[Federal Register Volume 61, Number 168 (Wednesday, August 28, 1996)]
[Notices]
[Pages 44324-44332]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 96-21976]


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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Species Being Considered for Amendments to the Appendices to the 
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna 
and Flora; Request for Information

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION: Notice.

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SUMMARY: The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of 
Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) regulates international trade in certain 
animal and plant species, which are listed in the appendices of this 
treaty. The United States, as a Party to CITES, may propose amendments 
to the appendices for consideration by the other Parties.
    This notice invites comments and information from the public on 
species that have been suggested as candidates for U.S. proposals to 
amend Appendix I or II at the tenth regular meeting of the Conference 
of the Parties (COP10, June 9-20, 1997, Harare, Zimbabwe) and which the 
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) believes deserve further 
review. For reasons explained below, the Service has opted against 
consideration of other recommendations by the public for species 
listings and will reconsider these only under circumstances presented 
by new scientific data or studies.
    A separate, concurrent Federal Register notice presents COP10 
provisional agenda topics, and announces draft resolutions or other 
documents that the United States is considering for submission for 
consideration by the Parties at COP10.

DATES: The Service will consider all comments received by October 11, 
1996, on species proposals described in this notice. A public meeting 
on these proposals, and on proposed resolutions and agenda items for 
COP10, will be held from 2:00 to 4:00 p.m. on October 3, 1996, Room 
200, Arlington Square Building, 4401 North Fairfax Drive, Arlington, 
Virginia (see separate Federal Register notice).

ADDRESSES: Please send correspondence concerning this notice to Chief, 
Office of Scientific Authority; 4401 North Fairfax Drive, Room 750; 
Arlington, Virginia 22203. Fax number 703-358-2276. Comments and other 
information received will be available for public inspection by 
appointment, from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. Monday through Friday, at the above 
address.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Dr. Marshall A. Howe, Office of 
Scientific Authority, at the above address, telephone 703-358-1708.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: CITES regulates import, export, re-export, 
and introduction from the sea of certain animal and plant species. 
Species for which trade is controlled are included in one of three 
appendices. Appendix I includes species threatened with extinction that 
are or may be affected by international trade. Appendix II includes 
species that, although not necessarily now threatened with extinction, 
may become so unless the trade is strictly controlled. It also lists 
species that must be subject to regulation in order that trade in other 
currently or potentially threatened species may be brought under 
effective control (e.g., because of difficulty in distinguishing 
specimens of currently or potentially threatened species from those of 
other species). Appendix III includes species that any Party country 
identifies as being subject to regulation within its jurisdiction for 
purposes of preventing or restricting exploitation, and for which it 
needs the cooperation of other Parties to control trade.
    In a March 1, 1996, Federal Register notice (61 FR 8019), the 
Service requested public recommendations or draft proposals to amend 
Appendix I or II that the Service might consider proposing on behalf of 
the United States at COP10. That notice described the provisions of 
CITES for listing species in the appendices and set forth information 
requirements for proposals, based on new listing criteria adopted by 
the Parties at COP9. The present notice announces the recommendations 
and proposals on taxa received, explains why the Service does not 
intend to consider certain recommendations or proposals, and describes 
those that will

[[Page 44325]]

receive further consideration, prior to a decision as to whether to 
submit any of these proposals to the CITES Secretariat by the January 
10, 1997, deadline. A separate but concurrent Federal Register notice 
addresses the COP10 provisional agenda, and proposed resolutions and 
agenda items being considered by the United States for COP10; that 
notice also announces the public meeting on all these topics to be held 
in early October 1996 (see DATES above).
    The Service received recommendations or proposals on taxa from the 
following: Defenders of Wildlife (DOW), Environmental Investigation 
Agency (EIA), Humane Society of the United States (HSUS), International 
Wildlife Coalition (IWC), North American Falconers Association (NAFA), 
National Trappers Association (NTA), New York Turtle and Tortoise 
Society (NYTTS), Ocean Wildlife Campaign (OWC), a consortium of the 
National Audubon Society, National Coalition for Marine Conservation, 
National Resources Defense Council, New England Aquarium, Wildlife 
Conservation Society, and World Wildlife Fund-US), Oregon Natural 
Resources Council (ONRC), Safari Club International (SCI), World 
Wildlife Fund-US (WWF), two members of the Northeast Pacific Region of 
the IUCN Shark Specialist Group, and several unaffiliated individuals, 
by the comment deadline of April 30, 1996. These proponents recommended 
amending (adding to, deleting from, or transferring between) the 
appendices for 29 different taxa (species or genera). In addition, DOW, 
EIA, IWC, and NYTTS requested a review of the status of Appendix II 
parrots (Psittaciformes) and proposed the uplisting of any of those 
species qualifying for Appendix I. WWF proposed consideration of 
certain Southeast Asia unlisted songbird species, based on a trade 
analysis. DOW and OWC, respectively, proposed consideration of shark 
species in general and shark species of the family Carcharhinidae, 
specifically. In addition, the Service is considering (1) delisting 
four species of freshwater mussels presently in Appendix II, and (2) 
cosponsoring with Germany a proposal for including most or all 
populations of urial sheep (Ovis vignei) in Appendix I, depending on 
the results of further review by the Service.
    All proposals and recommendations received have been reviewed in 
the context of the new CITES listing criteria adopted by the Parties at 
COP9 (Resolution Conf. 9.24). This resolution, available from the 
Service on request at the above address, presents detailed biological 
and trade criteria for listing and delisting, and for transferring 
listed species between appendices. Emphasis is placed on the principle 
that scientific uncertainty should not be used as a reason for failing 
to act in the best interest of the conservation of species affected or 
potentially affected by international trade. The following sections 
present the Service's decisions on which proposals it does not plan to 
submit, and which ones remain under consideration and for which 
additional information and comment is sought.

