5 ft) tall. The 
leaves are linear to narrowly elliptic with a whitish underside, 16 to 
36 cm (6.3 to 14.2 in.) long and 1.5 to 4 cm (0.6 to 1.6 in.) wide. The 
leaf edges are hardened with shallow, ascending rounded teeth. The leaf 
stalks are 1.5 to 4.5 cm (0.6 to 1.8 in.) long. The flowering stalks 
are three to six-flowered. The flowering stalk is 15 to 40 mm (0.6 to 
1.6 in.) long. The hypanthium (basal portion of the flower) is 6 to 12 
mm (0.2 to 0.5 in.) long. The calyx lobes are fused into a sheath 2 to 
8 mm (0.08 to 0.3 in.) long. The dark magenta petals are 5 to 9 cm (2.0 
to 3.5 in.) long. The fruit is a round berry. Cyanea koolauensis is 
distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the leaf 
shape and width, the whitish green lower leaf surface and, the lengths 
of the

[[Page 53092]]

leaf stalks, calyx lobes, and hypanthium (Lammers 1990).
    Cyanea koolauensis was known historically from 27 scattered 
populations throughout the Koolau Mountains on Oahu (HHP 1994g1 to 
1994g28). Currently, 14 populations totalling fewer than 50 plants are 
known from the Waimea-Malaekahana Ridge to Hawaii Loa Ridge in the 
Koolau Mountains. These populations occur on City and County of 
Honolulu land, private land, and State land, including land leased to 
the DOD for the Kahuku and Kawailoa Training Areas (HHP 1994g1 to 
1994g12, 1994g18, 1994g19, 1994g22). Cyanea koolauensis usually is 
found on slopes and ridge crests in wet `ohi`a-uluhe forest or 
shrubland at elevations from 520 to 810 m (1,700 to 2,660 ft). 
Associated plant taxa include alani, Antidesma sp. (hame), 
Diplopterygium pinnatum, Psychotria sp. (kopiko), and Scaevola sp. 
(naupaka) (HHP 1994g1 to 1994g12, 1994g18, 1994g19, 1994g22; Lammers 
1990).
    Cyanea koolauensis is threatened by habitat destruction by feral 
pigs, potential impacts from military activities, potential predation 
by rats, competition with the aggressive alien plants Koster's curse 
and strawberry guava, trampling by hikers, overcollection, and risk of 
extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive 
vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals (HHP 1994g1 to 
1994g5, 1994g7, 1994g22; Loyal Mehrhoff, U.S. Fish and Wildlife 
Service, J. Lau, C. Russell, and J. Yoshioka, pers. comms. 1994).
    Cyanea longiflora was first collected by Hillebrand on Oahu and 
named in 1873, by Dr. Heinrich Wawra, as Rollandia longiflora 
(Hillebrand 1888). Other names considered synonymous with Rollandia 
longiflora are R. lanceolata var. brevipes and R. sessilifolia (Degener 
1932, Lammers 1990, Wimmer 1953). Recently Lammers et al. (1993) 
published the new combination Cyanea longiflora. The specific epithet 
refers to the long flowers.
    Cyanea longiflora, a member of the bellflower family, is an 
unbranched shrub with woody stems 1 to 3 m (3.5 to 10 ft) long. The 
leaves are elliptic or inversely lance-shaped, 30 to 55 cm (12 to 22 
in.) long and 6 to 12 cm (2.4 to 4.7 in.) wide. Mature leaves have 
smooth or hardened leaf edges with shallow, ascending, rounded teeth. 
The flowering stalks are 5 to 10-flowered and 30 to 60 mm (1.2 to 2.4 
in.) long. The calyx lobes are fused into an irregularly toothed sheath 
2 to 4 mm (0.08 to 0.2 in.) long. The petals, 6 to 9 cm (2.4 to 3.5 
in.) long, and the hairless staminal column are dark magenta. The 
berries are almost pear-shaped. Cyanea longiflora differs from others 
in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the fused calyx lobes (Lammers 1990).
    Cyanea longiflora was known historically from five populations in 
the Waianae Mountains and six populations in the Koolau Mountains of 
Oahu (HHP 1994h1, 1994h2 to 1994h14). Currently five populations of 
this species are known: Pahole Gulch, Makaha Valley, and Makaha-Waianae 
Ridge in the Waianae Mountains; and Kawainui Drainage and Opaeula Gulch 
in the Koolau Mountains (HHP 1994h1, 1994h3, 1994h11 to 1994h14). These 
5 populations total between 220 and 300 plants. The populations are 
found on City and County of Honolulu land, private land leased by the 
DOD for the Kawailoa Training Area, and State-owned land, including 
Pahole NAR. Cyanea longiflora usually is found on steep slopes or ridge 
crests in mesic koa-'ohi'a forest in the Waianae Mountains or wet 
'ohi'a-uluhe forest in the Koolau Mountains, usually between 620 and 
780 m (2,030 and 2,560 ft) elevation. Associated plant taxa in koa-
'ohi'a forest include hame, kopiko, uluhe, Coprosma sp. (pilo), and 
Syzygium sp. ('ohi'a ha). In wet 'ohi'a-uluhe forest, associated native 
taxa include 'akia, alani, Cibotium sp. (hapu'u), Dubautia sp. 
(na'ena'e), Hedyotis sp., and Pittosporum sp. (ho'awa) (HHP 1994h1, 
1994h3, 1994h11, 1994h13, 1994h14; Lammers 1990).
    The major threats to Cyanea longiflora are habitat degradation and/
or destruction by feral pigs, potential impacts from military 
activities, potential predation by rats, competition with the alien 
plants strawberry guava and Rubus argutus (prickly Florida blackberry) 
in the Waianae Mountains and Koster's curse in the Koolau Mountains, 
potential fire, and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring 
events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of 
remaining, widely dispersed populations (HHP 1994h1, 1994h3, 1994h12 to 
1994h14; J. Lau, C. Russell, and J. Yoshioka, pers. comms. 1994).
    While hiking in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu, Edward Hosaka 
collected a new lobelioid, which he later described and named Rollandia 
st.-johnii (St. John and Hosaka 1935). Rollandia st.-johnii var. 
obtusisepala (Wimmer 1953) is not recognized in the most recent 
treatment of Hawaiian members of the family (Lammers 1990). Lammers et 
al. (1993) published the new name Cyanea st.-johnii when Cyanea and 
Rollandia were merged. The specific epithet honors the late Harold St. 
John.
    Cyanea st.-johnii, a member of the bellflower family, is an 
unbranched shrub with a woody stem 30 to 60 cm (12 to 24 in.) long. The 
leaves are lance-shaped to inversely lance-shaped, 6 to 13 cm (2.4 to 
5.1 in.) long and 1.5 to 2 cm (0.6 to 0.8 in.) wide. The leaf edges are 
thickened, smoothly toothed, and curl under. The flowering stalk is 5 
to 15 mm (0.2 to 0.6 in.) long, with 5 to 20 flowers. The hairless, 
white petals, 3 to 6 cm (1.2 to 2.4 in.) long, are suffused with pale 
violet in the inner surface. This species is distinguished from others 
in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the length of the leaves, the 
distinctly curled leaf margins, and the petal color (Lammers 1990).
    Cyanea st.-johnii was known historically from 11 populations in the 
central and southern Koolau Mountains of Oahu (HHP 1994i1 to 1994i11). 
Currently, between 40 and 50 plants are known from 5 populations--
Waimano Trail summit to Aiea Trail summit, the summit ridge crest 
between Manana and Kipapa trails, between the summit of Aiea and Halawa 
trails, Summit Trail south of Poamoho cabin, and Wailupe-Waimanalo 
summit ridge. These populations are found on City and County of 
Honolulu, private, and State lands (HHP 1994i1, 1994i7, 1994i9 to 
1994i11). This species typically grows on wet, windswept slopes and 
ridges from 690 to 850 m (2,260 to 2,800 ft) elevation in 'ohi'a mixed 
shrubland or 'ohi'a-uluhe shrubland. Associated plant taxa include 
naupaka kuahiwi, 'uki, Bidens sp. (ko'oko'olau), and Freycinetia 
arborea ('ie'ie) (HHP 1994i1, 1994i7, 1994i9 to 1994i11).
    Cyanea st.-johnii is threatened by habitat degradation and/or 
destruction by feral pigs, potential predation by rats, competition 
with the noxious alien plant Koster's curse, and risk of extinction 
from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due 
to the small number of remaining populations and individuals. The 
plants between the summit of Aiea and Halawa Trail also are threatened 
by trampling by hikers (HHP 1994i7, 1994i9, 1994i10; J. Lau, C. 
Russell, and J. Yoshioka, pers. comms. 1994).
    In 1945 St. John collected a plant specimen on Oahu that he and 
W.B. Storey named Cyrtandra dentata (St. John and Storey 1950). In the 
same paper, St. John and Storey also described Cyrtandra frederickii, 
now considered synonymous with Cyrtandra dentata (Wagner et al. 1990). 
The specific epithet refers to the toothed margin of the leaf blades.

[[Page 53093]]

    Cyrtandra dentata, a member of the African violet family 
(Gesneriaceae), is a sparingly branched shrub ranging from 1.5 to 5 m 
(5 to 16 ft) tall. Papery in texture, the leaves are broadly elliptic 
to almost circular or broadly egg-shaped to egg-shaped, 9 to 33 cm (3.5 
to 13 in.) long, and 3 to 17 cm (1.2 to 6.7 in.) wide. Three to nine 
white flowers are arranged on an inverse umbrella-shaped flower cluster 
which arises from the leaf axil. The main flower stalk is 25 to 50 mm 
(1 to 2 in.) long and the individual flower stalks are 15 to 33 mm (0.6 
to 1.3 in.) long. The leaf-like bracts are 12 to 30 mm (0.5 to 1.2 in.) 
long. The tubular portion of the flower is 12 to 25 mm (0.5 to 1 in.) 
long and 4 to 9 mm (0.2 to 0.4 in.) in diameter. The upper flower lobes 
are 2 to 6 mm (0.08 to 0.2 in.) long and 3 to 7 mm (0.1 to 0.3 in.) 
wide, while the lower lobes are 3 to 17 mm (0.1 to 0.7 in.) long and 4 
to 9 mm (0.2 to 0.4 in.) wide. The round white berries are 1 to 2.6 cm 
(0.4 to 1 in.) long. This species is distinguished from others in the 
genus by the number and arrangement of the flowers, the length of the 
bracts and flower stalks, and the shape of the leaves (Wagner et al. 
1990).
    Cyrtandra dentata was historically known from six populations in 
the Waianae Mountains and three populations in the Koolau Mountains of 
Oahu (HHP 1994j1 to 1994j9). Currently, this species is found only in 
the Waianae Mountains in Pahole Gulch and Kapuna Valley on State land 
(within Pahole NAR) and in Ekahanui Gulch on State and private land 
(within TNCH's Honouliuli Preserve) (HHP 1994j2, 1994j6, 1994j7). The 3 
known populations total fewer than 50 individuals. Cyrtandra dentata 
typically grows in gulches, slopes, or ravines in mesic forest with 
'ohi'a, 'ohi'a ha, and Aleurites moluccana (kukui) at elevations from 
580 to 720 m (1,900 to 2,360 ft) (HHP 1994j2, 1994j6, 1994j7; St. John 
1966; Wagner et al. 1990).
    Competition with the alien plants Koster's curse and strawberry 
guava, potential predation by rats, potential fire, and a risk of 
extinction from naturally occurring events (such as landslides/
hurricanes/flooding) and/or reduced reproductive vigor, due to the 
small number of extant populations and individuals, are the major 
threats to Cyrtandra dentata (HHP 1994j6; J. Lau, C. Russell, and J. 
Yoshioka, pers. comms. 1994).
    Hillebrand (1888) collected a specimen on Oahu that he named 
Cyrtandra gracilis var. subumbellata. St. John and Storey (1950) 
elevated the variety to full species status. The authors of the current 
treatment of the family concur with this designation (Wagner et al. 
1990). St. John's (1966) variety intonsa is not currently recognized 
(Wagner et al. 1990). The specific epithet refers to the umbrella-like 
flowering stalk.
    Cyrtandra subumbellata, a member of the African violet family, is a 
shrub 2 to 3 m (6.6 to 10 ft) tall. Papery in texture, the leaves are 
almost circular to egg-shaped, 12 to 39 cm (4.7 to 15.4 in.) long, and 
3 to 19 cm (1.2 to 7.5 in.) wide. The upper leaf surface is wrinkled, 
whereas the lower surface has conspicuously raised net-like veins and 
is moderately covered with white glands. Five to 15 white flowers are 
densely arranged on an inverse umbrella-shaped flowering stalk which 
arises from the leaf axil. The main flower stalk is 2 to 8 mm (0.08 to 
0.3 in.) long. The style is approximately 10 mm (0.4 in.) long. The 
round, white berries are 1 to 1.5 cm (0.4 to 0.6 in.) long. This 
species is distinguished from others in the genus by the number and 
arrangement of the flowers, the lengths of the style and main flower 
stalks, and the texture of the leaves (Wagner et al. 1990).
    Historically, Cyrtandra subumbellata was known from six scattered 
populations in the central Koolau Mountains on the island of Oahu (HHP 
1994k1 to 1994k6). This species is now known from three populations in 
the central Koolau Mountains--Schofield-Waikane Trail and Puu Ohulehule 
on private and State land and Kaukonahua drainage on Federal land 
within Schofield Barracks Military Reservation (HHP 1994k2, 1994k5, 
1994k6). The total number of plants currently is estimated to be fewer 
than 50. This species typically grows on moist, forested slopes or 
gulch bottoms dominated by 'ohi'a or a mixture of 'ohi'a and uluhe, 
between 460 and 670 m (1,500 and 2,200 ft) elevation. Associated plant 
taxa include 'uki, Adiantum raddiantum, Boehmeria grandis ('akolea), 
Broussaisia arguta (kanawao), and Thelypteris sp. (HHP 1994k2, 1994k5, 
1994k6; St. John 1966; Wagner et al. 1990).
    The primary threats to Cyrtandra subumbellata are competition with 
the noxious alien plant Koster's curse, potential impacts from military 
activities, potential predation by rats, potential fire, and risk of 
extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive 
vigor due to the small number of extant populations and individuals 
(HHP 1994k6; J. Lau, C. Russell, and J. Yoshioka, pers. comms. 1994).
    In 1950, St. John and Storey first described Cyrtandra viridiflora 
based on a specimen collected by Joseph Rock in 1911. Other published 
names now considered synonyms of this species are Cyrtandra crassifolia 
and C. pickeringii var. crassifolia (Hillebrand 1888, Rock 1918a, St. 
John 1966, Wagner et al. 1990). The specific epithet refers to the 
conspicuous green flowers.
    Cyrtandra viridiflora, a member of the African violet family, is a 
small shrub 0.5 to 2 m (1.6 to 6.6 ft) tall. The thick, fleshy, heart-
shaped leaves are 6 to 15 cm (2.4 to 6 in.) long, 3.5 to 7.5 cm (1.4 to 
3 in.) wide, and have toothed margins. Both the upper and lower 
surfaces have long, velvety, pale hairs. One to five green flowers are 
arranged on an inverse umbrella-shaped flowering stalk. The pale green 
calyx is 12 to 15 mm (0.5 to 0.6 in.) long. The round, white berries 
are 1.3 cm (0.5 in.) or longer. This species is distinguished from 
others in the genus by the leaves, which are thick, fleshy, heart-
shaped, and densely hairy on both surfaces (Wagner et al. 1990).
    Historically, Cyrtandra viridiflora was known from seven scattered 
populations in the Koolau Mountains on the island of Oahu (HHP 1994L1 
to 1994L7). This species is now known only from four populations in the 
northern Koolau Mountains--Kawainui-Laie summit divide, Kawainui-
Kaipapau summit divide, Maakua-Kaipapau Ridge, and the Peahinaia Trail. 
Fewer than 10 plants are known from these 4 populations on State land 
and private land leased by the DOD for Kawailoa Training Area (HHP 
1994L4 to 1994L7). Cyrtandra viridiflora is usually found on wind-blown 
ridge tops in cloud-covered wet forest or shrubland at elevations of 
690 to 850 m (2,260 to 2,800 ft). Associated plant taxa include 
kanawao, 'ohi'a, 'ohi'a ha, 'uki, and uluhe (HHP 1994L4 to 1994L7, 
Wagner et al. 1990).
    The major threats to Cyrtandra viridiflora are habitat degradation 
or destruction by feral pigs, potential impacts from military 
activities, potential predation by rats, competition with the alien 
plants Koster's curse and strawberry guava, and risk of extinction from 
naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the 
small number of remaining populations and individuals (HHP 1994L4 to 
1994L6; J. Lau, C. Russell, and J. Yoshioka, pers. comms. 1994).
    Delissea subcordata was first collected on Oahu by Gaudichaud-
Beaupre over 150 years ago. He later described and named it for its 
heart-shaped leaf base (Hillebrand 1888). Lammers considers all 
subsequently named varieties to be synonymous with Delissea subcordata, 
including D. subcordata var. kauaiensis, D. subcordata var. 
obtusifolia, D.

