[Federal Register Volume 60, Number 155 (Friday, August 11, 1995)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 41160-41284]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 95-18911]




[[Page 41159]]

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Part II





Department of Transportation





_______________________________________________________________________



Federal Aviation Administration



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14 CFR Part 1, 61, et al.



Pilot, Flight Instructor, Ground Instructor, and Pilot School 
Certification Rules; Proposed Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 155 / Friday, August 11, 1995 / 
Proposed Rules  

[[Page 41160]]


DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Federal Aviation Administration

14 CFR Parts 1, 61, 141, and 143

[Docket No. 25910; Notice No. 95-11]
RIN: 2120-AE71


Pilot, Flight Instructor, Ground Instructor, and Pilot School 
Certification Rules

AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), DOT.

ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM).

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: This action proposes to revise the Federal Aviation 
Regulations that prescribe the certification and training requirements 
for pilots, flight instructors, and ground instructors and the 
operation of pilot schools approved by the FAA. In order to be more 
compatible with the current operating environment and the evolving 
demands of the National Airspace System, the proposals are intended to 
update training, certification, and recency of experience requirements. 
The proposals respond to comments to the FAA from the public, internal 
FAA review, and comments from the International Civil Aviation 
Organization.

DATES: Comments must be received on or before December 11, 1995.

ADDRESSES: Comments on the proposals may be delivered or mailed in 
triplicate to: Federal Aviation Administration, Office of the Chief 
Counsel, Attention: Rules Docket (AGC-10), Docket No. 25910, 800 
Independence Avenue, SW., Washington, DC 20591. All comments must be 
marked ``Docket No. 25910.'' Comments may be examined in the Rules 
Docket, Room 915G, weekdays between 8:30 a.m. and 5 p.m., except on 
Federal holidays.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: John Lynch, Certification Branch, AFS-
840, General Aviation and Commercial Division, Flight Standards 
Service, Federal Aviation Administration, 800 Independence Avenue, SW., 
Washington, DC 20591; telephone (202) 267-3844.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Comments Invited

    Interested persons are invited to participate in this rulemaking by 
submitting written data, views, or arguments as they desire. Comments 
relating to the potential economic, environmental, energy, or 
federalism impact of the proposals contained in this notice are also 
invited.
    The comments should identify the regulatory docket or notice number 
and should be submitted in triplicate to the Rules Docket address 
specified above. All comments received on or before the closing date 
for comments will be considered by the Administrator before action is 
taken on the proposed amendments, and the proposals contained in this 
notice may be changed in light of comments received. All comments 
received as well as a report summarizing any substantive public contact 
with FAA personnel on this rulemaking will be filed in the docket. The 
docket is available for public inspection before and after the closing 
date for submitting comments. The FAA will acknowledge receipt of a 
comment if the commenter submits with the comment a self-addressed, 
stamped postcard on which the following statement is made: ``Comments 
to Docket No. 25910.'' When the comment is received, the postcard will 
be dated, time stamped, and returned to the commenter.
    The FAA has proposed specific flight and ground time requirements 
in various sections of this NPRM. These specific time requirements may 
be modified in light of the comments received in response to this NPRM.

Availability of the NPRM

    Any person may obtain a copy of this NPRM by submitting a request 
to the Federal Aviation Administration, Office of Public Affairs, 
Attention: Public Inquiry Center, APA-220, 800 Independence Avenue, 
SW., Washington, DC 20591, or by calling (202) 267-3484. Requests 
should be identified by the NPRM number or docket number of this 
proposed rule. Persons interested in being placed on a mailing list for 
future proposed rules should also request a copy of Advisory Circular 
No. 11-2A, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking Distribution System, which 
describes the application procedure.

General Aviation Policy Statement

    On September 8, 1993, Administrator David R. Hinson issued a 
general aviation policy statement in which he recognized that the 
general aviation industry is a critically important part of the 
nation's economy and the national transportation system. Administrator 
Hinson stated the following:

    General aviation plays a crucial role in flight training for all 
segments of aviation and provides unique personal and recreational 
opportunities. It makes vital contributions to activities ranging 
from business aviation, to agricultural operations, to Warbird 
preservation, to glider and balloon flights. Accordingly, it is the 
policy of the FAA to foster and promote general aviation while 
continuing to improve its safety record. These goals are neither 
contradictory nor separable. They are best achieved by cooperating 
with the aviation community to define mutual concerns and joint 
efforts to accomplish objectives. We will strive to achieve the 
goals through voluntary compliance and methods designed to reduce 
the regulatory burden on general aviation.
    The FAA's general aviation programs will focus on:

    1. Safety--To protect recent gains and aim for a new threshold.
    2. FAA Services--To provide the general aviation community with 
responsive, customer-driven certification, air traffic, and other 
services.
    3. Product Innovation and Competitiveness--To ensure the 
technological advancement of general aviation.
    4. System Access and Capacity--To maximize general aviation's 
ability to operate in the National Airspace System.
    5. Affordability--To promote economic and efficient general 
aviation operations, expand participation, and stimulate industry 
growth.
    Accordingly, this rulemaking project was and is designed to meet 
these general aviation goals and provide economic relief from 
unnecessary, burdensome regulations. Throughout the development of this 
notice, the FAA has been in partnership with the general aviation 
community in developing and revising the rules in parts 61, 141, and 
143 to ensure aviation safety and yet delete unnecessary, burdensome 
rules. The FAA is committed to this partnership with our general 
aviation constituents, and will continue the partnership through the 
notice and final rule phases of this rulemaking action.

Table of Contents for the Preamble

A. Background
    1. NPRM No. 92-10, Aircraft Flight Simulator Use in Pilot 
Training, Testing, and Checking at Training Centers.
    2. Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA) Petition
    3. General Discussion of Principal Issues
B. Part 61 Issues
    1. Definition of Terms
    a. Aeronautical Experience
    b. Airman Certificate
    c. Authorized Ground Instructor
    d. Authorized Flight Instructor
    e. Cross-Country Time
    f. Examiner
    g. Flight Training
    h. Ground Training
    i. Instrument Approach
    j. Instrument Training
    k. Knowledge Test
    l. Practical Test
    m. Supervised Pilot-in-Command (PIC) Time 

[[Page 41161]]

    n. Training time
    2. Areas of Operation
    3. New Aircraft Category, Classes
    a. Powered-Lift
    b. Glider Class Ratings
    4. New Instrument Ratings
    a. Airship Instrument Rating
    b. Instrument ratings-airplanes
    c. Instrument rating-Powered-lift
    5. Lighter-Than-Air Flight Instructor Certificate
    6. Revision of Ground Instructor Certificates and Ratings; 
Inclusion in Part 61.
    7. Eligibility and Tests
    8. Training Requirements
    9. Proficiency
    10. Privileges and Limitations
    11. Records
    12. Recency of Experience
    13. Conversion to New System of Ground Instructor Certificate
    14. Medical Certificates
    15. Required Pilot Possession of Pilot and Medical Certificates
    16. Issuance of U.S. Pilot Certificates on the Basis of Foreign 
Pilot Licenses
    17. Logging Flight Time
    18. Recency of Experience Requirements
    19. Instrument Currency
    20. English Language Ability Requirements
    21. Flight Training Given by a Flight Instructor Not 
Certificated by the FAA
    22. Second-in-Command (SIC) Training and Recent Experience
    23. Knowledge Tests
    24. Standardized Syllabus
    25. Training and Endorsements
    26. Endorsement for Complex and High Performance Airplanes
    27. Aircraft Type Specific Training
    28. Human Factors
    29. Aeronautical Decision Making and Judgment Training
    30. Windshear Avoidance
    31. Aeronautical Experience Requirements
    32. Instrument Rating
    33. Recreational Pilot Certificate
    34. Preflight Planning
    35. Limitations on Cross-Country Endorsements
    36. Night Flight Training
    37. Private Pilot Limitations
    38. Glider Towing
    39. Eligibility for Commercial Pilot Certificate
    40. Use of Turbojet Airplanes for Commercial Pilot Certification
    41. Commercial Pilot Experience--Cross Country Training Flight
    42. ATP Requirements
    43. Pilot in Command Hour Requirement for Initial Flight 
Instructor Applicants
    44. Experience Required for Training Flight Instructor 
Candidates
    45. Flight Instructor Renewal Requirements
    46. Flight Instructor Duty Time Limitations
    47. Flight Training from a Control Seat
C. Part 141 Issues:
    1. Approval of Training Courses That Permit Pilot Schools to 
Train to a Standard
    2. Check Instructors
    3. Quality of Training Requirements
    4. Temporary Chief Instructor
    5. Transfer Between Part 141 Schools
    6. Maintenance Requirements
    7. Ground School Instructor Requirements
    8. Instructor Proficiency Requirements
    9. Renewal of Certificate
    10. Recordkeeping Requirements for Pilot Schools with Examining 
Authority
    11. Reorganization of Requirements for Courses that are Approved 
Under Part 141
    12. Appendix A--Recreational Pilot Certification Course
    13. Appendix B--Private Pilot Certification Course
    14. Appendix C--Instrument Rating Course
    15. Appendix D--Commercial Pilot Certification Course
    16. Appendix E--Airline Transport Pilot Certification Course
    17. Appendix F--Flight Instructor Certification Course
    18. Appendix G--Flight Instructor Instrument (Aircraft Category 
and Class) Certification Course
    19. Appendix H--Ground Instructor Certification Course
    20. Appendix I--Aircraft Category or Class Rating Course
    21. Appendix J--Aircraft Type Rating Course, other than airline 
transport pilot
    22. Appendix K--Special Preparation Courses
    23. Appendix L--Pilot Ground School Course
D. Section by section discussion of Part 1--Definitions and 
Abbreviations
    1. Balloon
    2. Flight Time
    3. Pilot in command
E. Section by section discussion of Part 61--Certification: Pilots, 
Flight Instructors, and Ground Instructors
F. Section by section discussion of Part 141--Pilot Schools

A. Background

    Since September of 1987, the FAA has been conducting a regulatory 
review of parts 61, 141, and 143 of the Federal Aviation Regulations 
(FAR). These regulations pertain to certification and training 
requirements for pilots, flight instructors, and ground instructors and 
the operation of pilot schools that are approved by the FAA. This 
regulatory review is being undertaken in response to advancements in 
aviation technology, training, and changes in the National Airspace 
System (NAS) that have occurred since the last major revisions to these 
parts in the early 1970's. The FAA has received numerous petitions for 
exemption and letters from the public suggesting changes to the current 
regulations. To date, there have been 41 amendments and approximately 
3,616 exemption actions to parts 61 and 141. Recommendations and 
comments from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), the 
public, and the FAA have also demonstrated the need for the regulatory 
review. A major goal of the review is to identify differences between 
the rules and the level of training demanded of pilots in today's 
aviation environment.
    In support of this regulatory review, the FAA completed a 
historical review of parts 61, 141, and 143 in January 1988. During 
this review, the FAA also received input from pilot schools and college 
and university aviation departments operating under parts 61 and 141. 
Three major areas were identified during this review: first, issues of 
immediate concern recommended by the NTSB and public comments; second, 
the requirements for aircraft operations in today's environment; and 
finally, the requirements for pilots in the year 2010 and beyond. 
Accordingly, the regulatory review was divided into three phases 
corresponding to the needs identified above. The final rule for Phase 
1, Amendment Nos. 61-90 and 141-4 (56 FR 11308; March 15, 1991; 
effective on April 15, 1991), contained the following:
    1. New requirement to obtain training and a flight instructor 
endorsement to serve as pilot in command of a tailwheel airplane;
    2. New requirement to obtain training and a flight instructor 
endorsement to serve as pilot in command of a pressurized airplane 
capable of high altitude flight above 25,000 MSL;
    3. New requirement for an applicant to complete a training 
curricula and receive a flight instructor endorsement prior to 
qualifying in an airplane that requires a type rating;
    4. New requirement to permit completion of a phase of the WINGS 
program as satisfactory completion of a biennial flight review (BFR);
    5. New requirement for pilot applicants to receive ground training 
on stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery techniques;
    6. New requirement for pilot applicants to receive flight training 
on flights at slow airspeeds with realistic distractions and the 
recognition of and recovery from stalls;
    7. New requirement for flight instructor applicants to receive and 
demonstrate actual spin training;
    8. New requirement for flight instructor applicants to perform a 
spin demonstration on retests when the reason for the failure was due 
to deficiencies of knowledge or skill relating to stall awareness, spin 
entry, spins, or spin recovery techniques;
    9. New requirement that FAA inspectors and designated pilot 
examiners may accept instructor endorsements for the spin demonstration 
on practical tests for flight instructor applicants; 

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    10. New requirement in part 141 that a chief or assistant chief 
flight instructor only has to be available by telephone, radio, or 
other electronic means during the time that instruction is given for an 
approved course of training;
    11. New requirement in part 141 for initial designation of 
assistant chief flight instructors that are one half the requirements 
of chief flight instructors;
    12. New requirement to eliminate the 100-hour currency experience 
requirement in part 141 for chief flight instructors to obtain initial 
designation; and
    13. New requirement to eliminate the 25 mile distance restriction 
for establishing satellite bases in part 141.
    This NPRM represents Phase 2 of the regulatory review. Phase 2 
addresses issues affecting parts 1, 61, 141, and 143. Prior to drafting 
and publishing this NPRM, the FAA issued a notice of hearing (54 FR 
22732; May 25, 1989) that announced 4 public hearings and outlined the 
general topics for this NPRM. Four public hearings were held before the 
drafting and publishing of this NPRM as part of Phase 2. The hearings 
were held in Washington, DC (September 12-13, 1989); Chicago, Illinois 
(September 19-20, 1989); Los Angeles, California (October 3-4, 1989); 
and Orlando, Florida (October 16-17, 1989).
    Phase 2 also involves a Pilot and Flight Instructor Job Task 
Analysis (JTA), completed on March 31, 1989, which consolidated the 
results of a study on areas of pilot knowledge, skills, abilities, and 
attitudes required in today's aviation environment. The JTA provided 
the framework for this phase of the regulatory review and provides 
information for use in training programs and practical test standards. 
A copy of the JTA is available for examination in Docket No. 25627 and 
for purchase on a diskette through the National Technical Information 
Service (NTIS), Springfield, Virginia 22161, (703) 487-4650. The cost 
of the diskette is $55 in the United States and the NTIS order number 
is PB89-167845CAU.
    Most of the JTA consisted of data, based on experts' opinions, used 
to quantify the relative importance of knowledge, skills, abilities, 
and attitudes. The JTA also included a panel that discussed current and 
future pilot training needs. A transcript of the panel's deliberations 
is contained in Docket No. 25627. The panel's objective was to project 
pilot training needs 3 to 10 years into the future. The panel discussed 
changing technology, airline pilot requirements, airspace, training, 
instructors, and aviation economics.
    In addition, on February 9 and 10, 1993, the FAA conducted 
information gathering meetings with a number of aviation organizations 
and schools on the comments received in Docket No. 25627. These 
meetings concerned issues raised during the public hearings that were 
held in Washington, DC (September 12-13, 1989); Chicago, Illinois 
(September 19-20, 1989); Los Angeles, California (October 3-4, 1989); 
and Orlando, Florida (October 16-17, 1989), and the information 
received during the JTA that was completed on March 31, 1989. Because 
so much time had passed since the time of the hearings, receipt of 
comments to the docket, and the JTA, the FAA decided to update its 
information. The invitees were selected as a result of their 
organizations' and schools' past involvement in this regulatory review. 
The FAA is committed to developing rules that are fair and reasonable, 
and yet maintain a high degree of pilot training and qualification. The 
following organizations and schools attended these meetings: General 
Aviation and Manufacturing Association (GAMA), National Air Transport 
Association (NATA), Jeppesen-Sanderson, National Association of Flight 
Instructors (NAFI), Balloon Federation of America (BFA), Farrington 
Aircraft, Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA), AOPA Safety 
Foundation, Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA), Helicopter 
Association International (HAI), Soaring Society of America (SSA), 
Embry Riddle Aeronautical University (ERAU), Parks College of St. 
Louis, and American Flyers.
    There have been some preliminary discussions for conducting a Phase 
3 of this regulatory review. However, no schedule has been established 
for Phase 3. If a Phase 3 is conducted, it would be a comprehensive, 
long-term effort to address pilot, flight instructor, and ground 
instructor requirements for the year 2010 and beyond.

1. Notice No. 92-10, Aircraft Flight Simulator Use in Pilot Training, 
Testing, and Checking at Training Centers

    On August 11, 1992, the FAA issued notice of proposed rulemaking 
(NPRM) No. 92-10, ``Aircraft Flight Simulator Use in Pilot Training, 
Testing, and Checking at Training Centers'' (57 FR 35888-35938). 
Although the flight simulator NPRM contains several issues related to 
this NPRM, the FAA has tried to make these rulemaking projects separate 
and distinct from one another. Despite the efforts to coordinate these 
two rulemaking actions, some overlap still exists. However, if any 
discrepancies have occurred, the matter will be resolved in the final 
rule.

2. Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA) Petition

    On January 3, 1994, the FAA published, without comment or 
endorsement, a petition for rulemaking submitted by EAA (59 FR 31). In 
their petition, the EAA requested the following changes to the 
recreational pilot certificate:
    (1) Eliminating the requirement that a recreational pilot hold at 
least a 3rd-class medical certificate;
    (2) Requiring a recreational pilot to self certify that he or she 
has no known medical deficiency that would make him or her unable to 
fly;
    (3) Eliminating the 50 nautical mile limitation for those pilots 
who obtain additional training;
    (4) Permitting a pilot with a higher certificate or rating who no 
longer has a medical certificate, but who self certifies that he or she 
is physically fit to fly, to exercise the privileges of a recreational 
pilot certificate, subject to the limitations of the recreational pilot 
certificate; and
    (5) Eliminating the recreational pilot certificate limitations for 
cross country, night flight, and flight into airspace requiring 
communication with air traffic control for those pilots with higher 
certificates and ratings who no longer have medical certificates, but 
who self certify that they are physically fit to fly.
    The comment period for the EAA petition closed on March 4, 1994. 
There were over one thousand comments received. The majority of 
commenters voiced overwhelming support for the petition, but did not 
provide any data or analysis. Some commenters, including the Civil 
Aviation Medical Association (CAMA), opposed the EAA petition. CAMA 
expressed concern with the impact on public health and welfare of the 
proposed elimination of medical standards for pilots who exercise the 
privileges of a recreational pilot certificate. One specific concern of 
those commenters who opposed the EAA petition was the carrying of 
passengers by a pilot who does not hold a medical certificate. The FAA 
has reviewed all comments received in developing this rulemaking 
action. The vast majority of commenters responding to this petition 
were individual members of the aviation community and many were members 
of the EAA.
    In this notice, the FAA is proposing to permit most of what EAA has 
requested. The FAA is not proposing to eliminate the recreational pilot 
limitations for cross country, night flight, and flight into airspace 
requiring 

[[Page 41163]]
communication with air traffic control for those pilots with higher 
certificates and ratings who no longer have medical certificates, but 
who self certify that they are physically fit to fly. The FAA may 
reconsider this issue, however, based on comments received.

3. General Discussion of Principal Issues in This NPRM

    This NPRM incorporates many of the concepts developed through the 
public hearings, the JTA, and the public comments received in Docket 
Nos. 25627 and 25910.
    Docket No. 25627 was established to receive comments throughout the 
entire regulatory review and will remain open until the FAA publishes a 
notice of its closing. This docket facilitates the orderly flow of 
collecting comments, recommendations, and ideas from the public. Docket 
No. 25910 was established to receive specific comments from the public 
on NPRM No. 89-14, which was the Phase 1 proposal.
    The proposals in this NPRM cover a broad range of issues. The major 
proposals included in this NPRM are as follows: (1) Clarify and 
standardize terminology; (2) establish a new powered-lift category 
rating; (3) establish separate class ratings for nonpowered and powered 
gliders; (4) establish a flight instructor certificate in the lighter-
than-air category; (5) establish instrument ratings for single-engine 
airplanes, multiengine airplanes, airships, and powered-lifts; (6) 
revise the recency of experience requirements; (7) revise recreational 
pilot certification and authorization requirements; (8) require human 
factors training for all certificates and ratings; (9) replace flight 
proficiency requirements for training and certification with more 
general approved areas of operation; (10) revise the training times for 
the aeronautical experience requirements to permit the student and the 
instructor to tailor the training to the individual student's needs; 
(11) remove and reserve part 143 and establish a new subpart I in part 
61 for ground instructors; (12) require ground instructor certificates 
to be based on aircraft category; (13) require applicants for a ground 
instructor certificate to accomplish a practical test; (14) revise the 
certification and test courses in part 141 to accommodate all aircraft 
categories and new technology; (15) establish a check instructor 
position to perform student and instructor checks and tests at part 141 
pilot schools; (16) delete exceptions that permit pilots to be 
certified without meeting the English language fluency requirements; 
(17) revise the medical eligibility requirements for applying for all 
certificate levels and ratings by only requiring applicants to hold a 
third class medical certificate; and (18) delete the requirement for 
recreational pilots to hold a medical certificate.
    Due to the length of this notice, the preamble addresses the 
proposed changes to parts 61, 141, and 143 in two major sections. 
First, a general subject discussion of major issues is presented. 
Second, proposed changes are discussed briefly in a section-by-section 
analysis.
    It should be noted that parts 61 and 141 are republished here in 
their entirety. All sections, except those specifically noted, include 
a modified format, standardized terminology, and the deletion of gender 
references. Several sections, which are noted in the section-by-section 
discussion contain no revisions or editorial changes. Three of these 
sections, Secs. 61.58, 61.63, and 61.67, have been proposed to be 
revised in NPRM No. 92-10, ``Aircraft Flight Simulator Use in Pilot 
Training, Testing, and Checking at Training Centers,'' (57 FR 35888-
35938; August 11, 1992). In addition to proposed additions, deletions, 
and substantive changes to the regulations, the FAA seeks in this 
proposal to continue its policy of simplifying regulations through 
editorial style changes. Wherever possible, the rules are broken down 
into brief sentences and outline format. Therefore, some section 
numbering would change under this proposal. In addition, the FAA has 
proposed numerous non-substantive changes to the regulations, and where 
necessary has proposed numerous revisions involving clarity and 
conformity.
B. Part 61 Issues

1. Definition of Terms

    The FAA proposes to establish a new Sec. 61.1a, ``Clarification of 
Terms.'' The intent of the section is to ensure more consistent use of 
terms throughout the text under part 61. The terms to be clarified 
include:
a. Aeronautical Experience
    This term means pilot time obtained in an aircraft, flight 
simulator, or flight training device for meeting the appropriate 
training and flight time for an airman certificate, rating, flight 
review, or recency of flight experience, of part 61.
b. Airman Certificate
    This term describes a pilot certificate (other than a student pilot 
certificate), flight instructor certificate, or a ground instructor 
certificate that is issued under part 61. This would not include other 
airmen as described in the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, as amended, 
which also applies the term to repairmen, mechanics, aircraft 
dispatchers, parachute riggers, other flight crewmembers, and air 
traffic controllers.
c. Authorized Ground Instructor
    This proposal includes a provision to incorporate part 143, Ground 
Instructors, into part 61. The term would describe a person who holds a 
current ground instructor certificate with ratings that apply to the 
training being given, and who is authorized by the Administrator to 
give that training.
d. Authorized Flight Instructor
    This term would clarify that a flight instructor must hold a 
current flight instructor certificate with ratings that apply to the 
training being given, and be authorized by the Administrator to give 
that training.
e. Cross-Country Time
    The FAA proposes to describe cross country time for three separate 
circumstances: (1) For persons who hold a private, commercial, or 
airline transport pilot certificate; (2) for persons applying for a 
private or commercial pilot certificate or instrument rating; and (3) 
for military pilots. These issues are addressed further in the 
discussion of logging of pilot time.
f. Examiner
    The term would refer to persons authorized to conduct practical 
tests or knowledge tests under part 61.
g. Flight Training
    The term would refer to training received from an authorized flight 
instructor in actual flight in an aircraft.
h. Ground Training
    The term would refer to training other than flight training 
received from either an authorized ground instructor or an authorized 
flight instructor.
i. Instrument Approach
    This term would define an instrument approach as an approach 
procedure defined in part 97 and conducted to an established minimum 
descent altitude (MDA) or decision height (DH), or if necessary, to a 
higher altitude selected for safety reasons by ATC.
j. Instrument Training
    The term would refer to time in which instrument training is 
received from an authorized flight instructor under actual or simulated 
instrument flight conditions. 

[[Page 41164]]

k. Knowledge Test
    The term ``knowledge test'' would replace ``written test.'' The FAA 
believes the term ``knowledge test'' is a more inclusive term, 
referring to either tests administered with pencil and paper or by 
computer on the aeronautical knowledge areas in part 61.
l. Practical Test
    The term ``practical test'' would include both oral and flight 
testing or testing in an approved flight simulator or flight training 
device on the approved areas of operation for an airman certificate, 
rating, or authorization.
m. Supervised Pilot-in-Command (PIC) Time
    The term ``supervised PIC time'' would mean aeronautical experience 
flight time in an aircraft that applies to either a student pilot or 
pilot who is not rated in the aircraft, but is under the supervision 
and authorization to conduct the flight from an authorized flight 
instructor. The purpose for this proposal is to permit student pilots 
and pilots who are not rated in the aircraft, to log PIC time when the 
sole manipulator of the controls. This will be a change to the FAA's 
existing policy on who can log PIC time. In the past, the logging of 
PIC time in Sec. 61.51 required the person to be a rated pilot, the 
sole manipulator of the controls, and be rated in the aircraft. 
Furthermore, depending on the crew compliment specifications set forth 
in the aircraft's flight manual, the flight instructor may be onboard 
the aircraft in an assigned crewmember position. The flight instructor 
is expected to perform essential crew member functions, evaluate the 
person's ability to act as a PIC, and as always perform essential 
safety-related functions in the case of emergencies.
n. Training Time
    A definition of the term ``training time'' would mean training 
received: (1) In actual flight from an authorized flight instructor; 
(2) on the ground from an authorized ground or flight instructor; or 
(3) in a flight simulator or flight training device from an authorized 
ground or flight instructor.

2. Areas of Operation

    The FAA proposes a significant change in the regulatory 
descriptions of the procedures and maneuvers required of applicants for 
the various pilot certificates and ratings. Under the proposed new 
concept, the FAR would specify general areas of operation to be covered 
in flight training and practical tests for pilot and flight instructor 
certificates and ratings and in training and testing for ground 
instructors. Many specific flight proficiency requirements currently in 
the FAR would be deleted. The specific tasks for the training and 
practical tests would be listed in the standards for each practical 
test for each certificate and rating. The purpose of this approach is 
to permit greater flexibility in updating the training and testing 
maneuvers and procedures required of pilot and flight instructor 
applicants.
    For example, under current Sec. 61.107 an applicant for a private 
pilot certificate with an airplane category and single-engine class 
rating must receive training on ``emergency operations, including 
simulated aircraft and equipment malfunctions.'' The proposed areas of 
operation for the same applicant would require training on ``emergency 
operations;'' however, the tasks for the required training and 
practical test for an airplane category and single-engine class rating 
would include a task for emergency approach and landing (simulated) and 
a task for system and equipment malfunctions.
    For convenience, the areas of operation for each category and, in 
some cases, for each class of aircraft under each certificate or rating 
would be listed separately. This would result in a certain amount of 
redundancy because many areas of operation would be common to more than 
one category and class of aircraft. However, the FAA proposes this 
method of listing areas of operation to avoid requiring users to 
consult more than one list to identify the areas pertinent to their 
individual situation.
    In conjunction with using general terms to refer to maneuvers, the 
term ``slow flight'' would be used in place of previously used terms 
such as ``minimum controllable airspeed'' and the more recent term, 
``flight at slow airspeeds with realistic distractions.'' The FAA is 
not proposing a change in the concept; the details of the maneuvers and 
procedures will continue to be established through the appropriate 
practical test standards.
    The use of areas of operation is consistent with public response to 
the issue addressed in the Notice of Hearings of whether the specific 
tasks or requirements in the Practical Test Standards (PTS) should be 
included in the FAR. The FAA believes the PTS should remain separate 
from the regulations to maintain the flexibility needed for revising 
and updating the PTS. Some commenters suggested listing specific areas 
of operation rather than specific pilot operations in the regulations 
regarding pilot operations.
    The use of areas of operation would permit the practical test 
requirements, and hence, specific training requirements, to keep pace 
with technological change. For example, the current rule lists pilot 
operation procedures for equipment that is no longer common and does 
not include procedures for newer equipment (e.g., Electronic Flight 
Instrument System (EFIS), LORAN-C).

3. New Aircraft Category, Classes

    This proposal would establish a new aircraft category for pilot 
certification--the powered-lift. The FAA also proposes to establish two 
aircraft classes within the glider category: powered glider and 
nonpowered glider.
a. Powered-Lift
    The FAA anticipates that one of the most significant future 
developments in the NAS will be the introduction of a new category of 
aircraft, the powered-lift, into civil application. According to the 
FAA's Interim Airworthiness Criteria Powered-Lift Transport Category 
Aircraft (Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation 
Administration, Southwest Region, July 1988), powered-lifts resemble 
airplanes and rotorcraft in many respects. The document addresses 
airworthiness standards for multiengine turbine transport category 
aircraft that use power for lift, propulsion, and control.
    Powered-lift aircraft have vertical take-off and landing and 
hovering capability like helicopters, but they also may fly at higher 
airspeeds like airplanes. The low airspeed capability may be provided 
by either aircraft configuration changes (tilt-wing, tilt-rotor, tilt-
propeller), thrust vectoring, direct-lift engines, or other powered-
lift concepts.
    Powered-lift aircraft will require a new set of pilot knowledge, 
skills, and abilities. Therefore, the FAA proposes to create a new 
powered-lift aircraft category rating in Sec. 61.5 for certification of 
private, commercial, and airline transport pilots, and for flight 
instructor and ground instructor certificates. The FAA also proposes to 
create a corresponding instrument rating for powered-lift aircraft. The 
FAA does not propose to extend recreational pilot certification in 
proposed subpart D to include the powered-lift category rating.
    The FAA has considered various approaches to pilot certification 
for powered-lift aircraft. For example, the FAA considered whether 
powered-lift should be a separate category, with or without class 
ratings, such as tilt-rotor, tilt-wing, ducted fan, and vectored 
thrust. Another approach considered 

[[Page 41165]]
was creating a powered-lift class rating within the rotorcraft 
category. The FAA also considered proposing to require a type rating 
for every make and model of powered-lift aircraft.
    Based on available information, the FAA has concluded that safety 
needs will be met by establishing a separate aircraft category only. 
Under proposed Sec. 61.31, type ratings would not be required for 
powered-lift aircraft except for large aircraft or as specified by the 
Administrator under aircraft type certificate procedures. The FAA has 
determined that requiring additional requirements beyond this type 
rating requirement at this time might discourage the development of 
smaller powered-lift aircraft intended for general aviation. Thus, it 
does not appear feasible to establish class ratings at this time.
    In general, the aeronautical experience hour-requirements for 
powered-lift category ratings would parallel those for airplanes and 
helicopters. For example, proposed Sec. 61.87, Solo flight 
requirements, would require powered-lift student pilots to meet the 
same requirements as both airplane and helicopter student pilots. 
Similar overlap would occur in the areas of operation for private and 
commercial pilot training and certification.
    Aeronautical knowledge requirements for commercial pilot 
certification would be the same as those for helicopters (a single set 
of aeronautical knowledge areas is proposed for all aircraft categories 
at the private pilot level). Areas of operation for the instrument 
rating under proposed Sec. 61.65 would be the same as for airplanes.
b. Glider Class Ratings
    The FAA proposes to divide the glider category into two classes for 
pilot certificates and ratings: powered glider and nonpowered glider. 
The term ``powered glider'' includes self-launching sailplanes, powered 
sailplanes, motorized sailplanes, and motorgliders. Some of these 
aircraft are designed primarily for high performance and competitive 
flying; others are more suitable for training. The low power-to-weight 
ratio and relatively low wing loadings generally found in powered 
gliders produce performance characteristics that are similar to low-
powered, light fixed-wing aircraft. Specific knowledge and skills are 
needed for the safe and efficient operation of these aircraft in the 
NAS.
    Powered gliders may be flown long distances and through complicated 
airspace by pilots holding only glider category ratings, which does not 
imply knowledge of communication or radio navigation procedures. 
Powered gliders require knowledge levels similar to those of powered 
aircraft. The FAA believes that another option to establishing glider 
class ratings would be to treat powered gliders as single-engine 
airplanes. However, the FAA believes that treating powered gliders as 
airplanes would be a more restrictive approach. Therefore, the FAA 
proposes to pursue the class rating approach.
    The FAA proposes to convert current glider pilot and flight 
instructor certificates to the new class ratings over a 2-year period. 
A person who currently holds a private or commercial pilot certificate 
with a glider category rating could also obtain a nonpowered class 
rating if the person passed a practical test in a nonpowered glider, or 
obtain a powered class rating if the person passed a practical test in 
a powered glider.
    Currently, the FAR does not address powered gliders. For example, 
Secs. 61.107 and 61.127, which address flight proficiency for private 
and commercial pilot applicants, require training in glider launches by 
ground (auto or winch) or aero tows, and limits the applicant's 
certificate to the type of tow selected. The PTS for gliders include a 
powered glider self-launch limitation and specific tasks for powered 
gliders. The FAA also has addressed the unique characteristics of 
powered gliders in Advisory Circular (AC) 61-94, ``Pilot Transition 
Course for Self-Launching or Powered Sailplanes (Motorgliders).'' The 
AC recommends procedures and standards for glider pilots who want to 
accomplish a practical test in powered gliders.
    For holders of a flight instructor-glider certificate, the 
conversion would be based on the type of training the instructor has 
given. To obtain a flight instructor certificate for nonpowered 
gliders, an instructor would be required to have given at least 20 
hours of flight training in a nonpowered glider and recommended at 
least one student for a practical test for a glider category rating 
(the proposed rule does not specify powered or nonpowered), and that 
student would have to have passed. To obtain a flight instructor 
certificate for powered gliders, a flight instructor with a glider 
category rating could be eligible to obtain a flight instructor 
certificate with a glider category and powered class rating if the 
instructor had given 20 hours of flight training in a powered glider 
and recommended at least one student for a practical test for a glider 
category and powered class rating, and that student would have to have 
passed.

4. New Instrument Ratings

    The FAA proposes to amend Sec. 61.5 to establish four additional 
instrument ratings: Airship, single-engine airplane, multiengine 
airplane, and powered-lift. Corresponding flight instructor instrument 
ratings for those specific aircraft also are proposed.
a. Airship Instrument Rating
    Under the current FAR, the commercial pilot certificate for 
airships includes training and testing on instrument flight maneuvers 
and procedures and instrument flight rules (IFR). Currently, there is 
no separate instrument rating for airship pilots. The proposal to 
establish a separate instrument rating for airships is in response to 
current trends in design and certification of airships. These trends 
are toward smaller airships with specific intended uses, such as 
daytime aerial advertising. These airships are not designed or equipped 
for flight in instrument conditions, and therefore, pilots who train in 
these aircraft must either incur the expense of training in IFR-
equipped airships or seek an exemption from the regulation. Industry 
experience indicates that the smaller, non-IFR-equipped airships in 
which the pilots train are generally the same airships those pilots 
will fly when they are certificated. Therefore, the FAA has concluded 
it is reasonable to separate the instrument rating requirements from 
the commercial pilot certification requirements.
    Historically, the airship industry has consisted of larger blimps 
and dirigibles that are certificated for operations including IFR, 
visual flight rules (VFR), and day and night flight. But very few 
airships operate in the United States, and the growth of the industry 
has been slow, with few pilots being certificated. However, the FAA 
notes that smaller, foreign-built airships are being operated in the 
United States. It is hoped that these signs of growth of the industry 
will be accompanied by the need for more airship pilots. A separate 
airship instrument rating will remove an obstacle to certification of 
commercial airship pilots desiring to fly these smaller airships, and 
help foster growth of this small segment of the aviation industry.
    The FAA proposes to delete airship instrument knowledge 
requirements from existing Sec. 61.125 and delete current Sec. 61.135, 
which refers to aeronautical experience requirements. The FAA proposes 
to incorporate in Sec. 61.65, flight training and skill requirements 
for airship instrument ratings. For pilots who do not hold an 

[[Page 41166]]
airship instrument rating, Sec. 61.139 would be amended to require a 
limitation to the commercial pilot certificate-airship that prohibits 
the carriage of passengers for hire in airships on cross-country flight 
or at night.
    The proposal includes a system of conversion of current commercial 
certificates to commercial certificates with an instrument rating. 
Under proposed Sec. 61.5, ``Certificates and ratings issued under this 
part,'' the holder of a commercial pilot certificate with a lighter-
than-air category rating and an airship class rating would be permitted 
to exchange that certificate for a certificate with an instrument-
airship rating, if that person receives an endorsement from an 
authorized flight instructor who holds an instrument-airship rating on 
the flight instructor certificate, and that flight instructor has 
observed that person perform 10 hours of PIC time in an airship under 
IFR, or that person passes the instrument proficiency test of 
Sec. 61.57 in an airship, and the test was conducted by an examiner.
b. Instrument Ratings--Airplanes
    The FAA proposes to amend Sec. 61.5 to establish separate 
instrument ratings for single-engine and multiengine airplanes and to 
establish corresponding instrument ratings for flight instructor 
certificates.
    Under the proposal a person who passes the practical test for an 
instrument rating in a single-engine airplane would be issued a pilot 
certificate with an instrument-airplane single-engine rating. If that 
person holds a multiengine airplane class rating and desires an 
instrument-airplane multiengine rating, the person would be required to 
pass a practical test for an instrument rating in a multiengine 
airplane. The proposal would permit a person who holds both a single 
engine and multiengine airplane class rating and passes a practical 
test for an instrument-airplane multiengine rating, to be allowed to 
exercise instrument privileges in single-engine airplanes.
    In addition, a person who desires to train students who want an 
instrument-airplane single-engine rating would be required to pass a 
practical test for a flight instructor certificate with an instrument-
airplane single-engine rating. If that person desires to train students 
who want an instrument-airplane multiengine rating, the person would be 
required to pass a practical test for a flight instructor certificate 
with an instrument-airplane multiengine rating. A person who passes a 
practical test for a flight instructor-instrument-airplane multiengine 
rating and also holds a flight instructor single-engine airplane class 
rating would be permitted to train students for an instrument-airplane 
single-engine rating.
    This proposal is consistent with FAA policy in effect since October 
1984, which requires applicants for multiengine airplane class ratings 
to demonstrate instrument proficiency on their multiengine practical 
test if they have an airplane instrument rating and desire IFR 
privileges for their multiengine rating. The policy was instituted 
based on an NTSB recommendation that followed an investigation of a 
1981 multiengine airplane accident. The NTSB concluded that the 
accident may have been caused by excessive airloads generated by a 
nose-up control input by the pilot at high speed. This resulted in an 
in-flight breakup of the aircraft. The pilot had acquired his 
instrument rating in a single engine airplane, had limited experience 
in operation of multiengine airplanes in instrument meteorological 
conditions, and had no multiengine instrument training.
    Under the current FAA policy, applicants for a multiengine airplane 
class rating who hold an instrument rating for airplanes are required 
to demonstrate instrument proficiency in multiengine airplanes. If the 
applicant chooses not to demonstrate instrument proficiency, their 
multiengine airplane rating is limited to VFR privileges only. If an 
applicant with single-engine and multiengine class ratings takes the 
instrument practical test in a multiengine airplane, no restriction is 
added to the certificate. For example, a certificated pilot who holds a 
multiengine class rating with instrument privileges for airplanes, and 
who applies for an airplane single-engine class rating, may, upon 
successful completion of the airplane single-engine practical test, 
exercise instrument privileges in both classes of aircraft without 
showing instrument proficiency in single-engine airplanes.
    The FAA proposes to allow 2 years for pilots and flight instructors 
who currently hold single-engine and multiengine airplane class ratings 
and an instrument--airplane rating to convert to the new single-engine 
and multiengine instrument ratings. With the exception of those pilots 
who received an instrument rating before the current policy became 
effective, the proposed conversion would ensure that pilots who obtain 
instrument privileges in multiengine airplanes have demonstrated 
instrument proficiency in multiengine airplanes.
    Under the proposed rule, a person who holds a private or commercial 
pilot certificate with an airplane category rating and an instrument--
airplane rating would be permitted to exchange that certificate for the 
new proposed certificate. The new private or commercial pilot 
certificate, as appropriate, would have either an instrument--airplane 
single-engine rating or instrument--multiengine class rating. For 
example, a person would be entitled to obtain an instrument--airplane 
single-engine rating if that person had an airplane single-engine class 
rating and had satisfactorily completed the practical test for an 
instrument rating in a single-engine airplane.
    Under the proposal, a person could exchange their certificate for a 
certificate with an instrument-airplane multiengine rating if one of 
the following conditions were met:
    (1) That person had an airplane multiengine class rating and had 
satisfactorily completed the practical test for an instrument rating in 
a multiengine airplane;
    (2) That person had an airplane multiengine class rating and had 
satisfactorily completed the practical test for an instrument rating in 
a single engine airplane and also demonstrated instrument proficiency 
during the practical test for the multiengine class rating such that 
the person's certificate did not bear the limitation ``Airplane 
Multiengine VFR Only;'' or
    (3) That person had an airplane multiengine class rating and had 
satisfactorily completed the practical test for an instrument rating in 
a single-engine airplane before October 1, 1984, the date on which the 
FAA policy, which requires multiengine candidates to demonstrate 
instrument proficiency when seeking instrument privileges, took effect.
    Under the proposal, in any of the above three cases, a pilot with a 
single-engine airplane class rating would also be entitled to the 
privileges of an instrument-airplane single-engine rating. A person 
with a flight instructor certificate and an instrument-airplane rating 
would be able to obtain a flight instructor certificate with an 
instrument-airplane single-engine or an instrument-airplane multiengine 
rating.
    A person would be able to receive a flight instructor certificate 
with an instrument-airplane single-engine rating by having given at 
least 20 hours of flight training in a single-engine airplane for the 
issuance of an instrument-airplane rating as a certificated flight 
instructor. The person also would be required to have 

[[Page 41167]]
recommended at least one student for a practical test for the issuance 
of an instrument-airplane rating and the recommended student would have 
had to pass the practical test.
    A person would be able to receive a flight instructor certificate 
with an instrument-airplane multiengine rating by having given at least 
20 hours of flight training in a multiengine airplane for the issuance 
of an instrument-airplane rating as a certificated flight instructor. 
The person also would be required to have recommended at least one 
student for a practical test for the issuance of an instrument-airplane 
rating and the recommended student would have had to pass the practical 
test.
    The FAA invites comments on the conversion process proposed for the 
instrument-airplane ratings.
c. Instrument Rating--Powered-lift
    In addition to proposing a new powered-lift aircraft category 
rating, the FAA proposes to amend Sec. 61.5 to establish a new 
instrument rating for powered-lift. The FAA also proposes to establish 
a corresponding powered-lift instrument rating for the flight 
instructor certificate. The FAA invites comments on the proposal to 
establish this new instrument-powered-lift rating and the powered-lift 
instrument rating for the flight instructor certificate.

5. Lighter-Than-Air Flight Instructor Certificate

    Under current regulations, any commercially licensed lighter-than-
air pilot may provide flight training in the class of aircraft in which 
commercial privileges are held (i.e., airship or free balloon). A 
lighter-than-air commercial pilot who gives training under the 
authority of existing Sec. 61.139 is not bound by any of the 
recordkeeping requirements, authorizations, and limitations that apply 
to certificated flight instructors for the other categories of 
aircraft. Under the current PTS, commercial lighter-than-air applicants 
must be tested in all phases of the flight instructor area even if the 
applicant does not plan to train.
    Several balloon operators who made presentations at the public 
hearings or submitted comments to the docket favored the establishment 
of a flight instructor-balloon rating. Two balloon organizations 
indicated that, with the exception of those instructors associated with 
part 141 schools, the current training in balloons does not provide 
quality control measures for flight instructors. Several commenters 
said that the training and renewal requirements for balloon instructors 
should be the same or similar to those required of other aircraft 
flight instructors. The commenters also recommended that a proposal for 
a flight instructor-balloon rating should require: (1) A minimum number 
of hours as PIC; (2) a biennial renewal requirement; and (3) a passing 
grade on written and practical tests. In addition, the commenters 
recommended that such a proposal should provide for existing balloon 
instructors to convert to the new system.
    Comments also were submitted to the docket that opposed the 
addition of a flight instructor-balloon rating. One commenter stated a 
majority of balloon instructors would not elect to obtain a flight 
instructor certificate, creating a hardship for future pilots. Several 
commenters also disagreed with the suggestion that a specific number of 
hours as PIC should be required of current commercial pilots to obtain 
their flight instructor certificates. The commenters stated that 
existing commercial pilots have earned instructor privileges in 
accordance with today's FAR and that there is no need for a minimum 
hour cutoff.
    The FAA has determined that a flight instructor certificate should 
be created for the lighter-than-air category. The present system of 
incorporating training privileges into commercial certificates is a 
burden on commercial pilots who do not instruct. The intent of this 
proposal is to ensure that those who perform flight training in all 
aircraft categories and classes are subject to flight instructor 
training and renewal requirements. The FAA proposes to revise Sec. 61.5 
to establish a flight instructor-airship rating and a flight 
instructor-balloon rating.
    The proposed revision to Sec. 61.3 includes a clause to permit 
holders of a commercial certificate with an airship or a free balloon 
class rating to train in the appropriate aircraft for 2 years after 
issuance of the final rule. A revision to Sec. 61.187 is proposed that 
would require a person who trains an applicant for a lighter-than-air 
flight instructor certificate to meet the same requirements as a person 
who trains other flight instructor applicants.
    Under the FAA's proposal, a person who trains flight instructor 
applicants for a lighter-than-air category rating would be required to 
have held a flight instructor certificate for at least 24 months and to 
have given at least 20 hours of flight training. This is the same 
minimum-hour requirement recommended by the Great Eastern Balloon 
Association during the public hearings. The FAA also has included a 
provision for a person who trains flight instructor applicants in an 
FAA-approved course. This person could either meet the 24-month and 20-
hour requirement or: (1) Have trained and endorsed at least 5 persons 
for a pilot certificate or rating practical test; (2) have a record 
that reflects that at least 80 percent of the persons whom the flight 
instructor has endorsed for a practical test passed that test on their 
first attempt; and (3) have given at least 40 hours of flight training 
as a certificated flight instructor.
    The proposal also includes a provision for practicing lighter-than-
air instructors (with commercial certificates) that requires them to 
obtain flight instructor certificates with lighter-than-air category 
ratings without passing a practical test. The proposal would revise 
Sec. 61.201 to provide a 2-year transition period for holders of a 
commercial certificate with an airship or a free balloon class rating 
to obtain a flight instructor certificate with an airship or a balloon 
rating. If this proposal is adopted, the FAA is considering allowing 
the conversion process to begin before the effective date of the 
proposed rule.
    Under the proposal, to obtain a flight instructor certificate with 
a lighter-than-air category rating, an applicant would need to present 
a valid commercial certificate with a lighter-than-air category rating 
and the appropriate class rating and have given at least 20 hours of 
flight training in airships or free balloons, as appropriate, as a 
commercial pilot. The applicant would also be required to have 
recommended at least one student for the issuance of a rating in an 
airship or balloon, as appropriate, and the student would have had to 
pass the practical test.
    The proposal includes a revision to Sec. 61.125 to remove the 
requirements for applicants for a commercial certificate, with a 
lighter-than-air category rating and an airship or balloon class 
rating, to obtain knowledge on training.

6. Revision of Ground Instructor Certificates and Ratings; Inclusion in 
Part 61

    Part 143, ``Ground Instructors,'' is outdated and inadequate for 
defining ground instructors' privileges and limitations, or their 
training and certification requirements. Under the current system, the 
ground instructor certificate is obtained on the basis of written tests 
only, with no practical test. Although a recency of experience 
requirement exists, there is no provision for renewal of ground 
instructor certificates. In addition, ground instructor certificates 
will be revised to distinguish ratings on the basis of 

[[Page 41168]]
aircraft category (i.e., ground instructor-airplane, ground instructor-
rotorcraft, ground instructor-glider, etc).
    To make the ground instructor certificate more compatible with the 
demands of current training requirements, the FAA proposes to revise 
regulations on ground instructors and address the ground instructor 
certificate in a new subpart I in part 61. Current part 143, Ground 
Instructors, would be removed and reserved. Under the proposal, ground 
instructor certificates would be specific to aircraft categories. A 
practical test, as well as a knowledge test, would be required. The 
ground instructor certificate would still not expire, but new recency 
of experience requirements are proposed in order for a person to 
continue exercising the privileges of the certificate. This proposal 
would establish recordkeeping requirements for ground instructors and 
clarify ground instructors' privileges and limitations.
    During the public hearings, commenters agreed that parts 61 and 143 
could be combined, provided the ground instructor certificate is 
retained. Commenters, including Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University 
(ERAU), Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA), and General Aviation 
Manufacturers Association (GAMA) recommended that applicants for a 
ground instructor certificate be required to pass a practical test. The 
test would include an oral segment, but not a flight segment.
    This proposal is based largely on the public comment. The proposal 
also reflects guidance contained in FAA Order 8700.1, ``General 
Aviation Operations Inspector's Handbook,'' chapter 159, ``Issuance of 
Ground Instructor Certificate and Added Ratings.'' subpart I is modeled 
on existing and proposed regulations for training and certification of 
flight instructors. The intent of the proposal is to recognize the 
importance of proper ground training and to make the ground instructor 
certificate more meaningful.
    A number of issues, particularly administrative issues, currently 
addressed in part 143, such as replacement of a lost certificate, 
testing procedures, and change of address, are addressed in there 
respective categories in the proposal, along with other certificates 
and ratings. The proposed subpart I primarily addresses issues unique 
to the ground instructor certificate. Some of the major differences 
between proposed subpart I and part 143 would include the following:

7. Eligibility and Tests

    The proposal for the ground instructor certificate and rating would 
establish a requirement for English-language ability, and would include 
the testing requirements. The required tests would include a test on 
the fundamentals of instructing, except for persons who are 
certificated teachers at or above the seventh grade level, employed as 
college or university instructors, or already hold a ground or flight 
instructor certificate. An additional knowledge test specific to the 
aircraft rating sought and an instrument knowledge test in the case of 
an instrument rating, would be required as well as a practical test.
    Another proposed provision would preclude the holder of a flight 
instructor certificate from taking tests for and obtaining a ground 
instructor certificate with the same aircraft category as already 
specified on the person's flight instructor certificate. This provision 
is needed because the ground instructor certificate would not grant 
additional privileges, but the process of obtaining it only adds to the 
FAA's workload because of the additional tests. However, the applicant 
may seek a ground instructor rating for a different aircraft category 
(i.e., a person who holds flight instructor-airplane single engine may 
apply for a ground instructor-rotorcraft, etc.).
    Some commenters recommended that a single ``aviation instructor 
certificate,'' be established in lieu of separate flight or ground 
instructor certificates. An aviation instructor certificate could 
specify ground or flight instructor privileges or both. After reviewing 
this recommendation, the FAA believes the required knowledge, skills, 
and abilities needed to instruct in the different aircraft categories 
and classes and differences between flight instructing and ground 
instructing makes this difficult to comprehend how this would be better 
than the current system. However, the FAA does request comments on this 
issue.

8. Training Requirements

    An applicant for a ground instructor certificate would have to 
receive ground training on required aeronautical knowledge areas and 
fundamentals of instructing from a person who meets minimum experience 
requirements. The person giving the training would have to have at 
least 24 months experience as a ground instructor or flight instructor, 
and have given at least 40 hours of flight or ground training. However, 
if the ground instructor candidate is receiving training in a course 
approved under part 141, the person giving the training could either 
meet the 24-month and 40-hour experience requirement, or could have 
given 100 hours of ground or flight training. As an alternative, the 
applicant, under the proposal, could also accomplish the preparation 
through an independent, or home study program. Such preparation would 
have to be reviewed by an authorized instructor who meets the same 
experience requirements; the instructor would be required to sign an 
endorsement of the applicant's independent course of study.

9. Proficiency

    The practical test for a ground instructor certificate would cover 
approved areas of operation including preparing and conducting lesson 
plans, evaluating student knowledge, and analyzing and correcting 
common student errors. An applicant would be required to teach a ground 
school lesson as part of the practical test. The training for the 
practical test would have to be given by a person who meets the same 
minimum experience requirements as for the knowledge test, although no 
minimum amount of training would be specified. The practical test would 
be administered by an examiner. An applicant for an additional ground 
instructor rating would not be required to take a practical test.

10. Privileges and Limitations

    Subject to the limitations specified in part 61, a ground 
instructor would be permitted to give ground training for aeronautical 
knowledge areas; give endorsements required for pilot, ground 
instructor, and flight instructor certificates and ratings; give the 
ground training portion of the flight review; and give recommendations 
for knowledge tests.

11. Records

    Under the proposed recordkeeping requirements, a ground instructor 
would note in a student's logbook or training record information for 
each training session; i.e., the amount of time of the lesson, date, 
and topics. The ground instructor would be required to maintain a 
record of the following information: the name of each student whose 
logbook or training record that instructor endorsed for satisfactory 
completion of a course; the name of each student endorsed for a 
knowledge test and the results of the test; the name of each student 
endorsed or recommended for a practical test and the date of the 
endorsement or recommendation; and a copy of the training syllabus for 
each student trained. The records would be required 

[[Page 41169]]
to be kept for 3 years. In addition, although the proposed rule does 
not specify this, ground instructors should log the time during which 
they give ground training, to demonstrate sufficient experience giving 
ground training to ground instructor applicants.
12. Recency of Experience

    Existing Sec. 143.19 specifies that a ground instructor may not 
perform the duties of a ground instructor unless, within the 12 months 
before intending to perform the duties, the instructor has served for 
at least 3 months as a ground instructor, or the FAA has determined 
that the instructor meets the standards prescribed in part 143. 
Proposed Sec. 61.225, ``Recency of experience for a holder of a ground 
instructor certificate,'' would state that a person's ground instructor 
certificate remains current for providing ground training for airman 
certification purposes, provided that person has either: (1) Trained at 
least one student and endorsed that student for a practical test; or 
(2) received an endorsement from a flight instructor or ground 
instructor indicating that the person had demonstrated satisfactory 
knowledge in the areas of operation that apply to the person's ground 
instructor ratings. The FAA believes these provisions will ensure that 
ground instructors stay current on industry developments, without 
imposing significant costs and burdens on persons who hold ground 
instructor certificates.

13. Conversion to New System of Ground Instructor Certificate

    The proposal would establish a 2-year period during which holders 
of ground instructor certificates could convert those certificates to 
the new system. The holder of a ground instructor certificate with a 
basic rating or an advanced rating would be permitted to exchange that 
certificate for a ground instructor certificate with an airplane 
category rating. The holder of a ground instructor certificate with an 
advanced rating and an instrument rating would be permitted to exchange 
that certificate for a ground instructor certificate with an airplane 
category rating and instrument rating. The holder of a ground 
instructor certificate who also holds a flight instructor certificate 
would be permitted to exchange the ground instructor certificate for a 
ground instructor certificate with the same aircraft category and 
instrument ratings as on that person's flight instructor certificate.

14. Medical Certificates

a. Medical Eligibility Requirement for Applying for a Pilot or Flight 
Instructor Certificate
    The FAA proposes to change the medical certificate requirements for 
eligibility for pilot and flight instructor certificates. Under the 
proposed revision to Sec. 61.23 and other sections, applicants would 
only need a third-class medical certificate to be eligible to apply for 
a private, commercial, or an airline transport pilot or flight 
instructor certificate. Requirements for exercising the privileges of 
each certificate would remain as they are now. That is, a second-class 
medical certificate still would be required to exercise the privileges 
of a commercial pilot certificate, and a first-class medical 
certificate would be required to exercise the privileges of an ATP 
certificate.
    The concept behind the proposed changes is that pilots should be 
encouraged to continue training and earning new pilot certificates, 
regardless of whether they intend to use the certificates. In some 
cases, pilots may qualify for a third-class medical certificate, which 
is sufficient for undergoing training and taking a practical test for a 
commercial or ATP certificate, but may not meet the requirements for a 
second- or first-class medical certificate. The FAA believes that lack 
of the more stringent medical certificate should not prevent the pilots 
from earning the more advanced pilot certificates and enhancing their 
pilot skills and proficiency.
    The FAA proposes to include a provision in Sec. 61.39, 
``Prerequisites for practical tests,'' requiring an applicant to hold 
at least a third-class medical certificate, if a medical certificate is 
required. Section 61.39 currently requires a practical test applicant 
to hold a current medical certificate that applies to the certificate 
sought or, in the case of a rating to be added to a pilot certificate, 
at least a valid third-class medical certificate. Corresponding changes 
are also proposed to the subparts addressing the various certificates 
and ratings.
b. Medical Requirements for Recreational Pilots and Holders of a Higher 
Pilot Certificate Exercising the Privileges of a Recreational Pilot 
Certificate
    The FAA is proposing to allow pilots who hold recreational pilot 
certificates and those higher rated pilots who elect only to exercise 
recreational pilot privileges to operate aircraft without a medical 
certificate. Specifically, this proposal would include student pilots 
who are seeking a recreational pilot certificate, holders of a 
recreational pilot certificate, and holders of a higher pilot 
certificate who elect only to exercise the privileges of a recreational 
pilot certificate. This proposal would be a significant departure from 
long-standing FAA policy.
    Since the early 1930s all pilots, except glider and balloon pilots, 
have been required to hold medical certificates in order to exercise 
the privileges of their pilot certificates. The FAA determined that 
medical certificates were required for the purpose of ensuring the 
safety of the pilot in command and passengers, and also for the safety 
of people and property on the ground. As a result of the EAA petition 
discussed earlier and the interest shown in the general aviation 
community, the FAA is seeking wider comment on whether recreational 
pilots and holders of a higher pilot certificate who elect to exercise 
the privileges of a recreational pilot certificate should be required 
to hold medical certificates. The FAA is also seeking data on any 
safety or other public interest concerns that may arise from obviating 
any review of medical qualifications by medical professionals.
    Pilots applying for a recreational pilot certificate would be 
required to certify at the time of application that they have no known 
medical condition or deficiency that makes them unable to operate the 
aircraft in a safe manner. This requirement parallels the provisions 
that are now provided to balloon and glider pilots under the current 
rules. This proposal would prohibit pilots from exercising the 
privileges of a recreational pilot certificate if they have a known 
medical condition or deficiency that would make them unable to operate 
the aircraft in a safe manner or if they are taking any medication or 
receiving other treatment for a medical condition that would make them 
unable to operate the aircraft in a safe manner. (This ongoing 
obligation is discussed in more detail under the section-by-section 
analysis.) The FAA is not proposing specific medical standards for this 
pilot self-evaluation but instead are proposing that pilots self-
evaluate prior to each flight whether they have any medical conditions 
that would inhibit their ability to operate the aircraft in a safe 
manner. The FAA would rely on the pilot's knowledge and judgment as to 
their medical fitness for conducting each flight. The FAA strongly 
encourages the public to comment on whether there should be specific 
medical standards upon which the pilot should base their self-
evaluation. If so, what should those standards be? In 

[[Page 41170]]
particular, the FAA would like comments in response to the following 
questions:
    (1) Should the rule specifically prohibit holders of pilot 
certificates who do not also hold medical certificates from flying if 
they know or should know that they have certain conditions? For 
example, should the rule exclude persons who believe that they have no 
known medical deficiencies even if they know, or have any reason to 
know, that they have:
    (a) A visual problem, e.g., vision un-correctable to at least 20/
30?
    (b) An equilibrium problem?
    (c) Alcoholism to the extent that the intake of alcohol has caused 
damage to their physical health, personal or social functioning, or is 
required to enable them to perform normal functions?
    (d) A drug dependence?
    (e) A personality disorder, neurosis, or a mental condition that 
makes them unable to safely operate a vehicle or machinery?
    (f) Epilepsy or a disturbance of consciousness without satisfactory 
medical explanation of the cause?
    (g) A convulsive disorder, disturbance of consciousness, or 
neurologic condition that makes them unable to safely operate a vehicle 
or machinery?
    (h) A myocardial infarction (heart attack), angina pectoris, or a 
coronary heart disease?
    (i) Diabetes?
    (j) An organic, functional, or structural disease, defect, or 
limitation that makes them unable to safely operate a vehicle or 
machinery?
    (k) Any other serious medical problem that makes them unable to 
safely operate a vehicle or machinery?
    (2) Should the rule state that pilots who have failed a medical 
examination by the FAA be prohibited from claiming that they have no 
known medical deficiencies?
    (3) Should the rule state that pilots who have had their medical 
certificate revoked or suspended be prohibited from claiming that they 
have no known medical deficiencies?
    (4) Should the rule state that pilots who hold or have held a 
medical special issuance be prohibited from claiming that they have no 
known medical deficiencies?
    (5) What, if any, documentation should the FAA require persons 
without an airman medical certificate to execute in order to identify 
that they have evaluated their medical fitness to fly and that, to the 
best of their knowledge and belief, they are medically qualified to 
pilot an aircraft? How often (before each flight, annually)? What kind 
of documentation?
    (6) How, if at all, should the FAA require pilots without a medical 
certificate to disclose to passengers that they have not been medically 
certificated by the FAA?
    The FAA recognizes that broad scale medical self-evaluation could 
create substantial obstacles to the FAA's ability to enforce 
Sec. 61.53. Therefore, the FAA also requests comments on the following 
issues:
    (7) How would the FAA enforce and monitor compliance with 
Sec. 61.53(b)?
    (8) Should pilots who do not hold medical certificates be obligated 
to provide the FAA with their medical history/records upon request, 
either as part of a specific investigation or randomly as part of a 
compliance program?
    (9) Should the FAA be able to require pilots who do not hold 
medical certificates to undergo medical testing when any uncertainty 
exists as to whether or not they have any medical problems?
    Under this proposal, pilots with an airplane, rotorcraft, or a 
glider rating and who elect to only exercise recreational pilot 
privileges would be eligible to conduct ``recreational pilot'' 
operations without having to hold or obtain a medical certificate. 
Therefore, a person's pilot certificate may represent apparent 
authority to conduct those operations even when that person may not be 
medically qualified under part 67 of this chapter. Under the current 
rule, these operations would require the pilots to hold and have in 
their possession a current medical certificate. Because of the possible 
enforcement problems associated with determining an individual's actual 
authority to operate, the FAA is also seeking comments on the 
following:
    (10) Should pilots who have known medical deficiencies be required 
to surrender their airman certificates?
    (11) If pilots are allowed to keep their airmen certificates when 
they have a known medical deficiency, should the FAA require the airmen 
certificates to be stamped ``NOT VALID UNLESS ACCOMPANIED BY A CURRENT 
MEDICAL CERTIFICATE?'' The FAA is strongly encouraging the public to 
express their concerns regarding these questions as well as any other 
issues pertinent to this proposal.
    The FAA requests comments on whether the limited operational scope 
of a recreational pilot certificate, under which all the above pilots 
would be required to operate, makes requiring these pilots to submit to 
medical examinations an unnecessarily burdensome process. Section 
61.101 lists the limitations of a recreational pilot certificate, which 
includes, among other things, the following limitations:
    A recreational pilot may not operate an aircraft--with more than 
one passenger on board the aircraft; that is certificated for more than 
4 occupants; with more than one powerplant; with a powerplant of more 
than 180 horsepower; with a retractable landing gear; that is 
classified as a multiengine airplane, powered-lift, glider, airship, or 
balloon; carrying a passenger or property for compensation or hire nor 
may the pilot operate for compensation or hire; in furtherance of a 
business; between sunset and sunrise; in airspace in which 
communication with air traffic control is required; at an altitude of 
more than 10,000 feet MSL or 2,000 feet AGL, whichever is higher; when 
the flight or surface visibility is less than 3 statute miles; without 
visual reference to the surface; on a flight outside the United States; 
to demonstrate that aircraft in flight to a prospective buyer; used in 
a passenger-carrying airlift and sponsored by a charitable 
organization; and that is towing any object.
    The FAA is also proposing to allow recreational pilots who have 
received the cross-country training required for private pilot 
certification to fly beyond the 50 nautical mile limit which is now 
required by the current Sec. 61.101.
    The FAA acknowledges that there are a number of difficult issues 
surrounding this concept, and that the data and analysis currently 
developed are limited at best. The FAA is therefore requesting comments 
that provide supporting data and analysis on the likely effects of 
changing the FAA's long-standing medical certification policy for 
pilots. In particular, the FAA would like comments on the potential 
impact on safety.
    On November 17, 1994, the National Transportation Safety Board 
(NTSB) provided the FAA with general aviation accident data involving 
medical incapacitation since 1982 for balloon and glider pilots. There 
have been a total of 7 accidents involving balloon and glider pilots 
since 1982 where a finding was made on medical incapacitation as a 
cause or factor involved in the accident. Out of those 7 accidents, 4 
pilots had valid medical certificates, 2 pilots had held a medical 
certificate but the certificates were expired, and only 1 pilot did not 
hold a medical certificate. There were 5 fatalities, 1 serious injury, 
and 1 minor injury. The NTSB's data and brief summaries showed the 
following information:
    (1) Date: June 18, 1983, Category of Aircraft: Balloon, Crew 
Injuries: 1 fatal, Passenger/Gnd personnel injury: 0, 

[[Page 41171]]
Medical Certification: Yes, Miscellaneous statistics: Male, age 58, 
Brief summary: After takeoff, the pilot collapsed to the floor of the 
gondola and had difficulty breathing. The balloon hit the porch of a 
house and was substantially damaged. The pilot died from acute 
myocardial infarction.
    (2) Date: February 20, 1986, Category of Aircraft: Glider, Crew 
Injuries: 1 fatal, Passenger/Gnd personnel injuries: 0, Medical 
Certification: Yes, Miscellaneous statistics: Male, age 65, Brief 
summary: Medical examination of the pilot revealed that the pilot had a 
history of heart condition and at the time of the accident the pilot 
experienced an heart arrhythmia associated with a myocardial 
infarction.
    (3) Date: February 24, 1990, Category of Aircraft: Glider, Crew 
Injuries: 1 fatal, Passenger/Gnd personnel injury: 0, Medical 
Certification: None, Miscellaneous statistics: Male, age 53, Brief 
summary: Pilot had a history of epileptic seizures. Toxicological 
analysis revealed the drug carbamazepine present in the blood and urine 
samples at therapeutic levels. The drug was an anticonvulsant which 
causes drowsiness.
    (4) Date: July 31, 1990, Category of Aircraft: Glider, Crew 
Injuries: 1 minor, Passenger/Gnd personnel injury: 0, Medical 
Certification: Yes, Miscellaneous statistics: Female, age 56, Brief 
summary: Pilot had reported she had injured her right arm during flight 
into turbulent conditions. She stated she was unable to control the 
pitch of the glider due to her injuries and had to parachute out.
    (5) Date: July 19, 1991, Category of Aircraft: Glider, Crew 
Injuries: 1 fatal, Passenger/Gnd personnel injury: 0, Medical 
Certification: Medical certificate had lapsed, Miscellaneous 
statistics: Male, age 63, Brief summary: An autopsy revealed the pilot 
had cardiovascular disease, including coronary atherosclerosis with 
thrombosis of bypass graft.
    (6) Date: July 31, 1991, Category of Aircraft: Glider, Crew 
Injuries: 1 fatal, Passenger/Gnd personnel injury: 0, Medical 
Certification: Unknown, Miscellaneous statistics: Male, age 25, Brief 
summary: Pilot reported a midair collision with another glider. The 
NTSB's finding determination was the failure of the pilot to maintain 
an adequate visual lookout and the collision induced incapacitation.
    (7) Date: September 21, 1991, Category of Aircraft: Glider, Crew 
Injuries: 1 serious, Passenger/Gnd personnel injury: 0, Medical 
Certification: Medical certificate had lapsed, Miscellaneous 
statistics: Male, age 72, Brief summary: Pilot reported that he blacked 
out.
    In addition, the NTSB supplied the FAA with the following total 
general aviation aircraft accident data and statistics involving 
medical incapacitation as a cause or factor in their finding during the 
years 1982 through 1993:

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                     Injuries                   
                               Aircraft    Accidents     Fatal   -----------------------------------------------
                                                       Accidents     Fatal      Serious      Minor       None   
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1982........................          10          10           8          11           1           0          42
1983........................           7           7           5           6           1           0           6
1984........................          15          15          10          21           6           2          21
1985........................          14          14           9          11           2           4         117
1986........................          12          12           7           9           1           1         307
1987........................          14          14          11          56           0           0         112
1988........................          13          13           7           7           6           3         104
1989........................           7           7           6           7           0           0           2
1990........................           7           7           6           8           0           1           0
1991........................          20          20          14          15           6           5          23
1992........................          13          13          10          19           4           1          69
1993........................           6           6           3           3           1           0         209
                             -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Totals..................         132         132          96         170          28          17       1012 
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*This data does not differentiate between those pilots who held current, valid medical certificates at the time 
  of the accident and those who allowed their medical certificates to lapse or never held medical certificates. 
  Furthermore, this data did not filter out those accidents that were a result of a medical incapacitation      
  involving an injury sustained during the flight or alcohol or illegal drug incapacitation.                    

15. Required Pilot Possession of Pilot and Medical Certificates

    The FAA proposes to clarify the requirement in Sec. 61.3 that a 
pilot, flight instructor, ground instructor, or medical certificate 
must be in the person's ``personal possession'' whenever that person 
exercises the privileges of the certificate. The FAA's intent is to 
have pilots and instructors carry their certificates on or near their 
person while exercising the privileges of that certificate.
    A legal decision has demonstrated that the current requirement can 
be interpreted in more than one manner. For example, ``personal 
possession'' was interpreted to permit a pilot to exercise the 
privileges of a pilot certificate while the certificate remained behind 
in the pilot's residence or automobile. The general purpose of the 
regulation, however, is to enable pilots or required flight crewmembers 
to present their certificate to an authorized person upon request and 
at the time of that request.
    The FAA proposes to replace the reference ``personal possession'' 
with the requirement that a certificate be in the ``person's physical 
possession or readily available.'' This way, a pilot certificate would 
be available when requested by an authorized person. Additionally, a 
person who carries their pilot and medical certificates in their 
briefcase or in a purse aboard the aircraft would still be in 
compliance with the rule. However, this does not mean that person could 
state their pilot and medical certificates are located at their home in 
a desk drawer and still be in compliance with the term in the 
``person's physical possession or readily available.''