Proposals That the Service Does Not Plan to Submit

    DOW and IWC raised concerns about whether a mechanism was in place 
to transfer the South African population of the southern white 
rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) to Appendix I, if there existed 
any significant conservation problems resulting from its annotated 
downlisting at COP9. Absent such a mechanism, they recommended that the 
United States prepare a proposal to transfer the population back to 
Appendix I, if no other Party were preparing such a proposal.
    The transfer of the South African population to Appendix II at COP9 
was annotated to restrict trade to live animals ``to appropriate 
destinations'' and sport-hunted trophies only. It was agreed by the 
Parties at COP9 that the downlisting would be reviewed at COP10 to 
determine if the new listing status was having a detrimental impact on 
the population. In response to the recommendation from DOW and IWC, the 
Service contacted the Secretariat and was informed that no 
``automatic'' uplisting mechanism was in place and that the record of 
the discussion at COP9 did not connote an assumption that an uplisting 
proposal should be prepared, such as has been done by the depositary 
government (Switzerland) in the case of populations of Appendix I 
species transferred to Appendix II subject to quota provisions. The 
depositary government agreed with the Secretariat's interpretation and 
indicated it had no plans to prepare such a proposal.
    The Service has received no information to suggest that the 
downlisting at COP9 has resulted in any threats to the South African 
white rhinoceros population. Furthermore, the Service understands that 
South Africa is preparing a report on its implementation of the 
downlisting and that this report will be provided to the Service and 
submitted to the Parties for their consideration at COP10. This issue 
is included in the provisional agenda for COP10 (see item XIV.7 in the 
Service's concurrent Federal Register notice).
    In the unlikely event that a conservation problem arises as a 
consequence of the downlisting, the Service believes that any 
substantive concerns can be addressed by South Africa and/or 
collectively by other Parties, or if appropriate, through the postal-
vote process of CITES. Therefore the Service does not intend to pursue 
this recommendation further.
    The NTA recommended that the Service propose removal of the bobcat 
(Lynx rufus), Canadian lynx (L. canadensis), and river otter (Lontra 
canadensis) from Appendix II. Each of these species (except the Mexican 
race of the bobcat Lynx rufus escuinapae, which was listed in 1975) was 
included in Appendix II in 1977 with the listing of the entire cat 
family, Felidae, and the otter subfamily, Lutrinae. In 1983, the United 
States and Canada stated their position (recorded in the plenary 
minutes of COP4) that these three species (excepting the Mexican 
bobcat) were listed under provisions of CITES Article II(2)(b), i.e., 
only because of the need to control trade in similar-appearing cat or 
otter species that are listed because of their population status and 
vulnerability to trade [Article II(1) or II(2)(a)]. The Service 
believes that the traded parts of these species, including various 
portions of the pelts, are sufficiently similar in appearance to those 
of other species listed under provisions of Article II(2)(a) and 
Article II(1) to justify continuation of the current listing in 
Appendix II under provisions of Article II(2)(b).
    SCI recommended that the United States submit a proposal clarifying 
that the listing of the urial sheep (Ovis vignei) in Appendix I applies 
only to one race of the species, O. v. vignei. The Service has long 
considered the taxonomic intent of the original listing to apply only 
to O. v. vignei (with other races unlisted). It is expected that the 
review of the population status of the entire species currently being 
conducted by a working group of the CITES Animals Committee, in 
consultation with the IUCN Caprinae Specialist Group, will clarify the 
listing(s) appropriate for each race. Germany has offered to submit a 
proposal based on this analysis and the United States has indicated 
that it will consider cosponsoring such a proposal. Therefore the 
Service will not consider advancing the proposal suggested by SCI.
    NAFA recommended that the Service propose removal of the North 
American population of the red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) and 
American kestrel (Falco sparverius) from

[[Page 44326]]

Appendix II. These species were listed on Appendix II in 1979 as part 
of a listing of most of the order Falconiformes (including almost all 
hawks, eagles, and falcons). North American populations of the red-
tailed hawk and kestrel appear to be healthy and are certainly not 
threatened by trade. However, delisting of the American kestrel may 
introduce a trade enforcement problem, because of its similarity of 
appearance to several other species of kestrels listed in Appendix I. 
Delisting of either species would also create similarity-of-appearance 
problems with other populations of the same or related species, which 
would continue to be listed in Appendix II. For these reasons, the 
Service does not support this recommendation.
    EIA and IWC, supported by DOW and NYTTS, recommended that the 
Service propose transferring the blue-crowned conure (Aratinga 
acuticaudata neoxena) from Appendix II to Appendix I. DOW further 
recommended transfer of other species of parrots from Appendix II to I, 
if appropriate. Regarding the conure, its population consists of 50-60 
individuals endemic to the island of Margarita in Venezuela, it is a 
very poorly marked subspecies, and it is not known at present to be 
affected by international trade. The Service intends to consult with 
Venezuelan authorities with respect to the conservation and taxonomic 
status of this subspecies. Regarding other parrots, the Service 
believes there are likely species (other than those proposed below) 
that would qualify for transfer from Appendix II to I. However, the 
Service presently has no supporting information and no additional 
information has been submitted.
    HSUS, supported by DOW, EIA, IWC, and NYTTS submitted a proposal to 
list the common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) in Appendix II. 
Common snapping turtles, native to the Americas from Canada to Ecuador, 
are harvested in large numbers both for food and for the pet trade. 
Although certain local or regional (e.g., Ontario) populations may have 
been depleted by overharvest, this species continues to be generally 
common and widely distributed. Much of the market is domestic. Although 
international trade involving the United States may be increasing, the 
Service believes the species does not qualify for listing in Appendix 
II, given the general abundance of the species throughout most of its 
range and considering its apparently higher reproductive potential than 
many other turtle species.
    DOW also recommended that the Service should support efforts to 
bring additional protection to declining species of corals. The Service 
acknowledges the many difficulties involved in assuring sustainability 
of trade in CITES-listed corals. Although not presently considering 
proposing the listing of additional coral taxa, the Service, in 
consultation with the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and 
TRAFFIC-USA, is participating in the ``significant trade'' analysis 
presently being conducted under the auspices of the CITES Animals 
Committee. The Service plans to propose a resolution at COP10 
establishing guidelines for more effective documentation of corals 
involved in international trade. The Service has also produced coral 
identification keys and is exploring the possibility of sponsoring 
coral workshops in cooperation with the NMFS and the Department of 
State.
    The above-listed proposals will be reconsidered for COP10 only if 
new scientific data warrant. Any change in the Service's position on 
these species will be announced in a future Federal Register notice.

Proposals for Which the Service Seeks Additional Information

    To determine whether they should be proposed by the United States 
as amendments to the appendices, the Service solicits additional 
information or comment on the following proposals or recommendations. 
Respondents to this notice are encouraged to present their comments in 
the specific context of the new listing criteria (Resolution Conf. 
9.24), indicating where possible the applicability (or lack thereof) of 
specific elements of the resolution annexes to the recommendation or 
proposal being addressed.