[[Page 53094]]

subcordata var. waialaeensis, D. subcordata var. waikaneensis, and 
Lobelia subcordata (Lammers 1990, St. John 1977, Wawra 1873).
    Delissea subcordata, a member of the bellflower family, is a 
branched or unbranched shrub 1 to 3 m (3.5 to 10 ft) tall. The leaves 
are egg-shaped or oval lance-shaped, with heart-shaped bases and blades 
12 to 30 cm (4.7 to 12 in.) long and 6 to 17 cm (2.4 to 6.7 in.) wide. 
The leaf margins have shallow, rounded to sharply pointed teeth. 
Occasionally the leaf margin may be irregularly cut into narrow and 
unequal segments with one to six triangular lobes, 10 to 18 mm (0.4 to 
0.7 in.) long, toward the leaf base. Six to 18 white or greenish white 
flowers are arranged on a flowering stalk 4 to 10 cm (1.6 to 4 in.) 
long. The calyx lobes are awl-shaped and 0.5 to 1 mm (0.02 to 0.04 in.) 
long. The curved corolla is 45 to 60 mm (1.8 to 2.4 in.) long and has a 
knob on the back side. The anthers are hairless. The fruit is an egg-
shaped berry. This species is distinguished from others in this endemic 
Hawaiian genus by the shape and size of the leaves, the length of the 
calyx lobes and corolla, and the hairless condition of the anthers 
(Lammers 1990).
    Historically, Delissea subcordata was known from 21 scattered 
populations in the Waianae Mountains and 8 populations in the Koolau 
Mountains of Oahu. A specimen collected by Mann and Brigham in the 
1860's and labeled as from the island of Kauai is believed to have been 
mislabeled (HHP 1994m8). Delissea subcordata is now known only from the 
Waianae Mountains in nine populations distributed from Kawaiu Gulch in 
the Kealia land section in the northern Waianae Mountains to the north 
branch of North Palawai Gulch about 20 km (12 mi) to the south. This 
species is found on private land (TNCH's Honouliuli Preserve), Federal 
land (Schofield Barracks Military Reservation and Lualualei Naval 
Reservation), and State land (Pahole and Kaala NARs or leased to the 
Federal government (Makua Military Reservation)). The total number of 
plants in the 9 remaining populations is estimated to be between 70 and 
80. Delissea subcordata typically grows on moderate to steep gulch 
slopes in mesic native or alien-dominated forests from 430 to 760 m 
(1,400 to 2,500 ft) elevation. Associated plant taxa include a variety 
of native trees such as 'ala'a, hame, kukui, 'ohi'a, papala kepau, 
Diospyros hillebrandii (lama), Nestegis sandwicensis (olopua), and 
kopiko (HHP 1994m1 to 1994m26; Takeuchi and Shimabukuro (s.n.) 1987; 
Takeuchi, Yap, and Paquin (3422) 1987; Takeuchi and Paquin (2734) 1986; 
Takeuchi (2410) 1985).
    Delissea subcordata is threatened by habitat degradation and/or 
destruction by pigs and goats; potential impacts from military 
activities, including road construction and housing development; 
potential predation by rats; competition with the alien plants 
Christmas berry, Koster's curse, strawberry guava, and Lantana camara 
(lantana); potential fire; and a risk of extinction from naturally 
occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small 
number of remaining individuals (HHP 1994m1, 1994m7; Takeuchi & 
Shimabukuro (s.n.) 1987; Takeuchi (2410) 1985; J. Lau, L. Mehrhoff, and 
J. Yoshioka, pers. comms. 1994).
    In 1933, F. Raymond Fosberg collected a plant in the Waianae 
Mountains that Leo D. Whitney (1937) named Eragrostis fosbergii. This 
species is maintained in the most recent treatment of Hawaiian members 
of this genus (O'Connor 1990).
    Eragrostis fosbergii is a perennial grass (family Poaceae), with 
stout, tufted culms (stems) 60 to 100 cm (24 to 40 in.) long, which 
usually arise from an abruptly bent woody base. The leathery leaf 
blades, 40 to 60 cm (16 to 24 in.) long and 5 to 10 mm (0.2 to 0.4 in.) 
wide, are flat but curl inward towards the apex. The small flowers 
occur in complex clusters that are somewhat open, pyramidal, and 20 to 
40 cm (8 to 16 in.) long. The pale to dark green spikelets (ultimate 
flower clusters) generally contain three to five flowers, and are about 
5 mm (0.2 in.) long. The slender glumes (small bracts at the base of 
the spikelet) have margins fringed with long hairs. The lemmas (inner 
bracts that subtend the flowers) have loosely overlapping margins, 
which are occasionally fringed with hairs. The fruit is a grain. This 
species is distinguished from others in the genus by its stiffly 
ascending flowering stalk and the long hairs on the margins of the 
glumes and occasionally on the margins of the lemmas (O'Connor 1990).
    Historically, Eragrostis fosbergii was known only from the Waianae 
Mountains of Oahu, from the slopes of Mount Kaala and in Waianae Kai 
and its associated ridges (HHP 1994n1 to 1994n6). This species was 
thought to be extinct until rediscovered by Joel Lau of TNCH in 1991. 
Only six individuals are known to remain in Waianae Kai in four 
populations on land owned by the State and the City and County of 
Honolulu (HHP 1994n3 to 1994n6). Eragrostis fosbergii typically grows 
on ridge crests or moderate slopes in native or alien forests between 
720 and 830 m (2,360 and 2,720 ft) elevation. Associated plant taxa 
include Christmas berry, koa, 'ohi'a, Psydrax odoratum (alahe'e), 
Dodonaea viscosa ('a'ali'I), and Eragrostis grandis (kawelu) (HHP 
1994n3 to 1994n6).
    Major threats to Eragrostis fosbergii include degradation of 
habitat by feral pigs and goats; competition with alien plants such as 
Christmas berry, silk oak, and strawberry guava; and trampling by 
hikers. This species also is threatened by the risk of extinction from 
naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the 
small number of remaining populations and individuals (HHP 1994n3 to 
1994n6; C. Russell, pers. comm. 1994).
    Gardenia mannii was first described by St. John and J.R. Kuykendall 
in 1949, based on a specimen they had collected a few years earlier in 
the Koolau Mountains, Oahu. In the same paper, St. John and Kuykendall 
also described Gardenia mannii var. honoluluensis, which is not 
currently recognized (Wagner et al. 1990). The specific epithet honors 
Horace Mann, Jr., an early collector of Hawaiian plants.
    Gardenia mannii, a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a 
tree 5 to 15 m (16 to 50 ft) tall. The leaves are inversely lance-
shaped or slightly more elliptic, 6 to 27 cm (2.4 to 10.6 in.) long, 
and 3.5 to 10 cm (1.4 to 4 in.) wide. The upper leaf surface is sticky. 
The fragrant flowers bloom in the late afternoon, and usually last for 
2 days. They are solitary and occur at the branch tips. The cup-shaped 
calyx, 3 to 5 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in.) long, extends into four to six 
leathery, long, thin, terminal spurs (hollow appendages). These spurs 
are linear spatula-shaped, ``S'' shaped, or, rarely, sickle-shaped; 23 
to 46 mm (0.9 to 1.8 in.) long; and 5 to 11 mm (0.2 to 0.4 in.) wide. 
The corolla is cream colored on the outside and white on the inside. 
The tubular portion of the flower is 17 to 27 mm (0.7 to 1.1 in.) long 
(when dry), and the seven to nine lobes are 16 to 22 mm (0.6 to 0.9 
in.) long (when dry). The yellow to orange fruit is broadly elliptic. 
This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the shape and 
number of the calyx spurs (Wagner et al. 1990).
    Historically Gardenia mannii was known from 7 widely scattered 
populations in the Waianae Mountains and 39 populations distributed 
along almost the entire length of the Koolau Mountains of Oahu (HHP 
1994o1 to 1994o46). Currently 22 populations of Gardenia mannii are 
distributed along a 42 km (26 mi) length of the Koolau Mountains, from 
Kaunala Gulch and Kaunala-Waimea Ridge at the northernmost extent of 
its range to Palolo at the southernmost extent (HHP

[[Page 53095]]

1994o2, 1994o4, 1994o7, 1994o8, 1994o13, 1994o17, 1994o18, 1994o25, 
1994o28 to 1994o30, 1994o33, 1994o34, 1994o37, 1994o39 to 1994o46). In 
the Waianae Mountains, this species is found in five extant populations 
over a 7 km (4 mi) distance from north Haleauau Valley to Kaluaa Gulch 
(HHP 1994o1, 1994o14, 1994o21, 1994035, 1994o38). The 27 extant 
populations occur on private land, including TNCH's Honouliuli Preserve 
and land leased by DOD for Kawailoa and Kahuku Training Areas; City and 
County of Honolulu land; State land; and Federal land on Schofield 
Barracks Military Reservation. The existing populations total between 
70 and 100 plants, with 23 of the 27 populations each containing 5 or 
fewer plants. This species is usually found on moderate to moderately 
steep gulch slopes between 300 and 750 m (980 and 2,460 ft) in 
elevation. 'Ohi'a co-dominates in mesic or wet forests with a mixture 
of native plants such as 'ala'a, koa, and uluhe. Other associated plant 
taxa include alani, hame, kanawao, pilo, Alyxia oliviformis (maile), 
and kopiko (HHP 1994o1, 1994o3 to 1994o11, 1994o14, 1994o15, 1994o17, 
1994o18, 1994o20 to 1994o22, 1994o25, 1994o26, 1994o28 to 1994o46).
    Gardenia mannii is threatened by habitat degradation and/or 
destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military activities; 
competition with alien plants such as Koster's curse, prickly Florida 
blackberry, and strawberry guava; potential fire; and risk of 
extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive 
vigor due to the widely dispersed, small number of remaining 
individuals. The Kapakahi Gulch population also is threatened by the 
black twig borer (Xylosandrus compactus) (HHP 1994o1, 1994o13, 1994o14, 
1994o35, 1994o37 to 1994o44, 1994o46; L. Mehrhoff, pers. comm. 1994).
    Labordia cyrtandrae was first collected by French naturalist and 
ethnologist Ezechiel Jules Remy on Oahu in 1855. In 1880, H.E. Baillon 
named Remy's collection Geniostoma cyrtandrae in reference to the 
resemblance of this plant to the pantropical genus Cyrtandra (St. John 
1936). St. John (1936) transferred the species to the endemic Hawaiian 
genus Labordia. The authors of the current treatment of Hawaiian 
members of the family concur with this designation (Wagner et al. 
1990). In 1932, O. Degener described Labordia hypoleuca, which Wagner 
et al. (1990) consider to be synonymous with L. cyrtandrae (Degener and 
Degener 1957).
    Labordia cyrtandrae, a member of the logania family (Loganiaceae), 
is a shrub 0.7 to 2 m (2.3 to 6.6 ft) tall. The fleshy, cylindrical to 
weakly angled stems, which flatten when dry, are covered with short, 
coarse, stiff hairs. The thick leaves, 12 to 30 cm long (4.7 to 12 in.) 
and 4 to 14 cm (1.6 to 5.5 in.) wide, are inversely egg-shaped to 
broadly elliptic or rarely inversely lance-shaped. Eight to 80 or more 
flowers are arranged on a densely hairy flowering stalk with an erect 
stalk up to 10 mm (0.4 in.) long. The pale greenish yellow or pale 
yellow corolla is 20 to 35 mm (0.8 to 1.4 in.) long. The tubular 
portion of the flower is urn-shaped; the flower lobes are lance-shaped 
and 8 to 13 mm (0.3 to 0.5 in.) long. The elliptic, lance-shaped fruits 
are two-valved capsules 32 to 35 mm (1.3 to 1.4 in.) long. This species 
is distinguished from others in the genus by its fleshy, hairy, 
cylindrical stem which flattens upon drying, the shape and length of 
the floral bracts, and the length of the corolla tube and lobes (Wagner 
et al. 1990).
    Historically, Labordia cyrtandrae was known from both the Waianae 
and Koolau Mountains of Oahu. In the Koolau Mountains, this species 
ranged from Kawailoa Trail to Waialae Iki, extending almost the entire 
length of the mountain range (HHP 1994p1, 1994p3 to 1994p13). This 
species currently is known only from 10 individuals in 3 populations in 
Haleauau Gulch and North Mohiakea Gulch, Waianae Mountains (HHP 1994p2, 
1994p14 to 1994p16). These three populations occur on Federal land in 
Schofield Barracks Military Reservation (HHP 1994p2, 1994p14 to 
1994p16). Labordia cyrtandrae typically grows in shady gulches in mesic 
to wet forests dominated by `ohi`a, Diplopterygium pinnatum, and/or koa 
between the elevations of 730 and 780 m (2,400 and 2,560 ft) (HHP 
1994p2, 1994p14 to 1994p16; T. Motley, pers. comm. [1996?]). Associated 
plant taxa include `ala`a, Diplazium sandwichianum, Pipturus albidus 
(mamaki), Perrottetia sp. (olomea), and kopiko (HHP 1994p2, 1994p14 to 
1994p16).
    Habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; potential 
impacts from military activities; competition with the alien plants 
Christmas berry, Koster's curse, prickly Florida blackberry, and 
strawberry guava; potential fire; and risk of extinction from naturally 
occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor, due to the small 
number of remaining individuals and populations, are the primary 
threats to Labordia cyrtandrae (HHP 1994p14 to 1994p16; 1994p16; C. 
Russell, pers. comm. 1994).
    Over 100 years ago, Hillebrand collected a plant in the Waianae 
Mountains that he named Lepidium arbuscula for its tree-like habit 
(Hillebrand 1888). This species has been maintained in the most recent 
treatment of Hawaiian members of the genus (Wagner et al. 1990).
    Lepidium arbuscula, a member of the mustard family (Brassicaceae), 
is a gnarled shrub 0.6 to 1.2 m (2 to 3.9 ft) tall. The leathery, 
hairless leaves, 2.6 to 6 cm (1 to 2.4 in.) long and 0.8 to 1.8 cm (0.3 
to 0.7 in.) wide, are spatula-shaped to oblong-elliptic or elliptic, 
and have toothed margins. The unbranched flowering stalk contains one 
to three erect flowers. The white, pale yellow, or greenish petals are 
2 to 2.5 mm (0.08 to 0.1 in.) long. The fruit is a capsule which is 
broadly egg-shaped to almost circular. This species is distinguished 
from others in the genus by its height (Wagner et al. 1990).
    Historically, Lepidium arbuscula was known from 11 populations in 
the Waianae Mountains (HHP 1994q1 to 1994q11). It now remains at all 
but one of those populations on Federal (Lualualei Naval Reservation, 
Makua Military Reservation, and Schofield Barracks Military 
Reservation), State, and City and County of Honolulu land. Populations 
range from Kuaokala in the northern Waianae Mountains to Lualualei-
Nanakuli Ridge in the southern Waianae Mountains (HHP 1994q2 to 
1994q11). Fewer than 900 individuals of this species remain. Lepidium 
arbuscula generally grows on exposed ridge tops and cliff faces in 
mesic vegetation communities between 230 and 915 m (755 and 3,000 ft) 
elevation. This species is typically associated with native and non-
native plant taxa such as `a`ali`I, Christmas berry, kawelu, Ageratina 
spp. (pamakani), ko`oko`olau, Carex meyenii, and Melinis minutiflora 
(molasses grass) (HHP 1994q2 to 1994q8, 1994q10, 1994q11).
    The primary threats to Lepidium arbuscula are habitat degradation 
and/or destruction by feral goats; potential impacts from military 
activities; competition with alien plants including Christmas berry, 
lantana, Maui pamakani, molasses grass, silk oak, strawberry guava, 
Ageratina riparia (Hamakua pamakani), and Myrica faya (firetree); and 
potential fire. The population at the head of Kapuhi Gulch also is 
threatened by its proximity to a road (HHP 1994q4, 1994q5, 1994q7 to 
1994q11).
    In 1937 Fosberg and Hosaka collected a specimen of Lobelia 
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis on Oahu, which they described the 
following year as a variety