16. Issuance of U.S. Pilot Certificates on the Basis of Foreign Pilot 
Licenses

    The FAA proposes several changes to Sec. 61.75, regarding issuance 
of a U.S. pilot certificate on the basis of a foreign pilot license. 
The FAA proposes to amend Sec. 61.75 to require that when a foreign 
pilot certificate is not in the English language, the person must 
provide a signed English transcription of the license and its 
limitations from the foreign government's aviation agency. An English-
language transcription would help avoid incorrect issuance of a U.S. 
pilot 

[[Page 41172]]
certificate, letter of authorization, or appropriate ratings through 
inaccurate translations. This amendment would also help to ensure that 
all requirements of Sec. 61.75 are met and there is no endorsement on 
the certificate stating that the pilot has not met all of the standards 
of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for that 
license. This proposal would require evidence of meeting medical 
standards on which foreign certificates are based and an English-
language transcription of the foreign medical certificate.
    The FAA also proposes to revise Sec. 61.75 to eliminate the 
issuance of commercial pilot certificates when issuing U.S. pilot 
certificates on the basis of a foreign pilot license. Under the 
proposed amendment, the U.S. would honor or accept a foreign-issued 
pilot certificate for the issuance of a U.S. private pilot certificate 
only. This would replace the current practice of issuing a private 
pilot certificate to the holder of a foreign private pilot license, and 
a commercial pilot certificate to the holder of a foreign commercial, 
senior commercial, or ATP license. This change would be mainly for 
clarification because current policy is to endorse the U.S. commercial 
pilot certificate as ``not valid for operations for compensation or 
hire,'' which effectively limits the certificate to private pilot 
privileges only. The proposed rule would delete language specifically 
disallowing the U.S. certificate to be used for agricultural 
operations. However, persons who have been issued commercial pilot 
certificates on the basis of their foreign pilot certificate prior to 
the effective date of this rule would be allowed to continue to hold 
that pilot certificate. However, if the person seeks an additional 
rating, then the certificate would be reissued at the private pilot 
certificate level.
    The FAA also proposes to revise Sec. 61.75 to delete language that 
bases the pilot privileges on those authorized by the foreign pilot 
license. Under the proposal, the holder of a U.S. private pilot 
certificate issued under Sec. 61.75 would be permitted to act as a 
pilot of a U.S.-registered civil aircraft in accordance with private 
pilot privileges authorized by part 61 that are placed on the U.S. 
certificate. This will clarify that operating authority is derived from 
the U.S. private pilot certificate issued, which contains the 
privileges and limitations. Any additional limitations and restrictions 
(e.g., weight of aircraft) that are on the foreign pilot license are 
incorporated by reference onto the U.S. private pilot certificate. The 
proposed rule language would further clarify that personal possession 
of the foreign pilot license is required in order to exercise the 
privileges of the U.S. private pilot certificate. Finally, the proposal 
would clarify that the pilot would not be allowed to exercise the 
privileges on the U.S. certificate if the foreign pilot license was 
revoked or suspended.
    Under current Sec. 61.75, FAA practice permits persons who cannot 
read, speak, write, and understand the English language to be issued a 
pilot certificate with certain limitations restricting operations in 
airspace requiring the use of the English language. In accordance with 
this proposal, the practice would be discontinued and persons issued 
certificates under this section would be required to be able to read, 
speak, write, and understand the English language. However, those 
persons who cannot read, speak, write, and understand the English 
language and who have been issued pilot certificates with limitations 
that restrict operations in airspace requiring the use of the English 
language prior to the effective date of this rule would be allowed to 
continue to hold that certificate. If the person seeks an additional 
rating or higher level pilot certificate, then the certificate would 
not be issued unless the person is able to read, speak, write, and 
understand the English language.
    The regulation currently requires evidence that the applicant meet 
the medical standards for the foreign pilot license on which the 
application for a U.S. certificate is based. This evidence may include 
a U.S. medical certificate. The proposed rule would state specifically 
that the applicant must hold a current medical certificate, either 
issued under part 67, or issued by the state that issued the foreign 
pilot license.

Special Purpose Pilot Authorization
    The FAA proposes to revise the rules regarding the issuance of 
special purpose pilot certificates for the operation of U.S.-registered 
civil airplanes leased by a person who is not a U.S. citizen. The FAA 
proposes to replace the issuance of special purpose pilot certificates 
with the issuance of special purpose pilot authorizations that will be 
issued by a Flight Standards District Office (FSDO). Persons who have 
been issued special purpose pilot certificates, prior to effective date 
of this rule, would continue to be allowed to exercise the privileges 
of that certificate until the certificate expires. However, once the 
special purpose pilot certificate expires, the pilot would be required 
to surrender the certificate for a special purpose pilot authorization 
and comply with the provisions contained in proposed Sec. 61.77.

Standardization of the ``Age 60 Limitation'' for Airmen Employed by 
Foreign Air Carriers in Scheduled International Air Services or Non-
Scheduled International Air Transport Operations

    The FAA proposes to clarify Secs. 61.3 and 61.77 relating to the 
``Age 60 Limitation'' with part 121. This proposal will cover all U.S. 
and foreign pilots, who are 60 years of age or older, and who are 
employed by a foreign air carrier that operates U.S.-registered civil 
aircraft for compensation or hire in scheduled international air 
services and non-scheduled international air transport operations. This 
proposal will make the rules of part 61 consistent with the standards 
contained in part 121.

17. Logging Flight Time

    The FAA proposes revisions in the logging of pilot flight time. The 
proposals are contained in Sec. 61.1a, Clarification of terms, and in 
Sec. 61.51, Pilot logbooks.
    The FAA proposes these revisions largely in response to public 
concern regarding various aspects of the rules on logging flight time. 
Many of the participants at the public hearings encouraged the FAA to 
clarify the existing regulations. For example, some recommended that 
the term ``solo flight time'' be deleted and that student pilots be 
permitted to log ``solo'' time as PIC time.
    Proposed Sec. 61.1a would clarify that pilot time is any time a 
person operates as a required pilot, receives training from an 
authorized instructor, or gives training in an aircraft, flight 
simulator, or flight training device. Flight time would be clarified as 
pilot time that commences when an aircraft moves under its own power 
for the purpose of flight and ends when the aircraft comes to rest at 
the point of landing. The FAA proposes that in the case of a nonpowered 
glider, flight time would begin when the nonpowered glider commences 
being towed for the purpose of flight and would end when the nonpowered 
glider comes to rest at the destination.
    In Sec. 61.1a, the FAA proposes to describe cross-country time for 
three separate circumstances: For persons who hold a private, 
commercial, or airline transport pilot certificate; for persons 
applying for a private or commercial pilot certificate or instrument 
rating; and for military pilots. For holders of private, commercial, or 
airline transport pilot 

[[Page 41173]]
certificates, the criteria for cross-country flight would include 
landing at a point other than the point of departure and use of dead 
reckoning, pilotage, or navigation aids to navigate. No minimum 
distance would be specified. However, for persons applying for a 
private or commercial pilot certificate or for an instrument rating, 
the point of landing would be required to be more than 50 nautical 
miles from the point of departure. For a military pilot who holds or is 
qualified for a private or commercial pilot certificate under 
Sec. 61.73, cross-country time would be flight over a distance of more 
than 50 nautical miles. However, the FAA recognizes that military 
flight operations may require pilots to navigate and fly considerable 
distances without landing at a point other than the point of departure. 
Therefore, proposed Sec. 61.1a would not require that a landing occur 
at any point other than the departure point.
    Proposed Sec. 61.51 would eliminate reference to ``solo'' time as a 
type of pilot experience or training equivalent to PIC time. The 
proposal would permit student pilot certificate holders to log PIC time 
when they: are the sole occupant of the aircraft; have a supervised PIC 
flight endorsement; and are undergoing a course of training for a pilot 
certificate or rating or are logging PIC time toward a certificate or 
rating. The description of solo flight time in current Sec. 61.51 would 
be eliminated under the proposal.
    The proposal would specify that, except when a flight instructor 
gives flight training, only one person at a time may log PIC flight 
time. This provision is intended to eliminate current confusion, 
particularly regarding the current provision that permits any pilot to 
log PIC time when acting as PIC of an aircraft on which more than one 
pilot is required under the regulations under which the flight is 
conducted.
    Instead, the proposal would state that the holder of a pilot 
certificate may log PIC time only when that pilot: (1) Has the final 
authority and responsibility for the operation and safety of the 
flight; (2) holds the appropriate ratings; (3) has been designated PIC 
before the flight; and (4) the PIC time occurred in actual flight 
conditions and in an aircraft.
    Although the current regulation also specifies that a flight 
instructor may log as PIC time all flight time during which the person 
acts as a flight instructor, the proposed rule would provide more 
detail regarding the conditions under which this occurs. For example, 
the flight instructor would have to be authorized to conduct the 
training; hold at least a third-class medical certificate; and occupy a 
pilot station with functioning flight controls. To log PIC time the 
certificated pilot receiving flight training would have to be qualified 
to conduct the flight in accordance with the FAR; manipulate the 
controls of the aircraft; and be undergoing a course of training for 
the issuance of a certificate or rating or obtaining recency of 
experience requirements. In addition, the aircraft would have to have 
dual functioning flight controls and engine controls that could be 
reached from either pilot station.
    The proposal would not significantly alter the current requirements 
regarding logging of instrument time. However, the proposal would state 
that if a safety pilot is required, the name and pilot certificate 
number of the safety pilot must be recorded and the location and kind 
of each completed instrument approach. The current rule does not 
require the safety pilot's certificate number.
    The proposal would specify the information that should be recorded 
regarding flight training toward a certificate, rating, or flight 
review. This would include a description of the training given, the 
length of the lesson, the instructor's signature, certificate number, 
and certificate expiration date.
    The proposal would modify the current provision of Sec. 61.51 that 
applies to the requirement for presentation of the person's logbook. 
The proposal would list the other records a person must present, in 
addition to the logbook, upon the request of an authorized official. 
The other documents include the pilot certificate, medical certificate, 
or any other record required under part 61. Both the current rule and 
proposed rule refer to officials representing the Administrator and the 
NTSB. However, the current rule also refers to a State or local law 
enforcement officer; the proposal would expand this to include any law 
enforcement officer.

18. Recency of Experience Requirements

    The FAA proposes to modify a number of the recency of experience 
requirements in Sec. 61.57.
    The current requirement for three takeoffs and three landings 
within the preceding 90 days would be modified to allow night takeoffs 
and landings to also count for daytime currency. However, the takeoffs 
and landings would have to be to a complete stop, whether accomplished 
during day or night or in an airplane with tailwheel landing gear or 
tricycle landing gear. In retaining the current requirements, night 
operations will involve knowledge, skill, and ability that are 
sufficient for currency for daytime operations. However, safety will be 
better served if the regulation requires full-stop landings, at least 
for the purpose of meeting the requirements of proposed Sec. 61.57, 
rather than encouraging ``touch-and-go'' operations. A landing is not 
completed until the airplane is stopped and off the runway. As an 
example, crosswinds may cause a wing to lift suddenly, or mistakes can 
be made during a hasty effort to ``clean up'' the airplane (i.e., 
retract flaps, turn off carburetor heat, etc.).
    Additional language is proposed that would require each takeoff and 
landing to involve a flight in the traffic pattern at the recommended 
traffic pattern altitude for the airport. This language is intended for 
pilots of helicopters and powered-lift aircraft, which could takeoff 
and land in virtually one spot. However, the intent of the rule is that 
pilots perform a complete takeoff and landing operation, including 
operating in the airport traffic pattern.
19. Instrument Currency

    In addition, the FAA proposes to revise the requirements for 
instrument currency. Currently, Sec. 61.57 sets the minimum 
requirements for recent instrument flight experience. For aircraft 
other than gliders, a pilot must have logged at least 6 hours of 
instrument time under actual or simulated IFR conditions, at least 3 of 
which were in flight in the category of aircraft involved, within the 
past 6 calendar months. The pilot must also have conducted at least six 
instrument approaches in that time. A pilot who does not meet the 
requirement of 6 hours and six approaches during the prescribed time or 
6 months thereafter must pass an instrument proficiency test.
    The revision in instrument currency requirements proposed here for 
aircraft other than gliders is based on a petition for rulemaking from 
Newton W. Miller, who advocates changing the requirements to emphasize 
instrument approaches and reduce the number of hours flown under 
simulated or actual instrument conditions to meet recency of experience 
requirements. The petition, summarized in the Federal Register on 
October 25, 1984 (49 FR 42943; Docket No. 24247), advocates decreasing 
the required flight hours to 2 or 3 hours (including at least 1 hour in 
the category of aircraft involved) and increasing the number of 
required approaches to 10 or 12. The petitioner argues that the 6 hours 
of simulated instrument flight may be flown largely in straight and 
level flight, which probably is relatively unchallenging to most 
instrument-rated pilots and does 

[[Page 41174]]
not significantly contribute to maintaining instrument proficiency. The 
petitioner also states that 6 hours is an economic burden to many 
pilots and encourages pilots ``to fly while not legally current.'' The 
petitioner states that aircraft control combined with the complex 
demands of following approach plates and communicating with ATC are 
much more germane to IFR proficiency. Therefore, the petitioner states, 
the number of required approaches should be increased. The petitioner 
states that 10 or 12 approaches could be conducted in 2 hours of flight 
time.
    One comment was submitted in response to that petition. In that 
comment, the Air Line Pilots Association (ALPA) stated that the present 
regulation does not ensure proficiency, because a pilot may take an 
instrument proficiency test and not fly in instrument conditions for up 
to 6 months but still be legally current.
    The petitioner raises an important issue in focusing on the quality 
of the time spent in instrument flight, especially simulated instrument 
flight, although the FAA disagrees that the current regulation 
encourages pilots to disregard the FAR and fly illegally. Therefore, 
the FAA proposes to revise the instrument recency of experience 
requirements. Under the proposal, to act as PIC under IFR, or in 
weather conditions less than the minimums prescribed for VFR, within 
the preceding 6 calendar months for aircraft other than gliders, a 
pilot would be required to have performed and logged: (1) At least six 
precision instrument approaches; (2) at least six nonprecision 
instrument approaches, (3) holding procedures; (4) intercepting and 
tracking VOR radials and NDB bearings; (5) recovery from unusual flight 
attitudes; and (6) flight by reference to instruments. However, these 
maneuvers and procedures would not be required to be performed in 
actual or simulated instrument flight. No minimum number of hours of 
simulated or actual instrument flight time would be specified.
    Proposed Sec. 61.1a would define an instrument approach as an 
approach procedure defined in part 97 and conducted to an established 
minimum descent altitude (MDA) or decision height (DH), or if 
necessary, to a higher altitude selected for safety reasons by ATC. 
Part 97 prescribes Standard Instrument Approach Procedures (SIAP) for 
instrument letdown to airports in the United States.
    These proposed requirements could be met either in actual flight 
and in the category of aircraft for which instrument privileges are 
sought, or in an approved flight simulator or flight training device 
representative of the category of aircraft for which instrument 
privileges are sought.
    Instrument recency of experience in gliders would change mainly in 
format under the proposal. Pilots would be required to perform and log 
at least 3 hours of instrument time in actual flight, of which at least 
one-half must have been in a glider or single-engine airplane if the 
pilot does not carry passengers. If the pilot does carry passengers, 
the pilot must have performed and logged at least 3 hours of instrument 
time in a glider.
    The FAA also proposes to clarify the requirements for an instrument 
proficiency test. Currently, the instrument proficiency test would be 
required for a person who has not met the instrument recency 
requirements within the prescribed time or within 6 calendar months 
after that time. The FAA proposes to clarify this issue by amending 
Sec. 61.57 to require that the test include a representative number of 
tasks required for original certification of an instrument rating.
    The FAA issued an NPRM on April 11, 1994 (59 FR 17162) to waive the 
recency of experience requirements of Sec. 61.57 for PICs of parts 121 
and 135 operators. Specifically, that NPRM proposed relief to PICs of 
parts 121 and 135 operators from having to comply with the recency of 
experience requirements, (i.e., general, night, and instrument) of 
Sec. 61.57. Parts 121 and 135 have recency of experience requirements 
that are at least equivalent to the recency of experience requirements 
of Sec. 61.57, so duplication of these requirements are unnecessary. 
The final rule is scheduled for issuance in 1994.
    The proposals in this NPRM would extend the exception requirements 
for the general and night recency experience requirements of Sec. 61.57 
to PICs of part 125 operators, but not the instrument recency 
experience requirements. The FAA believes the training programs and 
structured operational controls placed on PICs in part 125 operations 
are adequate in ensuring that there will not be a degradation in 
safety. The FAA believes that the redundant recency of experience 
requirements in part 125, in addition to the structured training 
programs and operational controls placed on PICs of part 125 operators 
more than adequately cover any safety concerns provided by exempting 
these PICs from the recency of experience requirements of Sec. 61.57.

20. English Language Ability Requirements

    The FAA proposes to standardize English language fluency 
requirements for all certificates and ratings and to eliminate 
exceptions in certain rules that permit pilots to be certificated 
without meeting English language fluency requirements, under certain 
restrictions.
    The proposal to eliminate exceptions to the English language 
requirements would affect all pilot and flight instructor applicants. 
This proposal would be addressed in each of the eligibility paragraphs 
of each pilot certificate level and would require all applicants to be 
able to read, speak, and understand the English language. Under the 
proposal, the reference to operating limitations would be deleted, and 
all applicants would be required to meet the language requirements. A 
similar provision in current Sec. 61.75, which provides for placement 
of limitations on a pilot certificate issued on the basis of a foreign 
pilot license, also would be deleted. As with the pilot certificates 
and ratings, the applicant for a U.S. pilot certificate, on the basis 
of a foreign pilot license, would have to be able to read, speak, 
write, and understand the English language.
    The FAA has grown increasingly concerned that pilots' inability to 
sufficiently read, speak, and understand English during radio 
communication and in dealing with air traffic control poses a serious 
safety hazard. The exceptions referred to have not effectively kept 
such pilots out of airspace in which command of the English language is 
essential, and for safety reasons, the FAA believes all pilots who 
operate in the National Airspace System (NAS) should meet the English 
language requirements. Current holders who cannot read, speak, write, 
and understand the English language, but have been issued pilot 
certificates with limitations that restrict operations in airspace 
requiring the use of the English language prior to effective date of 
this rule would be allowed to continue to hold that certificate. If the 
person seeks an additional rating or higher level pilot certificate, 
then the certificate will not be issued unless the person is able to 
read, speak, write, and understand the English language.
    The proposal would eliminate, as superfluous, current language in 
Sec. 61.151 that requires applicants for the ATP certificate to speak 
English without accent or speech impediment that would interfere with 
two-way radio conversation. The FAA believes that the requirement to 
speak English means 

[[Page 41175]]
speak well enough to participate clearly and safely in radio 
communications.

21. Flight Training Given by a Flight Instructor Not Certificated by 
the FAA
    Existing Sec. 61.41, ``Flight instruction received from flight 
instructors not certificated by the FAA,'' permits flight training 
received by a flight instructor who is not certificated by the FAA to 
be credited toward the requirements for a U.S. pilot certificate or 
rating. However, the instructor is required to either be a: (1) Member 
of an Armed Force of either the United States or a foreign contracting 
State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation in a program 
for training military pilots; or (2) flight instructor authorized to 
give that flight training by the licensing authority of a foreign 
contracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation and 
the flight training is given outside the United States.
    Section 61.41 contradicts existing Sec. 61.3, which states that 
flight training must be given by the holder of a flight instructor 
certificate issued by the Administrator. The exceptions to this 
requirement do not include flight instructors who are not certificated 
by the FAA. The absence of an exception for these flight instructors 
has caused confusion in relation to Sec. 61.41. Currently, the FAA 
permits flight training received by a flight instructor who meets the 
requirements of Sec. 61.41 to be credited toward the requirements found 
in part 61.
    The FAA proposes to revise Sec. 61.3 to ensure that, under certain 
circumstances, the recipient of flight training from a flight 
instructor who is not certificated by the FAA, may credit that flight 
training toward the requirements in part 61. Such a privilege is 
granted in the existing regulation but is subject to misinterpretation.

22. Second-in-Command (SIC) Training and Recent Experience

    The FAA proposes to clarify the familiarization review requirements 
under Sec. 61.55 for pilots serving as SIC of an aircraft that requires 
more than one pilot. Under the proposal, a person serving as SIC would 
be required to have completed, within the previous 12 calendar months, 
a familiarization review on specific subjects for the type of aircraft 
in which privileges are requested. As with other issues in this 
proposal, the FAA seeks greater structure and standardization.
    The proposed section would maintain current provisions providing 
exceptions to the training requirements. For example, the training 
requirements do not and would not apply to pilots qualified as PIC or 
SIC under parts 121, 125, or 135. In addition, pilots designated as SIC 
for the purpose of receiving flight training required under Sec. 61.55, 
where no passengers or cargo are carried on the aircraft do not and 
would not have to meet the training requirements. Exceptions to the 
training requirements would also continue to be made for pilots holding 
a commercial pilot or ATP certificate in the case of ferry flights, 
test flights, or evaluation flights, provided no persons or cargo 
unnecessary for conducting the flight are carried aboard the aircraft.

23. Knowledge Tests

    As discussed in the section on Clarification of Terms, the FAA 
proposes to use the term ``knowledge test'' to replace the term 
``written test.'' Knowledge tests will include tests administered by 
computer, which already are acceptable to the FAA; this term will 
update the FAR terminology to conform with the educational community.
    In addition, the FAA proposes to require that applicants for 
knowledge tests obtain a logbook endorsement from an instructor in 
order to be eligible to take a knowledge test. This will end the 
current practice in which applicants request an FAA inspector from a 
FSDO to review and discuss their home study materials as evidence that 
they have completed a home study course. This practice constitutes an 
unnecessary workload for the FAA and is a role more properly filled by 
ground or flight instructors. Home study would still be acceptable; the 
only change would be that an instructor's endorsement would be 
required, but a review by the FAA would not.
    The FAA proposes to continue requiring an endorsement to take the 
knowledge test to dissuade applicants from taking the test with 
inadequate preparation, again, to avoid undue administrative burden. 
Many applicants taking and retaking the knowledge tests might delay 
grading and response time, which would be unfair to applicants who 
completed courses and prepared for the tests.

24. Standardized Syllabus
    The Notice of Hearings (54 FR 22732; May 25, 1989) invited public 
comment on whether parts 61 and 141 should be consolidated into one 
regulation and whether all training should be performed from a 
standardized curriculum. Under the current system, pilot and flight 
instructor training is conducted to meet the criteria and requirements 
of aeronautical knowledge and flight proficiency, as set out in part 61 
and the PTS. There is no requirement in part 61 for an applicant to 
complete an FAA-approved ground and flight training syllabus before 
obtaining a pilot or instructor certificate or rating.
    Part 141 provides a specific method for meeting the part 61 
requirements through training programs conducted at approved schools 
that offer standardized curricula and are monitored by the FAA to 
ensure quality training. Part 61 requires specific course structure and 
organization, detailed recordkeeping, increased standardization of 
training, and increased supervision of training. Testing standards are 
the same for pilots trained at non-approved schools or by independent 
instructors.
    Although many of the comments received in response to the Notice of 
Hearings and at the public hearings supported consolidating parts 61 
and 141, many commenters also wanted to maintain the current system of 
approving FAA pilot schools under part 141 and having schools and 
independent instructors operate under part 61 only.
    However, during the public hearings, many participants agreed that 
performing training under a standard curriculum or syllabus may be 
beneficial. Nevertheless, they disagreed on whether the written 
training program should be prepared by the FAA or developed by industry 
and approved by the FAA. Many recommended that outlines be generated by 
the school and approved by the FAA. Some commenters noted that 
peculiarities of geographic area may not be included in a syllabus 
generated by the FAA. Participants suggested that a general syllabus 
could be published in an advisory circular format as guidance.
    Based on the public comments and its own study of the issue, the 
FAA believes that part 61 and part 141 should not be combined or 
consolidated. However, the FAA is proposing that all training for 
pilot, flight instructor, and ground instructor certificates and 
ratings should be performed according to a written syllabus. The intent 
of this proposal is to encourage all training to be conducted according 
to a more organized and standardized format. This approach to training 
would give students and trainees the benefit of more structured 
training programs, an advantage that currently exists in training 
conducted under part 141 (or parts 121 and 135). The FAA believes that 
many independent instructors and pilot schools conducting training 
under part 61 already understand this and use 

[[Page 41176]]
written syllabi although no regulatory requirement exists. However, the 
FAA would like to see this approach become the industry norm.
    The FAA proposes to establish a new Sec. 61.9 to require an 
instructor who provides training for an airman certificate or rating 
issued under part 61 to use a written syllabus that includes a summary 
of total training time; planned training time for each lesson; a 
detailed description of training to be covered in each lesson; and the 
aeronautical knowledge areas and approved areas of operation that apply 
to the airman certificate or rating. Because this requirement would 
apply to training conducted under part 61, and schools that conduct 
training under part 61 are not directly subject to FAA approval or 
certification, the instructor would bear responsibility for ensuring 
that all necessary areas of aeronautical knowledge and operation were 
covered in the training program. The proposal also would require the 
instructor to give a copy of the syllabus to the student at the outset 
of the training and ensure that the student completed the syllabus 
before the practical test.
    The FAA does not, at this time, propose to require instructors to 
submit the syllabi for FAA approval. This would constitute a major 
administrative workload for the FAA and for instructors. However, the 
instructor would be required to maintain a copy of the syllabus, make 
it available for FAA inspection upon request, and provide each student 
with a record of the training accomplished. This proposal would revise 
Sec. 61.189 to require each flight instructor to retain for 3 years a 
copy of the syllabus for each person trained by that instructor. 
Proposed Sec. 61.219 would include the same requirement for ground 
instructors.
    The FAA does not intend for each instructor to produce a personal 
syllabus for each course of training, although there is nothing to 
preclude such an effort should an instructor prefer to do that. Syllabi 
could be based on training courses published by manufacturers and 
training organizations.
    The FAA believes that the use of training syllabi would provide 
more continuity in training conducted under part 61. This is 
particularly important for students who change instructors in the midst 
of a training program.

25. Training and Endorsements

    The FAA proposes several initiatives to enhance pilot training and 
preparation. These efforts include additional training and instructor 
endorsements that cover human factors training, windshear avoidance 
training, and special aircraft certification training for pilots. In 
addition, current endorsement requirements for complex and high 
performance airplanes would be clarified under the proposal.

26. Endorsement for Complex and High Performance Airplanes

    The FAA proposes to amend current Sec. 61.31, which deals with high 
performance and complex airplanes. Under this proposed revision, 
complex and high performance airplane endorsements would be discussed 
in separate paragraphs of Sec. 61.31. One endorsement would be required 
for a pilot flying an airplane with retractable landing gear, flaps, 
and a controllable propeller (commonly referred to as a ``complex 
airplane''). A separate endorsement would be required to operate a high 
performance airplane, which would be redefined from ``more than 200 
hp'' to ``200 hp or more.'' This proposed requirement for separate 
endorsements, one for complex airplanes and one for high performance 
airplanes, could be achieved simultaneously in a complex airplane of 
200 horsepower (hp) or more.
    Before giving the endorsements prescribed by Sec. 61.31, the 
instructor would be required to provide both ground and flight training 
in the airplane to ensure the pilot is proficient on the operation and 
systems of the airplane.
    In addition, Sec. 61.31 currently requires endorsements only for 
holders of private or commercial pilot certificates. The FAA proposes 
to extend this requirement to holders of ATP certificates because it is 
possible to earn the certificate in a low horsepower, non-complex, 
single-engine airplane.

27. Aircraft Type Specific Training

    In December 1991, the FAA issued a Special Certification Review 
Report on the Piper Malibu and Mirage airplanes. This review was a 
result of seven in-flight structural breakups involving Piper Malibu 
and Mirage airplanes. Although the review process did not discover any 
major design deficiencies, the special certification team that reviewed 
the airplane did make approximately 60 recommendations concerning 
design improvements and operational clarifications on the airplane.
    The Special Certification Review team consisted of FAA engineers, 
inspectors, and pilots who were tasked with reviewing the certification 
process, service history, and operation of the Malibu and Mirage 
airplanes. The report issued on the airplanes was reviewed by the FAA's 
Small Airplane Directorate and an action plan was developed. The plan 
included some possible airworthiness directives and recommendations for 
improved pilot training, policy revision, and rulemaking. Both the 
review team and Small Airplane Directorate concluded there is a need to 
improve the education and training of pilots in these high performance, 
complex airplanes. The FAA stated in the report that both the aviation 
community and the FAA have the responsibility for ensuring that pilots 
have the knowledge, skills, and abilities to operate these kinds of 
airplanes in normal, abnormal, and emergency situation.
    In response to this Special Certification Review of the Piper 
Malibu and Mirage, the FAA is proposing to amend Sec. 61.31 by adding a 
new paragraph that will require aircraft type specific training and a 
flight instructor endorsement for any aircraft that the Administrator 
has determined is necessary to ensure that pilots are adequately 
trained in normal, abnormal, and emergency situations on these kinds of 
airplanes. The FAA believes that pilots need this additional training 
to possess the necessary knowledge, skills, and abilities to operate 
these kinds of high performance, complex airplanes. The FAA proposes to 
require additional training and a flight instructor endorsement for a 
person to serve as a PIC of an aircraft that the Administrator has 
determined requires type specific training.

28. Human Factors

    The FAA proposes to introduce human factor training requirements 
for all levels of pilot certification. The training requirements would 
include aeronautical decision making (ADM) and judgment training for 
pilots at all certificate levels. Although research on aeronautical 
human factors has been underway for many years, these concepts 
represent relatively recent advances in training methodology. The 
traditional approach to training is to focus on technical aspects of 
aerodynamics, aircraft characteristics and systems, airspace, 
meteorology, and regulations. The presumption is that the flight 
crewmembers will integrate these subject areas to respond properly to 
the situations faced in actual flight conditions.
    The intent of adding the benefits of human factors training 
research to the pilot training regimen is to assist pilots in 
integrating available information and arriving at correct decisions. 
Based on this research, it is now feasible to systematically and 
explicitly study 

[[Page 41177]]
ADM and judgment, rather than relying on pilots to adopt these 
practices intuitively or relying completely on their experience. Much 
of this research is based on accident investigations that indicate that 
decision making processes contributed to or caused the accident. The 
FAA believes that pilots in the future will benefit from accident 
analysis and training methodologies designed to overcome lapses in 
judgment.

29. Aeronautical Decision Making and Judgment Training

    The training manual ``Aeronautical Decision Making for Student and 
Private Pilots,'' prepared by the AOPA Air Safety Foundation for the 
FAA (Report No. DOT/FAA/PM-86/41), divides pilot activities into three 
basic categories. First are procedural activities, including management 
of the powerplant, fuel, navigation, communications, and other aspects 
of aircraft configuration. The second category is perceptual and motor 
activities, including aircraft control, and geographic orientation. The 
third category is decision making activities. The training manual 
covers self assessments of skill, knowledge, physical and psychological 
capabilities, hazard assessment, navigation planning, and flight 
priority assessment. The FAA has determined that aeronautical decision 
making is necessary, because flying involves a continuous stream of 
decisions about the crew, aircraft, environment, and operation. These 
decisions include pre-flight, ``go/no-go'' decisions, and in-flight 
decisions, which are designed to neutralize (by eliminating or 
reducing) risks in flight.
    Of the three pilot activity categories, decision making accounted 
for 51.6 percent of fatal accidents in an analysis of data for a 5-year 
period, according to the AOPA manual. The objective of the manual, and 
aeronautical decision making (ADM) and judgment training in general, is 
to teach pilots to avoid situations that require luck or skill beyond 
their capabilities, and to reduce the level of judgment-related 
accidents.
    With a solid base of conventional skills and knowledge, 
aeronautical decision making and judgment training can provide a 
structured approach to pilot reaction to event changes in flight. This 
training can be especially valuable to pilots with less experience to 
help confront the unexpected. These ``event changes,'' in addition to 
preflight decisions, may include mechanical problems, new instructions 
from Air Traffic Control, or unexpected weather. These changes call for 
decisions in which poor judgment may entail a high degree of risk. A 
common example of the target of such training is the non-instrument-
rated private pilot who either fails to obtain a complete weather 
briefing or unexpectedly encounters poor weather but nevertheless is 
inclined to continue a flight into instrument meteorological 
conditions.
    Aeronautical decision making and judgment training follow a three-
pronged approach:
     Provide an analytical method for making decisions and 
evaluating risks.
     Address pilots' hazardous attitudes and substitute 
attitudes that promote good judgment.
     Address the need to overcome high stress, which reduces 
judgment and decision-making abilities.
    Under the proposal, the requirement for ADM and judgment training 
would be placed under the knowledge requirements for all pilot 
certificate levels and all instrument ratings in proposed parts 61 and 
141. The aviation community is directed to existing FAA-sponsored 
guidance material as well as additional educational materials available 
from other sources. Furthermore, the FAA plans to issue an advisory 
circular that will address the essential elements of ADM and judgment 
training that pertain to the various certificate levels.

30. Windshear Avoidance

    The FAA believes that understanding windshear would enhance safety 
for general aviation pilots and, therefore, proposes to require ground 
training on windshear for all pilot certificate levels and the 
instrument rating. This proposal is based on the increased information 
available on windshear and industry expert opinion obtained through the 
FAA Pilot and Flight Instructor JTA, in which windshear is listed as a 
critical area of pilot knowledge.
    The proposal would add a knowledge requirement on windshear 
avoidance to the current requirements on recognition of critical 
weather situations and the proposed aeronautical knowledge areas for an 
instrument rating, a recreational, private, commercial, and an ATP 
certificate. In the commercial pilot requirements of Sec. 61.125, 
``airplanes,'' the windshear knowledge requirement would be added as 
part of a new meteorology knowledge requirement because this paragraph, 
unlike the paragraphs relating to rotorcraft, gliders, airships, and 
balloons, currently does not mention meteorology or weather as a 
knowledge requirement. The aviation industry's awareness of the 
importance of the windshear phenomenon and its understanding of the 
problem has increased markedly in recent years. A National Research 
Council (NRC) study stated that windshear is ``an infrequent but highly 
significant hazard to aircraft landing or taking off,'' 1 and 
recommended a series of measures to reduce windshear accidents.

    \1\ United States. National Research Council. Low-Altitude Wind 
Shear and Its Hazard to Aviation. Washington: National Academy 
Press, 1983. Page 1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As a result of the study and the Council's recommendations, the FAA 
sponsored the development of a comprehensive Windshear Training Aid. 
Advisory Circular 00-54, ``Pilot Windshear Guide,'' constitutes one 
section of the two-volume Windshear Training Aid and was issued on 
November 25, 1988. In addition, the FAA has implemented and expanded 
ground and flight training requirements for flightcrew members employed 
in parts 121 and 135 air carrier and commercial operations. In air 
carrier operations, the FAA pursues a ``systems concept'' that includes 
an improved low-altitude windshear weather forecasting technique, 
ground-based windshear detection equipment, airborne windshear 
detection equipment, and improved pilot training.
    The NRC report stressed, however, that all classes of pilots should 
understand the windshear phenomenon, including general aviation pilots. 
The report noted that general aviation pilots usually are not as well 
trained as air transport pilots and that they rarely have access to 
advanced training simulators. According to the report, ``the most 
practical and immediate solution appears to be an extensive education 
program to warn general aviation pilots of the hazards associated with 
low-altitude windshear and to teach both avoidance and escape 
procedures.'' 2 In the report, NRC stated that the risk posed by 
windshear can be reduced ``very soon by an education campaign directed 
at all classes of pilots.'' 3 The lack of awareness regarding 
windshear--including the origins, nature, and potential hazards of 
downbursts and wind variability--was found to be most acute within the 
general aviation community because of the diverse pilot skill and 
training levels. The report also stressed the need for standardized 
terminology for pilot-controller transmissions on windshear conditions 
and reports.

    \2\ Ibid., p. 1.
    \3\ Ibid., p. iii.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    NTSB statistics indicate that general aviation has an average of 16 
windshear-related accidents per year based on figures for 1979 through 
1988. Those 16 accidents, including 1.3 fatal accidents, have resulted 
in an average of 3.8 fatalities and 4.4 serious injuries related 

[[Page 41178]]
to windshear per year. However, the NRC report noted that low-altitude 
windshear may have been a factor in additional accidents that were 
described as weather-caused or weather-related. According to the 
report, ``The rarity and lack of a reliable statistical data base on 
windshear-related accidents, shear encounters, or even the frequency of 
occurrence of potentially hazardous wind shears does not diminish the 
importance or severity of the safety problem. The potentially 
catastrophic consequences of an encounter during takeoff or approach 
and landing require that wind shear always be taken into account as a 
primary safety consideration when weather conditions are such that 
strong wind shears may be present. The widespread lack of appreciation 
among pilots, traffic controllers, and aircraft operations personnel of 
the seriousness of the possible safety hazards has exacerbated the 
problem.'' 4

    \4\ Ibid's, p. 130.
    Currently, FAA written examination questions on windshear are 
primarily limited to weather theory questions focusing on the 
definition of windshear and the effect of windshears on aircraft during 
final approach. This proposal would broaden windshear training to 
include at least the following elements: Windshear weather, 
particularly microbursts, and clues that indicate its presence; effects 
of windshear on aircraft; windshear recognition from the cockpit and 
avoidance techniques; necessary precautions and standard operating 
techniques when windshear is suspected; and recovery techniques to be 
used in inadvertent windshear encounters.
    Several sources of information are available for this proposed 
ground training requirement, and if the proposal is adopted, the FAA 
plans to issue a new advisory circular addressing avoidance for general 
aviation. In Advisory Circular 00-54, the FAA stresses the need to 
learn to recognize signs of windshear and avoid encountering the 
condition. Other reference material, such as AC 61-23B, ``Pilot's 
Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge,'' and AC 00-6A, ``Aviation 
Weather,'' have basic discussions of windshear.
    Although part 61 currently does not specifically require windshear 
avoidance training for the ATP certificate, part 121 contains windshear 
requirements for air carrier flight crewmembers. Beginning January 1, 
1991, part 121 air carrier flight crewmembers were required to receive 
ground training in recognizing and avoiding severe weather and escaping 
severe weather, in case of inadvertent encounters, including low-
altitude windshear (Secs. 121.404 and 121.419). Flight training in 
windshear avoidance maneuvers and procedures also is required by 
Secs. 121.424 and 121.427. Pilots working in part 135 (air taxi and 
commercial operators) operations are required to receive sufficient 
ground training in meteorology to ensure a practical knowledge of 
weather phenomena, including the principals of frontal systems, icing, 
fog, thunderstorms, windshear, and, if appropriate, high altitude 
weather situations (Sec. 135.345). As previously mentioned, the 
prescribed knowledge in Sec. 61.153 regarding weather for ATP 
candidates does not specifically state windshear avoidance training. 
Therefore, the FAA, to avoid any misunderstanding, proposes to add a 
knowledge requirement on windshear avoidance to Sec. 61.153.

31. Aeronautical Experience Requirements

    The FAA proposes to revise the minimum flight training hours of 
aeronautical experience and minimum solo flight hours of aeronautical 
experience that are required for the recreational and private pilot 
certificates and ratings under parts 61 and 141. Additional 
flexibility, under certain conditions, is proposed for pilot schools 
operating under part 141.
    Under parts 61 and 141, the FAA proposes to revise the amounts of 
required dual and solo hours for the recreational and private pilot 
certificates and ratings. In part, this is based on information from 
the Sierra Academy of Aeronautics, a part 141 pilot school. In 
addition, the FAA believes that solo flight time is often not used 
constructively in training programs. Therefore, the FAA is proposing to 
permit the instructor and student to tailor the dual and solo training 
time requirements toward the individual student's needs. For example, a 
student who is seeking a private pilot certificate, and who has 
previous aviation experience and takes readily to the training may be 
able to complete training for a private pilot certificate with only the 
minimum 40 hours of flight time that includes at least 20 hours of 
flight training time from an authorized flight instructor and 20 hours 
of supervised PIC flight time. However, a student pilot who does not 
have previous aviation experience or who trains infrequently may need 
more time than the minimum 40 hours of flight time, 20 hours of flight 
training time from an authorized flight instructor, and 5 hours of 
supervised PIC flight time. The student pilot and flight instructor may 
need to tailor the training to require 35 hours of flight training time 
from an authorized flight instructor and 5 hours of supervised PIC 
flight time.
    Under proposed Sec. 61.113, ``Airship rating: Aeronautical 
experience,'' the requirement for 5 hours of PIC flight training while 
under the supervision of an authorized flight instructor is not 
intended to mean the instructor must be present in the aircraft. For 
example, if the airship required a SIC, the SIC could be a qualified 
pilot who was not necessarily an instructor, as long as the flight 
instructor provided flight supervision.
    Finally, the proposed aeronautical experience requirements would 
place greater emphasis on experience in category and class of aircraft.

32. Instrument Rating

    The FAA proposes several significant changes in the requirements to 
obtain an instrument rating. The FAA proposes to eliminate the 
requirement for a minimum of 125 hours of total flight time experience 
before a person may apply for an instrument rating. The FAA believes 
that this requirement should be eliminated to encourage more pilots to 
seek an instrument rating. This parallels current ICAO standards, which 
do not prescribe minimum pilot flight experience as a prerequisite for 
an instrument rating. The FAA believes that safety benefits were 
realized when the requirement was reduced to 125 hours and that 
allowing pilots to become eligible for the instrument rating as soon as 
possible will produce further benefits. The proposal would also delete 
the requirement for the minimum of 50 hours of cross-country flight 
time to more closely align the instrument rating eligibility 
requirements with ICAO standards.
    In 1985, the FAA issued Amendment No. 61-75 (50 FR 19290: May 7, 
1985) which reduced the total flight experience requirements for the 
issuance of an instrument rating. At that time, the FAA stated that the 
amendment was in response to recognized current training technology and 
that the FAA supported the concept of training to prescribed standards 
for an instrument rating. The FAA stated in the amendment that it 
recognized many pilots delay starting instrument training until they 
have accumulated 150 to 160 hours of flight time. The FAA estimated 
that it would take a pilot 3 to 4 years to accumulate 150 to 160 hours 
of flight time. During the development of Amendment No. 61-75, the FAA 

[[Page 41179]]
conducted a training experiment to examine the relationship of pilot 
experience, as defined by total flight time, to the acquisition of 
instrument skills. The results of that experiment concluded that the: 
(1) Amount of prior flight time had no effect on the acquisitions and 
demonstration of instrument flight skills within the pre-instrument 
flight experience ranges examined in connection with the experiment; 
and (2) reduction of the former required total flight experience, prior 
to the issuance of Amendment No. 61-75, for an instrument rating to a 
lower total flight experience encouraged pilots to obtain their 
instrument ratings. In light of the ever increasing complex NAS that 
pilots are required to operate in, it should encourage pilots to start 
their instrument training as soon as possible.
    In Amendment No. 61-75, the FAA cited a 1981 study conducted by 
Walton Graham, ``A Study of General Aviation Safety,'' part II, Volume 
1, prepared for Trans Urban East Organization, New York, by Questek, 
Inc., November 1981. In that study, the FAA noted the following 
accident rates:

Fatal/Serious Accident Rates, IFR Rated Pilots Compared to Non-IFR Rated
                                 Pilots                                 
Flight Under IFR Conditions By:                                         
    Non-IFR Rated Plt..............  1 Acc./1,449 hours                 
    IFR Rated Plt..................  1 Acc./12,186 hours                
Flight Under VFR Conditions By:                                         
    Non-IFR Rated Plt..............  1 Acc./61,900 hours                
    IFR Rated Plt..................  1 Acc./94,819 hours                
                                                                        

    The FAA stated the statistics in that study supported the need for 
Amendment No. 61-75. As in the case of Amendment No. 61-75, the FAA 
believes this proposal will encourage non instrument-rated pilots to 
seek instrument training at an earlier stage in their aviation 
training, and will result in:
    (1) A higher level of safety and competency in coping with 
sophisticated aircraft equipment, navigation aids, and communication 
systems;
    (2) The restructuring of flying courses under parts 61 and 141 to 
provide supervised instrument flight rule experience during the 
training curriculum; and
    (3) The encouragement of continued training to meet both the 
currency and higher certification levels.
    The proposal would continue to require at least 40 hours of 
simulated or actual instrument flight training, which may include 20 
hours in an approved flight simulator or flight training device and 15 
hours of instrument flight training in the aircraft for an instrument 
rating.
    Proposed Sec. 61.65 also would state that a person who completes an 
instrument rating practical test for a multiengine airplane, while 
holding a single-engine airplane class rating would be considered to 
have met the single-engine airplane instrument rating requirements. The 
currently required flight instruction and skill would be addressed 
under proposed areas of operation. A significant proposed change for 
airplanes is that proposed Sec. 61.65 would add a requirement that the 
250-nautical mile (nm) IFR cross-country flight contain one route 
greater than 100 nm between airports, and that this cross-country 
flight include an instrument approach at each airport. However, the 
proposal would delete the language in the current rule that requires 
the cross-country flight to be in ``simulated or actual IFR 
conditions.'' The FAA intends that the flight be conducted under 
instrument flight rules but not necessarily under actual or simulated 
instrument conditions. An instrument approach would be required at each 
airport, and approaches using VOR, NDB, and ILS radio navigation aids 
would be required during the flight.
    Similarly, for the instrument rating-helicopter, the cross-country 
requirement would be 100 nm under IFR but not necessarily simulated or 
actual instrument conditions. The proposal would add the requirement 
that one of the routes be greater than 50 nm between airports, and that 
an instrument approach be conducted at each airport on the route.
    The requirements of the proposed areas of operation would be very 
similar to the current requirements, although in certain cases they 
would be more general. For example, the requirement that the applicant 
be endorsed as having been trained and found competent in instrument 
approaches to published minimums using VOR, ADF, and ILS systems would 
be replaced with a requirement that the applicant receive and log 
training in instrument approach procedures. This would permit the PTS 
to specify, as required, other types of approach procedures appropriate 
to the IFR environment.
    The instrument rating areas of operation are listed separately by 
aircraft. Although this causes some redundancy, it is similar to the 
organization of the current regulation, and is intended to assist users 
by eliminating or minimizing cross-referencing. The proposed rule 
contains areas of operation for airplane category (the practical test 
would vary between single-engine and multiengine), helicopter class, 
airship class, and powered-lift category.
    Applicants for the instrument rating would be required to present 
endorsements for the knowledge and practical tests as well as pass the 
required knowledge test. The required areas of aeronautical knowledge 
would remain similar to the currently required areas of ground 
instruction, including applicable FAR, the ``Airman's Information 
Manual,'' the air traffic control system, IFR navigation and 
approaches, IFR en route and approach procedure charts, aeronautical 
decision making and judgment, weather, and windshear avoidance.

33. Recreational Pilot Certificate

    The FAA proposes to revise the eligibility requirements for the 
recreational pilot certificate as follows: (1) must be able to read, 
speak, write, and understand the English language, with no provisions 
or limitations to the contrary; and (2) would not be required to hold a 
medical certificate. In addition, an applicant would have to affix a 
signed and dated statement to the application certifying they do not 
have any known medical limitations that prevent the person from 
operating the aircraft for the aircraft category and class rating 
sought.
    The FAA is proposing to allow holders of recreational pilot 
certificates and holders of a higher pilot certificate who elect to 
only exercise the privileges of a recreational pilot certificate to 
operate without holding medical certificates. This action is responsive 
to the EAA petition and the interests of the general aviation 
community, as discussed earlier. The FAA is requesting comments on this 
proposal and the accompanying proposed changes to Sec. 61.53. For more 
details see the section-by-section analysis for Sec. 61.53.
    The FAA proposes to revise the aeronautical experience requirements 
for a recreational pilot certificate by requiring an applicant to 
accomplish and log at least 30 hours of flight time that includes at 
least 15 hours of flight training time from an authorized flight 
instructor and 3 hours of supervised PIC flight time. The purpose for 
this proposal is to respond to comments heard during the public 
hearings to allow the student and the flight instructor to tailor the 
required training to individual student needs.
    For example, a student who has previous aviation experience and 
takes readily to the training may be able to complete training for a 
recreational pilot certificate with only the minimum 30 

[[Page 41180]]
hours of flight time that includes at least 15 hours of flight training 
time from an authorized flight instructor and 15 hours of supervised 
PIC flight time. However, a student pilot who does not have previous 
aviation experience or who trains infrequently may need more time than 
the minimum 30 hours of flight time, 15 hours of flight training time 
from an authorized flight instructor, and 3 hours of supervised PIC 
flight time. The student pilot and flight instructor may need to tailor 
the training to require 27 hours of flight training time from an 
authorized flight instructor and 3 hours of supervised PIC flight time.
    The FAA proposes to revise the privileges and limitation 
requirement for a recreational pilot certificate by allowing a 
recreational pilot to act as PIC of an aircraft on a flight that 
exceeds 50 nautical miles from the departure airport, without receiving 
training for a private pilot certificate. However, the pilot would be 
required to receive the proposed training and an endorsement to conduct 
a flight that exceeds 50 nautical miles.
    These proposed revisions will improve interest in the recreational 
pilot certificate and will encourage more people to seek pilot 
certification.

34. Preflight Planning

    The FAA proposes to revise the aeronautical knowledge areas for a 
recreational or private pilot certificate to reflect the requirements 
for preflight action found in Sec. 91.103.
    The current aeronautical knowledge requirements for the private 
pilot certificate applicant with an airplane or rotorcraft category 
rating include VFR navigation, using pilotage, dead reckoning, and 
radio aids. These requirements have been interpreted to include the 
preflight action items in Sec. 91.103. The proposal to add the items 
found in Sec. 91.103 to the proposed aeronautical knowledge areas would 
avoid any misinterpretation of the applicant's aeronautical knowledge 
requirements.

35. Limitations on Cross-Country Endorsements

    The FAA proposes to revise Sec. 61.93 to clarify the cross-country 
flight requirements for students and recreational pilots seeking a 
private pilot certificate. Under the proposal, the limitations placed 
in the student's logbook for a supervised PIC cross-country flight 
would have to be met at the time of the student's departure.
    The existing rule, which requires that each supervised PIC cross-
country flight be subject to conditions listed in the student's logbook 
is ambiguous. Incidents have occurred where a student has departed on a 
cross-country flight without adhering to limitations in the student's 
logbook. Also, the dispatching flight instructor may not be the 
student's principal instructor and may not be familiar with the 
student's personal limitations. The proposal would permit the principal 
instructor to list limitations considered necessary for the safety of 
flight (e.g., weather minimums, maximum crosswind components, time 
frames for departure and completion) that would have to be met before a 
student could depart on a cross-country flight.
    This proposal also would require a revision of the language in 
Sec. 61.195 on flight instructor authorizations to be compatible with 
language proposed in Sec. 61.93.

36. Night Flight Training

    The FAA proposes to clarify and modify night flight training 
requirements for private pilot and commercial pilot applicants. The FAA 
proposes to require night operations as an area of operation for 
airplanes, powered-lift, and rotorcraft ratings.
    An exception would be permitted for pilots whose training and 
certification occurs in geographic latitudes where there is no 
nighttime for extended periods. In the United States, this only applies 
to persons who receive their training in Alaska. The proposed rule 
would permit a 1-year exception for these pilots. Within 1 year after 
receiving their certificate with a night flying limitation, pilots 
would be required to obtain the minimum 3 hours of night flight 
training and have the restriction removed.
    Another exception would be proposed for persons with medical 
restrictions against night flight, because of vision problems. Persons 
in this group would be permitted to carry the night flight limitation 
on their certificates indefinitely.
    This proposal would require more pilots to gain exposure to night 
flight. Experience shows that, even if pilots have no intention of 
flying at night, situations arise in which they might encounter delays 
and be tempted to complete a trip after dark. It is critical for pilots 
to understand how different night operations are from daytime 
operations and to understand their personal limitations.
    However, a person who has been issued a pilot certificate without 
meeting the night flying requirements of this proposal, prior to 
effective date of this rule, would be allowed to continue to hold that 
pilot certificate with the night flying limitation. If the person seeks 
an additional rating or higher pilot certificate level, the person 
would be required to comply with the night flying requirements that are 
appropriate to the pilot certificate level.

37. Private Pilot Limitations

    The FAA proposes several significant changes to the current 
Sec. 61.118 [proposed Sec. 61.113], ``Private pilot privileges and 
limitations: Pilot in command.''
    Under the current regulation, a private pilot may serve the public 
in humanitarian-type missions, if the pilot is not compensated. The FAA 
has granted exemptions to public service organizations to permit 
reasonable reimbursement to volunteer private pilots for expenses 
incurred for serving the public in such flights. The FAA proposes to 
permit private pilots to be reimbursed for aircraft operating expenses 
(i.e., fuel, oil, and airport expenditures) incurred while serving the 
public in certain public humanitarian missions (i.e., Civil Air Patrol, 
Sheriff Department, etc.).
    Under the proposal, search and location activity would be permitted 
when the activity is under the direction and control of local, state, 
and federal law enforcement agencies. The FAA believes that skilled 
private pilots are a valuable resource to enforcement agencies 
conducting search and location missions and that this resource should 
be available under controlled conditions. The proposal is intended to 
permit private pilots to conduct searches in conjunction with search 
and location operations. The FAA considers a search and location 
operation as a flight or series of flights authorized by and under the 
direction and control of local, state, or federal law enforcement 
agencies for the purpose of searching for lost or injured persons and 
communicating the location of these persons to the appropriate 
authorities. The proposal is intended to include a pilot and the 
minimum essential number of persons required to perform observation, 
map reading, and communication duties. For example, under the proposal, 
a private pilot could act as PIC of an aircraft carrying fire fighters 
searching for a fire. This proposed paragraph would not permit a 
private pilot to transport fire fighters from one location to another. 
In addition, the proposal is not intended to involve private pilots in 
the transportation of emergency response personnel and victims.
    The FAA also proposes to clarify how a private pilot may share 
expenses with passengers. Under the current rules, a 

[[Page 41181]]
private pilot may only share the operating expenses of a flight with 
passengers. The FAA proposes to specify that these operating expenses 
be restricted to fuel, oil, and airport parking expenditures only, and 
that these expenses be shared equally between the pilot and the 
passengers.
    The FAA also proposes to clarify the provisions permitting private 
pilots to conduct flight operations for charitable events. Under the 
proposal, the regulation would specify that, if a private pilot 
functioned as a PIC of an aircraft for a passenger-carrying airlift 
sponsored by a charitable organization, the sponsor of the airlift 
would have to provide a signed letter with information on the event, 
and a photocopy of the pilot's pilot certificate, medical certificate, 
and logbook entries showing compliance with recency of experience 
requirements and the 200-hour minimum total experience requirement.
    Other aspects of the provisions for private pilots' operations in 
charitable events would remain largely the same. Aircraft maintenance 
would be required to be in accordance with subpart E of part 91, 
although the specific reference in current rule to a required 100-hour 
inspection and compliance with Sec. 91.409 would be deleted. 
Nevertheless, those requirements are applicable and would continue 
under the proposal. In addition, reference to specific U.S. Department 
of Treasury documents would be replaced with a more general requirement 
that the charitable organization be identified as such by the 
Department of the Treasury.
    Under this proposal, specific reference to private pilots engaged 
in aircraft sales would be deleted. The existing rule states that a 
private pilot, who is an aircraft salesman and who has logged at least 
200 hours of flight time, is permitted to demonstrate an aircraft in 
flight to a prospective buyer. This proposed revision does not 
eliminate this private pilot privilege, however, because it is covered 
in the proposed Sec. 61.113(b).
    Finally, a new provision would be added to clarify that a private 
pilot who meets the requirements of Sec. 61.69 may act as PIC of an 
aircraft towing a glider and log that flight time. This is consistent 
with current and proposed Sec. 61.69.

38. Glider Towing

    Section 61.69, ``Glider towing: Experience and instruction 
requirements,'' currently provides two means for a person to qualify as 
a PIC of an aircraft towing a glider. The proposed rule would retain 
the first alternative in Sec. 61.69, which requires the person to have 
made and logged at least three flights as sole manipulator of the 
controls of an aircraft towing a glider while accompanied by a 
qualified pilot. Under this proposal, the second alternative in 
Sec. 61.69, would be removed. This alternative allows for the person to 
have made at least three flights as sole manipulator of the controls of 
an aircraft simulating glider towing flight procedures and at least 
three flights as pilot or observer in a glider being towed by an 
aircraft. The FAA believes that safety will be better served if a 
person's first experience actually towing a glider occurs while that 
person is accompanied by a qualified pilot, rather than flying solo, as 
may be the case currently.

39. Eligibility for Commercial Pilot Certificate

    The FAA proposes changes to current Sec. 61.123, ``Eligibility 
requirements: General'' and Sec. 61.129, ``Airplane rating: 
Aeronautical experience.'' Section 61.123 currently requires applicants 
for the commercial pilot certificate with an airplane category rating 
either to have a private pilot certificate or to have passed the 
private pilot written and practical tests. Under this proposal, 
Sec. 61.123 would list the private pilot certificate as a prerequisite 
for commercial pilot certificate applicants for all aircraft 
categories. This would, in effect, require applicants to take the 
private and commercial practical tests separately, so that applicants 
actually have a private pilot certificate when they apply for the 
commercial pilot certificate.
    The proposed change is not intended to require that the private 
pilot certificate necessarily be in the same category and class of 
aircraft for which the applicant seeks a commercial pilot certificate.
    The other proposed changes to eligibility requirements for 
commercial pilot certificate applicants would affect English language 
ability; applicants would be required to read, speak, write, and 
understand the English language, and no exceptions would be made. In 
addition, a third-class medical certificate, rather than a second-class 
medical certificate, would be required. Proposed Sec. 61.23 would 
require, as is currently the case, that a person hold at least a 
second-class medical certificate to exercise the privileges of a 
commercial pilot certificate.
    Current holders who cannot read, speak, write, and understand the 
English language, but have been issued pilot certificates with 
limitations that restrict operations in airspace requiring the use of 
the English language, would be allowed to continue to hold their 
certificates. However, if a person seeks an additional rating or higher 
level pilot certificate, then the certificate will not be issued unless 
the person is able to read, speak, write, and understand the English 
language.

40. Use of Turbojet Airplanes for Commercial Pilot Certification

    The FAA proposes to revise Sec. 61.129, the aeronautical experience 
requirements for a commercial pilot certificate with an airplane 
category rating, to permit the use of turbine powered airplanes. The 
existing rule requires a minimum of 10 hours of flight training and 
practice given by an authorized instructor in operations in airplanes 
with retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch 
propeller. However, some commercial pilot applicants may wish to 
complete their training in turbine-powered airplanes, and some military 
pilots may not have demonstrated procedures pertaining to the use of a 
controllable pitch propeller. Because a turbine-powered airplane does 
not necessarily have a propeller, training and demonstration of flight 
proficiency in such an airplane does not satisfy existing requirements. 
However, a turbine-powered airplane clearly meets the regulatory intent 
of requiring an applicant to demonstrate proficiency in a relatively 
complex airplane.
    As proposed, an applicant could perform the 10 hours of flight 
training and practice given by an authorized instructor in either a 
turbine powered airplane or an airplane with retractable landing gear, 
flaps, and a controllable pitch propeller. The 10 hours of flight 
training and practice could also be met with a combination of hours in 
the two airplanes.
    Existing Sec. 61.127, which requires demonstration of flight 
proficiency in an airplane equipped with a retractable landing gear, 
flaps, and controllable propeller(s), would be revised to include 
turbine-powered airplanes.

41. Commercial Pilot Experience--Cross Country Training Flight

    The FAA proposes to establish two new cross-country flight training 
requirements for commercial pilot certificate applicants for airplane, 
helicopter, gyroplane, airship, and powered-lift ratings: a daytime VFR 
cross-country flight and a nighttime VFR cross-country flight. Both 
flights would have to be in the same category and class of aircraft for 
which the commercial pilot certificate was sought.
    The FAA proposes these additional cross-country requirements 
because current training requirements appear 

[[Page 41182]]
inadequate and are outdated. The intent of the proposals is to increase 
applicants' exposure to the demands and pressures of cross-country 
navigation under both day and night conditions, in increasingly complex 
airspace conditions, and at commercial pilot level standards. The FAA 
believes that this additional experience under flight instructor 
supervision will help produce better trained commercial pilot 
applicants.

42. ATP Requirements

    The FAA proposes several changes in the eligibility requirements 
for the ATP certificate. The English language capability requirement 
would be simplified and standardized with other certificate levels. The 
reference in current Sec. 61.151 to accent or speech impediment that 
would interfere with two-way radio conversation would be deleted. At 
least a third-class medical certificate, rather than a first-class 
medical certificate, would be required for the certificate (although a 
first-class medical certificate still would be required to exercise the 
privileges of the certificate). In addition, the current requirement in 
Sec. 61.151 for a high school education or equivalent would be deleted. 
The FAA believes that because of the higher levels of education 
typically attained by ATP certificate applicants, this is now an 
obsolete requirement.
    The provision in current Sec. 61.157 permitting ATP certificate 
applicants to obtain an instrument rating in conjunction with the ATP 
certificate is obsolete. Therefore, the FAA proposes to require in 
Sec. 61.151 that an applicant for an ATP certificate either must hold a 
commercial pilot certificate and instrument rating that applies to the 
category and class of aircraft for which the ATP certificate is sought 
or, if a U.S. military pilot, meet the requirements of Sec. 61.73 for a 
commercial pilot certificate and instrument rating. An applicant who 
holds a foreign pilot license would be required, under the proposal, to 
hold either a foreign ATP certificate or commercial pilot license and 
instrument rating with the appropriate aircraft category and class 
rating. Currently, it is rare for an ATP applicant to lack an 
instrument rating, and in the current NAS an instrument rating is, for 
practical purposes, a prerequisite for the ATP certificate.
    Under the proposal, applicants under 23 years of age could continue 
to take the knowledge test for the ATP certificate. The proposal would 
eliminate the current provision in Sec. 61.153 that requires applicants 
to meet the eligibility requirements (other than the age minimum) 
before taking the written, or knowledge, test. Thus, in this NPRM, it 
would not be necessary to meet any of the eligibility requirements to 
take the knowledge test, but the eligibility requirements would apply 
to a person seeking to take the practical test. However, an applicant 
would have to be at least 23 years old to take the practical test; the 
FAA proposes to delete the exception to this requirement currently 
found in Sec. 61.39. This revision proposes that an applicant meet the 
23 year old age requirement to be eligible to take the practical test 
for an ATP certificate.
    The FAA also proposes to clarify, reorganize, and update the 
aeronautical knowledge areas covered under Sec. 61.153. Whereas 
airplane and rotorcraft aeronautical knowledge currently is covered 
under separate sections that are cross-referenced, the proposal would 
list a single set of required aeronautical knowledge areas. The current 
reference to ``air navigation facilities on Federal airways such as 
rotating beacons, course lights, and radio ranges'' would be deleted. 
Other items, such as flight crew physiological factors and aeronautical 
decision making, judgment, and windshear avoidance would be added.
    Aeronautical skill areas currently addressed in Secs. 61.157 
(airplane rating) and 61.163 (rotorcraft) would be addressed in 
proposed Sec. 61.155, ``Flight proficiency.'' This proposed section 
contains a single set of areas of operation for the single-engine 
airplane, multiengine airplane, helicopter, and powered-lift ATP 
ratings.
    The practical test for the ATP certificate-airplane, rotorcraft, or 
powered-lift--would be based on the approved areas of operation listed 
in proposed Sec. 61.155.
    To apply for a practical test for an ATP certificate, a person must 
meet the eligibility requirements for the certificate, as well as meet 
the aeronautical knowledge and experience requirements.
    An applicant who is seeking a type rating on an ATP certificate or 
adding a type rating to a ATP certificate would be required to receive 
and log ground and flight training on the approved areas of operation 
and receive a logbook endorsement that the training was completed, 
except in the case of an employee of a part 121 or 135 certificate 
holder. In that case, the employee would be permitted to present a 
training record that shows satisfactory completion of the certificate 
holder's approved PIC training program for the aircraft type rating 
sought.
    The areas of operation contained in the rules are written in 
general terms to align it with the standards for practical tests. The 
FAA believes this will permit flexibility in the test and reflect 
current needs of the NAS environment in which the holder of the ATP 
certificate would operate. Applicants would prepare for the test, in 
part, by referring to the appropriate practical test standards. As an 
example, the areas of operation include preflight preparation and 
procedures; inflight procedures; instrument procedures; takeoff and 
departure; landings; normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures; and 
postflight procedures.
    Under the proposal, aeronautical experience requirements would be 
reorganized for clarity and easier reference. The proposal would not 
change the specific hour requirements.
    Powered-lift requirements would be patterned on the airplane 
requirements. However, for powered-lift, no provision is contained in 
the proposed rule for flight engineer time to be credited toward the 
required 1,500 hours of total time as a pilot. The reasons that 
provisions for flight engineer time is not being allowed for the 
powered-lift rating is because to date, the existing powered-lifts 
under development are not designed with a flight engineer station.
    In proposed Sec. 61.157, ``Aeronautical experience: Airplane 
category rating,'' SIC time acquired in an airplane with a flight 
manual or type certificate that requires more than one pilot would 
still count toward meeting the pilot time experience requirements. All 
SIC time in an airplane for a part 121 or 135 certificate holder for 
which a SIC was required also would be counted.
    The FAA proposes to delete the provision that requires a pilot who 
seeks an airline transport pilot certificate in a small helicopter to 
obtain a helicopter type rating. The FAA believes that small 
helicopters should not be treated differently than the other small 
aircraft. Historically, the FAA policy on requiring a pilot who seeks 
an airline transport pilot certificate in a small helicopter to obtain 
a helicopter type rating was based on the operating requirements of 
part 127, ``Certification of Operations of Scheduled Air Carriers with 
Helicopters.'' Specifically, Sec. 127.173(a) is the rule the FAA based 
its determination on requiring a pilot who seeks an airline transport 
pilot certificate in a small helicopter to obtain a helicopter type 
rating. Upon a closer reading of existing Sec. 61.5(b)(5)(iii), 
however, it is stated that ratings are issued under this part for, 
``Small helicopters for operations requiring an airline transport pilot 
certificate.'' 

[[Page 41183]]
Currently, part 127 is not active, and there are not any part 127 
scheduled air carriers with helicopters. The FAA has determined that it 
is not necessary for a person who seeks an airline transport pilot 
certificate in a small helicopter to obtain a helicopter type rating. 
The continuation of this past policy places an additional restriction 
on small helicopters that is not required of other small aircraft and 
can no longer be justified. Therefore, the FAA proposes to treat the 
type rating requirements for helicopters as it currently does for the 
other aircraft, which only requires a type rating if the aircraft is a 
large aircraft (other than lighter-than-air), turbojet-powered 
airplanes, or other aircraft type ratings specified by the 
Administrator through the aircraft type certification procedures.

43. Pilot in Command Hour Requirement for Initial Flight Instructor 
Applicants

    The FAA proposes to require an applicant for a flight instructor 
certificate to have logged at least 15 hours as PIC in the category and 
class of aircraft for which the rating is sought. This is also required 
in existing Sec. 61.191 for a flight instructor to apply for an 
additional flight instructor rating. However, such a requirement does 
not exist for the application of an original flight instructor 
certificate. The FAA believes that an applicant for any flight 
instructor rating should have logged at least 15 hours as PIC in the 
category and class of aircraft for the rating sought. This proposal 
will not impose any additional economic burden on flight instructor 
candidates, who normally obtain their original flight instructor 
certificate in an aircraft in which they have received most of their 
training. The proposal is intended to eliminate an area of 
inconsistency in the regulation.

44. Experience Required for Training Flight Instructor Candidates

    In addition to adding the generalized areas of operation to the 
flight instructor requirements of Sec. 61.187, the FAA proposes two 
amendments to the current Sec. 61.187. The first is a clarification of 
the requirement that persons giving flight training to flight 
instructor candidates have 24 months experience. Second, an exception 
would be specified for that 24-month requirement.
    Section 61.187 currently requires that persons who give flight 
training to flight instructor candidates have a minimum base of 
experience. They must have given at least 200 hours of flight training, 
and they must have held a flight instructor certificate during the 24 
months immediately preceding the date the training is given to a flight 
instructor candidate. This current rule may be read to mean that a 
person who had been active as a flight instructor for 2 years or more, 
but then became inactive as a flight instructor, might be excluded from 
giving flight training to flight instructor candidates upon resuming 
flight training activity.
    The FAA does not interpret Sec. 61.187 in this manner, particularly 
when it is read in conjunction with Sec. 61.19. To clarify this issue, 
the proposed change would eliminate the words ``immediately 
preceding.'' This proposal would clarify that the 24 months of 
experience are cumulative time and need not be accumulated 
consecutively and immediately preceding the giving of training to 
flight instructor candidates. However, an instructor who otherwise 
meets the 24-month and 200-hour experience criteria would need to have 
their flight instructor certificate reinstated before giving such 
flight training.
    A further proposed change to this rule would apply to flight 
instructors serving in an FAA-approved course. This provision would 
allow such flight instructors either to meet the 24-month and 200-hour 
experience requirement, or to meet other prerequisites. The alternative 
qualifications would be to have trained and endorsed at least 5 persons 
for a pilot certificate or rating practical test; have a record 
reflecting that at least 80 percent of the persons whom the flight 
instructor has endorsed for a practical test passed that test on their 
first attempt; and have given a minimum amount of flight training. In 
the case of airplanes, the minimum amount of flight training given 
would be 400 hours; in the case of gliders, the minimum amount of 
flight training given would be 100 hours; and in the case of lighter-
than-air, the minimum amount of flight training given would be 40 
hours.
    The intent of this option is to permit a person who has held a 
flight instructor certificate for less than 24 months to give training 
to flight instructor candidates. For example, the FAA believes that 
some full-time instructors may meet the 400-hour requirement before 
accumulating 24 months of training experience. Within the structure of 
an approved training program, the FAA believes that such instructors 
should be permitted to train flight instructor candidates. The FAA has 
determined that the second option would provide at least an equivalent 
level of safety to the current minimum of 24 months and 200 hours of 
experience.

45. Flight Instructor Renewal Requirements

    The FAA proposes to modify procedures for renewal of the flight 
instructor certificate. Under the proposal, Sec. 61.197 would be 
revised to clarify current requirements.
    The current regulation requires flight instructors to pass the 
practical test for a flight instructor certificate and the rating 
involved, or portions of that test as determined by the FAA, or to 
renew their certificates through several other methods. Similarly, the 
proposal would state that a person who holds an unexpired flight 
instructor certificate would be permitted to renew that certificate for 
an additional 24 calendar months by passing a practical test for 
renewal of that certificate. The proposal would add that passing a 
practical test for an additional flight instructor rating also would be 
acceptable for renewal of the expiring flight instructor certificate.
    Current Sec. 61.197 also states that flight instructors may renew 
their certificates without taking the practical test if their record of 
instruction shows they are competent flight instructors. The proposal 
would specify what the FAA considers an acceptable record of training, 
for the 24-calendar month duration period of the instructor's 
certificate, the instructor would have to have endorsed at least 5 
students for a practical test for a certificate or rating and at least 
80 percent of the students would have to have passed their tests on the 
first attempt.
    The proposal would modify one other possible method of renewing a 
flight instructor certificate. Under the current rule, a person may 
renew a flight instructor certificate, without taking the practical 
test, if the person has a satisfactory record as a company check pilot, 
chief flight instructor, PIC of an aircraft operated under part 121, or 
other activity involving the regular evaluation of pilots. This would 
be somewhat modified, a proposal that would include any person who has 
served, during the preceding 24-calendar month duration period of the 
person's flight instructor certificate, as a company check pilot, chief 
flight instructor, company check airman or flight instructor in a part 
121 or 135 operation, or a comparable position involving the regular 
evaluation of pilots. Similar to the current rule, the proposal would 
stipulate that the person demonstrate to a FSDO of having satisfactory 
knowledge of current pilot training, certification, and standards. 

[[Page 41184]]


46. Flight Instructor Duty Time Limitations

    One issue discussed under this regulatory review was whether to 
limit instructor flight and duty time by limiting the hours of training 
given in simulators and ground trainers, as well as training given in 
flight. The FAA has decided to propose one change in the current flight 
time limitation for flight instructors, but does not propose to limit 
duty time involving training given in flight simulators and flight 
training devices.
    Section 61.195 currently states that a flight instructor may not 
conduct more than 8 hours of flight instruction in any 24-consecutive 
hour period. The FAA proposes to revise this section by proposing that 
a flight instructor may not conduct more than 8 hour of flight 
instruction, other commercial flying, or any combination of both in any 
24-consecutive hour period.

47. Flight Training From a Control Seat

    Section 91.109 lists the requirements an aircraft must meet to be 
used in flight training. However, no regulation requires a flight 
instructor to be in a control seat of the aircraft while giving flight 
training. The FAA proposes to revise Secs. 61.51 and 61.195 to require 
that all flight training be given from a control seat in the aircraft.
    Section 91.109 requires, with the exception of a balloon, that the 
aircraft have fully functioning dual controls. The regulation provides 
that instrument flight training be given in a single-engine airplane 
equipped with a single, functioning, throwover control wheel in place 
of fixed, dual controls of the elevator and ailerons. Section 91.109 
also requires a safety pilot to be in a control seat during simulated 
instrument flight conditions.
    In Sec. 61.51, the FAA proposes to require a flight instructor to 
occupy a pilot station in the aircraft that has functioning flight 
controls to log PIC flight time. The FAA also proposes to amend 
Sec. 61.195 to require that all flight training be given from a control 
seat of an aircraft that meets the requirements of Sec. 91.109.