1. Urial (Ovis vignei)

    The urial of the central Asian steppes, a species of sheep popular 
among sport trophy hunters, has been listed on CITES Appendix I since 
1975. Due to uncertainty about the taxonomic relationships among 
populations of this and related sheep species, confusion exists among 
the Parties as to the precise taxonomic entity intended for protection 
by the original listing. The history of this situation is described in 
detail in a January 27, 1994, Federal Register notice (59 FR 3833). In 
conducting its own analysis, the Service concluded that the original 
listing applied only to certain populations in India and Pakistan and 
that other populations are presently unlisted. Import of specimens of 
Ovis vignei into the United States has been guided by this 
interpretation of the CITES listing.
    A working group of the CITES Animals and Nomenclature Committees, 
in consultation with the IUCN Caprinae Specialist Group, has been 
studying this problem and is attempting a fresh assessment of the 
status of Ovis vignei populations (based on the taxon described in the 
nomenclatural reference for mammals now adopted by the Parties: 
``Mammal Species of the World,'' 2nd Edition, by Wilson and Reeder). On 
the basis of this assessment, Germany will prepare a listing proposal 
clarifying the appropriate appendix for each of the populations. Based 
on information presently available to the working group, it is likely 
that all populations of the urial will be proposed by Germany for 
listing in Appendix I. The Service has participated in the working 
group and is considering the possibility of cosponsoring the proposal 
prepared by Germany. The Service solicits information bearing on the 
status of these sheep populations and the merits of cosponsoring the 
German proposal.

2. Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus)

    NAFA recommended that the Service propose transferring the 
gyrfalcon from Appendix I to Appendix II and is preparing a proposal in 
support of this recommendation. The gyrfalcon is circumpolar in 
distribution, including arctic and subarctic regions of Alaska, Canada, 
Iceland and Greenland. It was listed in Appendix I by the Parties in 
1975 due to concern over threats to raptors in general and because of 
extraordinarily high prices commanded by the species in trade. Being 
the largest species of falcon and having a largely white color morph, 
the gyrfalcon has long been popular among falconers. Although the North 
American population was transferred to Appendix II in 1981, the Parties 
adopted a proposal from Denmark at COP5 in 1985 to transfer it back to 
Appendix I because of concern over illegal trade.
    The Service is not aware of any evidence that the North American 
gyrfalcon population has ever been threatened due to habitat loss, 
nest-robbing, or trade. Service records indicate that a total of 126 
gyrfalcons were legally imported into or exported from the United 
States from 1990 through June 1996, and there were no seizures of 
illegally traded specimens during that period. European range States 
have expressed concern in the past about enforcement problems that 
could arise if the North American population were downlisted. However, 
husbandry techniques have been developed for breeding the species in 
captivity (all but four of the 126 birds mentioned above were captive-
bred); and the prices asked now are far lower

[[Page 44327]]

than in the past, at least in part because of the availability of 
captive-bred birds. Therefore, the Service will consider a transfer of 
the North American population of the gyrfalcon to Appendix II if a 
substantive proposal is received. In such a case, the Service will 
consult with Canada and other range States before making a final 
decision. The Service solicits any information and comment bearing on 
this downlisting recommendation.

3. Amazon Parrots (Amazona viridigenalis, A. oratrix and A. finschi)

    EIA, WWF, IWC, NYTTS, and DOW recommended that the Service propose 
the green-cheeked (red-crowned) parrot (Amazona viridigenalis), a 
Mexican endemic, for transfer from Appendix II to Appendix I. EIA, IWC, 
NYTTS, AND, DOW also proposed the same action for the yellow-headed 
amazon (A. oratrix), endemic to Mexico and Belize. In addition, WWF has 
also recommended the lilac-crowned parrot (A. finschi), another Mexican 
endemic, for transfer from II to I. The first two of these species have 
experienced severe population declines. The status of the third species 
is not as clear. Except for limited statutory exemptions, imports into 
the United States of the first two species have been banned since 
October 1992 under the Wild Bird Conservation Act. Imports of A. 
finschi have been banned since October 1993. Mexican law prohibits 
export from Mexico of all native, wild-caught parrots. Between 1990 and 
1994, 337 viridigenalis, 542 oratrix, and 149 finschi were confiscated 
by wildlife law enforcement agents at the U.S.-Mexico border.
    Amazona viridigenalis is endemic to riparian forests and deciduous 
woodlands of Tamaulipas and San Luis Potosi in northeast Mexico. Feral 
populations have been established in several locations, including 
Texas. Recent population estimates of only 3,000 to 6,500 birds in the 
wild represent a severe decline from populations several decades ago. 
Habitat loss, control as an agricultural pest, and extensive 
exploitation for the pet trade have all contributed to the decline. 
Although protected from capture and trade in Mexico since 1982, the 
level of illegal trade suggested by confiscations is highly significant 
relative to the estimated population of the species. Amazona oratrix, 
though more widely distributed than the previous species, is restricted 
to the Atlantic and Pacific lowlands of Mexico and Belize and has also 
suffered massive population declines (particularly in Mexico) because 
of habitat loss and the pet trade. It has long been one of the most 
popular parrots in international trade.
    The level of known, illegal international trade relative to the 
population status of A. viridigenalis and A. oratrix indicates that 
trade is a significant contributor to the precarious status of their 
populations. The Service believes that Appendix I trade controls would 
further discourage illegal trade, because of the more stringent 
permitting requirements and because of the rigorous criteria that 
captive-breeding facilities for Appendix I species must meet. Both 
species qualify for transfer to Appendix I under the new listing 
criteria. More information is needed on the status of A. finschi in the 
wild to clarify whether an Appendix I listing is warranted. The Service 
is reviewing this situation with Mexico. The Service also understands 
that Mexican authorities support the listing of A. viridigenalis and A. 
oratrix and may prepare listing proposals themselves. In the event this 
takes place, the Service will consider offering to cosponsor the 
proposals. The Service solicits any additional information on 
population status and trade of all three amazon parrots.

4. Straw-headed Bulbul (Pycnonotus zeylanicus)

    WWF proposed that ``southeast Asian songbirds'' involved 
extensively in the pet trade be considered for CITES protection, but 
did not provide a draft proposal. The Service examined the information 
contained in the TRAFFIC Southeast Asia report, ``Sold for a Song,'' 
provided by WWF. Although an extensive trade clearly exists for many 
Southeast Asian passerines, the Service has not reviewed information on 
the status of most of these species in the wild. Because such 
information, in addition to information on trade levels, is desirable 
in most Appendix II listing proposals, the Service proposes to defer 
consideration of most of these species until a future time.
    However, the Service believes that sufficient information may be 
available to warrant listing in Appendix II of one species identified 
in the report, the straw-headed bulbul (Pycnonotus zeylanicus). This 
species has declined or been extirpated from all but the remotest parts 
of its range in Indonesia by a combination of excessive trapping and 
habitat destruction. Birds To Watch 2: The World List of Threatened 
Birds states the population has declined over 50 percent in the past 20 
years and lists its status as vulnerable. Although the species remains 
widespread and common in Peninsular Malaysia, it is a popular cagebird 
and birds are being imported into Indonesia from Malaysia through 
Singapore, despite legal protection in Malaysia. Since the species' 
remaining range in Peninsular Malaysia is smaller than its former range 
in Sumatra, Kalimantan and Java, trade in this species may cause 
further population declines unless regulated. The Netherlands is also 
considering submitting an Appendix II proposal for this species. 
Cosponsorship will be discussed with the Netherlands if they choose to 
proceed with a proposal. The Service seeks additional comments and 
information on proposing the straw-headed bulbul for Appendix II.