[[Page 53096]]

of Lobelia gaudichaudii and named it for the Koolau Mountains (Fosberg 
and Hosaka 1938). Lammers (1988, 1990) has elevated the variety to a 
subspecies.
    Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, a member of the bellflower 
family, is an unbranched, woody shrub 0.3 to 1 m (1 to 3.5 ft) tall. 
The leaves are inversely lance-shaped to rectangular, 8 to 19 cm (3 to 
7.5 in.) long, and 1.3 to 2.8 cm (0.5 to 1.1 in.) wide. The leaf edges 
are thickened or curled under, fringed with hairs toward the base, and 
sharp-pointed at the tip. The flowering stalk is two to six-branched 
and 40 to 70 cm (16 to 28 in.) long. The hairless bracts are lance-
shaped to egg-shaped and 18 to 32 mm (0.7 to 1.3 in.) long. The calyx 
lobes are triangular, lance-shaped or egg-shaped, and 10 to 15 mm (0.4 
to 0.6 in.) long. The corolla is greenish or yellowish white and 50 to 
75 mm (2 to 3 in.) long. The tubular portion of the flower is curved, 
with spreading lobes. The fruit is an egg-shaped capsule. The 
subspecies koolauensis is distinguished by the greenish or yellowish 
white petals and the branched flowering stalks. The species is 
distinguished from others in the genus by the length of the stem, the 
length and color of the corolla, the leaf width, the length of the 
floral bracts, and the length of the calyx lobes (Lammers 1990).
    Historically, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis was known from 
only two populations in the central Koolau Mountains on Oahu (HHP 
1994s1, 1994s2). Currently this subspecies is known from a single 
population on the Manana Ridge system in the central Koolau Mountains 
on privately owned land (HHP 1994s1). The total number of plants is 
estimated to be less than 250. Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis 
typically grows on moderate to steep slopes in `ohi`a or `ohi`a-uluhe 
lowland wet shrublands at elevations between 640 and 730 m (2,100 and 
2,400 ft). Associated plant taxa include alani, ko`oko`lau, naupaka, 
`uki, and kanawao (HHP 1994s1, 1994s2).
    The primary threats to the single remaining population of Lobelia 
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis are habitat degradation and/or 
destruction by feral pigs, competition with the noxious alien plant 
Koster's curse, trampling by hikers, potential overcollection, 
landslides, and risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/
or reduced reproductive vigor of the one remaining population (HHP 
1994s1; L. Mehrhoff and C. Russell, pers. comms. 1994).
    In 1919 Rock described a new variety of Lobelia hillebrandii based 
on a specimen collected by Hillebrand in the 1800's. Rock (1919) named 
this variety Lobelia hillebrandii var. monostachya. Degener elevated 
this variety to the species level and transferred it to a new genus as 
Neowimmeria monostachya (Degener 1974). Lammers (1988) transferred the 
species back to the original genus as Lobelia monostachya.
    Lobelia monostachya, a member of the bellflower family, is a 
prostrate woody shrub with stems 15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 in.) long. The 
leaves are stalkless, linear, hairless, 7 to 15 cm (2.8 to 6 in.) long, 
and 0.4 to 0.7 cm (0.2 to 0.3 in.) wide. The flowering stalk is 
unbranched. The corolla is pale magenta, 15 to 18 mm (0.6 to 0.7 in.) 
long, and approximately 5 mm (0.2 in.) wide. The lobes of the corolla 
overlap spirally. The species is distinguished from others in the genus 
by the narrow, linear leaves without stalks and the short pink flowers 
(Lammers 1990).
    Historically, Lobelia monostachya was known only from the Koolau 
Mountains and had not been seen since its original discovery in the 
1800's in Niu Valley and in the 1920's in Manoa Valley (HHP 1991a1, 
1991a2). In 1994 Joel Lau discovered one individual in a previously 
unknown location in Wailupe Valley on State-owned land. Since then a 
total of eight plants has been found. This species occurs on steep, 
sparsely vegetated cliffs in mesic shrubland at an elevation of about 
290 m (950 ft). Associated plant taxa include Artemisia sp. 
(ahinahina), Carex meyenii, Psilotum nudum (moa), and Eragrostis sp. 
(kawelu) (HHP 1994ff).
    The major threats to Lobelia monostachya are predation by rats; 
competition with the alien plants Christmas berry, Hamakua pamakani, 
Kalanchoe pinnata (air plant), and molasses grass; and risk of 
extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive 
vigor due to the low number of individuals in the only known population 
(HHP 1994ff).
    E.P. Hume first described Melicope saint-johnii as Pelea saint-
johnii based on a specimen he collected with E. Christophersen and G. 
Wilder at Mauna Kapu on Oahu (St. John 1944). Thomas Hartley and the 
late Benjamin Stone (1989) transferred Hawaiian Pelea species to the 
Pacific genus Melicope. The new combination, Melicope saint-johnii, was 
published in the same paper (Hartley and Stone 1989). Other published 
names that refer to this taxon are Evodia elliptica var. elongata, 
Pelea elliptica var. elongata, P. elongata, and P. saint-johnii var. 
elongata (Hillebrand 1888, St. John 1944, Stone 1966, Stone et al. 
1990).
    Melicope saint-johnii, a member of the rue family (Rutaceae), is a 
slender tree 3 to 6 m (10 to 20 ft) tall. The leaves are opposite or 
occasionally occur in threes on young lateral branches. The leaves, 6 
to 16 cm (2.4 to 6.3 in.) long and 3 to 8.5 cm (1.2 to 3.3 in.) wide, 
are narrowly to broadly elliptic, sometimes elliptic egg-shaped or 
rarely lance-shaped. Three to 11 flowers are arranged on an flowering 
stalk 9 to 22 mm (0.4 to 0.9 in.) long. The flowers are usually 
functionally unisexual, with staminate (male) and pistillate (female) 
flowers. The staminate flowers have broadly egg-shaped sepals which are 
hairless to sparsely covered with hair. The triangular petals, 6 to 8 
mm (0.2 to 0.3 in.) long, are densely covered with hair on the 
exterior. The pistillate flowers are similar in hairiness to staminate 
flowers, but are slightly smaller in size. The dry fruit, 7 to 12 mm 
(0.3 to 0.5 in.) long, splits at maturity. The exocarp (outermost layer 
of the fruit wall) is hairless, whereas the endocarp (innermost layer) 
is hairy. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the 
combination of the hairless exocarp, the hairy endocarp, the densely 
hairy petals, and the sparsely hairy to smooth sepals (Stone et al. 
1990).
    Historically, Melicope saint-johnii was known from both the Waianae 
and Koolau Mountains--Makaha to Mauna Kapu in the Waianae Mountains and 
Papali Gulch in Hauula, Manoa-Aihualama, Wailupe, and Niu Valley in the 
Koolau Mountains (HHP 1994t1 to 1994t15, 1994ee; Takeuchi 1992). Today 
eight populations of this species are found on Federal (Lualualei Naval 
Reservation), State, and private land from the region between Puu Kaua 
and Puu Kanehoa to Mauna Kapu in the southern Waianae Mountains. Fewer 
than 150 individuals of this species currently are known (HHP 1994t1 to 
1994t4, 1994t7, 1994t14, 1994t15, 1994ee; Takeuchi 1992; Takeuchi and 
Paquin (s.n.) 1985; J. Lau, pers. comm. 1994). This species typically 
grows on mesic forested ridges from 500 to 853 m (1,640 to 2,800 ft) 
elevation. Associated native plant taxa include mamaki, 'ohi'a, 
Coprosma longifolia (pilo), Hedyotis schlechtendahliana (kopa), 
Labordia kaalae (kamakahala), and Psychotria hathewayi (kopiko) (HHP 
1994t1 to 1994t4, 1994t7, 1994t14, 1994t15, 1994ee; Takeuchi 1992; 
Takeuchi and Paquin (s.n.) 1985).
    The primary threats to Melicope saint-johnii are habitat 
degradation and/or destruction by feral goats and pigs; potential 
predation by the black twig borer; potential fire; and competition with 
alien plants such as Christmas berry, firetree, Hamakua pamakani, 
huehue haole, lantana, Maui pamakani, and silk oak (HHP 1994t3, 1994t4,

[[Page 53097]]

1994t13, 1994t14, 1994ee; J. Lau, pers. comm. 1994).
    Myrsine juddii was first described by Hosaka in 1940, based on a 
specimen he collected with Fosberg in the Koolau Mountains. In an 
action not supported by other taxonomists, Otto and Isa Degener (1971, 
1975) transferred this species from Myrsine to the genus Rapanea. 
Hosaka's concept of Myrsine is currently followed (Wagner et al. 1990). 
The specific epithet honors Albert Judd, who had a keen interest in 
conservation of the native Hawaiian flora.
    Myrsine juddii, a member of the myrsine family (Myrsinaceae), is a 
many branched shrub ranging from 1 to 2 m (3.5 to 6.6 ft) tall. The 
leathery leaves, 4 to 12 cm (1.6 to 4.7 in.) long and 1.5 to 3.2 cm 
(0.6 to 1.3 in.) wide, are narrowly inverse lance-shaped or more 
elliptic. The upper leaf surface is hairless, whereas the lower surface 
is sparsely to moderately covered with short, coarse, stiff, whitish or 
brownish hairs toward the base and along the midrib. The leaf base is 
broadly wedge-shaped to heart-shaped, and the margins are smooth and 
curl under. The flowers are unisexual and the plants are dioecious 
(male and female flowers are on separate plants). Flowers occur in 
groups of four to eight in tight clusters surrounded by small bracts. 
The yellowish green petals are narrowly inverse lance-shaped, 2.8 to 
3.2 mm (0.1 in.) long. The fleshy, round fruit contains a single seed. 
This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the hairiness 
of the lower leaf surface and the shape of the leaf base (Wagner et al. 
1990). In addition, the hairy leaves distinguish this species from all 
other species of Myrsine on Oahu (Environmental Impact Study 
Corporation 1977).
    Myrsine juddii has been reported from only three populations in the 
central Koolau Mountains--the North Kaukonahua-Kahana Summit divide; 
Peahinaia Trail; and Puu Kainapuaa to Poamoho Trail. These populations 
are found on private and State land leased by DOD for Kawailoa Training 
Area (HHP 1994u1 to 1994u3). The total number is between 500 and 3,000 
individuals, with all but 5 to 10 of these in a single, poorly defined 
population (HHP 1994u2). Myrsine juddii typically grows in wet forests 
dominated by 'ohi'a or a mixture of 'ohi'a and uluhe at elevations 
between 580 and 860 m (1,900 and 2,820 ft) (HHP 1994u1 to 1994u3). 
Associated plant taxa include 'uki, Cheirodendron trigynum ('olapa), 
Melicope clusiifolia (kolokolo mokihana), Psychotria mariniana 
(kopiko), Syzygium sandwicensis ('ohi'a ha), and Chamaesyce rockii (HHP 
1994u2).
    The primary threats to Myrsine juddii are habitat degradation and/
or destruction by feral pigs, potential impacts from military 
activities, competition with alien plants such as Koster's curse and 
strawberry guava, and risk of extinction from naturally occurring 
events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of 
extant populations (HHP 1994u2, 1994u3; C. Russell, pers. comm. 1994).
    In 1825, James Macrae, botanist on H.M.S. Blonde, collected a plant 
on Oahu that George Bentham described and named Phyllostegia hirsuta 
(Wagner et al. 1990). This species has been maintained in the current 
treatment of the Hawaiian members of the genus (Wagner et al. 1990).
    Phyllostegia hirsuta, a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), is 
an erect subshrub or vine with stems densely covered with coarse or 
stiff hairs. The wrinkled leaves are egg-shaped, generally 17 to 30 cm 
(6.7 to 12 in.) long, and 7.3 to 18 cm (2.9 to 7 in.) wide. Both leaf 
surfaces are moderately covered with long, flat hairs. The upper 
surface is inconspicuously dotted with glands, while the lower surface 
is more densely glandulose. The egg-shaped floral bracts are 3 to 6 mm 
(0.1 to 0.2 in.) long. The flowers have two lips--the upper one is 
approximately 3 mm (0.1 in.) long and the lower one is 5 to 7 mm (0.2 
to 0.3 in.) long. The tubular portion of the flower is slightly curved. 
The corolla is white and usually purple-tinged on the upper lip. The 
fruit is a nutlet about 3 mm (0.1 in.) long. This species is 
distinguished from others in the genus by the texture, hairiness, and 
size of the leaves and the length of the upper bracts (Wagner et al. 
1990).
    Historically, Phyllostegia hirsuta was known from widespread 
populations in the Waianae and Koolau Mountains on Oahu. In the Waianae 
Mountains, this species ranged from the head of Kukuiula (Pahole) Gulch 
to North Palawai Gulch (HHP 1994v1 to 1994v3, 1994v6, 1994v16, 1994v18 
to 1994v20, 1994v22, 1994v31, 1994v33 to 1994v36). In the Koolau 
Mountains, this species ranged from Pupukea-Kahuku Trail to Palolo, 
almost the entire length of the Koolau Mountains (HHP 1994v4, 1994v5, 
1994v7 to 1994v15, 1994v17, 1994v21, 1994v23 to 1994v30, 1994v32). The 
distribution of this species in the Waianae Mountains is now restricted 
to ten populations in the southern part of the historical range--from 
the ridge between Makaha and Waianae Kai to the south fork of North 
Palawai Gulch (HHP 1994v2, 1994v3, 1994v6, 1994v19, 1994v20, 1994v31, 
1994v33 to 1994v36). The current distribution in the Koolau Mountains 
is six populations scattered over a 10 km (6 mi) length of the summit--
from Kawainui Gulch in Kawailoa Training Area to South Kaukonahua 
drainage (HHP 1994v26 to 1994v30, 1994v32). About 150 to 200 
individuals remain in the 16 populations. These populations occur on 
Federal land in Lualualei Naval Reservation and Schofield Barracks 
Military Reservation; State land, including Mount Kaala NAR; and 
private lands, including TNCH's Honouliuli Preserve and land leased by 
DOD for Kawailoa Training Area. Phyllostegia hirsuta is usually found 
on steep, shaded slopes in mesic to wet forests dominated by `ohi`a or 
a mixture of 'ohi'a and uluhe between 600 and 1,100 m (1,970 and 3,610 
ft) elevation. Associated plant taxa include 'ala'a, kanawao, mamaki, 
pilo, Hedyotis terminalis (manono), Myrsine lessertiana (kolea lau 
nui), and native and alien ferns (HHP 1994v2, 1994v3, 1994v6, 1994v19, 
1994v20, 1994v26 to 1994v36).
    The primary threats to Phyllostegia hirsuta are habitat degradation 
and/or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military 
activities; and competition with Christmas berry, huehue haole, 
Koster's curse, lantana, prickly Florida blackberry, and strawberry 
guava (HHP 1994v2, 1994v3, 1994v19, 1994v27, 1994v29 to 1994v31, 
1994v34 to 1994v36).
    Based upon a specimen collected in 1977 by John Obata, Gerald Carr, 
and Daniel Palmer on Oahu, St. John (1987a) described Phyllostegia 
kaalaensis, naming it for Mt. Kaala where it was first collected. 
Publishing deadlines did not allow the authors of the current treatment 
of the family to review the more than 70 new species of Phyllostegia 
published by St. John in 1987 (Wagner et al. 1990). Warren Wagner, 
however, concurs that Phyllostegia kaalaensis is a valid, taxonomically 
distinct species (Warren Wagner, Smithsonian Institution, pers. comm. 
1994).
    Phyllostegia kaalaensis, a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), 
is an herb. The egg-shaped leaves are 5 to 13 cm (2 to 5 in.) long. 
Usually six flowers are arranged along a flowering stalk. The calyx is 
glabrous and 5 mm (0.2 in.) long. The hairless corolla tube is 11 mm 
(0.4 in.) long and the lower lip is 7 mm (0.3 in.) long (St. John 
1987a). The species is distinguished from others of the genus by the 
spreading, pointed teeth on the leaf edges and by the hairs along the 
margins of the calyx and bracts (Wagner et al. 1990).