C. Part 141 Issues

1. Approval of Training Courses That Permit Pilot Schools To Train to a 
Standard

    The FAA proposes to permit pilot schools certificated under part 
141 to train students to a performance standard without necessarily 
meeting the minimum hours of training prescribed in the appendices. 
However, these proposed courses would not be permitted for pilot 
schools with provisional pilot school certificates or for courses in 
which pilot schools have examining authority.
    Pilot schools would be required to specify planned ground and 
flight training time requirements for these courses. These time 
requirements would include cross-country flight time, night flight 
time, and any additional ground and flight training. Students would 
have to meet these planned time requirements to complete the course.
    To apply for initial approval of a course that trains students to a 
standard, the school would be required to meet the following 
requirements, which appear in proposed Sec. 141.55: (1) Hold a pilot 
school certificate and have held that certificate for at least the 
prior 24 calendar months; and (2) have an FAA inspector or a designated 
examiner who is not an employee of the school give the practical or 
knowledge test. The initial approval would be for 24 calendar months.
    Under proposed Sec. 141.55, a course that received initial approval 
could receive final approval by complying with the following: The 
school would be required to demonstrate that, during the time the 
course was conducted under initial approval, the school trained at 
least 10 students for a pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor 
certificate or rating and at least 80 percent of those students passed 
the practical test on the first attempt. The practical test must have 
been conducted by an FAA inspector, or by a designated examiner who is 
not an employee of the school.
    The FAA's experience indicates that most applicants require more 
than the minimum number of hours required under part 61 or part 141 to 
attain normal performance standards as reflected in the practical test 
standard (PTS) and as practiced throughout the flight training 
industry. Nevertheless, a number of pilot schools have students who are 
ready to accomplish the practical tests prior to reaching the minimum 
number of flight hours specified in the FAR. The FAA's experience with 
pilot schools that have similar courses approved under exemption 
indicates that such flexibility presents no detriment to safety, under 
the closely supervised training environment of these schools.
    The proposal to permit pilot schools to train students to a 
standard follows a precedent established with the Advanced 
Qualification Program (AQP) in Special Federal Aviation Regulation 
(SFAR) No. 58, which applies to personnel trained under parts 121 and 
135. The AQP was created partially in response to recommendations the 
Administrator received on June 8, 1988, from the Joint Government-
Industry Task Force on flight crew performance. One of the 
recommendations was to provide for the approval of training programs 
based on course content and training rather than using specific program 
hours.
    This proposal also addresses a petition for rulemaking submitted 
April 20, 1990, by the Sierra Academy of Aeronautics, which was 
summarized in the Federal Register on June 12, 1990 (55 FR 23749; 
Docket No. 26221). No comments on the petition were received. The 
petitioner requested to adjust the ratio of dual flight training to 
solo training in its training course for a commercial pilot certificate 
in helicopters. The Sierra Academy stated that it prefers to conduct 
all flight training in helicopters, even though appendix F permits 100 
hours of the total 150 hours of flight training in aircraft other than 
helicopters or gyroplanes. The Sierra Academy requested the decrease of 
the solo flight training requirement from 100 hours to 70 hours and the 
increase of the dual flight training from 50 hours to 80 hours. The 
Sierra Academy stated that the increase in the number of dual flight 
training hours is necessary because many of the maneuvers and 
procedures required under the PTS necessitate that an instructor be on 
board the aircraft for safety reasons. The petition stated that the 
change would make FAA-approved commercial pilot training conducted 
exclusively in helicopters economically viable, as well as safer. Under 
the proposed revision to Sec. 141.55, the Sierra Academy would be able 
to apply for approval of courses to train students as described in its 
petition.

2. Check Instructors

    Currently, pilot or provisional pilot schools are required to 
designate a chief instructor for each approved training course. In 
addition, pilot schools may designate an assistant chief instructor for 
an approved training course. The FAA proposes to establish a check 
instructor position that a pilot school could designate an instructor 
to perform instructor proficiency checks, stage checks, and end-of-
course tests--the check instructor position.
    The FAA has determined that the proposed check instructor position 
would be necessary at larger schools. Often the chief instructors at 
these schools need to designate more responsibility to other 
instructors. Under this proposal, a school would be required to have an 
enrollment of at 

[[Page 41185]]
least 50 students at the time the check instructor is designated.
    The check instructor would be required to meet certain minimum 
criteria and be approved by the FAA FSDO that has jurisdiction over the 
school. For checks and tests that relate to either flight or ground 
training courses, a check instructor would be required to have passed 
an oral test given by the chief instructor on: (1) Teaching methods; 
(2) the applicable provisions of the ``Airman's Information Manual,'' 
parts 61, 91, and 141; and (3) the objectives and course completion 
standards of the approved training course for the designation sought.
    A person who desires to become a check instructor for tests and 
checks that relate to a flight training course would be required to: 
(1) Hold a commercial pilot certificate or an ATP certificate; (2) hold 
a current flight instructor certificate with category and class ratings 
appropriate to the designation sought; (3) hold the appropriate 
instrument rating for the training course, if required; (4) hold at 
least a current second-class medical certificate, if the course is for 
a rating in an aircraft other than a glider or balloon; (5) present a 
signed and dated statement by the person certifying that the person has 
no known medical defects that make the person unable to pilot a glider 
or balloon, if the course is for a rating in a glider or balloon; (6) 
meet the PIC recent flight experience requirements of Sec. 61.57; and 
(7) pass a flight test, given by the chief instructor, on the flight 
procedures and maneuvers of the approved training course for the 
designation sought. A person who desires to become a check instructor 
for tests and checks that relate to ground training courses would be 
required to hold a current ground instructor certificate with category 
and class ratings appropriate to the designation sought.
    Commenters to NPRM No. 89-14, in which the FAA proposed to reduce 
the experience criteria for chief and assistant chief instructor 
candidates, noted that such actions enhance the status of instructors 
by permitting them to apply for a supervisory position earlier in their 
careers. The proposed check instructor position would permit 
instructors to apply for supervisory positions and to be given 
increased responsibility.
    The proposal to establish the check instructor position would help 
the FAA clarify to whom a chief instructor can designate the authority 
to conduct student stage checks, end-of-course tests, and instructor 
proficiency checks. The FAA would also eliminate the term ``designated 
assistant.'' During the public hearings, commenters noted that the term 
is interpreted differently. Under the proposed revisions to 
Secs. 141.79, 141.81, and 141.85, the chief instructor, assistant chief 
instructor, or check instructor would give instructor proficiency 
checks, stage checks, and end-of-course test.

3. Quality of Training Requirements

    In response to comments provided at the public hearings, the FAA 
proposes to clarify the existing requirements for a pilot school to 
apply for and to maintain a pilot school certificate.
    Current Sec. 141.63 requires a pilot school that applies for 
examining authority in a particular course to demonstrate that 9 of the 
10 most recent graduates of that particular course had passed an 
interim or final test on the first attempt.
    Current Sec. 141.83 requires that each holder of a provisional or 
pilot school certificate provide a high enough quality of training so 
that at least 8 out of the 10 of the school's students or graduates 
that were most recently tested, by an FAA inspector or designated pilot 
examiner, passed an interim or a final test on the first attempt.
    Commenters at the public hearings noted that the existing 
requirement for a specific number of students to pass an interim or 
stage check may reduce a school's ability to monitor student and 
instructor performance. For example, the commenters noted that these 
interim or stage checks are used to: (1) Evaluate a student's 
performance; and (2) ensure that instructors train students according 
to the school's procedures and performance standards. The commenters 
stated that the quality of training criteria should be based on 
experience with the students who have completed a training course, not 
students who are enrolled in a training course. Some commenters even 
noted that, under this requirement, pilot schools would not be able to 
develop tests that exceed the standards set in the PTS. Other 
commenters noted that the existing regulations have been interpreted to 
mean that the requirement for the 10 most recent students to pass any 
test on the first attempt must be met continuously. For example, if two 
students in a row failed a test, the school may risk losing its 
examining authority.
    The FAA has determined that a pilot school should be permitted to 
evaluate its own students and instructors throughout the training 
course without jeopardizing the school's certificate or examining 
authority. Therefore, the FAA proposes to revise the current regulation 
on the number of students who are required to pass the practical or 
knowledge test and to eliminate the requirement for interim tests to be 
used to evaluate a school's quality of training. The number of students 
who pass the practical test would apply to training courses that 
require the applicant to pass a practical test to obtain a certificate 
or rating. The number of students who pass the knowledge test would 
apply to ground training courses.
    Proposed Sec. 141.63 would require 90 percent of the graduates of a 
flight course, in which the school desires to obtain examining 
authority or retain examining authority, to pass a final test given by 
an FAA inspector, or by a designated examiner who is not an employee of 
the school, on the first attempt. Under this proposal if 40 students 
graduate from an approved course, but only 10 of those students receive 
a final test given by an FAA inspector, or by a designated examiner who 
is not an employee of the school, then 90 percent of those 10 students 
would have had to have passed the test on the first attempt. The 90 
percentage would be applicable for the 24-calendar months duration 
period of the school's examining authority. If the school only conducts 
ground school courses, then at least 90 percent of the school's 
students must have passed the required knowledge test given by the FAA, 
or by a designated examiner who is not an employee of the school.
    The FAA proposes similar revisions to Secs. 141.5, 141.27, 141.55 
and 141.83. These revisions would require that an applicant seeking 
approval or renewal of a training course have at least 80 percent of 
their graduates from the course to have passed the practical test on 
the first attempt. The 80 percent is not required to be based on all 
students, but only on those students who take the practical test given 
by an FAA inspector, or by a designated examiner who is not an employee 
of the school.

4. Temporary Chief Instructor

    The FAA proposes to revise Sec. 141.87, ``Change of chief 
instructor,'' to allow the assistant chief instructor to act in the 
capacity of the chief instructor for 60 days and to permit the 
assistant chief instructor or check instructor to perform stage and 
end-of-course tests.
    The current rule requires that, pending designation and approval of 
a new chief instructor, each stage and end-of-course test be given by 
an FAA inspector or a designated pilot examiner. Commenters at the 
public hearings noted that this requirement could be an administrative 
burden to 

[[Page 41186]]
the pilot school, its students, and the FAA.
    The FAA has determined that an assistant chief instructor would be 
a safe temporary substitute for a chief instructor, because of their 
familiarization with school operations and they are already approved by 
the FAA. This proposal would provide a time frame for a new chief 
instructor to be designated and would provide stability to the pilot 
school's students.

5. Transfer Between Part 141 Schools

    The FAA proposes to revise Sec. 141.67 to delete the current 
requirement for a student at a pilot school with examining authority to 
complete all of the training course at the same school. The proposal 
would permit up to one-half of a student's credits to be transferred 
from another pilot school. The amount of credits that could be 
transferred would be based on the student's performance on a test given 
by the receiving pilot school. This test could include a flight check, 
a review of the student's aeronautical knowledge, or both. This 
criteria, as well as the other criteria proposed for the transfer 
between part 141 schools, is similar to the current criteria in 
Sec. 141.77 for the transfer between pilot schools that do not have 
examining authority.

6. Maintenance Requirements

    The FAA proposes to revise Sec. 141.39 by expanding the maintenance 
requirements for aircraft used by a pilot school for flight training 
and solo flights.
    Current Sec. 141.39 requires applicants for a pilot or provisional 
pilot school certificate to maintain and inspect all aircraft in 
accordance with the requirements of part 91 that apply to aircraft used 
to give flight training for hire.
    Section 91.409 requires all aircraft used to give flight training 
for hire to receive an inspection every 12 calendar months or every 100 
hours in service. A pilot school may inspect aircraft under a 
progressive inspection program approved by the FAA in lieu of the 
requirements in Sec. 91.409.
    Aircraft used by pilot schools often receive greater wear and 
deterioration than other general aviation aircraft. For example, 
because of the high number of takeoffs and landings, training aircraft 
are subject to frequent and abrupt changes in engine power settings. 
This could cause rapid and extreme cylinder head temperature 
fluctuations resulting in premature wear and possible powerplant 
failure. Incidents of powerplant failure have been the cause of some 
pilot school accidents and incidents. In one incident, an aircraft 
engine that had been operated for 97 hours beyond the manufacturer's 
recommended time between overhauls sustained internal failure, and the 
aircraft was forced to land.
    The inspection of pilot schools during the National Aviation Safety 
Inspection Program (NASIP) found training aircraft to be in a generally 
safe condition for flight; however, some airworthiness problems were 
found. Examples included pilot schools that have: (1) Not complied with 
Airworthiness Directives (ADs), especially those required on a 
recurring basis; (2) not recorded time in service on aircraft engines 
or propellers; (3) exceeded inspection intervals; and (4) performed 
modifications that were not approved.
    The FAA proposes to revise Sec. 141.39 by: (1) Clarifying that the 
rule would apply to all pilot and provisional pilot schools, as opposed 
to applicants; (2) clarifying that aircraft would have to be maintained 
in accordance with subpart E of part 91, which includes requirements 
for maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alterations; and (3) 
requiring aircraft to be maintained in accordance with an inspection 
program for each airframe, aircraft engine, propeller, appliance, and 
component part.
    This proposed inspection program, which a pilot school may 
currently use under Sec. 91.409, could be: (1) A current inspection 
program recommended by the manufacturer; (2) an inspection program that 
is currently in use by the holder of a certificate issued under part 
121 or part 135; or (3) an inspection program established by the 
applicant and approved by the Administrator.
    If an applicant desires to establish an inspection program, the 
program would be required to be in writing and would need to include at 
least: (1) Instructions and procedures for the conduct of inspections 
for the particular make and model of aircraft, including necessary 
tests and checks; (2) instructions and procedures for inspecting the 
parts and areas of each airframe, aircraft engine, propeller, 
appliance, and component part required to be inspected, including 
survival and emergency equipment; and (3) a schedule for performing the 
required program inspections, expressed in terms of the time in 
service, calendar time, number of system operations, or any combination 
of these.
    The FAA also proposes that all aircraft used for the demonstration 
of instrument skills be equipped and maintained for operations under 
IFR. This revision would revise the current rule, which requires that: 
(1) Aircraft for use in en route operations under IFR and instrument 
approaches be equipped and maintained for operations under IFR 
operations; and (2) aircraft used for training in control and precision 
maneuvering by reference to instruments be equipped as provided for in 
the approved course of training.

7. Ground School Instructor Requirements

    The FAA proposes to eliminate: (1) The requirement in Sec. 141.35 
for a ground school instructor to have 1 year of experience prior to 
serving as a ground school's chief instructor; and (2) the requirement 
in Sec. 141.36 for a ground school instructor to have 6 months of 
experience prior to serving as a ground school's assistant chief 
instructor.
    The FAA has granted exemptions to this requirement in existing 
Sec. 141.35 for persons who have equivalent experience to meet the 
level of safety required by part 141. The FAA has stated in those 
grants of exemption that an applicant for a chief or assistant chief 
ground instructor who is approved by the Administrator would not need 
to meet these experience requirements.

8. Instructor Proficiency Requirements

    The FAA proposes to revise the initial and recurrent proficiency 
checks a flight instructor is required to accomplish. The current rule 
requires each flight instructor to accomplish a proficiency check in 
each type of aircraft every 12 months.
    The FAA proposes to revise Sec. 141.79 by: (1) Permitting the 
assistant chief instructor and the check instructor to give these 
checks; (2) requiring the initial check for each course of training to 
be accomplished in the make and model of aircraft used in that training 
course; and (3) requiring recurrent checks to be accomplished in any 
make and model of aircraft in which the instructor trains students. 
Under the proposal, a flight instructor who trains students in a Cessna 
172 and a Piper Arrow, for example, would be required to accomplish an 
initial check in each airplane. However, the recurrent check could be 
in either the Cessna 172 or the Piper Arrow.
    This proposal also responds to a comment from Tar Heel Aviation to 
DOT's Regulatory Review, request for comments (57 FR 4744; February 7, 
1992), which was in response to the President's request for comments on 
regulations that obstruct economic growth. The commenter suggested that 
each flight instructor accomplish: (1) One annual standardization 
flight in any aircraft in which the instructor trains students; or (2) 
one annual standardization flight that alternates 

[[Page 41187]]
between complex and non-complex aircraft.

9. Renewal of Certificate

    Currently, Sec. 141.27 states that a pilot school that meets the 
requirements under part 141 for the issuance of the pilot school 
certificate will have its certificate renewed for 24 months. The FAA 
proposes to clarify the requirements a pilot school needs to meet to 
have its certificate renewed.
    Under the proposal, the FAA would determine if: (1) The school's 
personnel, aircraft, facility, airport, approved training courses, and 
training records meet the requirements of part 141; (2) within 24 
months prior to the date application is made for renewal of its pilot 
school certificate, the school trained at least a total of 10 students 
in any of its approved training courses and recommended those students 
for a certificate, rating, or a qualification, and those students 
completed a practical test, knowledge test, or end-of-course test; and 
(3) within 24 months prior to the date application is made for renewal 
of its pilot school certificate, at least 80 percent of the school's 
students passed the required practical test for the pilot, flight 
instructor, or ground instructor certificate or rating sought. The 
proposal would permit a pilot school that does not meet the renewal 
requirements listed in items (2) and (3) to apply for a provisional 
pilot school certificate.
    In addition, the FAA proposes to eliminate the requirement that a 
provisional pilot school apply for a pilot school certificate not less 
than 30 days prior to the expiration of the provisional pilot school 
certificate. The purpose for this proposal is to encourage schools to 
apply for their pilot school certificate as soon as they meet the 
requirements and thus will give FAA FSDO's more time to complete 
certification of the school in a timely manner. In the past, some 
schools have complained that they have had to wait for their 
certificates, because of the heavy workloads in their local FAA FSDO. 
The FAA believes this proposal will benefit the schools by allowing the 
FAA to respond to school applications in a more timely manner.

10. Recordkeeping Requirements for Pilot Schools With Examining 
Authority

    The FAA proposes to revise the recordkeeping requirements in 
Sec. 141.67 for pilot schools with examining authority. The current 
rule requires a pilot school with examining authority to submit a copy 
of the appropriate training record for each person recommended by the 
pilot school for a pilot certificate or rating to the FAA FSDO.
    The FAA proposes to eliminate the current requirements and to 
require pilot schools with examining authority to: (1) Maintain a 
record of all temporary airmen certificates it issues; (2) submit each 
graduate's application for airman certificate within 7 days after the 
graduate passes the required knowledge or practical test; (3) make the 
proposed record of all temporary airman certificates available to the 
Administrator on request; and (4) surrender the proposed record of all 
temporary airman certificates to the Administrator on expiration of the 
school's examining authority.
    These proposed records of all temporary airmen certificates would 
have to be a chronological listing that includes: (1) The name of each 
student to whom a temporary airman certificate was issued; (2) the date 
of issuance; (3) the student's permanent mailing address and telephone 
number; (4) the title of the training course; (5) the name of the 
person who conducted the knowledge or practical test; (6) the type of 
temporary airman certificate or rating issued; and (7) the date the 
graduate's airman application file was sent to the FAA for processing 
of a permanent airman certificate.
    In addition the school would be required to maintain a photocopy 
record containing each student's: (1) Graduation certificate; (2) 
airman application; (3) temporary airman certificate; (4) superseded 
airman certificate (if applicable); and (5) knowledge or practical test 
results.

11. Reorganization of Requirements for Courses That Are Approved Under 
Part 141

    The FAA proposes to reorganize in the part 141 appendixes the 
criteria for training courses a pilot school could offer. This proposal 
would eliminate some courses, expand other courses, and establish 
criteria for new courses. The FAA proposes to give pilot schools and 
provisional pilot schools that request approval for a training course 
within the first year after the effective date of this rule the option 
to request approval of their current training courses or their proposed 
training courses. This option would give pilot schools and provisional 
pilot schools up to 3 years to request approval for a training course 
based on this NPRM.
    The FAA's proposed reorganization would: (1) Eliminate test 
courses; (2) replace test preparation courses with special preparation 
courses; (3) expand the proposed special preparation courses to include 
additional subjects; and (4) propose additional courses. Each course is 
discussed later according to the title of the proposed appendix.
    The proposal to eliminate test courses would delete existing 
appendix B, ``Private Test Course,'' and appendix E, ``Commercial Test 
Course.'' FAA Order 8700.1 chapter 141 defines a test course as ``a 
course of training for students who have accomplished more than half of 
the required time under part 61.'' The FAA believes that criteria for 
such courses would not be necessary. A pilot school that desires to 
offer a similar course could apply for approval of a course that would 
train students to a performance standard.
    The proposed kind of special preparation courses are: (1) 
Agricultural aircraft operations; (2) rotorcraft external-load 
operations; (3) pilot refresher; (4) flight instructor refresher; (5) 
ground instructor refresher; (6) special operations; and (7) test 
pilot.
    The private pilot and commercial pilot certification courses would 
be revised to apply to all aircraft categories, rather than only to the 
airplane category. This would eliminate appendix F, ``Rotorcraft, 
Glider, Lighter-Than-Air Aircraft, and Aircraft Rating Courses.'' The 
FAA also proposes to add the following certification courses: (1) 
Recreational pilot; (2) airline transport pilot; (3) flight instructor; 
(4) flight instructor instrument; and (5) ground instructor. Unlike 
current certification courses, the revised course would include minimum 
eligibility requirements, which are discussed later.
    Revisions to the courses would correspond to the proposals in part 
61 to: (1) Establish a powered-lift category rating; (2) establish 
separate class ratings for nonpowered gliders and powered gliders; (3) 
establish an instrument rating for airships; (4) establish instrument 
ratings for single-engine and multiengine airplanes; (5) establish a 
flight instructor certificate in the lighter-than-air category; (6) 
certificate ground instructors under part 61; (7) revise ground 
instructor ratings; (8) revise aeronautical knowledge areas; and (9) 
replace flight proficiency requirements with approved areas of 
operation.
    The proposed appendixes would require students who desire to enroll 
in the flight portion of the course to meet specific eligibility 
requirements. They would require an applicant to hold: (1) The 
necessary pilot or flight instructor certificate; (2) the necessary 
medical certificate or present a signed and dated statement by the 
person certifying that the person has no known medical defects that 
make the person unable to pilot a glider or balloon, as required; and 
(3) any necessary ratings on the 

[[Page 41188]]
pilot or flight instructor certificate. For example, a person who 
desires to enroll in the flight portion of a private pilot 
certification course would be required to hold at least a student pilot 
certificate and a third-class medical certificate or the proposed 
medical requirements for a rating in a glider or balloon. The proposed 
requirements are similar to the eligibility requirements found in part 
61 for pilot, flight instructor, and ground instructor applicants. The 
proposed eligibility requirements would not impose on applicants new 
requirements that are not found in part 61. Part 141 would still 
contain the certification requirements for pilot schools and part 61 
would still contain the certification requirements for pilot, flight 
instructor, and ground instructor applicants.
    The proposal for these eligibility requirements would permit 
students who do not meet the minimum eligibility requirements of part 
61 or part 141 to enroll in the ground portion of a course. The FAA 
believes that any person should be able to enroll in the ground portion 
of a course to enhance aeronautical knowledge.
    In the past, there have been instances in which a student has 
desired to enroll in the ground portion of a course prior to meeting 
the minimum eligibility requirements for the certificate. For example, 
a student who desires to enroll in the ground portion of the flight 
instructor certification course may not hold a commercial pilot 
certificate. However, that student may be scheduled to accomplish the 
practical test for the commercial pilot certificate, which would let 
the student meet the eligibility requirements. In another example, a 
student may desire to enroll in the ground portion of a flight 
instructor certification course to see if flight training is a career 
alternative. Currently, the FAA has issued an exemption to Cochise 
Community College in Douglas, Arizona, that permits its students to 
enroll in the ground portion of the school's flight instructor 
certification course while the student waits for scheduling of the 
commercial pilot practical test.
    The FAA proposes, throughout the appendixes, to replace the term 
``solo practice'' with ``supervised PIC practice.'' The FAA believes 
this phraseology will more clearly define the flight instructor's 
responsibilities when their students are performing solo flight. The 
intent of this proposed phraseology is to ensure that flight 
instructors more closely monitor and direct their students when they 
are performing solo flight.

12. Appendix A--Recreational Pilot Certification Course

    The FAA proposes to establish criteria for courses that provide a 
means for students to receive training and for pilot schools to give 
training for a recreational pilot certificate under part 141.
    To enroll in the flight portion of the course, a person would be 
required to hold a student pilot certificate.
    The course would require a minimum of 20 hours of ground training 
on the same aeronautical knowledge areas that are proposed in part 61 
for a recreational pilot certificate. The knowledge area would include 
ground training on:
    (1) The applicable FAR for recreational pilot privileges, 
limitations, and flight operations that apply to the aircraft rating 
sought;
    (2) Accident reporting requirements of the NTSB;
    (3) Use of the applicable portions of the ``Airman's Information 
Manual'' and FAA advisory circulars;
    (4) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage 
with the aid of a magnetic compass;
    (5) The recognition of critical weather situations from the ground 
and in flight, windshear avoidance, and the procurement and use of 
aeronautical weather reports and forecasts;
    (6) The safe and efficient operation of aircraft, including 
collision avoidance, and recognition and avoidance of wake turbulence;
    (7) The effects of density altitude on takeoff and climb 
performance;
    (8) Weight and balance computations;
    (9) Principles of aerodynamics, powerplants, and aircraft systems;
    (10) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery 
techniques, if applying for an airplane-single engine rating;
    (11) Aeronautical decision making and judgment; and
    (12) Preflight action that includes--
    a. How to obtain information on runway lengths at airports of 
intended use, data on takeoff and landing distances, weather reports 
and forecasts, and fuel requirements;
    b. How to plan for alternatives if the planned flight cannot be 
completed; and
    c. Proper planning procedures for possible traffic delays.
    The proposed course would consist of at least a minimum of 30 hours 
of flight training (of which 15 hours must be with an authorized flight 
instructor and 3 hours must be supervised PIC training), which is the 
same as in the proposed part 61 requirements. The difference between 
the total minimum flight training hours (30 hours) and the hours of 
training with an authorized flight (15 hours) and supervised PIC 
training (3 hours) is 12 hours, which will allow the schools to develop 
their recreational pilot certification course with the individual 
student in mind. For example, a student who has previous aviation 
experience and takes readily to the training may be able to complete 
training for a recreational private pilot certificate with only the 
minimum 30 hours of flight time that includes at least 15 hours of 
flight training time from an authorized flight instructor and 15 hours 
of supervised PIC flight time. However, a student pilot who does not 
have previous aviation experience or who trains infrequently may need 
more time than the minimum 30 hours of flight time, 15 hours of flight 
training time from an authorized flight instructor, and 3 hours of 
supervised PIC flight time. The student pilot and flight instructor may 
need to tailor the training to require 27 hours of flight training time 
from an authorized flight instructor and 3 hours of supervised PIC 
flight time, or some combination of those hours.
    The FAA has elected to remain silent on the matter of the maximum 
time that may be credited for stage and end-of-course tests for the 
approved training course requirements. The FAA believes that the 
individual school and the local FAA FSDO is the better place for 
deciding how much time should be permitted for stage checks and end-of-
course tests for each syllabus. The school and the approving FAA FSDO 
should evaluate each syllabus, and determine how much time a certain 
stage check or end-of-course test may be credited toward the total 
approved course requirement. After receiving course approval, the FAA 
and the school must continue to monitor the average length of time that 
it takes to conduct a specific stage check or end-of-course test, and 
be prepared to modify the syllabus when needed.

13. Appendix B--Private Pilot Certification Course

    The FAA proposes to establish this appendix, which would include 
certification courses for a private pilot certificate with all category 
and class ratings. It would include courses currently found in appendix 
A and sections C.II, D.II, E.II, and E.III of appendix F. The proposed 
appendix would reflect the proposals in part 61 to establish a powered-
lift category rating, and to establish separate class ratings for 
nonpowered gliders and powered gliders.

[[Page 41189]]

    Persons who desire to enroll in the flight portion of a course 
would be required to hold: (1) A student pilot certificate; and (2) a 
third-class medical certificate, or in the case of course of training 
for glider or balloon rating, have a signed and dated application that 
they have no known medical defects that makes them unable to pilot a 
glider or balloon.
    The proposed minimum ground training requirements would consist of 
the same aeronautical knowledge areas proposed in part 61 for a private 
pilot certificate.
    The proposed flight training would consist of the same approved 
areas of operation proposed in part 61 for a private pilot certificate. 
The FAA is proposing to permit each school to tailor the course 
requirements around the individual student's needs. For example, a 
student who is seeking a private pilot certificate, and who has 
previous aviation experience and takes readily to the training may be 
able to complete training for a private pilot certificate with only the 
minimum 35 hours of flight time that included 20 hours of flight 
training time from an authorized flight instructor and 15 hours of 
supervised PIC flight time. However, a student pilot who does not have 
previous aviation experience or who trains infrequently may need more 
time than the minimum 35 hours of flight time, 20 hours of flight 
training time from an authorized flight instructor, and 5 hours of 
supervised PIC flight time. The student pilot and flight instructor may 
need to tailor the training to require 30 hours of flight training time 
from an authorized flight instructor and 5 hours of supervised PIC 
flight time, or some combination of those hours.
    Current appendix A requires an applicant for a private pilot 
certificate with an airplane category rating to perform five takeoffs 
and five landings at night. The FAA proposes to require an applicant 
for a private pilot certificate with an airplane, rotorcraft, or 
powered-lift category rating to receive at least 3 hours and 10 
takeoffs and 10 landings night flight training. However, the FAA 
proposes to include the provision in Sec. 61.110 of this chapter that 
will exempt certain applicants from the night flying certification 
requirements.
    The proposed time with a flight instructor on the areas of 
operation or in supervised PIC practice differ from the current 
requirements. The FAA proposes few minimum requirements or no minimum 
requirements. However, the training course would be required to include 
hours or flights for students to receive training on the approved areas 
of operation and for students to perform directed PIC practice that 
helps the student develop proficiency, resourcefulness, self-
confidence, and self-reliance.
    The existing appendix contains provisions that permit a school to 
credit stage checks and end-of-course tests toward the total hour 
course requirements. Currently, a maximum of 3 hours may be credited 
toward the total ground portion of the approved private pilot course 
requirements. A maximum of 4 hours may be credited toward the total 
flight portion of the approved private pilot course requirements. Under 
this proposal, the FAA has elected to remain silent on the maximum time 
that may be credited for a specific stage check and end-of-course test 
for the approved training course requirements. The FAA believes that 
the individual school, after receiving approval from their FAA FSDO, is 
the better place for deciding how much time should be permitted for a 
specific stage check and end-of-course test of each syllabus. The 
school and the approving FAA FSDO should evaluate each syllabus, and 
determine how much time a certain stage check or end-of-course test may 
be credited toward the total approved course requirement. After 
receiving course approval, the FAA and the school must continue to 
monitor the average length of time that it takes to conduct a specific 
stage check or end-of-course test, and be prepared to modify the 
syllabus when needed.

14. Appendix C--Instrument Rating Course

    The FAA proposes to revise appendix C to include all instrument 
ratings, rather than the airplane only. It includes courses currently 
found in appendixes C, F, and H.
    The proposed appendix would include courses for the proposed 
instrument-powered-lift rating, instrument-airship rating, instrument-
airplane single-engine rating, and instrument-airplane multiengine 
rating.
    To enroll in the flight portion of the course, a student would be 
required to hold: (1) A private pilot certificate with an aircraft 
category and class rating appropriate to the instrument rating for 
which the course applies; and (2) at least third-class medical 
certificate.
    The proposed ground training content would be the same as proposed 
in part 61 for an instrument rating, and includes windshear avoidance 
and aeronautical decisionmaking and judgment. The appendix would 
require the same amount of ground training that currently exists for an 
initial instrument rating, which is the same as currently required for 
an airplane-instrument rating. As a result of this reorganization of 
the appendixes of part 141, this would, in effect, lower the minimum 
required ground training requirements from 35 hours to 30 hours for an 
initial instrument rating in a helicopter. A proposed 20 hours of 
ground training would be required if the course is for an additional 
instrument rating, which differs from the current requirement for 15 
hours in the test preparation course. Because of the lowering of the 
pilot experience requirements for applying for an instrument rating, 
the different knowledge, skills, and abilities required for the 
different instrument ratings, and the emphasis for more detailed ground 
training requirements, the FAA believes the increase is necessary.
    The flight training would be on the same approved areas of 
operation as proposed in part 61 for an instrument rating. In addition, 
the revised appendix would clarify the existing requirement for a 
cross-country flight by requiring a minimum straight-line distance 
between airports for one of the legs; this is also proposed in part 61.
    A minimum of 35 hours of flight training would be required for all 
five types of instrument ratings, which is the same amount currently 
required for an instrument rating in an airplane or a helicopter. A 
percentage of the minimum hours in a course for a rating in an 
airplane, rotorcraft, or powered-lift could be given in a flight 
training device by an authorized flight instructor.
    The existing appendix contains provisions that permit stage checks 
and end-of-course tests to be credited toward the total hour course 
requirements. Under this proposal, the FAA has elected to remain silent 
on the maximum time that may be credited for a specific stage check and 
end-of-course test for the approved training course requirements. The 
FAA believes that the individual school, after receiving approval from 
their FAA FSDO, should decide how much time should be permitted for a 
specific stage check and end-of-course test for each syllabus. The 
school and the approving FAA FSDO should evaluate each syllabus, and 
determine how much time a certain stage check or end-of-course test may 
be credited toward the total approved course requirement. After 
receiving course approval, the FAA and the school must continue to 
monitor the average length of time that it takes to conduct a specific 
stage check or end-of-course test, and be prepared to modify the 
syllabus when needed. 

[[Page 41190]]


15. Appendix D--Commercial Pilot Certification Course

    The FAA proposes to establish this appendix, which includes 
certification courses for a commercial pilot certificate with all 
category and class ratings. It would include courses currently found in 
appendix D and in sections C.III, D.III, E.IV, and E.V of appendix F. 
The proposed appendix would include the proposals in part 61 to 
establish a powered-lift category rating and to establish separate 
class ratings for nonpowered gliders and powered gliders.
    To enroll in the flight portion of the course, a person would be 
required to: (1) Hold a private pilot certificate with the category and 
class rating appropriate to the ratings for which the course applies; 
and (2) hold at least a third-class medical certificate or present a 
signed and dated statement by the person certifying that the person has 
no known medical defect that makes the person unable to pilot a glider 
or balloon.
    In addition, if the course is for a rating in an aircraft other 
than a gyroplane, glider, or balloon, the student would be required to: 
(1) Hold an instrument rating appropriate to the aircraft category and 
class rating for which the course applies; or (2) be concurrently 
enrolled in an instrument rating course for which the course applies 
and satisfactorily accomplish the required practical test prior to 
completing the commercial pilot practical test.
    The proposed ground training would be the same aeronautical 
knowledge areas as proposed in part 61 for a commercial pilot 
certificate. The proposed ground training would also permit an 
applicant for an airplane category rating to complete ground training 
on an airplane with flaps, retractable landing gear, and a controllable 
propeller or an airplane with a turbine-powered engine, which is also 
proposed in part 61. The minimum hours of ground training are the same 
as in current commercial pilot courses. A minimum of 100 hours of 
training would be required for the powered-lift category rating, which 
is currently required for an airplane category rating.
    The proposed flight training would be the same as the approved 
areas of operation proposed in part 61 for a commercial pilot 
certificate. In addition, the revised appendix would include the 
proposed modifications to the cross-country flight requirements in part 
61.
    The proposed time with a flight instructor on the areas of 
operation or in supervised PIC practice parallel the proposals for 
commercial pilot certification in part 61. The training course would be 
required to include hours or flights for students to receive training 
on the approved areas of operation and for students to perform 
supervised PIC practice that helps develop proficiency, 
resourcefulness, self-confidence, and self-reliance.
    The existing appendix contains provisions that permit stage checks 
and end-of-course tests to be credited toward the total hour course 
requirements. The FAA has elected to remain silent on the maximum time 
that may be credited for stage and end-of-course tests for the same 
reasons stated in appendix A.

16. Appendix E--Airline Transport Pilot Certification Course

    The FAA proposes to establish appendix E as a certification course 
for an airline transport pilot certificate. It includes information 
currently found in appendix H, section 6. The proposed appendix would 
include the proposal in part 61 to establish a powered-lift category 
rating.
    To enroll in the flight portion of the course a person would be 
required to: (1) Hold a commercial pilot certificate with the category 
and class ratings for which the course applies and hold no 
restrictions; (2) hold at least a third-class medical certificate; and 
(3) upon completion of the course, meet the aeronautical requirements 
in part 61 for an ATP certificate that is appropriate to the ratings 
for which the course applies.
    The proposed ground training would consist of the same elements as 
those proposed in part 61 for an ATP certificate, including windshear 
avoidance, aeronautical decisionmaking and judgment. The course would 
continue to require 40 hours of ground training.
    The proposed flight training would consist of the same approved 
areas of operation as proposed in part 61 for an ATP certificate. The 
course would continue to require 25 hours of flight training with at 
least 15 hours of instrument flight training. The FAA has elected to 
remain silent on the maximum time that may be credited for stage and 
end-of-course tests for the same reasons previously stated in appendix 
A.

17. Appendix F--Flight Instructor Certification Course

    The FAA proposes to establish a separate appendix for certification 
courses for an initial flight instructor certificate with a category 
and class rating and for an additional category or class rating on a 
flight instructor certificate. The course for an instrument rating on a 
flight instructor certificate is addressed in proposed appendix G. The 
course in this appendix is currently found in appendix H, sections 3 
and 4.
    This proposed appendix would include the proposals in part 61 to: 
(1) Establish a powered-lift category rating; (2) establish separate 
class ratings for nonpowered gliders and powered gliders; and (3) 
establish a flight instructor certificate for the lighter-than-air 
category.
    To enroll in the flight portion of the course, a person would be 
required to hold: (1) A commercial or an ATP certificate with an 
aircraft category and class rating appropriate to the rating for which 
the course applies; (2) an instrument rating in an aircraft that is 
appropriate to the aircraft category and class for which the course 
applies (this would be required for an airplane, airship, or powered-
lift rating); and (3) at least a third-class medical certificate or a 
signed and dated statement by the person certifying that the person has 
no known medical defect that makes the person unable to pilot a glider 
or balloon, as appropriate.
    The proposed ground training would consist of the same aeronautical 
knowledge areas as proposed in part 61 for a flight instructor 
certificate. The course would continue to require a minimum of 40 hours 
of ground training for an initial flight instructor certificate and 20 
hours for an additional flight instructor rating.
    The proposed flight training would consist of the same approved 
areas of operation as proposed in part 61 for a flight instructor 
certificate. The minimum hours of flight training required would vary 
with the category or class of aircraft. A course for a rating in an 
airplane, a rotorcraft, or an airship would require a minimum of 25 
hours of training. A course for a rating in a nonpowered glider would 
require 10 hours and 10 flights of training. A course for a rating in a 
powered glider would require 10 hours of training. A course for a 
balloon class rating would require 8 flights of training. The FAA has 
elected to remain silent on the maximum time that may be credited for 
stage check and end-of-course tests for the same reasons previously 
stated in the earlier discussion.

18. Appendix G--Flight Instructor Instrument (Aircraft Category and 
Class) Certification Course

    The FAA proposes to establish a separate appendix for certification 
courses for a flight instructor certificate with an instrument rating. 
This proposed appendix would include the proposals in part 61 to: (1) 
Establish a powered-lift category and instrument 

[[Page 41191]]
rating; (2) establish an instrument rating for airships; (3) establish 
instrument ratings for single-engine and multiengine airplanes; and (4) 
establish a flight instructor certificate for the lighter-than-air 
category.
    To enroll in the flight portion of the course, a person would be 
required to hold: (1) A commercial or an ATP certificate with an 
aircraft category and class rating appropriate to the rating for which 
the course applies; (2) a flight instructor certificate with an 
aircraft category and class rating that is appropriate to the 
instrument rating for which the course applies; and (3) at least a 
third-class medical certificate.
    The proposed course would require a minimum of 15 hours of ground 
training on the same aeronautical knowledge areas as proposed in part 
61 for a flight instructor certificate. The proposed course would also 
require a minimum of 15 hours of flight training on same approved areas 
of operation as proposed in part 61 for a flight instructor 
certificate. The FAA has elected to remain silent on the maximum time 
that may be credited for stage check and end-of-course tests for the 
same reasons previously stated in the earlier discussion.

19. Appendix H--Ground Instructor Certification Course

    The FAA proposes to establish this appendix for the approval of a 
certification course for a ground instructor certificate. An equivalent 
course is not found in current part 141.
    This proposed appendix would include the proposals in part 61 to: 
(1) Revise ground instructor ratings; (2) include ground instructors 
under part 61; (3) establish a powered-lift category rating; (4) 
establish separate class ratings for nonpowered gliders and powered 
gliders; (5) establish an instrument rating for airships; and (6) 
establish instrument ratings for single-engine and multiengine 
airplanes.
    The proposed course would require ground training on the same 
aeronautical knowledge areas as proposed in part 61. A person who 
enrolls for an initial ground instructor certificate would be required 
to receive a minimum of 20 hours of ground training. A person who 
enrolls for an additional ground instructor rating would be required to 
receive a minimum of 10 hours of ground training. The current provision 
in appendix H, section 3, ``Flight Instructor Certification Course,'' 
states that the initial ground training can be lowered by one-half if 
the person has prior experience in education is proposed to apply also 
to ground instructors. Reference the maximum time that may be credited 
for stage checks and end-of-course tests, the FAA has elected to remain 
silent on this matter for the same reasons previously stated in 
appendix A.

20. Appendix I--Aircraft Category or Class Rating Course

    The FAA proposes to establish an appendix for certification courses 
for adding either a category or a class rating on a pilot certificate. 
The course in this appendix is currently found in sections F.II and 
F.III of appendix F. The proposed appendix includes proposals in part 
61 to establish a powered-lift category rating, and to establish 
separate class ratings for nonpowered gliders and powered gliders.
    To enroll in the flight portion of the proposed course, a person 
would be required to hold: (1) The minimum level pilot certificate that 
is appropriate to the additional category or class aircraft rating for 
which the course applies; and (2) at least a third-class medical 
certificate for aircraft ratings that require a medical certificate for 
that pilot certificate level to obtain an additional rating at the 
recreational pilot certificate level or an additional glider or balloon 
rating, persons must provide a signed and dated statement certifying 
that they have no known medical defects that makes them unable to pilot 
the aircraft.
    Each course approved under this appendix would be required to 
consist of the minimum requirements found under appendixes A, B, C, D, 
or E for the category or class rating for which the course is approved 
at the appropriate pilot certificate level.

21. Appendix J--Aircraft Type Rating Course, Other Than Airline 
Transport Pilot

    The FAA proposes to establish appendix J for certification courses 
for adding a type rating on a pilot certificate. The course in this 
appendix is currently found in appendix F, section F.IV. The proposed 
course would include the proposal in part 61 to establish a powered-
lift category rating.
    To enroll in the flight portion of the proposed course, a person 
would be required to: (1) Hold at least a private pilot certificate; 
(2) hold at least a third-class medical certificate, if a medical 
certificate is required for the type of aircraft rating sought; and (3) 
hold an instrument rating or be concurrently enrolled in a course for 
an instrument rating in the category and class that is appropriate to 
the aircraft type rating for which the course applies (if the aircraft 
does not hold a VFR limitation). A person who is concurrently enrolled 
in a course for an instrument rating would be required to 
satisfactorily accomplish the required practical test concurrently with 
the aircraft type rating practical test.
    The minimum number of hours of ground training proposed would 
include at least 15 hours of training. The minimum number of hours of 
flight training proposed would include at least 25 hours of flight 
training of which at least 15 hours must be instrument flight training 
in the aircraft for which the course applies.

22. Appendix K--Special Preparation Courses

    The FAA proposes to establish special preparation courses within 
appendix K. These courses are similar to the current test preparation 
courses, but would expand the concept of specialized courses. The 
proposed appendix would include the proposals in part 61 to: (1) 
Certificate ground instructors under part 61; (2) revise aeronautical 
knowledge areas; and (3) replace flight proficiency requirements with 
approved areas of operation.
    The proposed appendix would establish: (1) Flight instructor 
refresher courses; (2) ground instructor refresher courses; (3) special 
operations courses; and (4) test pilot courses.
    To enroll in the flight portion of the proposed courses, a person 
would be required to hold: (1) A pilot certificate that is appropriate 
to the operating privileges or authorizations that graduation from the 
course covers; and (2) at least a third-class medical certificate, if a 
medical certificate is required in part 61 of this chapter; or a signed 
and dated statement by the person certifying that the person has no 
known medical defect that makes the person unable to pilot a glider or 
balloon.
    As noted above, a person who enrolls in the flight portion of the 
proposed courses would be required to hold a pilot, flight instructor, 
or ground instructor certificate that is appropriate to the operating 
privileges or authorization that graduation from the course covers. For 
example, if after graduation the person operates an aircraft under part 
133--Rotorcraft External-Load Operations, that person would be required 
to hold at least a commercial pilot certificate with a rotorcraft-
helicopter rating. Each student enrolled in these courses would be 
required to satisfactorily accomplish stage checks and end-of-course 
tests to graduate.
    The proposed agricultural aircraft operations would continue to 
require a 

[[Page 41192]]
minimum of 25 hours of ground training and 15 hours of flight training 
as found in appendix H, section 8. This proposal would eliminate the 
option in appendix H to include up to 5 hours of supervised PIC 
practice. The ground training requirements would be clarified and 
expanded to include: (1) Agricultural aircraft operations; (2) safe 
operating procedures for handling and dispensing agricultural and 
industrial chemicals, including operating in and around congested 
areas; and (3) applicable provisions of part 137. The flight training 
requirements would be clarified to include training on maneuvers and 
procedures applicable to agricultural aircraft operations.
    The proposed course on rotorcraft external-load operations would 
continue to require a minimum of 10 hours of ground training and 15 
hours of flight training, as found in current appendix H, section 9. 
The ground training requirements would be clarified to include: (1) 
Rotorcraft external-load operations; (2) safe operating procedures for 
external-load operation, including operating in and around congested 
areas; and (3) applicable provisions of part 133. The flight training 
requirements would be clarified to include training on maneuvers and 
procedures applicable to external-load operations.
    The FAA proposes to establish basic criteria for a test pilot 
course. The proposed course requirements would include ground training 
on the following: (1) Aircraft maintenance, quality assurance, and 
certification test flight operations; (2) safe operating practices and 
procedures for performing aircraft maintenance, quality assurance, and 
certification test flight operations; (3) appropriate parts of the FAR 
that pertain to aircraft maintenance, quality assurance, and 
certification tests; and (4) test pilot duties and responsibilities. 
The minimum number of hours required for the ground training would be 
approved by the FAA Flight Standards District Office (FSDO). The course 
would also require a minimum of 15 hours of flight training on test 
pilot duties and responsibilities. However, in accordance with proposed 
Sec. 141.55, a school may submit a syllabus that is less than the 
minimum hours.
    The FAA proposes to establish minimum criteria for special 
operations courses, including pipeline patrol, shoreline patrol, and 
aerial photography. The criteria in appendix K would be general. The 
specifics of each course would be approved by the FAA FSDO. The intent 
of the proposal is to provide an incentive and flexibility for part 141 
pilot schools to develop specialized courses and improve business 
opportunities.
    The FAA proposes to revise the pilot refresher course in appendix 
H, section 7. The course would continue to require 4 hours of ground 
training and 6 hours of flight training. The proposed course would not 
specifically include the current option for up to 2 hours of the 6 
hours to be directed solo practice, but would permit the school more 
flexibility in designing a syllabus that best fits the student's needs. 
The ground training requirements would include: (1) Aeronautical 
knowledge areas that are applicable to the student's pilot certificate 
level, aircraft category and class rating, or instrument rating, as 
appropriate; (2) safe operating pilot practices and procedures; and (3) 
applicable provisions of parts 61 and 91 for pilots. The flight 
training requirements would be clarified to include flight training on 
the approved areas of operation that are applicable to level of the 
student's pilot certificate, aircraft category and class rating, or 
instrument rating, as appropriate, for performing pilot-in-command 
duties and responsibilities.
    On April 6, 1994, the FAA issued amendment No. 61-95, ``Renewal of 
Flight Instructor Certificates'' (59 FR 17646). In that final rule, the 
FAA revised Sec. 61.197(c) by deleting the current 24-hour requirements 
for an approved flight instructor refresher course. In light of that 
final rule action, the FAA is proposing similar rulemaking action in 
this notice to parallel amendment No. 61-95. In this appendix, the FAA 
proposes establishing a flight instructor refresher course that would 
require ground training, flight training, or any combination of ground 
and flight training similar amendment No. 61-95. The ground training 
would include the: (1) Aeronautical knowledge areas of part 61 that 
apply to student, recreational, private, and commercial pilot 
certificates and instrument ratings; (2) aeronautical knowledge areas 
that apply to flight instructors; (3) safe pilot operating practices 
and procedures, including airport operations and operating in the 
National Airspace System (NAS); and (4) applicable provisions of parts 
61 and 91 that apply to holders of pilot and flight instructor 
certificates. The flight training course would include a review of: (1) 
The approved areas of operations that are applicable to student, 
recreational, private, and commercial pilot certificates and instrument 
ratings; and (2) the necessary skills, competency, and proficiency for 
performing flight instructor duties and responsibilities.
    In addition, the FAA proposes to establish criteria for ground 
instructor refresher courses. The proposed contents of this course 
would require ground training on the following: (1) Aeronautical 
knowledge areas of part 61 that apply to student, recreational, 
private, and commercial pilot certificates and instrument ratings; (2) 
aeronautical knowledge of areas that apply to ground instructor 
certificates; (3) safe pilot operating practices and procedures, 
including airport operations and operating in the NAS; and (4) 
applicable provisions of parts 61 and 91 that apply to pilots and 
ground instructor certificates.

23. Appendix L--Pilot Ground School Course

    The FAA proposes to revise existing appendix G, ``Pilot Ground 
School Course,'' and move it to proposed appendix L. The current 
provision to permit stage and end-of-course tests to be credited toward 
the overall training course requirements would not be specifically 
included in the revised appendix. However, the FAA has elected to 
remain silent on the maximum time that may be credited for stage and 
end-of-course tests for the same reasons previously stated in the 
earlier discussions of appendixes A, B, C, and D.

D. Section by Section Discussion of Part 1--Definitions and 
Abbreviations

    The FAA proposes to clarify and redefine certain definitions in 
part 1. The intent of this proposal is to ensure more consistent use of 
terms throughout the text of parts 61 and 141. The terms to be 
clarified include:
    1. Balloon means:
    Balloon is an aircraft that is not engine driven, but sustains 
flight with either gas buoyancy or with an airborne heater.
    The term, ``balloon'' would replace the term ``free balloon.'' The 
term ``balloon'' will include gas balloons and balloons with an 
airborne heater. The FAA believes the term ``balloon'' is more 
descriptive in defining this class of aircraft.
    This definition coincides with the FAA proposal to delete 
references to the phrase ``hot air balloon without airborne heaters'' 
throughout part 61, and classify balloons as ``gas balloons'' and 
``balloons with airborne heaters.'' The phrase ``hot air balloon 
without an airborne heater'' is a balloon that was in existence at one 
time, but is no longer available. Accordingly, the FAA would establish 
separate practical tests for ``gas balloon'' and tests in ``balloons 
with airborne heaters.'' Administratively, this 

[[Page 41193]]
proposal will, in effect, permit a person who receives the required 
training and performs the practical test in a gas balloon to be limited 
to operating a gas balloon. Accordingly, that person's certificate 
would contain a limitation, ``Limited to gas balloons.'' Vice versa, a 
person who receives the required training and performs the practical 
test in a balloon with an airborne heater would be limited to operating 
a balloon with an airborne heater. Accordingly, that person's 
certificate would contain a limitation, ``Limited to a balloon with an 
airborne heater.''
    2. Flight time means:
    a. Pilot time that commences when an aircraft moves under its own 
power for the purpose of flight and ends when the aircraft comes to 
rest after landing; or
    b. For a nonpowered glider, that time when the glider commences 
being towed for the purpose of flight and ends when the glider comes to 
rest after landing.
    The term is being rewritten to apply to nonpowered aircraft as well 
as powered aircraft. For powered aircraft, flight time would mean pilot 
time commencing when an aircraft moves under its own power for the 
purpose of flight and ending when the aircraft comes to rest after 
landing. For a nonpowered glider, the term would refer to the time when 
the glider commences being towed for the purpose of flight until the 
glider comes to rest after landing.
    3. Pilot in command means:
    a. A person who has final authority and responsibility for the 
operation and safety of the flight;
    b. A person who holds the appropriate category, class, and type 
rating, if appropriate;
    c. A person who has been designated as pilot in command before or 
during the flight; and
    d. Involves a flight that occurs in actual flight conditions in an 
aircraft.
    This proposal would clarify the definition to allow only one person 
at a time to log PIC time.

E. Section by Section Discussion of Part 61--Certification: Pilots, 
Flight Instructors, and Ground Instructors

    The FAA proposes to change the title of part 61 to ``Certification: 
Pilots, Flight Instructors, and Ground Instructors.'' The reason for 
this change is the proposed elimination of part 143 and the relocation 
of the certification of ground instructors into part 61.

Subpart A--General

Section 61.1  Applicability

    Proposed Sec. 61.1 would be revised by adding the term 
``authorization.'' Proposed Sec. 61.1 would be revised by deleting the 
reference to Sec. 61.71 and inserting a reference to ``training courses 
specifically approved by the Administrator under other parts of this 
chapter.'' This would include training programs under SFAR 58, proposed 
training centers, and part 141 pilot schools.
Section 61.1a  Clarification of Terms
    Proposed Sec. 61.1a would be established to clarify terms used 
throughout part 61. The clarified terms are: Aeronautical experience; 
airman certificate; authorized ground instructor; authorized flight 
instructor; cross-country time; examiner; flight training; ground 
training; instrument approach; instrument training; knowledge test; 
pilot time; training time; supervised PIC time; and practical test.
Section 61.2  Certification of Foreign Pilots, Flight Instructors, and 
Ground Instructors
    Proposed Sec. 61.2 would include a provision for ground instructor 
certificates under part 61. In addition, the significant revisions in 
proposed Sec. 61.2 would permit a person who is not a citizen of the 
United States or a resident alien of the United States to: (1) Complete 
a knowledge or practical test outside the United States; (2) Be issued 
an additional category, class, instrument, or type rating, as 
applicable on a U.S. pilot certificate; and (3) Be issued an 
additional, renewal, or reinstatement of a category, class, or 
instrument rating for a U.S. flight instructor or ground instructor 
certificate.
    This proposal is a result of FlightSafety International's (FSI) 
petition for exemption from Sec. 61.2. FSI's petition requested relief 
from Sec. 61.2 to be allowed to issue type ratings to foreign nationals 
who hold U.S. pilot certificates at its training facility located in 
Velizy, Villacoublay, France. On February 22, 1989, the FAA granted 
FSI's petition permitting additional ratings to be added to foreign 
nationals' U.S. pilot certificates while located outside the United 
States. The current provisions of Sec. 61.2 limit FSI and other U.S. 
training and airplane manufacturing companies from expanding their 
business into the international aviation market.
Section 61.3  Requirement for Certificates, Ratings, and 
Authorizations.
    The significant proposed changes in Sec. 61.3 are as follows:
    (1) Includes the certification of ground instructor certificates 
and ratings in part 61;
    (2) Establishes an instrument rating for airships;
    (3) Establishes a flight instructor certificate for the lighter-
than-air category;
    (4) Replaces the phrase ``personal possession'' with ``physical 
possession, or readily accessible in the aircraft;''
    (5) Clarifies the ``age 60 limitation'' that is applicable to 
persons who serve as pilot crewmembers for a foreign air carrier when 
that carrier is operating a U.S.-registered civil aircraft with more 
than 30 passenger seats, excluding any required crewmember seat, and/or 
a 7500 pound payload capacity for compensation or hire in scheduled 
international air services or non-scheduled international air transport 
operations;
    (6) Clarifies that a person who acts as a PIC or as a required 
flight crewmember of a civil aircraft of U.S. registry would be 
required to hold either an airman certificate or a special purpose 
flight authorization;
    (7) Addresses the pilot certificate requirements for operating 
aircraft of foreign registry within the United States;
    (8) Clarifies the requirements for a person to have their medical 
certificate in their physical possession or readily accessible in the 
aircraft. Furthermore, this proposal would specifically identify when 
it is permitted for a person not to have their medical certificate in 
their physical possession or readily accessible in the aircraft;
    (9) Parallels the provisions of Sec. 61.41 for allowing training 
received from a flight instructor who is not certificated by the FAA;
    (10) Provides that a flight instructor certificate is not 
necessary, if the:
    a. Training is in accordance with a part 121 or part 135 air 
carrier approved training program;
    b. Training is given by the holder of an ATP certificate under 
Sec. 61.169 of this part; and
    c. Person receiving the training and the person giving the training 
are employees of that air carrier. This proposal would provide that a 
flight instructor certificate is not necessary, if the training was 
conducted in accordance with the provisions of Sec. 61.41.
    (11) Replaces the references to each instrument rating needed for 
each class of aircraft category with the phrase ``appropriate aircraft 
category, class, type rating, if required, and instrument rating.'' 
Because of the proposed instrument rating for an airship, the existing 
requirement for a pilot to hold a commercial certificate with a 
lighter-than-air category and airship class rating 

[[Page 41194]]
to operate an airship under instrument flight rules (IFR) or instrument 
meteorological conditions (IMC) would be deleted. Pilots of gliders 
would still be required to hold an instrument rating for a single-
engine airplane;
    (12) Aligns the ``age 60'' rules of part 121 to part 61. This 
proposal states that a pilot who is 60 years of age or older may not 
act as a pilot crewmember while engaging in any scheduled international 
air services, non-scheduled international air transportation, or common 
carriage operation for compensation or hire in a civil aircraft that 
has a passenger seating configuration of more than 30 seats, excluding 
any required crewmember seat or payload capacity of more than 7500 
pounds (3400 kg);
    (13) Requires a pilot that is required to hold a special purpose 
pilot authorization, issued in accordance with Sec. 61.77, to have that 
authorization in their possession in the aircraft when exercising the 
privileges of that authorization; and
    (14) Permits the following exceptions during the proposed 2-year 
transition period of these rule changes:
    a. A pilot with a commercial pilot certificate with a lighter-than-
air category rating, which was issued before the effective date of this 
rule, would be permitted to give training in an airship or balloon, as 
appropriate;
    b. A pilot with a commercial pilot certificate with a lighter-than-
air category rating and airship class rating would be permitted to 
operate an airship under IFR or IMC; and
    c. A pilot with a commercial or private pilot certificate with an 
instrument-airplane rating would be permitted to operate an airplane 
under IFR or IMC.

Section 61.5  Certificates and Ratings Issued Under This Part

    The significant proposed changes in Sec. 61.5 are as follows:
    (1) Includes ground instructor certificates and ratings in part 61;
    (2) Revises ground instructor certificates and ratings;
    (3) Establishes a powered-lift category rating;
    (4) Establishes an instrument rating for powered-lifts;
    (5) Establishes nonpowered and powered class ratings under the 
glider category;
    (6) Establishes separate instrument ratings for single-engine and 
multiengine airplanes;
    (7) Establishes an instrument rating for airships;
    (8) Establishes a flight instructor certificate for the lighter-
than-air category;
    (9) Deletes the word ``small'' in the reference to turbojet 
airplanes in the paragraph that applies to aircraft type ratings. The 
word ``small'' is unnecessary because current requirements require the 
PIC of all turbojet airplanes to have a type rating whether it is a 
large or small turbojet airplane;
    (10) Eliminates the reference to Advisory Circular 61-1, ``Aircraft 
Type Ratings.'' The reference is obsolete because the advisory circular 
has been revised. The list of type ratings is incorporated into 
Advisory Circular No. 61-89D, ``Pilot Certificates: Aircraft Type 
Ratings,'' which also consists of type rating curricula;
    (11) Deletes the provision that requires a pilot who seeks an ATP 
certificate in a small helicopter to obtain a helicopter type rating. 
Small helicopters should not be treated differently than the other 
small aircraft. Historically, the FAA policy on requiring a pilot who 
seeks an ATP certificate in a small helicopter to obtain a helicopter 
type rating was based on the operating requirements of part 127, 
``Certification of Operations of Scheduled Air Carriers with 
Helicopters.'' Specifically, Sec. 127.173(a) requires a pilot who seeks 
an ATP certificate in a small helicopter to obtain a helicopter type 
rating. However, a closer reading of existing Sec. 61.5(b)(5)(iii) 
states, ``small helicopters for operations requiring an ATP 
certificate.'' Currently, part 127 is not active, and there are not any 
part 127 scheduled air carriers with helicopters. The FAA has 
determined that it is not necessary for a person who seeks an ATP 
certificate in a small helicopter to obtain a helicopter type rating. 
Continuing this past policy places an additional restriction on small 
helicopters that is not required of other small aircraft and can no 
longer be justified. Therefore, the FAA proposes to treat the type 
rating requirements for helicopters as it currently does for the other 
aircraft, which would only require a type rating if the aircraft is a 
large aircraft other than lighter-than-air, turbojet-powered airplanes, 
or is another aircraft type rating that is specified by the 
Administrator through the aircraft type certification procedures;
    (12) Includes a provision for allowing a pilot to exchange a 
current pilot certificate for a pilot certificate with the proposed 
instrument ratings and glider class ratings; and
    (13) Allows a pilot with a flight or ground instructor certificate 
to exchange that certificate for a flight or ground instructor 
certificate with the proposed ratings in Secs. 61.201 and 61.227.

Section 61.7  Obsolete Certificates and Ratings

    The FAA proposes to revise Sec. 61.7 by adding a new paragraph that 
would list the category, class, and instrument ratings that are 
proposed to be eliminated. In this section, the FAA also proposes to:
    (1) Revise ground instructor certificates and ratings;
    (2) Establish nonpowered and powered class ratings under the glider 
category; and
    (3) Establish separate instrument ratings for single-engine and 
multiengine airplanes.

Section 61.9  Written Syllabus for Conducting Training

    The FAA proposes to eliminate existing Sec. 61.9, ``Exchange of 
obsolete certificates and ratings for current certificates and 
ratings.'' This section, which lists the requirements for exchanging 
the certificates and ratings that were adopted in 1973, is no longer 
necessary.
    The FAA proposes a new Sec. 61.9 that would establish requirements 
for written training syllabus. This syllabus would be required by an 
instructor who gives flight or ground training to a pilot for an airman 
certificate or rating.

Section 61.11  Expired Pilot Certificates and Reissuance

    Minor editorial and format changes are proposed.

Section 61.13  Awarding of Airman Certificates, Ratings, and 
Authorizations

    The FAA proposes to replace the title of Sec. 61.13, ``Application 
and qualification,'' with the title ``Awarding of airman certificates, 
ratings, and authorizations'' and to revise the format of this section.
    The significant proposed changes in this section are as follows:
    (1) Includes ground instructor certificates in part 61;
    (2) Replaces the phrase ``flight proficiency requirements'' with 
``approved areas of operation'';
    (3) Deletes the provision that permits the use of aircraft for a 
practical test that cannot perform all of the approved areas of 
operation for that practical test because of limitations listed in that 
aircraft's type certificate; and
    (4) Clarifies that a limitation placed on a person's airman 
certificate may be removed if the pilot demonstrates to an examiner 
satisfactory proficiency in the area of operation for which the airman 
certificate level and rating are sought. 

[[Page 41195]]


Section 61.14  Refusal to Submit to a Drug Test

    No modifications are proposed.

Section 61.15  Offenses Involving Alcohol or Drugs

    No modifications are proposed.

Section 61.16  Refusal to Submit to an Alcohol Test or to Furnish Test 
Results

    No modifications are proposed.
Section 61.17  Temporary Certificate

    The FAA proposes to revise this section to include the ground 
instructor certificate in part 61. The existing 90-day limit on 
temporary ground instructor certificates or ratings in existing 
Sec. 143.5 would, in effect, be increased to 120 days, which is the 
current limit for the other temporary pilot and flight instructor 
certificates and ratings.

Section 61.19  Duration of Pilot and Instructor Certificates

    The significant proposed changes in this section are as follows:
    (1) Include ground instructor certificates under part 61; and
    (2) Change the title of proposed Sec. 61.19, ``Duration of pilot 
and flight instructor certificates'' to read, ``Duration of pilot and 
instructor certificates.''

Section 61.21  Duration of a Category II Pilot Authorization

    The FAA proposes editorial and format changes.

Section 61.23  Duration and Requirement for a Medical Certificate

    The significant proposed changes in this section are as follows:
    (1) Change the title of this section from ``Duration of medical 
certificates'' to ``Duration and requirement for a medical 
certificate'';
    (2) Redesignate the current paragraphs of this section;
    (3) Permit a pilot to apply for any pilot or flight instructor 
certificate, for which a medical certificate is required, with a third-
class medical certificate. A higher medical certificate level would 
continue to be required for flight operations requiring an ATP 
certificate or a commercial pilot certificate;
    (4) Clarify current requirements for a person who is exercising the 
privileges of their flight instructor certificate while serving as a 
PIC or as a required crewmember, then that person would be required to 
hold a third-class medical certificate. However, if the flight 
instructor is not serving as a PIC or as a required crewmember, then 
that person would not be required to hold a medical certificate; and
    (5) Permit student pilots who are seeking a recreational pilot 
certificate and certificated recreational pilots to operate aircraft 
without a medical certificate, provided they have an application on 
file that certifies they do not have any known medical deficiencies 
that make them unable to pilot the aircraft. This would also permit 
higher certificated pilots who are only exercising the privileges of a 
recreational pilot certificate to be afforded the same privileges.

Section 61.25  Change of Name

    Format and minor editorial changes are proposed.

Section 61.27  Voluntary Surrender or Exchange of Certificate

    This section would be revised by dividing the existing language 
into two paragraphs. The purpose of this proposal, as throughout this 
notice, is to rewrite the rules in an outline format instead of the 
current narrative format.

Section 61.29  Replacement of a Lost or Destroyed Airman or Medical 
Certificate or Knowledge Test Report
    The proposed revisions to Sec. 61.29 are as follows:
    (1) Change the title of the section to ``Replacement of a lost or 
destroyed airman or medical certificate or knowledge test report'';
    (2) Delete listing the cost of replacing a lost or destroyed airman 
or medical certificate. This proposal would establish the procedures 
for obtaining a lost or destroyed airman certificate, medical 
certificate, or knowledge test report. The cost for replacement of lost 
or destroyed airman certificate, medical certificate, or knowledge test 
report would be in part 187, ``Cost of Services and Transfer of Fees to 
part 187 from parts 47, 49, 61, 63, 65, and 143''; and
    (3) Delete some unnecessary explanations of the procedures for 
replacing a lost or destroyed airman or medical certificate. These 
existing provisions are merely explanatory and are not of a regulatory 
nature, so the FAA proposes to delete them.

Section 61.31  Type Rating, Additional Training, and Authorization 
Requirements

    The FAA proposes to change the title of this section from ``General 
limitations'' to ``Type rating, additional training, and authorization 
requirements.''
    The significant proposed revisions to this section are as follows:
    (1) Delete the provision requiring a type rating in helicopters for 
operations requiring an ATP certificate. This proposal will parallel 
helicopters with the other classes of aircraft that only require a type 
rating for: Large aircraft (except lighter-than-air), turbojet-powered 
airplanes, and those aircraft specified by the Administrator through 
aircraft type certificate procedures;
    (2) Establish an aircraft category rating for the new powered-lift 
aircraft;
    (3) Replace the current requirement for a pilot to receive training 
and an endorsement in an airplane with ``more than 200 horsepower'' to 
``200 horsepower or more'';
    (4) Separate the current requirements for a pilot to receive 
training and an endorsement to operate an airplane that has a 
retractable landing gear, flaps, and controllable propeller and an 
endorsement to operate a high performance airplane that has an engine 
of 200 horsepower or more;
    (5) Establish a requirement for a pilot to receive aircraft type 
specific training. The purpose of this proposal, as earlier discussed 
in the ``General Discussion of Principal Issues'' under the paragraph 
title of this notice noted as ``Aircraft Type Specific Training,'' 
would require a person to receive additional training and a flight 
instructor endorsement for that person to serve as a PIC of an aircraft 
that the Administrator has determined requires type specific training;
    (6) Require pilots to receive additional training for operating 
``pressurized aircraft.'' Current provisions only require pilots to 
receive additional training in ``pressurized airplanes.'' This proposal 
is to capture the possible development of pressurized ``powered-lift,'' 
and any other pressurized aircraft that may be manufactured in the 
future;
    (7) Require a pilot seeking an aircraft type rating to perform to 
ATP standards. This proposal will codify the existing policy for FAA 
pilot certification standards; and
    (8) Add an exception in proposed paragraph (j), to include the 
powered-lift aircraft, because no class ratings are being established. 
In addition, the powered-lift would be added as an exception to the 
category and class rating requirements of this section for aircraft not 
type certificated as airplanes, rotorcraft, gliders, powered-lift, or 
lighter-than-air aircraft.

Section 61.33  Tests: General Procedure

    This section would revise the format by replacing the phrase 
``persons, designated by the Administrator'' with the word 
``examiners.'' 

[[Page 41196]]


Section 61.35  Knowledge Test: Prerequisites and Passing Grades

    Proposed Sec. 61.35 would be retitled to read, ``Knowledge test: 
Prerequisites and passing grades,'' instead of ``Written test 
prerequisites and passing grades.''
    The proposed revisions to Sec. 61.35 are as follows:
    (1) Replace the term ``written test'' with ``knowledge test'';
    (2) Require an applicant to receive an endorsement that states the 
applicant completed ground training or a home study course on the 
aeronautical knowledge requirements for each certificate or rating and 
that the applicant is prepared for the knowledge test;
    (3) Include and clarify the current requirements for the 
presentation of personal identification found in FAA Order 8700.1. 
These identification procedures were established in response to the 
Drug Enforcement Assistance Act of 1988 (Pub. L. 100-690, November 18, 
1988). The proposal would require an applicant's identification to 
consist of:
    a. The applicant's photograph;
    b. The applicant's signature;
    c. The applicant's date of birth, which shows the applicant meets 
or will meet the age requirements for the certificate sought before the 
expiration date of the knowledge test report; and
    d. The applicant's actual residential address, if different from 
the applicant's mailing address.
    Acceptable types of identification include, but are not limited to, 
a driver's license, a government identification card, a passport, or 
other forms of identification that meet the personal identification 
criteria. The photograph of the applicant would be reproduced on the 
airman identity card portion of the airman certificate; and
    (4) Include applicants for ATP certificates and ratings into 
proposed Sec. 61.35. Currently, Sec. 61.35 does not apply to the 
written test for an ATP certificate or a rating associated with that 
certificate. The passing requirements for a written test for an ATP 
certificate or a rating associated with that certificate are found in 
existing Sec. 61.167. Existing Sec. 61.167 states that an applicant for 
an ATP certificate or rating must pass the knowledge test with a 70 
percent minimum passing grade. Under Sec. 61.35, the minimum passing 
grade is specified by the Administrator. The FAA has determined 
provisions in Sec. 61.35 and Sec. 61.167 are similar, and therefore, 
duplication is not necessary.

Section 61.37  Knowledge Tests: Cheating or Other Unauthorized Conduct

    The phrase ``Except as authorized by the Administrator'' is 
proposed to be deleted.

Section 61.39  Prerequisites for Practical Tests

    The significant proposed changes to Sec. 61.39 are as follows:
    (1) Replace the words ``flight test'' or ``oral test'' with the 
word ``practical test'';
    (2) Replace the words ``written test'' with ``knowledge test'';
    (3) Permit an applicant to hold at least a third-class medical 
certificate to be eligible for a practical test;
    (4) Clarify that applicants for an ATP certificate be at least 23 
years of age at the time of the practical test;
    (5) Revise the existing provision for applicants for ATP 
certificates and ratings to allow them to take a practical test with an 
expired airman knowledge test report;
    (6) Include the current prerequisites for practical tests 
procedures found in FAA Order 8700.1. The proposal would require an 
applicant to:
    a. Present the airman knowledge test report at the time the 
applicant applies for the practical test; and
    b. Complete and sign the application form.
    (7) Clarify the eligibility prerequisites for a practical test, but 
the proposal does not contain any additional requirements from the 
existing requirements;
    (8) Clarify the current provision for an applicant who is employed 
as a flight crewmember under part 121, part 125, or part 135, or as a 
flight crewmember in military transportation service to take a 
practical test with an expired airman knowledge test report. The 
proposal would clarify that to be afforded the relief provided by 
proposed Sec. 61.39, the applicant would have to either:
    a. Be employed as a flight crewmember by a U.S. air carrier or 
commercial operator under parts 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter and be 
employed by such a certificate holder at the time of the practical test 
and--
    (i) Have satisfactorily accomplished that operator's approved PIC 
aircraft qualification training program, which is appropriate to the 
certificate and rating sought; and
    (ii) Have satisfactorily accomplished that operator's approved 
requalification training requirements, which are appropriate to the 
certificate and rating sought; or
    b. Be employed as a flight crewmember by a U.S. scheduled military 
air transportation service operator and--
    (i) Be employed by such an operator at the time of the practical 
test; and
    (ii) Have accomplished that operator's PIC aircraft qualification 
training program, which is appropriate to the certificate and rating 
sought.