5. North American Softshell Turtles (Apalone spp.)

    HSUS, supported by DOW, EIA, IWC, and NYTTS, prepared a proposal to 
include the softshell turtle genus Apalone in Appendix II. This genus 
consists of three species of freshwater turtles inhabiting both 
riverine and stillwater habitats: A. spinifera, ranging across most of 
the United States and northern Mexico, except for the very far West; A. 
mutica, inhabiting the Missouri, Ohio, and Mississippi River drainages 
south to the Gulf of Mexico and extending to western Florida and 
central Texas, with an isolated population in New Mexico; and A. ferox, 
ranging through southern South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and the 
coastal plain of Alabama. Egg-laying potential of these species appears 
to be higher than for many species of turtles, with maximum clutch size 
ranging from 24 in A. ferox to 39 in A. spinifera, and number of 
clutches per year ranging from 1-2 in A. mutica to 6 in A. ferox. 
Information on population sizes and trends is very limited, but 
anecdotal evidence suggests declines in some populations of A. 
spinifera and A. mutica that have been studied. All species are 
vulnerable to damming of rivers and to loss of preferred habitats in 
general. A. ferox appears to be more vulnerable to pesticides than 
other species of turtles. All species are taken for human consumption 
and some animals enter the pet trade.
    Information on volume of catch for commercial trade appears to be 
available only for Florida, where A. ferox, the largest of the three 
species, seems to be heavily targeted for a trade destined domestically 
for New York, San Francisco, and Boston in particular. In addition to 
food, much of the use of these animals appears to be of the ribs and 
shells as medicinal products in Asian communities. An analysis of trade 
conducted during the period from July 1, 1990 to June 30, 1991 showed 
27,494 sold in Florida or to dealers in other States. There appear to 
be no

[[Page 44328]]

comparable data for other States or for any species outside of Florida. 
Based on Service export records identified to genus only, the volume of 
international trade in the genus is expanding significantly. The number 
of live exports was reported as 5,517 in 1992, 13,524 in 1993, and 
34,467 in 1994. There was no clear trade pattern for meat or parts.
    Although the Service is concerned about the increasing volume of 
international export of Apalone spp. and possible expansion of foreign 
markets, the proposal does not make a convincing case for a likely 
impact on populations. However, the Service recognizes the importance 
of leaving the option for an Appendix II proposal open if new 
information can be brought to bear. In this regard, the Service 
solicits additional information on populations of any Apalone species 
and more specific information on both domestic and international trends 
in trade, including the geographic origins of animals in trade. Mexico 
is also being consulted on the two species in the genus whose ranges 
include Mexico.

6. Map Turtles (Graptemys spp.)

    HSUS, supported by DOW, EIA, IWC, and NYTTS, prepared a proposal to 
include the twelve species of map turtles, genus Graptemys, in Appendix 
II and requested the Service to consider proposing it at COP10. This 
genus includes the following species: Graptemys geographica, barbouri, 
pulchra, ernsti, gibbonsi, caglei, pseudogeographica, ouachitensis, 
versa, oculifera, flavimaculata, and nigrinoda. While most species are 
confined to portions of the southeastern United States or Texas (G. 
versa), G. geographica occurs throughout most of the eastern half of 
the United States and southeastern Canada; G. pseudogeographica ranges 
through the Missouri and Mississippi River drainages; and G. 
ouachitensis overlaps extensively with the latter but extends farther 
east and west. Graptemys flavimaculata and G. oculifera are the most 
geographically restricted species, occurring only in limited river 
systems in Mississippi (and Louisiana--G. oculifera only). Both are 
listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). Graptemys 
nigrinoda is classified as endangered under Mississippi State law and 
G. barbouri is considered vulnerable to extirpation in Florida. A 
variety of less severe State restrictions on collecting or commercial 
use apply to various species. All map turtles inhabit freshwater 
systems, but habitat preferences vary among species. Most prefer 
streams or rivers with strong currents.
    As with most turtle species, population data are very limited and 
equivocal, except for the species already considered endangered or 
threatened. Biologists who have studied seven of the species believe 
that populations have generally declined. At least four species are 
very popular in the pet trade, because of their bright colors: G. 
barbouri, flavimaculata, pseudogeographica, and pulchra. Data from 
Service's wildlife enforcement records suggest that international trade 
is substantial and may be increasing significantly. Exports of 
Graptemys spp. totalled 8,695 in 1991, 20,378 in 1992, and 37,233 in 
1993.
    As with softshell turtles, the Service is concerned about the level 
of international trade. However, most Graptemys species have more 
restricted distributions than Apalone species; and empirical evidence 
of population problems exists for several species, such as those listed 
under provisions of the ESA. The Service believes that the combination 
of population vulnerability and international trade may qualify at 
least Graptemys species for inclusion in Appendix II under provisions 
on Article II(2)(a). Other members of the genus might be appropriately 
listed under provisions of Article II(2)(b), due to similarity of 
appearance. Some of the species are extremely difficult to distinguish 
from one another on the basis of physical appearance. The Service 
solicits additional information and comment on this proposed listing.