[[Page 53098]]

    Phyllostegia kaalaensis has been known from only five scattered 
populations in the Waianae Mountains of Oahu (HHP 1994w1 to 1994w6). 
Fewer than 50 plants are known from 5 populations in Waianae Kai, 
Pahole Gulch, Ekahanui Gulch, and Palikea Gulch. These populations 
occur on State land, including Pahole and Mt. Kaala NARs and private 
land, including TNCH's Honouliuli Preserve (HHP 1994w1 to 1994w6). This 
species is found in mesic mixed (native/alien) forest or papala kepau-
Sapindus oahuensis (aulu) forest from 490 to 760 m (1,610 to 2,500 ft) 
in elevation. Associated plant taxa include huehue haole, 'ie'ie, 
opuhe, Claoxylon sandwicense (po'ola), and Hibiscus sp. (koki'o) (HHP 
1994w2 to 1994w4, 1994w6).
    Habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; potential 
fire; competition with the alien plants Christmas berry, huehue haole, 
Koster's curse, and strawberry guava; and risk of extinction from 
naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor, due to 
the small number of populations and individuals, are the major threats 
to Phyllostegia kaalaensis (HHP 1994w3 to 1994w5; C. Russell, pers. 
comm. 1994).
    More than 75 years ago, Rock collected a specimen from a palm on 
Mt. Kaala that he later named Pritchardia kaalae (Beccari and Rock 
1921). Edward Caum (1930) later described Pritchardia kaalae var. 
minima, which is not recognized in the current treatment of Hawaiian 
members of the family (Read and Hodel 1990).
    Pritchardia kaalae, a member of the palm family (Arecaceae), is a 
single-stemmed palm up to 5 m (16 ft) tall. The waxy, hairless leaves 
are thin and papery or thick and leathery. Sometimes small points, 
dots, or linear, rusty scales are scattered on the lower leaf surface. 
The flowering stalks are composed of one or more branches. The round 
fruits are approximately 2 cm (0.8 in.) in diameter. Pritchardia kaalae 
is distinguished from other members of the genus by the hairless or 
scaly leaves (Read and Hodel 1990).
    Historically, Pritchardia kaalae was known from scattered 
populations in the central and north-central Waianae Mountains of Oahu 
(Beccari and Rock 1921, HHP 1994aa1 to 1994aa5). Currently 5 
populations are known between the Waianae Kai-Haleauau summit divide 
and the Makua-Keaau Ridge, totalling about 130 individuals. These 
populations are located on State land, including Mt. Kaala NAR and land 
leased to DOD for Makua Military Reservation, and on Federal land on 
Schofield Barracks Military Reservation (HHP 1994aa1 to 1994aa5). 
Pritchardia kaalae is typically found on steep slopes and gulches in 
mesic forest or shrubland between elevations of 460 and 945 m (1,500 
and 3,100 ft). Associated plant taxa include 'a'ali'i, kolea, 
ko'oko'olau, mamaki, na'ena'e, 'ohi'a, Eragrostis sp. (kawelu), and 
Tetraplasandra sp. (`ohe) (HHP 1994aa1, 1994aa2, 1994aa4, 1994aa5; Read 
and Hodel 1990).
    Habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats; fruit predation by 
rats; potential impacts from military activities; the alien plants 
Christmas berry, Maui pamakani, and prickly Florida blackberry; 
potential fire; and risk of extinction from naturally occurring events 
and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of 
populations are major threats to Pritchardia kaalae (HHP 1994aa1, 
1994aa4, 1994aa5; C. Russell, pers. comm. 1994).
    In 1936, Hosaka collected a specimen of Schiedea kealiae on Oahu 
that he named for Kealia where it was collected (Caum and Hosaka 1936). 
Schiedea gregoriana is considered synonymous with S. kealiae by the 
authors of the current treatment of the family (Degener 1936, Sherff 
1945, Wagner et al. 1990).
    Schiedea kealiae, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is 
a subshrub with weakly ascending to sprawling stems 0.2 to 0.5 m (0.7 
to 1.6 ft) long that form loose clumps. The lower stems are smooth 
while the upper stems and flowering stalk bear glands. The opposite 
leaves, 3 to 10 cm (1.2 to 4 in.) long and 0.3 to 1.5 cm (0.1 to 0.6 
in.) wide, are lance-shaped to elliptic lance-shaped and conspicuously 
three-veined with a prominent midrib. The flowering stalk is 3 to 11 cm 
(1.2 to 4.3 in.) long, with numerous unisexual flowers in crowded 
clusters. The green sepals of the male flowers are approximately 2.5 mm 
(0.1 in.) long. The sepals of the female flowers, 1.5 to 2.2 mm (0.06 
to 0.09 in.) are slightly shorter. The nectaries, about 0.5 to 1 mm 
(0.02 to 0.04 in.) long, are inconspicuous. The capsular fruit is 2 to 
2.5 mm (0.08 to 0.1 in.) long. The species is distinguished from others 
of this endemic Hawaiian genus by the length of the sepals and 
nectaries and the flowering stalk exclusively with stalkless glands 
(Wagner et al. 1990).
    Historically, Schiedea kealiae was known from the northern Waianae 
Mountains and one collection from the Palikea area, near the southern 
end of the same mountain range (HHP 1994bb1 to 1994bb6). Currently 3 
populations totalling between 300 and 500 plants are located on the 
cliffs above Dillingham Airfield and Camp Erdman and at Kaena Point at 
the northern end of the Waianae Mountains. These populations occur on 
private land; State land, including land leased by DOD (Kaena Military 
Reservation); and Federal land on Dillingham Military Reservation (HHP 
1994bb1, 1994bb2, 1994bb4, 1994bb6; J. Lau, pers. comm. 1994). Schiedea 
kealiae is usually found on steep slopes and cliff faces at elevations 
from 60 to 305 m (200 to 1,000 ft), in dry remnant Erythrina 
sandwicensis (wiliwili) or aulu forest. Associated plant taxa include 
alahe'e, ko'oko'olau, Leucaena leucocephala (koa haole), Myoporum 
sandwicense (naio), and Sida fallax (`ilima) (HHP 1994bb1, 1994bb2, 
1994bb4, 1994bb6; Wagner et al. 1990).
    The major threats to Schiedea kealiae are competition with alien 
plants (Christmas berry and koa haole) and risk of extinction from 
naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the 
small number of existing populations. The Kaena Point population is 
additionally threatened by naturally occurring rock slides and fire 
(HHP 1994bb1, 1994bb2, 1994bb4, 1994bb6; C. Russell, pers. comm. 1994).
    St. John (1982) described Trematolobelia singularis based on a 
specimen collected by John Obata in 1974. This species has been 
maintained in the most recent treatment of this endemic Hawaiian genus 
(Lammers 1990). The specific epithet refers to the solitary flowering 
stalk.
    Trematolobelia singularis, a member of the bellflower family, is an 
unbranched shrub with stems 0.6 to 1.5 m (2 to 5 ft) long. The long and 
narrow leaves are 10 to 18 cm (4 to 7 in.) long and 1 to 1.8 cm (0.4 to 
0.7 in.) wide. The unbranched, erect flowering stalk is 20 to 42 cm (8 
to 16.5 in.) long. The violet petals are about 5 cm (0.2 in.) long and 
collectively form a three-lobed tube. The largest lobe is curved 
downward and the other two are bent backward, giving the appearance of 
two lips. The capsules are almost round and contain numerous small, 
wind-dispersed seeds. This species differs from others of this endemic 
Hawaiian genus by the unbranched, erect flowering stalk (Lammers 1990).
    Trematolobelia singularis has been reported only from the southern 
Koolau Mountains (HHP 1994cc1 to 1994cc4). Approximately 165 plants are 
known from three populations--Moanalua-Tripler Ridge summit to Puu 
Keahiakahoe, Konahuanui, and Puu Lanipo. These populations are found on 
private, City and County of Honolulu, State, and Federal land (Omega 
Coast Guard Station) (HHP 1994cc1 to 1994cc4, Lammers 1990). This 
species usually grows on steep, windswept cliff

[[Page 53099]]

faces or slopes in 'ohi'a-uluhe lowland wet shrubland from 700 to 960 m 
(2,300 to 3,150 ft) elevation. Associated plant taxa include 'akia, 
hapu'u, kanawao, and na'ena'e pua melemele (HHP 1994cc1 to 1994cc3, 
Lammers 1990, Obata 1988, St. John 1982).
    Habitat degradation by feral pigs, potential predation by rats, 
competition with the aggressive alien plant Koster's curse, and risk of 
extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive 
vigor due to the small number of extant populations are serious threats 
to Trematolobelia singularis (HHP 1994cc1, 1994cc2, 1994cc4; J. Lau, C. 
Russell, and J. Yoshioka, pers. comms. 1994).
    Forbes described Viola oahuensis in 1909, based on a specimen he 
collected with Rock in the Koolau Mountains. This species has been 
maintained in the most recent treatment of Hawaiian members of this 
genus (Wagner et al. 1990).
    Viola oahuensis, a member of the violet family (Violaceae), is 
usually an erect, unbranched subshrub 6 to 40 cm (2.4 to 16 in.) tall. 
The papery-textured leaves are usually 3 to 12 cm (1.2 to 4.7 in.) 
long, 2.5 to 5.8 cm (1 to 2.3 in.) wide, and elliptic-egg-shaped to 
elliptic. The leaf stalks are typically 0.5 to 1 cm (0.2 to 0.4 in.) 
long. The narrowly triangular stipules are usually 10 to 15 mm (0.4 to 
0.6 in.) long, 3.5 to 6 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in.) wide, and have fringed 
edges. One to two flowers are borne on stalks typically 25 to 60 mm (1 
to 2.4 in.) long. The petals are pale yellow, the upper ones 8 to 13 mm 
(0.3 to 0.5 in.) long, the lateral ones 10 to 13.5 mm (0.4 to 0.5 in.) 
long, and the lower one 12 to 16 mm (0.5 to 0.6 in.) long. The capsules 
are 9 to 16 mm (0.4 to 0.6 in.) long. This species is distinguished 
from other Hawaiian members of the genus by the stipule characters, the 
length of the leaf stalks, and the length and papery texture of the 
leaves (Wagner et al. 1990).
    Historically, Viola oahuensis was known from 17 populations in the 
Koolau Mountains of Oahu scattered over about a 37 km (23 mi) distance 
from Puu Kainapuaa to Palolo (HHP 1994dd1 to 1994dd16; L. Mehrhoff, 
pers. comm. 1994). The 8 extant populations, which total fewer than 180 
individuals, are now found from the Kawainui-Koloa summit divide to the 
Waimalu-Koolaupoko divide over a 20 km (12 mi) distance. These 
populations are found on DOD land; State land, including land leased by 
DOD for Kawailoa Training Area; City and County of Honolulu land; and 
private land, including land leased by DOD for Kawailoa Training Area 
(HHP 1994dd5, 1994dd9 to 1994dd13, 1994dd15, 1994dd16). Farther to the 
south, at the summit of Moanalua, a single plant, last seen alive in 
1991, has since died (L. Mehrhoff, pers. comm. 1994). Viola oahuensis 
is generally found on exposed, windswept ridges of moderate to steep 
slope in wet 'ohi'a-uluhe shrublands from 700 to 850 m (2,300 to 2,800 
ft) elevation. This species typically grows among wind-stunted na'ena'e 
pua melemele, 'uki, Sadleria sp. ('ama'u), 'ohi'a ha, and Vaccinium sp. 
('ohelo) (HHP 1994dd5, 1994dd9 to 1994dd16).
    The primary threats to Viola oahuensis are habitat degradation and/
or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military 
activities; competition with Koster's curse, strawberry guava, Paspalum 
conjugatum (Hilo grass), and Sacciolepis indica (Glenwood grass); and 
risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced 
reproductive vigor due to the small number of populations (HHP 1994dd5, 
1994dd9, 1994dd12, 1994dd13).