Section 61.41  Flight Training Received From Flight Instructors Not 
Certificated by the FAA.

    The FAA proposes to revise Sec. 61.41 for the purposes of 
simplifying this section. The proposal would replace the word 
``instruction'' with the word ``training,'' and clarify that flight 
instructors not certificated by the FAA are not authorized to give any 
of the endorsements required under part 61, only the training.

Section 61.43  Practical Tests: General Procedures

    The significant proposed changes to Sec. 61.43 are as follows:
    (1) Replace the term ``flight test'' with ``practical test'' and 
``maneuvers and procedures'' with ``approved areas of operation.''
    (2) Include applicants for ATP certificates or ratings by replacing 
the phrase ``an applicant for a private or commercial pilot 
certificate, or for an aircraft or instrument rating on that 
certificate'' with ``an applicant for a certificate or rating, issued 
under this part.''
    (3) Modify the wording of this section for clarity and simplicity 
purposes. Proposed Sec. 61.43 would be revised to state that an 
applicant would be required to:
    a. Perform the approved areas of operation for the certificate or 
rating sought within the approved standards;
    b. Demonstrate mastery of the aircraft throughout the practical 
test with the successful outcome of each task performed never seriously 
in doubt;
    c. Demonstrate satisfactory airmanship throughout the practical 
test;
    d. Demonstrate sound judgment throughout the practical test; and
    e. Demonstrate single-pilot competence if the aircraft is type 
certificated for single-pilot operations.
    (4) Require an applicant, who wants to accomplish a practical test 
in an aircraft that is type certificated for single-pilot operations, 
to demonstrate single-pilot competence. The proposal would require an 
applicant for a certificate or rating to demonstrate single-pilot 
competence in the aircraft in which the practical test is taken, if 
that aircraft is type certificated for one pilot. Most aircraft that 
are type 

[[Page 41197]]
certificated for one pilot are currently operated by one pilot. 
However, some aircraft (e.g., the Cessna Citation 501 and 551) are type 
certificated for one pilot, but are operated by either one- or two-
pilot crews. The FAA realizes that some pilots may desire to operate an 
aircraft type certificated for one pilot with a two-pilot crew. In this 
situation, the applicant would have the option not to demonstrate 
single-pilot competence, but a limitation would be placed on the 
applicant's airman certificate that states a SIC is required. This 
limitation could later be removed if the pilot demonstrates single-
pilot competence. This proposal is consistent with FAA Order 8700.1, 
``General Aviation Operations Inspector's Handbook,'' regarding 
aircraft that are type certificated for one pilot, but are operated 
with both one- and two-pilot crews. The proposal would not change 
regulations for applicants that apply for a certificate or rating in 
aircraft that are usually operated by one pilot. These applicants 
already are required to demonstrate single-pilot competence on the 
practical test; and
    (5) Codify the procedures, which are currently found in FAA Order 
8700.1, that address the issue of the examiner or the applicant may 
discontinue the practical test due to inclement weather conditions, 
aircraft airworthiness, or other flight safety concerns.

Section 61.45  Practical Tests: Required Aircraft and Equipment

    Proposed Sec. 61.45 would be retitled to read, ``Practical tests: 
Required aircraft and equipment,'' instead of ``Flight tests: Required 
aircraft and equipment.'' The FAA proposes to revise this section by 
replacing the term, ``flight test'' with ``practical test'' and 
``flight proficiency requirements'' with ``approved areas of 
operation.''
    The significant proposed changes to Sec. 61.45 are as follows:
    (1) Exclude explicitly the use of ultralights and hang gliders as 
acceptable aircraft for use in practical tests. The use of ultralights 
and hang gliders are unacceptable aircraft for use in pilot certificate 
tests. Aircraft other than ultralights, and the pilots who operate 
them, are subject to extensive Federal regulations found throughout the 
FAR. Ultralights are subject to separate standards in part 103, which 
provides that ultralights are not required to meet the airworthiness 
certification, pilot certification, aircraft registration, or aircraft 
marking requirements of the other aircraft. Section 103.1 states, in 
part, that ultralight vehicles ``are used or intended to be used for 
recreation or sport purposes only'';
    (2) Exclude balloons from the current requirement for pilot seats 
in an aircraft used for the practical test. Section 61.45 currently 
requires that the aircraft used for a flight test have ``pilot seats 
with adequate visibility for each pilot to operate the aircraft 
safely.'' Most balloons do not have seats and this requirement is 
customarily waived for balloon practical tests;
    (3) Require a lighter-than-air aircraft used for a practical test 
to have required controls easily reached and operable in a normal 
manner by both pilots. Permit an examiner to waive the requirement that 
states ``controls easily reached and operable in a normal manner''. 
However, the examiner must determine that the lighter-than-air aircraft 
used for the practical test can be operated safely; and
    (4) Require applicants for any practical test to perform the test 
in a two-place aircraft. This would eliminate the provision for an 
applicant for a gyroplane class rating to accomplish the practical test 
in a single place gyroplane. In the past, the FAA has permitted 
examiners to observe the practical test from the ground when the 
aircraft was a single-place aircraft. Predominately, gyroplanes were 
single-place aircraft that required examiners to monitor the practical 
test from the ground. However, the FAA has determined there are a 
significant number of two-place gyroplanes that render the current 
provisions no longer necessary. After discussions with many of the 
primary manufacturers of gyroplanes, the FAA believes that there are an 
adequate number of two-place gyroplanes that make the existing rule 
unnecessary. The FAA believes the importance of the practical test 
makes it extremely necessary that examiners be able to observe 
applicants during the practical test.
    (5) Permit the use of aircraft with a primary airworthiness 
certificate to be used for a flight test. The purpose for this proposal 
is a result of an oversight that occurred during the issuance of the 
Primary Aircraft Final Rule (57 FR 41360; September 9, 1992). In the 
Supplementary Information section (in the paragraphs entitled ``Rental 
and Flight Instruction'' and ``Pilot Certification'') of that final 
rule, the FAA stated that the use of primary aircraft are permitted to 
be used for rental, flight instruction, and pilot certification. 
However, the FAA did not provide for this in that final rule.

Section 61.47  Status of an Examiner Who is Authorized by the 
Administrator to Conduct Practical Tests

    The FAA proposes to change the title of the section from ``Flight 
tests: Status of FAA inspectors and other authorized flight examiners'' 
to ``Status of an examiner who is authorized by the Administrator to 
conduct practical tests.'' Additionally, this section would contain 
minor editorial and format revisions.

Section 61.49  Retesting After Failure

    The FAA proposes to reformat this section. In addition, the FAA 
proposes to delete the existing requirement for an applicant to wait 30 
days before reapplying for a practical test following a second and 
subsequent disapprovals. In lieu of the 30-day waiting period, the 
applicant would be required to receive an endorsement from an 
authorized ground or flight instructor, as appropriate.

Section 61.51  Pilot Logbooks

    The significant proposed changes to this section are as follows:
    (1) Clarifies the procedure in logging PIC flight time;
    (2) Eliminates the term ``solo flight time'' and replaces it with 
the term ``supervised PIC time'';
    (3) Clarifies when a flight instructor and a certificated pilot who 
are on board an aircraft at the same time may each log PIC flight time;
    (4) Permits student pilots who meet certain provisions to log PIC 
flight time;
    (5) Requires the pilot who logs SIC flight time to meet the 
requirements of Sec. 61.55;
    (6) Specifies the necessary information when a pilot logs 
instrument time for the purpose of meeting the instrument currency 
requirements;
    (7) Specifies the necessary information when a pilot logs training 
time; and
    (8) Specifies the requirements that a flight instructor would need 
to meet to log PIC flight time.

Section 61.53  Operations During Medical Deficiency

    The FAA is proposing to make two significant changes to this 
section. First, in response to the proposed changes that would permit 
pilots to exercise the privileges of a recreational pilot certificate 
without holding a medical certificate, the FAA is proposing to divide 
Sec. 61.53 into two paragraphs. Paragraph (a) would apply to operations 
that require pilots to hold medical certificates issued under part 67. 
Paragraph (b) would apply to operations 

[[Page 41198]]
in which pilots are not required to hold medical certificates. While 
paragraph (b) was developed primarily in response to FAA's petition 
that proposes to permit a pilot without a medical certificate to 
exercise the privileges of a recreational pilot certificate, it also if 
adopted, would apply to glider and balloon operations.
    Under proposed paragraph (b), a pilot who chooses to exercise 
recreational pilot privileges or flight in a glider or balloon would 
not be required to obtain a medical certificate. The pilot, however, 
still would be required to self evaluate themselves on their current 
medical condition prior to exercising their pilot certificate 
privileges. As long as the pilot had no reason to believe that they 
were not medically fit for piloting, the pilot would be able to conduct 
these limited operations. As a result, a pilot who fails a medical exam 
given by an aviation medical examiner (AME) would be able to exercise 
their pilot certificate provided the pilot exercised recreational pilot 
privileges only or was piloting a glider or balloon operations. Pilots 
would be required to self evaluate themselves utilizing their judgment 
that they are medically fit to fly. In addition, pilots who hold 
special issuance medical certificates, which require routine check-ups 
by an AME, may decide to give up their medical certificates and only 
fly in recreational pilot operations if they believe that they are 
medically fit to fly. Pilots experiencing medical symptoms that would 
prevent them from safely exercising the privileges of their 
certificate, or that raise a reasonable concern, would be on notice 
that they cannot claim they have no known medical deficiencies. As an 
example, a pilot who is under physician's care for, or is currently 
suffering from angina pectoris or a coronary heart disease would not be 
able to exercise their pilot certificate as the pilot in command or as 
a required flight crewmember under the provisions of this proposed 
rule. Another example would be a pilot who is under a physician's care 
for, or is currently suffering ``blackouts'' would not be able to 
exercise their pilot certificate as the pilot in command or as a 
required flight crewmember under the provisions of this proposed rule. 
The proposed rule changes will require each pilot to self evaluate 
their current medical condition and then exercise reasonable judgment 
prior to exercising their pilot certificate. The FAA has not 
established a list of disqualifying medical conditions because the 
intent of this proposal is not to establish another class of medical 
certification to replace the 3rd class medical certificate. However, 
depending on the responses received from the public on this proposal, 
the FAA reserves the right to establish a list of disqualifying medical 
conditions in the final rule if there is a need shown for it. The FAA 
recognizes that many of its regulations require pilots to exercise 
reasonable judgment and is dependent on all pilots adhering to an 
unwritten ``honor code.''

Section 61.55  Second in Command Qualifications

    The FAA proposes to revise this section by being more specific 
about the SIC training requirements.

Section 61.56  Flight Review

    This section is being reprinted without changes. Amendment No. 61-
93 ``Amendment of the Annual and Biennial Flight Review Requirements'', 
which became effective on August 31, 1993 (58 FR 40562; July 28, 1993), 
revised this entire section. Amendment No. 61-93 amended this section 
by deleting the requirement that recreational pilots and noninstrument-
rated private pilots with fewer than 400 hours of flight time 
(hereafter, the ``affected pilots'') receive 1 hour of ground and 1 
hour of flight instruction annually. The final rule amended the 
biennial flight review by requiring all pilots to receive a minimum of 
1 hour of ground instruction and 1 hour of flight instruction. 
Additionally, the final rule provided that flight instructors who renew 
their flight instructor's certificate by means of an approved flight 
instructor refresher course need not accomplish the 1 hour of ground 
instruction previously required in the BFR.

Section 61.57  Recent Flight Experience: Pilot in Command

    The proposed changes in this section are as follows:
    (1) Require each pilot to make at least three takeoffs and three 
landings to a full stop within the preceding 90 days;
    (2) Require the three takeoffs and three landings made to a full 
stop to involve a flight in the traffic pattern at the recommended 
traffic pattern altitude for the airport;
    (3) Delete the clarification of night (the definition already 
exists in Sec. 1.1);
    (4) Modify the requirements for recent instrument experience;
    (5) Modify the requirements for the instrument proficiency test; 
and
    (6) Extend the exception requirements for the general and night 
recency experience requirements of Sec. 61.57 to PICs of part 125 
operators as that afforded PICs of part 121 and part 135 operators.

Section 61.58  Pilot-in-Command Proficiency Test: Operation of Aircraft 
Requiring More Than One Required Pilot

    This section has been addressed in a separate NPRM that is 
entitled, ``Aircraft Flight Simulator Use in Pilot Training, Testing, 
and Checking at Training Centers,'' and was issued on July 15, 1992 (57 
FR 35915; August 11, 1992).
    The existing section is republished with minor editorial and format 
modifications. Those minor editorial modifications would include a 
proposal to revise existing Sec. 61.58(b)(3), (c)(2), and (e) by 
eliminating reference to part 127, because there are no part 127 
operators and haven't been for years. Furthermore, the FAA proposes to 
add part 125 operators to existing Sec. 61.58(b)(3), (c)(2), and (e) in 
reference to persons conducting operations under part 125. Part 125 
operators were not addressed in this section when the part was 
initially established on February 3, 1981, and therefore the FAA 
proposes to include part 125 pilots. Section 61.59 Falsification, 
reproduction, or alteration of applications, certificates, logbooks, 
reports, or records.
    The only proposed change to this section involves Sec. 61.59(a)(2) 
by revising the word ``or'' to ``of'' in the phrase ``* * * exercise of 
the privileges, or any certificate * * *'' to read ``* * * exercise of 
the privileges of any certificate * * *'' The purpose for this change 
is to correct the mistake in the rule that occurred when the rule was 
first issued. Other than for this minor change, no further changes are 
anticipated.

Section 61.60  Change of Address

    This section would be revised to include ground instructor 
certificates under part 61.

Subpart B--Aircraft Ratings and Special Certificates

Section 61.61  Applicability

    Because the issuance of an additional rating for a flight 
instructor certificate is contained in subpart H of part 61, the FAA 
proposes to delete the words ``or instructor'' from this section. 
Subpart B prescribes the requirements for additional aircraft ratings.

Section 61.63  Additional Aircraft Ratings (Other Than Airline 
Transport Pilot)

    The significant proposed changes in this section are as follows:
    (1) Change the title of paragraph (c) of this proposed section to 
read 

[[Page 41199]]
``Additional type rating, or an addition of an aircraft type rating 
associated with an additional aircraft class rating,'' and rewrite the 
provisions for an additional aircraft type rating.
    (2) Revise the required aeronautical experience and training for 
persons seeking an additional aircraft category and class rating. 
Regarding the required aeronautical experience and training for an 
additional category rating, a person would not be required to perform 
the supervised PIC time, but would be required to meet the specified 
aeronautical experience and training time required for the category and 
class rating sought and pilot certificate level held. As an example, a 
person who holds a private pilot certificate with an airplane single 
engine land rating, and seeks to add a rotorcraft category with a 
helicopter class rating to that person's pilot certificate, would be 
required (in addition to the eligibility and endorsement requirements 
of Sec. 61.103) to comply with the following aeronautical experience 
and training of subpart E:
    a. Receive training on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in 
Sec. 61.105(b), that apply to the helicopter rating sought;
    b. Receive training in a helicopter on the approved areas of 
operation listed in Sec. 61.107(d);
    c. Accomplish the following training--
    (i) Three hours of cross-country flight training in a helicopter;
    (ii) Except as provided in Sec. 61.110, 3 hours of night flight 
training in a helicopter that includes--
    (A) One cross country flight of at least more than 50 nautical 
miles duration; and
    (B) Ten takeoffs and ten landings to a full stop (with each landing 
involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport.
    (iii) Three hours of flight training in preparation for the 
practical test in a helicopter, which must have been performed within 
the 60-day period preceding the date of the test; and
    d. Satisfactorily accomplish a practical test in a helicopter on 
the approved areas of operation listed in Sec. 61.107(d).
    (3) Eliminate the provision that requires a person to meet the 
specified aeronautical experience and training time required for the 
class rating sought. The person would be required to receive the 
required training, but no specified amount of training would be 
required. The person would be trained to the standards established for 
the aircraft rating sought and the pilot certificate level held. As an 
example, a person who holds a private pilot certificate with an 
airplane category and single engine land class rating, who seeks to add 
an airplane category and multiengine land class rating to the pilot's 
certificate would be required (in addition to the eligibility and 
endorsement requirements of Sec. 61.103) to comply with the following 
aeronautical experience and training of subpart E:
    a. Receive training on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in 
Sec. 61.105(b) that apply to the aircraft rating sought;
    b. Receive training in a multiengine airplane on the approved areas 
of operation listed in Sec. 61.107(c); and
    c. Satisfactorily accomplish a practical test in a multiengine 
airplane on the approved areas of operation listed in Sec. 61.107(c).
    (4) Clarify when an applicant would be required to accomplish a 
knowledge test. The proposal would specify that an applicant who 
already holds an airplane, rotorcraft, powered-lift, or airship rating, 
and is only seeking an additional aircraft category, class, and type 
rating, would not be required to accomplish another knowledge test. 
However, an applicant would still be required to have an endorsement in 
the applicant's logbook or training record from an authorized flight 
instructor or ground instructor, and that endorsement must attest that 
the person is competent on the aeronautical knowledge areas, that 
relate to the pilot certificate for the aircraft category/class rating 
sought.
    (5) Restrict the issuance of ``VFR only'' limitation for an 
aircraft type rating to only those aircraft that cannot be used to 
accomplish the practical test under IFR, because its type certificate 
makes the aircraft incapable of operating under IFR.
    (6) Reformat the section for clarity.

Section 61.65  Instrument Rating Requirements

    The significant proposed changes in this section are as follows:
    (1) Includes revised aeronautical knowledge areas and areas of 
operation for an instrument rating for the airplane category-single 
engine class rating, airplane category-multiengine class rating, 
rotorcraft category-helicopter class rating, lighter-than-air category-
airship class rating, and powered-lift category rating.
    (2) Includes revised instrument training for an instrument rating 
for the airplane category-single engine class rating, airplane 
category-multiengine class rating, rotorcraft category-helicopter class 
rating, lighter-than-air category-airship class rating, and powered-
lift category rating. A person who applies for an instrument rating 
must have received and logged the following training:
    a. At least 40 hours of instrument training from an authorized 
flight instructor-instrument or ground instructor-instrument on the 
approved areas of operation of this section;
    b. At least 20 hours of the instrument training may be met by 
training received from an authorized flight instructor-instrument or 
ground instructor-instrument in an approved flight simulator or 
training device;
    c. At least 5 hours of instrument flight training from an 
authorized flight instructor-instrument in the category and class 
aircraft for the instrument rating sought;
    d. Instrument training specific to airplanes on cross-country 
flight procedures that includes at least one cross-country IFR flight 
in the class airplane for the instrument rating sought and consists 
of--
    (i) A distance of at least 250 nautical miles along airways or ATC-
directed routing with one of the routes being at least a straight-line 
distance of 100 nautical miles between airports;
    (ii) An instrument approach at each airport; and
    (iii) Approaches using VOR, NDB, and ILS radio navigation aids.
    e. Instrument training specific to helicopters on cross-country 
flight procedures that includes at least one cross-country IFR flight 
in a helicopter and consists of--
    (i) A distance of at least 100 nautical miles along airways or ATC-
directed routing, with one of the routes being at least a straight-line 
distance of 50 nautical miles between airports;
    (ii) An instrument approach at each airport; and
    (iii) Approaches using VOR, NDB, and ILS radio navigation aids.
    f. Instrument training specific to airships on cross-country flight 
procedures that includes at least one cross-country IFR flight in an 
airship and consists of--
    (i) A distance of at least 50 nautical miles along airways or ATC-
directed routing, with one of the routes being at least a straight-line 
distance of 25 nautical miles between airports;
    (ii) An instrument approach at each airport; and
    (iii) Approaches using VOR, NDB, and ILS radio navigation aids.
    g. Instrument training specific to powered-lift on cross-country 
flight procedures that includes at least one cross-country IFR flight 
in a powered-lift and consists of--
    (i) A distance of at least 250 nautical miles along airways or ATC-
directed routing, with one of the routes being at 

[[Page 41200]]
least a straight-line distance of 100 nautical miles between airports;
    (ii) An instrument approach at each airport; and
    (iii) Approaches using VOR, NDB, and ILS radio navigation aids.
    (3) Requires applicants to be able to write in the English 
language.
    (4) Includes training in windshear avoidance, aeronautical decision 
making and judgment in the aeronautical knowledge requirements, and 
flight deck resource management, to include crew communications and 
coordination.
    (5) Replaces the term ``flight proficiency requirements'' with 
``approved areas of operation.''
    (6) Requires an applicant to receive training or complete a home 
study program, and receive an endorsement from a ground or flight 
instructor on the required aeronautical knowledge areas of this section 
that are appropriate to the instrument rating sought.
    (7) Specifies that an applicant is not required to accomplish 
another knowledge test, when that person is seeking an additional 
instrument rating. However, the applicant would still be required to 
have received and logged ground training from an authorized flight 
instructor-instrument or ground instructor-instrument, or have 
accomplished a home study course of training on the approved 
aeronautical knowledge areas that apply to the instrument rating 
sought. In addition, the applicant would still be required to have 
received a logbook or training record endorsement, from the authorized 
instructor, who gave that person training or reviewed their home study 
course, certifying the person is prepared to satisfactorily accomplish 
the required knowledge test.
    (8) Specifies that an applicant for a practical test must receive 
an endorsement from the flight instructor who gave the applicant 
training and that endorsement must state the applicant is prepared for 
the practical test. The FAA believes this step-by-step listing of 
eligibility requirements would help the applicant and the examiner to 
determine readily which requirements are to be met.
    (9) Specifies the minimum distance requirement for cross-country 
flight training should be measured from one airport to another. This 
proposal is in agreement with the current FAA interpretation on this 
issue.
    (10) Deletes the requirement that the applicant for an instrument 
rating must have logged at least 125 hours of total flight time. This 
proposal would correspond with the current ICAO requirements for an 
instrument rating, which do not require a minimum amount of total 
flight time. The FAA also proposes to eliminate the requirement for an 
applicant to have logged at least 50 hours of cross-country flight as a 
rated pilot.
    (11) Specifies that an applicant who completes an instrument 
practical test in a multiengine airplane and who holds an airplane 
category and single-engine class rating is considered to have met the 
requirements for an instrument rating in a single-engine airplane.

Section 61.67  Category II Pilot Authorization Requirements

    This section has been addressed in a separate NPRM that is 
entitled, ``Aircraft Flight Simulator Use in Pilot Training, Testing, 
and Checking at Training Centers,'' and was issued on July 15, 1992 (57 
FR 35918; August 11, 1992). The existing section is republished without 
change.

Section 61.69  Glider Towing: Experience and Training Requirements

    The FAA proposes to revise the title of this section to read, 
``Glider towing: Experience and training requirements.'' The title of 
existing Sec. 61.69 reads ``Glider towing: Experience and instruction 
requirements.'' The significant proposed changes in this section are as 
follows:
    (1) Clarifies the requirements for a pilot who desires to act as a 
PIC of an aircraft towing a glider and the requirements for a pilot who 
accompanies that person. The proposal clarifies that the accompanying 
pilot is required to have at least 10 flight hours as a PIC of an 
aircraft towing a flight, not the applicant. The present wording is 
confusing and has been misunderstood to mean that a pilot cannot be a 
PIC until the pilot has made and logged 10 flights as a PIC.
    (2) Deletes the current alternative provision in paragraph (c) of 
this section that permits a pilot, who desires to act as a PIC of an 
aircraft towing gliders, to log three flights as the sole manipulator 
of the controls of an aircraft simulating glider towing flight 
procedures and three flights as a pilot or observer in a glider being 
towed by another aircraft. Merely logging three flights as sole 
manipulator of the controls of an aircraft while simulating glider 
towing flight procedures, or as a pilot or observer in a glider being 
towed by another aircraft, does not adequately maintain a pilot's 
proficiency for serving as a PIC towing a glider. The FAA proposes to 
require a pilot to make at least three flights as the sole manipulator 
of the controls of an aircraft towing a glider, while accompanied by a 
pilot who meets the requirements of this proposed section.

Section 61.71  Graduate of an Approved Training Program, Other Than 
Under This Part: Special Rules.
    The title of this section is proposed to be changed from 
``Graduates of certificated flying schools: Special rules'' to 
``Graduate of an approved training program, other than under this part: 
Special rules.''
    The significant proposed changes in this section are as follows:
    (1) Permits the crediting of training conducted under parts 141- or 
142-approved training programs.
    (2) Permits the issuance of an ATP certificate, type rating, or 
both, to a person who has satisfactorily accomplished an approved 
training program and a PIC proficiency check for that aircraft type, in 
accordance with the PIC requirements of subparts N and O of part 121 of 
this chapter. The person must apply for that ATP certificate/type 
rating within 60 calendar days from the date the person satisfactorily 
completed the training program and PIC proficiency check in that 
airplane type. The FAA believes the training, checking, and 
qualification for a PIC, under subparts N and O of part 121, meet the 
requirements of part 61 for the ATP certificate/type rating.
    For pilots of certain part 135 air carriers, on May 8, 1992, the 
FAA issued Exemption No. 5450 (57 FR 23253; June 2, 1992) to Regional 
Airline Association member airlines and similarly situated commuter air 
carriers that operate under part 135. That exemption permits a person 
who is an employee of a part 135 air carrier that operates airplane 
types requiring two pilots and having a passenger seating configuration 
of 10 seats or more (excluding any pilot seat) to train, check, and 
qualify under subparts N and O of part 121. This proposal will provide 
for pilots of part 135 air carriers in the same way that Exemption No. 
5450 now provides for pilots who are employees of Regional Airline 
Association's member airlines and similarly qualified commuter air 
carriers to be issued ATP certificates and type ratings.
    (3) Deletes the existing requirement for an applicant seeking 
instrument rating, who graduates from a pilot school certificated under 
part 141, to hold a commercial pilot certificate and a second-class 
medical certificate. This proposal would be in alignment with the 
proposed revision to Sec. 61.65, and the current rules of ICAO Annex I. 
Under Sec. 61.65 and ICAO Annex I, an applicant for an instrument 
rating will only be 

[[Page 41201]]
required to hold a private pilot certificate. This proposal will keep 
the requirements for an instrument rating the same whether the 
applicant is trained under part 61 or part 141. The FAA also hopes to 
encourage more private pilots to seek instrument ratings. In 1975, the 
FAA lowered the minimum flight time requirement for an instrument 
rating from 200 hours to 125 hours with the stated goal of encouraging 
private pilots to seek instrument ratings. Because a commercial pilot 
certificate or a second-class medical certificate is not required to 
exercise private pilot privileges, the requirement for the applicant to 
hold these certificates conflicts with the FAA's goal.
    (4) Deletes the requirement that graduates of pilot schools with 
examining authority must apply for a certificate or rating within 90 
days. These graduates would have 60 days to apply, the same as 
graduates from pilots schools without examining authority.

Section 61.73  Military Pilots or Former Military Pilots: Special Rules

    The significant proposed changes in this section are as follows:
    (1) Clarifies the existing requirements for military or former 
military pilots who apply for a commercial pilot certificate or an 
aircraft category, class, instrument, or type rating. This proposal 
clarifies that military and former military pilots are required to have 
graduated from a military pilot training course or military pilot 
flight school and received official military aeronautical orders, 
before applying for their FAA pilot certificate. This, in effect, 
requires military pilots to have graduated from the course and have 
aeronautical orders in their possession, prior to applying for the 
required knowledge test or rating, as appropriate.
    (2) Deletes the provision in existing Sec. 61.73(a) that permits 
military pilots to apply for a private pilot certificate. Historically, 
military pilots have not chosen a private pilot certificate, because a 
commercial pilot certificate can be issued without any further 
requirements. Therefore, the provision allowing military pilots to be 
issued a private pilot certificate would be deleted, and only a 
commercial pilot certificate would be issued. A military pilot, who in 
the past elected a private pilot certificate instead of a commercial 
pilot certificate, would be permitted to retain that private pilot 
certificate.
    (3) Deletes the last sentence in existing Sec. 61.73(g)(6), 
``However, a Tactical (Pink) instrument card issued by the U.S. Army is 
not acceptable.'' This sentence is obsolete because Tactical (Pink) 
Instrument cards were last issued by the Army in 1971.
    (4) Moves the content of Sec. 61.73(d)(2) to proposed 
Sec. 61.73(d)(5) and deletes the phrase ``or his certificate is 
endorsed with the following limitation: VFR only.'' Since 1972, all 
U.S. military pilot training requires instrument qualification 
training, and so this phrase is no longer needed. Current and former 
military pilots who currently hold pilot certificates with the ``VFR 
only'' limitation would continue to remain valid. After demonstrating 
instrument competency in the type of airplane for which the type rating 
is sought, the limitation would be removed.
    (5) Includes an administrative clarification for elevating type 
ratings on the superseded pilot certificate to the ATP certificate 
level.
    (6) Modifies the format, deletes obsolete phraseology, and 
clarifies the wording of this section.

Section 61.75  Private Pilot Certificate Issued on Basis of a Foreign 
Pilot License

    The title of proposed Sec. 61.75 would be changed from ``Pilot 
certificate issued on basis of a foreign pilot license'' to ``Private 
pilot certificate issued on basis of a foreign pilot license.''
    The significant proposed changes in this section are as follows:
    (1) Deletes the existing provision that permits a pilot with a 
foreign commercial, senior commercial, or ATP license to apply for a 
U.S. commercial pilot certificate. The proposal would permit those 
pilots to apply only for a U.S. private pilot certificate when the 
issuance is based on their foreign pilot certificate.
    (2) Adds a provision that would require pilots with a foreign pilot 
license to submit a transcription of their foreign pilot license and 
medical certificate in the English language, unless the licenses and 
limitations are in the English language.
    (3) Deletes the existing provision that permits an applicant to 
receive a U.S. pilot certificate when the applicant cannot read, speak, 
write, and understand the English language.
    (4) Adds a provision that restricts foreign pilot license holders 
from exercising their U.S. pilot certificate while under an order of 
revocation or suspension.
    (5) Adds a provision that would permit applicants to use their 
medical certificate issued by the country that issued the foreign pilot 
license in lieu of a medical certificate issued under part 67.
    (6) Adds a provision that states that a holder of a private pilot 
certificate, issued under this section, is limited to the privileges 
placed on that certificate by the Administrator.
    (7) Adds a provision that states that a holder of a private pilot 
certificate, issued under this section, is subject to the limitations 
and restrictions on the person's U.S. certificate and foreign pilot 
license.
    (8) Adds a provision that states that the U.S. private pilot 
certificate, issued under this section, is valid only when that person 
has their foreign pilot license in their personal possession or readily 
accessible in the aircraft.

Section 61.77  Special Purpose Flight Authorization: Operation of U.S.-
Registered Civil Aircraft Leased by a Person Who Is Not a U.S. Citizen

    The title of proposed Sec. 61.77 would be changed from ``Special 
purpose pilot certificate: Operation of U.S.-registered civil aircraft 
leased by a person not a U.S. citizen'' to read ``Special purpose 
flight authorization: Operation of U.S.-registered civil aircraft 
leased by a person who is not a U.S. citizen.''
    The significant proposed changes in this section are as follows:
    The proposal replaces the issuance of special purpose pilot 
certificates with special purpose pilot authorizations and expands the 
use of a special purpose flight authorization to all aircraft. The 
proposal would also revise the eligibility requirements for a special 
purpose flight authorization and the related privileges.
    The significant proposed changes in this section are as follows:
    (1) Permits a pilot who holds an airman certificate or license, 
issued by another ICAO-member state, to operate a U.S.-registered civil 
aircraft in foreign air transportation operations with a special 
purpose pilot authorization, issued for 60 calendar months by the 
Administrator, in lieu of the current requirement of issuing special 
purpose pilot certificates. This proposal would eliminate the need to 
issue special purpose pilot certificates. The FAA believes this 
proposal will reduce administrative burdens and provide the relief that 
has been routinely granted through the exemption process. Persons who 
have been issued a special purpose pilot certificate, prior to the 
effective date of this rule, would continue to be allowed to exercise 
the privileges of that certificate until the certificate expires. 
However, once the special purpose pilot certificate expires, the pilot 
would be required to surrender the certificate for a special purpose 
pilot authorization and comply with the provisions contained in 
proposed Sec. 61.77. 

[[Page 41202]]

    ICAO's Annex 1--``Personnel Licensing, Chapter 1--General Rules and 
Definitions Concerning Licenses,'' contains in part, standards and 
recommendations pertaining to the required licenses for flight 
crewmembers. Section 1.2.1 (authority to act as a flight crewmember) 
states that:
    A person shall not act as a flight crewmember of an aircraft unless 
a valid license is held showing compliance with the specifications of 
this Annex and appropriate to the duties to be performed by that 
person. The license shall have been issued by the state of registry of 
that aircraft or by any other contracting State and rendered valid by 
the State of the registry.
    Section 1.2.2  (Method of rendering a license valid) states that: 
When a contracting state renders valid a license issued by another 
contracting State, as an alternative to the issuance of its own 
license, it shall establish validity by suitable authorization to be 
carried with the former license accepting it as the equivalent of the 
latter the validity of the authorization shall not extend beyond the 
period of validity of the license.
    The FAA's data shows that approximately 14,100 special purpose 
pilot certificates have been issued in accordance with Sec. 61.77 and 
approximately 5,300 have been issued in accordance with Sec. 63.23. The 
FAA believes the process for issuing certificates and the requirement 
for continued surveillance of these certificates involves considerable 
expenditure of human and budgetary resources at the FSDO.
    (2) Permits a special purpose pilot authorization to be issued to 
persons to operate any size aircraft instead of the current requirement 
which limits the eligibility to pilots which operate aircraft with more 
than 30 passenger seats, excluding any required crewmember seat, and/or 
7,500 pounds of payload capacity.
    The current Sec. 61.77 states, in part, that the holder of a 
foreign pilot certificate or license issued by a foreign contracting 
State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, who meets the 
requirements of this section, may hold a special purpose pilot 
certificate authorizing the holder to perform pilot duties on a civil 
aircraft of U.S. registry, leased to a person not a citizen of the 
United States, carrying persons or property for compensation or hire. 
Currently, special purpose pilot certificates are issued under this 
section only for aircraft types that can have a maximum passenger 
seating configuration, excluding any flight crewmember seat, of more 
than 30 seats or a maximum payload capacity (as defined in Sec. 135.2 
of this chapter) of more than 7,500 pounds. The current rules do not 
permit the issuance of special purpose pilot certificates for the 
operation of aircraft having 30 or less passenger seats, excluding any 
required crewmember seat, and/or a payload capacity of 7,500 pounds 
(3400 kg) or less.
    The FAA has received a number of petitions for exemption to 
Sec. 61.77. The FAA has granted several exemptions to permit persons 
who are not citizens of the United States, to carry persons or property 
for compensation or hire in aircraft having 30 or less passenger seats, 
excluding any required crewmember seat, and/or a payload capacity of 
7500 pounds (3400 kg) or less.
    Section 305 of the FAA Act mandates that the FAA encourage and 
foster the development of civil aeronautics and air commerce in the 
U.S. and abroad. The FAA believes it is in the public interest to 
promote the use of U.S.-registered aircraft in foreign air 
transportation. Also, the FAA believes this proposal will encourage the 
leasing of these aircraft and may provide an important stimulus to the 
economy of the U.S. aviation industry.
    Therefore, the proposal establishes general provisions for issuance 
of the special purpose pilot authorization and would not include the 
existing final sentence, which refers to airplanes with more than 30 
passenger seats or a maximum payload capacity of more than 7,500 
pounds. The FAA believes this restriction is no longer necessary and 
frequently grants exemptions.
    (3) Validates the foreign airman's certificate by having a FSDO 
issue special purpose pilot authorizations for 60 calendar months. The 
FAA believes the current process of issuing special purpose pilot 
certificates, in accordance with Sec. 61.77, should be eliminated. The 
special purpose pilot authorization would be in a letter format and 
would be required to be in the possession of the airman while operating 
the aircraft.
    (4) Revises the eligibility requirements of Sec. 61.77 to read as 
follows:
    a. Hold a current foreign pilot certificate;
    b. Hold a foreign pilot certificate that shows the appropriate 
category, class, instrument rating, and type rating, if appropriate;
    c. Hold a medical certificate;
    d. Surrender a special purpose flight authorization before being 
issued another authorization;
    e. Require the applicant to present a logbook or flight record 
showing that the applicant meets the part 61 recency of experience 
requirements; and
    f. Clarify that the documentation used to show the applicant has 
not reached the age of 60 should be ``a birth certificate or other 
official documentation''; and clarify that an authorization granted to 
an applicant who will reach the age of 60 years before the 
authorization's usual expiration date would expire the day before the 
applicant's 60th birthday.
    g. Present documentation that shows the pilot is employed by the 
lessee and is qualified in the aircraft to be operated.
    (5) Permits the use of the special purpose pilot authorization in 
lieu of a certificate;
    (6) Establishes limitations for the use of a special purpose pilot 
authorization, which would:
    a. Increase the current length of a special purpose pilot 
certificate from 24 months to special purpose pilot authorization to 60 
calendar months;
    b. Permit a pilot to only hold one special purpose pilot 
authorization;
    c. Clarify that an authorization is for one flight or a series of 
flights for the time period stated on the authorization;
    d. Require the carriage of the special purpose pilot authorization 
when exercising the privileges of the authorization; and
    e. Align the ``age 60'' rule for pilots with the requirements of 
part 121 for all U.S. and foreign pilots, who are 60 years of age or 
older, and who are employed by a foreign air carriers that operate 
U.S.-registered civil aircraft for compensation or hire in scheduled 
international air services and non-scheduled international air 
transport operations.
    (7) Establishes that a special purpose pilot authorization will 
expire:
    a. With 60 calendar months after issuance, unless it is sooner 
superseded, revoked, or rescinded;
    b. When the lease agreement for the aircraft expires or lessee 
terminates the employment of the person;
    c. Whenever the person's pilot or medical certificate has been 
suspended, revoked, or is no longer valid; and
    d. Whenever the pilot reaches the age of 60.

Subpart C--Student Pilots

    The FAA proposes to establish separate subparts for student and 
recreational pilots. The title of subpart C would be revised from 
``Student and Recreational Pilots'' to ``Student Pilots.'' 

[[Page 41203]]


Section 61.81  Applicability

    This section is revised to delete the reference to recreational 
pilot certificates and ratings, which would be incorporated into 
proposed subpart D.

Section 61.83  Eligibility Requirements for Student Pilots

    The significant proposed changes in this section are as follows:
    (1) Requires applicants to be able to write in the English 
language;
    (2) Rewords the medical requirements for applicants who desire a 
rating in a glider or balloon; and
    (3) Requires all applicants to meet the English language 
requirements, which would eliminate the current provision that permits 
applicants who cannot read, speak, and understand the English language 
to receive a certificate with an operating limitation as deemed 
necessary by the Administrator.

Section 61.85  Application

    No significant modifications are proposed.

Section 61.87  Supervised PIC Requirements for Student Pilots

    The title of Sec. 61.87 would be changed from ``Solo flight 
requirements for student pilots'' to ``Supervised PIC requirements for 
student pilots.''
    The significant proposed changes in this section are as follows:
    (1) Replaces the term ``solo'' with ``supervised PIC.'' The purpose 
of proposing to replace the term ``solo'' with ``supervised PIC'' is to 
reflect the intention of the FAA to permit student pilots to log PIC 
time while under the supervision of an authorized flight instructor. 
The FAA has reconsidered its position on this matter, and has concluded 
that if a student pilot is the sole occupant of an aircraft and is 
operating the controls of the aircraft, then that student pilot should 
be allowed to log PIC time. Throughout the public hearings on this 
rulemaking review, the public voiced the belief that student pilots 
should be allowed to log PIC time when they are the sole occupant of an 
aircraft and operating the controls of the aircraft. This proposal, in 
effect, would permit student pilots to log PIC time for the furtherance 
of a pilot certificate or rating. As example, the existing rules for a 
commercial pilot certificate-airplane category and class rating 
requires 100 hours of PIC time. Under the provisions of this proposal, 
PIC time logged as a student pilot would count toward the total PIC 
time for a commercial pilot certificate-airplane category and class 
rating;
    (2) Establishes student pilot training for the proposed powered-
lift category rating;
    (3) Establishes student pilot training for the proposed nonpowered 
and powered class ratings under the glider category;
    (4) Replaces the term ``written examination'' with the term 
``test,'' when testing a student pilot on aeronautical knowledge areas 
prior to a student pilot being authorized to perform a supervised PIC 
flight. This would permit a school to perform the required test in a 
format other than on paper, e.g., computer response;
    (5) Establishes standardization and clarification for student 
pilots being authorized to conduct supervised PIC flight at night; and
    (6) Includes separate supervised PIC maneuvers and procedures for 
the--airplane category-single engine class rating, airplane category-
multiengine class rating, rotorcraft category-helicopter class rating, 
rotorcraft category-gyroplane class rating, glider category-nonpowered 
class rating, glider category-powered class rating, lighter-than-air 
category-airship class rating, lighter-than-air category-balloon class 
rating, and powered-lift category rating.

Section  61.89 General Limitations

    No modifications are proposed for this section.

Section 61.91  [Reserved]

    The FAA proposes to delete ``Sec. 61.91 Aircraft limitations: Pilot 
in command,'' which permits student pilots to act as the PIC in 
airships requiring more than one flight crewmember. This section 
duplicates the requirements in proposed Sec. 61.87 which covers all 
aircraft.

Section 61.93  Supervised PIC Cross-Country Flight Requirements for 
Student Pilots

    The FAA proposes to change the title of Sec. 61.93 from ``Cross-
country flight requirements (for student and recreational pilots 
seeking private pilot certification)'' to ``Supervised PIC cross-
country requirements for student pilots.''
    The significant proposed changes in this section are as follows:
    (1) Changes the term ``solo cross country flight'' to read 
``supervised PIC country country flight.'' (This matter of student 
pilots logging PIC time was previously discussed in proposed 
Sec. 61.89, and the FAA proposes to revise this section to reflect the 
conclusion discussed in that section);
    (2) Deletes the provision that a student pilot may land at an 
airport other than the airport of takeoff in an emergency. This 
provision already exist in Sec. 91.3, ``Responsibility and authority of 
the pilot in command'';
    (3) Clarifies the language of the provision for performing 
supervised PIC flights to and from an airport within 25 nautical miles 
of the airport from which the flight originated;
    (4) Clarifies the provision for performing repeated supervised PIC 
cross-country flights that are no more than 50 nautical miles;
    (5) Clarifies existing requirements for endorsements on the student 
pilot's certificate and in the student pilot's logbook. The requirement 
for an endorsement on the student pilot certificate would not apply to 
a pilot with a pilot certificate who seeks privileges in another 
aircraft category, because a certificated pilot would not hold a 
student pilot certificate;
    (6) Adds provisions for the use of radios for VFR navigation and 
two-way communications, procedures for diverting to alternate airports, 
and windshear avoidance; and
    (7) Establishes separate supervised PIC cross country maneuvers and 
procedures for the--airplane category-single engine class rating, 
airplane category-multiengine class rating, rotorcraft category-
helicopter class rating, rotorcraft category-gyroplane class rating, 
glider category-nonpowered class rating, glider category-powered class 
rating, lighter-than-air category-airship class rating, lighter-than-
air category-balloon class rating, and powered-lift category rating.

Section 61.95  Operations in a Class B Airspace Area and at Airports 
Located Within a Class B Airspace Area

    No substantive modifications are proposed. Minor editorial and 
standardization of terms are contained in this proposal.

Subpart D--Recreational Pilots

    The FAA proposes to establish this as a separate subpart for 
recreational pilot certificates and ratings.

Section 61.96  Applicability

    Proposed Sec. 61.96 would describe provisions that are applicable 
for the recreational pilot certificates and ratings.

Section 61.96a  Eligibility Requirements: General

    The FAA proposes to add a new section entitled ``Eligibility 
requirements: General.'' The proposed Sec. 61.96a would:
    (1) Requires applicants to be able to write in the English 
language;
    (2) Requires all applicants to meet the English language 
requirements, which 

[[Page 41204]]
would eliminate the current provision that applicants who cannot read, 
speak, and understand the English language may receive a certificate 
with the operating limitation deemed necessary by the Administrator;
    (3) Deletes the requirement for recreational pilots to hold a 
medical certificate. Persons who apply for a recreational pilot 
certificate would be required to affix a signed and dated statement to 
their application certifying they do not have any known medical defects 
that makes them unable to pilot the aircraft for the aircraft category 
and class rating sought; and
    (4) Establishes eligibility requirements for the recreational pilot 
certificate and ratings. The eligibility requirements would require an 
applicant to:
    a. Receive an endorsement from the ground or flight instructor who 
gave the applicant training or reviewed the applicant's home study 
course, and that endorsement must state that the applicant is prepared 
for the knowledge test;
    b. Receive an endorsement from the flight instructor who gave the 
applicant training, and that endorsement must state the applicant is 
prepared for the practical test; and
    c. Meet the aeronautical experience requirements in Sec. 61.99. 
(The applicant would be required to pass the required knowledge test 
and practical test.)

Section 61.97  Aeronautical Knowledge

    Proposed Sec. 61.97 addresses added aeronautical knowledge 
requirements, which include ground training on: (1) windshear 
avoidance; (2) aeronautical decisionmaking and judgment; and (3) 
preflight actions found in Sec. 91.103.

Section 61.98  Flight Proficiency

    This proposed section would establish the approved areas of 
operation for all aircraft that are permitted to be operated by 
recreational pilot applicants.
Section 61.99  Aeronautical Experience

    The FAA proposes to change the current title, ``Airplane rating: 
Aeronautical experience,'' to ``Aeronautical experience.'' Proposed 
61.99 includes the aeronautical experience requirements for single 
engine airplanes, helicopters, and gyroplanes that are permitted to be 
operated by recreational pilot applicants. Proposed Sec. 61.99 would 
revise the minimum aeronautical experience required for a person to be 
eligible for a recreational pilot certificate.
    The FAA proposes that an applicant for a recreational pilot 
certificate must accomplish and log at least 30 hours of flight time 
that includes at least 15 hours of flight training time from an 
authorized flight instructor and 3 hours of supervised PIC flight time, 
on the approved areas of operation in Sec. 61.98. This proposal 
responds to comments made during the public hearings to allow the 
student and the flight instructor to tailor the required training to 
individual student needs.
    For example, a student who has previous aviation experience and 
takes readily to the training may be able to complete training for a 
recreational pilot certificate with only the minimum 30 hours of flight 
time that includes at least 15 hours of flight training time from an 
authorized flight instructor and 15 hours of supervised PIC flight time 
on the approved areas of operation in Sec. 61.98.
    However, a student pilot who does not have previous aviation 
experience or who trains infrequently may need more time than the 
minimum 30 hours of flight time, 15 hours of flight training time from 
an authorized flight instructor, and 3 hours of supervised PIC flight 
time. The student pilot and flight instructor may need to tailor the 
training to require 27 hours of flight training time from an authorized 
flight instructor and 3 hours of supervised PIC flight time, on the 
approved areas of operation in Sec. 61.98 of this part.

Section 61.100  Pilots Based on Small Islands

    The FAA proposes to replace the current title of this section from, 
``Rotorcraft rating: Aeronautical experience,'' to read ``Pilots based 
on small islands.'' The proposed aeronautical experience requirements 
for a rotorcraft category rating would be found in proposed Sec. 61.99.
    Proposed Sec. 61.100 would contain the provisions for pilots based 
on small islands that are currently found in Sec. 61.99.

Section 61.101  Recreational Pilot Privileges and Limitations

    The proposed revisions for this section are as follows:
    (1) Restructures and edits some of the current paragraphs of this 
section.
    (2) Rewords some portions of this section for clarity purposes.
    (3) Rewords and relocates existing Sec. 61.101(f) to proposed 
paragraph (h). This proposal would basically maintain the same 
provisions that are now currently in existing Sec. 61.101(f), but would 
contain some rewording and reformatting for clarity purposes.
    (4) Deletes the current restriction that prevents recreational 
pilots from flying more than 50 nautical miles from an airport where 
training was received. This proposal along with the proposal to delete 
the requirements for a medical certificate for recreational pilots, is 
intended to increase interest in the recreational pilot certificate. 
The FAA believes this proposal will not have an adverse effect on 
safety, considering that most of the aeronautical experience will be 
performed with an authorized flight instructor on board the aircraft.
    This proposal would permit a recreational pilot to operate on a 
flight that exceeds 50 nautical miles from the departure airport, 
provided the pilot:
    a. Has received ground and flight training from an authorized 
flight instructor on the cross country training requirements of subpart 
E of this part that apply to the aircraft rating held;
    b. Has been found proficient in cross country flying, and has 
received a logbook endorsement from the authorized flight instructor, 
who gave the person the cross country training prescribed by subpart E 
of this part that apply to the aircraft rating held; and
    c. Has received a logbook endorsement that certifies the person has 
received and been found proficient on the cross training requirements 
of subpart E of this part that apply to the aircraft rating held, which 
must be carried in their physical possession in the aircraft.

Subpart E--Private Pilots

    The proposed establishment of separate subparts for student and 
recreational pilot certificates will require the regulations pertaining 
to private pilot certificates and ratings to be relocated from subpart 
D to subpart E.

Section 61.102  Applicability

    No substantive changes are proposed for this section.

Section 61.103  Eligibility Requirements: General

    The significant proposed changes in this section are as follows:
    (1) Rewords the medical requirements for applicants who desire a 
rating in a glider or balloon.
    (2) Requires all applicants to meet the English language 
requirements, including the ability to write, which would eliminate the 
current provision that applicants who cannot read, speak, and 
understand the English language may receive a certificate with the 
operating limitation, as deemed necessary by the Administrator.
    (3) Requires an applicant to receive an endorsement from a ground 
or flight instructor who gave the applicant 

[[Page 41205]]
training or reviewed the applicant's home study course, and that 
endorsement must state that the applicant is prepared for the knowledge 
test.
    (4) Requires an applicant to receive an endorsement from a flight 
instructor who gave the applicant training, and that endorsement must 
state that the applicant is prepared for the practical test.
    (5) Requires an applicant to meet the aeronautical experience 
requirements for the category and class rating sought, before applying 
for the practical test. The applicant would be required to pass the 
required knowledge test and practical test. The FAA believes this step-
by-step listing of eligibility requirements would be beneficial to the 
applicant and the examiner.

Section 61.105  Aeronautical Knowledge

    Proposed Sec. 61.105 lists the revised aeronautical knowledge 
requirements for the private pilot certificate. The following 
aeronautical knowledge areas would be added as a requirement for the 
private pilot certification: (1) Windshear avoidance; (2) Aeronautical 
decision making and judgment; and (3) preflight actions found in 
Sec. 91.103.
Section 61.107  Flight Proficiency

    The proposed changes to this section are as follows: (1) Includes 
separate and revised areas of operation for the airplane category-
single engine class rating, airplane category-multiengine class rating, 
rotorcraft category-helicopter class rating, rotorcraft category-
gyroplane class rating, glider category-nonpowered class rating, glider 
category-powered class rating, lighter-than-air category-airship class 
rating, lighter-than-air category-balloon class rating, and powered-
lift category rating.
    (2) Replaces the term ``flight proficiency requirements'' with the 
term ``approved areas of operation.''
    (3) Requires applicants for a glider category rating to receive 
training on the approved areas of operation, included in proposed 
Sec. 61.107, on: Launches, approaches, and landings, if applying for a 
nonpowered class rating; or Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds, if 
applying for a powered class rating.

Section 61.109  Aeronautical Experience

    The proposed revisions to this section are as follows:
    (1) Includes separate and revised aeronautical experience 
requirements for the airplane category-single engine class rating; 
airplane category-multiengine class rating, rotorcraft category-
helicopter class rating, rotorcraft category-gyroplane class rating, 
glider category-nonpowered class rating, glider category-powered class 
rating, lighter-than-air category-airship class rating, lighter-than-
air category-balloon class rating, and powered-lift category rating.
    (2) Revises the aeronautical experience requirements for a private 
pilot certificate with an airplane, rotorcraft, or powered-lift 
category rating by requiring applicants to have accomplished and logged 
at least 40 hours of flight time, which includes at least 20 hours of 
flight training time from an authorized flight instructor and 5 hours 
of supervised PIC flight time on the approved areas of operation in 
Sec. 61.107. This proposal responds to comments made during the public 
hearings requesting that the student and the flight instructor be 
allowed to tailor the required training to the student needs.
    For example, a student who has previous aviation experience and 
takes readily to the training may be able to complete training for a 
private pilot certificate with only the minimum 40 hours of flight 
time, which includes at least 20 hours of flight training time from an 
authorized flight instructor and 20 hours of supervised PIC flight 
time, on the approved areas of operation in Sec. 61.107.
    However, a student pilot who does not have previous aviation 
experience or who trains infrequently may need more time than the 
minimum 40 hours of flight time, 20 hours of flight training time from 
an authorized flight instructor, and 5 hours of supervised PIC flight 
time. The student pilot and flight instructor may need to tailor the 
training to require 35 hours of flight training time from an authorized 
flight instructor and 5 hours of supervised PIC flight time, on the 
approved areas of operation in Sec. 61.107.
    (3) Includes revised aeronautical experience for:
    a. An airplane single engine rating,--
    (i) Three hours of cross-country flight training in a single engine 
airplane;
    (ii) Three hours of night flight training in a single engine 
airplane that includes--
    A. A cross country flight of at least 100 nautical miles duration; 
and
    B. Ten takeoffs and ten landings to a full stop (with each landing 
involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport.
    (iii) Three hours of instrument flight training in a single engine 
airplane;
    (iv) Three hours of flight training in preparation for the 
practical test in a single engine airplane, which must have been 
performed within the 60-day period preceding the date of the test; and
    (v) Supervised PIC flying in a single engine airplane, consisting 
of--
    A. One supervised PIC cross-country flight of at least 100 nautical 
miles duration, landings at a minimum of three points, and one route of 
the flight being a straight line distance of at least 50 nautical miles 
between the takeoff and landing locations; and
    B. Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with each 
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport with 
an operating control tower.
    b. An airplane multiengine rating,--
    (i) Three hours of cross-country flight training in a multiengine 
airplane;
    (ii) Three hours of night flight training in a multiengine airplane 
that includes--
    A. One cross country flight of at least 100 nautical miles 
duration; and
    B. Ten takeoffs and ten landings to a full stop (with each landing 
involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport.
    (iii) Three hours of instrument flight training in a multiengine 
airplane;
    (iv) Three hours of flight training in preparation for the 
practical test in a multiengine airplane, and must have been performed 
within the 60-day period preceding the date of the test; and
    (v) Supervised PIC flying in a multiengine airplane, consisting 
of--
    A. One supervised PIC cross-country flight of at least 100 nautical 
miles duration, landings at a minimum of three points, and one route of 
the flight being a straight line distance of at least 50 nautical miles 
between the takeoff and landing locations; and
    B. Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with each 
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport with 
an operating control tower.
    c. A rotorcraft-helicopter rating--
    (i) Three hours of cross-country flight training in a helicopter;
    (ii) Three hours of night flight training in a helicopter that 
includes--
    A. One cross country flight of at least 50 nautical miles duration; 
and

[[Page 41206]]

    B. Ten takeoffs and ten landings to a full stop (with each landing 
involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport.
    (iii) Three hours of flight training in preparation for the 
practical test in a helicopter, and must have been performed within the 
60-day period preceding the date of the test; and
    (iv) Supervised PIC flying in a helicopter, consisting of--
    A. One supervised PIC cross-country flight of at least 50 nautical 
miles duration, landings at a minimum of three points, and one route of 
the flight being a straight line distance of at least 25 nautical miles 
between the takeoff and landing locations; and
    B. Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with each 
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport with 
an operating control tower.
    d. A rotorcraft-gyroplane rating--
    (i) Three hours of cross-country flight training in a gyroplane;
    (ii) Three hours of night flight training in a gyroplane that 
includes--
    A. One cross country flight of at least 50 nautical miles duration; 
and
    B. Ten takeoffs and ten landings to a full stop (with each landing 
involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport.
    (iii) Three hours of flight training in preparation for the 
practical test in a gyroplane, which must have been performed within 
the 60-day period preceding the date of the test; and
    (iv) Supervised PIC flying in a gyroplane, and consisting of--
    A. One supervised PIC cross-country flight of at least 50 nautical 
miles duration, landings at a minimum of three points, and one route of 
the flight being a straight line distance of at least 25 nautical miles 
between the takeoff and landing locations; and
    B. Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with each 
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport with 
an operating control tower.
    e. A powered-lift rating--
    (i) Three hours of cross-country flight training in a powered-lift;
    (ii) Three hours of night flight training in a powered-lift that 
includes--
    A. One cross country flight of at least 100 nautical miles 
duration; and
    B. Ten takeoffs and ten landings to a full stop (with each landing 
involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport.
    (iii) Three hours of instrument flight training in a powered-lift;
    (iv) Three hours of flight training in preparation for the 
practical test in a powered-lift, which must have been performed within 
the 60-day period preceding the date of the test; and
    (v) Supervised PIC flying in a powered-lift, consisting of--
    A. One supervised PIC cross-country flight of at least 100 nautical 
miles duration, landings at a minimum of three points, and one route of 
the flight being a straight line distance of at least 50 nautical miles 
between the takeoff and landing locations; and
    B. Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with each 
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport with 
an operating control tower.
    f. A glider rating--
    (i) At least 10 hours of flight training and 20 flights, on the 
approved areas of operation listed in proposed Sec. 61.107, that apply 
to the glider class rating sought; or at least 5 hours of flight 
training and 10 flights on the approved areas of operation listed in 
Sec. 61.107 that apply to the glider class rating sought. If a person 
has logged 40 hours of flight time in heavier-than-air aircraft or 
holds a category and class rating in a glider;
    (ii) At least two supervised PIC flights on the approved areas of 
operation listed in Sec. 61.107 that apply to the glider class rating 
sought;
    (iii) At least 3 flights of flight training in preparation for the 
practical test within the 60-day period preceding the test and in the 
class of glider for the rating sought; and
    (iv) At least 5 training flight sessions and 2 supervised PIC 
flights in a nonpowered glider using a winch or auto tow on the 
appropriate approved areas of operation listed in proposed 
Sec. 61.107(g). If a person who is applying for a glider category 
rating with a nonpowered class rating seeks privileges for ground 
launch procedures.
    g. An airship rating, at least 25 hours of flight training in 
airships on the approved areas of operation listed in proposed 
Sec. 61.107 (i), which consists of at least--
    (i) Three hours of cross-country flight training in an airship;
    (ii) Except as provided in proposed Sec. 61.110, 3 hours of night 
flight training in an airship that includes--
    A. One cross country flight of at least more than 25 nautical miles 
duration;
    B. Five takeoffs and 5 landings to a full stop (with each landing 
involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport;
    C. Three hours of instrument flight training in an airship;
    D. Three hours of flight training in an airship in preparation for 
the practical test within the 60-day period preceding the date of the 
test; and
    E. Five hours of supervised PIC flight training in an airship and 
with an authorized flight instructor.
    h. A balloon rating, at least 10 hours of flight training that 
includes at least 6 flight training sessions on the approved areas of 
operation listed in proposed Sec. 61.107(j), that includes--
    (i) If the training is being performed in a gas balloon, the 
training must include at least two flights of two hours each that 
consists of--
    A. At least one flight that covers the approved areas of operation 
appropriate to a gas balloon within 60 days prior to application for 
the rating; and
    B. At least one supervised PIC flight in a gas balloon.
    (ii) If the training is being performed in a balloon with an 
airborne heater, the training must include at least--
    A. Two flights of one hour each that covers the approved areas of 
operation appropriate to a balloon with an airborne heater within 60 
days prior to application for the rating; and
    B. One supervised PIC flight in a balloon with an airborne heater.
    (4) Deletes the exception for applicants not seeking night flying 
privileges. However, some exceptions from the required night training 
would still remain and are listed proposed Sec. 61.110.
    (5) Adds night cross country training to the aeronautical 
experience requirements for the private pilot certificate for the 
airplane, rotorcraft, airship, and powered-lift category ratings. 
Sec. 61.110 Night flying exceptions for the private pilot 
certification.
    Proposed Sec. 61.110 would establish the night flying exceptions 
for private pilot certification. The allowable exceptions for the night 
training requirement are the following:
    (1) An applicant with a medical restriction from operating an 
aircraft at night would not be required to meet the night flight 
training requirements and would be issued a certificate with a 
limitation prohibiting night flying; and
    (2) An applicant who accomplishes flight training in Alaska would 
have 12 months after the issuance of the applicant's temporary airman 
certificate to comply with the night flight training requirements. 
Alaska is unique in that 6 months out of the year there is no 
nighttime. However, an applicant who receives flight training in Alaska 
and is unable to accomplish the night flying training required by 
proposed Sec. 61.109, would be--
    a. Issued a temporary pilot certificate for only 12 calendar 
months, with a limitation ``Night flying prohibited;'' and
    b. Required to comply with the requirements of proposed 
Sec. 61.110(c) within the 12 calendar month period after issuance of 
the temporary private pilot certificate, or the certificate will be 
suspended until the person complies 

[[Page 41207]]
with the requirements of proposed Sec. 61.110(c).
    (3) Explain that the night flying prohibited limitation may be 
removed when persons--
    a. Accomplish the night flight training requirements of proposed 
Sec. 61.109 in the class of aircraft for which night flying privileges 
are sought;
    b. Present to an examiner, a logbook or training record endorsement 
from an authorized flight instructor that verifies accomplishment of 
the night flying requirements of proposed Sec. 61.109 in the class of 
aircraft for which night flying privileges are sought; and
    c. Accomplish the night operations portion of the practical test 
for the class of aircraft for which night flying is sought.
    As previously stated, the FAA does not intend to have persons who 
have been issued a pilot certificate without meeting the night flying 
requirements of this proposal, prior to effective date of this rule, to 
comply with this proposal. Those persons would be allowed to continue 
to hold that pilot certificate with the night flying limitation. 
However, if the person seeks an additional rating or higher pilot 
certificate level, the person would be required to comply with night 
flying requirements that are appropriate to the pilot certificate 
level.

Section 61.111  Cross-Country Flights: Pilots Based on Small Islands

    The proposed changes to Sec. 61.111 are minor editorial changes 
only.

Section 61.113  Private Pilot Privileges and Limitations: Pilot in 
Command

    Proposed Sec. 61.113 will be a re-designation of existing 
Sec. 61.118.
    The FAA proposes to eliminate the existing Sec. 61.113, 
``Rotorcraft rating: Aeronautical experience.'' The revised 
aeronautical experience requirements for a rotorcraft category rating 
will be incorporated in proposed Sec. 61.109.
    The proposed changes to this section are as follows:
    (1) Permits private pilots to be reimbursed for their aircraft 
operating expenses for search and location operations that are 
sanctioned and under the direction and control of a local, State, or 
Federal law enforcement agency, or an organization involved in search 
and location operations.
    (2) Permits a private pilot who acts as PIC when towing gliders to 
log the flight time.
    (3) Specifies what are the flight operating expenses that a private 
pilot may share with passengers.
    (4) Modifies the requirements for participation in an airlift 
sponsored by a charitable organization.
    (5) Eliminates specific reference regarding a salesman who has 
logged at least 200 hours to demonstrate an aircraft in flight to a 
prospective buyer. Even though specific reference to this provision 
will be eliminated, the privilege will still be provided in proposed 
Sec. 61.113(b)(1). A private pilot who is an aircraft salesperson will 
still be allowed to demonstrate aircraft to prospective buyers, but the 
requirement for the person to have logged at least 200 hours will be 
eliminated. Throughout this regulatory review, the FAA has attempted to 
delete and revise obsolete, unnecessary rules without compromising 
safety. On this issue, the FAA has determined that eliminating the 
requirement for private pilots to have logged at least 200 hours prior 
to demonstrating aircraft to prospective buyers is unnecessary and no 
data could be found to justify continuance of the rule. In effect, the 
proposed elimination of this requirement will enable private pilots 
increased use of their private pilot certificates.

Section 61.115  Balloon Rating: Limitations

    Proposed Sec. 61.115 will be a re-designation of existing 
Sec. 61.119.
    The FAA proposes to eliminate the existing Sec. 61.115 ``Glider 
rating: Aeronautical experience.'' The revised aeronautical experience 
requirements for a glider category rating will be incorporated in 
proposed Sec. 61.109.
    The proposed changes to this section are as follows:
    (1) Deletes references to the phrase ``hot air balloon without 
airborne heaters,'' and classifies balloons as either ``gas balloons'' 
or ``balloons with airborne heaters.'' The phrase ``hot air balloon 
without an airborne heater'' described a balloon that was in existence 
at one time, but is no longer available. A ``hot air balloon without an 
airborne heater'' is a balloon that involves heating the air inside the 
balloon's envelope from a ground-based fire. The balloon and its 
occupant then ascend until the balloon deflates, and the occupant exits 
the balloon by parachute.
    (2) Incorporates the current operating limitations for private 
pilots who perform their practical test in a gas balloon as opposed to 
those who perform the test in a balloon with an airborne heater. The 
wording of the operating limitations specified in this section would 
clarify that persons requesting removal of the operating limitations 
off their certificate would be required to obtain the required 
aeronautical experience in that kind of balloon and receives a logbook 
endorsement from an authorized instructor who attests to the person's 
accomplishment of the required aeronautical experience and ability to 
satisfactorily operate that balloon. However, accomplishment of an 
additional practical test would not be required provided the person is 
not seeking a higher level of pilot certificate (i.e., a private pilot 
seeking to obtain a commercial pilot certificate).
Section 61.117  Private Pilot Privileges and Limitations: Second in 
Command of Aircraft Requiring More Than One Pilot

    Proposed Sec. 61.117 will be a re-designation of existing 
Sec. 61.120 and Sec. 61.120 will be placed in reserve.
    The existing Sec. 61.118 ``Private pilot privileges and 
limitations: Pilot in command'' will be redesignated as Sec. 61.113, 
and Sec. 61.118 will be placed in reserve.
    The existing Sec. 61.119, ``Free balloon rating: Limitations'' will 
be redesignated as Sec. 61.115 and be retitled as ``Balloon rating: 
Limitations'' and Sec. 61.119 will be placed in reserve.
    The existing Sec. 61.120, ``Private pilot privileges and 
limitations: Second in command of aircraft requiring more than one 
pilot'' will be redesignated as Sec. 61.117, and Sec. 61.120 will be 
reserved.

Subpart F--Commercial Pilots

    The proposal to establish separate subparts for student and 
recreational pilot certificates would require the regulations for 
commercial pilot certificates and ratings to be relocated from subpart 
E to subpart F.

Section 61.121  Applicability

    No substantive changes are proposed for this section.

Section 61.123  Eligibility Requirements: General

    The significant proposed changes in this section are:
    (1) Requires applicants to be able to write in the English 
language.
    (2) Rewords the medical requirements for applicants who desire a 
rating in a glider or balloon.
    (3) Requires all applicants to meet the English language 
requirements, which would eliminate the current provision under which 
applicants who cannot read, speak, and understand the English language 
may receive a certificate with the operating limitation as deemed 
necessary by the Administrator.
    (4) Permits applicants to only hold a third-class medical 
certificate at the time of the practical test. However as currently 
required, the commercial pilot would still be required to hold a 
second-class medical certificate for operations requiring a commercial 
pilot certificate. 

[[Page 41208]]

    (5) Requires an applicant to hold a private pilot certificate, 
before applying for a commercial pilot certificate.
    (6) Revises the eligibility requirements for the commercial pilot 
certificate and ratings by specifying that an applicant would be 
required to:
    a. Receive from the ground or flight instructor who gave the 
applicant training or reviewed the applicant's home study course, an 
endorsement that states the applicant is prepared for the knowledge 
test;
    b. Receive an endorsement from the flight instructor who gave the 
applicant training that states the applicant is prepared for the 
practical test; and
    c. Meet the aeronautical experience requirements for the category 
and class rating sought before applying for the practical test. This is 
in addition to the current requirements for the applicant to pass the 
required knowledge test and practical test. The FAA is of the opinion 
that this step-by-step listing of eligibility requirements would be 
beneficial to the applicant and the examiner.

Section 61.125  Aeronautical Knowledge

    The significant proposed changes in this section will:
    (1) Include separate and revised aeronautical knowledge areas for 
the airplane category-single engine class rating, airplane category-
multiengine class rating, rotorcraft category-helicopter class rating, 
rotorcraft category-gyroplane class rating, glider category-nonpowered 
class rating, glider category-powered class rating, lighter-than-air 
category-airship class rating, lighter-than-air category-balloon class 
rating, and powered-lift category rating.
    (2) Modify the aeronautical knowledge requirements to include 
windshear avoidance, aeronautical decision making and judgment.
    (3) Delete the existing aeronautical knowledge requirement of 
instrument procedures and the requirement for instrument flight 
training for an airship rating. This proposed deletion is a result of 
the proposal for the instrument-airship rating and the proposed flight 
instructor-airship rating.

Section 61.127  Flight Proficiency

    The significant proposed changes in this section will:
    (1) Include separate and revised areas of operation for the 
airplane category-single engine class rating, airplane category-
multiengine class rating, rotorcraft category-helicopter class rating, 
rotorcraft category-gyroplane class rating, glider category-nonpowered 
class rating, glider category-powered class rating, lighter-than-air 
category-airship class rating, lighter-than-air category-balloon class 
rating, and powered-lift category rating.
    (2) Replace flight proficiency requirements with approved areas of 
operation.
    (3) Require an applicant for a glider category rating to receive 
training on:
    a. Launches, approaches, and landings, if applying for a nonpowered 
class rating; or
    b. Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds if applying for a powered 
class rating.