7. Alligator Snapping Turtle (Macroclemys temminckii)

    HSUS, supported by DOW, EIA, IWC, and NYTTS, submitted a proposal 
to include the alligator snapping turtle (Macroclemys temminckii) in 
Appendix II and requested the Service to consider proposing it at 
COP10. The alligator snapping turtle, the largest freshwater turtle in 
North America, inhabits most river systems emptying into the Gulf of 
Mexico, including the Mississippi River as far north as Illinois. It 
also makes use of bodies of still water associated with river systems. 
Only one clutch of eggs is produced annually. Clutch size ranges from 9 
to 52 eggs, with a mean of 25. From mostly anecdotal evidence, 
especially from turtle trappers, it is evident that the species has 
declined severely throughout much of its range, particularly in Georgia 
and Louisiana. The primary agents of population decline appear to be 
degradation and damming of river systems and widespread commercial 
harvest for its meat, which is marketed both domestically and 
internationally.
    This species in the past has been the source of turtle meat in a 
national brand of soups and continues to be harvested both for personal 
use and commercially for human consumption on a locally large scale. It 
has been reported that Louisiana, because of depleted State 
populations, now imports much of its alligator snapper meat from 
surrounding States. A major source was Arkansas until commercial 
harvest was prohibited there in 1993. Louisiana now lists the species 
as a species of special concern. In the southeastern States comprising 
the bulk of the species' range, it appears that only Mississippi and 
Louisiana continue to permit commercial harvest. It is listed as rare, 
threatened, or endangered in many of the States on the periphery of the 
range, and in Georgia. There is a smaller market for pets (mainly 
smaller animals), and freeze-dried hatchlings are sold internationally 
as curios. Service wildlife enforcement records show an increase in the 
export of live turtles from 290 in 1989 to 4,477 in 1994, primarily to 
markets in Japan, Hong Kong, and Western Europe. There are also records 
of a much smaller trade in skins and skulls.
    The Service is concerned about the status of this species. The 
reported level of international, commercial trade is cause for concern 
in light of the depleted population status of the species overall. As 
with most species not protected by federal law, export records in the 
wildlife enforcement database represent minimum estimates, as exports 
may not always be recorded at the species level. The Service seeks 
additional information bearing on the proposed listing of the alligator 
snapping turtle in Appendix II.

8. Gila Monster and Beaded Lizard (Heloderma spp.)

    HSUS, supported by DOW, EIA, IWC, and NYTTS, submitted a proposal 
to transfer the Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum) and the beaded 
lizard (H. horridum) from Appendix II to Appendix I and requested the 
Service to consider submitting it at COP10. These unique lizards known 
for their poisonous bites are endemic to xeric habitats of Mexico and 
the southwestern United States. The Gila monster occurs from 
southwestern Utah and southern Nevada and California south through 
Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and into northern Mexico. The beaded 
lizard is patchily distributed through Mexico from Sonora to northern 
Chiapas, and one isolated race occurs in eastern Guatemala. While the 
Gila monster prefers arid and semi-arid

[[Page 44329]]

gravelly and sandy habitats with some shrubs, the beaded lizard is more 
partial to tropical dry forests and is partly arboreal. The Gila 
monster has a clutch size of 2 to 12 eggs and may not breed every year; 
the beaded lizard is known to produce 15 eggs per clutch in captivity 
and probably has a one-year cycle.
    Populations of both species are believed to be declining due to 
habitat degradation and local depletion by collectors for the pet trade 
and roadside zoos. Because both species are very secretive, however, 
there are no reliable data on populations in the wild. The prices of 
both species in the pet trade have risen from a few dollars in the 
1930's to over $1,000 each and up to $2,800 for a pair today, 
suggesting both rarity and demand. Commercial collection from the wild 
is largely prohibited in all range States in the United States and by 
Mexican law. Although specimens have been bred in captivity, concern 
has been expressed over the potential and likelihood of illegal 
laundering of wild animals into the captive-bred trade. Reported 
international exports from the United States, as well as worldwide 
trade reported to CITES (1989-1993) have been very low, with annual 
exports of both species from the United States being fewer than 10 
(except 52 in 1992) and annual worldwide figures averaging only 12 for 
H. horridum and 5 for suspectum. There is evidence, however, of a 
significant illegal trade, both within the United States, between the 
United States and Mexico, and otherwise internationally. Mexican 
authorities are in the process of considering whether Heloderma 
qualifies for inclusion in Appendix I. The Service continues to 
consider this proposal and solicits comments and new information.

9. Sail-fin Lizards (Hydrosaurus spp., Hypsilurus spp., and 
Physignathus lesueurii)

    Gregory Watkins-Colwell, a biologist and expert on the genus 
Hydrosaurus, submitted a proposal for the inclusion of the two species 
in this genus (H. amboinensis = weberi and H. pustulatus) in Appendix 
II under provisions of Article II(2)(a), and the genus Hypsilurus 
(incorporating 11 species) and the species Physignathus lesueurii in 
Appendix II under provisions of Article II(2)(b) (similarity of 
appearance), and asked the Service to consider submitting the proposal 
to COP10. These species, also commonly known as sail lizards, sail-tail 
dragons, and water dragons, are native to the southwestern Pacific 
region, including Australia. Hydrosaurus lizards are endemic to the 
Philippines and eastern Indonesia, including western Irian Jaya. The 
species of Hypsilurus are H. boydii, spinipes, nigrigularis, dilophus, 
auritus, binotatus, godeffroyi, geelvinkianus, modestus, papuensis, and 
schoedei. Most Hypsilurus are found primarily in New Guinea, with 
godeffroyi extending to Fiji and Oceania. Hypsilurus spinipes and 
boydii are endemic to coastal New South Wales, Australia, and to 
coastal Queensland, Australia, respectively. Physignathus lesueurii 
appears to be confined to eastern Australia.
    Hydrosaurus lizards occupy riparian forest habitat in the 
Philippines, a habitat being lost increasingly to commercial logging. 
It is suspected that the riparian forests are used only because primary 
forests have virtually disappeared from the islands. Although they 
appear to be somewhat adaptable to human-altered habitats, the extent 
to which survivorship is diminished when animals are forced into sub-
optimal habitats is unknown. Virtually nothing is known about the 
current sizes or trends of populations. Clutch size ranges from 5 to 9 
eggs, and reproduction occurs on an annual cycle.
    In addition to habitat loss, collection for the pet trade, a 
practice facilitated by the loss of natural habitat, is perceived to be 
a potential threat to at least some populations. Price discounts for 
orders of 50 or more are known to have been offered in U.S. markets. 
Service wildlife enforcement records indicate imports of 2,732 H. 
pustulatus between September 1993 and February 1996. Only 20 H. 
amboinensis were reported, but it is likely that many are reported as 
pustulatus and that most of both species are not recorded in the 
database at all at the species or genus level at this time. The Service 
notes that, although specific population data are lacking, populations 
are undoubtedly severely reduced by habitat loss; and current levels of 
trade may be significant enough to warrant inclusion in Appendix II. 
Additional information and comments are sought.