Previous Federal Action

    Federal action on these plants began as a result of section 12 of 
the Act (16 U.S.C. 1533), which directed the Secretary of the 
Smithsonian Institution to prepare a report on plants considered to be 
endangered or threatened in the United States. This report, designated 
as House Document No. 94-51, was presented to Congress on January 9, 
1975. Twelve of the 25 taxa in this rule were considered to be 
endangered in that document--Cyanea humboldtiana (as Rollandia 
humboldtiana), Cyanea longiflora (as Rollandia sessilifolia), Cyanea 
st.-johnii (as Rollandia st.-johnii), Cyrtandra dentata (also as C. 
frederickii), Cyrtandra subumbellata (as C. subumbellata var. intonsa), 
Delissea subcordata (as D. subcordata var. subcordata and var. 
obtusifolia), Eragrostis fosbergii, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. 
koolauensis (as L. gaudichaudii var. koolauensis), Melicope saint-
johnii (as Pelea saint-johnii var. elongata), Pritchardia kaalae (as P. 
kaalae var. kaalae and var. minima), Schiedea kealiae, and Viola 
oahuensis. Two of the 25 taxa in this rule were considered to be 
threatened--Lobelia monostachya (as L. hillebrandii var. monostachya) 
and Phyllostegia hirsuta (as P. hirsuta var. hirsuta and var. laxior). 
On July 1, 1975, the Service published a notice in the Federal Register 
(40 FR 27823) accepting the Smithsonian report as a petition within the 
context of section 4(c)(2) (now section 4(b)(3)) of the Act, and giving 
notice of its intent to review the status of the plant taxa named 
therein. As a result of that review, on June 16, 1976, the Service 
published a proposed rule in the Federal Register (41 FR 24523) to 
determine endangered status pursuant to section 4 of the Act for 
approximately 1,700 vascular plant species. The list of 1,700 plant 
taxa was assembled on the basis of comments and data received by the 
Smithsonian Institution and the Service in response to House Document 
No. 94-51 and the July 1, 1975, Federal Register publication. All 12 
taxa cited above as considered to be endangered in House Document No. 
94-51 were included in the June 16, 1976 proposed rule.
    General comments received in response to the 1976 proposal are 
summarized in an April 26, 1978, Federal Register publication (43 FR 
17909). In 1978, amendments to the Act required that all existing 
proposals over two years old be withdrawn. A one-year grace period was 
given to proposals already over two years old. On December 10, 1979, 
the Service published a notice in the Federal Register (44 FR 70796) 
withdrawing the portion of the June 16, 1976, proposal that had not 
been made final, along with four other proposals that had expired. All 
12 of the taxa cited previously as included in the June 16, 1976, 
proposal were also included in the 1979 withdrawal. The Service 
published an updated notice of review for plants on December 15, 1980 
(45 FR 82479), September 27, 1985 (50 FR 39525), February 21, 1990 (55 
FR 6183), and September 30, 1993 (58 FR 51144). Sixteen of the taxa in 
this final rule (including synonymous taxa) have at one time or another 
been considered Category 1 or Category 2 candidates for Federal 
listing. Category 1 species were those species for which the Service 
has on file substantial information on biological vulnerability and 
threats to support preparation of listing proposals but for which 
listing proposals have not yet been published because they are 
precluded by other listing activities. Category 2 species were those 
species for which listing as endangered or threatened was considered to 
be possibly appropriate, but for which sufficient data on biological 
vulnerability and threats were not available to support proposed rules. 
On February 28, 1996, the Service published a Notice of Review in the 
Federal Register (61 FR 7596) that discontinued the designation of 
Category 2 species.
    Cyanea humboldtiana (as Rollandia humboldtiana), Cyanea longifolia 
(as Rollandia sessilifolia), Cyanea st.-johnii (as Rollandia st.-
johnii), Cyrtandra

[[Page 53100]]

dentata (also as C. frederickii), Cyrtandra subumbellata (as C. 
subumbellata var. intonsa), Eragrostis fosbergii, Lobelia gaudichaudii 
ssp. koolauensis (as L. gaudichaudii var. koolauensis), Melicope saint-
johnii (as Pelea saint-johnii), and Viola oahuensis were considered 
Category 1 species in the 1980 and 1985 notices of review. One taxon, 
Phyllostegia hirsuta, was considered a Category 1 species in the 1980 
notice and a Category 2 species in the 1985 notice. Three taxa, 
Delissea subcordata (as D. subcordata ssp. subcordata and ssp. 
obtusifolia), Pritchardia kaalae (as P. kaalae var. kaalae and var. 
minima), and Schiedea kealiae, were considered Category 3C taxa in the 
1980 and 1985 notices. Category 3C species were those that have proven 
to be more abundant or widespread than previously believed and/or are 
not subject to any identifiable threat. Lobelia monostachya (as Lobelia 
hillebrandii var. monostachya) was considered a Category 1 species and 
Lepidium arbuscula (misspelled as Lepidium arbusculum) was considered a 
Category 1* species in the 1985 notice. Category 1* species are those 
species that are possibly extinct.
    In the 1990 and 1993 notices, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Labordia 
cyrtandrae, Lepidium arbuscula, Trematolobelia singularis, and Viola 
oahuensis were considered Category 2 species. Eragrostis fosbergii was 
considered a Category 1* species in the 1990 notice, a category which 
was redefined as 2* in the 1993 notice. Lobelia monostachya was 
considered a Category 3A species in 1990. Category 3A species were 
those for which the Service has persuasive evidence of extinction. Five 
species, Cyanea humboldtiana (as Rollandia humboldtiana), Cyanea st.-
johnii (as Rollandia st.-johnii), Cyrtandra dentata, Melicope saint-
johnii, and Phyllostegia hirsuta, were considered more abundant than 
previously thought and moved to Category 3C in the 1990 notice. In the 
1990 notice, Rollandia sessilifolia was considered a Category 3B 
species because it was merged with Cyanea longiflora (as Rollandia 
longiflora), a taxon not considered to warrant listing. Category 3B 
species were those that do not represent distinct taxa. Lobelia 
gaudichaudii var. koolauensis was elevated to Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. 
koolauensis and considered a Category 3B species in the 1990 notice. 
Cyrtandra viridiflora and Myrsine juddii were considered Category 2 
species in the 1993 notice. Since the 1993 notice, new information 
suggests that the above Category 2, Category 3A, and Category 3C 
species, as well as eight additional taxa (Chamaesyce herbstii, 
Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea 
longiflora, Gardenia mannii, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, and 
Phyllostegia kaalaensis), are sufficiently restricted in numbers and 
distribution and imminently threatened and therefore warrant listing.
    Section 4(b)(3)(B) of the Act requires the Secretary to make 
findings on all petitions that present substantial information 
indicating the petitioned action may be warranted within 12 months of 
their receipt. Section 2(b)(1) of the 1982 amendments further requires 
all petitions pending on October 13, 1982, be treated as having been 
newly submitted on that date. On October 13, 1983, the Service found 
that the petitioned listing of these taxa was warranted, but precluded 
by other pending listing actions, in accordance with section 
4(b)(3)(B)(iii) of the Act. Notification of this finding was published 
on January 20, 1984 (49 FR 2485). Such a finding requires the Service 
to consider the petition as having been resubmitted, pursuant to 
section 4(b)(3)(C)(I) of the Act. The finding was reviewed in October 
of 1984 through 1993. Publication of the proposed rule constituted the 
final one-year finding for these taxa.
    On October 2, 1995, the Service published in the Federal Register 
(60 FR 51398) a proposal to list 25 plant taxa from the island of Oahu 
as endangered. This proposal was based primarily on information 
supplied by the Hawaii Natural Heritage Program, National Tropical 
Botanical Garden, and observations of botanists and naturalists. Based 
on comments received in response to the proposal (see Comments and 
Recommendations, below), the Service now determines 25 taxa from the 
island of Oahu to be endangered. Chamaesyce rockii and Myrsine juddii 
have a Listing Priority of 5 under the current guidance; the other 23 
taxa have a Listing Priority of 2.

Summary of Comments and Recommendations

    In the October 2, 1995 proposed rule and associated notifications, 
all interested parties were requested to submit factual reports or 
information that might contribute to the development of a final rule. 
The public comment period ended on December 1, 1995. Appropriate State 
agencies, county governments, Federal agencies, scientific 
organizations, and other interested parties were contacted and 
requested to comment. A newspaper notice inviting public comment was 
published in the Honolulu Advertiser on October 20, 1995, which invited 
general public comment. Four letters of comment were received. Two 
letters acknowledged receipt of the proposed ruling and two letters 
supported the listing of these taxa from the island of Oahu but raised 
no specific issues. No requests for public hearings were received.
    The Service also solicited the expert opinions of three appropriate 
and independent specialists regarding pertinent scientific or 
commercial data and assumptions relating to the taxonomy, population 
models, and biological and ecological information for these 25 species. 
No responses were received.

Summary of Factors Affecting the Species

    After a thorough review and consideration of all information 
available, the Service has determined that Chamaesyce herbstii W.L. 
Wagner (`akoko), Chamaesyce rockii (C. Forbes) Croizat & Degener 
(`akoko), Cyanea acuminata (Gaud.) Hillebr. (haha), Cyanea humboldtiana 
(Gaud.) Lammers, Givnish & Sytsma (haha), Cyanea koolauensis Lammers, 
Givnish & Sytsma (haha), Cyanea longiflora (Wawra) Lammers, Givnish & 
Sytsma (haha), Cyanea st.-johnii (Hosaka) Lammers, Givnish & Sytsma 
(haha), Cyrtandra dentata St. John & Storey (ha`iwale), Cyrtandra 
subumbellata (Hillebr.) St. John & Storey (ha`iwale), Cyrtandra 
viridiflora St. John & Storey (ha`iwale), Delissea subcordata Gaud. 
(`oha), Eragrostis fosbergii Whitney (No common name (NCN)), Gardenia 
mannii St. John & Kuykendall (nanu), Labordia cyrtandrae (Baill.) St. 
John (kamakahala), Lepidium arbuscula Hillebr. (`anaunau), Lobelia 
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis (Hosaka & Fosb.) Lammers (NCN), Lobelia 
monostachya (Rock) Lammers (NCN), Melicope saint-johnii (E. Hume) T. 
Hartley & B. Stone (alani), Myrsine juddii Hosaka (kolea), Phyllostegia 
hirsuta Benth. (NCN), Phyllostegia kaalaensis St. John (NCN), 
Pritchardia kaalae Rock (loulu), Schiedea kealiae Caum & Hosaka (NCN), 
Trematolobelia singularis St. John (NCN), and Viola oahuensis C. Forbes 
(NCN) should be classified as endangered species. Procedures found at 
section 4(a)(1) of the Act and regulations implementing the listing 
provisions of the Act (50 CFR part 424) were followed. A species may be 
determined to be an endangered or threatened species due to one or more 
of the five factors described in section 4(a)(1). These factors and 
their

[[Page 53101]]

application to the 25 plant taxa in this rule are as summarized in 
Table 1.
    A. The present or threatened destruction, modification, or 
curtailment of its habitat or range. Native vegetation on Oahu has 
undergone extreme alteration because of past and present land 
management practices including ranching, deliberate alien animal and 
plant introductions, agricultural development, military use, and 
recreational use (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, Wagner et al. 1985). The 
primary threats facing the 25 plant taxa in this final rule are ongoing 
and threatened destruction and adverse modification of habitat by feral 
animals and competition with alien plants (see Factor E).
    Twenty-one of the 25 taxa are variously threatened by feral animals 
(Table 1). Animals such as pigs and goats were introduced by the early 
Hawaiians (pigs) or more recently by European settlers (goats) for food 
and/or commercial ranching activities. Over the 200 years following 
their introduction, their numbers increased and the adverse impacts of 
feral ungulates on native vegetation have become increasingly apparent. 
Beyond the direct effect of trampling and grazing native plants, feral 
ungulates have contributed significantly to the heavy erosion still 
taking place on most of the main Hawaiian Islands (Cuddihy and Stone 
1990).

                                   Table 1.--Summary of Threats to Twenty-Five Plants From the Island of Oahu, Hawaii                                   
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Alien mammals                                                                                         
                  Species                  ---------------------------   Alien     Substrate    Fire      Human      Insects        Limited numbers     
                                             Goats     Pigs     Rats     plants      loss                impacts                                        
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chamaesyce herbstii.......................  .......       X   .......         X   ..........       P   ..........  ..........  X1                       
Chamaesyce rockii.........................  .......       X        P          X   ..........  .......          P   ..........  .........................
Cyanea acuminata..........................  .......       X        P          X   ..........  .......          P   ..........  X3                       
Cyanea humboldtiana.......................  .......       X        P          X   ..........  .......          X   ..........  X1                       
Cyanea koolauensis........................  .......       X        P          X   ..........  .......          X   ..........  X3                       
Cyanea longiflora.........................  .......       X        P          X   ..........       P           P   ..........  X1                       
Cyanea st.-johnii.........................  .......       X        P          X   ..........  .......          X   ..........  X1,3                     
Cyrtandra dentata.........................  .......  .......       P          X   ..........       P   ..........  ..........  X1,3                     
Cyrtandra subumbellata....................  .......  .......       P          X   ..........       P           P   ..........  X1,3                     
Cyrtandra viridiflora.....................  .......       X        P          X   ..........  .......          P   ..........  X1,2                     
Delissea subcordata.......................       X        X        P          X   ..........       P           X   ..........  X3                       
Eragrostis fosbergii......................       X        X   .......         X   ..........  .......          X   ..........  X1,2                     
Gardenia mannii...........................  .......       X   .......         X   ..........       P           P           X   X3                       
Labordia cyrtrandrae......................  .......       X   .......         X   ..........       P           P   ..........  X1,2                     
Lepidium arbuscula........................       X   .......  .......         X   ..........       P           X   ..........  .........................
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis.....  .......       X        P          X           X   .......          X   ..........  X1                       
Lobelia monostachya.......................  .......  .......       X          X   ..........  .......  ..........  ..........  X1,2                     
Melicope saint-johnii.....................       X        X   .......         X   ..........       P   ..........          P   .........................
Myrsine juddii............................  .......       X   .......         X   ..........  .......          P   ..........  X1                       
Phyllostegia hirsuta......................  .......       X   .......         X   ..........       P           P   ..........  .........................
Phyllostegia kaalaensis...................  .......       X   .......         X   ..........       P   ..........  ..........  X1,3                     
Pritchardia kaalae........................       X        X        X          X   ..........       P           P   ..........  X1                       
Schiedea kealiae..........................  .......  .......  .......         X           X        P   ..........  ..........  X1                       
Trematolobelia singularis.................  .......       X        P          X   ..........  .......  ..........  ..........  X1                       
Viola oahuensis...........................  .......       X   .......         X   ..........  .......          P   ..........  .........................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        KEY:                                                                                                                                            
X = Immediate and significant threat.                                                                                                                   
P = Potential threat.                                                                                                                                   
* = No more than 100 individuals and/or no more than 5 populations.                                                                                     
1 = No more than 5 populations.                                                                                                                         
2 = No more than 10 individuals.                                                                                                                        
3 = No more than 100 individuals.                                                                                                                       