Section 61.129  Aeronautical Experience

    Proposed Sec. 61.129 would be retitled, ``Aeronautical 
experience.'' Proposed Sec. 61.129 would be reformatted by class of 
aircraft, and would contain separate and revised aeronautical 
experience for each class of aircraft.
    The significant proposed changes in this section are as follows:
    (1) Includes revised and separate aeronautical experience 
requirements for the airplane category-single engine class rating, 
airplane category-multiengine class rating, rotorcraft category-
helicopter class rating, rotorcraft category-gyroplane class rating, 
glider category-nonpowered class rating, glider category-powered class 
rating, lighter-than-air category-airship class rating, lighter-than-
air category-balloon class rating, and powered-lift category rating.
    (2) Revises the aeronautical experience requirements for the single 
engine airplane to:
    a. Twenty hours of training on the approved areas of operation in 
proposed Sec. 61.127(b), which includes at least:
    (i) Five hours of instrument training in a single engine airplane;
    (ii) Ten hours of training in a single engine airplane that has a 
retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch propeller, or 
is turbine-powered;
    (iii) One cross-country flight in a single engine airplane of at 
least 2 hours in duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 
100 nautical miles from the original point of departure, and occurring 
in day-VFR conditions;
    (iv) One cross-country flight in a single engine airplane of at 
least 2 hours in duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 
100 nautical miles from the original point of departure, and occurring 
in night-VFR conditions; and
    (v) Three hours in a single engine airplane, in preparation for the 
practical test within 60 days preceding the date of the test.
    b. Ten hours of supervised PIC flying in a single engine airplane 
on the approved areas of operation in proposed Sec. 61.127(b), which 
includes at least--
    (i) One cross-country flight, if the training is being performed in 
the state of Hawaii, that cross-country flight must involve landings at 
a minimum of three points and one of the routes must have a straight-
line distance of at least 150 nautical miles;
    (ii) One cross-country flight, if the training is being performed 
in a State other than Hawaii, then that cross-country flight must 
involve landings at a minimum of three points and one of the routes 
having a straight-line distance of at least 250 nautical miles; and
    (iii) Five hours in night-VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 
landings (with each landing involving a flight with a traffic pattern) 
at an airport with an operating control tower.
    (3) Revises the aeronautical experience requirements for the 
multiengine airplane to:
    a. Twenty hours of training on the approved areas of operation in 
proposed Sec. 61.127(c), which includes at least--
    (i) Five hours of instrument training in a multiengine airplane;
    (ii) Ten hours of training in a multiengine airplane that has a 
retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch propeller, or 
is turbine-powered;
    (iii) One cross-country flight in a multiengine airplane of at 
least 2 hours in duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 
100 nautical miles from the original point of departure, and occurring 
in day-VFR conditions;
    (iv) One cross-country flight in a multiengine airplane of at least 
2 hours in duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 100 
nautical miles from the original point of departure, and occurring in 
night-VFR conditions; and
    (v) Three hours in a multiengine airplane, in preparation for the 
practical test within 60 days preceding the date of the test.
    b. Ten hours of supervised PIC flying in a multiengine airplane on 
the approved areas of operation in proposed Sec. 61.127(c), which 
includes at least--
    (i) One cross-country flight, if the training is being performed in 
the state of Hawaii, that cross-country flight must involve landings at 
a minimum of three points and one of the routes having a straight-line 
distance of at least 150 nautical miles;
    (ii) One cross-country flight, if the training is being performed 
in a State other than Hawaii, that cross-country flight must involve 
landings at a minimum of three points and one of the routes must have a 
straight-line distance of at least 250 nautical miles; and
    (iii) Five hours in night-VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 
landings (with each landing involving a 

[[Page 41209]]
flight with a traffic pattern) at an airport with an operating control 
tower.
    (4) Adds aeronautical experience requirements for the new powered-
lift category rating to:
    a. Twenty hours of training on the approved areas of operation in 
proposed Sec. 61.127(f), which includes at least--
    (i) Five hours of instrument training in a powered-lift;
    (ii) One cross-country flight in a powered-lift of at least 2 hours 
in duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 100 nautical 
miles from the original point of departure, and occurring in day-VFR 
conditions;
    (iii) One cross-country flight in a powered-lift of at least 2 
hours in duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 100 
nautical miles from the original point of departure, and occurring in 
night-VFR conditions; and
    (iv) Three hours in a powered-lift, in preparation for the 
practical test within 60 days preceding the date of the test.
    b. Ten hours of supervised PIC flying in a powered-lift on the 
approved areas of operation in proposed Sec. 61.127(f), which includes 
at least--
    (i) One cross-country flight, if the training is being performed in 
the state of Hawaii, that cross-country flight must involve landings at 
a minimum of three points and one of the routes must have a straight-
line distance of at least 150 nautical miles;
    (ii) One cross-country flight, if the training is being performed 
in a State other than Hawaii, that cross-country flight must involve 
landings at a minimum of three points and one of the routes must have a 
straight-line distance of at least 250 nautical miles; and
    (iii) Five hours in night-VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 
landings (with each landing involving a flight with a traffic pattern) 
at an airport with an operating control tower.
    (5) Revises the aeronautical experience requirements for the 
helicopter to:
    a. Twenty hours of training on the approved areas of operation in 
proposed Sec. 61.127(d), which includes at least--
    (i) Five hours of instrument training in a helicopter;
    (ii) One cross-country flight in a helicopter of at least 2 hours 
in duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical 
miles from the original point of departure, and occurring in day-VFR 
conditions;
    (iii) One cross-country flight in a helicopter of at least 2 hours 
in duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical 
miles from the original point of departure, and occurring in night-VFR 
conditions; and
    (iv) Three hours in a helicopter, in preparation for the practical 
test within 60 days preceding the date of the test.
    b. Ten hours of supervised PIC flying in a helicopter on the 
approved areas of operation in proposed Sec. 61.127(d), which includes 
at least--
    (i) One cross-country flight with landings at a minimum of three 
points, and one of the routes having a straight-line distance of at 
least 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and
    (ii) Five hours in night-VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 
landings (with each landing involving a flight with a traffic pattern).
    (6) Revises the proposed aeronautical experience requirements for 
the gyroplane to:
    a. Twenty hours of training on the approved areas of operation in 
proposed Sec. 61.127(e), which includes at least--
    (i) Five hours of instrument training in a gyroplane;
    (ii) One cross-country flight in a gyroplane of at least 2 hours in 
duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical miles 
from the original point of departure, and occurring in day-VFR 
conditions;
    (iii) One cross-country flight in a gyroplane of at least 2 hours 
in duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical 
miles from the original point of departure, and occurring in night-VFR 
conditions; and
    (iv) Three hours in a gyroplane, in preparation for the practical 
test within 60 days preceding the date of the test.
    b. Ten hours of supervised PIC flying in a gyroplane on the 
approved areas of operation in proposed Sec. 61.127(e), which includes 
at least--
    (i) One cross-country flight with landings at a minimum of three 
points, and one of the routes must have a straight-line distance of at 
least 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and
    (ii) Five hours in night-VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 
landings (with each landing involving a flight with a traffic pattern).
    (7) Revises the proposed aeronautical experience requirements for 
the airship to:
    a. Twenty hours of training in airships on the approved areas of 
operation in proposed Sec. 61.127(i), which includes at least--
    (i) Three hours of flight training in an airship, in preparation 
for the practical test within the 60-day period preceding the date of 
the test;
    (ii) Five hours of instrument training in airships;
    (iii) One cross-country flight in an airship of at least 1 hour in 
duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 25 nautical miles 
from the original point of departure, and occurring in day-VFR 
conditions; and
    (iv) One cross-country flight in an airship of at least 1 hour in 
duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 25 nautical miles 
from the original point of departure, and occurring in night-VFR 
conditions.
    b. Ten hours of supervised PIC flight training with an authorized 
flight instructor in airships, on the approved areas of operation in 
proposed Sec. 61.127(i), which includes at least--
    (i) One cross-country flight with landings at a minimum of three 
points, and one of the routes having a straight-line distance of at 
least 25 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and
    (ii) Five hours in night-VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 
landings (with each landing involving a flight with a traffic pattern).
    (8) Revises the proposed aeronautical experience requirements for 
the nonpowered glider to--
    a. Five hours of flight training or 10 flights on the approved 
areas of operation of proposed Sec. 61.127(g) that must include 3 
flights in preparation for the practical test within 60-day period 
preceding the date of the test.
    b. Five supervised PIC flights in a nonpowered glider on the 
approved areas of operation of proposed Sec. 61.127(g).
    c. If an applicant with a glider category rating and a nonpowered 
class rating seeks privileges for ground launch procedures, that person 
must accomplish and log at least five flights of flight training and 
two supervised PIC flights in a nonpowered glider using a winch or auto 
tow on the approved areas of operations in proposed Sec. 61.127(g).
    (9) Adds aeronautical experience requirements for the powered 
glider to:
    a. Twenty-five hours and 100 flights in gliders as PIC, which 
includes at least 10 flights in a powered glider;
    b. Two hundred hours in heavier-than-air aircraft, and 20 flights 
in gliders as PIC, which includes at least 10 flights in a powered 
glider; or
    c. The flight time requirements in proposed Sec. 61.129(f) (1) or 
(2) must consist of at least the following flight training in a powered 
glider--
    (i) Five hours of flight training or 10 flights on the approved 
areas of operation of proposed Sec. 61.127(h), which includes 3 flights 
in preparation for the practical test within the 60-day period 
preceding the date of the test; and 

[[Page 41210]]

    (ii) Five supervised PIC flights in a powered glider on the 
approved areas of operation of proposed Sec. 61.127(h).
    (10) Revises the aeronautical experience requirements for the 
balloon to:
    a. Accomplish and log at least 35 hours of flight time as a pilot, 
which includes at least the following requirements--
    (i) Twenty hours in balloons;
    (ii) Ten flights in balloons; and
    (iii) Two flights in balloons as the PIC.
    b. Ten hours of flight training that includes 10 flights of flight 
training in balloons on the approved areas of operation of proposed 
Sec. 61.127(j), which consist of at least--
    (i) If the training is received in a gas balloon, the training must 
include at least--
    A. Two flights of 1 hour each in a gas balloon;
    B. One flight in a gas balloon involving a controlled ascent to 
10,000 feet above the surface;
    C. Two flights in a gas balloon, in preparation for the practical 
test within the 60-day period preceding the date of the test; and
    D. Two supervised PIC flights in a gas balloon on the approved 
areas of operation in proposed Sec. 61.127(j).
    (ii) If the training is received in a balloon with an airborne 
heater, the training must include at least--
    A. Two flights of 30 minutes each in a balloon with an airborne 
heater;
    B. One flight involving a controlled ascent to 5,000 feet above the 
surface in a balloon with an airborne heater; and
    C. Two flights in a balloon with an airborne heater, in preparation 
for the practical test within the 60-day period preceding the date of 
the test; and
    D. Two supervised PIC flights in a balloon with an airborne heater 
on the approved areas of operation in proposed Sec. 61.127(j).
    (11) Permits the use of a turbine powered airplane in lieu of the 
current provision for receiving training in an airplane that has flaps, 
retractable landing gear, and controllable propellers.
    (12) Replaces the terms ``free balloon'' and ``hot air balloon'' 
with ``balloon'' only.
    (13) Deletes references to the phrase ``hot air balloon without 
airborne heaters,'' and classifies balloons as ``gas balloons'' and 
``balloons with airborne heaters.'' The phrase ``hot air balloon 
without an airborne heaters'' describes a balloon that is no longer 
available. A ``hot air balloon without an airborne heater'' describes a 
balloon that involved heating the air inside the balloon's envelope 
from a ground-based fire, then the balloon and its occupant ascend 
until the balloon deflates, and then the occupant exits the balloon by 
parachute.

Section 61.131  Exceptions to the Night Flying Requirements for the 
Commercial Pilot Certificate

    Proposed Sec. 61.131 would be a new section and entitled, 
``Exceptions to the night flying requirements for the commercial pilot 
certificate.'' This proposal would delete the exception for applicants 
not seeking night flying privileges; however, an applicant with a 
medical restriction from operating an aircraft at night would not be 
required to meet the night flight training requirements and would be 
issued a certificate with a limitation. In addition, an applicant who 
accomplishes flight training in Alaska would have 12 months after the 
issuance of the applicant's temporary airman certificate to comply with 
the night flight training requirements.
    The current provisions of Sec. 61.131 ``Rotorcraft ratings: 
Aeronautical experience'' would be moved to proposed Sec. 61.129.

Section 61.133  Commercial Pilot Privileges and Limitations: General

    Proposed Sec. 61.133 ``Commercial pilot privileges and limitations: 
General'' would be a redesignation of existing Sec. 61.139. The current 
provisions of Sec. 61.133 ``Glider rating: Aeronautical experience'' 
would be moved to proposed Sec. 61.129.
    The significant proposed changes in this section are as follows:
    (1) Clarifies the privileges for persons who hold a commercial 
pilot certificate regarding the compensation or hire issue. This 
revision is in response to a petition for rulemaking from Beverly J. 
Cameron, who on June 20, 1992, petitioned the FAA to revise the rule. 
Ms. Cameron stated that the current wording of Sec. 61.139 was 
misleading. The FAA agrees, and thus has proposed to revise 
Sec. 61.139.
    (2) Eliminates the privilege in existing Sec. 61.139 for commercial 
pilots with a lighter-than-air category and associated class rating to 
give training in an airship or a free balloon, because of the proposed 
flight instructor certificate for the lighter-than-air category.
    (3) Adds the limitation that is in existing Sec. 61.129, which 
prohibits commercial pilots with an airplane category rating, but 
without an instrument-airplane rating, from carrying passengers for 
hire in airplanes on cross-country flights of more than 50 nautical 
miles or at night, would appear in this section. The same limitation is 
proposed for commercial pilots with a lighter-than-air category and an 
airship class rating but without an instrument--airship rating, and 
commercial pilots with a powered-lift category rating but without a 
instrument--powered-lift rating.
    (4) Revises ``hot air balloon without airborne heaters,'' in 
existing Sec. 61.139, to ``gas balloons'' and ``balloons with airborne 
heaters.'' The purpose for this proposal is to align the phraseology in 
this section with the other references to balloons throughout this 
notice.
    (5) Revises the wording for the operating limitations that restrict 
the pilot privileges for the kind of balloon in which the person 
accomplishes the practical test. The person may remove the limitation 
by completing the required aeronautical experience in a gas balloon or 
a balloon with an airborne heater, as appropriate, and receives a 
logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who attests to the 
person's accomplishment of the required aeronautical experience and 
ability to satisfactorily operate the specific kind of balloon.

Section 61.135  [Reserved]

    The current provisions of Sec. 61.135 ``Airship rating: 
Aeronautical experience'' would be moved to proposed Sec. 61.129.

Section 61.137  [Reserved]

    The current provisions of Sec. 61.137 ``Free balloon rating: 
Aeronautical experience'' would be moved to proposed Sec. 61.129.

Section 61.139  [Reserved]

    The current provisions of Sec. 61.139 ``Commercial pilot privileges 
and limitations: General'' would be moved to proposed Sec. 61.133.
Section 61.141  [Reserved]

    The current provisions of Sec. 61.141 ``Airship and free balloon 
ratings: Limitation'' would be moved to proposed Sec. 61.133.

Subpart G--Airline Transport Pilots

    The proposal to establish separate subparts for student and 
recreational pilot certificates would require the regulations for ATP 
certificates to be relocated from subpart F to subpart G.

Section 61.151  Applicability

    In order to align this subpart with the other subparts, the FAA 
proposes to establish an applicability section in subpart G. 

[[Page 41211]]


Section 61.153  Eligibility Requirements: General

    In order to accommodate proposed ``Sec. 61.151 Applicability,'' 
existing ``Sec. 61.151 Eligibility requirements: General'' would be 
renumbered Sec. 61.153.
    The significant proposed changes in this section are as follows:
    (1) Eliminates the existing requirement for an applicant to be able 
to ``speak [the English language] without accent or impediment of 
speech that would interfere with two-way radio conversation.'' However, 
applicants would be required to read, speak, write, and understand the 
English language to be eligible to apply for the ATP certificate.
    (2) Permits applicants to only hold a third-class medical 
certificate at the time of the practical test. However as currently 
required, an ATP would be required to hold a first class medical 
certificate for operations requiring an ATP certificate.
    (3) Requires an applicant to hold a commercial pilot certificate 
and an instrument rating, before applying for the ATP certificate.
    (4) Eliminates the requirement that an applicant be a ``high school 
graduate or its equivalent in the Administrator's opinion, based on the 
applicant's general experience and aeronautical experience, knowledge, 
and skill.''
    (5) Includes a proposal to revise the eligibility requirements for 
all certificates and ratings by specifying that an applicant would be 
required to:
    a. Meet the aeronautical experience requirements for the category 
and class rating sought before applying for the flight portion of the 
practical test;
    b. Pass the required knowledge test; and
    c. Pass the required practical test.
    (6) Clarify that an applicant need not possess the aeronautical 
experience requirements for an ATP certificate before taking the 
knowledge test. Applicants for other certificates and ratings currently 
are not required to obtain aeronautical experience requirements before 
taking the appropriate knowledge test. However, current Sec. 61.153 
requires an applicant for an ATP certificate with an airplane rating to 
meet the experience requirements in Sec. 61.155 before applying to take 
the ATP knowledge test. In keeping with procedures for other knowledge 
tests, proposed Sec. 61.153 would permit applicants to take the ATP 
knowledge test before obtaining the hours necessary to become an ATP.
    (7) Includes requirements found in existing Sec. 61.155 for 
applicants who are military pilots and applicants who hold a pilot 
license issued by a member State of ICAO.

Section 61.155  Aeronautical Knowledge

    In order to accommodate proposed ``Sec. 61.151 Applicability,'' 
existing ``Sec. 61.153 Airplane rating: Aeronautical knowledge'' would 
be renumbered Sec. 61.155, and retitled to read ``Aeronautical 
knowledge.'' Proposed Sec. 61.155 would combine the aeronautical 
knowledge requirements for applicants of airplane, helicopter, and 
powered-lift ratings.
    The proposed revisions to this section are as follows:
    (1) Establishes all of the required aeronautical knowledge areas in 
this section. Currently, the aeronautical knowledge areas are located 
in separate sections of subpart F.
    (2) Adds aeronautical knowledge requirements on windshear avoidance 
and aeronautical decision making and judgment.
    (3) Clarifies that an applicant for a type rating would not be 
required to take an additional knowledge test, if the applicant already 
holds an ATP certificate with the appropriate category ratings.

Section 61.157  Flight Proficiency

    The FAA proposes to change the title of existing Sec. 61.155 
``Airplane rating: Aeronautical experience'' to read Sec. 61.157 
``Flight proficiency.'' The aeronautical experience requirements for an 
airplane rating would appear in proposed Sec. 61.159. Proposed 
Sec. 61.157 would combine the flight proficiency requirements for 
applicants of airplane, helicopter, and powered-lift ratings.
    The significant proposed revisions in this section are as follows:
    (1) Includes separate and revised areas of operation for the 
airplane category-single engine class rating, airplane category-
multiengine class rating, rotorcraft category-helicopter class rating, 
and powered-lift category rating.
    (2) Replaces the term, ``flight proficiency requirements'' with the 
term, ``approved areas of operation,'' so the terminology in this 
section is the same as the other rules of part 61.
    (3) Includes an administrative clarification that the type ratings 
on the superseded pilot certificate for the category and class of 
aircraft that the person satisfactorily accomplished the ATP practical 
test in will be elevated to the ATP certificate level.

Section 61.159  Aeronautical Experience: Airplane Category Rating

    The FAA proposes to revise and redesignate Sec. 61.157, ``Airplane 
rating: Aeronautical skill,'' to read Sec. 61.159 ``Aeronautical 
experience: Airplane category rating.''
    Proposed Sec. 61.159 would include the existing aeronautical 
experience requirements for an airplane category rating with no 
substantive changes.

Section 61.161  Aeronautical Experience: Rotorcraft Category and 
Helicopter Class Rating With a Type Rating

    Existing ``Sec. 61.159 Rotorcraft rating: Aeronautical knowledge'' 
would be moved to proposed Sec. 61.155. The FAA proposes to revise and 
redesignate Sec. 61.161, ``Rotorcraft rating: Aeronautical 
experience,'' to read Sec. 61.161, ``Aeronautical experience: 
Rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating with a type rating.'' 
Proposed Sec. 61.161 will include the existing aeronautical experience 
requirements for a rotorcraft category rating with no substantive 
changes.

Section 61.163  Aeronautical Experience: Powered-Lift Category Rating

    The FAA proposes to redesignate this section as Sec. 61.163 
``Aeronautical experience: Powered-lift category rating.'' Proposed 
Sec. 61.163 will list the aeronautical experience requirements for an 
ATP certificate with a powered-lift category rating. Existing 
Sec. 61.161, ``Rotorcraft rating: Aeronautical skill,'' would be 
eliminated. The provisions of existing Sec. 61.161 would be adequately 
covered by proposed Secs. 61.43 and 61.153.

Section 61.165  Additional Aircraft Category Ratings

    Proposed Sec. 61.165 ``Additional aircraft category ratings'' would 
be a redesignation of existing Sec. 61.165, ``Additional category 
ratings.''
    The FAA proposes to add a powered-lift category rating to this 
section.

Section 61.167  General Privileges and Limitations
    Proposed Sec. 61.167 would be a redesignation of existing 
Sec. 61.171. Proposed Sec. 61.167 would contain the current limitation 
found in existing Sec. 61.155(d). That limitation applies to applicants 
who credit SIC or flight engineer time in meeting the total time 
requirement for an ATP certificate. Existing Sec. 61.167, ``Tests,'' 
would be eliminated. The rules for the knowledge and practical test are 
found in proposed Secs. 61.35 and 61.43. 

[[Page 41212]]


Section 61.169  [Reserved]

    The FAA proposes to eliminate this section and place it in reserve. 
The FAA has determined the provisions of Sec. 61.169, ``Instruction in 
air transportation service,'' are already addressed in Secs. 121.411 
and 135.337 of this chapter. Therefore, this section would no longer be 
necessary.

Section 61.171  [Reserved]

    The provisions of existing Sec. 61.171 would be moved to proposed 
Sec. 61.167. This section would be placed in reserve.

Subpart H--Flight Instructors

    The proposal to establish separate subparts for student and 
recreational pilot certificates would require moving the regulations 
for flight instructor certificates and ratings from subpart G to 
subpart H.

Section 61.181  Applicability

    No substantive changes are proposed in this section.

Section 61.183  Eligibility Requirements

    The significant proposed changes in this section are as follows:
    (1) Requires applicants for a flight instructor certificate with an 
airplane rating or with a glider rating, to have demonstrated 
instructional proficiency in stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and 
spin recovery procedures prior to applying for the practical test.
    (2) Permits applicants for a flight instructor certificate, who 
satisfactorily accomplish a flight instructor-instrument practical test 
in a multiengine airplane, and who also hold an airplane category and 
single-engine class rating on their flight instructor certificate will 
also be awarded a flight instructor instrument-airplane single engine 
rating.
    (3) Requires applicants for flight instructor certificates to have 
logged at least 15 hours of PIC time in the category and class of 
aircraft that is appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought.
    (4) Rewords the eligibility requirements for flight instructor 
certificates and ratings by specifying that an applicant would be 
required to:
    a. Receive from the ground or flight instructor who gave the 
applicant training or reviewed the applicant's home study course, an 
endorsement that states the applicant is prepared for the knowledge 
test; and
    b. Receive from the flight instructor who gave the applicant 
training, an endorsement that states the applicant is prepared for the 
practical test. These requirements are in addition to the current 
requirements for the applicant to pass the required knowledge test and 
practical test.
    (5) Expands the current requirement for an applicant for a flight 
instructor certificate with an airplane or instrument rating to hold an 
instrument rating that is appropriate to the airplane class. Proposed 
Sec. 61.183 would require applicants for an airship, helicopter, or a 
powered-lift rating to also hold an instrument rating that is 
appropriate to those aircraft ratings.

Section 61.185  Aeronautical Knowledge

    Proposed Sec. 61.185 contains the required aeronautical knowledge 
areas for a flight instructor certificate. The proposed revisions to 
this section are as follows:
    (1) Requires flight instructor applicants to receive and log ground 
training on the aeronautical knowledge areas in which ground training 
is required for a recreational pilot certificate. This is an addition 
to the current requirements which only require aeronautical knowledge 
areas for a private and commercial pilot certificate.
    (2) Requires flight instructor applicants to receive and log ground 
training on the aeronautical knowledge areas in which ground training 
is required for an instrument rating, if that person is applying for a 
flight instructor--airplane category and single-engine class rating; 
flight instructor--airplane category with an multiengine class rating; 
flight instructor--lighter-than-air category with an airship class 
rating; flight instructor--powered-lift category rating; flight 
instructor instrument--with the appropriate aircraft category and class 
rating.

Section 61.187  Flight Proficiency

    The significant revisions being proposed for this section are as 
follows:
    (1) Moves the requirement for the minimum experience requirements 
for a flight instructor who can train first-time flight instructor 
candidates to proposed Sec. 61.195.
    (2) Establishes separate and revised areas of operation for the 
flight instructor: -airplane category-single engine class rating, -
airplane category-multiengine class rating, -rotorcraft category-
helicopter class rating, -rotorcraft category-gyroplane class rating, -
glider category-nonpowered class rating, -glider category-powered class 
rating, -lighter-than-air category-airship class rating, -lighter-than-
air category-balloon class rating, and -powered-lift category rating.

Section 61.189  Flight Instructor Records

    The proposed revision to this section is the requirement for a 
flight instructor to retain a copy of each syllabus they use to train 
students.

Section 61.191  Additional Flight Instructor Ratings

    No substantive changes to this section are proposed. The 
requirement in existing Sec. 61.191(a) that a flight instructor 
applicant for additional rating must hold an effective pilot 
certificate with ratings appropriate to the flight instructor rating 
sought would be moved to proposed Sec. 61.183. The requirement in 
existing Sec. 61.191(b) that a flight instructor applicant for an 
additional rating must have at least 15 hours of PIC time in the 
category and class of aircraft that is appropriate to the flight 
instructor sought would be moved to proposed Sec. 61.183.

Section 61.193  Flight Instructor Endorsements and Authorizations

    The FAA proposes to revise the title of this section from ``Flight 
instructor authorizations'' to read ``Flight instructor endorsements 
and authorizations.''
    The proposed revisions to this section are as follows:
    (1) Deletes the detailed listing of instructor endorsements. The 
listing would be replaced by more general language.
    (2) Eliminates the amendment to existing Sec. 61.193 that replaces 
``terminal control area'' with ``Class B airspace area.''

Section 61.195  Flight Instructor Limitations and Qualifications

    The FAA proposes to revise the title from ``Flight instructor 
limitations'' to read ``Flight instructor limitations and 
qualifications.''
    The significant changes in this section are as follows:
    (1) Revises the minimum experience requirements for a flight 
instructor who can train first-time flight instructor candidates.
    (2) Makes editorial restructuring and rewording this section.
    (3) Includes a revision to the current limitation that a flight 
instructor may not conduct more than 8 hours of flight training in 24 
hours. The FAA proposes to limit a flight instructor to a total of 8 
hours of commercial flying in a 24-hour period, and flight training 
would be considered commercial flying.
    (4) Clarifies the current requirement that to give training in an 
aircraft that requires a type rating, the flight instructor must hold a 
type rating in 

[[Page 41213]]
that aircraft. The existing rule implies that the flight instructor is 
required to hold a type rating on the instructor's pilot and flight 
instructor certificates. The proposal would specify that flight 
instructors are required to hold a type rating on their pilot 
certificate and not their instructor certificate.
    (5) Clarifies that a flight instructor, who gives instrument flight 
training for the issuance of an instrument rating or a type rating that 
is not limited to VFR, is required to hold the instrument rating, for 
the category and class of aircraft for which the instrument training is 
being given, on both the instructor's pilot certificate and flight 
instructor certificate.
    (6) Revises the current flight instructor endorsements. The 
requirement for a flight instructor to endorse a student pilot's 
certificate and logbook for supervised PIC cross-country flight would 
be clarified. Under this proposal, the flight instructor would be 
required to determine that the flight could be performed within any 
limitations in the student's logbook that the instructor considers 
necessary for the safety of flight. The intent of the proposal is to 
ensure that the dispatching flight instructor is aware of any special 
limitations pertaining to an individual student.
    (7) Clarifies that the flight instructor who endorses a pilot's 
logbook for a flight review or an instrument proficiency test must have 
conducted that flight review or instrument proficiency test.
    (8) Requires a flight instructor to give all training from a 
control seat that meets the requirements of Sec. 91.109. Section 91.109 
requires, with the exception of a balloon, that the aircraft have fully 
functioning dual controls. The regulation provides for instrument 
flight training to be given in a single-engine airplane equipped with a 
single, functioning, throwover control wheel in place of fixed, dual 
elevator and aileron controls. Section 91.109 also requires a safety 
pilot to be in a control seat during simulated instrument flight 
conditions.
    (9) Expands the current rule that requires a flight instructor to 
have at least 5 flight hours of operating experience as a PIC in the 
specific make and model of multiengine airplane or helicopter to 
include powered-lift aircraft. The complexity and flight 
characteristics of these aircraft require that a flight instructor be 
proficient in the aircraft and requires that the flight instructor 
requirements for the powered-lift parallel those requirements for the 
multiengine airplane and helicopter.
    (10) Clarifies that the aircraft in which training is given should 
have at least two pilot seats and be of the same category and class for 
which the rating is sought. The proposal would require a flight 
instructor who trains a person who desires to fly a single-place 
aircraft to perform the pre-solo training in an aircraft that has 2 
pilot seats, is of the same category and class as the single-place 
aircraft, and has similar flight characteristics to that of the single-
place aircraft; and
    (11) Clarifies that a flight instructor may not make any self-
endorsment for the furtherance of a certificate, rating, proficiency 
test, flight review, authorization, operating privilege, practical 
test, or knowledge test. Although this has not been a problem in the 
past, periodically the FAA receives questions concerning this matter. 
Because of ambiguities in the rules, the current rules do not 
specifically prohibit flight instructors from self-endorsing their own 
logbook to meet the requirements for a flight review, instrument 
proficiency test, or taking a written or practical test.
    (12) Revises the current amendment in this section, by changing the 
term ``terminal control area'' to read ``Class B airspace area.''

Section 61.197  Renewal of Flight Instructor Certificates

    On April 13, 1994, the FAA issued Amendment Nos. 61.95 and 141-5 
(59 FR 17646) that amends current Sec. 61.197. That amendment deletes 
the 24 hour training that holders of flight instructor certificates are 
required to receive in an approved flight instructor refresher clinic. 
That amendment is contained in this Notice with minor word changes.
    The proposed revision to this section are as follows:
    (1) Permits applicants for renewal to hold at least a third-class 
medical certificate at the time of the renewal or meet the proposed 
medical requirements in the case of an applicant for a glider or 
balloon rating renewal; and
    (2) Revises the requirements for a person to renew a flight 
instructor certificate. This revision for renewing a flight instructor 
certificate proposes to state that a person may renew their flight 
instructor certificate without accomplishing a practical test by 
presenting to an FAA FSDO:
    a. A record of training students that shows during the preceding 24 
calendar months, the person has endorsed at least 5 students for a 
practical test for a certificate or rating, and at least 80 percent of 
those students passed that test on the first attempt.
    b. A satisfactory record that shows during the preceding 24 
calendar months, the person has served as a company check pilot, chief 
flight instructor, company check airman or flight instructor in a part 
121 or part 135 operation, or a comparable position involving the 
regular evaluation of pilots, and provided the FAA FSDO is acquainted 
with that person's duties and responsibilities and has determined the 
person has satisfactory knowledge of current pilot training, 
certification, and standards. An example of a person who would hold a 
comparable position involving the regular evaluation of pilots would be 
a designated pilot examiner, pilot proficiency examiner, FAA Flight 
Standards Inspector, or FAA Aviation Standards Specialist involved with 
developing pilot training and testing standards.
    c. A graduation certificate showing the person satisfactorily 
accomplished an approved flight instructor refresher course, provided 
the course was satisfactorily accomplished before the expiration date 
on the person's flight instructor certificate.
    (3) Permits a person who satisfactorily accomplishes the flight 
instructor renewal requirements within 90 days before the expiration 
date of their certificate, to be considered to have accomplished the 
requirements in the month due, and the certificate will be renewed for 
an additional 24 calendar months beyond the expiration date.

Section 61.199  Expired Flight Instructor Certificates and Ratings

    No substantive modifications are proposed in this section.

Section 61.201  Conversion to the Current Flight Instructor Ratings

    The FAA proposes to revise the existing Sec. 61.201 and replace it 
with provisions for earning the following flight instructor 
certificates and rating that are being proposed: (1) glider category 
and powered class rating; (2) glider category and nonpowered class 
rating; (3) lighter-than-air category and airship class rating; (4) 
instrument-airship rating; (5) lighter-than-air category and balloon 
class rating; (6) instrument-airplane single-engine; and (7) 
instrument-airplane multiengine.

Subpart I--Ground Instructors
    The FAA proposes to include ground instructor certificates in part 
61. This subpart would incorporate the regulations that are currently 
in part 143, which would be deleted. 

[[Page 41214]]


Section 61.211  Applicability

    This section would describe the applicability of proposed subpart 
I.

Section 61.213  Eligibility Requirements

    This proposed section would:
    (1) include ground instructor certificates and ratings in part 61;
    (2) revise ground instructor certificates and ratings;
    (3) require all applicants for a certificate or rating to read, 
write, speak, and understand the English language;
    (4) clarify that all applicants for a certificate or rating need to 
pass a knowledge test; and
    (5) require applicants for a ground instructor certificate or 
rating to pass a practical test.
    The eligibility requirements would continue to waive the 
``fundamentals of instruction'' portion of the knowledge test for 
certain applicants. (This provision is currently found in FAA Order 
8700.1). The reference in existing Sec. 143.11 for a ground instructor 
applicant to be of good moral character would be eliminated.
    Under this section an applicant would not be eligible for a ground 
instructor certificate if the applicant holds a current flight 
instructor certificate for the same category and class of aircraft. A 
flight instructor is permitted to give ground training on the aircraft 
for which the person holds flight instructor ratings. Therefore, the 
FAA believes issuing a flight instructor certificate that has identical 
ground instructing privileges as a ground instructor certificate is 
unnecessary. A flight instructor would not receive any additional 
privileges by obtaining a ground instructor certificate in the same 
category and class.

Section 61.215  Aeronautical Knowledge

    The requirements in existing Sec. 143.11 would be clarified to 
include the minimum knowledge requirements on the fundamentals of 
instruction and the appropriate aeronautical knowledge areas for the 
aircraft category rating sought.
    This section would require a person who trains a ground instructor 
applicant to meet minimum experience requirements.

Section 61.217  Ground Instructor Proficiency

    This section would include the proposed proficiency requirements 
that an applicant would be required to meet to pass the proposed 
practical test.

Section 61.219  Ground Instructor Records

    This proposed section would require a ground instructor to sign the 
records of students to whom ground training is given and retain a 
record of the training given.

Section 61.221  Additional Ground Instructor Ratings

    This section proposes that the holder of a ground instructor 
certificate who applies for an additional rating on that certificate be 
required to pass a knowledge test on the subjects that pertain to the 
rating. Such a requirement (the requirement can be found in FAA Order 
8700.1) is not expressed in existing part 143 but currently must be met 
when adding a rating on a ground instructor certificate.

Section 61.223  Ground Instructor Endorsements and Authorizations

    This proposed section would list the endorsements and 
authorizations that a ground instructor could give. A similar section 
does not appear in part 143.

Section 61.225  Recency of Experience for a Holder of a Ground 
Instructor Certificate

    This proposed section would establish the recency of experience 
requirements for a person who holds a ground instructor certificate. 
The proposal would establish recency of experience requirements that 
would require a ground instructor to:
    1. Give a person training and has endorsed that person for a 
knowledge or practical test within the preceding 12 calendar months; or
    2. Receive an endorsement from an authorized flight or ground 
instructor, which states that the person has demonstrated satisfactory 
competence in the knowledge and proficiency requirements listed in 
proposed Secs. 61.215 and 61.217, that apply to the ground instructor 
ratings held.

Section 61.227  Conversion to the Current System of Ground Instructor 
Ratings

    This proposed section would include the procedures for obtaining 
the proposed ground instructor ratings.

Appendix A to Part 61--Practical Test Requirements for Airplane Airline 
Transport Pilot Certificates and Associated Class and Type Ratings

    The FAA proposes to delete appendix A from part 61. The proposal is 
a result of establishing areas of operation in part 61 to parallel the 
Practical Test Standards that cover the administering of practical 
tests for the ATP certificate with the airplane class and type ratings.

Appendix B to Part 61--Practical Test Requirements for Rotorcraft 
Airline Transport Pilot Certificates With a Helicopter Class Rating and 
Associated Type Ratings

    On August 11, 1992, the FAA proposed deleting appendix B from part 
61 in the NPRM No. 92-10, ``Aircraft Flight Simulator Use in Pilot 
Training, Testing, and Checking at Training Centers'' (57 FR 35888-
35938). Therefore, appendix B of part 61 has not been reprinted in this 
rulemaking project.

F. Section by Section Discussion of Part 141--Pilot Schools

Subpart A--General

Section 141.1  Applicability

    This proposed section contains format revisions only.

Section 141.3 Certificate required

    No modifications are proposed for this section.

Section 141.5  Requirements for a Pilot School Certificate

    The proposed changes for this section are as follows:
    (1) Replaces the title ``Pilot school certificate'' with 
``Requirements for a pilot school certificate;''
    (2) Includes the proposed modification of a pilot school's quality 
of training requirements;
    (3) Revises the current requirements for a pilot school certificate 
by specifying that the application is to be completed in a manner 
prescribed by the Administrator;
    (4) Clarifies that an applicant for a pilot school certificate must 
hold a provisional pilot school certificate for at least 24 calendar 
months prior to applying for a pilot school certificate;
    (5) Revises the current provisions that require in order for an 
applicant to be issued a pilot school certificate, that applicant must 
have trained at least 10 students for a certificate or rating and at 
least 8 of the 10 most recent graduates tested, by an FAA Inspector or 
examiner, passed that test the first time. The revision in the proposed 
Sec. 141.5, would require an applicant to have trained and recommended 
at least 10 students for:
    a. A practical or knowledge test for a pilot, flight instructor, or 
ground instructor certificate or rating, and at least a 80 percent 
passed the test on the first attempt, and the tests must have been 
conducted by an FAA inspector or an examiner who is not an employee of 
the school; or 

[[Page 41215]]

    b. An end-of-course test for a training course in appendix K.
    This proposed school certificate issuance requirement deletes the 
requirement for 8 out of every 10 most recent graduates to have passed 
the practical or knowledge test on the first attempt. Using this 
percentage before a school is issued a certificate will ensure more 
quality of training than the current requirements which pressure 
schools into ensuring that every 8 out of its most recent 10 graduates 
passed on the first attempt. During the public hearings, some schools 
stated that the current requirements place a school in a dilemma by 
forcing them to pass 8 out of every 10 graduates or loose their school 
certificate. Under the current requirement, it is conceivable for a 
provisional pilot school to have graduated over 100 applicants for a 
practical or knowledge, and have 97 of those applicants pass the 
required knowledge or practical tests without one failure and then have 
the next 3 applicants fail the test. Under this scenario, the school 
would not be qualified to have their certificate issued. Under this 
proposed revision, the FAA believes quality of training would be 
maintained, but the schools would not be forced to pass 8 of every 10 
graduates in order for a school to be issued. For example, this 
issuance method would work as follows:
    A provisional school graduates 100 students from its part 141-
approved courses within the 24 calendar-month period prior to the date 
application is made for the issuance of a pilot school certificate. Out 
of those 100 graduates, there were 50 knowledge tests attempted and 100 
practical tests attempted for a total of 150 attempts. Out of those 150 
practical and knowledge tests attempted, the school would be required 
to have at least an 80 percent pass rate on the first attempt, or in 
this case, at least 120 students would have had to pass on the first 
attempt in order for a pilot school certificate to be issued.
    Another example is a provisional school provides only part 141-
approved ground school training for an instrument rating course. It 
graduates only 10 students from its part 141 approved instrument rating 
ground school course within a 24 calendar month period prior to the 
date application is made for issuance of a pilot school certificate. 
Out of those 10 graduates, there were 10 knowledge tests attempted for 
a total of 10 attempts. Out of those 10 attempts, that provisional 
school would be required to have at least an 80 percent pass rate on 
the first attempt, or in this case, at least 8 students would have had 
to pass on the first attempt in order for a school certificate to be 
issued.
    Another example is a provisional school that has part 141 course 
approval for a Private Pilot Certification Course under appendix A and 
also a Test Pilot Course under appendix K. The provisional school 
graduates 5 students from its Private Pilot Certification Course and 5 
from its Test Pilot Course within the 24-calendar month period prior to 
the date application is made for issuance of a pilot school 
certificate. Out of those 5 private pilot graduates, there were 5 
knowledge tests attempted and 5 practical tests attempted for a total 
of 10 attempts. There were 5 end-of-course tests accomplished by 
students enrolled the school's Test Pilot Course. In order for a pilot 
school certificate to be issued, the provisional pilot school would 
have to show an 80 percent pass rate on the first attempt for its 
private pilot applicants. Therefore, 4 private pilot graduates would 
have to pass the knowledge test on the first attempt, and 4 private 
pilot graduates would have had to have passed the practical test on the 
first attempt. Otherwise, the students enrolled in the Test Pilot 
Course or the other courses of appendix K only count for the recent 
activity of training requirements.

Section 141.7  Provisional Pilot School Certificate

    No substantive changes are proposed for this section.

Section 141.9  Examining Authority

    No modifications are proposed for this section.

Section 141.11  Pilot School Ratings

    The FAA proposes to revise this section by revising the 
aeronautical knowledge areas, reorganizing the current certificate 
courses and eliminating the test courses, and replacing the term, 
``flight proficiency requirement'' with ``approved areas of 
operations.''
    The proposed changes for this section would establish the following 
courses:
    (1) Certification and rating courses:
    (i) Recreational pilot course.
    (ii) Private pilot course.
    (iii) Commercial pilot course.
    (iv) Instrument rating course.
    (v) Airline transport pilot course.
    (vi) Flight instructor course.
    (vii) Flight instructor instrument course.
    (viii) Ground instructor course.
    (ix) Additional aircraft category or class rating course.
    (x) Aircraft type rating course.
    (2) Special preparation courses:
    (i) Pilot refresher course.
    (ii) Flight instructor refresher course.
    (iii) Ground instructor refresher course.
    (iv) Agricultural aircraft operations course.
    (v) Rotorcraft external-load operations course.
    (vi) Special operations course.
    (vii) Test pilot course.
    (3) Pilot ground school courses.

Section 141.13  Application for Issuance, Amendment, or Renewal

    Proposed Sec. 141.13 would revise the existing requirement that 
requires a pilot school to submit three copies of a training course 
outline for the issuance or amendment of a pilot school certificate or 
rating. Two copies of the training course outline are sufficient.

Section 141.15  Location of Facilities

    No substantive changes are planned. However, the wording of 
proposed Sec. 141.15 has been changed to a more permissive language to 
parallel the proposed changes in Sec. 61.2.
Section 141.17  Duration of Certificates and Examining Authority

    The FAA proposes to replace the title ``Duration of certificates'' 
to read ``Duration of certificates and examining authority.'' The FAA 
also proposes to add the provision stating that a pilot school or 
provisional pilot school certificate expires whenever ``the 
Administrator has determined a school has not acted in good faith with 
a student to whom it has a contractual agreement to provide training.'' 
The proposal is a result of past events where some unscrupulous school 
operators have made contractual agreements with students and then have 
failed to meet those agreements. As an example, in the 1980's a part 
141 school continued to advertise its services when the school was not 
financially capable. Students were fraudulently required to make 
payments for the entire course prior to beginning the course. The 
school requested payment under false pretenses as covering the entire 
cost of training, room, and board. When the students arrived to begin 
their training, they were informed the school was bankrupt, and they 
could only get their training if they would agree to pay for the fuel 
for the aircraft and pay their own room and board. The FAA was unable 
to stop this school operator from continuing this unscrupulous 
practice, because the current rules do not prevent it. Further 
investigation of this school operator showed that this was not the only 
time this operator had done this to students. This particular operator 
would 

[[Page 41216]]
close up business in one area of the United States after defrauding 
students, and then begin business in another location. Although the 
majority of part 141 school operators provide professional flight 
training and are honorable, unscrupulous operators should not be 
allowed to continue in business. The FAA believes this proposal will 
permit it to close down unscrupulous operators in a more expeditious 
manner.

Section 141.18  Carriage of Narcotic Drugs, Marihuana, and Depressant 
or Stimulant Drugs or Substances

    No modifications are proposed for this section.

Section 141.19  Display of Certificate

    Format revisions are proposed for this section.

Section 141.21  Inspections

    Format revisions are proposed for this section.

Section 141.23  Advertising Limitations

    This section would be revised by clarifying that courses are 
approved under part 141.

Section 141.25  Business Office and Operations Base

    Format revisions are proposed for this section.

Section 141.27  Renewal of Certificates and Ratings

    The proposed changes for this section are as follows:
    (1) Modifies a pilot school's quality of training requirements. As 
a result of information obtained during the public hearings and 
comments received in the docket on this matter, the FAA proposes to 
revise the quality of training requirements from 8 out of 10 of the 
most recent graduates pass rate to an 80 percent requirement;
    (2) Eliminates the current requirement that the renewal of a 
certificate must be obtained no less than 30 days prior to the 
expiration of the provisional pilot school certificate;
    (3) Clarifies the requirements for a school that does not meet the 
proposed renewal requirements may apply for a provisional pilot school 
certificate; and
    (4) Revises the requirements for renewing a pilot school 
requirement and rating. A pilot school would be required to have 
trained and recommended at least 10 students for a practical or 
knowledge test for a pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor 
certificate or rating, and at least 80 percent of the students must 
have passed the test on the first attempt, and the tests must have been 
conducted by an FAA inspector or an examiner who is not an employee of 
the school, or an end-of-course test for a training course in appendix 
K. As an example, see Sec. 141.5.

Section 141.29  [Reserved]

    This section would continue to be reserved.

Subpart B--Personnel, Aircraft, and Facilities Requirements

Section 141.31  Applicability

    No substantive changes are proposed for this section.

Section 141.33  Personnel

    The proposed changes for this section are as follows:
    (1) Permits a pilot school to designate check instructors to 
conduct student stage checks, end-of-course tests, and instructor 
proficiency checks.
    (2) Clarifies that the assistant chief instructor would be required 
to meet the requirements of proposed Sec. 141.36.

Section 141.35  Chief Instructor Qualifications

    Proposed Sec. 141.35 would delete the current requirement for a 
person who applies as a chief ground instructor to have 1 year of 
experience as a ground instructor at a certificated pilot school.

Section 141.36  Assistant Chief Instructor Qualifications

    Proposed Sec. 141.36 would delete the current requirement for a 
person who applies as an assistant chief ground instructor to have 6 
months of experience as a ground instructor at a certificated pilot 
school.

Section 141.37  Check Instructor Qualifications

    The FAA proposes to redesignate current Sec. 141.37, ``Airports'' 
to Sec. 141.38. Proposed Sec. 141.37, ``Check instructor 
qualifications'' would establish the proposed qualifications for a 
person to be designated as a check instructor.

Section 141.38  Airports

    The FAA proposes to redesignate current Sec. 141.37 to Sec. 141.38. 
Proposed Sec. 141.38 would permit pilot schools at seadromes to use 
adequate non-permanent lighting or shoreline lighting, approved by the 
Administrator, for night training flights in seaplanes. Few permanently 
lighted seadromes are in use. The FAA believes that the existing 
regulation for permanent lighting at all airports used by a pilot 
school for night training is not necessary at seadromes. Adequate non-
permanent lighting or shoreline lighting is available for night 
seaplane takeoff and landing operations.

Section 141.39  Aircraft

    The proposed changes for this section are as follows:
    (1) Requires aircraft used by a pilot school or a provisional pilot 
school certificate holder be maintained in accordance with subpart E of 
part 91.
    (2) Requires the school's aircraft to be under an inspection 
program for each airframe, aircraft engine, propeller, appliance, and 
component part be maintained.
    (3) Requires that the school's aircraft used for the demonstration 
of instrument skills to be equipped and maintained for IFR operations.
    (4) Revises the existing provisions that requires aircraft used for 
``flight instruction and solo flights in a course of training for 
agricultural aircraft operations and similar aerial work operations'' 
do not have to hold a standard airworthiness certificate. The revised 
language would be more general and would permit each aircraft to hold a 
standard airworthiness certificate unless the Administrator determines 
that, because of the nature of the approved course, an aircraft not 
having a standard airworthiness certificate may be used.
    (5) Permit the use of aircraft with a primary airworthiness 
certificate to be used by schools. The purpose for this proposal is a 
result of an oversight that occurred during the issuance of the Primary 
Aircraft Final Rule (57 FR 41360; September 9, 1992).
    In the ``Supplementary Information'' section (in the paragraphs 
entitled ``Rental and Flight Instruction'' and ``Pilot Certification'') 
of that final rule, the FAA stated that the use of primary aircraft are 
permitted to be used for rental, flight instruction, and pilot 
certification. However, the FAA did not provide for this in that final 
rule.

Section 141.41  Flight Training Devices and Training Aids

    This proposal would replace the title of the existing Sec. 141.41 
``Ground trainers and training aids'' with ``Flight training devices 
and training aids.'' Otherwise, the section would include no 
substantive changes.

Section 141.43  Pilot Briefing Areas

    Format modifications are proposed for this section.

Section 141.45  Ground Training Facilities

    Format modifications are proposed for this section.

[[Page 41217]]


Subpart C--Training Course Outline and Curriculum

Section 141.51  Applicability

    No modifications are proposed for this section.

Section 141.53  Approval Procedures for a Training Course: General

    The FAA proposes to replace the title ``Training course outline: 
General'' with ``Approval procedures for a training course: General.'' 
The proposed section would require two copies of each training course 
outline to be submitted to the FAA. The existing rule requires an 
application for approval of an initial or amended training course 
outline to be in triplicate to the FAA. Two copies of the training 
course outline are sufficient and the FAA proposes that only two copies 
be submitted. Making three copies also causes more paper to be 
generated for any slight variance in a training course.
    Commencing in 1 year after the effective date of this rule, 
proposed Sec. 141.53 would require pilot schools or provisional pilot 
schools to only request approval for the new training courses.

Section 141.55  Training Course: Contents

    The FAA proposed to replace the title ``Training course outline: 
Contents'' with ``Training course: Contents.'' The proposal would 
permit pilot schools to seek approval of training courses that train to 
a performance standard and would modify a pilot school's quality of 
training requirements.

Section 141.57  Special Curricula

    No substantive changes are proposed for this section.

Subpart D--Examining Authority

Section 141.61  Applicability

    Format modifications are proposed for this section.

Section 141.63  Examining Authority Qualification Requirements

    The FAA proposes to replace the title ``Application and 
qualification'' with ``Examining authority qualification and 
requirements.''
    The proposed changes for this section are as follows:
    (1) Modifies the quality of training requirements for a pilot 
school to maintain examining authority.
    (2) Deletes the requirement for a specific number of graduates to 
pass interim tests to retain examining authority. The FAA believes it 
is more important for students to receive quality training than to 
pressure schools into ensuring that every 9 out of its most recent 10 
graduates passed on the first attempt.
    (3) Specifies that pilot schools would not receive examining 
authority for training courses that train to a performance standard.

Section 141.65  Privileges

    Proposed Sec. 141.65 would permit a pilot school with examining 
authority to recommend graduates for all pilot, flight instructor, and 
ground instructor certificates. This would eliminate the existing 
restriction on examiners from performing practical tests for the flight 
instructor certificate, ATP certificate, and turbojet type ratings. 
This issue was raised by Harrison Hamer, who submitted a comment to the 
FAA in response to the DOT's request for comments (57 FR 4744; February 
7, 1992). In addition, the FAA has issued numerous exemptions to this 
rule without any degradation in safety.

Section 141.67  Limitations and Reports

    The proposed changes for this section are as follows:
    (1) Deletes the current provision that requires a student at a 
pilot school with examining authority to accomplish all of the training 
courses at that school.
    (2) Expands the existing requirement for a pilot school with 
examining authority to submit the training record of each graduate who 
is recommended for a certificate or rating to a FAA FSDO.

Subpart E--Operating Rules

Section 141.71  Applicability

    No modifications are proposed for this section.

Section 141.73  Privileges

    Proposed Sec. 141.73 would be reformatted. Proposed Sec. 141.73 
would specify that pilot schools who hold examining authority would not 
be permitted to seek approval of training courses that train to a 
performance standard.

Section 141.75  Aircraft Requirements

    (1) The FAA proposes to add the proposed test pilot and special 
operations courses to courses for which an aircraft certificated in the 
restricted category may be used.
    (2) Permit the use of aircraft with a primary airworthiness 
certificate to be used by schools. The purpose for this proposal is a 
result of an oversight that occurred during the issuance of the Primary 
Aircraft Final Rule (57 FR 41360; September 9, 1992).
    In the Supplementary Information section (in the paragraphs 
entitled ``Rental and Flight Instruction'' and ``Pilot Certification'') 
of that final rule, the FAA stated that the use of primary aircraft are 
permitted to be used for rental, flight instruction, and pilot 
certification. However, the FAA did not provide for this in that final 
rule.

Section 141.77  Limitations

    This section would be revised by dividing the current section into 
two paragraphs. The current reference to ``flight check or written 
test, or both'' would be replaced with a ``proficiency test or 
knowledge test or both.'' The tests could include a flight check, a 
review of the student's aeronautical knowledge, or both.

Section 141.79  Flight Training

    On April 13, 1994, the FAA issued Amendment Nos. 61.95 and 141-5 
(59 FR 17646) that amends current Sec. 61.197. That amendment deletes 
the 24 hour training that holders of flight instructor certificates are 
required to receive in an approved flight instructor refresher clinic. 
That amendment is contained in this Notice with minor word changes.
    The proposed changes for this section are as follows:
    (1) Replaces the term ``designated chief instructor or his 
assistant'' with ``chief instructor,'' ``assistant chief instructor,'' 
or ``check instructor.''
    (2) Permits the assistant chief instructor or check instructor to 
administer proficiency checks to a school's instructors.
    (3) Revises the flight and proficiency checks accomplished by 
flight instructors.
    (4) Requires chief and assistant chief instructors to complete at 
least once every 12 calendar months an approved syllabus of training 
consisting of ground or flight training, or both, or an approved flight 
instructor refresher course.

Section 141.81  Ground Training
    This section would be revised to replace ``designated chief 
instructor or his assistant'' with ``chief instructor,'' ``assistant 
chief instructor,'' or ``check instructor.''

Section 141.83  Quality of Training

    The proposed revisions to this section are as follows:
    (1) Reformats and rewords this section for clarity.
    (2) Modifies the quality of training requirements. This proposal 
would require a school to provide training of such quality that at 
least 80 percent of their students for a practical or knowledge test 
were successful on the first attempt within the period of 24 

[[Page 41218]]
calendar months prior to the date of application for the school 
certificate.

Section 141.85  Chief Instructor Responsibilities

    The section would be revised by clarifying that the chief 
instructor serves a supervisory role at a pilot school. The current 
requirements for the chief instructor to ``conduct'' checks and tests 
would be revised for the chief instructor to ``ensure'' these checks 
and tests are accomplished. A new paragraph is proposed for this 
section that would permit the chief instructor to either conduct the 
check or delegate authority for conducting stage checks, end-of-course 
tests, and flight instructor proficiency checks to the assistant chief 
instructor or a check instructor.

Section 141.87  Change of Chief Instructor

    Proposed Sec. 141.87 would permit a pilot school or provisional 
pilot school to replace its chief instructor with an assistant chief 
instructor or a check instructor, and would permit the assistant chief 
instructor or check instructor to give stage and end-of-course tests 
for a maximum of 60 days until a new chief instructor is designated.

Section 141.89  Maintenance of Personnel, Facilities, and Equipment

    Editorial modifications are proposed for this section.

Section 141.91  Satellite Bases

    Editorial modifications are proposed for this section.

Section 141.93  Enrollment

    The proposed revisions to this section would eliminate the 
requirement for a pilot school to send a copy of each enrollment 
certificate to its FAA FSDO. The school would be required to maintain a 
monthly listing of persons enrolled in each course at the school. This 
proposal would provide paperwork reduction.

Section 141.95  Graduation Certificate

    Minor editorial modifications are proposed for this section.

Subpart F--Records

Section 141.101  Training Records

    This section would be reformatted.

Appendix A--Recreational Pilot Certification Course

    The FAA proposes to establish criteria for a new certification 
course for recreational pilot certificates. The course in existing 
appendix A, ``Private Pilot Certificate Course (Airplanes),'' would be 
moved to proposed appendix B.

Appendix B--Private Pilot Certification Course

    The FAA proposes to establish criteria for a certification course 
for a private pilot certificate in all categories of aircraft. The 
course in existing appendix B, ``Private Test Course (Airplanes),'' 
would be eliminated.

Appendix C--Instrument Rating Course

    The FAA proposes to establish criteria for an instrument rating 
course. The course in existing appendix C, ``Instrument Rating Course 
(Airplanes),'' would be included in this proposed course.

Appendix D--Commercial Pilot Certification Course

    The FAA proposes to establish criteria for a certification course 
for a commercial pilot certificate. The course in the existing appendix 
D, ``Commercial Pilot Certificate Course (Airplanes),'' is included in 
this proposed certification course.

Appendix E--Airline Transport Pilot Certificate Course

    The FAA proposes to establish criteria for a certification course 
for an ATP certificate with an airplane, helicopter, or powered-lift 
rating. The course in existing appendix E, ``Commercial Test Course 
(Airplanes),'' would be eliminated.

Appendix F--Flight Instructor Certification Course

    The FAA proposes to establish criteria for a course for a flight 
instructor certification course. The courses in existing appendix F, 
``Rotorcraft, Gliders, Lighter-Than-Air Aircraft and Aircraft Rating 
Courses,'' would be moved to proposed appendixes B, C, D, I, and J.

Appendix G--Flight Instructor Instrument (Aircraft Category and Class) 
Certification Course

    The FAA proposes to establish criteria for a course for a flight 
instructor-instrument certification course. The course in existing 
appendix G, ``Pilot Ground School Courses,'' would be moved to proposed 
appendix L.

Appendix H--Ground Instructor Certificate Course

    The FAA proposes to establish criteria for a course for a ground 
instructor certification. The courses found in existing appendix H, 
``Test Preparation Courses,'' would be moved to proposed appendixes C, 
E, F, and G.

Appendix I--Additional Aircraft Category or Class Rating Course

    The FAA proposes to establish criteria for an additional aircraft 
category or class rating courses for a person who desires to add an 
additional category or an additional class rating on their pilot 
certificate.

Appendix J--Aircraft Type Rating Course, for Other Than Airline 
Transport Pilot

    The FAA proposes to establish criteria for an aircraft type rating 
course, for other than ATP, for a person who desires to add a type 
rating on their pilot certificate.

Appendix K--Special Preparation Courses

    The FAA proposes to establish criteria for special preparation 
courses, which would be similar to the current appendix H, ``Test 
Preparation Courses.''

Appendix L--Pilot Ground School Course
    This proposed appendix would be similar to current appendix G, 
``Pilot Ground School Courses.''
International Civil Aviation Organization and Joint Aviation 
Regulations
    During this regulatory review of parts 1, 61, 141, and 143, the FAA 
conducted a study that compares Federal Aviation Regulations and 
International Civil Aviation Organization Regulations. A copy of that 
comparison study is located at the Federal Aviation Administration, 
Office of the Chief Counsel, Rules Docket, Room 915G, under Docket No. 
25910, 800 Independence Avenue, SW., Washington, DC 20591. Throughout 
this regulatory review, the FAA has attempted to propose rules that are 
in harmony with the international community. Where differences will 
occur, the FAA will comply with FAA Order 2100.13A, The FAA Regulatory 
Handbook. This Order directs the FAA to identify differences between 
the International Civil Aviation Organization Regulations and the 
Federal Aviation Regulations.
    The Joint Aviation Regulations (JAR) pilot licensing rulemaking 
action, which was issued over one year ago and withdrawn, is on hold. 
To date, no harmonization comparison has been made with the JAR 
rulemaking action. However, when that rulemaking action is reissued, 
the FAA intends to conduct a comparison study and will attempt to 
negotiate conformity for those rules where there are significant 
differences. 

[[Page 41219]]

Regulatory Evaluation Summary

Cost-Benefit Analysis

    The FAA has considered the impact of this rulemaking action under 
E.O. 12866 and the Department of Transportation's regulatory policies 
and procedures. This rulemaking document was reviewed under E.O. 12866, 
``Regulatory Planning and Review.'' This section has been determined to 
be ``significant'' under the Department of Transportation's regulatory 
policies and procedures. The FAA prepared a preliminary Economic 
Assessment for the NPRM. The FAA has evaluated the anticipated costs 
and benefits, which are summarized below. For more detailed economic 
information, see the full regulatory evaluation contained in the 
docket.

Costs

    The FAA estimates that the present value of the costs of this 
proposed rule discounted 7 percent over the next 10 years is $6.6 
million. Proposed Sec. 61.212 on increased recordkeeping requirements 
is the most costly provision at $437,000 annually representing 46 
percent of the total annual cost of almost $950,000. Proposed 
Sec. 61.217 on the practical test for instructor applicants is the 
second most costly provision at $435,000 annually, representing 43.9 
percent of the total annual cost.

Benefits

    The FAA also estimates that the present value of the benefits of 
this proposed rule discounted 7 percent over the next 10 years is 
$368.7 million. Proposed Sec. 61.65 reducing the amount of flight time 
needed before applying for an instrument rating provides the greatest 
benefit in cost savings at $18.7 million annually representing 36 
percent of the total annual benefits ($52.5 million annually). Various 
provisions that together provide numerous safety benefits result in 
annual benefits of $21.1 million or 40 percent of the total.

Economic Conclusions

    Based upon the low compliance cost coupled with the large cost 
savings and the safety benefits, the FAA concludes that the proposed 
rule is cost beneficial.

Initial Regulatory Flexibility Determination

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980 (RFA) was enacted by 
Congress to ensure that small entities are not unnecessarily and 
disproportionately burdened by government regulations. The RFA requires 
agencies to review rules that may have ``a significant cost impact on a 
substantial number of small entities.''
    All of the major changes in the rules discussed in this NPRM affect 
pilots, flight instructors, and ground instructors, who are individuals 
rather than business or government entities. The revisions that impact 
pilot schools do not exceed the cost-threshold level, as found in the 
RFA. In fact, as this report shows, the proposed rule would result in 
net overall annual cost savings of about $3,000 per pilot school. The 
FAA has determined that the proposed revisions would not have a 
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.

International Trade Impact Analysis

    The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) requires Federal agencies 
to determine whether any proposed rule or regulation would have an 
impact on international trade. The revisions discussed in this NPRM 
primarily affect the domestic operations of individual pilots, flight 
instructors and ground instructors, not of business entities. In the 
case of pilot schools or aircraft operators, it is not likely that the 
services produced by these entities would involve the international 
trade flows of aviation products or services and thus do not impact 
trade opportunities for U.S. firms doing business overseas and foreign 
firms doing business in the United States. Thus, the FAA believes the 
proposed changes would have no impact on trade opportunities for both 
U.S. firms doing business overseas and foreign firms doing business in 
the United States. The FAA welcomes any comments on this issue.

Federalism Implications

    The regulations proposed in this notice would not have substantial 
direct effects on the States, on the relationship between the National 
Government and the States, or on the distribution of power and 
responsibilities among the various levels of Government. Therefore, in 
accordance with Executive Order 12612, it is determined that this 
amendment would not have federalism implications requiring the 
preparation of a Federalism Assessment.
Paperwork Reduction Act Approval

    The reporting and recordkeeping requirements associated with this 
rule are being submitted to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) 
for approval in accordance with 44 U.S.C. 35 under OMB No:     ; Title: 
Pilot, Flight Instructor, Ground Instructor, and Pilot School 
Certification Rules; Form(s) None; Average Burden Hours per Respondent:
    For Further Information Contact: The Information Requirements 
Division, M-34, Office of the Secretary of Transportation, 400 Seventh 
Street, SW., Washington, DC 20590; (202) 366-4735.
    Comments on these information collection requirements should be 
submitted to the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs OMB, 
Washington, DC 20503, Attention: Desk Officer for FAA. Comments 
submitted to OMB should also be submitted to the FAA docket.
Specific Time and Hour Requirements
    The FAA has proposed specific time and hour requirements in various 
sections of this NPRM. These specific time and hour requirements may be 
modified in light of the comments received to the docket, thus 
modifying the scope of the NPRM.
Conclusion
    For the reasons discussed in the preamble, and based on the 
findings in the Initial Regulatory Flexibility Determination and the 
International Trade Impact Analysis, the FAA has determined that this 
proposed regulation is a significant regulatory action under Executive 
Order 12866. In addition, it is certified that this proposal, if 
adopted, will not have a significant economic impact, positive or 
negative, on a substantial number of small entities under the criteria 
of the Regulatory Flexibility Act. This proposal is considered 
significant under Order DOT 2100.5, Policies and Procedures for 
Simplification, Analysis, and Review of Regulations. A draft regulatory 
evaluation of the proposal, including an initial Regulatory Flexibility 
Determination and International Trade Impact Analysis, has been placed 
in the docket. A copy may be obtained by contacting the person 
identified under FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT.

List of Subjects

14 CFR Part 1

    General definitions, Abbreviations and symbols, Rules of 
construction.

14 CFR Part 61

    Air safety, Aircraft, Aircraft pilots, Airmen, Airplanes, Aviation 
safety, Compensation, Education, Foreign persons, Helicopters, Pilots, 
Rotorcraft, Safety, Students, Teachers, Transportation. 

[[Page 41220]]


14 CFR Part 141

    Air safety, Air transportation, Aircraft pilots, Airmen, Airplanes, 
Aviation safety, Balloons, Education, Educational facilities, 
Helicopters, Pilots, Rotorcraft, Safety, Schools, Students, Teachers, 
Transportation.

14 CFR Part 143

    Air safety, Air transportation, Airmen, Airplanes, Aviation safety, 
Education, Educational Facilities, Safety, Students, Teachers, 
Transportation.

The Proposed Amendments

    In consideration of the foregoing, under the authority at 49 U.S.C. 
40113, the Federal Aviation Administration proposes to amend parts 1, 
61, 141, and 143 of the Federal Aviation Regulations (14 CFR Parts 1, 
61, 141, and 143) as follows:

PART 1--DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS

    1. The authority citation for part 1 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(g); 49 U.S.C. 40101-40104, 40109, 
40113, and 44701.

    2. Section 1.1 is amended by revising the definitions of 
``balloon'', ``flight time'', and ``pilot in command'' to read as 
follows:


Sec. 1.1  General Definitions.

* * * * *
    Balloon is an aircraft that is not engine driven, but sustains 
flight with either gas buoyancy or with an airborne heater.
* * * * *
    Flight time means:
    (1) Pilot time that commences when an aircraft moves under its own 
power for the purpose of flight and ends when the aircraft comes to 
rest after landing; or
    (2) For a nonpowered glider, that time when the glider commences 
being towed for the purpose of flight and ends when the glider comes to 
rest after landing.
* * * * *
    Pilot in command means:
    (1) A person who has final authority and responsibility for the 
operation and safety of the flight;
    (2) A person who holds the appropriate category, class, and type 
rating, if appropriate;
    (3) A person who has been designated as pilot in command before or 
during the flight; and
    (4) Involves a flight that occurs in actual flight conditions in an 
aircraft.
* * * * *
    Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(g); 49 U.S.C. 40101-40104, 40109, 
40113, 44701-44703, 44707, 44709-44711, 45102-45103, 45106, and 
45301-45302.
    3. Part 61 is revised to read as follows:

PART 61--CERTIFICATION: PILOTS, FLIGHT INSTRUCTORS, AND GROUND 
INSTRUCTORS

Subpart A--General

Sec.
61.1  Applicability.
61.1a  Clarification of terms.
61.2  Certification of foreign pilots, flight instructors, and 
ground instructors.
61.3  Requirement for certificates, ratings, and authorizations.
61.5  Certificates and ratings issued under this part.
61.7  Obsolete certificates and ratings.
61.9  Written syllabus for conducting training.
61.11  Expired pilot certificates and reissuance.
61.13  Awarding of airman certificates, ratings, and authorizations.
61.14  Refusal to submit to a drug test.
61.15  Offenses involving alcohol or drugs.
61.16  Refusal to submit to an alcohol test or to furnish test 
results.
61.17  Temporary certificate.
61.19  Duration of pilot and instructor certificates.
61.21  Duration of a Category II pilot authorization.
61.23  Duration and requirement for a medical certificate.
61.25  Change of name.
61.27  Voluntary surrender or exchange of certificate.
61.29  Replacement of a lost or destroyed airman or medical 
certificate or knowledge test report.
61.31  Type rating, additional training, and authorization 
requirements.
61.33  Tests: General procedure.
61.35  Knowledge test: Prerequisites and passing grades.
61.37  Knowledge tests: Cheating or other unauthorized conduct.
61.39  Prerequisites for practical tests.
61.41  Flight training received from flight instructors not 
certificated by the FAA.
61.43  Practical tests: General procedures.
61.45  Practical tests: Required aircraft and equipment.
61.47  Status of an examiner who is authorized by the Administrator 
to conduct practical tests.
61.49  Retesting after failure.
61.51  Pilot logbooks.
61.53  Operations during medical deficiency.
61.55  Second-in-command qualifications.
61.56  Flight review.
61.57  Recent flight experience: Pilot in command.
61.58  Pilot-in-command proficiency check: Operation of aircraft 
requiring more than one required pilot.
61.59  Falsification, reproduction, or alteration of applications, 
certificates, logbooks, reports, or records.
61.60  Change of address.

Subpart B----Aircraft Ratings and Special Certificates

61.61  Applicability.
61.63  Additional aircraft ratings (other than airline transport 
pilot).
61.65  Instrument rating requirements.
61.67  Category II pilot authorization requirements.
61.69  Glider towing: Experience and training requirements.
61.71  Graduates of an approved training program other than under 
this part: Special rules.
61.73  Military pilots or former military pilots: Special rules.
61.75  Private pilot certificate issued on basis of a foreign pilot 
license.
61.77  Special purpose pilot authorization: Operation of U.S.-
registered civil aircraft leased by a person who is not a U.S. 
citizen.

Subpart C----Student Pilots

61.81  Applicability.
61.83  Eligibility requirements for student pilots.
61.85  Application.
61.87  Supervised pilot in command requirements for student pilots.
61.89  General limitations.
61.91  [Reserved.]
61.93  Supervised pilot in command cross-country flight 
requirements.
61.95  Operations in Class B airspace and at airports located within 
Class B airspace.

Subpart D----Recreational Pilots

61.96  Applicability
61.96a  Eligibility requirements: General.
61.97  Aeronautical knowledge.
61.98  Flight proficiency.
61.99  Aeronautical experience.
61.100  Pilots based on small islands.
61.101  Recreational pilot privileges and limitations.

Subpart E----Private Pilots

61.102  Applicability.
61.103  Eligibility requirements: General.
61.105  Aeronautical knowledge.
61.107  Flight proficiency.
61.109  Aeronautical experience.
61.110  Night flying exceptions for private pilot certification.
61.111  Cross-country flights: Pilots based on small islands.
61.113  Private pilot privileges and limitations: Pilot in command.
61.115  Balloon rating: Limitations.
61.117  Private pilot privileges and limitations: Second in command 
of aircraft requiring more than one pilot.
61.118 through 61.120  [Reserved]

Subpart F----Commercial Pilots

61.121  Applicability.
61.123  Eligibility requirements: General.
61.125  Aeronautical knowledge.
61.127  Flight proficiency.
61.129  Aeronautical experience.
61.131  Exceptions to the night flying requirements for the 
commercial pilot certificate.
61.133  Commercial pilot privileges and limitations: General.
61.135 through 61.141  [Reserved.] 

[[Page 41221]]


Subpart G----Airline Transport Pilots
61.151  Applicability.
61.153  Eligibility requirements: General.
61.155  Aeronautical knowledge.
61.157  Flight proficiency.
61.159  Aeronautical experience: Airplane category rating.
61.161  Aeronautical experience: Rotorcraft category and helicopter 
class rating with a type rating.
61.163  Aeronautical experience: Powered-lift category.
61.165  Additional aircraft category and class ratings.
61.167  General privileges and limitations.
61.169  [Reserved].
61.171  [Reserved].
Subpart H--Flight Instructors
61.181  Applicability.
61.183  Eligibility requirements.
61.185  Aeronautical knowledge.
61.187  Flight proficiency.
61.189  Flight instructor records.
61.191  Additional flight instructor ratings.
61.193  Flight instructor endorsements and authorizations.
61.195  Flight instructor limitations and qualifications.
61.197  Renewal of flight instructor certificates.
61.199  Expired flight instructor certificates and ratings.
61.201  Conversion to the current flight instructor ratings.
Subpart I--Ground Instructors
61.211  Applicability.
61.213  Eligibility requirements.
61.215  Aeronautical knowledge.
61.217  Ground instructor proficiency.
61.219  Ground instructor records.
61.221  Additional ground instructor ratings.
61.223  Ground instructor endorsements and authorizations.
61.225  Recency of experience for a holder of a ground instructor 
certificate.
61.227  Conversion to current ground instructor ratings.