10. Timber Rattlesnake, Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake, and Western 
Diamondback Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus, C. adamanteus, and C. 
atrox)

    EIA, supported by HSUS and IWC, submitted proposals for including 
the timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) and the eastern diamondback 
rattlesnake (C. adamanteus) in Appendix II and recommended that the 
Service consider submitting them at COP10. The timber rattlesnake 
occurs in 27 States, from New Hampshire and Minnesota south to Texas 
and Florida, having been extirpated from Maine and Rhode Island. They 
occupy a variety of habitats, particularly rugged, rocky outcroppings. 
Southern forms (``canebrake'' rattlesnakes) use a variety of lowland 
sites such as pine flatwoods, floodplains, and bottomland hardwoods. 
Eastern diamondbacks range through lowlands from North Carolina to 
extreme eastern Louisiana. One of its main preferred habitats is mature 
longleaf pine forest, more than 90 percent of which has been lost and 
often replaced with commercially managed pines. These snakes now 
survive in reduced numbers in a range of other natural and human-
altered habitats. Reproductive potential is limited both by delayed 
sexual maturity (2-3 years in C. adamanteus and up to 9 years in 
northern populations of horridus) and long inter-birth intervals (2-3 
years in adamanteus and 3-4 years in horridus).
    Populations of timber rattlesnakes have declined greatly over much 
of their range to the extent that in many States only relict 
populations remain and large local populations are almost non-existent. 
They are listed as endangered in most northern States and commercial 
use is prohibited in most other States. Population declines have 
apparently not been quite as dramatic in the eastern diamondback, but 
substantial enough for the species to be classified as a species of 
special concern in South Carolina, Florida, and Alabama. Habitat 
degradation has been an important factor in population declines, as 
with most species. However, because rattlesnakes represent a potential 
threat to human health and life, both species have historically been 
killed intentionally in large numbers.
    Commercial utilization of both species for the pet trade, and for 
meat, skins, and novelty jewelry is significant and represents cause 
for concern, given the limited biological resilience of these species 
to heightened levels of mortality. Records from Florida snake dealers 
indicate taking (mostly from other southeastern States) of nearly 5,000 
C. horridus from 1992 to 1994 and nearly 43,000 adamanteus from 1990 to 
1994. Most of these snakes enter the international skin trade for boots 
in particular. Service wildlife enforcement data for C. horridus show 
753 and 450 leather pieces exported from the United States in 1992 and 
1993 respectively. Comparable figures for the diamondback were 1,510 
and 1,475. Numbers of novelty items were also quite high for the 
diamondback, but it is difficult to relate numbers of novelty items to 
numbers of snakes. Rattlesnake meat also shows up in the international 
trade, with records for 1992, 1993, and 1994 indicating 26.7, 119.8, 
and 2,419.7

[[Page 44330]]

pounds of eastern diamondback meat. The Service notes the apparently 
poor population status of the timber rattlesnake in particular, but 
also that of the eastern diamondback. Because the numbers appearing in 
trade statistics appear to be significant in some years and not in 
others, the extent to which international trade is impacting these 
species is unclear. International trade may be more significant for the 
eastern diamondback. Although no proposal was received for the western 
diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox), the Service believes that 
this species, which ranges from central Arkansas west to California and 
into Mexico, should be proposed for listing in Appendix II for reasons 
of similarity of appearance to the eastern diamondback, if a decision 
is made to propose the latter. This species is protected in Mexico. The 
Service solicits additional information and comments.

11. Requiem Sharks (Carcharhinidae spp.) (Western Atlantic and Gulf of 
Mexico Populations of Species Meeting Appendix II Criteria)

    The Service had received proposals for the listing of shark species 
in preparation for COP8 and COP9. In preparation for COP8 the Service 
had received a recommendation from the National Audubon Society to 
propose requiem sharks (Carcharhinidae spp.) and hammerhead sharks 
(Sphyrnidae spp.) for listing in Appendix II or III. Before COP9 the 
Service received from EIA a recommendation that the whale shark 
(Rhincodon typus) and the basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) be 
considered for CITES listing. Although neither of these species nor the 
above-mentioned families were ultimately proposed for listing, the 
United States proposed inclusion of a discussion about the impact of 
international trade on shark populations on the COP9 agenda. As a 
consequence of this discussion, Resolution Conf. 9.17 was adopted. It 
called for the CITES Animals Committee to review all information on the 
biological status of sharks and the effects of international trade and 
to submit a report to COP10. It also requested that the Food and 
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations submit information on 
these topics to COP11. The United States, particularly NMFS, is 
presently working with other CITES Parties, intergovernmental fishery 
management organizations, and non-governmental organizations to assist 
the Animals Committee in its implementation of this resolution. 
Evaluation of sharks overall in the context of listing will be more 
feasible when this process is completed.
    However, DOW, without providing specific suggestions or 
documentation, suggested that the Service consider proposing for 
listing at COP10 any species of sharks (Chondrichthyes) that meet the 
new listing criteria. OWC recommended that the Service propose listing 
in Appendix II populations of all shark species in the Carcharhinidae 
family that occur in the western Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. Some of 
the species are highly migratory. Several of these species are 
regularly targeted by commercial shark longline and gillnet fisheries, 
and they are also taken incidental to fisheries targeting other species 
and by sport fishing interests. Recent increases in world-wide catches 
of sharks for meat, fins, and medicinal purposes have been documented.
    The Fishery Management Plan for Sharks of the Atlantic Ocean (FMP) 
produced by NMFS placed most of these sharks in the ``large coastal 
species'' group. In preparation for development of the FMP, a peer 
review group composed of NMFS personnel and other experts reviewed 
available information and determined that the ``large coastal species'' 
group of sharks was over-fished in the northwest Atlantic. As a 
consequence, annual quotas for commercial landings imposed for the 
large coastal shark species were set at levels 29 percent below the 
1986-1991 average. A proposed increase in the 1995 quota was delayed 
indefinitely and the quota remains at 1994 levels. The initial stock 
rebuilding schedule has been determined to be overly optimistic. 
Because of their K-selected life history patterns (long-lived, slow-
growing animals with a limited reproductive potential), these sharks 
are particularly vulnerable to over-exploitation. OWC has submitted 
information on the dusky shark (Carcharhinus obscurus) and the sandbar 
shark (C. plumbeus) and intends to submit full proposals for these 
species. The Service solicits additional data and comment relevant to 
the potential listing of these carcharhinid shark species.