    Pigs, which were originally native to Europe, northern Africa, Asia 
Minor, and Asia, were introduced into Hawaii by the Polynesians. 
European pigs, introduced to Hawaii by Captain James Cook in 1778, 
escaped domestication and invaded primarily wet and mesic forests and 
grasslands of the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii. 
The pigs introduced by the Polynesians were apparently smaller and less 
destructive to native plants than the European pigs. In addition, it 
appears that Polynesian pigs were maintained in domestication and were 
not allowed to establish feral populations. While foraging, pigs root 
and trample the forest floor, encouraging the establishment of alien 
plants in the newly disturbed soil. Pigs also disseminate alien plant 
seeds through their feces and on their bodies, accelerating the spread 
of alien plants through native forest (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, Stone 
1985). Pigs are a major vector in the spread of Psidium cattleianum 
(strawberry guava) and Schinus terebinthifolius (Christmas berry), and 
enhance populations of Rubus argutus (prickly Florida blackberry), 
which threaten several of these taxa (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, Smith 
1985, Stone 1985). Feral pigs also feed on the starchy interiors of 
tree ferns (Cibotium sp.) and other succulent-stemmed plants (see 
Factor C). Feral pigs pose an immediate threat to one or more 
populations of 20 of the taxa in this final rule, including the only 
known population of Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis (see Table 1) 
(HHP 1994c2, 1994c3, 1994d1 to 1994d5, 1994d7, 1994d8, 1994d11, 1994e1 
to 1994e4, 1994e7, 1994e10 to 1994e12, 1994f1, 1994f2, 1994g1 to 
1994g4, 1994g22, 1994h1, 1994h12 to 1994h14, 1994i7, 1994i10, 1994L5, 
1994L6, 1994m20, 1994m22, 1994n3, 1994n5, 1994o1, 1994o13, 1994o35, 
1994o37, 1994o38, 1994o43, 1994o44, 1994o46, 1994p14, 1994p16, 1994s1, 
1994t3, 1994t4, 1994t13, 1994u2, 1994u3, 1994v27, 1994v29, 1994v30, 
1994v34 to 1994v36, 1994w3 to

[[Page 53102]]

1994w5, 1994aa4, 1994cc1, 1994dd5, 1994dd12, 1994dd13, 1994ee; J. Lau, 
pers. comm. 1994).
    Goats, originally native to the Middle East and India, were 
successfully introduced to the Hawaiian Islands in 1792. Feral goats 
now occupy a wide variety of habitats from lowland dry forests to 
montane grasslands on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii, where 
they consume native vegetation, which may include the taxa in this 
final rule (see Factor C), trample roots and seedlings, accelerate 
erosion, and promote the invasion of alien plants (Stone 1985, van 
Riper and van Riper 1982). On Oahu, the goat population in the Waianae 
Mountains area is apparently increasing, becoming an even greater 
threat to the rare plants that grow there (J. Lau, pers. comm. 1994). 
One or more populations of five of the taxa in this final rule 
(including Delissea subcordata, Eragrostis fosbergii, one of the 
largest populations of Lepidium arbuscula, the largest population of 
Melicope saint-johnii, and more than half of the individuals of 
Pritchardia kaalae) are currently threatened by direct damage from 
feral goats, such as trampling of plants and seedlings and erosion of 
substrate (Culliney 1988; HHP 1994m20, 1994n5, 1994n6, 1994q5, 1994q8, 
1994q9, 1994q11, 1994t14, 1994aa2, 1994aa4, 1994ee; Scott et al. 1986; 
van Riper and van Riper 1982).
    Habitat disturbance caused by human activities may pose a threat to 
rare plant populations that grow on lands on which military training 
exercises and ground maneuvers are occasionally conducted. However, as 
most of the taxa in this final rule grow on moderate to steep slopes, 
ridges, and gulches, habitat disturbance is probably restricted to foot 
and helicopter traffic. Trampling by ground troops associated with 
training activities, and construction, maintenance, and utilization of 
helicopter landing and drop-off sites could affect populations of 14 of 
the plant taxa (Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea 
koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra 
viridiflora, Delissea subcordata, Gardenia mannii, Labordia cyrtandrae, 
Lepidium arbuscula, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Pritchardia 
kaalae, and Viola oahuensis) that occur on land leased or owned by the 
U.S. Army (HHP 1994d2, 1994d4, 1994d5, 1994e2 to 1994e5, 1994e7, 1994g1 
to 1994g3, 1994g22, 1994h12 to 1994h14, 1994k6, 1994L4, 1994L6, 1994L7, 
1994m7, 1994m9 to 1994m11, 1994o1, 1994o2, 1994o4, 1994o13, 1994o18, 
1994o37 to 1994o40, 1994o43, 1994o44, 1994p2, 1994p14 to 1994p16, 
1994q7 to 1994q9, 1994u1 to 1994u3, 1994v2, 1994v19, 1994v26, 1994v30, 
1994v32, 1994v33, 1994aa2, 1994aa5, 1994dd5, 1994dd9, 1994dd10, 
1994dd12, 1994dd15, 1994dd16; Wagner et al. 1985).
    B. Overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or 
educational purposes. Overutilization is not a known factor, but 
unrestricted collecting for scientific or horticultural purposes and 
excessive visits by individuals interested in seeing rare plants could 
seriously impact all of the plant taxa in this final rule, but 
especially Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis, C. st.-johnii, 
Eragrostis fosbergii, and Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, which 
have populations close to trails or roads and are thus easily 
accessible to collectors, and therefore possibly threatened by 
overcollection, trampling, and/or road maintenance (HHP 1994f1, 1994f2, 
1994g22, 1994i9, 1994n3 to 1994n6; L. Mehrhoff, pers. comm. 1994).
    C. Disease and predation. Disease is not known to be a significant 
threat to any of the plant taxa in this final rule. However, a tiny 
beetle, the black twig borer (Xylosandrus compactus), is known to 
infest a wide variety of common plant taxa, including Melicope in the 
Koolau Mountains (Davis 1970). The black twig borer burrows into 
branches, introduces a pathogenic fungus as food for its larvae, and 
lays its eggs. Twigs, branches, and even entire plants can be killed 
from an infestation. In the Hawaiian Islands, the black twig borer has 
many hosts, disperses easily, and is probably present at most 
elevations up to 670 m (2,500 ft) (Howarth 1985). In the Koolau 
Mountains, the black twig borer is known to threaten the Kapakahi Gulch 
population of Gardenia mannii. The black twig borer occurs throughout 
the Waianae Mountains and may pose a threat to all Melicope saint-
johnii plants that occur there (HHP 1994o41, 1994t1 to 1994t4, 1994t7, 
1994t13, 1994t14; J. Lau, pers. comm. 1994).
    Of the ungulates introduced to Oahu, pigs are currently the most 
significant modifiers of native forests (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, Stone 
1985). Not only do they destroy native vegetation through their rooting 
activities and dispersal of alien plant seeds (see Factor A), but pigs 
also feed on plants, preferring the pithy interior of large tree ferns 
and fleshy-stemmed plants from the bellflower family (Stone 1985, Stone 
and Loope 1987). Although there is no conclusive evidence of predation 
on the eight members of the bellflower family included in this final 
rule, none of them are known to be unpalatable to pigs. Pigs have 
definitely eaten federally endangered Cyanea crispa plants immediately 
adjacent to Cyanea acuminata plants. Predation is therefore a probable 
threat to Cyanea acuminata, C. humboldtiana, C. koolauensis, C. 
longiflora, C. st.-johnii, Delissea subcordata, Lobelia gaudichaudii 
ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia monostachya, and Trematolobelia singularis in 
areas where pigs have been reported (J. Lau and J. Yoshioka, pers. 
comm. 1994).
    Predation of Hawaii's native vegetation by goats and the extensive 
damage caused by them have been well documented (Tomich 1986, van Riper 
and van Riper 1982). Although there is no evidence of predation on 
Delissea subcordata, Eragrostis fosbergii, Lepidium arbuscula, Melicope 
saint-johnii, and Pritchardia kaalae, all of which occur in areas where 
goats have been reported, none of those plants are known to be 
unpalatable. Direct predation by goats is a possible threat to those 
five taxa (HHP 1994m20, 1994n5, 1994n6, 1994q5, 1994q8, 1994q11, 
1994t14, 1994aa2, 1994aa4, 1994ee).
    Two rat species, the black rat (Rattus rattus) and the Polynesian 
rat (Rattus exulans), and to a lesser extent other introduced rodents, 
eat large, fleshy fruits and strip the bark of some native plants, 
particularly fruits of the native palms (Pritchardia) and plants in the 
bellflower and African violet families that have fleshy stems and 
fruits (Cuddihy and Stone 1990; Tomich 1986; Wagner et al. 1985; J. 
Lau, pers. comm. 1994). Rat predation on fruits threatens the largest 
population of Pritchardia kaalae, as indicated by the lack of 
reproduction and seedlings (HHP 1994aa2). Rat damage has also been 
observed in the only known population of Lobelia monostachya (HHP 
1994ff). It is possible that rats eat the fruits of 11 other plant taxa 
in this final rule, all of which produce fleshy fruits and stems, and 
grow in areas where rats occur--Cyanea acuminata, C. humboldtiana, C. 
koolauensis, C. longiflora, C. st.-johnii, Cyrtandra dentata, C. 
subumbellata, C. viridiflora, Delissea subcordata, Lobelia gaudichaudii 
ssp. koolauensis, and Trematolobelia singularis (J. Lau and Joan 
Yoshioka, pers. comms. 1994).
    D. The inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms. Of the 25 
plant taxa in this final rule, 20 have populations located on private 
land, 22 on State land, 10 on City and County of Honolulu land, and 18 
on land under Federal jurisdiction. Of those under Federal 
jurisdiction, 14 taxa have populations that occur on land owned by the 
Federal government and 15 have populations on land leased to the 
Federal government by State, City and

[[Page 53103]]

County of Honolulu, and/or private parties. While 22 of the taxa occur 
in more than one of those 3 ownership categories, the other 3 taxa are 
restricted to a single category--Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis 
is found only on private land, Lobelia monostachya is found only on 
State land, and Labordia cyrtandrae is found only on Federal land.
    Except for certain provisions applicable only to land designated as 
a NAR, there are no State laws or existing regulatory mechanisms at the 
present time to protect or prevent further decline of these plants on 
private land. However, Federal listing automatically invokes listing 
under Hawaii State law. Hawaii's Endangered Species Act states, ``Any 
species of aquatic life, wildlife, or land plant that has been 
determined to be an endangered species pursuant to the (Federal) 
Endangered Species Act shall be deemed to be an endangered species 
under the provisions of this chapter * * *'' (Hawaii Revised Statutes 
(HRS), sect. 195D-4(a)). The State law prohibits taking a listed 
species on private and State lands and encourages conservation by State 
government agencies. In addition, State regulations specifically 
prohibit the removal, destruction, or damage of plants found on State 
lands. However, the regulations are difficult to enforce because of 
limited personnel.
    Seven of the 25 plant taxa in this rule have one or more 
populations in NARs, which have rules and regulations for the 
protection of resources (HRS, sect. 195-5). Almost all populations of 
the taxa in this final rule are located on land classified within 
conservation districts and owned by the State of Hawaii or private 
companies or individuals. Regardless of the owner, lands in these 
districts, among other purposes, are regarded as necessary for the 
protection of endemic biological resources and the maintenance or 
enhancement of the conservation of natural resources. Activities 
permitted in conservation districts must not be detrimental to a 
multiple use conservation concept and shall conserve threatened or 
endangered plants (HRS, sect. 205-2). Some uses, such as maintaining 
animals for hunting, are based on policy decisions, while others, such 
as preservation of endangered species, are mandated by both Federal and 
State laws. Requests for amendments to district boundaries or variances 
within existing classifications can be made by government agencies and 
private landowners (HRS, sect. 205-4). Before decisions about these 
requests are made, the impact of the proposed reclassification on 
``preservation or maintenance of important natural systems or habitat'' 
(HRS, sects. 205-4, 205-17) as well as the maintenance of natural 
resources is required to be taken into account (HRS, sects. 205-2, 205-
4). Before any proposed land use that will occur on State land, is 
funded in part or whole by county or State funds, or will occur within 
land classified as conservation district, an environmental assessment 
is required to determine whether or not the environment will be 
significantly affected (HRS, chapt. 343). If it is found that an action 
will have a significant effect, preparation of a full Environmental 
Impact Statement is required. Hawaii environmental policy, and thus 
approval of land use, is required by law to safeguard ``* * * the 
State's unique natural environmental characteristics * * *'' (HRS, 
sect. 344-3(1)) and includes guidelines to ``protect endangered species 
of individual plants and animals * * *'' (HRS, sect. 344-4(3)(A)). 
Federal listing, because it automatically invokes State listing, also 
implements these State regulations protecting the plants.
    State laws relating to the conservation of biological resources 
allow for the acquisition of land as well as the development and 
implementation of programs concerning the conservation of biological 
resources (HRS, sect. 195D-5(a)). The State also may enter into 
agreements with Federal agencies to administer and manage any area 
required for the conservation, management, enhancement, or protection 
of endangered species (HRS, sect. 195D-5(c)). Funds for these 
activities could be made available under section 6 of the Federal Act 
(State Cooperative Agreements). The Hawaii Department of Land and 
Natural Resources is mandated to initiate changes in conservation 
district boundaries to include ``the habitat of rare native species of 
flora and fauna within the conservation district'' (HRS, sect. 195D-
5.1).
    Twenty-one of the plant taxa in this final rule are threatened by 
four plants considered by the State of Hawaii to be noxious weeds--
Ageratina adenophora (Maui pamakani), Ageratina riparia (Hamakua 
pamakani), Clidemia hirta (Koster's curse), and Myrica faya (firetree). 
The State has provisions and funding available for eradication and 
control of noxious weeds on State and private land in conservation 
districts and other areas (HRS, chapt. 152; Hawaii Department of 
Agriculture (DOA) 1981).
    Listing of these 25 plant taxa therefore would reinforce and 
supplement the protection available under the State Act and other laws. 
The Federal Act also would provide additional protection to these 25 
plant taxa because it is a Federal violation of the Act for any person 
to remove, cut, dig up, damage, or destroy any such plant in an area 
not under Federal jurisdiction in knowing violation of State law or 
regulation or in the course of any violation of a State criminal 
trespass law.
    E. Other natural or manmade factors affecting its continued 
existence. All of the 25 taxa in this final rule are threatened by 
competition with 1 or more alien plant species (see Table 1). The most 
significant of these appear to be Clidemia hirta (Koster's curse), 
Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava), Schinus terebinthifolius 
(Christmas berry), Ageratina adenophora (Maui pamakani), Ageratina 
riparia (Hamakua pamakani), Passiflora suberosa (huehue haole), Rubus 
argutus (prickly Florida blackberry), Lantana camara (lantana), and 
Grevillea robusta (silk oak).
    Koster's curse, a noxious shrub native to tropical America, is 
found in mesic to wet forests on at least six islands in Hawaii (Almeda 
1990, DOA 1981, Smith 1992). Koster's curse was first reported on Oahu 
in 1941 and had spread through much of the Koolau Mountains by the 
early 1960's. Koster's curse spread to the Waianae Mountains around 
1970 and is now widespread throughout the southern half of that 
mountain range. This noxious pest forms a dense understory, shading out 
other plants and hindering plant regeneration, and is considered the 
major alien plant threat in the Koolau Mountains (Cuddihy and Stone 
1990). At present, Koster's curse threatens populations of 18 of the 
plant taxa--Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea humboldtiana, 
Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyrtandra 
dentata, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Delissea 
subcordata, Gardenia mannii, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia gaudichaudii 
ssp. koolauensis, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia 
kaalaensis, Trematolobelia singularis, and Viola oahuensis (HHP 1994d1 
to 1994d5, 1994d7, 1994d8, 1994d11, 1994e1 to 1994e4, 1994e7, 1994e8, 
1994e10 to 1994e12, 1994e20, 1994f1, 1994f2, 1994g1 to 1994g4, 1994g22, 
1994h12 to 1994h14, 1994i7, 1994i9, 1994i10, 1994j6, 1994k6, 1994L4 to 
1994L6, 1994m1, 1994o1, 1994o13, 1994o14, 1994o35, 1994o38 to 1994o40, 
1994o42 to 1994o44, 1994o46, 1994p14, 1994s1, 1994u2, 1994u3, 1994v19, 
1994v27, 1994v29, 1994v30, 1994w3, 1994cc2, 1994cc4, 1994dd9, 1994dd12, 
1994dd13; Takeuchi & Shimabukuro (s.n.) 1987; Takeuchi (2410) 1985).