Subpart A--General
Sec. 61.1  Applicability.
    (a) This part prescribes the requirements for issuing pilot, flight 
instructor, and ground instructor certificates and ratings, the 
conditions under which those certificates and ratings are necessary, 
and the authorizations, privileges, and limitations of those 
certificates and ratings.
    (b) This part prescribes the requirements for issuing pilot, flight 
instructor, and ground instructor certificates and ratings for persons 
who have taken courses approved by the Administrator under other parts 
of this chapter.
Sec. 61.1a  Clarification of terms.
    For the purposes of this part:
    (a) Aeronautical experience means pilot time obtained in an 
aircraft, flight simulator, or flight training device for meeting the 
appropriate training and flight time for an airman certificate, rating, 
flight review, or recency of flight experience, of this part.
    (b) Airman certificate means all pilot certificates (other than a 
student pilot certificate), flight instructor certificates, and ground 
instructor certificates issued under this part.
    (c) Authorized ground instructor means--
    (1) A person who holds a current ground instructor certificate 
issued under this part with ratings that apply to the training being 
given, and that person is authorized by the Administrator to give the 
training; or
    (2) Any other person authorized by the Administrator to give ground 
training under this part in accordance with privileges and limitations 
specified by the Administrator.
    (d) Authorized flight instructor means--
    (1) A person who holds a current flight instructor certificate 
issued under this chapter with ratings that apply to the training being 
given, and that person is authorized by the Administrator to give the 
training; or
    (2) Any other person authorized by the Administrator to give flight 
training under this part in accordance with privileges and limitations 
specified by the Administrator.
    (e) Cross-country time means that time obtained in actual flight 
and, except as provided in paragraph (f)(3) of this section, each 
flight must include a landing at a point other than the point of 
departure, and--
    (1) The person must--
    (i) Hold a private, commercial pilot, or airline transport 
certificate issued under this part; and
    (ii) Have used dead reckoning, pilotage, electronic navigation 
aids, or radio aids to navigate to the landing point.
    (2) For the purpose of meeting the cross-country time eligibility 
requirements for a private or commercial pilot certificate or an 
instrument rating, the person must have obtained the time in actual 
flight, and--
    (i) The point of landing must be at least a straight-line distance 
of more than 50 nautical miles from the point of departure; and
    (ii) Dead reckoning, pilotage, electronic navigation aids, or radio 
aids were used to navigate to the landing point.
    (3) For a military pilot, who holds or is qualified for a private 
or commercial pilot certificate under Sec. 61.73 of this part, cross-
country time is that time obtained--
    (i) In actual flight in a military aircraft; and
    (ii) On a flight that is at least a straight-line distance of more 
than 50 nautical miles from the point of departure, and dead reckoning, 
pilotage, electronic navigation aids, or radio aids were used for 
navigation.
    (f) Examiner means any person who is authorized by the 
Administrator to conduct a practical test for an airman certificate or 
rating issued under this part, or a person who is authorized to conduct 
a knowledge test under this part.
    (g) Flight training means that training, other than ground 
training, received from an authorized flight instructor in actual 
flight in an aircraft.
    (h) Ground training means that training, other than flight 
training, received from an authorized ground or flight instructor.
    (i) Instrument approach means an approach procedure, defined in 
part 97 of this chapter, that is conducted to an established minimum 
descent altitude (MDA) or decision height (DH), or if necessary, to a 
higher altitude selected by the air traffic control (ATC) facility with 
jurisdiction over that airspace for safety reasons.
    (j) Instrument Training means that time in which instrument 
training is received from an authorized flight instructor under actual 
or simulated instrument flight conditions.
    (k) Knowledge Test means a test on the aeronautical knowledge areas 
required for an airman certificate or rating that can be administered 
in a written form or by computer.
    (l) Pilot Time means that time in which a person operates as a 
required pilot, receives training from an authorized instructor, gives 
training as an authorized flight instructor in an aircraft, or gives 
training as an authorized flight or ground instructor in an approved 
flight simulator, or approved flight training device.
    (m) Practical test means a test on the approved areas of operations 
for an airman certificate, a rating, or an authorization that is 
conducted by having the applicant respond to questions and demonstrate 
maneuvers in actual flight, an approved flight simulator, or approved 
flight training device.
    (n) Supervised PIC time is flight time in an aircraft that applies 
to either a student pilot or pilot who is not rated in the aircraft 
flown, but is under the supervision and authorization of an authorized 
flight instructor to conduct the flight. Depending on the crew 
compliment specifications set forth in the aircraft's flight manual, 
the flight 

[[Page 41222]]
instructor may be onboard the aircraft in an assigned crewmember 
position. In those cases, the flight instructor shall act in the 
capacity of an assigned crew member and evaluate the person's ability 
to act as a pilot in command.
    (o) Training time means training received in actual flight from an 
authorized flight instructor, on the ground from an authorized ground 
or flight instructor, or in a flight simulator or flight training 
device from an authorized ground or flight instructor.


Sec. 61.2  Certification of foreign pilots, flight instructors, and 
ground instructors.

    (a) Except as provided for in paragraph (b) of this section, an 
airman certificate may not be issued to a person who is not a citizen 
of the United States or a resident alien of the United States unless 
that person satisfactorily accomplishes the appropriate knowledge or 
practical test within the United States.
    (b) A person who is not a citizen of the United States or a 
resident alien of the United States may be issued an airman 
certificate, and the knowledge and practical test for that certificate 
may be administered outside the United States when:
    (1) The Administrator determines the person needs a pilot 
certificate to operate as a required pilot crewmember of a civil 
aircraft of U.S. registry;
    (2) The Administrator determines the person needs a flight 
instructor or ground instructor certificate to train persons who are 
citizens or resident aliens of the United States;
    (3) The certificate is for an addition of a category, class, 
instrument, or type rating onto an existing U.S. pilot certificate, and 
provided the certificate is not one that was issued on the basis of a 
foreign pilot license;
    (4) The certificate is for an addition, renewal, or reinstatement 
of a category, class, or instrument rating onto an existing U.S. flight 
instructor certificate; or
    (5) The certificate is for an addition, renewal, or reinstatement 
of a category rating onto an existing U.S. ground instructor 
certificate.


Sec. 61.3  Requirement for certificates, ratings, and authorizations.

    (a) Pilot certificate. Persons may not act as pilot in command or 
in any other capacity as a required pilot of a civil aircraft of U.S. 
registry, unless they have a valid airman certificate in their physical 
possession or readily accessible in the aircraft when exercising the 
privileges of their airman certificate.
    (b) Required pilot certificate for operating a foreign registered 
aircraft. Persons may not act as pilot in command or in any other 
capacity as a required pilot of a civil aircraft of foreign registry 
within the United States, unless their airman certificate:
    (1) Is valid and in their physical possession, or readily 
accessible in the aircraft when exercising the privileges of their 
airman certificate; and
    (2) Has been issued under this part or by the country in which the 
aircraft is registered.
    (c) Medical certificate.
    (1) Except as provided for in paragraph (c)(2) of this section, a 
person who is serving as a required crewmember under any part of this 
chapter must have a:
    (i) Current and appropriate medical certificate that has been 
issued under part 67 of this chapter; and
    (ii) Medical certificate in the person's physical possession or 
readily accessible in the aircraft when exercising the privileges of 
that airman certificate.
    (2) A person is not required to meet the requirements of paragraph 
(c)(1) of this section, if that person:
    (i) Is holding a pilot or flight instructor certificate with a 
balloon or a glider rating and is piloting or training in a balloon or 
a glider as appropriate;
    (ii) Is a student pilot who is seeking a recreational pilot 
certificate, or who is seeking a pilot certificate with a glider 
category rating or balloon class rating;
    (iii) Is exercising the privileges of a recreational pilot 
certificate;
    (iv) Is exercising the privileges of a flight instructor 
certificate, provided the person is not serving as a required 
crewmember or as the pilot-in-command;
    (v) Is exercising the privileges of a ground instructor 
certificate;
    (vi) Is operating an aircraft within a foreign country with a pilot 
certificate issued by that country and is using that foreign-issued 
pilot license and medical certificate; or
    (vii) Is operating an aircraft with a U.S. pilot certificate issued 
on the basis of a foreign pilot license, issued under Sec. 61.75 of 
this part, and holds a current medical certificate issued by the 
foreign country that issued the foreign pilot license.
    (d) Flight instructor certificate.
    (1) Persons who hold a flight instructor certificate must have that 
certificate in their physical possession or readily accessible in the 
aircraft when exercising the privileges of that flight instructor 
certificate.
    (2) Except as provided in paragraphs (d) (3) and (4) of this 
section, no person other than the holder of a flight instructor 
certificate with the appropriate rating on that certificate or a person 
authorized by the Administrator may:
    (i) Give training required to qualify a person for supervised PIC 
flight and supervised PIC cross-country flight;
    (ii) Endorse on a pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor 
certificate or rating issued under this part;
    (iii) Endorse a pilot logbook to show training given; or
    (iv) Endorse a student pilot certificate or logbook for supervised 
PIC operating privileges.
    (3) A flight instructor certificate is not necessary if:
    (i) The training is in accordance with a part 121 or part 135 air 
carrier approved training program;
    (ii) The training is given by the holder of an airline transport 
pilot certificate under part 121 or 135 of this chapter; and
    (iii) The person receiving the training and the person giving the 
training are employees of that air carrier.
    (4) A flight instructor certificate is not necessary if the 
training is given by an instructor as prescribed in Sec. 61.41 of this 
part.
    (e) Instrument rating. Except as provided for in paragraph (k)(4) 
of this section, no person may act as pilot in command of a civil 
aircraft under IFR or in weather conditions less than the minimums 
prescribed for VFR flight unless that person holds:
    (1) The appropriate aircraft category, class, type, if required, 
and instrument rating on that person's pilot certificate for the 
aircraft being flown;
    (2) An airline transport pilot certificate with the appropriate 
aircraft category, class, and type rating, if required, for the 
aircraft being flown; or
    (3) For a glider, the appropriate glider class rating on that 
person's pilot certificate and:
    (i) An airplane single-engine class rating with an instrument-
airplane single-engine rating; or
    (ii) An airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane 
single-engine class rating.
    (f) Category II pilot authorization. Except as provided in 
paragraph (f)(3) of this section, no person may act as a required pilot 
flight crewmember of a civil aircraft in a Category II operation unless 
that person meets the following requirements of this paragraph:
    (1) The pilot in command must hold a current Category II pilot 
authorization for that type aircraft, and--
    (i) Hold a private pilot or commercial pilot certificate with an 
instrument rating or an airline transport pilot certificate, 
appropriate to the category 

[[Page 41223]]
and class of aircraft to be flown, and hold a current Category II pilot 
authorization for that type aircraft; or
    (ii) For a civil aircraft of foreign registry, be authorized by the 
country where the aircraft is registered to conduct Category II 
operations.
    (2) The second in command must--
    (i) Hold a private pilot or commercial pilot certificate with an 
instrument rating, or an airline transport pilot certificate, 
appropriate to the category and class of aircraft to be flown.
    (ii) For a civil aircraft of foreign registry, be authorized by the 
country where the aircraft is registered to conduct Category II 
operations as a second in command.
    (3) paragraphs (f)(1) and (f)(2) of this section do not apply to 
pilots conducting Category II operations under part 121 or part 135 of 
this chapter.
    (g) Category A aircraft authorization. The Administrator may issue 
a certificate of authorization for a Category II operation to the pilot 
of a small aircraft that is a Category A aircraft, as identified in 
Sec. 97.3(b)(1) of this chapter if:
    (1) The Administrator determines the Category II operation can be 
performed safely by that pilot under the terms of the certificate of 
authorization; and
    (2) The Category II operation does not involve the carriage of 
persons or property for compensation or hire.
    (h) Ground instructor certificate.
    (1) Each person who holds a ground instructor certificate must have 
that certificate in their physical possession and immediately 
accessible when exercising the privileges of that certificate.
    (2) Except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section, no person 
other than the holder of a ground instructor certificate with the 
appropriate rating on that certificate or a person authorized by the 
Administrator may:
    (i) Give ground training required to qualify a person for 
supervised PIC flight and supervised PIC cross-country flight;
    (ii) Give an endorsement on a pilot, flight instructor, or ground 
instructor certificate or rating, issued under this part; or
    (iii) Endorse a pilot logbook to show training given.
    (i) Age limitation. A person who is 60 years of age or older and 
who holds an airmen certificate, issued in accordance with this part, 
may not act as a required pilot crewmember while engaging in any 
scheduled international air services, non-scheduled international air 
transportation, or common carriage operation for compensation or hire 
in a civil aircraft having a:
    (1) Passenger seating configuration of more than 30 seats, 
excluding any required crewmember seat; or
    (2) Payload capacity of more than 7500 pounds (3400 kg).
    (j) Special purpose pilot authorization. Persons that are required 
to hold a special purpose pilot authorization, issued in accordance 
with Sec. 61.77 of this part, must have that authorization and their 
foreign pilot license in their physical possession or have it readily 
accessible in the aircraft, when exercising the privileges of that 
authorization.
    (k) Until [insert date 2 years after the effective date of the 
final rule], a person with a commercial pilot certificate with a 
lighter-than-air category rating, which was issued prior to [insert 
effective date of the final rule], may:
    (1) Give training in an airship or a balloon for the issuance of a 
certificate or rating;
    (2) Give an endorsement on a pilot, flight instructor, or ground 
instructor certificate for an airship or balloon;
    (3) Endorse a student pilot certificate or logbook for supervised 
PIC operating privileges in an airship or balloon; and
    (4) Act as pilot in command of an airship under IFR or in weather 
conditions less than the minimum prescribed for VFR flight, if the 
person holds an airship class rating.
    (l) Inspection of certificate. Each person who holds an airman 
certificate, medical certificate, authorization, or license required by 
this part must present it for inspection upon a request from:
    (1) The Administrator;
    (2) An authorized representative of the National Transportation 
Safety Board; or
    (3) Any Federal, State, or local law enforcement officer.


Sec. 61.5  Certificates and ratings issued under this part.

    (a) The following certificates are issued under this part to an 
applicant who satisfactorily accomplishes the training and 
certification requirements for the certificate sought:
    (1) Pilot certificates--
    (i) Student pilot.
    (ii) Recreational pilot.
    (iii) Private pilot.
    (iv) Commercial pilot.
    (v) Airline transport pilot.
    (2) Flight instructor certificates.
    (3) Ground instructor certificates.
    (b) The following ratings are placed on a pilot certificate (other 
than student pilot) when an applicant satisfactorily accomplishes the 
training and certification requirements for the rating sought:
    (1) Aircraft category ratings--
    (i) Airplane.
    (ii) Rotorcraft.
    (iii) Glider.
    (iv) Lighter-than-air.
    (v) Powered lift.
    (2) Airplane class ratings--
    (i) Single-engine land.
    (ii) Multiengine land.
    (iii) Single-engine sea.
    (iv) Multiengine sea.
    (3) Rotorcraft class ratings--
    (i) Helicopter.
    (ii) Gyroplane.
    (4) Glider class ratings--
    (i) Powered.
    (ii) Nonpowered.
    (5) Lighter-than-air class ratings--
    (i) Airship.
    (ii) Balloon.
    (6) Aircraft type ratings include the following--
    (i) Large aircraft other than lighter-than-air.
    (ii) Turbojet-powered airplanes.
    (iii) Other aircraft type ratings specified by the Administrator 
through the aircraft type certification procedures.
    (7) Instrument ratings (on private and commercial pilot 
certificates only) include the following--
    (i) Instrument--airplane single-engine.
    (ii) Instrument--airplane multiengine.
    (iii) Instrument--helicopter.
    (iv) Instrument--airship.
    (v) Instrument--powered-lift.
    (c) The following ratings are placed on a flight instructor 
certificate when an applicant satisfactorily accomplishes the training 
and certification requirements for the rating sought:
    (1) Aircraft category ratings--
    (i) Airplane.
    (ii) Rotorcraft.
    (iii) Glider.
    (iv) Lighter-than-air.
    (v) Powered-lift.
    (2) Airplane class ratings--
    (i) Single-engine.
    (ii) Multiengine.
    (3) Rotorcraft class ratings--
    (i) Helicopter.
    (ii) Gyroplane.
    (4) Glider class ratings--
    (i) Powered.
    (ii) Nonpowered.
    (5) Lighter-than-air class ratings--
    (i) Airship.
    (ii) Balloon.
    (6) Instrument ratings--
    (i) Instrument--airplane single-engine.
    (ii) Instrument--airplane multiengine.
    (iii) Instrument--helicopter.
    (iv) Instrument--airship.
    (v) Instrument--powered lift.
    (d) The following ratings are placed on a ground instructor 
certificate when 

[[Page 41224]]
an applicant satisfactorily accomplishes the training and certification 
requirements for the rating sought:
    (1) Aircraft category ratings--
    (i) Airplane.
    (ii) Rotorcraft.
    (iii) Glider.
    (iv) Lighter-than-air.
    (v) Powered lift.
    (2) Instrument rating.
    (e) Until [insert date 2 years from effective date of the final 
rule]:
    (1) A person who holds a pilot certificate that does not bear the 
current ratings found in paragraphs (b)(4), (b)(7)(i), (b)(7)(ii), or 
(b)(7)(iv) of this section, may exchange that pilot certificate for a 
certificate with the new rating added by meeting the requirements of 
this paragraph.
    (2) A person who holds a commercial pilot certificate with a 
lighter-than-air category and an airship class rating may exchange that 
certificate for a certificate with an instrument--airship rating, 
provided that person has--
    (i) Received an endorsement from an authorized flight instructor 
who holds an instrument--airship rating on the flight instructor 
certificate, and that flight instructor has observed that person 
perform 10 hours of pilot-in-command time in an airship under IFR; or
    (ii) Passed an instrument proficiency test in an airship given by 
an examiner and required by Sec. 61.57(e) of this part.
    (f) Until [insert date 2 years from effective date of the final 
rule], a person who holds a private or commercial pilot certificate 
with an airplane category rating and an instrument rating that does not 
bear the airplane instrument ratings of paragraph (b)(7)(i) or 
(b)(7)(ii) of this section may exchange that certificate for a private 
or commercial pilot certificate, as appropriate, with an:
    (1) Instrument-airplane single engine rating, provided that person 
has an airplane single-engine class rating and has satisfactorily 
accomplished the practical test for an instrument rating in a single-
engine or multiengine airplane; and
    (2) Instrument-airplane multiengine rating, provided that person 
has an airplane multiengine class rating and has satisfactorily 
accomplished the practical test for an instrument rating in a--
    (i) Multiengine airplane; or
    (ii) Single-engine airplane and also demonstrated instrument 
proficiency during the practical test for the multiengine class rating 
such that the person's certificate does not bear the limitation 
``Airplane Multiengine VFR Only.''
    (g) A person who holds a commercial or private pilot certificate 
with a glider category rating may exchange that certificate for one 
with the current nonpowered glider class rating and without a further 
showing of proficiency, provided that person:
    (1) Holds a glider category rating; and
    (2) Has passed a practical test in a nonpowered glider.
    (h) A person who holds a commercial or private pilot certificate 
may exchange that certificate for one with the current powered glider 
class rating and without a further showing of proficiency, provided 
that person:
    (1) Holds a glider category rating; and
    (2) Has passed a practical test in a powered glider.


Sec. 61.7  Obsolete certificates and ratings.

    (a) The holder of a free balloon pilot certificate issued before 
November 1, 1973, may not exercise the privileges of that certificate.
    (b) The holder of a pilot certificate that bears any of the 
following category ratings without an associated class rating, may not 
exercise the privileges of that category rating:
    (1) Rotorcraft.
    (2) Lighter-than-air.
    (3) Helicopter.
    (4) Autogiro.
    (c) After [insert date 2 years from effective date of the final 
rule], the holder of the following certificates or ratings may not 
exercise the privileges of those certificates and ratings:
    (1) Airplane--instrument rating.
    (2) Glider category without a class rating.
    (3) Basic ground instructor.
    (4) Advanced ground instructor.
    (5) Instrument ground instructor.


Sec. 61.9  Written syllabus for conducting training.

    An authorized ground or flight instructor, as appropriate, who 
provides training for an airman certificate or rating issued under this 
part must:
    (a) Use a written syllabus for conducting that training, and that 
syllabus must contain the following information--
    (1) A summary of the total training time in the syllabus;
    (2) A planned training time schedule for each lesson;
    (3) A detailed description of the training to be covered in each 
lesson; and
    (4) The aeronautical knowledge areas and approved areas of 
operation that are appropriate to the airman certificate and rating 
sought and required by this part.
    (b) Ensure that the written syllabus contains all of the 
aeronautical knowledge areas and approved areas of operation that apply 
to the airman certificate and rating sought and required by this part;
    (c) Furnish a copy of the written syllabus to the student before 
that student commences the training program;
    (d) Ensure that the student has accomplished all lessons of the 
written syllabus before endorsing that student for the appropriate 
knowledge or practical test for a certificate or rating;
    (e) Maintain a copy of the written syllabus and make it available 
for inspection by the Administrator upon request; and
    (f) Provide the student with an itemized written record of the 
training accomplished when that student accomplishes the training 
syllabus or decides to terminate training.


Sec. 61.11  Expired pilot certificates and reissuance.

    (a) No person who holds an expired pilot certificate or rating may 
act as a pilot and/or exercise the privileges of that pilot certificate 
and rating.
    (b) The following pilot certificates and ratings have expired and 
may not be reissued:
    (1) An airline transport pilot certificate issued before May 1, 
1949, or an airline transport pilot certificate that contains a 
horsepower limitation;
    (2) A private or commercial pilot certificate issued before July 1, 
1945; or
    (3) A pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air or free balloon 
rating issued before July 1, 1945.
    (c) A pilot certificate, issued on the basis of a foreign pilot 
license will expire on the date the foreign license expires.
    (d) An airline transport pilot certificate issued after April 30, 
1949, that bears an expiration date but does not contain a horsepower 
limitation may be reissued without an expiration date.
    (e) A private or commercial pilot certificate issued after June 30, 
1945, that bears an expiration date may be reissued without an 
expiration date.
    (f) A pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air or free balloon 
rating issued after June 30, 1945, that bears an expiration date may be 
reissued without an expiration date.
    (g) A U.S. pilot certificate, issued on the basis of a foreign 
pilot license that does not have an expiration date, may be issued 
without an expiration date.


Sec. 61.13  Awarding of airman certificates, ratings, and 
authorizations.

    (a) An applicant for an airman certificate or rating under this 
part must make that application on a form and in a manner acceptable to 
the Administrator. 

[[Page 41225]]

    (b) An applicant who is neither a United States citizen nor a 
resident alien of the United States:
    (1) Must show evidence that the appropriate fee prescribed by part 
187 of this chapter has been paid when that person applies for a--
    (i) Student pilot certificate that is issued outside the United 
States; or
    (ii) Knowledge or practical test for a U.S. airman certificate or 
rating issued under this part, if the test is administered outside the 
United States.
    (2) May be refused issuance of any U.S. airman certificate and 
rating by the Administrator.
    (c) Except for the provisions listed in paragraph (b) of this 
section, an applicant who satisfactorily accomplishes the training and 
certification requirements for the certificate and rating sought is 
entitled to receive that airman certificate and rating.
    (d) Limitations.
    (1) An applicant who cannot comply with certain approved areas of 
operation required on the practical test because of physical 
limitations may be issued an airman certificate and rating with the 
appropriate limitation placed on the applicant's airman certificate 
provided the:
    (i) Applicant is able to meet all the other certification 
requirements for the airman certificate or rating sought;
    (ii) Physical limitation has been recorded with the Federal 
Aviation Administration on the applicant's medical records; and
    (iii) Administrator determines the applicant's inability to perform 
the particular area of operation will not adversely affect safety.
    (2) A limitation placed on a person's airman certificate may be 
removed, provided that person demonstrates satisfactory proficiency:
    (i) In the area of operation appropriate to the airman certificate 
level and rating sought; and
    (ii) To an examiner.
    (e) Category II pilot authorization.
    (1) A Category II pilot authorization is:
    (i) Issued as a part of a pilot's instrument rating or airline 
transport pilot certificate; and
    (ii) Issued originally with a limitation of 1600 feet runway visual 
readout and a 150-foot decision height.
    (2) The limitation in paragraph (e)(1)(ii) of this section may be 
removed when the person has, within the previous 6 calendar months from 
the month Category II pilot authorization is issued, performed and 
logged 3 Category II approaches to a landing under actual or simulated 
instrument conditions with a 150-foot decision height.
    (f) Unless otherwise authorized by the Administrator, a person 
whose airman certificate has been suspended may not apply for any 
airman certificate or rating during the period of suspension.
    (g) Unless otherwise authorized by the Administrator, a person 
whose pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor certificate has 
been revoked may not apply for any airman certificate or rating for 1 
year after the date of revocation.


Sec. 61.14  Refusal to submit to a drug test.

    (a) This section applies to:
    (1) An employee who performs a function listed in appendix I to 
part 121 of this chapter for a part 119 certificate holder operating 
under part 121 or part 135; and
    (2) An employee who performs a function listed in appendix I to 
part 121 of this chapter for an operator as defined in Sec. 135.1(c) of 
this chapter. An employee of a person conducting operations of foreign 
civil aircraft navigated within the United States pursuant to part 375 
or emergency mail service operations pursuant to section 405(h) of the 
Federal Aviation Act of 1958 is excluded from the requirements of this 
section.
    (b) Refusal by the holder of a certificate issued under this part 
to take a test for a drug specified in appendix I of part 121 of this 
chapter, when requested by an employer as defined in that appendix or 
an operator as defined in Sec. 135.1(c) of this chapter, and under the 
circumstances specified in that appendix is grounds for:
    (1) Denial of an application for any certificate or rating issued 
under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of that 
refusal; and
    (2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate or rating issued 
under this part.


Sec. 61.15  Offenses involving alcohol or drugs.

    (a) A conviction for the violation of any Federal or state statute 
relating to the growing, processing, manufacture, sale, disposition, 
possession, transportation, or importation of narcotic drugs, 
marijuana, or depressant or stimulant drugs or substances is grounds 
for:
    (1) Denial of an application for any certificate or rating issued 
under this part for up to 1 year after the date of final conviction; or
    (2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate or rating issued 
under this part.
    (b) Committing an act prohibited by Sec. 91.17(a) or Sec. 91.19(a) 
of this chapter is grounds for:
    (1) Denial of an application for a certificate or rating issued 
under this part for up to 1 year after the date of that act; or
    (2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate or rating issued 
under this part.
    (c) For the purposes of paragraphs (d) and (e) of this section, a 
motor vehicle action means:
    (1) A conviction after November 29, 1990, for the violation of any 
Federal or state statute relating to the operation of a motor vehicle 
while intoxicated by alcohol or a drug, while impaired by alcohol or a 
drug, or while under the influence of alcohol or a drug;
    (2) The cancellation, suspension, or revocation of a license to 
operate a motor vehicle by a state after November 29, 1990, for a cause 
related to the operation of a motor vehicle while intoxicated by 
alcohol or a drug, while impaired by alcohol or a drug, or while under 
the influence of alcohol or a drug; or
    (3) The denial after November 29, 1990, of an application for a 
license to operate a motor vehicle by a state for a cause related to 
the operation of a motor vehicle while intoxicated by alcohol or a 
drug, while impaired by alcohol or a drug, or while under the influence 
of alcohol or a drug.
    (d) Except for a motor vehicle action that results from the same 
incident or arises out of the same factual circumstances, a motor 
vehicle action occurring within 3 years of a previous motor vehicle 
action is grounds for:
    (1) Denial of an application for any certificate or rating issued 
under this part for up to 1 year after the date of the last motor 
vehicle action; or
    (2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate or rating issued 
under this part.
    (e) Each person holding a certificate issued under this part shall 
provide a written report of each motor vehicle action to the FAA, Civil 
Aviation Security Division (AAC-700), P.O. Box 25810, Oklahoma City, OK 
73125, not later that 60 days after the motor vehicle action. The 
report must include:
    (1) The person's name, address, date of birth, and airman 
certificate number;
    (2) The type of violation that resulted in the conviction or the 
administrative action;
    (3) The date of the conviction or administrative action;
    (4) The state that holds the record of conviction or administrative 
action; and
    (5) A statement of whether the motor vehicle action resulted from 
the same incident or arose out of the same factual circumstances 
related to a previously reported motor vehicle action.
    (f) Failure to comply with paragraph (e) of this section is grounds 
for: 

[[Page 41226]]

    (1) Denial of an application for any certificate or rating issued 
under this part for up to 1 year after the date of the motor vehicle 
action; or
    (2) Suspension of revocation of any certificate or rating issued 
under this part.


Sec. 61.16  Refusal to submit to an alcohol test or to furnish test 
results.

    A refusal to submit to a test to indicate the percentage by weight 
of alcohol in the blood, when requested by a law enforcement officer in 
accordance with Sec. 91.17(c) of this chapter, or a refusal to furnish 
or authorize the release of the test results requested by the 
Administrator in accordance with Sec. 91.17(c) or (d) of this chapter, 
is grounds for:
    (a) Denial of an application for any certificate or rating issued 
under this part for up to 1 year after the date of that refusal; or
    (b) Suspension or revocation of any certificate or rating issued 
under this part.


Sec. 61.17  Temporary certificate.

    (a) A temporary pilot or flight instructor certificate, or rating, 
is issued for up to 120 days, at which time a permanent certificate 
will be issued to a person whom the Administrator finds qualified under 
this part.
    (b) A temporary pilot or flight instructor certificate, or rating, 
expires:
    (1) On the expiration date shown on the certificate;
    (2) Upon receipt of the permanent certificate; or
    (3) Upon receipt of a notice that the certificate or rating sought 
is denied or revoked.


Sec. 61.19  Duration of pilot and instructor certificates.

    (a) General. The holder of a certificate with an expiration date 
may not, after that date, exercise the privileges of that certificate.
    (b) Student pilot certificate. A student pilot certificate expires 
24-calendar months from the month in which it is issued.
    (c) Other pilot certificates. A pilot certificate (other than a 
student pilot certificate), issued under this part, is issued without a 
specific expiration date. The holder of a pilot certificate (issued on 
the basis of a foreign pilot license) may exercise the privileges of 
that certificate only while that person's foreign pilot license is 
effective.
    (d) Flight instructor certificate. A flight instructor certificate:
    (1) Is effective only while the holder has a current pilot 
certificate; and
    (2) Expires 24-calendar months from the month in which it was 
issued or renewed.
    (e) Ground instructor certificate. A ground instructor certificate, 
issued under this part, is issued without a specific expiration date.
    (f) Surrender, suspension, or revocation. Any certificate issued 
under this part ceases to be effective if it is surrendered, suspended, 
revoked, or otherwise terminated.
    (g) Return of certificates. The holder of any certificate, issued 
under this part, that has been suspended, revoked, or otherwise 
terminated must return that certificate to the FAA when requested to do 
so by the Administrator.


Sec. 61.21  Duration of a Category II pilot authorization.

    (a) A Category II pilot authorization expires 6-calendar months 
from the month in which it was issued or renewed.
    (b) Upon passing a practical test for a Category II pilot 
authorization, the authorization may be renewed for each type aircraft 
for the authorization held.
    (c) A Category II pilot authorization for a specific type aircraft 
for which an authorization is held will not be renewed beyond 12-
calendar months from the month the practical test was accomplished in 
that type aircraft.
    (d) If the holder of a Category II pilot authorization 
satisfactorily accomplishes the practical test for a renewal in the 
month before the authorization expires, the holder is considered to 
have accomplished it during the month the authorization expired.


Sec. 61.23  Duration and requirement for a medical certificate.

    (a) Duration of a medical certificate.
    (1) A first-class medical certificate expires at the end of the 
last day of the 6th calendar month from the month of issuance shown on 
the medical certificate.
    (2) A second-class medical certificate expires at the end of the 
last day of the 12th calendar month from the month of issuance shown on 
the medical certificate.
    (3) A third-class medical certificate expires on the last day of 
the 24th calendar month from the month of issuance shown on the medical 
certificate.
    (b) Requirement for a medical certificate. Except as provided in 
paragraph (b)(4) of this section, a person:
    (1) Must hold at least a first-class medical certificate for flight 
operations requiring an airline transport pilot certificate;
    (2) Must hold at least a second-class medical certificate for 
flight operations requiring a commercial pilot certificate;
    (3) Must hold at least a third-class medical certificate--
    (i) For flight operations requiring a private pilot certificate or 
a person who holds a student pilot certificate who is seeking a private 
pilot certificate or rating;
    (ii) To be eligible for a student pilot certificate and that person 
is seeking a private pilot certificate, or a person who holds a private 
pilot certificate issued under this part; or
    (iii) When exercising the privileges of a flight instructor 
certificate and the person is serving as a required crewmember or as 
the pilot-in-command.
    (4) Does not need to hold a medical certificate--
    (i) For a student pilot who is seeking a recreational pilot 
certificate, or who is seeking a pilot certificate with glider category 
rating or balloon class rating, but the person may not exercise the 
privileges of that student pilot certificate if the person has any 
known medical condition or deficiency that makes the person unable to 
pilot the aircraft;
    (ii) When exercising the privileges of a recreational pilot 
certificate, but the person may not exercise the privileges of that 
pilot certificate if the person has any known medical condition or 
deficiency that makes the person unable to pilot the aircraft;
    (iii) When exercising the privileges of a pilot certificate or 
flight instructor certificate with a glider category rating or balloon 
class rating, but the person may not exercise the privileges of that 
pilot certificate if the person has any known medical condition or 
deficiency that makes the person unable to pilot the aircraft;
    (iv) When exercising the privileges of a flight instructor 
certificate, provided the person is not serving as a required 
crewmember or as the pilot-in-command; or
    (v) When exercising the privileges of a ground instructor 
certificate.


Sec. 61.25  Change of name.

    (a) An application to change the name on a certificate issued under 
this part must be accompanied by the applicant's:
    (1) Current pilot certificate; and
    (2) Copy of the marriage license, court order, or other document 
verifying the name change.
    (b) The documents in paragraph (a) of this section will be returned 
to the applicant after inspection. 

[[Page 41227]]



Sec. 61.27  Voluntary surrender or exchange of certificate.

    (a) The holder of a certificate issued under this part may 
voluntarily surrender it for:
    (1) Cancellation;
    (2) Issuance of a lower grade certificate; or
    (3) Another certificate with specific ratings deleted.
    (b) Any request made under paragraph (a) of this section must 
include the following signed statement or its equivalent:

    This request is made for my own reasons, with full knowledge 
that my (insert name of certificate or rating, as appropriate) may 
not be reissued to me unless I again pass the tests prescribed for 
its issuance.


Sec. 61.29  Replacement of a lost or destroyed airman or medical 
certificate or knowledge test report.

    (a) A request for the replacement of a lost or destroyed airman 
certificate issued under this part shall be made by letter to the 
Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Airman 
Certification Branch, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125, and 
shall be accompanied by a check or money order for the appropriate fee 
and payable to the Federal Aviation Administration.
    (b) A request for the replacement of a lost or destroyed medical 
certificate shall be made by letter to the Department of 
Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Aeromedical 
Certification Branch, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125, and 
shall be accompanied by a check or money order for the appropriate fee 
and payable to the Federal Aviation Administration.
    (c) A request for the replacement of a lost or destroyed knowledge 
test report shall be made by letter to the Department of 
Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Airman Certification 
Branch, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125, and shall be 
accompanied by a check or money order for the appropriate fee and 
payable to the Federal Aviation Administration.
    (d) The letter requesting replacement of a lost or destroyed airman 
certificate, medical certificate, or knowledge test report must state 
the:
    (1) Name of the person;
    (2) Permanent mailing address (including zip code);
    (3) Social security number;
    (4) Date and place of birth of the certificate holder;
    (5) State any available information regarding the--
    (i) Grade, number, date of issuance of the certificate, and the 
ratings;
    (ii) Date of the medical examination; or
    (iii) Date the knowledge test was taken.
    (e) A person who has lost an airman certificate, medical 
certificate, or knowledge test report may obtain a facsimile from the 
FAA confirming that it was issued, and the:
    (1) Facsimile may be carried as an airman certificate, medical 
certificate, or knowledge test report, as appropriate, for up to 60 
days pending the person's receipt of a duplicate under paragraph (a), 
(b), or (c) of this section, unless the person has been notified that 
the certificate has been suspended or revoked.
    (2) Request for such a facsimile must include the date on which a 
duplicate certificate or knowledge test report was previously 
requested, and a check or money order payable to the Federal Aviation 
Administration, for the cost of the duplicate.


Sec. 61.31  Type rating requirements, additional training, and 
authorization requirements.

    (a) Type ratings required. A person who acts as a pilot in command 
of any of the following aircraft must hold a type rating for that 
aircraft:
    (1) Large aircraft (except lighter-than-air).
    (2) Turbojet-powered airplanes.
    (3) Other aircraft specified by the Administrator through aircraft 
type certificate procedures.
    (b) Authorization in lieu of a type rating. A person may be 
authorized to operate an aircraft requiring a type rating without a 
type rating for up to 60 days, provided:
    (1) The Administrator has authorized the flight or series of 
flights;
    (2) The Administrator has determined that an equivalent level of 
safety can be achieved through the operating limitations on the 
authorization;
    (3) The person shows that compliance with paragraph (a) of this 
section is impracticable for the flight or series of flights; and
    (4) The flight--
    (i) Involves only a ferry flight, training flight, test flight, or 
practical test for a pilot certificate or rating;
    (ii) Is within the United States;
    (iii) Does not involve operations for compensation or hire unless 
the compensation or hire involves payment for the use of the aircraft 
for training or taking a practical test; and
    (iv) Involves only the carriage of flight crewmembers considered 
essential for the flight.
    (5) If the flight or series of flights cannot be accomplished 
within the time limit of the authorization, the Administrator may 
authorize an additional period of up to 60 days to accomplish the 
flight or series of flights.
    (c) Aircraft category, class, and type ratings: Limitations on the 
carriage of persons or operating for compensation or hire. Unless a 
person holds a category, class rating, and type rating (if a class and 
type rating is required) that applies to the aircraft, that person may 
not act as pilot in command of an aircraft that is:
    (1) Carrying another person; or
    (2) Being operated for compensation or hire.
    (d) Aircraft category, class, and type ratings: Limitations on 
operating an aircraft as the pilot in command. To serve as the pilot in 
command of an aircraft a person must hold the appropriate category, 
class, and type rating (if a class rating and type rating is required) 
for the aircraft to be flown, or that person must:
    (1) Be enrolled in a course of training for the purpose of 
obtaining an additional pilot certificate and rating that are 
appropriate to that aircraft, and is under the supervision of an 
authorized flight instructor;
    (2) Have received the required training of this part that are 
appropriate to the aircraft category, class, and type rating (if a 
class or type rating is required) for the aircraft to be flown; and
    (3) Have received the required endorsement from an authorized 
flight instructor for supervised PIC flight in that aircraft.
    (e) Exceptions.
    (1) This section does not require a class rating for a powered-lift 
aircraft.
    (2) This section does not require a category and class rating for 
aircraft not type certificated as airplanes, rotorcraft, gliders, 
powered-lift, or lighter-than-air aircraft.
    (3) The rating limitations of this section do not apply to an 
applicant when taking a practical test given by an examiner; or
    (4) The rating limitations of this section do not apply to the 
holder of a:
    (i) Student pilot certificate;
    (ii) Pilot certificate under the supervision of an authorized 
flight instructor when operating an aircraft for the purpose of 
obtaining an additional certificate or rating;
    (iii) Pilot certificate when operating an aircraft under the 
authority of an experimental or provisional aircraft type certificate;
    (iv) Pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air category rating when 
operating a balloon.
    (f) Additional training required for operating complex airplanes. 
Except as provided in paragraph (f)(2) of this 

[[Page 41228]]
section, no person may act as pilot in command of a complex airplane 
(an airplane that has a retractable landing gear, flaps, and 
controllable propeller), unless the person has met the requirements of 
this paragraph.
    (1) The person must have--
    (i) Received and logged ground and flight training from an 
authorized flight instructor in a complex airplane, or in a flight 
simulator or flight training device that is representative of a complex 
airplane, and has been found proficient on the operation and systems of 
the airplane; and
    (ii) Received a one-time endorsement in the pilot's logbook from an 
authorized flight instructor who certifies the person is proficient to 
operate a complex airplane.
    (2) The training and endorsement required by paragraph (f)(1) of 
this section is not required if the person has logged flight time as 
pilot in command of a complex airplane, or in a flight simulator or 
flight training device that is representative of a complex airplane 
prior to [insert effective date of the final rule].
    (g) Additional training required for operating high performance 
airplanes. Except as provided in paragraph (g)(2) of this section, no 
person may act as pilot in command of a high performance airplane (an 
airplane with an engine of 200 horsepower or more), unless the person 
has met the requirements of this paragraph.
    (1) The person must have--
    (i) Received and logged ground and flight training from an 
authorized flight instructor in an high performance airplane, or in a 
flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of a 
high performance airplane, and has been found proficient on the 
operation and systems of the airplane; and
    (ii) Received a one-time endorsement in the pilot's logbook from an 
authorized flight instructor who certifies the person is proficient to 
operate a high performance airplane.
    (2) The training and endorsement required by paragraph (g)(1) of 
this section is not required if the person has logged flight time as 
pilot in command of a high performance airplane, or a flight simulator 
or flight training device that is representative of a high performance 
airplane prior to [insert effective date of the final rule].
    (h) Additional training required for operating pressurized aircraft 
capable of operating at high altitudes.
    (1) Except as provided in paragraph (h)(3) of this section, no 
person may act as pilot in command of a pressurized aircraft (an 
aircraft that has a service ceiling or maximum operating altitude, 
whichever is lower, above 25,000 feet MSL), unless that person has 
received and logged ground training from an authorized flight or ground 
instructor in at least the following subjects:
    (i) High altitude aerodynamics and meteorology;
    (ii) Respiration, effects, symptoms, and causes of hypoxia and any 
other high altitude sickness;
    (iii) Duration of consciousness without supplemental oxygen;
    (iv) Effects of prolonged usage of supplemental oxygen;
    (v) Causes and effects of gas expansion and gas bubble formation;
    (vi) Preventive measures for eliminating gas expansion, gas bubble 
formation, and high altitude sickness; and
    (vii) Physical phenomena and incidents of decompression;
    (2) Except as provided in paragraph (h)(3) of this section, no 
person may act as pilot in command of a pressurized aircraft (an 
aircraft that has a service ceiling or maximum operating altitude, 
whichever is lower, above 25,000 feet MSL), unless that person has 
received:
    (i) Training in a pressurized aircraft, or in a flight simulator or 
flight training device that is representative of a pressurized 
aircraft, and the training must include flight at normal cruise while 
operating above 25,000 feet MSL, proper emergency procedures for 
simulated emergency rapid decompression and descent procedures; and
    (ii) An endorsement in the person's logbook or training record from 
the instructor who gave the training and found the person proficient in 
a pressurized aircraft.
    (3) The training and endorsement required by this paragraph is not 
required if a person can document satisfactory accomplishment of any of 
the following in a pressurized aircraft, or in a flight simulator or a 
flight training device that is representative of a pressurized 
aircraft:
    (i) Serving as pilot in command before April 15, 1991;
    (ii) Completing a practical test or rating before April 15, 1991;
    (iii) Completing an official pilot-in-command check conducted by 
the military services of the United States; or
    (iv) Completing a pilot-in-command proficiency check under parts 
121, 125, or 135 of this chapter conducted by the Administrator or by 
an approved check pilot.
    (i) Additional training required by the aircraft's type 
certificate. No person may serve as pilot in command of an aircraft 
that the Administrator has determined requires aircraft type specific 
training unless that person has received:
    (1) Type specific training in the aircraft, or in a flight 
simulator or a flight training device that is representative of that 
type of aircraft, and has been found proficient on the operation and 
systems of the aircraft; and
    (2) A logbook endorsement from an authorized flight instructor or 
ground instructor, as appropriate, who gave that person the training.
    (j) Additional training required for operating tailwheel airplanes. 
Except as provided in paragraph (j)(4), no person may act as pilot in 
command of a tailwheel airplane unless that person has:
    (1) Received and logged flight training from an authorized flight 
instructor in a tailwheel airplane on the maneuvers and procedures 
listed in this paragraph.
    (2) Received an endorsement in the person's logbook from an 
authorized flight instructor who gave the training and found the person 
proficient in a tailwheel airplane.
    (3) Received an endorsement in the person's logbook from an 
authorized flight instructor who gave the training and found the person 
proficient in at least normal and crosswind takeoffs and landings, 
wheel landings (unless the manufacturer has recommended against such 
landings), and go-arounds.
    (4) The training and endorsement required by this paragraph is not 
required if the person logged pilot in command time of a tailwheel 
airplane before April 15, 1991.


Sec. 61.33  Tests: General procedure.

    The Administrator shall designate the time, location, and examiner 
for conducting the tests prescribed by and under this part.


Sec. 61.35  Knowledge test: Prerequisites and passing grades.
    (a) An applicant for a knowledge test must have:
    (1) Received an endorsement from an authorized flight or ground 
instructor certifying that the applicant accomplished a ground training 
or a home study course required by this part for the certificate or 
rating sought and is prepared for the knowledge test; and
    (2) Proper identification at the time of application that contains 
the applicant's--
    (i) Photograph;
    (ii) Signature;
    (iii) Date of birth, which shows the applicant meets or will meet 
the age requirements of this part for the certificate sought before the 
expiration date of the airman knowledge test report; and 

[[Page 41229]]

    (iv) Actual residential address, if different from the applicant's 
mailing address.
    (b) The Administrator shall specify the minimum passing grade for 
the knowledge test.


Sec. 61.37  Knowledge tests: Cheating or other unauthorized conduct.

    (a) An applicant for a knowledge test may not:
    (1) Copy or intentionally remove any knowledge test;
    (2) Give to another applicant or receive from another applicant any 
part or copy of a knowledge test;
    (3) Give assistance on, or receive assistance on, a knowledge test 
during the period that test is being given;
    (4) Be represented by, or represent, another person for a knowledge 
test;
    (5) Use any material or aid during the period that test is being 
given, unless specifically authorized to do so by the Administrator; 
and
    (6) Intentionally cause, assist, or participate in any act 
prohibited by this paragraph.
    (b) An applicant who the Administrator finds has committed an act 
prohibited by paragraph (a) of this section is prohibited, for 1 year 
after the date of committing that prohibited act, from:
    (1) Applying for any certificate or rating under this chapter; and
    (2) Applying for and taking any test under this chapter.
    (c) Any certificate or rating held by an applicant who the 
Administrator finds has committed an act prohibited by paragraph (a) of 
this section may be suspended or revoked.


Sec. 61.39  Prerequisites for practical tests.

    (a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, 
to be eligible for a practical test for a certificate or rating issued 
under this part, an applicant must:
    (1) Have satisfactorily accomplished the required knowledge test 
within the 24-calendar month period preceding the month the applicant 
accomplishes the practical test, if a knowledge test is required;
    (2) Present the knowledge test report at the time of application 
for the practical test, if a knowledge test is required;
    (3) Have satisfactorily accomplished the required training and 
attained the aeronautical experience prescribed by this part for the 
certificate or rating sought;
    (4) Hold at least a current third-class medical certificate, if a 
medical certificate is required;
    (5) Meet the prescribed age requirement of this part for the 
issuance of the certificate or rating sought;
    (6) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, an 
applicant must have an endorsement in the applicant's logbook or 
training record that has been signed by the applicant's authorized 
flight instructor who certifies that the applicant--
    (i) Has received and logged training time within 60 days preceding 
the date of application in preparation for the practical test;
    (ii) Is prepared for the required practical test; and
    (iii) Has demonstrated satisfactory knowledge of the subject areas 
in which the applicant was deficient on the airman knowledge test.
    (7) Have a completed and signed application form.
    (b) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs (a) (1) and (2) of 
this section, an applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate 
or an additional rating to an airline transport certificate may take 
the practical test for that certificate or rating with an expired 
knowledge test report, provided that applicant:
    (1) Is employed as a flight crewmember by a U.S. air carrier or 
commercial operator under parts 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter and is 
employed by such a certificate holder at the time of the practical test 
and has satisfactorily accomplished that operator's approved--
    (i) pilot-in-command aircraft qualification training program that 
is appropriate to the certificate and rating sought; and
    (ii) requalification training requirements that is appropriate to 
the certificate and rating sought.
    (2) Is employed as a flight crewmember by a U.S. scheduled military 
air transportation service operator at the time of the practical test, 
and has accomplished that operator's pilot-in-command aircraft 
qualification training program that is appropriate to the certificate 
and rating sought.
    (c) An applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate or an 
additional rating to an airline transport pilot certificate in an 
aircraft that does not involve an aircraft type rating practical test 
need not comply with the provisions of paragraph (a)(6) of this 
section.


Sec. 61.41  Flight training received from flight instructors not 
certificated by the FAA.

    (a) A person may credit flight training toward the requirements of 
a pilot certificate or rating issued under this part, if that person 
received the training from:
    (1) A flight instructor of an Armed Force of either--
    (i) The United States; or
    (ii) A foreign member State to the International Civil Aviation 
Organization in a program for training military pilots.
    (2) A flight instructor who is authorized to give such training by 
the licensing authority of a member State of International Civil 
Aviation Organization, and the flight training is given outside the 
United States.
    (b) A flight instructor described in paragraph (a) of this section 
is not authorized to give any of the endorsements required by this 
part.


Sec. 61.43  Practical tests: General procedures.

    (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, the 
ability of an applicant for a certificate or rating to perform the 
required tasks on the practical test is based on that applicant's 
ability to safely:
    (1) Perform the approved areas of operation for the certificate or 
rating sought within the approved standards;
    (2) Demonstrate mastery of the aircraft with the successful outcome 
of each task performed never seriously in doubt;
    (3) Demonstrate satisfactory proficiency and competency within the 
approved standards;
    (4) Demonstrate sound judgment; and
    (5) Demonstrate single-pilot competence if the aircraft is type 
certificated for single-pilot operations.
    (b) If an applicant does not demonstrate single pilot proficiency, 
as required in paragraph (a)(5) of this section, the following 
limitation will apply:
    (1) A limitation of ``Second in Command Required'' will be placed 
on the applicant's airman certificate.
    (2) The limitation may be removed if the applicant satisfactorily 
accomplishes the appropriate practical test by demonstrating single-
pilot competence in the aircraft in which single-pilot privileges are 
sought.
    (c) If an applicant fails any of the approved areas of operation, 
that applicant fails the practical test.
    (d) An applicant is not eligible for a certificate or rating sought 
until all the approved areas of operation are satisfactorily 
accomplished.
    (e) The examiner or the applicant may discontinue a practical test 
at any time:
    (1) When the applicant fails one or more of the approved areas of 
operation; or
    (2) Due to inclement weather conditions, aircraft airworthiness, or 
any other safety of flight concern.
    (f) If a practical test is discontinued, the applicant is entitled 
to credit those 

[[Page 41230]]
approved areas of operation that were satisfactorily accomplished, but 
only if the applicant:
    (1) Satisfactorily accomplishes the remainder of the practical test 
within the 60-day period after the date the practical test was 
discontinued;
    (2) Presents to the examiner for the retest the original notice of 
disapproval form or the letter of discontinuance form, as appropriate;
    (3) Satisfactorily accomplishes any additional training needed and 
obtains the appropriate instructor endorsements, if additional training 
is required; and
    (4) Presents to the examiner for the retest a properly completed 
and signed application.


Sec. 61.45  Practical tests: Required aircraft and equipment.

    (a) General. An applicant for a certificate or rating under this 
part must furnish:
    (1) An aircraft for the practical test that is of U.S. registry 
with a current standard, limited, or primary airworthiness certificate;
    (2) An aircraft of U.S. registry with a current airworthiness 
certificate, other than standard, limited, or primary, provided the 
examiner conducting the test agrees;
    (3) An aircraft of foreign registry that is properly certificated 
by the country of registry, provided the examiner conducting the test 
agrees; or
    (4) A military aircraft that is in a safe operational status and is 
approved for use on the practical test by the appropriate military 
authority, provided the examiner conducting the test agrees.
    (b) Required equipment (other than controls). Except for a 
practical test in a balloon and, as provided in paragraph (e) of this 
section, an aircraft used for a practical test must have:
    (1) The equipment for each area of operation required for the 
practical test;
    (2) No prescribed operating limitations that prohibit its use in 
any of the approved areas of operation required for the practical test;
    (3) At least two pilot seats with adequate visibility for each 
person to operate the aircraft safely; and
    (4) Cockpit and outside visibility adequate to evaluate the 
performance of the applicant, where an additional jump seat is provided 
for the examiner.
    (c) Required controls. An aircraft used for a practical test:
    (1) Must have engine power controls and flight controls that are 
easily reached and operable in a normal manner by both pilots, unless 
the examiner determines that the practical test can be conducted safely 
without them.
    (2) May be used even if the engine power controls and flight 
controls are not easily reached and operable in a normal manner by both 
pilots, provided the examiner determines the flight can be conducted 
safely.
    (3) Must have flight controls that are easily reached and operable 
in a normal manner by both pilots, for a rating in lighter-than-air 
aircraft, unless the examiner determines that the practical test can be 
conducted safely without them.
    (d) Simulated instrument flight equipment. An applicant for a 
practical test that involves maneuvering an aircraft solely by 
reference to instruments must furnish:
    (1) Equipment aboard the aircraft that permits the applicant to 
accomplish the approved areas of operation that apply to the rating 
sought; and
    (2) A device that prevents the applicant from having visual 
reference outside the aircraft, but does not prevent the examiner from 
having visual reference outside the aircraft.
    (e) Aircraft with single controls. A practical test may be 
conducted in an aircraft having a single set of controls, provided the:
    (1) Examiner agrees to conduct the test;
    (2) Test does not involve a demonstration of instrument skills; and
    (3) Proficiency of the applicant can be observed by an examiner, 
who is in a position to observe the applicant.


Sec. 61.47  Status of an examiner who is authorized by the 
Administrator to conduct practical tests.

    (a) An examiner represents the Administrator for the purpose of 
conducting practical tests for certificates and ratings issued under 
this part and to observe an applicant's ability to perform the approved 
areas of operation on the practical test.
    (b) The student is the pilot in command of the aircraft during the 
practical test unless the examiner or another person has been so 
designated before the flight.
    (c) Notwithstanding the type of aircraft used during the practical 
test, the applicant and the examiner (and any other occupants 
authorized to be on board by the examiner) are not subject to the 
requirements or limitations on the carriage of passengers that are 
specified in this chapter.


Sec. 61.49  Retesting after failure.

    (a) An applicant for a knowledge or practical test who fails that 
test may only reapply for the test after the applicant has received:
    (1) The necessary training from an authorized flight or ground 
instructor, as appropriate, who has determined that the applicant is 
now proficient to pass the test; and
    (2) An endorsement from an authorized flight or ground instructor, 
as appropriate, who gave the applicant the additional training.
    (b) An applicant for a flight instructor certificate with an 
airplane category rating, or for a flight instructor certificate with a 
glider category rating, who has failed the practical test due to 
deficiencies in instructional proficiency on stall awareness, spin 
entry, spins, and spin recovery must:
    (1) Comply with the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section 
before being retested;
    (2) Bring an aircraft to the retest that is of the appropriate 
aircraft category for the rating sought and is certificated for spins; 
and
    (3) Demonstrate satisfactory instructional proficiency on stall 
awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery to an examiner during 
the retest.


Sec. 61.51  Pilot logbooks.

    (a) Training time and aeronautical experience. Each person must 
document and record the following time in a manner acceptable to the 
Administrator:
    (1) Training and aeronautical experience used to meet the 
requirements for a certificate, rating, or flight review of this part.
    (2) The aeronautical experience required for meeting the recency of 
flight experience requirements of this part.
    (b) Logbook entries. For the purposes of meeting the requirements 
of paragraph (a) of this section, each person must enter the following 
information for each flight or lesson logged:
    (1) General:
    (i) Date.
    (ii) Total time of flight.
    (iii) Locations where the aircraft departed and arrived.
    (iv) Type and identification of aircraft.
    (v) The name and certificate number of a safety pilot, if required 
by Sec. 91.109(b) of this chapter.
    (2) Type of pilot experience or training:
    (i) Pilot in command.
    (ii) Second in command.
    (iii) Flight and ground training received from an authorized flight 
instructor.
    (iv) Training received in an approved flight training device or 
flight simulator from authorized flight or ground instructor.
    (3) Conditions of flight:
    (i) Day or night. 

[[Page 41231]]

    (ii) Actual instrument.
    (iii) Simulated instrument.
    (c) Logging of pilot time. The pilot time described in this section 
may be used to:
    (1) Apply for a certificate or rating issued under this part; or
    (2) Satisfy the recent flight experience requirements of this part.
    (d) Logging of pilot-in-command flight time. Except as provided in 
paragraph (e) of this section, only one person may log pilot-in-command 
flight time, provided the:
    (1) Person has final authority and responsibility for the operation 
and safety of the flight;
    (2) Person holds the appropriate category, class, and type rating, 
if appropriate;
    (3) Person has been designated as pilot in command before or during 
the flight; and
    (4) Flight time occurs in actual flight conditions in an aircraft.
    (e) Two people logging pilot-in-command flight time. If a 
certificated pilot and an authorized flight instructor are on board an 
aircraft at the same time, and each holds the appropriate category, 
class, and type rating (if a type rating is required) for that 
aircraft, then both the pilot and the flight instructor may log pilot-
in-command time provided:
    (1) The flight instructor--
    (i) Is authorized by this chapter to conduct the training and is 
conducting training during the flight;
    (ii) Holds at least a third-class medical certificate issued under 
part 67 of this chapter; and
    (iii) Occupies a pilot station in the aircraft that has functioning 
flight controls.
    (2) The pilot--
    (i) Is receiving training from the flight instructor in a course of 
training for the issuance of a certificate or rating or to obtain the 
recency of experience requirements of this part;
    (ii) Is qualified to conduct the flight in accordance with the 
operating rule under which the flight is being conducted; and
    (iii) Is manipulating the controls of the aircraft.
    (3) The aircraft has dual functioning flight controls and the 
engine controls can be reached from either pilot station.
    (f) Student pilots logging pilot-in-command flight time. The holder 
of a student pilot certificate may log pilot in command time when the 
student pilot:
    (1) Is the sole occupant of the aircraft;
    (2) Has a current pilot-in-command flight endorsement as required 
under Sec. 61.87 of this part; and
    (3) Is undergoing a course of training for a pilot certificate or 
rating or is logging pilot-in-command flight time to obtain the pilot-
in-command flight experience requirements for a pilot certificate or 
aircraft rating.
    (g) Logging second-in-command flight time. A person may log second-
in-command flight time, provided the person:
    (1) Is qualified in accordance with the second-in-command 
requirements of Sec. 61.55 of this part, and occupies a crewmember seat 
in an aircraft that requires more than one pilot by the aircraft's type 
certificate; or
    (2) The person holds the appropriate category, class, and 
instrument rating (if an instrument rating is required for the flight) 
for the aircraft being flown, and the regulations under which the 
flight is being conducted requires a second-in-command pilot.
    (h) Logging instrument flight time.
    (1) A person may log instrument flight time when the person 
operates the aircraft solely by reference to instruments under actual 
or simulated instrument flight conditions.
    (2) A person may log instrument flight time when the person is 
appropriately qualified for and is serving as an instrument flight 
instructor under actual instrument flight conditions.
    (3) For the purposes of logging instrument flight time, to meet the 
instrument currency requirements of Sec. 61.57(e) of this part, the 
following information must be recorded in the person's logbook--
    (i) The location, number, and kind of instrument approaches 
accomplished; and
    (ii) The name and pilot certificate number of the safety pilot, if 
required.
    (i) Logging training time.
    (1) A person may log training time when the person receives 
training from an authorized flight instructor in an aircraft, flight 
simulator, or flight training device for the purpose of obtaining a 
certificate, rating, or recency of experience requirements of this 
part.
    (2) A person may log training time when the person receives 
training from an authorized ground instructor in a flight simulator or 
flight training device for the purpose of obtaining a certificate, 
rating, or recency of experience requirements, of this part.
    (3) The training time must be logged in a logbook or training 
record, and must:
    (i) Be certified in a legible manner by the authorized flight or 
ground instructor, as appropriate; and
    (ii) Include a description of the training given, the length of the 
training lesson, and the instructor's signature, certificate number, 
and certificate expiration date.
    (j) Presentation of logbook.
    (1) Persons must present their pilot certificate, medical 
certificate, logbook, or any other record required by this part for 
inspection upon a request by:
    (i) The Administrator;
    (ii) An authorized representative from the National Transportation 
Safety Board; or
    (iii) Any Federal, State, or local law enforcement officer.
    (2) Student pilots must carry the following items in the aircraft 
when exercising the privileges of their student pilot certificate:
    (i) Pilot logbook; and
    (ii) Student pilot certificate.
    (3) Recreational pilots must carry their logbook with the required 
instructor endorsements on all flights when serving as pilot-in-command 
or as a required flight crewmember for flights:
    (i) Of more than 50 nautical miles from an airport where training 
was received;
    (ii) In airspace in which communication with air traffic control is 
required;
    (iii) Between sunset and sunrise; and
    (iv) In an aircraft for which the pilot is not rated.


Sec. 61.53  Operations during medical deficiency.

    (a) Operations that require a medical certificate. Except as 
provided for in paragraph (b) of this section, a person who holds a 
current medical certificate issued under part 67 of this chapter shall 
not act as pilot in command, or in any other capacity as a required 
pilot flight crewmember, while that person:
    (1) Knows or has reason to know of any medical condition that would 
make the person unable to meet the requirements for the medical 
certificate held; or
    (2) Is taking medication or receiving other treatment for a medical 
condition that results in the person being unable to meet the 
requirements for the medical certificate held.
    (b) Operations that do not require a medical certificate. For 
operations provided for in Sec. 61.23(b)(4) of this part without a 
medical certificate, a person shall not act as pilot in command while 
that person:
    (1) Knows or has reason to know of any medical condition that would 
make them unable to operate the aircraft in a safe manner; or
    (2) Is taking medication or receiving other treatment for a medical 
condition that would make them unable to operate the aircraft in a safe 
manner. 

[[Page 41232]]



Sec. 61.55  Second-in-command qualifications.

    (a) Except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section, no person 
may serve as a second in command of an aircraft type certificated for 
more than one required pilot flight crewmember or in operations 
requiring a second in command unless that person holds:
    (1) At least a current private pilot certificate with the 
appropriate category and class rating; and
    (2) An instrument rating that applies to the aircraft being flown 
if the flight is under IFR.
    (b) No person may serve as a second in command of an aircraft type 
certificated for more than one required pilot flight crewmember or in 
operations requiring a second in command unless that person has within 
the previous 12 calendar months:
    (1) Reviewed on the specific type aircraft, for which second-in-
command privileges are requested, and that review must include becoming 
familiar with the aircraft's--
    (i) Operational procedures on the powerplant, equipment, and 
systems;
    (ii) Performance specifications and limitations;
    (iii) Normal, abnormal, and emergency operating procedures;
    (iv) Flight manual; and
    (v) Placards and markings.
    (2) Performed and logged practice in the type aircraft or in an 
approved flight simulator or approved flight training device that 
represents the type of aircraft for which second-in-command privileges 
are requested, and the practice must include at least--
    (i) Three takeoffs and landings to a full stop as the sole 
manipulator of the flight controls;
    (ii) Engine-out procedures and maneuvering with an engine out while 
executing the duties of a pilot in command; and
    (iii) Flight deck resource management training.
    (c) If a person complies with the requirements in paragraph (b) of 
this section in the calendar month before or the calendar month after 
the month in which compliance with this section is required, then that 
person is considered to have accomplished the training and practice 
requirements of paragraph (b) of this section in the month it is due.
    (d) This section does not apply to a person who is:
    (1) Designated and qualified as a pilot in command, under part 121, 
125, or 135 of this chapter in that specific type of aircraft;
    (2) Designated as the second in command, under part 121, 125, or 
135 of this chapter in that specific type of aircraft; or
    (3) Designated as the second in command in that specific type of 
aircraft for the purpose of receiving flight training required by this 
section and no passengers or cargo are carried on the aircraft.
    (e) A person who holds a commercial or airline transport pilot 
certificate with the appropriate category and class rating need not 
meet the requirements of paragraph (b)(2) of this section, provided 
that pilot:
    (1) Is conducting ferry flights, aircraft flight tests, or 
evaluation flights of an aircraft's equipment; and
    (2) Does not carry any person or cargo aboard the aircraft, unless 
the person or cargo is considered necessary for the flight.
    (f) To meet the requirements of paragraph (b)(2) of this section, a 
person may serve as a second in command in that specific type of 
aircraft, if:
    (1) The flight occurs under day VFR or day IFR; and
    (2) No person or cargo are carried aboard the aircraft, unless the 
person or cargo is considered necessary for the flight.


Sec. 61.56  Flight review.

    (a) A flight review consists of a minimum of 1 hour of flight 
instruction and 1 hour of ground instruction. The review must include--
    (1) A review of the current general operating and flight rules of 
part 91 of this chapter; and
    (2) A review of those maneuvers and procedures which, at the 
discretion of the person giving the review, are necessary for the pilot 
to demonstrate the safe exercise of the privileges of the pilot 
certificate.
    (b) Glider pilots may substitute a minimum of three instructional 
flights in a glider, each of which includes a 360 degree turn, in lieu 
of the 1 hour of flight instruction required in paragraph (a).
    (c) Except as provided in paragraphs (d) and (e) of this section, 
no person may act as pilot in command of an aircraft unless, since the 
beginning of the 24th calendar month before the month in which that 
pilot acts as pilot in command, that person has--
    (1) Accomplished a flight review given in an aircraft for which 
that pilot is rated by an appropriately rated instructor certificated 
under this part or other person designated by the Administrator; and
    (2) A logbook endorsed by the person who gave the review certifying 
that the person has satisfactorily completed the review.
    (d) A person who has, within the period specified in paragraph (c) 
of this section, satisfactorily completed a pilot proficiency check 
conducted by the FAA, an approved pilot check airman, or a U.S. Armed 
Force, for a pilot certificate, rating, or operating privilege, need 
not accomplish the flight review required by this section.
    (e) A person who has, within the period specified in paragraph (c) 
of this section, satisfactorily completed one or more phases of an FAA-
sponsored pilot proficiency award program need not accomplish the 
flight review required by this section.
    (f) A person who holds a current flight instructor certificate who 
has, within the period specified in paragraph (c) of this section, 
satisfactorily completed a renewal of a flight instructor certificate 
under the provisions on 61.197(c), need not accomplish the 1 hour of 
ground instruction specified in subparagraph (a)(1) of this section.
    (g) The requirements of this section may be accomplished in 
combination with the requirements of Sec. 61.57 and other applicable 
recency requirements at the discretion of the instructor.


Sec. 61.57  Recent flight experience: Pilot-in-command.

    (a) General experience.
    (1) Except as provided by paragraph (e) of this section, no person 
may act as a pilot in command of an aircraft carrying passengers or as 
required pilot aboard an aircraft that requires more than one pilot 
crewmember unless that person has made at least three takeoffs and 
three landings to a full stop within the preceding 90 days, and:
    (i) The person acted as sole manipulator of the flight controls;
    (ii) The required takeoffs and landings were performed in an 
aircraft of the same category, class, and type (if a type rating is 
required), and if the aircraft to be flown is an airplane with a 
tailwheel landing gear, the takeoffs and landings must have been in a 
tailwheel airplane; and
    (iii) Each required takeoff and landing involved a flight in the 
traffic pattern at the recommended traffic pattern altitude for the 
airport.
    (2) A person may act as a pilot in command or as required pilot and 
sole manipulator of the controls for an aircraft that requires more 
than one pilot under day VFR or day IFR, provided no persons or 
property, other than that necessary for compliance with paragraph (a) 
of this section, are carried.
    (b) Night experience. Except as provided by paragraph (e) of this 
section, no person may act as pilot in command of an aircraft carrying 
passengers at night, nor as a required pilot aboard an aircraft 
requiring more 

[[Page 41233]]
than one pilot crewmember at night, unless that person has complied 
with the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section at night.
    (c) Recent instrument experience. Except as provided in paragraph 
(e) of this section, no person may act as pilot in command under IFR or 
in weather conditions less than the minimums prescribed for VFR, unless 
that person has met the following requirements within the preceding 6 
calendar months:
    (1) To obtain instrument experience in an aircraft (other than a 
glider), that person has performed and logged--
    (i) At least six instrument approaches;
    (ii) Holding procedures;
    (iii) Intercepting and tracking VOR radials and NDB bearings;
    (iv) Recovery from unusual flight altitudes; and
    (v) Flight by reference to instruments.
    (2) The instrument experience requirements of paragraph (d)(1) of 
this section must have been logged in an aircraft that is not a glider, 
and performed in--
    (i) Actual flight, appropriate to the category of aircraft for the 
instrument privileges sought; or
    (ii) An approved flight simulator or flight training device that is 
representative of the aircraft category for the instrument privileges 
sought.
    (3) If the person does not carry passengers and if the instrument 
recency experience is in a glider, that person must have performed and 
logged at least--
    (i) Three hours of instrument time in actual flight of which 1.5 
hours may be acquired in a single-engine airplane or a glider; or
    (ii) Three hours of instrument time must have been in a glider.
    (d) Instrument proficiency check. Except as provided by paragraph 
(e) of this section, a person who does not meet the recent instrument 
requirements of paragraph (d) of this section within the prescribed 
time or within 6 calendar months after the prescribed time, may not 
serve as pilot in command under IFR or in weather conditions less than 
the minimums prescribed for VFR until that person satisfactorily 
accomplishes an instrument proficiency check:
    (1) Consisting of a representative number of tasks required by the 
instrument rating practical test, and the check must be--
    (i) In an aircraft that is appropriate to the aircraft category and 
instrument privileges sought;
    (ii) In an approved flight simulator or flight training device that 
is representative of the aircraft category (other than a glider) for 
which instrument privileges sought; or
    (iii) For a glider, in a single-engine airplane or a glider.
    (2) Given by one of the following persons--
    (i) An examiner;
    (ii) A person authorized by the U.S. Armed Forces to conduct 
instrument flight tests, provided the person being tested is a member 
of the U.S. Armed Forces;
    (iii) A company check pilot who is authorized to conduct instrument 
flight tests under part 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter, and provided 
that both the check pilot and the pilot being tested are employees of 
that operator;
    (iv) An instrument flight instructor who holds the appropriate 
instrument instructor rating for the class of aircraft in which the 
check is being conducted; or
    (v) A person approved by the Administrator to conduct instrument 
practical tests.
    (e) Exceptions.
    (1) Paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section do not apply to a pilot 
in command that is employed by a part 125 operator and is engaged in a 
flight operation for that certificate holder.
    (2) This section does not apply to a pilot in command that is 
employed by a part 121 or part 135 operator and is engaged in a flight 
operation for that certificate holder.


Sec. 61.58  Pilot-in-command proficiency check: Operation of aircraft 
requiring more than one required pilot.

    (a) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, no person 
may act as pilot in command of an aircraft that is type certificated 
for more than one required pilot crewmember unless the proficiency 
checks prescribed in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section are 
satisfactorily accomplished.
    (b) Within 12-calendar months preceding the month the person acts 
as pilot in command of an aircraft that is type certificated for more 
than one required pilot crewmember that person must have accomplished 
one of the following:
    (1) For an airplane, a proficiency check--
    (i) In that airplane type, or in a flight simulator or flight 
training device that is representative of that type of airplane;
    (ii) Given to that person by an examiner; and
    (iii) Consisting of those areas of operations that are appropriate 
to the standards required of an airline transport pilot certificate for 
that airplane class rating.
    (2) For other aircraft, a proficiency checks--
    (i) In that aircraft type, or in a flight simulator or flight 
training device that is representative of that type of aircraft;
    (ii) Given to that person by an examiner; and
    (iii) Consisting of those areas of operations that are appropriate 
to the standards required of an airline transport pilot certificate for 
that aircraft category and class rating.
    (3) A pilot in command proficiency check given to that person in 
accordance with part 121, 123, 125, or 135 of this chapter.
    (4) A practical test required for an aircraft type rating.
    (5) An initial or periodic proficiency check for the issuance of an 
examiner or check airman designation.
    (6) A military proficiency check required for pilot in command and 
instrument privileges in an aircraft which the military requires to be 
operated by more than one pilot.
    (c) Except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section, within 24-
calendar months preceding the month the person acts as pilot in command 
of an aircraft that is type certificated for more than one required 
pilot crewmember, that person must have accomplished one of the 
following proficiency checks in the particular type of aircraft in 
which the person is to serve as pilot in command:
    (1) A proficiency check--
    (i) In that aircraft type, or in a flight simulator or flight 
training device that is representative of that type of aircraft;
    (ii) Given to that person by an examiner; and
    (iii) Consisting of those areas of operations that are appropriate 
to the standards required of an airline transport pilot certificate for 
that aircraft category and class rating.
    (2) A pilot in command proficiency check given to that person in 
accordance with part 121, 123, 125, or 135 of this chapter;
    (3) A practical test required for an aircraft type rating;
    (4) An initial or periodic proficiency check for the issuance of a 
pilot examiner or check airman designation; or
    (5) A military proficiency check required for pilot in command and 
instrument privileges in an aircraft which the military requires to be 
operated by more than one pilot.
    (d) For airplanes, the maneuvers and procedures required for the 
checks and test prescribed in paragraphs (c) (1), (2), (4), and (5) of 
this section, and paragraph (c)(3) of this section for type ratings 
obtained in conjunction with part 121 of this chapter, training 
programs may be performed in a flight simulator or flight training 
device if the: 

[[Page 41234]]

    (1) Maneuver or procedure can be performed in a flight simulator or 
flight training device as set forth in appendix F to part 121 of this 
chapter; and
    (2) Flight simulator or flight training device is one that is 
approved for the particular maneuver or procedure.
    (e) This section does not apply to persons conducting operations 
subject to parts 121, 123, 125, 133, 135, and 137 of this chapter.
    (f) For the purpose of meeting the proficiency check requirements 
of paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, a person may act as pilot in 
command of a flight under day VFR or day IFR if no persons or property, 
other than as necessary for compliance thereunder, are carried.
    (g) If a person takes the proficiency check required by paragraph 
(a) of this section in the calendar month before, or the calendar month 
after the month in which it is due, that person is considered to have 
taken it in the month it is due.