12. Spiny Dogfish (Squalus acanthias)

    Additionally, OWC proposed that the spiny dogfish (Squalus 
acanthias) population in western Atlantic waters be listed in Appendix 
II and intends to submit a full proposal for this species. The western 
Atlantic population ranges from Greenland to Florida. Like the sharks 
mentioned above, the spiny dogfish is an elasmobranch or cartilaginous 
fish. It shares with other elasmobranchs life history characteristics 
that make these species more vulnerable to over-exploitation than many 
bony fishes.
    Once fished intensively for liver oil, fisheries for this species 
declined to lower levels once vitamin A could be synthesized. Since the 
late 1980s, however, demand for dogfish meat has increased. Between 
1987 and 1993, spiny dogfish landings appear to have increased five-
fold. The vast majority of this catch is exported, mainly to Europe, 
where dogfish is replacing the traditional species used for ``fish-and-
chips.'' Recreational catches have also increased recently. Discards 
from other fisheries, especially from vessels targeting groundfish, 
contribute an unknown but substantial fraction to current mortality 
levels.
    The National Marine Fisheries Service considers Atlantic coast 
spiny dogfish to be fully exploited. Given its particular life history 
characteristics, this species may not be able to sustain current levels 
of fishing. Mortality rates are considered to be in excess of 
reproductive rates. While current biomass estimates indicate spiny 
dogfish are abundant in the northwest Atlantic, mature females appear 
to be overexploited. Although all dogfish on the Atlantic coast are 
included for data collection purposes in the FMP, currently none of the 
dogfish species is managed for conservation purposes. The Service 
solicits information and comment relative to this recommendation.

13. Sawfishes (Pristiformes spp.)

    Sid F. Cook and Madeline Oetinger, two members of the Northeast 
Pacific Region of the IUCN Shark Specialist Group, submitted a proposal 
to include all species of the order Pristiformes (sawfishes) in 
Appendix I. The order consists of only one family, Pristidae, 
incorporating seven species (although the taxonomy of the group is 
debated). These are: Pristis pectinata (smallmouth sawfish), inhabiting 
marine habitats in selected parts of the eastern Pacific Ocean, western 
and eastern Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Indo-Pacific, and Red 
Sea, and freshwater habitats in North, Central and South America, 
Africa, and India; P. clavata (dwarf or Queensland sawfish), inhabiting 
nearshore and estuarine waters of northern Australia; P. zijsron (green 
sawfish), inhabiting marine habitats of the Indo-West Pacific from 
South Africa to the Persian Gulf, the Indian subcontinent, Indonesia, 
Australia, and Viet Nam, and throughout the Indo-Australian 
Archipelago, and also freshwater habitats in Thailand, Malaysia, 
Indonesia, and Australia; P. pristis (common sawfish), inhabiting 
marine habitats in the western

[[Page 44331]]

Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic, possibly Africa; P. microdon 
(freshwater, Leichhardt's, great-tooth, largetooth sawfish), inhabiting 
marine habitats in the Indo-West Pacific and freshwater habitats in 
Africa, Asia, Pacific Islands, and Australia; P. perotteti (largetooth 
sawfish), inhabiting warm-temperate to tropical-marine waters in the 
Atlantic and eastern Pacific, possibly in the eastern Mediterranean, 
and freshwater habitats in Central and South America and Africa; and 
Anoxypristis cuspidata (knifetooth, pointed or narrow sawfish), 
inhabiting marine habitats in the Indo-West Pacific from the Red Sea 
and Persian Gulf to Australia and China, and brackish waters in Papua 
New Guinea, India, Myanmar, and Thailand. Of these species, P. 
perotteti and P. pectinata occur in U.S. waters.
    Sawfishes are a very small group of cartilaginous fishes related to 
sharks, rays and chimeras (class Chondrichthyes). They share with those 
species several life history characteristics (e.g., slow growth, low 
fecundity, late sexual maturity, long life-span, long gestational 
period) that render them more vulnerable to reduced survivorship than 
many bony fishes. Other factors increasing the potential vulnerability 
of these species are restriction to a narrow depth range and disjunct 
distribution patterns. Threats to sawfishes include collection for the 
curio trade, habitat degradation, direct and incidental take in 
fisheries, destructive fishing practices (such as cyanide and dynamite 
fishing), and acquisition for live displays in public aquaria. Most 
species have exhibited either severe population declines or have an 
extremely localized distribution. Although data on international trade 
and other forms of exploitation of sawfishes are sketchy, localized 
effects can be seen in individual populations.
    Although the proposal received was very detailed and appears to 
demonstrate that the family qualifies for inclusion in Appendix I, the 
Service seeks additional information bearing on this recommendation, 
especially information on biology and human-induced mortality of 
sawfish.

14. Freshwater Mussels

    The 10-year Review Working Group of the CITES Animals Committee has 
repeatedly questioned the listing of six freshwater mussels in Appendix 
II since no trade in these species has been reported. Recognizing that 
as many as 20 percent of the approximately 300 species and subspecies 
of freshwater mussels may be threatened or endangered, the Service has 
been reluctant to propose that any of these species be delisted, at 
least until inspection opportunities have been improved which could 
confirm that there was in fact no trade in these species. The United 
States submitted a proposal to COP9 to place all freshwater mussel 
species in Appendix II, except for those already in Appendix I and 
those more identifiable, thick-shelled, white-nacred, non-endangered 
species exported for pearl blanks. That proposal was withdrawn because 
of identification and inspection concerns.
    Effective August 1, 1996, the Service's regulations on importation, 
exportation, and transportation of wildlife were revised to require 
that wildlife exports, including freshwater mussels, be made available 
for inspection and cleared for export prior to being exported from the 
United States. This provision should enable the Service to better 
ensure that endangered mussels are not exported, and therefore reduce 
the need for the application of CITES for non-endangered mussels, 
especially for those that do not appear to be traded.
    Therefore, the Service is considering proposing to remove 
Cyprogenia aberti, Fusconaia subrotunda, Lampsilis brevicula 
(=Lampsilis reeviana brevicula), and Lexingtonia dolabelloides from 
Appendix II. However, the Service does not propose any change in the 
status of Epioblasma torulosa rangiana and Pleurobema clava, which are 
listed as endangered under the ESA. Comments and additional information 
are solicited.

15. Bigleaf Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla)

    The World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Defenders of Wildlife, and 
individuals have requested that the United States propose this species 
for inclusion in Appendix II. The United States is the largest importer 
of the wood of this species, which occurs from Mexico to Brazil and 
Bolivia. Bigleaf mahogany from the Americas was listed in Appendix III 
by Costa Rica in 1995, including its saw-logs, sawn wood, and veneer 
sheets only--i.e., no other parts or derivatives such as furniture (see 
the Federal Register of February 22, 1996 [61 FR 6793]). Species listed 
in Appendix II or Appendix III can be traded commercially, whereas 
trade for primarily commercial purposes is prohibited for the species 
included in Appendix I.
    Proposals to include this species in Appendix II were separately 
submitted to COP9 or COP8 by three governments. At COP9, 50 of 83 
Parties voted in favor of including this species and its logs, sawn 
wood, and veneer sheets in Appendix II, which fell 6 votes short of the 
two-thirds majority needed for adoption (see the Federal Register 
notices of November 8, 1994 [59 FR 55617] and January 3, 1995 [60 FR 
73]). At COP9 (as well as COP8), the majority of the range States were 
in support of including this species in Appendix II.
    The United States is reviewing all pertinent information related to 
a proposal. In particular, the Service seeks new information to 
supplement the information summarized in the COP9 and COP8 proposals or 
otherwise available to the Parties at those meetings. Comments should 
be submitted in relation to the listing criteria as outlined above and 
delineated in Resolution Conf. 9.24 (cf. Federal Register of March 1, 
1996 [61 FR 8019]). The Service also seeks details on implementation 
from the inclusion of this species in Appendix III, which entered into 
force on November 16, 1995.