[[Page 53104]]

    Strawberry guava, a tree native to tropical America, has become 
widely naturalized on all of the main islands, forming dense stands 
that exclude other plant species in disturbed areas (Cuddihy and Stone 
1990). Strawberry guava grows primarily in mesic and wet habitats and 
is dispersed mainly by feral pigs and fruit-eating birds (Smith 1985, 
Wagner et al. 1990). Strawberry guava is considered to be one of the 
greatest alien plant threats to Hawaiian rain forests and threatens 
populations of 15 of the plant taxa in this final rule--Chamaesyce 
herbstii, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, 
Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Delissea subcordata, 
Eragrostis fosbergii, Gardenia mannii, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lepidium 
arbuscula, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia 
kaalaensis, and Viola oahuensis (HHP 1994c2, 1994c3, 1994d5, 1994g1, 
1994g5, 1994h1, 1994h12 to 1994h14, 1994j6, 1994L4 to 1994L6, 1994m7, 
1994n4, 1994o1, 1994o13, 1994o37, 1994o38, 1994o44, 1994o46, 1994p15, 
1994p16, 1994q7, 1994q11, 1994u2, 1994u3, 1994v27, 1994v36, 1994w3, 
1994dd9, 1994dd12; Smith 1985).
    Christmas berry, introduced to Hawaii before 1911, is a fast-
growing tree or shrub that invade mesic to wet lowland areas of the 
major Hawaiian Islands (Wagner et al. 1990). Christmas berry is 
distributed mainly by feral pigs and fruit-eating birds and forms dense 
thickets that shade out and displace other plants (Cuddihy and Stone 
1990, Smith 1985, Stone 1985). It is a pervasive threat in the Koolau 
and Waianae Mountains and threatens one or more populations of 
Chamaesyce herbstii, Cyanea acuminata, Delissea subcordata, Eragrostis 
fosbergii, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lepidium arbuscula, Lobelia 
monostachya, Melicope saint-johnii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia 
kaalaensis, Pritchardia kaalae, and Schiedea kealiae (HHP 1994c1, 
1994c2, 1994c4, 1994e11, 1994m1, 1994m7, 1994n4, 1994p16, 1994q4, 
1994q5, 1994q7, 1994q9 to 1994q11, 1994t3, 1994t4, 1994t13, 1994t14, 
1994v19, 1994v31, 1994v34, 1994v35, 1994w3, 1994w4, 1994aa2, 1994bb4, 
1994bb6, 1994ff).
    Maui pamakani and Hamakua pamakani, both native to tropical 
America, have naturalized in dry areas to wet forest on Oahu and four 
other islands (Wagner et al. 1990). These two noxious weeds form dense 
mats with other alien plants and prevent regeneration of native plants 
(Anderson et al. 1992). Five of the plant taxa in this final rule in 
both Oahu mountain ranges are threatened by competition with Maui 
pamakani and/or Hamakua pamakani--Cyanea acuminata, Lepidium arbuscula, 
Lobelia monostachya, Melicope saint-johnii, and Pritchardia kaalae (HHP 
1994e1, 1994q5, 1994q9 to 1994q11, 1994t14, 1994aa2, 1994ff).
    Huehue haole, a vine native to tropical America, is found in 
dryland habitats and mesic forest on Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii, where it 
thrives in the subcanopy layers and smothers shrubs, small trees, and 
the ground layer (Escobar 1990, Smith 1985, Wester 1992). Huehue haole 
threatens one or more populations of four of the plant taxa, all in the 
Waianae Mountains--Chamaesyce herbstii, Melicope saint-johnii, 
Phyllostegia hirsuta, and Phyllostegia kaalaensis (HHP 1994c1, 1994t3, 
1994t4, 1994t13, 1994t14, 1994v31, 1994v34, 1994v35, 1994w3, 1994w4).
    Prickly Florida blackberry was introduced to the Hawaiian Islands 
in the late 1800's from the continental U.S. (Haselwood and Motter 
1983). The fruits are easily spread by birds to open areas such as 
disturbed mesic or wet forests, where the species forms dense, 
impenetrable thickets (Smith 1985). In the Waianae Mountains, 
populations of five of the plant taxa are threatened by this noxious 
weed--Cyanea longiflora, Gardenia mannii, Labordia cyrtandrae, 
Phyllostegia hirsuta, and Pritchardia kaalae (HHP 1994h1, 1994o1, 
1994p14, 1994p15, 1994v2, 1994v3, 1994aa5).
    Lantana, native to the West Indies, is an aggressive, thicket-
forming shrub that produces chemicals that inhibit the growth of other 
plant species. Lantana is now found on all of the main Hawaiian islands 
in mesic forests, dry shrublands, and other dry, disturbed habitats 
(Cuddihy and Stone 1990, Smith 1985, Wagner et al. 1990). In the 
Waianae Mountains, lantana negatively affects populations of four of 
the plant taxa in this final rule--Delissea subcordata, Lepidium 
arbuscula, Melicope saint-johnii, and Phyllostegia hirsuta (HHP 1994q5, 
1994q10, 1994t13, 1994v19, 1994v31; Takeuchi and Shimabukuro (s.n.) 
1987).
    Silk oak, native to Queensland and New South Wales, Australia, was 
planted extensively in Hawaii for timber and is now naturalized on most 
of the main islands (Smith 1985, Wagner et al. 1990). Silk oak 
negatively affects populations of four of the plant taxa that grow 
exclusively in the Waianae Mountains--Chamaesyce herbstii, Eragrostis 
fosbergii, Lepidium arbuscula, and Melicope saint-johnii (HHP 1994c1, 
1994n4, 1994q10, 1994q11, 1994t14).
    Kalanchoe pinnata (air plant) is an herb that occurs on all the 
main islands except Niihau and Kahoolawe, especially in dry to mesic 
areas (Wagner et al. 1990). Air plant poses a significant threat to the 
only population of Lobelia monostachya (HHP 1994ff).
    Leucaena leucocephala (koa haole), a naturalized shrub which is 
sometimes the dominant species in low elevation, dry, disturbed areas 
on all of the main Hawaiian islands, is a major threat to Schiedea 
kealiae (Geesink et al. 1990; HHP 1994bb1, 1994bb4, 1994bb6).
    Melinis minutiflora (molasses grass), a perennial grass brought to 
Hawaii for cattle fodder, is now naturalized in dry to mesic, disturbed 
areas on most of the main Hawaiian Islands. The mats it forms smother 
other plants and fuel more intense fires than would normally affect an 
area (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, O'Connor 1990, Smith 1985). Molasses 
grass threatens Lepidium arbuscula and the only known population of 
Lobelia monostachya (HHP 1994q4, 1994q5, 1994q11, 1994ff).
    Myrica faya (firetree), native to the Azores, Madeira, and the 
Canary Islands, was introduced to Hawaii before 1900 for wine-making, 
firewood, or as an ornamental. Firetree was planted in forest reserves 
in the 1920's. By the mid-1980's, firetree had infested over 34,000 ha 
(84,000 ac) throughout the State, with the largest infestations on the 
island of Hawaii. It is now considered a noxious weed (Cuddihy and 
Stone 1990, DOA 1981). Firetree can form a dense stand with no ground 
cover beneath the canopy. This lack of ground cover may be due to dense 
shading or to chemicals released by firetree that prevent other species 
from growing. Firetree also fixes nitrogen and increases nitrogen 
levels in Hawaii's typically nitrogen-poor volcanic soils. This may 
encourage the invasion of alien plants that would not otherwise be able 
to grow as well as native species in Hawaii's low-nitrogen soils 
(Cuddihy and Stone 1990). Firetree threatens Melicope saint-johnii and 
one of the largest populations of Lepidium arbuscula (HHP 1994q11, 
1994t14).
    The perennial grass Paspalum conjugatum (Hilo grass) has become 
naturalized in moist to wet, disturbed areas on most Hawaiian Islands. 
It produces a dense ground cover, even on poor soil (Cuddihy and Stone 
1990). Sacciolepis indica (Glenwood grass) is an annual or perennial 
grass naturalized on five islands in Hawaii in open, wet areas (Wagner 
et al. 1990). Hilo grass and Glenwood grass threaten the largest 
population of Viola oahuensis (HHP 1994dd13).

[[Page 53105]]

    Fire does not pose an immediate threat to the 25 plant taxa in this 
final rule, although species that grow in dry and mesic shrubland and 
forest may be susceptible to fire (see Table 1). Because Hawaii's 
native plants have evolved with only infrequent naturally occurring 
episodes of fire (lava flows, infrequent lightning strikes), most 
species are not adapted to fire and are unable to recover well after 
recurring fires. Alien plants are often more fire-adapted than native 
taxa and will quickly exploit suitable habitat after a fire (Cuddihy 
and Stone 1990). Unintentionally ignited fires have resulted from 
ordnance training practices in Makua Military Reservation and Schofield 
Barracks Military Reservation and from other military training 
practices in Kawailoa and Kahuku Training Areas and pose a possible 
threat to the five species that occur on those military installations--
Cyrtandra subumbellata, Delissea subcordata, Gardenia mannii, all known 
populations of Labordia cyrtandrae, and Pritchardia kaalae (Environment 
Impact Study Corp. 1977; HHP 1993, 1994a, 1994b, 1994k2, 1994k5, 
1994k6, 1994m7, 1994m9 to 1994m11, 1994o1, 1994o2, 1994o4, 1994o13, 
1994o18, 1994o37 to 1994o40, 1994o43, 1994o44, 1994p2, 1994p14 to 
1994p16, 1994aa2, 1994aa5; Yoshioka et al. 1991). Accidentally or 
maliciously set fires in areas of habitation near the Lualualei Naval 
Reservation and the Makua Military Reservation could easily spread and 
pose a possible threat to more than half of the individuals of Lepidium 
arbuscula that occur on both reservations and one population of 
Melicope saint-johnii (HHP 1994q3, 1994q5, 1994q8, 1994q10, 1994q11, 
1994t15; J. Lau, pers. comm. 1994). Fire is also a potential threat to 
Chamaesyce herbstii, Cyanea longiflora, Cyrtandra dentata, Phyllostegia 
hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, and Schiedea kealiae, which occur in 
dry or mesic habitats with adequate conditions for the spread of fire, 
at least seasonally (HHP 1994c1 to 1994c5, 1994h1, 1994h3, 1994h11, 
1994j2, 1994j6, 1994j7, 1994v6, 1994v34 to 1994v36, 1994w2 to 1994w4, 
1994w6, 1994bb3).
    Erosion, landslides, and rockslides due to natural weathering 
result in habitat destruction as well as the death of individual 
plants. This especially affects the continued existence of taxa or 
populations with limited numbers and/or narrow ranges on cliffs, such 
as the only known population of Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis 
and the Kaena Point population of Schiedea kealiae (HHP 1994bb3; L. 
Mehrhoff, pers. comm. 1994).
    People are more likely to come into contact with species that have 
populations near trails or roads or in recreational areas. Alien plants 
may be introduced into such areas as seeds on footwear, or people may 
cause erosion, trample plants, or start fires (Cuddihy and Stone 1990). 
The following taxa have populations in recreational areas or close to 
roads or trails and are potentially threatened by human disturbance--
Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea st.-johnii, Delissea 
subcordata, Eragrostis fosbergii, Lepidium arbuscula, and Lobelia 
gaudichaudii (HHP 1994f1, 1994g22, 1994i7, 1994i9, 1994i10, 1994n3 to 
1994n6, 1994q4; L. Mehrhoff, pers. comm. 1994).
    The small number of populations and individuals of most of these 
taxa increases the potential for extinction from naturally occurring 
events. The small gene pool may depress reproductive vigor, or a single 
human-caused or natural environmental disturbance could destroy a 
significant percentage of the individuals or the only extant 
population. Two of the plant taxa, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. 
koolauensis and Lobelia monostachya, are known from a single 
population. An additional 15 of the taxa in this final rule have 5 or 
fewer populations. Twelve of the taxa are estimated to number no more 
than 100 individuals and 4 of those taxa (Cyrtandra viridiflora, 
Eragrostis fosbergii, Labordia cyrtandrae, and Lobelia monostachya) are 
estimated to number no more than 10 individuals (see Table 1).
    The Service has carefully assessed the best scientific and 
commercial information available regarding the past, present, and 
future threats faced by these taxa in determining to make this rule 
final. Based on this evaluation, this rulemaking will list these 25 
species as endangered--Chamaesyce herbstii, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea 
acuminata, Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, 
Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra 
viridiflora, Delissea subcordata, Eragrostis fosbergii, Gardenia 
mannii, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lepidium arbuscula, Lobelia gaudichaudii 
ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia monostachya, Melicope saint-johnii, Myrsine 
juddii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Pritchardia 
kaalae, Schiedea kealiae, Trematolobelia singularis, and Viola 
oahuensis. The 25 taxa are threatened by one or more of the following--
habitat degradation and/or predation by pigs, goats, and rats; insect 
infestations; competition for space, light, water, and nutrients by 
alien plants; habitat loss from fires; and human impacts from military 
training practices and from recreational activities. Twenty of the 25 
taxa either number no more than 100 individuals or are known from no 
more than 5 populations. Small population size and limited distribution 
make these taxa particularly vulnerable to extinction from reduced 
reproductive vigor or from naturally occurring events. Because the 25 
taxa are in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant 
portion of their ranges, they fit the definition of endangered as 
defined in the Act.
    Critical habitat is not being designated for the 25 taxa included 
in this rule for reasons discussed in the ``Critical Habitat'' section 
below.