Sec. 61.59  Falsification, reproduction, or alteration of applications, 
certificates, logbooks, reports, or records.

    (a) No person may make or cause to be made:
    (1) Any fraudulent or intentionally false statement on any 
application for a certificate, rating, or duplicate thereof, issued 
under this part;
    (2) Any fraudulent or intentionally false entry in any logbook, 
record, or report that is required to be kept, made, or used, to show 
compliance with any requirement for the issuance, or exercise of the 
privileges of any certificate or rating under this part;
    (3) Any reproduction, for fraudulent purpose, of any certificate or 
rating under this part; or
    (4) Any alteration of any certificate or rating under this part.
    (b) The commission of an act prohibited under paragraph (a) of this 
section is a basis for suspending or revoking any airman or ground 
instructor certificate or rating held by that person.


Sec. 61.60  Change of address.

    Persons who hold an airman certificate, and who have a change in 
their permanent mailing address, may not exercise the privileges of 
their certificate unless they notify the Federal Aviation 
Administration, Airman Certification Branch, Box 25082, Oklahoma City, 
Oklahoma 73125, in writing of the new address within 30 days from the 
date the person moved.

Subpart B--Aircraft Ratings and Special Certificates


Sec. 61.61  Applicability.

    This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of 
additional aircraft ratings after a pilot certificate is issued, and 
the requirements and limitations for special purpose pilot 
authorizations issued by the Administrator.


Sec. 61.63  Additional aircraft ratings (other than airline transport 
pilot).

    (a) Additional category rating. Persons who apply for an additional 
aircraft category rating to be added to their current pilot 
certificate:
    (1) Must have received the required training and aeronautical 
experience time prescribed by this part that applies to the pilot 
certificate for the aircraft category and class rating sought;
    (2) Must have an endorsement in their logbook or training record 
from an authorized flight instructor or ground instructor, and that 
endorsement must attest that they have been found competent on the 
aeronautical knowledge areas that are appropriate to the pilot 
certificate for the aircraft category or class rating sought;
    (3) Must have an endorsement in their logbook or training record 
from an authorized flight instructor, and that endorsement must attest 
that they have been found proficient on the areas of operation that are 
appropriate to the pilot certificate for the aircraft category or class 
rating sought;
    (4) Must have satisfactorily accomplished the required practical 
test that is appropriate to the pilot certificate for the aircraft 
category or class rating sought;
    (5) Need not accomplish the supervised pilot in command time 
prescribed by this part that applies to the pilot certificate for the 
aircraft category or class rating sought; and
    (6) Need not accomplish another knowledge test, provided they hold 
an airplane, rotorcraft, powered-lift, or airship rating at that pilot 
certificate level.
    (b) Additional class rating. Persons who apply for an additional 
class rating to be added on their pilot certificate:
    (1) Must have an endorsement in their logbook or training record 
from an authorized flight instructor, and that endorsement must attest 
they have been found competent on the aeronautical knowledge areas that 
are appropriate to the pilot certificate for the aircraft class rating 
sought;
    (2) Must have an endorsement in their logbook or training record 
from an authorized flight instructor, and that endorsement must attest 
they have been found proficient on the areas of operation that are 
appropriate to the pilot certificate for the aircraft class rating 
sought;
    (3) Must have satisfactorily accomplished the required practical 
test that is appropriate to the pilot certificate for the aircraft 
class rating sought;
    (4) Need not meet the specified training time and aeronautical 
experience time prescribed by this part that applies to the pilot 
certificate for the aircraft class rating sought; and
    (5) Need not accomplish another knowledge test, provided they hold 
an airplane, rotorcraft, powered-lift, or airship rating at that pilot 
certificate level.
    (c) Additional type rating or an addition of an aircraft type 
rating that is accomplished concurrently with an additional aircraft 
category or class rating. Persons who apply for an additional aircraft 
type rating to be added on their pilot certificate, or an addition of 
aircraft type rating that is accomplished concurrently with an 
additional aircraft category or class rating:
    (1) Must hold or concurrently obtain an instrument rating that is 
appropriate to the aircraft's category, class, or type rating sought;
    (2) Must have an endorsement in their logbook or training record 
from an authorized flight instructor, and that endorsement must attest 
that they have been found competent on the aeronautical knowledge areas 
that are appropriate to the pilot certificate for the aircraft 
category, class, or type rating sought;
    (3) Must have an endorsement in their logbook or training record 
from an authorized flight instructor, and that endorsement must attest 
that they have been found proficient on the areas of operation that are 
appropriate to the standards of an airline transport pilot certificate 
for the aircraft category, class, or type rating sought;
    (4) Must have satisfactorily accomplished the required practical 
test that is appropriate to the airline transport pilot certificate for 
the aircraft category, class, or type rating sought;
    (5) Need not meet the specified training time and aeronautical 
experience time prescribed by this part that applies to the pilot 
certificate for the aircraft category or class rating sought;
    (6) Must perform the practical test under instrument flight rules, 
unless the practical test cannot be accomplished under instrument 
flight rules because the aircraft's type certificate makes the 

[[Page 41235]]
aircraft incapable of operating under instrument flight rules, then--
    (i) The person may obtain a type rating limited to ``VFR only;'' 
and
    (ii) The ``VFR only'' limitation may be removed for that aircraft 
type when the person satisfactorily accomplishes the practical test 
under instrument flight rules.
    (7) When an instrument rating is issued to persons who hold one or 
more type ratings, the type ratings on the amended pilot certificate 
shall bear the ``VFR only'' limitation for each aircraft type rating 
for which they have not shown the instrument competency; and
    (8) Need not accomplish another knowledge test, provided they hold 
an airplane, rotorcraft, powered-lift, or airship rating on their pilot 
certificate.


Sec. 61.65  Instrument rating requirements.

    (a) General. A person who applies for an instrument rating must:
    (1) Hold at least a private pilot certificate with an aircraft 
category and class rating that applies to the instrument rating sought;
    (2) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English 
language;
    (3) Hold at least a current third-class medical certificate issued 
under part 67 of this chapter;
    (4) Present documentation of having--
    (i) Received and logged ground training from an authorized 
instructor, or accomplished a home study course of training on the 
approved aeronautical knowledge areas of paragraph (b) of this section 
that apply to the instrument rating sought;
    (ii) Received a logbook or training record endorsement from the 
authorized instructor, who gave that person training or reviewed that 
person's home study course, certifying that the person is prepared to 
satisfactorily accomplish the required knowledge test;
    (iii) Received and logged training from an authorized flight 
instructor in the aircraft, or from an authorized instructor in a 
flight simulator or training device that represents that class of 
aircraft for the instrument rating sought on the approved areas of 
operation of paragraph (c) of this section; and
    (iv) Received a logbook or training record endorsement from the 
authorized instructor who gave that person the training and certified 
that the person is prepared to satisfactorily accomplish the required 
practical test.
    (5) Satisfactorily accomplish the required knowledge test on the 
approved aeronautical knowledge areas of paragraph (b) of this section;
    (6) Satisfactorily accomplish the required practical test on the 
approved areas of operation of paragraph (c) of this section;
    (7) Satisfactorily accomplish an instrument rating practical test 
in a multiengine airplane, and who holds an airplane category and 
single-engine class rating on the person's pilot certificate will also 
have met the requirements for issuance of an instrument rating-airplane 
single engine;
    (8) Is not required to accomplish another knowledge test, when that 
person already holds an instrument rating on the person's pilot 
certificate; and
    (9) Comply with the applicable requirements of this section.
    (b) Aeronautical knowledge. A person who applies for an instrument 
rating must have received and logged ground training from authorized 
instructor, or accomplished a home study course on the following 
aeronautical knowledge areas that apply to the instrument rating 
sought:
    (1) The Federal Aviation Regulations of this chapter that apply to 
flight operations under IFR;
    (2) The appropriate information that apply to flight operations 
under IFR in the ``Airman's Information Manual;''
    (3) The air traffic control system and procedures for instrument 
flight operations;
    (4) IFR navigation and approaches by use of radio aids;
    (5) The use of IFR enroute and instrument approach procedure 
charts;
    (6) The procurement and use of aviation weather reports and 
forecasts and the elements of forecasting weather trends based on that 
information and personal observation of weather conditions;
    (7) The safe and efficient operation of aircraft under IFR and 
conditions that apply to the instrument rating sought;
    (8) The recognition of critical weather situations and windshear 
avoidance;
    (9) Aeronautical decision making and judgment; and
    (10) Flight deck resource management, including crew communications 
and coordination.
    (c) Areas of operation. A person who applies for an instrument 
rating must receive and log training from an authorized flight 
instructor in an aircraft, or from an authorized instructor in an 
approved flight simulator or training device (or any combination 
thereof) that includes the following approved areas of operation:
    (1) Preflight preparation;
    (2) Preflight procedures;
    (3) Air traffic control clearances and procedures;
    (4) Flight by reference to instruments;
    (5) Navigation aids;
    (6) Instrument approach procedures;
    (7) Emergency operations; and
    (8) Postflight procedures.
    (d) Aeronautical experience. A person who applies for an instrument 
rating must have received and logged the following training:
    (1) At least 40 hours of instrument training from an authorized 
flight instructor-instrument or ground instructor-instrument on the 
approved areas of operation of this section;
    (2) Not more than 20 hours of the instrument training prescribed in 
paragraph (d)(1) of this section may be met by training received from 
an authorized flight instructor-instrument or ground instructor-
instrument in a flight simulator or flight training device;
    (3) At least 5 hours of instrument flight training from an 
authorized instrument flight instructor in the category and class 
aircraft for the instrument rating sought;
    (4) At least 3 hours of instrument training that is appropriate to 
the instrument-aircraft class rating sought and from an authorized 
instructor in preparation for the practical test within the 60-days 
preceding the date of the test;
    (5) For an instrument-airplane rating, instrument training specific 
to airplanes on cross-country flight procedures that includes at least 
one cross-country flight in the class airplane for the instrument 
rating sought, is performed under IFR, and consists of--
    (i) A distance of at least 250 nautical miles along airways or ATC-
directed routing with one of the routes being at least a straight-line 
distance of 100 nautical miles between airports;
    (ii) An instrument approach at each airport; and
    (iii) Three different kinds of approaches with the use of 
navigation aids.
    (6) For an instrument-helicopter rating, instrument training 
specific to helicopters on cross-country flight procedures that 
includes at least one cross-country flight in a helicopter, is 
performed under IFR, and consists of--
    (i) A distance of at least 100 nautical miles along airways or ATC-
directed routing with one of the routes being at least a straight-line 
distance of 50 nautical miles between airports;
    (ii) An instrument approach at each airport; and
    (iii) Three different kinds of approaches with the use of 
navigation aids.
    (7) For an instrument-airship rating, instrument training specific 
to airships on cross-country flight procedures that includes at least 
one cross-country flight 

[[Page 41236]]
in an airship, is performed under IFR, and consists of--
    (i) A distance of at least 50 nautical miles along airways or ATC-
directed routing with one of the routes being at least a straight-line 
distance of 25 nautical miles between airports;
    (ii) An instrument approach at each airport; and
    (iii) Three different kinds of approaches with the use of 
navigation aids.
    (8) For an instrument-powered-lift rating, instrument training 
specific to powered-lift on cross-country flight procedures that 
includes at least one cross-country flight in a powered-lift, is 
performed under IFR, and consists of--
    (i) A distance of at least 250 nautical miles along airways or ATC-
directed routing with one of the routes being at least a straight-line 
distance of 100 nautical miles between airports;
    (ii) An instrument approach at each airport; and
    (iii) Three different kinds of approaches with the use of 
navigation aids.


Sec. 61.67  Category II pilot authorization requirements.

    (a) General. A person who applies for a Category II pilot 
authorization must hold:
    (1) At least a private or commercial pilot certificate with an 
instrument rating or an airline transport pilot certificate; and
    (2) A type rating for the aircraft type if the authorization is 
requested for a large aircraft or a small turbojet aircraft.
    (b) Experience requirements. Except for a person who holds an 
airline transport pilot certificate, a person who applies for a 
Category II authorization must have at least:
    (1) Fifty hours of night flight time under VFR conditions as pilot 
in command.
    (2) Seventy-five hours of instrument time under actual or simulated 
conditions that may include 25 hours in an approved flight simulator or 
training device.
    (3) Two hundred-fifty hours of cross-country flight time as pilot 
in command.
    (4) The night flight and instrument flight time used to meet the 
requirements of paragraphs (b) (1) and (2) of this section may also be 
used to meet the requirements of paragraph (b)(3) of this section.
    (c) Practical test requirements.
    (1) A practical test must be satisfactorily accomplished by a 
person who applies for:
    (i) Issuance or renewal of an authorization; and
    (ii) The addition of another type aircraft to the applicant's 
Category II authorization.
    (2) To be eligible for the practical test for an authorization 
under this section, the person must meet the requirements of paragraph 
(a) of this section and, if the practical test has not been 
accomplished during the 12-calendar months preceding the month of the 
test, then that person must meet the following recent experience 
requirements:
    (i) The requirements of Sec. 61.57(e);
    (ii) At least six ILS approaches during the 6-calendar months 
preceding the month of the test of which at least three of the 
approaches must have been conducted without the use of an approach 
coupler, and these approaches--
    (A) Must be under actual or simulated instrument flight conditions 
to the decision height of the approach, and in the type aircraft in 
which the practical test is to be performed; and
    (B) Need not be conducted down to the decision heights authorized 
for Category II operations.
    (iii) The flight time acquired in meeting the requirements of 
paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this section may be used to meet the 
requirements of paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section.
    (d) Practical test procedures. The practical test consists of two 
phases:
    (1) Phase I-knowledge test. The person must demonstrate knowledge 
of the following--
    (i) Required landing distance;
    (ii) Recognition of the decision height;
    (iii) Missed approach procedures and techniques utilizing computed 
or fixed attitude guidance displays;
    (iv) RVR, its use and limitations;
    (v) Use of visual clues, their availability or limitations, and 
altitude at which they are normally discernible at reduced RVR 
readings;
    (vi) Procedures and techniques related to transition from nonvisual 
to visual flight during a final approach under reduced RVR;
    (vii) Effects of vertical and horizontal windshear;
    (viii) Characteristics and limitations of the ILS and runway 
lighting system;
    (ix) Characteristics and limitations of the flight director system, 
auto approach coupler (including split axis type if equipped), auto 
throttle system (if equipped), and other required Category II 
equipment;
    (x) Assigned duties of the second in command during Category II 
approaches; and
    (xi) Instrument and equipment failure warning systems.
    (2) Phase II-proficiency test. The test must--
    (i) Be taken in an aircraft that meets the requirements of part 91 
of this chapter for Category II operations;
    (ii) Consist of at least two ILS approaches to 100 feet including 
at least one landing and one missed approach;
    (iii) Be performed with all approaches made with the use of an 
approved flight control guidance system;
    (iv) Include at least one manual approach if an approved automatic 
approach coupler is installed;
    (v) Include a missed approach that is executed with one engine set 
in idle or zero thrust position before reaching the middle marker for a 
multiengine aircraft that has performance capability to execute a 
missed approach with an engine out; and
    (vi) Include flight maneuvers performed solely by reference to 
instruments and in coordination with a second in command who holds a 
class rating and, in the case of a large aircraft or a small turbojet 
aircraft, a type rating for that aircraft.


Sec. 61.69  Glider towing: Experience and training requirements.

    (a) No person may act as pilot in command for towing a glider 
unless that person:
    (1) Holds at least a private pilot certificate with an airplane 
category and a single engine class rating;
    (2) Has logged at least 100 hours of pilot-in-command time in 
single engine airplanes;
    (3) Has a logbook endorsement from an authorized glider flight 
instructor who certifies that the person has received ground and flight 
training in gliders and is proficient in--
    (i) The techniques and procedures essential to the safe towing of 
gliders, including airspeed limitations;
    (ii) Emergency procedures;
    (iii) Signals used; and
    (iv) Maximum angles of bank.
    (4) Has made at least three flights as the sole manipulator of the 
controls of an aircraft towing a glider while accompanied by a pilot 
who meets the requirements of this section; and
    (5) Has received a logbook endorsement from the pilot described in 
paragraph (a)(4) of this section, and that endorsement must certify 
that the person has accomplished at least 3 flights in a single engine 
airplane while towing a glider.
    (b) The pilot, described in paragraph (a)(4) of this section, who 
accompanies and endorses the logbook of persons seeking glider towing 
privileges:
    (1) Must have met the requirements of this section prior to 
accompanying or endorsing the logbook of persons seeking glider towing 
privileges; 

[[Page 41237]]

    (2) Must have logged at least 10 flights as pilot in command of a 
single engine airplane while towing a glider; and
    (3) Holds only a private pilot certificate, then that pilot--
    (i) Must also have logged at least 100 hours of pilot-in-command 
time in airplanes, or 200 hours of pilot-in-command time in a 
combination of powered and other than powered aircraft; and
    (ii) Must have performed and logged at least three flights within 
the 12-calendar months preceding the month that pilot accompanies or 
endorses the logbook of persons seeking glider towing privileges--
    (A) In a single-engine airplane while towing a glider and be 
accompanied by another pilot who meets the requirements of this 
section; or
    (B) As pilot in command of a glider being towed by a single-engine 
airplane.


Sec. 61.71  Graduates of an approved training program, other than under 
this part: Special rules.

    (a) A person who graduates from an approved training program under 
parts 141 or 142 of this chapter, is considered to have met the 
applicable aeronautical experience, aeronautical knowledge, and 
approved areas of operation requirements of this part, if that person 
presents the graduation certificate and satisfactorily accomplishes the 
required practical test within the 60-day period after the date of 
graduation.
    (b) A person may apply for an airline transport pilot certificate, 
type rating, or both under this part, and will be considered to have 
met the applicable requirements of Sec. 61.157 of this part for that 
certificate and rating, if that person has--
    (1) Satisfactorily accomplished an approved training program and 
the pilot-in-command proficiency check for that airplane type, in 
accordance with the pilot in command requirements of subparts N and O 
of part 121 of this chapter; and
    (2) Made application for that airline transport pilot certificate, 
type rating, or both within the 60-day period from the date the person 
satisfactorily accomplished the approved training program and pilot-in-
command proficiency check for that airplane type.


Sec. 61.73  Military pilots or former military pilots: Special rules.

    (a) General. Military pilots or former military pilots who have 
graduated from a U.S. military pilot training course, have received 
official military aeronautical orders, and meet the applicable 
requirements of this section may apply, on the basis of their military 
training, for:
    (1) A commercial pilot certificate.
    (2) An aircraft rating in the category and class of aircraft for 
which that military pilot is qualified.
    (3) An instrument rating with the appropriate aircraft rating for 
which that military pilot is qualified.
    (4) A type rating, if appropriate.
    (5) This section does not apply to a military pilot or a former 
military pilot who has been removed from flying status for lack of 
proficiency or because of disciplinary action.
    (b) Military pilots on active flying status within the past 12 
months. A rated military pilot or former rated military pilot who has 
been on active flying status within the 12 months before applying must:
    (1) Satisfactorily accomplishes a knowledge test on the appropriate 
parts of this chapter that apply to pilot privileges and limitations, 
air traffic and general operating rules, and accident reporting rules;
    (2) Present documents showing that the requirements of paragraph 
(d) of this section are met for at least one aircraft rating; and
    (3) Present documents showing that the military pilot, is or was, 
at any time during the 12-calendar months before the month of 
application--
    (i) A rated military pilot on active flying status in an armed 
force of the United States; or
    (ii) A rated military pilot of an armed force of a member State to 
the International Civil Aviation Organization, assigned to pilot duties 
(other than flight training) with an armed force of the United States 
who holds, at the time of application, a current civil pilot license 
issued by that member State authorizing at least the privileges of the 
pilot certificate sought.
    (c) Military pilots not on active flying status during the 12 
calendar months before the month of application. A rated military pilot 
or former military pilot who has not been on active flying status 
during the 12 calendar months before the month of application must:
    (1) Satisfactorily accomplishes the appropriate knowledge and 
practical tests prescribed in this part for the certificate or rating 
sought;
    (2) Hold at least a third class medical certificate issued under 
part 67 of this chapter; and
    (3) Present documents showing that the applicant, was or is, during 
the 12 calendar months before the month of application, a rated 
military pilot as prescribed by paragraph (b)(3) of this section.
    (d) Aircraft category, class, and type ratings. A military pilot 
who applies for additional aircraft category, class, or type rating is 
issued that rating at the commercial pilot certificate level if the 
pilot presents documentary evidence that shows satisfactory 
accomplishment of:
    (1) An official U.S. military checkout and instrument proficiency 
checkout in the aircraft as pilot in command during the 12 calendar 
months before the month of application;
    (2) At least 10 hours of pilot in command time in the aircraft 
during the 12 calendar months before the month of application;
    (3) An FAA practical test in that aircraft after first--
    (i) Meeting the requirements of paragraph (b)(1) and (2) of this 
section; and
    (ii) Having received an endorsment from an authorized flight 
instructor who certifies that the pilot is proficient to accomplish the 
required practical test, and that endorsement is dated within the 60-
day period preceding the date of the practical test.
    (e) Instrument rating. Military pilots who apply for an airplane 
instrument rating, a helicopter instrument rating, or a powered-lift 
instrument rating to be added on their commercial pilot certificate, 
are entitled to that instrument rating if the pilots have, within the 
12 calendar months preceding the month of application:
    (1) Satisfactorily accomplished an instrument proficiency checkout 
of a U.S. Armed Force in the aircraft category and class for the 
instrument rating sought; and
    (2) Is authorized by the U.S. Armed Force to conduct IFR flights on 
Federal airways in that aircraft category and class for the instrument 
rating sought.
    (f) Aircraft type rating. An aircraft type rating is issued only 
for aircraft types that the Administrator has certificated for civil 
operations.
    (g) Aircraft type rating placed on an airline transport pilot 
certificate. A military pilot who holds an airline transport pilot 
certificate and who requests an aircraft type rating to be placed on 
their airline transport pilot certificate may be issued that aircraft 
type rating at the airline transport pilot certificate level, provided 
that person--
    (1) Holds a category and class rating for that type of aircraft at 
the airline transport pilot certificate level; and
    (2) Satisfactorily accomplishes an official U.S. military checkout 
and instrument proficiency checkout in that type of aircraft as pilot 
in command during the 12 calendar months before the month of 
application.
    (h) Evidentiary documents. The following documents are satisfactory 


[[Page 41238]]
evidence for meeting the requirements of this section to show:
    (1) Membership of the armed forces, an official identification card 
issued to the pilot by an armed force may be used.
    (2) The military pilot's discharge or release from an armed force 
or former membership of an armed force, an original or a copy of a 
certificate of discharge or release may be used.
    (3) Current or previous status as a rated military pilot with a 
U.S. Armed Force, for which one of the following may be used, as 
appropriate:
    (i) An official U.S. Armed Force order to flight duty as a military 
pilot;
    (ii) An official U.S. Armed Force form or logbook showing military 
pilot status; or
    (iii) An official order showing that the military pilot graduated 
from a U.S. military pilot school and is rated as a military pilot.
    (4) Flight time in military aircraft as a member of a U.S. Armed 
Force, an appropriate official U.S. Armed Force form or summary, or a 
certified U.S. Armed Force logbook may be used.
    (5) Pilot-in-command status, an official U.S. armed force record of 
a military checkout as pilot in command may be used.
    (6) Instrument pilot qualification, a current instrument grade slip 
that is issued by a U.S. Armed Force, or an official record of 
satisfactorily accomplishment of an instrument proficiency check during 
the 12 calendar months preceding the month of the application may be 
used.


Sec. 61.75  Private pilot certificate issued on basis of a foreign 
pilot license.

    (a) General. A person who holds a current foreign pilot license, 
issued by a member State to the International Civil Aviation 
Organization (ICAO), may apply for and may be issued only a private 
pilot certificate with the appropriate ratings when the application is 
based on the foreign pilot license and meets the requirements of this 
section.
    (b) Certificate issued. A U.S. private pilot certificate that is 
issued under this section shall specify the person's foreign license 
number and country of issuance. A person who holds a current pilot 
license, issued by a member State to ICAO, may be issued a private 
pilot certificate based on the foreign pilot license without any 
further showing of proficiency, and provided that person:
    (1) Meets the requirements of this section;
    (2) Holds a foreign pilot license that--
    (i) Is not under an order of revocation or suspension by the 
foreign country that issued the foreign pilot license; and
    (ii) Does not contain an endorsement stating that the person has 
not met all of the standards of ICAO;
    (3) Does not currently hold a U.S. pilot certificate;
    (4) Holds a current medical certificate issued under part 67 of 
this chapter or a current medical certificate issued by the country 
that issued the person's foreign pilot license; and
    (5) Is able to read, speak, write, and understand the English 
language.
    (c) Aircraft ratings issued. Aircraft ratings listed on a person's 
foreign pilot license, in addition to any issued after testing under 
the provisions of this part, may be placed on that person's U.S. pilot 
certificate.
    (d) Instrument ratings issued. A person who holds an instrument 
rating on the foreign pilot license, issued by a member State to ICAO, 
may be issued an instrument rating on the U.S. private pilot 
certificate provided:
    (1) The person's foreign pilot license authorizes instrument 
privileges;
    (2) Upon application for the instrument rating privileges, the 
person satisfactorily accomplishes the appropriate knowledge test; and
    (3) The person is able to read, speak, write, and understand the 
English language.
    (e) Operating privileges and limitations. A person who receives a 
U.S. private pilot certificate that has been issued under the 
provisions of this section:
    (1) May act as a pilot of a civil aircraft of U.S. registry in 
accordance with the private pilot privileges authorized by this part;
    (2) Is limited to the privileges placed on the certificate by the 
Administrator;
    (3) Is subject to the limitations and restrictions on the person's 
U.S. certificate and foreign pilot certificate when exercising the 
privileges of that U.S. pilot certificate in an aircraft of U.S. 
registry operating within or outside the United States; and
    (4) Shall not exercise the privileges of that U.S. private pilot 
certificate when the person's foreign pilot license has been revoked or 
suspended.
    (f) Limitation on licenses used as basis for U.S. certificate. Only 
one foreign pilot license may be used as a basis for issuing a U.S. 
private pilot certificate. The foreign pilot license and medical 
certificate used as a basis for issuing a U.S. private pilot 
certificate under this section must be in the English language or 
accompanied by an English language transcription that has been signed 
by an official or representative of the foreign aviation authority that 
issued the foreign pilot license.
    (g) Limitation placed on U.S. private pilot certificate. The U.S. 
private pilot certificate issued under this section is valid only when 
that person has their foreign pilot license in their personal 
possession or readily accessible in the aircraft.


Sec. 61.77  Special purpose pilot authorization: Operation of U.S.-
registered civil aircraft leased by a person who is not a U.S. citizen.

    (a) General. After meeting the requirements of this section, a 
holder of a foreign pilot certificate or license issued by a member 
State of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) may be 
issued a special purpose pilot authorization by the Administrator for 
the purpose of performing pilot duties:
    (1) On a civil aircraft of U.S. registry that is leased to a person 
who is not a citizen of the United States; and
    (2) For carrying persons or property for compensation or hire on 
that aircraft.
    (b) Eligibility. To be eligible for the issuance or renewal of a 
special purpose pilot authorization, a person must meet the following 
eligibility prerequisites:
    (1) Hold a current foreign pilot certificate that has been issued 
by the aeronautical authority of a member State to ICAO from where the 
person holds citizenship or resident status;
    (2) The person's foreign pilot certificate must contain the 
appropriate aircraft category, class, instrument rating, and type 
rating, if appropriate, for the aircraft to be flown;
    (3) Hold a medical certificate from the aeronautical authority of a 
member State to ICAO from where the person holds citizenship or 
resident status;
    (4) Must not already hold a special purpose pilot authorization, 
but if the person already holds a special purpose pilot authorization, 
then that special purpose pilot authorization must either be 
surrendered to the FAA Flight Standards District Office that issued it, 
or to the FAA Flight Standards District Office processing the 
application for the authorization prior to being issued another special 
purpose pilot authorization;
    (5) Meet the currency requirements of this part and must present a 
logbook/flight record showing compliance with the currency requirements 
of this part;
    (6) Show that the person will not reach the age of 60 years prior 
to the expiration date of the special purpose pilot authorization a 
birth certificate or some other official documentation; and
    (7) Present a copy of the person's foreign pilot certificate and a 
letter to an FAA Flight Standards District Office from the lessee of 
the aircraft that--

[[Page 41239]]

    (i) Acknowledges the person is employed by the lessee;
    (ii) Specifies the aircraft type in which the person will be 
performing pilot duties; and
    (iii) States that the person is currently qualified to exercise the 
privileges listed on that person's pilot certificate or license for the 
aircraft to be flown and that the person has satisfactorily 
accomplished the applicable ground and flight training in the aircraft 
type in which the person will be performing pilot duties.
    (c) Privileges. A person who meets the general and eligibility 
requirements of, and is issued a special purpose pilot authorization 
under, this section:
    (1) May exercise the privileges prescribed on the special purpose 
pilot authorization; and
    (2) Must comply with the limitations specified in this section and 
any additional limitations specified on the special purpose pilot 
authorization.
    (d) Limitations. Anytime persons are exercising the privileges of a 
special purpose pilot authorization those persons are subject to the 
following limitations:
    (1) May apply for 60-calendar months extension of their 
authorization, provided they--
    (i) Continue to meet the eligibility prerequisites and other 
requirements of this section; and
    (ii) Surrender the expired special purpose pilot authorization upon 
receipt of the new authorization.
    (2) May only hold one special purpose pilot authorization;
    (3) May only conduct a flight or series of flights between foreign 
countries in foreign air commerce within the time period allotted on 
the authorization;
    (4) Must carry their foreign pilot license, medical certificate, 
and special purpose pilot authorizationin in their physical possession 
or immediately available in the aircraft, while exercising the 
privileges of that special purpose pilot authorization; and
    (5) Persons, who are 60 years of age or older, may not request nor 
may they be issued a special purpose pilot authorization, when the 
purpose of that authorization is for those persons to serve as a 
required pilot crewmember for a foreign air carrier in--
    (i) Scheduled international air services in a U.S.-registered civil 
aircraft with more than 30 passenger seats, excluding any required 
crewmember seat, or 7500 pounds payload capacity; or
    (ii) Non-scheduled international air transport operationsin a U.S.-
registered civil aircraft with more than 30 passenger seats, excluding 
any required crewmember seat, or 7500 pounds payload capacity.
    (e) Expiration date. Each special purpose pilot authorization, 
issued under this section, expires--
    (1) Sixty-calendar months from the month it was issued, unless 
sooner suspended or revoked;
    (2) When the lease agreement for the aircraft expires or the lessee 
terminates the employment of the person who holds the special purpose 
pilot authorization;
    (3) Whenever the person's pilot or medical certificate has been 
suspended, revoked, or is no longer valid; or
    (4) Whenever the person reaches the age of 60.

Subpart C--Student Pilots


Sec. 61.81  Applicability.
    This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of 
student pilot certificates, the conditions under which those 
certificates are necessary, and the general operating rules and 
limitations for the holders of those certificates.


Sec. 61.83  Eligibility requirements for student pilots.

    To be eligible for a student pilot certificate, an applicant must:
    (a) Be at least 16 years of age for other than a rating in a glider 
or balloon.
    (b) Be at least 14 years of age for a rating in a glider or 
balloon.
    (c) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English 
language.
    (d) Hold at least a current third-class medical certificate issued 
under part 67 of this chapter for other than a rating in glider or 
balloon, or a student pilot who is seeking a recreational pilot 
certificate.
    (e) Affix a signed and dated statement to the application 
certifying that no known medical defect exists that would make the 
applicant unable to pilot the aircraft for training for a rating in a 
glider or balloon, or a student pilot who is seeking a recreational 
pilot certificate.


Sec. 61.85  Application.

    An application for a student pilot certificate is made on a form 
and in a manner provided by the Administrator and is submitted to:
    (a) A designated aviation medical examiner when applying for an FAA 
medical certificate in the United States; or
    (b) An examiner, accompanied by a current FAA medical certificate, 
or in the case of an application for a pilot certificate with a glider 
or balloon rating, it may be accompanied by the applicant's 
certification that no known medical defect makes the applicant unable 
to pilot a glider or balloon.


Sec. 61.87  Supervised pilot-in-command requirements for student 
pilots.

    (a) General. A student pilot may not operate an aircraft in 
supervised pilot-in-command (PIC) flight unless that student has met 
the requirements of this section.
    (b) Aeronautical knowledge. A student pilot must demonstrate 
satisfactory aeronautical knowledge on a test that meets the 
requirements of this paragraph:
    (1) The test must address the student pilot's knowledge of--
    (i) Applicable sections of parts 61 and 91 of this chapter;
    (ii) Airspace rules and procedures for the airport where the 
supervised PIC flight will be performed; and
    (iii) Flight characteristics and operational limitations for the 
make and model of aircraft to be flown.
    (2) The student's flight instructor must--
    (i) Administer the test; and
    (ii) At the conclusion of the test, review all incorrect answers 
with the student before authorizing that student to conduct a 
supervised PIC flight.
    (c) Supervised PIC flight training. In order to perform supervised 
PIC flight training, a student pilot must have:
    (1) Received and logged flight training on the maneuvers and 
procedures of this section that are appropriate to the make and model 
of aircraft to be flown; and
    (2) Demonstrated satisfactory proficiency and safety, as judged by 
an authorized flight instructor, on the maneuvers and procedures 
required by this section in the make and model of aircraft to be flown.
    (d) Maneuvers and procedures for supervised PIC flight training in 
a single engine airplane. A student pilot who is receiving training in 
a single engine airplane rating must receive and log supervised PIC 
flight training on the following maneuvers and procedures:
    (1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight 
planning and preparation, powerplant operation, and aircraft systems;
    (2) Taxiing or surface operations including runups;
    (3) Takeoffs and landings including normal and crosswind;
    (4) Straight and level flight and turns in both directions;
    (5) Climbs and climbing turns;
    (6) Airport traffic patterns including entry and departure 
procedures;
    (7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake turbulence 
avoidance;
    (8) Descents with and without turns using high and low drag 
configurations;
    (9) Flight at various airspeeds from cruise to slow flight; 

[[Page 41240]]

    (10) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;
    (11) Ground reference maneuvers;
    (12) Approaches to a landing area with simulated engine 
malfunctions;
    (13) Slips to a landing; and
    (14) Go-arounds.
    (e) Maneuvers and procedures for supervised PIC flight training in 
a multiengine airplane. A student pilot who is receiving training in a 
multiengine airplane, must receive and log supervised PIC flight 
training on the following maneuvers and procedures:
    (1) Proper flight preparation procedures including preflight 
planning and preparation, powerplant operation, and aircraft systems;
    (2) Taxiing or surface operations including runups;
    (3) Takeoffs and landings including normal and crosswind;
    (4) Straight and level flight and turns in both directions;
    (5) Climbs and climbing turns;
    (6) Airport traffic patterns including entry and departure 
procedures;
    (7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake turbulence 
avoidance;
    (8) Descents with and without turns using high and low drag 
configurations;
    (9) Flight at various airspeeds from cruise to slow flight;
    (10) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;
    (11) Ground reference maneuvers;
    (12) Approaches to a landing area with simulated engine 
malfunctions; and
    (13) Go-arounds.
    (f) Maneuvers and procedures for supervised PIC flight training in 
a helicopter. A student pilot who is receiving training in a helicopter 
must receive and log supervised PIC flight training on the following 
maneuvers and procedures:
    (1) Proper flight preparation procedures including preflight 
planning and preparation, powerplant operation, and aircraft systems;
    (2) Taxiing or surface operations including runups;
    (3) Takeoffs and landings including normal and crosswind;
    (4) Straight and level flight and turns in both directions;
    (5) Climbs and climbing turns;
    (6) Airport traffic patterns including entry and departure 
procedures;
    (7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake turbulence 
avoidance;
    (8) Descents with and without turns;
    (9) Flight at various airspeeds;
    (10) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;
    (11) Ground reference maneuvers;
    (12) Approaches to the landing area;
    (13) Hovering and hovering turns;
    (14) Go-arounds;
    (15) Simulated emergency procedures, including autorotational 
descents with a power recovery and power recovery to a hover;
    (16) Rapid decelerations; and
    (17) Simulated one engine inoperative approaches and landings for 
multiengine helicopters.
    (g) Maneuvers and procedures for supervised PIC flight training in 
a gyroplane. A student pilot who is receiving training in a gyroplane 
must receive and log supervised PIC flight training on the following 
maneuvers and procedures:
    (1) Proper flight preparation procedures including preflight 
planning and preparation, powerplant operation, and aircraft systems;
    (2) Taxiing or surface operations including runups;
    (3) Takeoffs and landings including normal and crosswind;
    (4) Straight and level flight and turns in both directions;
    (5) Climbs and climbing turns;
    (6) Airport traffic patterns including entry and departure 
procedures;
    (7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake turbulence 
avoidance;
    (8) Descents with and without turns;
    (9) Flight at various airspeeds;
    (10) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;
    (11) Ground reference maneuvers;
    (12) Approaches to the landing area;
    (13) High rates of descents with power on and with simulated power-
off and recovery from those flight configurations;
    (14) Go-arounds; and
    (15) Simulated emergency procedures, including simulated power-off 
landings and simulated power failure during departures.
    (h) Maneuvers and procedures for supervised PIC flight training in 
a powered-lift. A student pilot who is receiving training in a powered-
lift must receive and log supervised PIC flight training on the 
following maneuvers and procedures:
    (1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight 
planning and preparation, powerplant operation, and aircraft systems;
    (2) Taxiing or surface operations including runups;
    (3) Takeoffs and landings including normal and crosswind;
    (4) Straight and level flight and turns in both directions;
    (5) Climbs and climbing turns;
    (6) Airport traffic patterns including entry and departure 
procedures;
    (7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake turbulence 
avoidance;
    (8) Descents with and without turns;
    (9) Flight at various airspeeds from cruise to slow flight;
    (10) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;
    (11) Ground reference maneuvers;
    (12) Approaches to a landing with simulated engine malfunctions;
    (13) Go-arounds;
    (14) Approaches to the landing area;
    (15) Hovering and hovering turns; and
    (16) For multiengine powered-lifts, simulated one engine 
inoperative approaches and landings.
    (i) Maneuvers and procedures for supervised PIC flight training in 
a nonpowered glider. A student pilot who is receiving training in a 
nonpowered glider must receive and log supervised PIC flight training 
on the following maneuvers and procedures:
    (1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight 
planning, preparation, and aircraft systems;
    (2) Launches, including normal and crosswind;
    (3) Straight and level flight and turns in both directions;
    (4) Airport traffic patterns including entry procedures;
    (5) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake turbulence 
avoidance;
    (6) Descents with and without turns using high and low drag 
configurations;
    (7) Flight at various airspeeds;
    (8) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;
    (9) Ground reference maneuvers;
    (10) Inspection of towline rigging and the review of signals and 
release procedures;
    (11) Aerotows or ground tows;
    (12) Procedures for disassembly and assembly of the glider;
    (13) Stall entry, stall, and stall recovery;
    (14) Straight glides, turns, and spirals;
    (15) Landings, including normal and crosswind;
    (16) Slips to a landing;
    (17) Procedures and techniques for thermalling; and
    (18) Emergency operations including towline break procedures.
    (j) Maneuvers and procedures for supervised PIC flight training in 
a powered glider. A student pilot who is receiving training in a 
powered glider must receive and log supervised PIC flight training on 
the following maneuvers and procedures:
    (1) Proper flight preparation procedures including preflight 
planning and preparation, powerplant operation, and aircraft systems; 

[[Page 41241]]

    (2) Taxiing or surface operations including runups;
    (3) Takeoffs and landings including normal and crosswind;
    (4) Straight and level flight and turns in both directions;
    (5) Climbs and climbing turns;
    (6) Airport traffic patterns including entry and departure 
procedures;
    (7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake turbulence 
avoidance;
    (8) Descents with and without turns using high and low drag 
configurations;
    (9) Flight at various airspeeds;
    (10) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;
    (11) Ground reference maneuvers;
    (12) Inspection of towline rigging and the review of signals and 
release procedures;
    (13) Aerotows or ground tows;
    (14) Procedures for disassembly and assembly of the glider;
    (15) Stall entry, stall, and stall recovery;
    (16) Straight glides, turns, and spirals;
    (17) Slips to a landing;
    (18) Procedures and techniques for thermalling; and
    (19) Emergency operations including towline break procedures.
    (k) Maneuvers and procedures for supervised PIC flight training in 
an airship. A student pilot who is receiving training in an airship 
must receive and log supervised PIC flight training on the following 
maneuvers and procedures:
    (1) Proper flight preparation procedures including preflight 
planning and preparation, powerplant operation, and aircraft systems;
    (2) Taxiing or surface operations including runups;
    (3) Takeoffs and landings including normal and crosswind;
    (4) Straight and level flight and turns in both directions;
    (5) Climbs and climbing turns;
    (6) Airport traffic patterns including entry and departure 
procedures;
    (7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake turbulence 
avoidance;
    (8) Descents with and without turns;
    (9) Flight at various airspeeds from cruise to slow flight;
    (10) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;
    (11) Ground reference maneuvers;
    (12) Rigging, ballasting, controlling pressure in the ballonets, 
and superheating; and
    (13) Landings with positive and with negative static trim.
    (l) Maneuvers and procedures for supervised PIC flight training in 
a balloon. A student pilot who is receiving training in a balloon, must 
receive and log supervised PIC flight training on the following 
maneuvers and procedures:
    (1) Layout and assembly procedures;
    (2) Proper flight preparation procedures including preflight 
planning and preparation and aircraft systems;
    (3) Ascents and descents;
    (4) Landing and recovery procedures;
    (5) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;
    (6) Operation of hot air or gas source, ballast, valves, and rip 
panels, as appropriate;
    (7) Use of rip panel for simulating an emergency;
    (8) The effects of wind on climb and approach angles; and
    (9) Obstruction detection and avoidance techniques.
    (m) Limitations on student pilots operating an aircraft in 
supervised PIC flight at night. A student pilot may not operate an 
aircraft in supervised PIC flight at night unless that student pilot 
has received:
    (1) Flight training at night on night flying procedures that 
includes takeoffs, approaches, landings, and go-arounds at night at the 
airport where the supervised PIC flight will be conducted;
    (2) Navigation training at night in the vicinity of the airport 
where the supervised PIC flight will be conducted;
    (3) An endorsement in the student's logbook for the specific make 
and model aircraft to be flown for night supervised PIC flight, by the 
flight instructor who gave the training; and
    (4) An endorsement in the student's logbook, for the specific make 
and model aircraft to be flown for night supervised PIC flight, by the 
flight instructor who gave the training within the 90-day period 
preceding the date of the flight.
    (n) Limitations on student pilots operating an aircraft in 
supervised PIC flight. Student pilots may not operate an aircraft in 
supervised PIC flight unless they have:
    (1) Had their student pilot certificate endorsed, for the specific 
make and model aircraft to be flown, by the flight instructor who gave 
the training; and
    (2) Received a logbook endorsement, for the specific make and model 
aircraft to be flown, by the flight instructor who gave the training 
within the 90 days preceding the date of the flight had.
    (o) Limitations on flight instructors authorizing supervised PIC 
flight.
    (1) No flight instructor may authorize a student pilot to perform a 
supervised PIC flight unless that flight instructor has:
    (i) Given that student pilot training in the aircraft in which the 
supervised PIC flight is to be flown;
    (ii) Determined the student pilot is proficient on the maneuvers 
and procedures prescribed in this section;
    (iii) Determined the student pilot is proficient in the make and 
model of aircraft to be flown;
    (iv) Endorsed the student pilot's certificate for the specific make 
and model aircraft to be flown; and
    (iv) Endorsed the student pilot's logbook for the specific make and 
model aircraft to be flown, and that endorsement remains current for 
supervised PIC flight privileges, provided the flight instructor 
updates the student's logbook every 90 days thereafter.
    (2) The flight training required by this section must be given by 
an authorized flight instructor who is appropriately rated and current.


Sec. 61.89  General limitations.

    (a) A student pilot may not act as pilot in command of an aircraft:
    (1) That is carrying a passenger;
    (2) That is carrying property for compensation or hire;
    (3) For compensation or hire;
    (4) In furtherance of a business;
    (5) On an international flight, except a student pilot may make 
supervised PIC training flights from Haines, Gustavus, or Juneau, 
Alaska to White Horse, Yukon, Canada and return, over the province of 
British Columbia;
    (6) With a flight or surface visibility of less than 3 statute 
miles during daylight hours or 5 statute miles at night;
    (7) When the flight cannot be made with visual reference to the 
surface; and
    (8) In a manner contrary to any limitations placed in the pilot's 
logbook by the instructor.
    (b) A student pilot may not act as a required pilot flight 
crewmember on any aircraft for which more than one pilot is required by 
the type certificate of the aircraft or regulations under which the 
flight is conducted, except when receiving flight training from an 
authorized flight instructor on board an airship and no person other 
than a required flight crewmember is carried on the aircraft.


Sec. 61.91  [Reserved.]


Sec. 61.93  Supervised pilot in command cross-country flight 
requirements.

    (a) General.
    (1) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, a student 
pilot must meet the requirements of this section before:
    (i) Conducting a supervised PIC cross-country flight, or any 
flight, greater than 25 nautical miles from the airport from where the 
flight originated. 

[[Page 41242]]

    (ii) Making a supervised PIC flight and landing at any location 
other than the airport of origination.
    (2) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, a student 
pilot who seeks supervised PIC cross-country flight privileges must:
    (i) Have received flight training from an authorized flight 
instructor on the maneuvers and procedures of this section that are 
appropriate to the make and model aircraft for which supervised PIC 
cross-country privileges are sought;
    (ii) Have demonstrated cross country proficiency on the appropriate 
maneuvers and procedures of this section and to an authorized flight 
instructor;
    (iii) Have satisfactorily accomplished the supervised PIC flight 
maneuvers and procedures, required by Sec. 61.87 of this part, in the 
make and model aircraft for which supervised PIC cross-country 
privileges are sought; and
    (iv) Comply with any limitations included in the flight 
instructor's endorsement that is required by paragraph (c) of this 
section.
    (3) A student pilot who seeks supervised PIC cross-country flight 
privileges must have received ground training from an authorized ground 
or flight instructor and flight training from an authorized flight 
instructor on the cross-country maneuvers and procedures listed in this 
section that are appropriate to the aircraft to be flown.
    (4) A student pilot who seeks supervised PIC cross-country flight 
privileges must have demonstrated the cross-country maneuvers and 
procedures of this section to an acceptable level of proficiency to an 
authorized flight instructor.
    (b) Authorization to perform certain supervised PIC flights and 
cross-country flights. A student pilot may receive an endorsement from 
an authorized flight instructor to make supervised PIC flights from the 
airport where the student pilot normally receives training to another 
location, if that student pilot complies with this paragraph.
    (1) Supervised PIC flights may be made to another airport that is 
within 25 nautical miles from the airport where the student pilot 
normally receives training, provided--
    (i) An authorized flight instructor has given the student pilot 
flight training at the other airport, and that training includes flight 
in both directions over the route, entering and exiting the traffic 
pattern, and takeoffs and landings at the other airport;
    (ii) The flight instructor endorses that student pilot's logbook 
authorizing the flight;
    (iii) The student pilot has a current supervised PIC flight 
endorsement in accordance with Sec. 61.87 of this part;
    (iv) The flight instructor has determined that the student pilot is 
proficient to make the flight; and
    (v) The purpose of the flight is to practice takeoffs and landings 
at that other airport.
    (2) Repeated specific supervised PIC cross-country flights may be 
made to another airport that is within 50 nautical miles of the airport 
from which the flight originated, provided--
    (i) The flight instructor has given the student flight training in 
both directions over the route, including entry and exiting the traffic 
patterns, takeoffs, and landings at the airports to be used;
    (ii) The flight instructor who gave the training has endorsed the 
student's logbook certifying that the student is proficient to make 
such flights;
    (iii) The student has a current supervised PIC endorsement in 
accordance with Sec. 61.87 of this part; and
    (iv) The student has a current supervised PIC cross country flight 
endorsement in accordance with Sec. 61.93 of this part.
    (c) Endorsements for supervised PIC cross country flights. A 
student pilot must have the endorsements prescribed in this paragraph 
for each cross-country flight:
    (1) Student pilot certificate endorsement. A student pilot must 
have a supervised PIC cross-country endorsement from the flight 
instructor who conducted the training, and that endorsement must be 
placed on that person's student pilot certificate for the specific make 
and model of aircraft to be flown.
    (2) Logbook endorsement.
    (i) A student pilot must have a supervised PIC cross-country 
endorsement from the flight instructor, who conducted the training, and 
that endorsement must be placed in that person's logbook for the 
specific make and model of aircraft to be flown.
    (ii) A certificated pilot who is receiving training for an 
additional aircraft category and class rating must have an endorsement 
from the flight instructor who conducted the training, and that 
endorsement must be placed in that person's logbook for the specific 
make and model of aircraft to be flown.
    (iii) For each cross-country flight, the flight instructor who 
reviews the cross-country planning must make an endorsement in the 
person's logbook after reviewing that person's cross-country planning. 
The endorsement must--
    (A) Specify the make and model of aircraft to be flown;
    (B) State that the student's preflight planning and preparation is 
correct and that the student is prepared to make the flight safely 
under the known circumstances; and
    (C) State that any limitations required by the student's instructor 
are met.
    (d) Maneuvers and procedures for supervised PIC cross-country 
flight training in a single engine airplane. A student pilot, who is 
receiving training for supervised PIC cross country flight training in 
a single engine airplane, must receive and log supervised PIC cross 
country flight training on the following maneuvers and procedures:
    (1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage 
and dead reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;
    (2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to cross-country 
flight;
    (3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports and 
forecasts, including recognition of critical weather situations and 
estimating visibility while in flight;
    (4) Emergency procedures;
    (5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure, area 
arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and approach;
    (6) Procedures and operating practices for collision avoidance, 
wake turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;
    (7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of 
hazardous terrain features in the geographical area where the cross-
country flight will be flown;
    (8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment 
installed in the aircraft to be flown, including recognition and use of 
the proper operational procedures and indications;
    (9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way communications;
    (10) Takeoff, approach, and landing procedures, including short 
field, soft field, and crosswind takeoffs, approaches, and landings;
    (11) Climbs at best angle and best rate; and
    (12) Control and maneuvering solely by reference to flight 
instruments, including straight and level flight, turns, descents, 
climbs, use of radio aids, and ATC directives.
    (e) Maneuvers and procedures for supervised PIC cross-country 
flight training in a multiengine airplane. A student pilot who is 
receiving training for supervised PIC cross country flight training in 
a multiengine airplane must receive and log supervised PIC cross 
country flight training on the following maneuvers and procedures:
    (1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage 
and dead 

[[Page 41243]]
reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;
    (2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to cross-country 
flight;
    (3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports and 
forecasts, including recognition of critical weather situations and 
estimating visibility while in flight;
    (4) Emergency procedures;
    (5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure, area 
arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and approach;
    (6) Procedures and operating practices for collision avoidance, 
wake turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;
    (7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of 
hazardous terrain features in the geographical area where the cross-
country flight will be flown;
    (8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment 
installed in the aircraft to be flown, including recognition and use of 
the proper operational procedures and indications;
    (9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way communications;
    (10) Takeoff, approach, and landing procedures, including short 
field, soft field, and crosswind takeoffs, approaches, and landings;
    (11) Climbs at best angle and best rate; and
    (12) Control and maneuvering solely by reference to flight 
instruments, including straight and level flight, turns, descents, 
climbs, use of radio aids, and ATC directives.
    (f) Maneuvers and procedures for supervised PIC cross-country 
flight training in a helicopter. A student pilot who is receiving 
training for supervised PIC cross country flight training in a 
helicopter must receive and log supervised PIC cross country flight 
training on the following maneuvers and procedures:
    (1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage 
and dead reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;
    (2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to cross-country 
flight;
    (3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports and 
forecasts, including recognition of critical weather situations and 
estimating visibility while in flight;
    (4) Emergency procedures;
    (5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure, area 
arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and approach;
    (6) Procedures and operating practices for collision avoidance, 
wake turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;
    (7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of 
hazardous terrain features in the geographical area where the cross-
country flight will be flown;
    (8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment 
installed in the aircraft to be flown, including recognition and use of 
the proper operational procedures and indications;
    (9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way communications; 
and
    (10) Takeoff, approach, and landing procedures.
    (g) Maneuvers and procedures for supervised PIC cross-country 
flight training in a gyroplane. A student pilot who is receiving 
training for supervised PIC cross country flight training in a 
gyroplane must receive and log supervised PIC cross country flight 
training on the following maneuvers and procedures:
    (1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage 
and dead reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;
    (2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to cross-country 
flight;
    (3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports and 
forecasts, including recognition of critical weather situations and 
estimating visibility while in flight;
    (4) Emergency procedures;
    (5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure, area 
arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and approach;
    (6) Procedures and operating practices for collision avoidance, 
wake turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;
    (7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of 
hazardous terrain features in the geographical area where the cross-
country flight will be flown;
    (8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment 
installed in the aircraft to be flown, including recognition and use of 
the proper operational procedures and indications;
    (9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way communications; 
and
    (10) Takeoff, approach, and landing procedures, including short 
field and soft field takeoffs, approaches, and landings.
    (h) Maneuvers and procedures for supervised PIC cross-country 
flight training in a powered-lift. A student pilot who is receiving 
training for supervised PIC cross country flight training in a powered-
lift must receive and log supervised PIC cross country flight training 
on the following maneuvers and procedures:
    (1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage 
and dead reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;
    (2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to cross-country 
flight;
    (3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports and 
forecasts, including recognition of critical weather situations and 
estimating visibility while in flight;
    (4) Emergency procedures;
    (5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure, area 
arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and approach;
    (6) Procedures and operating practices for collision avoidance, 
wake turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;
    (7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of 
hazardous terrain features in the geographical area where the cross-
country flight will be flown;
    (8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment 
installed in the aircraft to be flown, including recognition and use of 
the proper operational procedures and indications;
    (9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way communications;
    (10) Takeoff, approach, and landing procedures that include high 
altitude, steep, and shallow takeoffs, high altitude, steep, and 
shallow approaches and landings; and
    (11) Control and maneuvering solely by reference to flight 
instruments, including straight and level flight, turns, descents, 
climbs, use of radio aids, and radar directives.
    (i) Maneuvers and procedures for supervised PIC cross-country 
flight training in a nonpowered glider. A student pilot who is 
receiving training for supervised PIC cross country flight training in 
a nonpowered glider must receive and log supervised PIC cross country 
flight training on the following maneuvers and procedures:
    (1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage 
and dead reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;
    (2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to cross-country 
flight;
    (3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports and 
forecasts, including recognition of critical weather situations and 
estimating visibility while in flight;
    (4) Emergency situations procedures;
    (5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure, area 
arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and approach;
    (6) Procedures and operating practices for collision avoidance, 
wake turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;
    (7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of 
hazardous terrain features in the geographical area where the cross-
country flight will be flown; 

[[Page 41244]]

    (8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment 
installed in the aircraft to be flown, including recognition and use of 
the proper operational procedures and indications;
    (9) Landings accomplished without the use of the altimeter from at 
least 2,000 feet above the surface; and
    (10) Recognition of weather and upper air conditions favorable for 
cross-country soaring, ascending and descending flight, and altitude 
control.
    (j) Maneuvers and procedures for supervised PIC cross-country 
flight training in a powered glider. A student pilot who is receiving 
training for supervised PIC cross country flight training in a powered 
glider must receive and log supervised PIC cross country flight 
training on the following maneuvers and procedures:
    (1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage 
and dead reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;
    (2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to cross-country 
flight;
    (3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports and 
forecasts, including recognition of critical weather situations and 
estimating visibility while in flight;
    (4) Emergency procedures;
    (5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure, area 
arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and approach;
    (6) Procedures and operating practices for collision avoidance, 
wake turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;
    (7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of 
hazardous terrain features in the geographical area where the cross-
country flight will be flown;
    (8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment 
installed in the aircraft to be flown, including recognition and use of 
the proper operational procedures and indications;
    (9) Landings accomplished without the use of the altimeter from at 
least 2,000 feet above the surface; and
    (10) Recognition of weather and upper air conditions favorable for 
cross-country soaring, ascending and descending flight, and altitude 
control.
    (k) Maneuvers and procedures for supervised PIC cross-country 
flight training in an airship. A student pilot who is receiving 
training for supervised PIC cross country flight training in an airship 
must receive and log supervised PIC cross country flight training on 
the following maneuvers and procedures:
    (1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage 
and dead reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;
    (2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to cross-country 
flight;
    (3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports and 
forecasts, including recognition of critical weather situations and 
estimating visibility while in flight;
    (4) Emergency procedures;
    (5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure, area 
arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and approach;
    (6) Procedures and operating practices for collision avoidance, 
wake turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;
    (7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of 
hazardous terrain features in the geographical area where the cross-
country flight will be flown;
    (8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment 
installed in the aircraft to be flown, including recognition and use of 
the proper operational procedures and indications;
    (9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way communications;
    (10) Control of air pressure with regard to ascending and 
descending flight and altitude control;
    (11) Control of airship solely by reference to flight instruments; 
and
    (12) Recognition of weather and upper air conditions conducive for 
the direction of cross-country flight.
    (l) Maneuvers and procedures for supervised PIC cross-country 
flight training in a balloon. A student pilot who is receiving training 
for supervised PIC-cross country flight training in a balloon must 
receive and log supervised PIC cross-country flight training on the 
following maneuvers and procedures:
    (1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage 
and dead reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;
    (2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to cross-country 
flight;
    (3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports and 
forecasts, including recognition of critical weather situations and 
estimating visibility while in flight;
    (4) Emergency procedures;
    (5) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of 
hazardous terrain features in the geographical area where the cross-
country flight will be flown;
    (6) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment 
installed in the aircraft to be flown, including recognition and use of 
the proper operational procedures and indications;
    (7) Control of gas pressure or burner, as appropriate, in relation 
to ascending and descending flight and altitude control; and
    (8) Recognition of weather and upper air conditions conducive for 
the direction of cross-country flight.
    (m) Limitations on flight instructors authorizing supervised PIC 
cross-country flights. A flight instructor may not authorize a student 
pilot to conduct a supervised PIC cross-country flight unless that 
instructor has:
    (1) Determined that the student's cross country planning is correct 
for the flight;
    (2) Reviewed the current and forecast weather conditions and has 
determined that the flight can be completed under VFR;
    (3) Determined that the student is proficient to conduct the flight 
safely;
    (4) Determined that the student has the appropriate supervised PIC 
cross-country endorsement for the make and model of aircraft to be 
flown; and
    (5) Determined that the student's supervised PIC flight endorsement 
is current for the make and model aircraft to be flown.


Sec. 61.95  Operations in Class B airspace and at airports located 
within Class B airspace.

    (a) A student pilot may not operate an aircraft on a supervised PIC 
flight in Class B airspace unless the:
    (1) Student pilot has received both ground and flight training from 
an authorized instructor on that Class B airspace area and the flight 
training was received in the specific Class B airspace area for which 
supervised PIC flight is authorized;
    (2) Logbook of that student pilot has been endorsed by the flight 
instructor who gave the student pilot flight training, and the 
endorsement must be dated within the 90-day period preceding the date 
of the flight in that Class B airspace area; and
    (3) Logbook endorsement specifies that the student pilot has 
received the required ground and flight training and has been found 
proficient to conduct supervised PIC flight in that specific Class B 
airspace area.
    (b) A student pilot may not operate an aircraft on a supervised PIC 
flight to, from, or at an airport located within Class B airspace 
listed in Sec. 91.131(b) of this chapter unless the:
    (1) Student pilot has received both ground and flight training from 
an authorized instructor to operate at that airport and the flight and 
ground training has been received at the specific airport for which the 
supervised PIC flight is authorized;
    (2) Logbook of that student pilot has been endorsed by the flight 
instructor who gave the student pilot flight training, and the 
endorsement must be dated within the 90-day period 

[[Page 41245]]
preceding the date of the flight at that airport; and
    (3) Logbook endorsement specifies that the student pilot has 
received the required ground and flight training and has been found 
proficient to conduct supervised PIC flight operations at that specific 
airport.

Subpart D--Recreational Pilots


Sec. 61.96  Applicability.

    This subpart prescribes the requirement for the issuance of 
recreational pilot certificates and ratings, the conditions under which 
those certificates and ratings are necessary, and the general operating 
rules for persons who hold those certificates and ratings.


Sec. 61.96a  Eligibility requirements: General.

    To be eligible for a recreational pilot certificate, a person who 
applies for that certificate must:
    (a) Be at least 17 years of age;
    (b) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English 
language;
    (c) Affix a signed and dated statement to the application 
certifying the person does not have any known medical limitations that 
prevents the person from operating the aircraft, for the aircraft 
category and class rating sought;
    (d) Receive a logbook endorsement from an authorized flight or 
ground instructor who--
    (1) Conducted the training or reviewed the applicant's home study 
on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in Sec. 61.97(b) of this 
part that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought; and
    (2) Certified that the applicant is prepared for the required 
knowledge test.
    (e) Satisfactorily accomplish the required knowledge test on the 
aeronautical knowledge areas listed in Sec. 61.97(b) of this part;
    (f) Receive flight training and a logbook endorsement from the 
authorized flight instructor who--
    (1) Conducted the training on the approved areas of operation 
listed in Sec. 61.98(b) of this part that apply to the aircraft 
category and class rating sought; and
    (2) Certified that the applicant is prepared for the required 
practical test.
    (g) Meet the aeronautical experience requirements of Sec. 61.99 of 
this part that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought;
    (h) Satisfactorily accomplish the required practical test on the 
approved areas of operation listed in Sec. 61.98(b) of this part that 
apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought; and
    (i) Comply with the sections of this part that apply to the 
aircraft category and class rating sought.


Sec. 61.97  Aeronautical knowledge.

    (a) General. A person who applies for a recreational pilot 
certificate must receive and log ground training from an authorized 
flight or ground instructor, or complete a home study course on the 
aeronautical knowledge areas of paragraph (b) of this section that 
apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought.
    (b) Aeronautical knowledge areas.
    (1) The applicable Federal Aviation Regulations for recreational 
pilot privileges, limitations, and flight operations that apply to the 
aircraft rating sought;
    (2) Accident reporting requirements of the National Transportation 
Safety Board;
    (3) Use of the applicable portions of the ``Airman's Information 
Manual'' and FAA advisory circulars;
    (4) The use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using 
pilotage with the aid of a magnetic compass;
    (5) The recognition of critical weather situations from the ground 
and in flight, windshear avoidance, and the procurement and use of 
aeronautical weather reports and forecasts;
    (6) The safe and efficient operation of aircraft, including 
collision avoidance, and recognition and avoidance of wake turbulence;
    (7) The effects of density altitude on takeoff and climb 
performance;
    (8) Weight and balance computations;
    (9) Principles of aerodynamics, powerplants, and aircraft systems;
    (10) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery 
techniques, if applying for an airplane-single engine rating;
    (11) Aeronautical decision making and judgment; and
    (12) Preflight action that includes:
    (i) How to obtain information on runway lengths at airports of 
intended use, data on takeoff and landing distances, weather reports 
and forecasts, and fuel requirements;
    (ii) How to plan for alternatives if the planned flight cannot be 
completed; and
    (iii) Proper planning procedures for possible traffic delays.


Sec. 61.98  Flight proficiency.
    (a) General. A person who applies for a recreational pilot 
certificate must have received and logged ground training from 
authorized ground or flight instructor, and flight training from an 
authorized flight instructor on the approved areas of operation of this 
section that apply to the aircraft class rating sought.
    (b) For an single engine airplane rating. Areas of operation for an 
airplane category rating with a single engine class rating are the 
following:
    (1) Preflight preparation;
    (2) Preflight procedures;
    (3) Airport operations;
    (4) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (5) Performance maneuvers;
    (6) Ground reference maneuvers;
    (7) Navigation;
    (8) Stalls and slow flight;
    (9) Emergency operations; and
    (10) Postflight procedures.
    (c) For a helicopter rating. Areas of operation for a rotorcraft 
category rating with a helicopter class rating are the following:
    (1) Preflight preparation;
    (2) Preflight procedures;
    (3) Airport and heliport operations;
    (4) Hovering maneuvers;
    (5) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (6) Performance maneuvers;
    (7) Ground reference maneuvers;
    (8) Navigation;
    (9) Emergency operations; and
    (10) Postflight procedures.
    (d) For a gyroplane rating. Areas of operation for a rotorcraft 
category rating with a gyroplane class rating are the following:
    (1) Preflight preparation;
    (2) Preflight procedures;
    (3) Airport operations;
    (4) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (5) Performance maneuvers;
    (6) Ground reference maneuvers;
    (7) Navigation;
    (8) Flight at slow airspeeds;
    (9) Emergency operations; and
    (10) Postflight procedures.


Sec. 61.99  Aeronautical experience.

    A person who applies for a recreational pilot certificate must 
accomplish and log at least 30 hours of flight training time that 
includes at least:
    (a) Fifteen hours of flight training from an authorized flight 
instructor on the approved areas of operation listed in Sec. 61.98 of 
this part that consists of at least--
    (1) Except as provided in Sec. 61.100 of this part, 2 hours of 
flight training to and at an airport that is located more than 25 
nautical miles from the airport where the applicant normally trains, 
which includes at least 3 takeoffs and 3 landings; and
    (2) Three hours of flight training in the aircraft for the rating 
sought in preparation for the practical test within the 60 days 
preceding the date of the practical test. 

[[Page 41246]]

    (b) Three hours of supervised PIC flying in the aircraft for the 
rating sought, on the approved areas of operation listed in Sec. 61.98 
of this part that apply to the aircraft category and class rating 
sought.


Sec. 61.100  Pilots based on small islands.

    A person who applies for a recreational pilot certificate, is based 
and receives training on a small island that has only one airport, and 
who cannot comply with the distance requirements of Sec. 61.99(a)(1) of 
this part without flying over water for more than 10 nautical miles 
from the nearest shoreline is subject to the following limitations and 
conditions:
    (a) The applicant's pilot certificate will be issued with the 
limitation, ``Passenger carrying prohibited in flights more than 10 
nautical miles from the (appropriate island).''
    (b) Upon meeting the distance requirements of Sec. 61.99(a)(1) of 
this part, the applicant may have the limitation in paragraph (a) of 
this section removed.


Sec. 61.101  Recreational pilot privileges and limitations.

    (a) A person who holds a recreational pilot certificate may:
    (1) Carry no more than one passenger; and
    (2) Share equally the operating expenses of a flight with a 
passenger, provided the expenses involve only fuel, oil, and airport 
expenses.
    (b) A person who holds a recreational pilot certificate may act as 
pilot in command of an aircraft on a flight that is within 50 nautical 
miles from the departure airport, provided that person:
    (1) Received ground and flight training on takeoff, departure, 
arrival, and landing procedures at the departure airport;
    (2) Received ground and flight training on the area, terrain, and 
aids to navigation that are in the vicinity of the departure airport;
    (3) Has been found proficient to operate the airplane at the 
departure airport and the area within 50 nautical miles from that 
airport, and has received a logbook endorsement from the authorized 
flight instructor who gave the person the training prescribed by this 
paragraph; and
    (4) Received a logbook endorsement that authorizes flight, which is 
carried in the person's possession in the aircraft.
    (c) A person who holds a recreational pilot certificate may act as 
pilot in command of an aircraft on a flight that exceeds 50 nautical 
miles from the departure airport, provided that person:
    (1) Has received ground and flight training from an authorized 
flight instructor on the cross country training requirements of subpart 
E of this part that apply to the aircraft rating held;
    (2) Has been found proficient in cross country flying, and has 
received a logbook endorsement from the authorized flight instructor, 
who gave the person the cross country training prescribed by subpart E 
of this part that apply to the aircraft rating held; and
    (3) Received a logbook endorsement, which is carried in the 
person's possession in the aircraft, that certifies the person has 
received and been found proficient on the cross training requirements 
of subpart E of this part that apply to the aircraft rating held.
    (d) Except as provided in paragraph (h) of this section, a 
recreational pilot may not act as pilot in command of an aircraft:
    (1) That is certificated for more than four occupants, with more 
than one powerplant, with a powerplant of more than 180 horsepower, or 
with retractable landing gear.
    (2) That is classified as a multiengine airplane, powered-lift, 
glider, airship, or balloon;
    (3) That is carrying a passenger or property for compensation or 
hire;
    (4) For compensation or hire;
    (5) In furtherance of a business;
    (6) Between sunset and sunrise;
    (7) In airspace in which communication with air traffic control is 
required;
    (8) At an altitude of more than 10,000 feet MSL or 2,000 feet AGL, 
whichever is higher;
    (9) When the flight or surface visibility is less than 3 statute 
miles;
    (10) Without visual reference to the surface;
    (11) On a flight outside the United States;
    (12) To demonstrate that aircraft in flight to a prospective buyer;
    (13) That is used in a passenger-carrying airlift and sponsored by 
a charitable organization; and
    (14) That is towing any object.
    (e) A recreational pilot may not act as a required pilot flight 
crewmember on any aircraft for which more than one pilot is required by 
the type certificate of the aircraft or the regulations under which the 
flight is conducted, except when:
    (1) Receiving flight training from an authorized flight instructor 
on board an airship; or
    (2) The other person on the aircraft is a required flight 
crewmember.
    (f) A person who holds a recreational pilot certificate and has 
logged fewer than 400 flight hours and has not logged pilot-in-command 
time in an aircraft within the 180 days preceding the flight shall not 
act as pilot in command of an aircraft:
    (1) Until the pilot received flight training and a logbook 
endorsement from an authorized flight instructor who gave that person 
the flight training, and the instructor certified that the person is 
proficient to act as pilot in command of the aircraft; or
    (2) Unless the pilot has satisfactorily accomplished a combination 
of the requirements of Secs. 61.56 and 61.57 of this part, which meet 
the requirements of this paragraph.
    (g) The recreational pilot certificate issued under this part will 
carry the notation on the person's pilot certificate, ``Holder does not 
meet ICAO requirements.''
    (h) A recreational pilot may operate an aircraft as the sole 
occupant in the conditions and in an aircraft described in paragraph 
(d) of this section, provided the pilot:
    (1) Is under the supervision of an authorized flight instructor for 
the purpose of obtaining an additional certificate or rating;
    (2) Has received, within the 90-day period preceding the date of 
the flight, a logbook endorsement from an authorized flight instructor 
and that endorsement must certify the pilot has met the appropriate 
aeronautical knowledge and flight training requirements listed in 
Sec. 61.87 of this part for the aircraft to be flown;
    (3) Received within the 90 days preceding the date of the flight a 
logbook endorsement from an authorized flight instructor and that 
endorsement must certify the pilot is proficient to operate in that 
airspace, for operating an aircraft in airspace that requires 
communication with air traffic control;
    (4) Received within the 90 days preceding the date of the flight, a 
logbook endorsement from an authorized flight instructor and that 
endorsement must certify the pilot is proficient to operate the 
aircraft in those flight conditions, for an operating an aircraft 
between sunset and sunrise, and provided the flight or surface 
visibility conditions are at least 5 statute miles; and
    (5) Received a logbook endorsement described in this paragraph and 
carried in the pilot's physical possession in the aircraft.