16. Pacific Yew (Taxus brevifolia)

    The Oregon Natural Resources Council has recommended that the 
United States propose the Pacific yew for inclusion in Appendix II. 
This slow-growing species occurs in a limited range in the western 
United States and Canada. An effective anti-cancer compound (paclitaxel 
or taxol) is obtained especially from its bark, as well as to an 
increasing but unknown extent from other species of Taxus. Some 
companies are working on methods of obtaining paclitaxel from Taxus 
needles and branches (which could avoid loss of the whole plant). 
Laboratory substitutes for the natural compound are either not 
available or not available in adequate commercial quantity, but there 
is some semi-synthetic production. The species is not grown 
commercially in large quantity for medicinal use, but there is some 
ornamental cultivation. There is some export of Pacific yew biomass for 
manufacture of paclitaxel in other countries. The Himalayan yew (Taxus 
wallichiana) was listed in Appendix II at COP9, excluding the finished 
pharmaceutical products (i.e., the end-product medicine).
    The Service seeks information regarding: (1) The intensity and 
purposes of removal of the several parts of this species from the wild 
in various areas, the characteristics of the populations impacted by 
these extractions, and the trends in those populations; (2) the 
location, characteristics, and safety of populations that will not be 
available for extraction; (3) the extent to which biomass from the wild 
(i.e., materials

[[Page 44332]]

other than the end-point medicine) is exported from either country; and 
(4) the degree to which the medicinal trade involves other wild 
species, and/or non-wild sources of the compound (e.g., from cultivated 
Pacific yew or other species, or from laboratory synthesis).

17. Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis)

    WWF has recommended that the United States propose this species for 
inclusion in Appendix II. This is a herbaceous species of the eastern 
deciduous forest of the United States and Canada (southern Ontario). 
Before European settlement and exploitation of this species, it was 
thought to be abundant only in the central part of its range (Indiana 
to West Virginia and Kentucky), and it is now considered uncommon to 
critically imperilled in at least 16 of the 28 States where it is 
found.
    Goldenseal is a well-known medicinal in the herbal products 
industry, with a wholesale price in 1995 of over $50 but less than $100 
per pound dry weight, mostly for rhizomes or roots (with 200-300 roots 
per pound). It has been estimated that 150,000 pounds of goldenseal 
root are collected annually from the wild. The species is cultivated to 
a limited but unknown extent. Both the internal trade and export are 
believed to be escalating, with the international trade (primarily to 
Europe) being considered well below a quarter of the market.
    The Service is interested in information especially regarding: (1) 
The biological status and life history of this species; (2) the extent 
to which it is cultivated (i.e., artificially propagated without use of 
seeds or other parts from the wild); and (3) the extent to which it is 
collected for trade, and in particular, the extent to which it is 
exported and the forms in which it is exported.

18. Aloe Vera (Aloe vera var. vera)--Wild Population

    At its meeting in June 1995, the CITES Plants Committee recognized 
that this taxon may be endangered rather than extinct within its native 
range, which is increasingly considered to be on the Arabian Peninsula 
(or possibly the adjacent horn of Africa). At COP9, the wild population 
was delisted along with the artificially propagated population. All 
other aloes are listed in Appendix II or Appendix I, but the cultivated 
specimens of Aloe vera var. vera (and products derived from them) are 
very common in international trade.
    A succulent specialist has recommended that the United States 
submit a proposal to return this wild population to Appendix II. The 
United States is considering this subject, in coordination with the 
North Africa representative to the Plants Committee (as agreed upon at 
the June 1995 meeting of the Plants Committee). Because the focus would 
be on protecting the plants of this taxon in its isolated native range, 
such a listing would not interfere with the unregulated trade in the 
very common artificially propagated specimens. Comments are requested 
on the status of this taxon in the wild.

19. Tweedy's Bitterroot (Lewisia tweedyi or Cistanthe tweedyi)

    The recommendation to remove this species from Appendix II was 
initiated by the CITES Plants Committee, as part of the ongoing process 
of reviewing listed taxa at 10-year intervals. This herbaceous mountain 
species is native in the State of Washington and nearby in the Province 
of British Columbia (Canada). Because it was found to be sufficiently 
secure within its range, this species was removed from consideration 
for the U.S. Endangered Species Act in a 1985 Federal Register notice 
on many taxa (50 FR 39526). Moreover, this species is believed to be 
sufficiently easy to propagate and available in cultivation to supply 
rock-garden enthusiasts.
    Since the biological status of the species is considered less 
vulnerable than when it was listed in 1983, and since there have been 
no applications to export it from the wild in the last decade (and 
almost none to export it from cultivation as artificially propagated 
specimens), removal of the species from Appendix II seems appropriate. 
Information is sought on the status of the species in the wild, and the 
likelihood and extent of international trade in wild specimens of this 
species.

Future Actions

    The Service will consider all available information, including that 
presented at the public meeting (see DATES above) or received in 
writing during the comment period, in deciding which proposals warrant 
consideration by the Parties. The proposals decided upon will be 
submitted to the CITES Secretariat by January 10, 1997, for 
consideration at the June 1997 meeting of the Conference of the Parties 
in Harare, Zimbabwe. In February 1997, the Service will publish a 
Federal Register notice announcing the proposals submitted to the 
Secretariat. Persons having current biological or trade information 
about the species being considered are invited to contact the Service's 
Office of Scientific Authority (see ADDRESSES above).

    The primary authors of this notice are Dr. Marshall A. Howe, 
Zoologist, and Dr. Bruce MacBryde, Botanist, Office of Scientific 
Authority, under the authority of the Endangered Species Act of 
1973, 16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.

Lists of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 23

    Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, Treaties.

    Dated: August 22, 1996.
J.L. Gerst,
Acting Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
[FR Doc. 96-21976 Filed 8-27-96; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P