Critical Habitat

    Critical habitat is defined in section 3 of the Act as--(I) the 
specific areas within the geographical area occupied by a species, at 
the time it is listed in accordance with the Act, on which are found 
those physical or biological features (I) essential to the conservation 
of the species and (II) that may require special management 
consideration or protection; and (ii) specific areas outside the 
geographical area occupied by a species at the time it is listed, upon 
a determination that such areas are essential for the conservation of 
the species. ``Conservation'' means the use of all methods and 
procedures needed to bring the species to the point at which listing 
under the Act is no longer necessary.
    Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as amended, and implementing 
regulations (50 CFR 424.12) require that, to the maximum extent prudent 
and determinable, the Secretary designate critical habitat at the time 
the species is determined to be endangered or threatened. Service 
regulations (50 CFR 424.12(a)(1)) state that designation of critical 
habitat is not prudent when one or both of the following situations 
exist--(1) The species is threatened by taking or other human activity, 
and identification of critical habitat can be expected to increase the 
degree of threat to the species, or (2) such designation of critical 
habitat would not be beneficial to the species. As discussed under 
Factor B, these taxa could potentially be threatened by overcollection 
due to their low population size and interest generated by their 
endangered status. The publication of precise maps and descriptions of 
critical habitat in the Federal Register and local newspapers as 
required in designation of critical habitat would increase the degree 
of threat to these plants from take or vandalism and, therefore, could

[[Page 53106]]

contribute to their decline. The listing of these taxa as endangered 
publicizes the rarity of the plants and, thus, can make these plants 
attractive to researchers, curiosity seekers, or collectors of rare 
plants. For this reason, The Service finds that designation of critical 
habitat for these 25 taxa is not prudent at this time.
    Furthermore, such a designation would not only increase The degree 
of threat from vandalism, collecting, or other human activities, it is 
unlikely to aid in the conservation of these taxa. Eighteen of the taxa 
occur on lands under Federal military jurisdiction. The additional 
protection by the designation of critical habitat to a species is 
granted through section 7 of the Act. Section 7(a) of the Act, as 
amended, requires Federal agencies to evaluate their actions with 
respect to any species that is proposed or listed as endangered or 
threatened and with respect to its critical habitat, if any is being 
designated. Section 7(a)(2) requires Federal agencies to insure that 
activities they authorize, fund, or carry out are not likely to 
jeopardize the continued existence of such a species or destroy or 
adversely modify its critical habitat. All of the 18 species which 
occur on military lands are confined to small geographic areas, and 
each population is composed of so few individuals that the 
determinations for jeopardy to the species and adverse modification of 
critical habitat would be similar. Therefore, designation of critical 
habitat for these species provides no benefits beyond those that these 
species would receive by virtue of their listing as endangered species.
    Critical habitat designation, therefore, would increase the degree 
of threat from vandalism, collecting, or other human activities, and is 
not likely to aid in the conservation of these taxa. For these reasons, 
the Service finds that designation of critical habitat for these 25 
taxa is not prudent at this time.

Available Conservation Measures

    Conservation measures provided to species listed as endangered or 
threatened under the Act include recovery actions, requirements for 
Federal protection, and prohibitions against certain activities. 
Recognition through listing results in conservation actions by Federal, 
State, and local agencies, private organizations, and individuals. The 
Act provides for possible land acquisition and cooperation with the 
State and requires that recovery plans be developed for listed species. 
The protection required of Federal agencies and the prohibitions 
against certain activities involving listed plants are discussed, in 
part, below.
    Section 7(a) of the Act, as amended, requires Federal agencies to 
evaluate their actions with respect to any species that is proposed or 
listed as endangered or threatened and with respect to its critical 
habitat, if any is being designated. Regulations implementing this 
interagency cooperation provision of the Act are codified at 50 CFR 
part 402. Section 7(a)(1) requires Federal agencies to use their 
authorities to further the purposes of the Act by carrying out programs 
for listed species. Section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires Federal 
agencies to insure that activities they authorize, fund, or carry out 
are not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of the species. If 
a Federal action is likely to adversely affect a listed species, the 
responsible Federal agency must enter into formal consultation with the 
Service.
    Eighteen of the taxa occur on land under Federal jurisdiction, 
including the following agencies--U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, and U.S. Coast 
Guard. Of those, 15 taxa are found on federally owned land and 14 taxa 
occur on land leased by the Federal government from the State, City and 
County of Honolulu, and private parties. Activities carried out by the 
U.S. Army include ordnance training practices, ground troop training 
activities, and construction, maintenance, and utilization of 
helicopter landing and drop-off sites. The Army is coordinating with 
TNCH to develop management plans for Schofield Barracks Military 
Reservation, Kawailoa Training Area, and Kahuku Training Area to limit 
the impact of these activities on endangered species and their 
habitats.
    The Act and its implementing regulations set forth a series of 
general prohibitions and exceptions that apply to all endangered 
plants. All prohibitions of section 9(a)(2) of the Act, implemented by 
50 CFR 17.61, apply. These prohibitions, in part, make it illegal for 
any person subject to the jurisdiction of the United States to import 
or export, transport in interstate or foreign commerce in the course of 
a commercial activity, sell or offer for sale in interstate or foreign 
commerce, or remove and reduce the species to possession from areas 
under Federal jurisdiction. In addition, for plants listed as 
endangered, the Act prohibits the malicious damage or destruction on 
areas under Federal jurisdiction and the removal, cutting, digging up, 
or damaging or destroying of such plants in knowing violation of any 
State law or regulation, including State criminal trespass law. Certain 
exceptions to the prohibitions apply to agents of the Service and State 
conservation agencies.
    The Act and 50 CFR 17.62 provide for the issuance of permits to 
carry out otherwise prohibited activities involving endangered plant 
species under certain circumstances. Such permits are available for 
scientific purposes and to enhance the propagation or survival of the 
species. It is anticipated that few permits would ever be sought or 
issued because these 25 taxa are not common in cultivation or in the 
wild.
    It is the policy of the Service (59 FR 34272) to identify to the 
maximum extent practicable at the time a species is listed those 
activities that would or would not constitute a violation of section 9 
of the Act. The intent of this policy is to increase public awareness 
of the effect of the listing on proposed and ongoing activities within 
the species' range. Eighteen of the taxa occur on lands under Federal 
jurisdiction (U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, and U.S. Coast Guard). Of those, 15 
taxa are found on federally owned land and 14 taxa occur on land leased 
by the Federal government from the State, City and County of Honolulu, 
and private parties. Collection, damage, or destruction of these taxa 
on Federal lands is prohibited without a Federal endangered species 
permit. Such activities on non-Federal lands would constitute a 
violation of section 9 if conducted in knowing violation of Hawaii 
State law or regulations or in violation of State criminal trespass 
law. One of the listed taxa (Pritchardia kaalae) may be of 
horticultural interest, though currently it is not in commercial trade. 
Intrastate commerce (commerce within a State) is not prohibited under 
the Act. However, interstate and foreign commerce (sale or offering for 
sale across State or international boundaries), would be prohibited, 
with limited exceptions. (Endangered species may be advertised for sale 
provided the advertisement contains a statement that no sale may be 
consummated until a permit has been obtained from the Service.)
    Questions regarding whether specific activities will constitute a 
violation of section 9 of the Act should be directed to the Pacific 
Islands Ecoregion Manager (see ADDRESSES section). Requests for copies 
of the regulations concerning listed plants and inquiries regarding 
prohibitions and permits may be addressed to the Fish and Wildlife 
Service, Ecological Services, Endangered Species Permits, 911 N.E. 11th 
Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97232-4181 (telephone: 503/231-6241; 
facsimile: 503/231-6243).

[[Page 53107]]

Hawaii State Law

    Federal listing will automatically invoke listing under the State's 
endangered species act. Hawaii's Endangered Species Act states, ``Any 
species of aquatic life, wildlife, or land plant that has been 
determined to be an endangered species pursuant to the [Federal] 
Endangered Species Act shall be deemed to be an endangered species 
under the provisions of this chapter * * *'' (Hawaii Revised Statues 
(HRS), sect. 195D-4(a)). This Federal listing will automatically invoke 
listing under Hawaii State law. The State law prohibits taking of 
listed species on private and State lands and encourages conservation 
by State agencies (HRS, sect. 195D-4).

National Environmental Policy Act

    The Fish and Wildlife Service has determined that Environmental 
Assessments or Environmental Impact Statements, as defined under the 
authority of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, need not be 
prepared in connection with regulations adopted pursuant to section 
4(a) of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended. A notice 
outlining the Service's reasons for this determination was published in 
the Federal Register on October 25, 1983 (48 FR 49244).

Required Determinations

    The Service has examined this regulation under the Paperwork 
Reduction Act of 1995 and found it to contain no information collection 
requirements. This rulemaking was not subject to review by the Office 
of Management and Budget under Executive Order 12866.

References Cited

    A complete list of all references cited herein is available upon 
request from the Pacific Islands Ecoregion (see ADDRESSES section).

Author

    The authors of this rule are Christa Russell and Marie M. 
Bruegmann, Pacific Islands Ecoregion Office (see ADDRESSES section).

List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17

    Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, Reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements, Transportation.

Regulation Promulgation

    Accordingly, part 17, subchapter B of chapter I, title 50 of the 
Code of Federal Regulations, is amended as set forth below:

PART 17--[AMENDED]

    1. The authority citation for part 17 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361-1407; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1544; 16 U.S.C. 
4201-4245; Pub. L. 99-625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted.

    2. Section 17.12(h) is amended by adding the following, in 
alphabetical order under FLOWERING PLANTS, to the List of Endangered 
and Threatened Plants to read as follows:


Sec. 17.12  Endangered and threatened plants.

* * * * *
    (h) * * *

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                     Species                                                                                                                            
-------------------------------------------------       Historic range                    Family                Status     When    Critical     Special 
       Scientific name            Common name                                                                             listed    habitat      rules  
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                                                                        
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  
FLOWERING PLANTS                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                                        
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  
Chamaesyce herbstii..........  'Akoko...........  U.S.A. (HI)..............  Euphorbiaceae--Spurge...........        E       591  NA          NA        
                                                                                                                                                        
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  
Chamaesyce rockii............  'Akoko...........  U.S.A. (HI)..............  Euphorbiaceae--Spurge...........        E       591  NA          NA        
                                                                                                                                                        
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  
Cyanea acuminata.............  Haha.............  U.S.A. (HI)..............  Campanulaceae--Bellflower.......        E       591  NA          NA        
                                                                                                                                                        
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  
Cyanea humboldtiana..........  Haha.............  U.S.A. (HI)..............  Campanulaceae--Bellflower.......        E       591  NA          NA        
                                                                                                                                                        
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  
Cyanea koolauensis...........  Haha.............  U.S.A. (HI)..............  Campanulaceae--Bellflower.......        E       591  NA          NA        
                                                                                                                                                        
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  
Cyanea longiflora............  Haha.............  U.S.A. (HI)..............  Campanulaceae--Bellflower.......        E       591  NA          NA        
                                                                                                                                                        
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  
Cyanea st.-johnii............  Haha.............  U.S.A. (HI)..............  Campanulaceae--Bellflower.......        E       591  NA          NA        
                                                                                                                                                        
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  
Cyrtandra dentata............  Ha'iwale.........  U.S.A. (HI)..............  Gesneriaceae--African violet....        E       591  NA          NA        
                                                                                                                                                        
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  
Cyrtandra subumbellata.......  Ha'iwale.........  U.S.A. (HI)..............  Gesneriaceae--African violet....        E       591  NA          NA        
                                                                                                                                                        

[[Page 53108]]

                                                                                                                                                        
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  
Cyrtandra viridiflora........  Ha'iwale.........  U.S.A. (HI)..............  Gesneriaceae--African violet....        E       591  NA          NA        
                                                                                                                                                        
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  
Delissea subcordata..........  'Oha.............  U.S.A. (HI)..............  Campanulaceae--Bellflower.......        E       591  NA          NA        
                                                                                                                                                        
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  
Eragrostis fosbergii.........  None.............  U.S.A. (HI)..............  Poaceae--Grass..................        E       591  NA          NA        
                                                                                                                                                        
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  
Gardenia mannii..............  Nanu.............  U.S.A. (HI)..............  Rubiaceae--Coffee...............        E       591  NA          NA        
                                                                                                                                                        
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  
Labordia cyrtandrae..........  Kamakahala.......  U.S.A. (HI)..............  Loganiaceae--Logania............        E       591  NA          NA        
                                                                                                                                                        
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  
Lepidium arbuscula...........  'Anaunau.........  U.S.A. (HI)..............  Brassicaceae--Mustard...........        E       591  NA          NA        
                                                                                                                                                        
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  
Lobelia gaudichaudii.........  None.............  U.S.A. (HI)..............  Campanulaceae--Bellflower.......        E       591  NA          NA        
                                                                                                                                                        
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  
Lobelia monostachya..........  None.............  U.S.A. (HI)..............  Campanulaceae--Bellflower.......        E       591  NA          NA        
                                                                                                                                                        
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  
Melicope saint-johnii........  Alani............  U.S.A. (HI)..............  Rutaceae--Rue...................        E       591  NA          NA        
                                                                                                                                                        
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  
Myrsine juddii...............  Kolea............  U.S.A. (HI)..............  Myrsinaceae--Myrsine............        E       591  NA          NA        
                                                                                                                                                        
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  
Phyllostegia hirsuta.........  None.............  U.S.A. (HI)..............  Lamiaceae--Mint.................        E       591  NA          NA        
                                                                                                                                                        
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  
Phyllostegia kaalaensis......  None.............  U.S.A. (HI)..............  Lamiaceae--Mint.................        E       591  NA          NA        
                                                                                                                                                        
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  
Pritchardia kaalae...........  Loulu............  U.S.A. (HI)..............  Arecaceae--Palm.................        E       591  NA          NA        
                                                                                                                                                        
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  
Schiedea kealiae.............  None.............  U.S.A. (HI)..............  Caryophyllaceae--Pink...........        E       591  NA          NA        
                                                                                                                                                        
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  
Trematolobelia singularis....  None.............  U.S.A. (HI)..............  Campanulaceae--Bellflower.......        E       591  NA          NA        
                                                                                                                                                        
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  
Viola oahuensis..............  None.............  U.S.A. (HI)..............  Violaceae--Violet...............        E       591  NA          NA        
                                                                                                                                                        
                   *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  *                  
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dated: September 24, 1996.
John G. Rogers,
Acting Director, Fish and Wildlife Service.
[FR Doc. 96-25557 Filed 10-9-96; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P