Subpart E--Private Pilots


Sec. 61.102  Applicability.

    This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of 
private pilot certificates and ratings, the conditions under which 
those 

[[Page 41247]]
certificates and ratings are necessary, and the general operating rules 
for persons who hold those certificates and ratings.


Sec. 61.103  Eligibility requirements: General.

    To be eligible for a private pilot certificate, a person must:
    (a) Be at least 17 years of age, or for a rating in a glider or 
balloon be at least 16 years of age.
    (b) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English 
language.
    (c) Hold at least a current third-class medical certificate issued 
under part 67 of this chapter, or for a rating in a glider or balloon 
affix a signed and dated statement to the application certifying that 
no known medical defect exists that would make the person unable to 
pilot a glider or balloon, as appropriate.
    (d) Receive a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor 
who--
    (1) Conducted the training or reviewed the person's home study on 
the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in Sec. 61.105(b) of this part 
that apply to the aircraft rating sought; and
    (2) Certified that the person is prepared for the required 
knowledge test.
    (e) Satisfactorily accomplish the required knowledge test on the 
aeronautical knowledge areas listed in Sec. 61.105(b) of this part.
    (f) Receive flight training and a logbook endorsement from the 
authorized instructor who--
    (1) Conducted the training on the approved areas of operation 
listed in Sec. 61.107 of this part that apply to the aircraft rating 
sought; and
    (2) Certified that the person is prepared for the required 
practical test.
    (g) Meet the aeronautical experience requirements of this part that 
apply to the aircraft rating sought before applying for the practical 
test.
    (h) Satisfactorily accomplishes a practical test on the approved 
areas of operation listed in Sec. 61.107 of this part that apply to the 
aircraft rating sought.
    (i) Comply with the appropriate sections of this part that apply to 
the aircraft rating sought.


Sec. 61.105  Aeronautical knowledge.

    (a) General. A person who is applying for a private pilot 
certificate must receive and log ground training from an authorized 
flight or ground instructor, or complete a home study course on the 
aeronautical knowledge areas of paragraph (b) of this section that 
apply to the aircraft rating sought.
    (b) Aeronautical knowledge areas.
    (1) The applicable Federal Aviation Regulations for private pilot 
privileges, limitations, and flight operations;
    (2) Accident reporting requirements of the National Transportation 
Safety Board;
    (3) Use of the applicable portions of the ``Airman's Information 
Manual'' and FAA advisory circulars;
    (4) The use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using 
pilotage, dead reckoning, and radio aids;
    (5) Radio communication procedures;
    (6) The recognition of critical weather situations from the ground 
and in flight, windshear avoidance, and the procurement and use of 
aeronautical weather reports and forecasts;
    (7) The safe and efficient operation of aircraft, including 
collision avoidance, and recognition and avoidance of wake turbulence;
    (8) The effects of density altitude on takeoff and climb 
performance;
    (9) Weight and balance computations;
    (10) Principles of aerodynamics, powerplants, and aircraft systems;
    (11) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery 
techniques for the airplane and glider category and class ratings;
    (12) Aeronautical decision making and judgment; and
    (13) Preflight action that includes:
    (i) How to obtain information on runway lengths at airports of 
intended use, data on takeoff and landing distances, weather reports 
and forecasts, and fuel requirements;
    (ii) How to plan for alternatives if the planned flight cannot be 
completed; and
    (iii) How to plan procedures for possible traffic delays.


Sec. 61.107  Flight proficiency.

    (a) General. A person who applies for a private pilot certificate 
must receive and log ground training from an authorized ground or 
flight instructor and flight training from an authorized flight 
instructor on the approved areas of operation of this section that 
apply to the aircraft rating sought.
    (b) Areas of operation for an airplane category rating with a 
single engine class rating. Areas of operation for an airplane category 
rating with a single engine class rating are the following:
    (1) Preflight preparation;
    (2) Preflight procedures;
    (3) Airport and seaplane base operations;
    (4) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (5) Performance maneuvers;
    (6) Ground reference maneuvers;
    (7) Navigation;
    (8) Stalls and slow flight;
    (9) Basic instrument maneuvers;
    (10) Emergency operations;
    (11) Night operations, except as provided in Sec. 61.110 of this 
part; and
    (12) Postflight procedures.
    (c) Areas of operation for an airplane category rating with a 
multiengine class rating. Areas of operation for an airplane category 
rating with a multiengine class rating are the following:
    (1) Preflight preparation;
    (2) Preflight procedures;
    (3) Airport and seaplane base operations;
    (4) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (5) Performance maneuvers;
    (6) Ground reference maneuvers;
    (7) Navigation;
    (8) Stalls and slow flight;
    (9) Basic instrument maneuvers;
    (10) Emergency operations;
    (11) Multiengine operations;
    (12) Night operations, except as provided in Sec. 61.110 of this 
part; and
    (13) Postflight procedures.
    (d) Areas of operation for a rotorcraft category rating with a 
helicopter class rating. Areas of operation for a rotorcraft category 
rating with a helicopter class rating are the following:
    (1) Preflight preparation;
    (2) Preflight procedures;
    (3) Airport and heliport operations;
    (4) Hovering maneuvers;
    (5) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (6) Performance maneuvers;
    (7) Navigation;
    (8) Emergency operations;
    (9) Night operations, except as provided in Sec. 61.110 of this 
part; and
    (10) Postflight procedures.
    (e) Areas of operation for a rotorcraft category rating with a 
gyroplane class rating. Areas of operation for a rotorcraft category 
rating with a gyroplane class rating are the following:
    (1) Preflight preparation;
    (2) Preflight procedures;
    (3) Airport operations;
    (4) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (5) Performance maneuvers;
    (6) Ground reference maneuvers;
    (7) Navigation;
    (8) Flight at slow airspeeds;
    (9) Emergency operations;
    (10) Night operations, except as provided in Sec. 61.110 of this 
part; and
    (11) Postflight procedures.
    (f) Areas of operation for a powered-lift category rating. Areas of 
operation for a powered-lift category rating are the following:
    (1) Preflight preparation;
    (2) Preflight procedures;
    (3) Airport and heliport operations;
    (4) Hovering maneuvers;
    (5) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (6) Performance maneuvers; 

[[Page 41248]]

    (7) Ground reference maneuvers;
    (8) Navigation;
    (9) Stalls and slow flight;
    (10) Basic instrument maneuvers;
    (11) Emergency operations;
    (12) Night operations, except as provided in Sec. 61.110 of this 
part; and
    (13) Postflight procedures.
    (g) Areas of operation for a glider category rating with a non-
powered class rating. Areas of operation for a glider category rating 
with a non-powered class rating are the following:
    (1) Preflight preparation;
    (2) Preflight procedures;
    (3) Airport and gliderport operations;
    (4) Launches and landings;
    (5) Performance speeds;
    (6) Soaring techniques;
    (7) Performance maneuvers;
    (8) Navigation;
    (9) Stalls and slow flight;
    (10) Emergency operations; and
    (11) Postflight procedures.
    (h) Areas of operation for a glider category rating with a powered 
class rating. Areas of operation for a glider category rating with a 
powered class rating are the following:
    (1) Preflight preparation;
    (2) Preflight procedures;
    (3) Airport and gliderport operations;
    (4) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (5) Performance speeds;
    (6) Soaring techniques;
    (7) Performance maneuvers;
    (8) Navigation;
    (9) Stalls and slow flight;
    (10) Emergency operations; and
    (11) Postflight procedures.
    (i) Areas of operation for a lighter-than-air category rating with 
an airship class rating. Areas of operation for a lighter-than-air 
category rating with an airship class rating are the following:
    (1) Preflight preparation;
    (2) Preflight procedures;
    (3) Airport operations;
    (4) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (5) Performance maneuvers;
    (6) Ground reference maneuvers;
    (7) Navigation;
    (8) Emergency operations; and
    (9) Postflight procedures.
    (j) Areas of operation for a lighter-than-air category rating with 
a balloon class rating. Areas of operation for a lighter-than-air 
category rating with a balloon class rating are the following:
    (1) Preflight preparation;
    (2) Preflight procedures;
    (3) Balloonport operations;
    (4) Lift-offs and landings;
    (5) Performance maneuvers;
    (6) Navigation;
    (7) Emergency operations; and
    (8) Postflight procedures.


Sec. 61.109  Aeronautical experience.

    (a) A person who applies for a private pilot certificate with an 
airplane, rotorcraft, or powered-lift category rating must accomplish 
and log at least 40 hours of flight time that includes at least 20 
hours of flight training time from an authorized flight instructor and 
5 hours of supervised PIC flight time, on the approved areas of 
operation listed in Sec. 61.107 of this part, and the training must 
include at least:
    (1) For an airplane single engine rating.
    (i) Three hours of cross-country flight training in a single engine 
airplane;
    (ii) Except as provided in Sec. 61.110 of this part, 3 hours of 
night flight training in a single engine airplane that includes--
    (A) One cross country flight of over 100 nautical miles duration; 
and
    (B) Ten takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop (with each landing 
involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport.
    (iii) Three hours of instrument flight training in a single engine 
airplane;
    (iv) Three hours of flight training in preparation for the 
practical test in a single engine airplane, and must have been 
performed within 60 days preceding the date of the test; and
    (v) Supervised PIC flying in a single engine airplane, consisting 
of at least--
    (A) One supervised PIC cross-country flight of over 100 nautical 
miles, landings at a minimum of three points, and one route of the 
flight being a straight line distance of at least 50 nautical miles 
between the takeoff and landing locations; and
    (B) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with each 
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport with 
an operating control tower.
    (2) For an airplane multiengine rating.
    (i) Three hours of cross-country flight training in a multiengine 
airplane;
    (ii) Except as provided in Sec. 61.110 of this part, 3 hours of 
night flight training in a multiengine airplane that includes--
    (A) One cross country flight of over 100 nautical miles duration; 
and
    (B) Ten takeoffs and ten landings to a full stop (with each landing 
involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport.
    (iii) Three hours of instrument flight training in a multiengine 
airplane;
    (iv) Three hours of flight training in preparation for the 
practical test in a multiengine airplane, and must have been performed 
within the 60-day period preceding the date of the test; and
    (v) Supervised PIC flying in a multiengine airplane, consisting of 
at least--
    (A) One supervised PIC cross-country flight of over 100 nautical 
miles, landings at a minimum of three points, and one route of the 
flight being a straight line distance of at least 50 nautical miles 
between the takeoff and landing locations; and
    (B) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with each 
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport with 
an operating control tower.
    (3) For a rotorcraft-helicopter rating.
    (i) Three hours of cross-country flight training in a helicopter;
    (ii) Except as provided in Sec. 61.110 of this part, 3 hours of 
night flight training in a helicopter that includes--
    (A) One cross country flight of over 50 nautical miles duration; 
and
    (B) Ten takeoffs and ten landings to a full stop (with each landing 
involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport.
    (iii) Three hours of flight training in preparation for the 
practical test in a helicopter, and must have been performed within 60 
days preceding the date of the test; and
    (iv) Supervised PIC flying in a helicopter, consisting of at 
least--
    (A) One supervised PIC cross-country flight of over 50 nautical 
miles, landings at a minimum of three points, and one route of the 
flight being a straight line distance of at least 25 nautical miles 
between the takeoff and landing locations; and
    (B) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with each 
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport with 
an operating control tower.
    (4) For a rotorcraft-gyroplane rating.
    (i) Three hours of cross-country flight training in a gyroplane;
    (ii) Except as provided in Sec. 61.110 of this part, 3 hours of 
night flight training in a gyroplane that includes--
    (A) One cross country flight of over 50 nautical miles duration; 
and
    (B) Ten takeoffs and ten landings to a full stop (with each landing 
involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport.
    (iii) Three hours of flight training in preparation for the 
practical test in a gyroplane, and must have been performed within the 
60-day period preceding the date of the test; and
    (iv) Supervised PIC flying in a gyroplane, and consisting of at 
least--
    (A) One supervised PIC cross-country flight of over 50 nautical 
miles, landings at a minimum of three points, and one route of the 
flight being a straight line distance of at least 25 nautical miles 
between the takeoff and landing locations; and
    (B) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with each 
landing 

[[Page 41249]]
involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport with an 
operating control tower.
    (5) For a powered-lift rating.
    (i) Three hours of cross-country flight training in a powered-lift;
    (ii) Except as provided in Sec. 61.110 of this part, 3 hours of 
night flight training in a powered-lift that includes--
    (A) One cross country flight of over 100 nautical miles duration; 
and
    (B) Ten takeoffs and ten landings to a full stop (with each landing 
involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport.
    (iii) Three hours of instrument flight training in a powered-lift;
    (iv) Three hours of flight training in preparation for the 
practical test in a powered-lift, and must have been performed within 
the 60-day period preceding the date of the test; and
    (v) Supervised PIC flying in a powered-lift, consisting of at 
least--
    (A) One supervised PIC cross-country flight of over 100 nautical 
miles, landings at a minimum of three points, and one route of the 
flight being a straight line distance of at least 50 nautical miles 
between the takeoff and landing locations; and
    (B) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with each 
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport with 
an operating control tower.
    (b) For a glider rating. A person who applies for a private pilot 
certificate with a glider category and class rating must accomplish and 
log the following flight time and training requirements:
    (1) At least 10 hours of flight training and 20 flights on the 
approved areas of operation listed in Sec. 61.107 of this part that 
apply to the glider class rating sought; or
    (2) A person who has logged at least 40 hours of flight time in 
heavier-than-air aircraft or who already holds a category and class 
rating in a glider, must perform at least 5 hours of flight training 
and 10 flights, on the approved areas of operation listed in 
Sec. 61.107 of this part that apply to the glider class rating sought.
    (3) At least two supervised PIC flights on the approved areas of 
operation listed in Sec. 61.107 that apply to the glider class rating 
sought.
    (4) The flight training requirements in paragraphs (c) (1) or (2) 
of this section must include at least 3 flights of flight training in 
preparation for the practical test within the 60-day period preceding 
the test and in the class of glider for the rating sought.
    (5) A person applying for a glider category rating with a 
nonpowered class rating seeks privileges for ground launch procedures, 
in addition to complying with the requirements of paragraphs (c) (1) 
through (4), as appropriate, must log and receive at least 5 flights of 
flight training and 2 supervised PIC flights in a nonpowered glider 
using a winch or auto tow on the appropriate approved areas of 
operation listed in Sec. 61.107(g) of this part.
    (c) For an airship rating. A person who applies for a private pilot 
certificate with a lighter-than-air category and airship class rating 
must receive and log at least 25 hours of flight training in airships 
on the approved areas of operation listed in Sec. 61.107(i) of this 
part, which consists of at least:
    (1) Three hours of cross-country flight training in an airship;
    (2) Except as provided in Sec. 61.110 of this part, 3 hours of 
night flight training in an airship that includes--
    (i) A cross country flight of over 25 nautical miles; and
    (ii) Five takeoffs and 5 landings to a full stop (with each landing 
involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport.
    (3) Three hours of instrument flight training in an airship;
    (4) Three hours of flight training in an airship in preparation for 
the practical test within the 60 days preceding the date of the test; 
and
    (5) Five hours of supervised PIC flight training in an airship and 
with an authorized flight instructor.
    (d) For a balloon rating. A person who applies for a private pilot 
certificate with a lighter-than-air category and balloon class rating 
must receive and log at least 10 hours of flight training that includes 
at least 6 training flights, on the approved areas of operation listed 
in Sec. 61.107(j) of this part, that includes:
    (1) Gas balloon. If the training is being performed in a gas 
balloon, the training must include at least two flights of 2 hours each 
that consists of--
    (i) At least one training flight that covers the approved areas of 
operation appropriate to a gas balloon within 60 days prior to 
application for the rating; and
    (ii) At least one supervised PIC flight in a gas balloon.
    (2) Balloon with an airborne heater. If the training is being 
performed in a balloon with an airborne heater, the training must 
include at least--
    (i) Two training flights of one hour each that covers the approved 
areas of operation appropriate to a balloon with an airborne heater 
within 60 days prior to application for the rating; and
    (ii) One supervised PIC flight in a balloon with an airborne 
heater.


Sec. 61.110  Night flying exceptions for private pilot certification.

    A person is not required to comply with the night flying 
requirements of this subpart:
    (a) If that person has a medical restriction from operating an 
aircraft at night, then that person may--
    (1) Be issued a permanent private pilot certificate with the 
limitation ``Night flying prohibited;'' and
    (2) Have that limitation removed if the condition which was the 
basis for the medical restriction is corrected, and the person 
accomplishes the appropriate night flying requirements of this subpart.
    (b) If that person receives flight training in the State of Alaska 
and is not able to accomplish the training, then that person--
    (1) May be issued a temporary pilot certificate for only 12 
calendar months, with a limitation ``Night flying prohibited;''
    (2) Must comply with the appropriate night flying requirements of 
this subpart within the 12-calendar month period following issuance of 
the temporary private pilot certificate, or the certificate will be 
suspended until the person complies with the appropriate night flying 
requirements of this subpart; and
    (3) May have the ``Night flying prohibited'' limitation of this 
section removed if the person--
    (i) Accomplishes the appropriate night flight training requirements 
of this subpart in the category and class of aircraft for which night 
flying privileges are sought;
    (ii) Presents to an examiner, a logbook or training record 
endorsement from an authorized flight instructor that verifies 
accomplishment of the night flying requirements of this subpart that 
are appropriate to the category and class aircraft for which night 
flying privileges are sought; and
    (iii) Satisfactorily accomplishes the night operations portion of 
the practical test that are appropriate to the category and class of 
aircraft for which night flying privileges are sought.


Sec. 61.111  Cross-country flights: Pilots based on small islands.

    A person who applies for a private pilot certificate and who cannot 
comply with the cross-country distance requirements of this subpart 
without flying over water for more than 10 nautical miles from the 
nearest shoreline, is not required to comply with the cross-country 
distance requirements of this subpart for cross-country flight. The 
person is subject to the following limitations and conditions: 

[[Page 41250]]

    (a) The person's pilot certificate will be issued with the 
limitation noted, ``Passenger carrying prohibited in flights more than 
10 nautical miles from the (appropriate island).''
    (b) Upon meeting the cross-country distance requirements in this 
subpart, the person may have the limitation in paragraph (a) of this 
section removed.


Sec. 61.113  Private pilot privileges and limitations: Pilot in 
command.

    (a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) through (f) of this 
section, no person who holds a private pilot certificate may act as 
pilot in command of an aircraft that is carrying passengers or property 
for compensation or hire; nor may that person, for compensation or 
hire, act as pilot in command of an aircraft.
    (b) A private pilot may, for compensation or hire, act as pilot in 
command of an aircraft in connection with any business or employment 
if:
    (1) The flight is only incidental to that business or employment; 
and
    (2) The aircraft does not carry passengers or property for 
compensation or hire.
    (c) A private pilot may share equally the operating expenses of a 
flight with passengers, provided the expenses involve only fuel, oil, 
and airport expenditures.
    (d) No person who holds a private pilot certificate may act as 
pilot in command of an aircraft for a passenger-carrying airlift that 
is sponsored by a charitable organization described in paragraph (d)(7) 
of this section, for which the passengers are only making a donation to 
the organization, unless the following requirements are met:
    (1) The sponsor of the airlift notifies the FAA Flight Standards 
District Office with jurisdiction over the area concerned at least 7 
days before the event and furnishes--
    (i) A signed letter from the sponsor that shows the name of the 
sponsor, the purpose of the charitable event, the date and time of the 
event, and the location of the event; and
    (ii) A photocopy of each pilot in command's pilot certificate, 
medical certificate, and logbook entries that show the pilot is current 
in accordance with Secs. 61.56 and 61.57 of this part and has logged at 
least 200 hours of flight time.
    (2) The charitable event takes place at a public airport that is 
adequate for the aircraft to be used or at an airport that has been 
approved by the FAA for the operation.
    (3) No acrobatic or formation flights are conducted.
    (4) Each aircraft used for the charitable event holds a standard 
airworthiness certificate.
    (5) Each aircraft used for the charitable event is airworthy, in 
accordance with the applicable sections of subpart E of part 91 of this 
chapter.
    (6) Each flight for the charitable event is made during day-VFR 
conditions.
    (7) The charitable organization is an organization identified as 
such by the U.S. Department of Treasury regulations.
    (e) A private pilot may be reimbursed for aircraft operating 
expenses that are directly related to and for search and location 
operations, provided the operation is sanctioned and under the 
direction and control of:
    (1) A local, state, or Federal law enforcement agency; or
    (2) An organization that conducts search and location operations.
    (f) A private pilot who meets the requirements of Sec. 61.69 of 
this part may act as pilot in command of an aircraft towing a glider.


Sec. 61.115  Balloon rating: Limitations.

    (a) If a person who applies for private pilot certificate with a 
balloon rating takes a practical test in a balloon with an airborne 
heater:
    (1) The pilot certificate will contain a limitation restricting the 
exercise of the privilege of that certificate to a balloon with an 
airborne heater; and
    (2) The limitation may be removed when the person obtains the 
required aeronautical experience in a gas balloon and receives a 
logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who attests to the 
person's accomplishment of the required aeronautical experience and 
ability to satisfactorily operate a gas balloon.
    (b) If a person who applies for a private pilot certificate with a 
balloon rating takes a practical test in a gas balloon:
    (1) The pilot certificate will contain a limitation restricting the 
exercise of the privilege of that certificate to a gas balloon; and
    (2) The limitation may be removed when the person obtains the 
required aeronautical experience in a balloon with an airborne heater 
and receives a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who 
attests to the person's accomplishment of the required aeronautical 
experience and ability to satisfactorily operate a balloon with an 
airborne heater.


Sec. 61.117  Private pilot privileges and limitations: Second in 
command of aircraft requiring more than one pilot.

    Except as provided in Sec. 61.113 of this part, no private pilot 
may, for compensation or hire, act as second in command of an aircraft 
that is type certificated for more than one pilot, nor may that pilot 
act as second in command of such an aircraft that is carrying 
passengers or property for compensation or hire.


Secs. 61.118 through 61.120  [Reserved]

Subpart F--Commercial Pilots


Sec. 61.121  Applicability.

    This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of 
commercial pilot certificates and ratings, the conditions under which 
those certificates and ratings are necessary, and the general operating 
rules for persons who hold those certificates and ratings.


Sec. 61.123  Eligibility requirements: General.

    To be eligible for a commercial pilot certificate, a person must:
    (a) Be at least 18 years of age;
    (b) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English 
language;
    (c) Hold at least a current third-class medical certificate issued 
under part 67 of this chapter, or for a rating in a glider or balloon 
affix a signed and dated statement to the application certifying that 
no known medical defect exists that would make the person unable to 
pilot a glider or balloon, as appropriate;
    (d) Receive a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor 
who--
    (1) Conducted the required ground training or reviewed the person's 
home study on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in Sec. 61.125 of 
this part that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought; 
and
    (2) Certified that the person is prepared for the required 
knowledge test that apply to the aircraft category and class rating 
sought.
    (e) Satisfactorily accomplish the required knowledge test on the 
aeronautical knowledge areas listed in Sec. 61.125 of this part;
    (f) Received the required training and a logbook endorsement from 
the authorized instructor who--
    (1) Conducted the training on the approved areas of operation 
listed in Sec. 61.127 of this part that apply to the aircraft category 
and class rating sought; and
    (2) Certified that the person is prepared for the required 
practical test.
    (g) Meet the aeronautical experience requirements of this subpart 
that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought before 
applying for the practical test;
    (h) Satisfactorily accomplish the required practical test on the 
approved areas of operation listed in Sec. 61.127 of this part that 
apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought; and 

[[Page 41251]]

    (i) Hold at least a private pilot certificate.


Sec. 61.125  Aeronautical knowledge.

    (a) General. A person who applies for a commercial pilot 
certificate must receive and log ground training, or accomplish a home 
study course, on the aeronautical knowledge areas of this section that 
apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought.
    (b) Aeronautical knowledge areas.
    (1) The Federal Aviation Regulations that apply to commercial pilot 
privileges, limitations, and flight operations;
    (2) Accident reporting requirements of the National Transportation 
Safety Board;
    (3) Basic aerodynamics and the principles of flight;
    (4) Meteorology to include recognition of critical weather 
situations, windshear recognition and avoidance, and the use of 
aeronautical weather reports and forecasts;
    (5) The safe and efficient operation of aircraft;
    (6) Weight and balance computations;
    (7) Use of performance charts;
    (8) Significance and effects of exceeding aircraft performance 
limitations;
    (9) Use of aeronautical charts and magnetic compass for pilotage 
and dead reckoning;
    (10) Use of air navigation facilities;
    (11) Aeronautical decision making and judgment;
    (12) Principles and functions of aircraft systems;
    (13) Maneuvers, procedures, and emergency operations appropriate to 
the aircraft;
    (14) Night and high altitude operations; and
    (15) Descriptions of and procedures for operating within the 
National Airspace System.


Sec. 61.127  Flight proficiency.

    (a) General. A person who applies for a commercial pilot 
certificate must receive and log ground and flight training on the 
approved areas of operation of this section that apply to the aircraft 
category and class rating sought.
    (b) Areas of operation for an airplane category rating with a 
single engine class rating.
    (1) Preflight preparation;
    (2) Preflight procedures;
    (3) Airport and seaplane base operations;
    (4) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (5) Performance maneuvers;
    (6) Ground reference maneuvers;
    (7) Navigation;
    (8) Stalls and slow flight;
    (9) Emergency operations;
    (10) High altitude operations; and
    (11) Postflight procedures.
    (c) Areas of operation for an airplane category rating with a 
multiengine class rating.
    (1) Preflight preparation;
    (2) Preflight procedures;
    (3) Airport and seaplane base operations;
    (4) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (5) Performance maneuvers;
    (6) Navigation;
    (7) Stalls and slow flight;
    (8) Emergency operations;
    (9) Multiengine operations;
    (10) High altitude operations; and
    (11) Postflight procedures.
    (d) Areas of operation for a rotorcraft category rating with a 
helicopter class rating.
    (1) Preflight preparation;
    (2) Preflight procedures;
    (3) Airport and heliport operations;
    (4) Hovering maneuvers;
    (5) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (6) Performance maneuvers;
    (7) Navigation;
    (8) Emergency operations;
    (9) Special operations; and
    (10) Postflight procedures.
    (e) Areas of operation for a rotorcraft category rating with a 
gyroplane class rating.
    (1) Preflight preparation;
    (2) Preflight procedures;
    (3) Airport operations;
    (4) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (5) Performance maneuvers;
    (6) Ground reference maneuvers;
    (7) Navigation;
    (8) Flight at slow airspeeds;
    (9) Emergency operations; and
    (10) Postflight procedures.
    (f) Areas of operation for a powered-lift category rating.
    (1) Preflight preparation;
    (2) Preflight procedures;
    (3) Airport and heliport operations;
    (4) Hovering maneuvers;
    (5) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (6) Performance maneuvers;
    (7) Ground reference maneuvers;
    (8) Navigation;
    (9) Stalls and slow flight;
    (10) Emergency operations;
    (11) High altitude operations;
    (12) Special operations; and
    (13) Postflight procedures.
    (g) Areas of operation for a glider category rating with a non-
powered class rating.
    (1) Preflight preparation;
    (2) Preflight procedures;
    (3) Airport and gliderport operations;
    (4) Launches and landings;
    (5) Performance speeds;
    (6) Soaring techniques;
    (7) Performance maneuvers;
    (8) Navigation;
    (9) Stalls and slow flight;
    (10) Emergency operations; and
    (11) Postflight procedures.
    (h) Areas of operation for a glider category rating with a powered 
class rating.
    (1) Preflight preparation;
    (2) Preflight procedures;
    (3) Airport and gliderport operations;
    (4) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (5) Performance speeds;
    (6) Soaring techniques;
    (7) Performance maneuvers;
    (8) Navigation;
    (9) Stalls and slow flight;
    (10) Emergency operations; and
    (11) Postflight procedures.
    (i) Areas of operation for a lighter-than-air category rating with 
an airship class rating.
    (1) Preflight preparation;
    (2) Preflight procedures;
    (3) Airport operations;
    (4) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (5) Performance maneuvers;
    (6) Ground reference maneuvers;
    (7) Navigation;
    (8) Emergency operations; and
    (9) Postflight procedures.
    (j) Areas of operation for a lighter-than-air category rating with 
a balloon class rating.
    (1) Preflight preparation;
    (2) Preflight procedures;
    (3) Balloonport operations;
    (4) Lift-offs and landings;
    (5) Performance maneuvers;
    (6) Navigation;
    (7) Emergency operations; and
    (8) Postflight procedures.


Sec. 61.129  Aeronautical experience.

    (a) For an airplane single engine rating. A person who applies for 
a commercial pilot certificate with an airplane category and single 
engine class rating must accomplish and log at least 250 hours of 
flight time as a pilot (of which 50 hours may have been accomplished in 
an approved flight simulator or flight training device that is 
representative of a single engine airplane) that consists of at least:
    (1) One hundred hours in powered aircraft, of which 50 hours must 
be in airplanes;
    (2) One hundred hours of pilot-in-command flight time, which 
includes at least--
    (i) Fifty hours in airplanes; and 

[[Page 41252]]

    (ii) Fifty hours in cross-country flight in airplanes.
    (3) Twenty hours of training on the approved areas of operation 
listed in Sec. 61.127(b) of this part that includes at least--
    (i) Five hours of instrument training in a single engine airplane;
    (ii) Ten hours of training in a single engine airplane that has a 
retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch propeller, or 
is turbine-powered;
    (iii) One cross-country flight in a single engine airplane of at 
least 2 hours in duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 
100 nautical miles from the original point of departure, and occurring 
in day-VFR conditions;
    (iv) One cross-country flight in a single engine airplane of at 
least 2 hours in duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 
100 nautical miles from the original point of departure, and occurring 
in night-VFR conditions; and
    (v) Three hours in a single engine airplane in preparation for the 
practical test within the 60-day period preceding the date of the test.
    (4) Ten hours of supervised PIC flying in a single engine airplane 
on the approved areas of operation listed in Sec. 61.127(b) of this 
part, which includes at least--
    (i) One cross-country flight, if the training is being performed in 
the state of Hawaii, then that cross-country flight must involve 
landings at a minimum of three points and one of the routes having a 
straight-line distance of at least 150 nautical miles;
    (ii) One cross-country flight, if the training is being performed 
in a State other than Hawaii, then that cross-country flight must 
involve landings at a minimum of three points and one of the routes 
having a straight-line distance of at least 250 nautical miles; and
    (iii) Five hours in night-VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 
landings (with each landing involving a flight with a traffic pattern) 
at an airport with an operating control tower.
    (b) For an airplane multiengine rating. A person who applies for a 
commercial pilot certificate with an airplane category and multiengine 
class rating must accomplish and log at least 250 hours of flight time 
as a pilot (of which 50 hours may have been accomplished in an approved 
flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of a 
multiengine airplane) that consists of at least:
    (1) One hundred hours in powered aircraft, of which 50 hours must 
be in airplanes;
    (2) One hundred hours of pilot-in-command flight time, which 
includes at least--
    (i) Fifty hours in airplanes; and
    (ii) Fifty hours in cross-country flight in airplanes.
    (3) Twenty hours of training on the approved areas of operation 
listed in Sec. 61.127(c) of this part that includes at least--
    (i) Five hours of instrument training in a multiengine airplane;
    (ii) Ten hours of training in a multiengine airplane that has a 
retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch propeller, or 
is turbine-powered;
    (iii) One cross-country flight in a multiengine airplane of at 
least 2 hours in duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 
100 nautical miles from the original point of departure, and occurring 
in day-VFR conditions;
    (iv) One cross-country flight in a multiengine airplane of at least 
2 hours in duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 100 
nautical miles from the original point of departure, and occurring in 
night-VFR conditions; and
    (v) Three hours in a multiengine airplane in preparation for the 
practical test within the 60-day period preceding the date of the test.
    (4) Ten hours of supervised PIC flying in a multiengine airplane on 
the approved areas of operation listed in Sec. 61.127(c) of this part, 
which includes at least--
    (i) One cross-country flight, if the training is being performed in 
the state of Hawaii, then that cross-country flight must involve 
landings at a minimum of three points and one of the routes having a 
straight-line distance of at least 150 nautical miles;
    (ii) One cross-country flight, if the training is being performed 
in a State other than Hawaii, then that cross-country flight must 
involve landings at a minimum of three points and one of the routes 
having a straight-line distance of at least 250 nautical miles; and
    (iii) Five hours in night-VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 
landings (with each landing involving a flight with a traffic pattern) 
at an airport with an operating control tower.
    (c) For a helicopter rating. A person who applies for a commercial 
pilot certificate with a rotorcraft category and helicopter class 
rating must accomplish and log at least 150 hours of flight time as a 
pilot (of which 25 hours may have been accomplished in an approved 
flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of a 
helicopter) that consists of at least:
    (1) One hundred hours in powered aircraft, of which 50 hours must 
be in helicopters;
    (2) One hundred hours of pilot-in-command flight time, which 
includes at least--
    (i) Thirty-five hours in helicopters; and
    (ii) Ten hours in cross-country flight in helicopters.
    (3) Twenty hours of training on the approved areas of operation 
listed in Sec. 61.127(d) of this part that includes at least--
    (i) Five hours of instrument training in a helicopter;
    (ii) One cross-country flight in a helicopter of at least 2 hours 
in duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical 
miles from the original point of departure, and occurring in day-VFR 
conditions;
    (iii) One cross-country flight in a helicopter of at least 2 hours 
in duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical 
miles from the original point of departure, and occurring in night-VFR 
conditions; and
    (iv) Three hours in a helicopter in preparation for the practical 
test within the 60-day period preceding the date of the test.
    (4) Ten hours of supervised PIC flying in a helicopter on the 
approved areas of operation listed in Sec. 61.127(d) of this part, 
which includes at least--
    (i) One cross-country flight with landings at a minimum of three 
points, and one of the routes having a straight-line distance of at 
least 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and
    (ii) Five hours in night-VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 
landings (with each landing involving a flight with a traffic pattern).
    (d) For a gyroplane rating. A person who applies for a commercial 
pilot certificate with a rotorcraft category and gyroplane class rating 
must accomplish and log at least 150 hours of flight time as a pilot 
(of which 5 hours may have been accomplished in an approved flight 
simulator or flight training device that is representative of a 
gyroplane) that consists of at least:
    (1) One hundred hours in powered aircraft, of which 25 hours must 
be in gyroplanes;
    (2) One hundred hours of pilot-in-command flight time, which 
includes at least--
    (i) Ten hours in gyroplanes; and
    (ii) Three hours in cross-country flight in gyroplanes.
    (3) Twenty hours of training on the approved areas of operation 
listed in Sec. 61.127(d) of this part that includes at least--
    (i) Five hours of instrument training in a gyroplane;
    (ii) One cross-country flight in a gyroplane of at least 2 hours in 
duration, 

[[Page 41253]]
a total straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical miles from the 
original point of departure, and occurring in day-VFR conditions;
    (iii) One cross-country flight in a gyroplane of at least 2 hours 
in duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical 
miles from the original point of departure, and occurring in night-VFR 
conditions; and
    (iv) Three hours in a gyroplane in preparation for the practical 
test within the 60-day period preceding the date of the test.
    (4) Ten hours of supervised PIC flying in a gyroplane on the 
approved areas of operation listed in Sec. 61.127(e) of this part, 
which includes at least--
    (i) One cross-country flight with landings at a minimum of three 
points, and one of the routes having a straight-line distance of at 
least 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and
    (ii) Five hours in night-VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 
landings (with each landing involving a flight with a traffic pattern).
    (e) For a powered-lift rating. A person who applies for a 
commercial pilot certificate with a powered-lift category rating must 
accomplish and log at least 250 hours of flight time as a pilot (of 
which 50 hours may have been accomplished in an approved flight 
simulator or flight training device that is representative of a 
powered-lift) that consists of at least:
    (1) One hundred hours in powered aircraft, of which 50 hours must 
be in a powered-lift;
    (2) One hundred hours of pilot-in-command flight time, which 
includes at least--
    (i) Fifty hours in a powered-lift; and
    (ii) Fifty hours in cross-country flight in a powered-lift.
    (3) Twenty hours of training on the approved areas of operation 
listed in Sec. 61.127(e) of this part that includes at least--
    (i) Five hours of instrument training in a powered-lift;
    (ii) One cross-country flight in a powered-lift of at least 2 hours 
in duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 100 nautical 
miles from the original point of departure, and occurring in day-VFR 
conditions;
    (iv) One cross-country flight in a powered-lift of at least 2 hours 
in duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 100 nautical 
miles from the original point of departure, and occurring in night-VFR 
conditions; and
    (v) Three hours in a powered-lift in preparation for the practical 
test within the 60-day period preceding the date of the test.
    (4) Ten hours of supervised PIC flying in a powered-lift on the 
approved areas of operation listed in Sec. 61.127(e) of this part, 
which includes at least--
    (i) One cross-country flight, if the training is being performed in 
the state of Hawaii, then that cross-country flight must involve 
landings at a minimum of three points and one of the routes having a 
straight-line distance of at least 150 nautical miles;
    (ii) One cross-country flight, if the training is being performed 
in a State other than Hawaii, then that cross-country flight must 
involve landings at a minimum of three points and one of the routes 
having a straight-line distance of at least 250 nautical miles; and
    (iii) Five hours in night-VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 
landings (with each landing involving a flight with a traffic pattern) 
at an airport with an operating control tower.
    (f) For a glider-nonpowered rating. A person who applies for a 
commercial certificate with a glider category and nonpowered class 
rating must accomplish and log at least:
    (1) Twenty-five hours and 100 flights in gliders as pilot in 
command, which includes at least 10 flights in a nonpowered glider; or
    (2) Two hundred hours in heavier-than-air aircraft, and 20 flights 
in gliders as pilot in command, which includes at least 10 flights in a 
nonpowered glider.
    (3) The flight time requirements in paragraph (f) (1) or (2) of 
this section must consist of at least the following flight training in 
a nonpowered glider--
    (i) Five hours of flight training or 10 training flights on the 
approved areas of operation listed in Sec. 61.127(g) of this part; and
    (ii) Three flights in preparation for the practical test within the 
60-day period preceding the date of the test.
    (4) Five supervised PIC flights in a nonpowered glider on the 
approved areas of operation listed in Sec. 61.127(g) of this part.
    (5) If an applicant with a glider category rating and a nonpowered 
class rating seeks privileges for ground launch procedures, that person 
must accomplish and log at least five training flights and two 
supervised PIC flights in a nonpowered glider using a winch or auto tow 
on the applicable areas of operation listed in Sec. 61.127(g) of this 
part.
    (g) For a glider-powered rating. A person who applies for a 
commercial certificate with a glider category and powered class rating 
must accomplish and log at least:
    (1) Twenty-five hours and 100 flights in gliders as pilot in 
command, which includes at least 10 flights in a powered glider; or
    (2) Two hundred hours in heavier-than-air aircraft, and 20 flights 
in gliders as pilot in command, which includes at least 10 flights in a 
powered glider.
    (3) The flight time requirements in paragraph (f)(1) or (2) of this 
section must consist of at least the following flight training in a 
powered glider--
    (i) Five hours of flight training or 10 training flights on the 
approved areas of operation listed in Sec. 61.127(h) of this part; and
    (ii) Three flights in preparation for the practical test within the 
60-day period preceding the date of the test.
    (4) Five supervised PIC flights in a powered glider on the approved 
areas of operation listed in Sec. 61.127(h) of this part.
    (h) For an airship rating. A person who applies for a commercial 
pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air category and airship class 
rating must accomplish and log at least 200 hours of flight time as a 
pilot, which includes at least the following hours:
    (1) Fifty hours in airships;
    (2) Thirty hours of pilot in command time in airships, which 
consists of at least--
    (i) Ten hours of cross-country flight time in airships; and
    (ii) Ten hours of night flight time in airships.
    (3) Twenty hours of training in airships on the approved areas of 
operation listed in Sec. 61.127(i) of this part, which includes at 
least--
    (i) Three hours in an airship in preparation for the practical test 
within the 60-day period preceding the date of the test;
    (ii) Five hours of instrument training in airships;
    (iii) One cross-country flight in an airship of at least 1 hour in 
duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 25 nautical miles 
from the original point of departure, and occurring in day-VFR 
conditions; and
    (iv) One cross-country flight in an airship of at least 1 hour in 
duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 25 nautical miles 
from the original point of departure, and occurring in night-VFR 
conditions.
    (4) Ten hours of pilot in command flight training with an 
authorized flight instructor in airships, on the approved areas of 
operation listed in Sec. 61.127(i) of this part, which includes at 
least--
    (i) One cross-country flight with landings at a minimum of three 
points, and one of the routes having a straight-line distance of at 
least 25 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and 

[[Page 41254]]

    (ii) Five hours in night-VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 
landings (with each landing involving a flight with a traffic pattern).
    (i) For a balloon rating. A person who applies for a commercial 
pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air category and a balloon class 
rating must accomplish and log at least 35 hours of flight time as a 
pilot, which includes at least the following requirements:
    (1) Twenty hours in balloons;
    (2) Ten flights in balloons;
    (3) Two flights in balloons as the pilot in command; and
    (4) Ten hours of flight training that includes at least 10 training 
flights in balloons on the approved areas of operation listed in 
Sec. 61.127(j) of this part, which consist of at least--
    (i) If the training is received in a gas balloon, the training must 
include at least--
    (A) Two training flights of 2 hours each in a gas balloon that 
covers the approved areas of operation appropriate to a gas balloon 
within 60 days prior to application for the rating; and
    (B) Two supervised PIC flights in a gas balloon on the approved 
areas of operation.
    (ii) If the training is received in a balloon with an airborne 
heater, the training must include at least--
    (A) Two training flights of 1 hour each in a balloon with an 
airborne heater that covers the approved areas of operation appropriate 
to a balloon with an airborne heater within 60 days prior to 
application for the rating; and
    (B) Two supervised PIC flights in a balloon with an airborne heater 
on the approved areas of operation.


Sec. 61.131  Exceptions to the night flying requirements for the 
commercial pilot certificate.

    A person is not required to comply with the night flying 
requirements of this subpart:
    (a) If that person has a medical restriction from operating an 
aircraft at night, then that person may--
    (1) Be issued a permanent commercial pilot certificate with the 
limitation ``Night flying prohibited;'' and
    (2) Have that limitation removed if the condition which was the 
basis for the medical restriction is corrected, and the person 
accomplishes the appropriate night flying requirements of this subpart.
    (b) If that person receives flight training in the State of Alaska 
and is not able to accomplish the training, then that person--
    (1) May be issued a temporary pilot certificate for only 12 
calendar months, with a limitation ``Night flying prohibited;'' and
    (2) Must comply with the appropriate night flying requirements of 
this subpart within 12 calendar months following issuance of the 
temporary commercial pilot certificate, or the certificate will be 
suspended until the person complies with the appropriate night flying 
requirements of this subpart.
    (3) May have the ``Night flying prohibited'' limitation of this 
section removed if the person--
    (i) Accomplishes the appropriate night flight training requirements 
of this subpart in the category and class of aircraft for which night 
flying privileges are sought;
    (ii) Presents to an examiner, a logbook or training record 
endorsement from an authorized flight instructor that verifies 
accomplishment of the night flying requirements of this subpart that 
are appropriate to the category and class aircraft for which night 
flying privileges are sought; and
    (iii) Accomplishes the night operations portion of the practical 
test that are appropriate to the category and class of aircraft for 
which night flying privileges are sought.


Sec. 61.133  Commercial pilot privileges and limitations: General.

    (a) Privileges. A person who holds a commercial pilot certificate 
may act as pilot in command of an aircraft for:
    (1) Carrying persons or property for compensation or hire, provided 
the person is qualified in accordance with this part and with the 
applicable other parts of this chapter that apply to the operation; and
    (2) Compensation or hire, provided the person is qualified in 
accordance with this part and with the applicable other parts of this 
chapter, that apply to the operation.
    (b) Limitations.
    (1) A person who applies for a commercial pilot certificate with an 
airplane category, airship class, or powered-lift category rating, and 
does not hold an instrument rating in the same category and class will 
be issued a commercial pilot certificate that contains the limitation, 
``The carriage of passengers for hire in (airplanes) (airships) 
(powered lifts) on cross-country flights in excess of 50 nautical miles 
or at night is prohibited.'' The limitation may be removed when the 
person satisfactorily accomplishes the requirements listed in 
Sec. 61.65 of this part for an instrument rating in the same category 
and class of aircraft listed on the person's commercial pilot 
certificate.
    (2) If a person who applies for commercial pilot certificate with a 
balloon rating takes a practical test in a balloon with an airborne 
heater:
    (i) The pilot certificate will contain a limitation restricting the 
exercise of the privilege of that certificate to a balloon with an 
airborne heater; and
    (ii) The limitation may be removed when the person obtains the 
required aeronautical experience in a gas balloon and receives a 
logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who attests to the 
person's accomplishment of the required aeronautical experience and 
ability to satisfactorily operate a gas balloon.
    (3) If a person who applies for a commercial pilot certificate with 
a balloon rating takes a practical test in a gas balloon:
    (i) The pilot certificate will contain a limitation restricting the 
exercise of the privilege of that certificate to a gas balloon; and
    (ii) The limitation may be removed when the person obtains the 
required aeronautical experience in a balloon with an airborne heater 
and receives a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who 
attests to the person's accomplishment of the required aeronautical 
experience and ability to satisfactorily operate a balloon with an 
airborne heater.


Sec. 61.135 through 61.141  [Reserved]

Subpart G--Airline Transport Pilots


Sec. 61.151  Applicability.

    This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of 
airline transport pilot certificates and ratings, the conditions under 
which those certificates and ratings are necessary, and the general 
operating rules for persons who hold those certificates and ratings.


Sec. 61.153  Eligibility requirements: General.

    To be eligible for an airline transport pilot certificate, a person 
must:
    (a) Be at least 23 years of age;
    (b) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English 
language;
    (c) Be of good moral character;
    (d) Hold at least a current third-class medical certificate issued 
under part 67 of this chapter;
    (e) Meet at least one of the following requirements--
    (1) Hold at least a commercial pilot certificate and an instrument 
rating;
    (2) Meet the requirements of Sec. 61.73 of this part to qualify for 
a commercial pilot certificate and an instrument rating if the person 
is a rated pilot in the U.S. military; or
    (3) Hold either a foreign airline transport pilot or foreign 
commercial pilot license and an instrument rating if 

[[Page 41255]]
the person holds a pilot license issued by a member State to the 
International Civil Aviation Organization.
    (f) Meet the aeronautical experience requirements of this subpart 
that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought before 
applying for the practical test;
    (g) Satisfactorily accomplish the knowledge test on the 
aeronautical knowledge areas of Sec. 61.155(c) of this part that apply 
to the aircraft category and class rating sought;
    (h) Satisfactorily accomplish the practical test on the applicable 
approved areas of operation listed in Sec. 61.157(d) of this part that 
apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought; and
    (i) Comply with the sections of this part that apply to the 
aircraft category and class rating sought.


Sec. 61.155  Aeronautical knowledge.

    (a) General. The knowledge test for an airline transport pilot 
certificate is based on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in 
paragraph (c) of this section.
    (b) Aircraft type rating. A person who is applying for an 
additional aircraft type rating to be added to their airline transport 
certificate is not required to accomplish a knowledge test if that 
person's airline transport pilot certificate lists the aircraft 
category and class rating that is appropriate to the type rating 
sought.
    (c) Aeronautical knowledge areas. 
    (1) The applicable Federal Aviation Regulations of this chapter 
that relate to airline transport pilot privileges, limitations, and 
flight operations appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating 
sought;
    (2) Meteorology including knowledge of and effects of fronts, 
frontal characteristics, cloud formations, icing, and upper air-data;
    (3) The general system of weather and NOTAM collection, 
dissemination, interpretation, and use;
    (4) Interpretation of weather charts, maps, forecasts, sequences, 
abbreviations, symbols, and use;
    (5) The National Weather Service function as it pertains to 
operation in the National Airspace System;
    (6) Windshear and microburst awareness, identification, and 
avoidance;
    (7) Principles of air navigation under instrument meteorological 
conditions in the National Airspace System;
    (8) Air traffic control procedures and pilot responsibilities as 
they relate to en route operations, terminal area and radar operations, 
and instrument departure and approach procedures;
    (9) Aircraft loading, weight and balance, use of charts, graphs, 
tables, formulas, and computations, and the effects on aircraft 
performance that apply to the aircraft category and class rating 
sought;
    (10) Aircraft aerodynamics relating to the aircraft's flight 
characteristics, performance, and normal and abnormal flight regimes 
and characteristics that apply to the aircraft category and class 
rating sought;
    (11) Flight crewmember physiological factors;
    (12) Aeronautical decision making and judgment; and
    (13) Flight deck resource management to include crew communications 
and coordination.


Sec. 61.157  Flight proficiency.

    (a) General. 
    (1) The practical test for an airline transport pilot certificate 
is given for:
    (i) An airplane category and single-engine class rating with an 
airplane type rating if a type rating is required;
    (ii) An airplane category and multiengine class rating with an 
airplane type rating if a type rating is required;
    (iii) A rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating with a type 
rating if a type rating is required;
    (iv) A powered-lift category rating with a type rating, if a type 
rating is required; and
    (v) An aircraft type rating.
    (2) A person who is applying for an airline transport pilot 
practical test must meet--
    (i) The eligibility requirements of Sec. 61.153 of this part; and
    (ii) The aeronautical knowledge and aeronautical experience 
requirements of this subpart that apply to the aircraft category and 
class rating sought.
    (b) Aircraft type rating. Except as provided in paragraph (c) of 
this section, a person who is applying for an aircraft type rating to 
be added to an airline transport pilot or an aircraft type rating 
associated with an airline transport pilot certificate:
    (1) Must receive and log ground training from an authorized ground 
or flight instructor and flight training from an authorized flight 
instructor on the approved areas of operation in this section that 
apply to the aircraft type rating sought; and
    (2) Must receive a logbook endorsement from the instructor who 
conducted the training, certifying the applicant completed the training 
on the appropriate approved areas of operation listed in paragraph (e) 
of this section that apply to the aircraft type rating sought.
    (c) A person who is applying for an aircraft type rating to be 
added to an airline transport pilot certificate or an aircraft type 
rating concurrently with an airline transport pilot certificate, and 
who is an employee of a part 119 certificate holder operating under 
part 121 or part 135, may present a training record that shows 
satisfactory completion of that certificate holder's approved pilot-in-
command training program for the aircraft type rating sought, instead 
of complying with the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section.
    (d) A person who successfully completes an airline transport pilot 
practical test, the type rating(s), if appropriate, on the superseded 
pilot certificate shall be brought forward to the airline transport 
pilot certificate level provided the practical test was accomplished in 
that category and class of aircraft. If the type rating(s) for that 
category and class of aircraft on the superseded pilot certificate is 
limited to VFR, that limitation shall be carried forward to the 
person's airline transport pilot certificate level.
    (e) Areas of operation. 
    (1) The areas of operation for an airplane category-single engine 
class rating with a type rating, if a type rating is required, are as 
follows:
    (i) Preflight preparation;
    (ii) Preflight procedures;
    (iii) Takeoff and departure phase;
    (iv) Inflight maneuvers;
    (v) Instrument procedures;
    (vi) Landings and approaches to landings;
    (vii) Normal and abnormal procedures;
    (viii) Emergency procedures; and
    (ix) Postflight procedures.
    (2) The areas of operation for an airplane category-multiengine 
class rating with a type rating, if a type rating is required, are as 
follows:
    (i) Preflight preparation;
    (ii) Preflight procedures;
    (iii) Takeoff and departure phase;
    (iv) Inflight maneuvers;
    (v) Instrument procedures;
    (vi) Landings and approaches to landings;
    (vii) Normal and abnormal procedures;
    (viii) Emergency procedures; and
    (ix) Postflight procedures.
    (3) The areas of operation for a powered-lift category rating with 
a type rating, if a type rating is required, are as follows:
    (i) Preflight preparation;
    (ii) Preflight procedures;
    (iii) Takeoff and departure phase;
    (iv) Inflight maneuvers;
    (v) Instrument procedures;
    (vi) Landings and approaches to landings; 

[[Page 41256]]

    (vii) Normal and abnormal procedures;
    (viii) Emergency procedures; and
    (ix) Postflight procedures.
    (4) The areas of operation for a rotorcraft category-helicopter 
class rating with a type rating, if a type rating is required, are as 
follows:
    (i) Preflight preparation;
    (ii) Preflight procedures;
    (iii) Takeoff and departure phase;
    (iv) Inflight maneuvers;
    (v) Instrument procedures;
    (vi) Landings and approaches to landings;
    (vii) Normal and abnormal procedures;
    (viii) Emergency procedures; and
    (ix) Postflight procedures.


Sec. 61.159  Aeronautical experience: Airplane category rating.

    (a) Except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section, a person 
who is applying for an airline transport pilot certificate with an 
airplane category and class rating must have at least 1,500 hours of 
total time as a pilot that includes at least:
    (1) 500 hours of cross-country flight time;
    (2) 100 hours of night flight time;
    (3) 75 hours of instrument time in actual or simulated instrument 
meteorological conditions, of which at least 50 hours are obtained in 
actual flight; and
    (4) 250 hours of flight time in an airplane as a pilot in command 
or as a second in command performing the duties and functions of a 
pilot in command under the supervision of a pilot in command, or any 
combination thereof, which includes at least--
    (i) 100 hours of cross-country flight time; and
    (ii) 25 hours of night flight time.
    (b) A person who has performed at least 20 night takeoffs and 
landings to a full stop may substitute each additional night takeoff 
and landing to a full stop in excess of the minimum 20 accomplished 
takeoffs for 1 hour of night flight time to satisfy the requirements of 
paragraph (a)(2) of this section for a total credited time of no more 
than 25 hours.
    (c) A commercial pilot may credit the following second-in-command 
and flight engineer flight time (or a combination of either crewmember 
position flight time) toward the 1,500 hours of total time as a pilot 
required by paragraph (a) of this section:
    (1) Second-in-command time acquired in an airplane required to have 
more than one pilot by the airplane's flight manual or type 
certificate;
    (2) Second-in-command time acquired in an airplane for a part 119 
certificate holder operating under part 121 or part 135 for which a 
second in command is required; and
    (3) Flight engineer time, provided the time--
    (i) Is acquired while operating under part 121 of this chapter;
    (ii) Is acquired in an airplane that is required to have a flight 
engineer by the airplane's flight manual or type certificate;
    (iii) Is acquired while the person is participating in a pilot 
training program approved under part 121 of this chapter; and
    (iv) Does not exceed more than 1 hour of flight time to be credited 
for each 3 hours of flight engineer time for a total credited time of 
no more than 500 hours.
    (d) A person who does not meet the aeronautical experience 
requirements of this section may be issued an airline transport pilot 
certificate with the limitation ``Holder does not meet the pilot-in-
command aeronautical experience requirements of ICAO'' as prescribed by 
Article 39 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation, as 
provided in Sec. 61.167(b) of this part.


Sec. 61.161  Aeronautical experience: Rotorcraft category and 
helicopter class rating.

    A person who is applying for an airline transport pilot certificate 
with a rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating, must have at 
least 1,200 hours of total time as a pilot that includes at least:
    (a) 500 hours of cross-country flight time;
    (b) 100 hours of night flight time, of which 15 hours are in 
helicopters;
    (c) 200 hours of flight time in helicopters, which includes at 
least 75 hours as a pilot in command or as second in command performing 
the duties and functions of a pilot in command under the supervision of 
a pilot in command, or any combination of either crewmember position 
flight time; and
    (d) 75 hours of instrument time in actual or simulated instrument 
meteorological conditions, of which at least 50 hours are obtained in 
actual flight with at least 25 hours in helicopters as a pilot in 
command or as second in command performing the duties and functions of 
a pilot in command under the supervision of a pilot in command, or any 
combination of either crewmember position flight time.


Sec. 61.163  Aeronautical experience: Powered-lift category rating.

    A person who is applying for an airline transport pilot certificate 
with a powered-lift category rating must have at least 1,500 hours of 
total time as a pilot that includes at least:
    (a) 500 hours of cross-country flight time;
    (b) 100 hours of night flight time;
    (c) 75 hours of instrument time in actual or simulated instrument 
meteorological conditions, of which at least 50 hours are obtained in 
actual flight; and
    (d) 250 hours in a powered-lift as a pilot in command or as a 
second in command performing the duties and functions of a pilot in 
command under the supervision of a pilot in command, or any combination 
thereof, which includes at least--
    (1) 100 hours of cross-country flight time; and
    (2) 25 hours of night flight time.


Sec. 61.165  Additional aircraft category and class ratings.

    (a) Rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating. A person who 
is applying for an airline transport certificate with a rotorcraft 
category and helicopter class rating who holds an airline transport 
certificate with another aircraft category rating must:
    (1) Meet the eligibility requirements of Sec. 61.153 of this part;
    (2) Satisfactorily accomplish the knowledge test on the 
aeronautical knowledge areas of Sec. 61.155 of this part that apply to 
the rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating sought;
    (3) Comply with the requirements in Sec. 61.157(b) of this part, if 
appropriate;
    (4) Meet the applicable aeronautical experience requirements of 
Sec. 61.161 of this part that apply to helicopter total time; and
    (5) Satisfactorily accomplish the practical test on the approved 
areas of operations of Sec. 61.157(e)(4) of this part that apply to the 
rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating sought.
    (b) Airplane category rating with a single-engine class rating. A 
person who is applying for an airline transport certificate with an 
airplane category and single engine class rating and holds an airline 
transport certificate with another aircraft category or class rating 
must:
    (1) Meet the eligibility requirements of Sec. 61.153 of this part;
    (2) Accomplish the knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge 
areas of Sec. 61.155 of this part that apply to the airplane category 
and single-engine class rating sought;
    (3) Comply with the requirements in Sec. 61.157(b) of this part, if 
appropriate; 

[[Page 41257]]

    (4) Meet the applicable aeronautical experience requirements of 
Sec. 61.159 of this part that apply to airplane total time; and
    (5) Accomplish the practical test on the approved areas of 
operations of Sec. 61.157(e)(1) of this part that apply to the airplane 
category and single-engine class rating sought.
    (c) Airplane category rating with a multiengine class rating. A 
person who is applying for an airline transport certificate with an 
airplane category and multiengine class rating and holds an airline 
transport certificate with another aircraft category or class rating 
must:
    (1) Meet the eligibility requirements of Sec. 61.153 of this part;
    (2) Accomplish the knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge 
areas of Sec. 61.155 of this part that apply to the airplane category 
and multiengine class rating sought;
    (3) Comply with the requirements in Sec. 61.157(b) of this part, if 
appropriate;
    (4) Meet the applicable aeronautical experience requirements of 
Sec. 61.159 of this part that apply to airplane total time; and
    (5) Accomplish the practical test on the approved areas of 
operations of Sec. 61.157(e)(2) of this part that apply to the airplane 
category and multiengine class rating sought.
    (d) Powered-lift category. A person who is applying for an airline 
transport certificate with a powered-lift category rating, and holds an 
airline transport certificate with another aircraft category rating 
must:
    (1) Meet the eligibility requirements of Sec. 61.153 of this part;
    (2) Accomplish the required knowledge test on the aeronautical 
knowledge areas of Sec. 61.155 of this part that apply to the powered-
lift category rating sought;
    (3) Comply with the requirements in Sec. 61.157(b) of this part, if 
appropriate;
    (4) Meet the applicable aeronautical experience requirements of 
Sec. 61.163 of this part that apply to powered-lift total time; and
    (5) Accomplish the required practical test on the approved areas of 
operations of Sec. 61.157(e)(3) of this part that apply to the powered-
lift category rating sought.


Sec. 61.167  General privileges and limitations.

    (a) Privileges. A person who holds an airline transport pilot 
certificate is entitled to the same privileges as those afforded a 
person who holds a commercial pilot certificate with an instrument 
rating.
    (b) Limitations. A person who applies for an airline transport 
pilot will be issued an airline transport certificate with the 
limitation, ``Holder does not meet the pilot-in-command aeronautical 
experience requirements of ICAO,'' for the following circumstances:
    (1) The person--
    (i) Credits second-in-command or flight engineer time under 
Sec. 61.159(c) of this part toward the minimum 1,500 hours of total 
flight time as a pilot that is required by Sec. 61.159(a) of this part; 
and
    (ii) Lacks at least 1,200 hours of total flight time as a pilot, 
but otherwise meets the other aeronautical experience requirements of 
this subpart, appropriate to the aircraft rating sought.
    (2) The person does not have at least 150 hours of pilot-in-command 
time in an aircraft that is appropriate to the aircraft rating sought, 
but otherwise meets the aeronautical experience requirements of this 
subpart.
    (c) Removal of limitations. The limitation required by paragraph 
(b) of this section may be removed when the person:
    (1) Meets the aeronautical experience requirements for the aircraft 
rating sought; and
    (2) Presents evidence within a logbook of having accomplished the 
required appropriate aeronautical experience.


Sec. 61.169  [Reserved]


Sec. 61.171  [Reserved]

Subpart H--Flight Instructors


Sec. 61.181  Applicability.

    This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of flight 
instructor certificates and ratings, the conditions under which those 
certificates and ratings are necessary, and the limitations on those 
certificates and ratings.


Sec. 61.183  Eligibility requirements.

    To be eligible for a flight instructor certificate or rating a 
person must:
    (a) Be at least 18 years of age;
    (b) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English 
language;
    (c) Hold either a commercial pilot or airline transport pilot 
certificate--
    (1) With an aircraft category and class rating that is appropriate 
to the flight instructor rating sought;
    (2) With an instrument rating, if the person holds a commercial 
pilot certificate, that is appropriate to the flight instructor rating 
sought, if applying for--
    (i) A flight instructor certificate with an airplane category and 
single-engine class rating;
    (ii) A flight instructor certificate with an airplane category and 
multiengine class rating;
    (iii) A flight instructor certificate with a rotorcraft category 
and helicopter class rating;
    (iv) A flight instructor certificate with an airship rating;
    (v) A flight instructor certificate with a powered-lift rating; or
    (vi) A flight instructor certificate-instrument rating (aircraft 
category and class).
    (d) Receive a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who 
gave the ground training on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in 
Sec. 61.185 of this part appropriate to the required knowledge test.
    (e) Accomplish a knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge areas 
listed in Sec. 61.185(a) of this part;
    (f) Accomplish a knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge areas 
listed in Sec. 61.185(b) of this part that are appropriate to the 
flight instructor rating sought;
    (g) Receive a logbook endorsement from an authorized flight 
instructor who gave the flight training on the approved areas of 
operation listed in Sec. 61.187 of this part, appropriate to the flight 
instructor rating sought and prior to applying for the practical test;
    (h) Accomplish the required practical test that is appropriate to 
the flight instructor rating sought;
    (i) Accomplish the following for a flight instructor certificate 
with an airplane rating or with a glider rating--
    (1) Must have received a one time logbook endorsement from an 
authorized flight instructor on ground and flight training on 
instructional procedures for stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and 
spin recovery procedures in an airplane or glider that is certificated 
for spins;
    (2) Must have demonstrated instructional proficiency in stall 
awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery procedures; and
    (3) May present the person's spin training endorsement to an 
examiner, and that examiner may accept that endorsement as satisfactory 
accomplishment of the required knowledge and skill of stall awareness, 
spin entry, spins, or spin recovery instructional procedures for the 
practical test, provided that the practical test is not a retest as a 
result of the person failing the previous test for deficiencies in the 
knowledge or skill of stall awareness, spin entry, spins, or spin 
recovery instructional procedures. If the retest is a result of 
deficiencies in the knowledge or skill of stall awareness, spin entry, 
spins, or spin 

[[Page 41258]]
recovery instructional procedures, the examiner must test the person on 
stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery instructional 
procedures in an airplane or glider that is certificated for spins.
    (j) Log at least 15 hours as pilot in command in the category and 
class of aircraft that is appropriate to the flight instructor rating 
sought; and
    (k) Comply with the appropriate sections of this part that apply to 
the flight instructor rating sought.


Sec. 61.185  Aeronautical knowledge.

    A person who is applying for a flight instructor certificate must 
receive and log ground training from an authorized ground or flight 
instructor on the aeronautical knowledge areas of this section:
    (a) Aeronautical knowledge areas.
    (1) The learning process;
    (2) Elements of effective teaching;
    (3) Student evaluation, quizzing, and testing;
    (4) Course development;
    (5) Lesson planning; and
    (6) Classroom training techniques.
    (b) A person who is applying for a flight instructor certificate 
must receive and log ground training on the aeronautical knowledge 
areas in which ground training is required for--
    (1) A recreational, private, and commercial pilot certificate that 
is appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought; and
    (2) An instrument rating, if that person is applying for--
    (i) A flight instructor certificate--airplane category and single-
engine class rating;
    (ii) A flight instructor certificate--airplane category with an 
multiengine class rating;
    (iii) A flight instructor certificate--rotorcraft category with a 
helicopter class rating;
    (iv) A flight instructor certificate--lighter-than-air category 
with an airship class rating;
    (v) A flight instructor certificate--powered-lift category rating; 
or
    (vi) A flight instructor certificate--instrument (with the 
appropriate aircraft category and class rating).


Sec. 61.187  Flight proficiency.

    (a) General. A person who is applying for a flight instructor 
certificate must receive ground training from an authorized ground or 
flight instructor, and flight training from an authorized flight 
instructor on the approved areas of operation listed in this section 
that apply to the flight instructor rating sought, and the person's 
logbook must contain an endorsement from an authorized flight 
instructor certifying that the person is proficient to pass a practical 
test on those areas of operation.
    (b) Areas of operation for an airplane category rating with a 
single engine class rating:
    (1) Fundamentals of instructing;
    (2) Technical subject areas;
    (3) Preflight preparation;
    (4) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;
    (5) Preflight procedures;
    (6) Airport and seaplane base operations;
    (7) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (8) Fundamentals of flight;
    (9) Performance maneuvers;
    (10) Ground reference maneuvers;
    (11) Stalls, spins, and slow flight;
    (12) Basic instrument maneuvers;
    (13) Emergency operations; and
    (14) Postflight procedures.
    (c) Areas of operation for an airplane category rating with a 
multiengine class rating:
    (1) Fundamentals of instructing;
    (2) Technical subject areas;
    (3) Preflight preparation;
    (4) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;
    (5) Preflight procedures;
    (6) Airport and seaplane base operations;
    (7) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (8) Fundamentals of flight;
    (9) Performance maneuvers;
    (10) Ground reference maneuvers;
    (11) Stalls and slow flight;
    (12) Basic instrument maneuvers;
    (13) Emergency operations;
    (14) Multiengine operations; and
    (15) Postflight procedures.
    (d) Areas of operation for a rotorcraft category rating with a 
helicopter class rating:
    (1) Fundamentals of instructing;
    (2) Technical subject areas;
    (3) Preflight preparation;
    (4) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;
    (5) Preflight procedures;
    (6) Airport and heliport operations;
    (7) Hovering maneuvers;
    (8) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (9) Fundamentals of flight;
    (10) Performance maneuvers;
    (11) Emergency operations;
    (12) Special operations; and
    (13) Postflight procedures.
    (e) Areas of operation for a rotorcraft category rating with a 
gyroplane class rating:
    (1) Fundamentals of instructing;
    (2) Technical subject areas;
    (3) Preflight preparation;
    (4) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;
    (5) Preflight procedures;
    (6) Airport operations;
    (7) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (8) Fundamentals of flight;
    (9) Performance maneuvers;
    (10) Flight at slow airspeeds;
    (11) Ground reference maneuvers;
    (12) Emergency operations; and
    (13) Postflight procedures.
    (f) Areas of operation for a powered-lift category rating:
    (1) Fundamentals of instructing;
    (2) Technical subject areas;
    (3) Preflight preparation;
    (4) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;
    (5) Preflight procedures;
    (6) Airport and heliport operations;
    (7) Hovering maneuvers;
    (8) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (9) Fundamentals of flight;
    (10) Performance maneuvers;
    (11) Ground reference maneuvers;
    (12) Stalls and slow flight;
    (13) Basic instrument maneuvers;
    (14) Emergency operations;
    (15) Special operations; and
    (16) Postflight procedures.
    (g) Areas of operation for a glider category rating with a 
nonpowered class rating:
    (1) Fundamentals of instructing;
    (2) Technical subject areas;
    (3) Preflight preparation;
    (4) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;
    (5) Preflight procedures;
    (6) Airport and gliderport operations;
    (7) Launches and landings;
    (8) Fundamentals of flight;
    (9) Performance speeds;
    (10) Soaring techniques;
    (11) Performance maneuvers;
    (12) Stalls, spins, and slow flight;
    (13) Emergency operations; and
    (14) Postflight procedures.
    (h) Areas of operation for a glider category rating with a powered 
class rating:
    (1) Fundamentals of instructing;
    (2) Technical subject areas;
    (3) Preflight preparation;
    (4) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;
    (5) Preflight procedures;
    (6) Airport and gliderport operations;
    (7) Launches, landings, and go-arounds;
    (8) Fundamentals of flight;
    (9) Performance speeds;
    (10) Soaring techniques;
    (11) Performance maneuvers;
    (12) Stalls, spins, and slow flight;
    (13) Emergency operations; and
    (14) Postflight procedures. 

[[Page 41259]]

    (i) Areas of operation for a lighter-than-air category rating with 
an airship class rating:
    (1) Fundamentals of instructing;
    (2) Technical subject areas;
    (3) Preflight preparation;
    (4) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;
    (5) Preflight procedures;
    (6) Airport operations;
    (7) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (8) Fundamentals of flight;
    (9) Performance maneuvers;
    (10) Ground reference maneuvers;
    (11) Basic instrument maneuvers;
    (12) Emergency operations; and
    (13) Postflight procedures.
    (j) Areas of operation for a lighter-than-air category rating with 
a balloon class rating:
    (1) Fundamentals of instructing;
    (2) Technical subject areas;
    (3) Preflight preparation;
    (4) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;
    (5) Preflight procedures;
    (6) Balloonport operations;
    (7) Lift-offs and landings;
    (8) Fundamentals of flight;
    (9) Performance maneuvers;
    (10) Emergency operations; and
    (11) Postflight procedures.
    (k) Areas of operation for an instrument rating with the 
appropriate aircraft category and class rating:
    (1) Fundamentals of instructing;
    (2) Technical subject areas;
    (3) Preflight preparation;
    (4) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;
    (5) Air traffic control clearances and procedures;
    (6) Flight by reference to instruments;
    (7) Navigation aids;
    (8) Instrument approach procedures;
    (9) Emergency operations; and
    (10) Postflight procedures.


Sec. 61.189  Flight instructor records.

    (a) A flight instructor must sign the logbook of each person to 
whom that flight instructor has given flight and ground training.
    (b) A flight instructor must maintain a record (in a logbook or a 
separate document) that contains the following:
    (1) The name of each person whose logbook or student pilot 
certificate that instructor has endorsed for supervised PIC flight 
privileges and the date of the endorsement;
    (2) The name of each person that instructor has endorsed for a 
knowledge or practical test, and the record shall also indicate the 
kind of test, the date, and the results; and
    (3) A copy of each training syllabus that instructor uses to 
conduct training.
    (c) Each flight instructor must retain the records required by this 
section in a separate record or in a logbook for at least 3 years.


Sec. 61.191  Additional flight instructor ratings.

    (a) A person who applies for an additional flight instructor rating 
on a flight instructor certificate must meet the eligibility 
requirements listed in Sec. 61.183 of this part that apply to the 
flight instructor rating sought.
    (b) A person who applies for an additional rating on a flight 
instructor certificate is not required to pass the knowledge test in 
Sec. 61.185(a) of this part.


Sec. 61.193  Flight instructor endorsements and authorizations.

    A person who holds a flight instructor certificate is authorized 
within the limitations of the person's flight instructor certificate 
and ratings and pilot certificate and ratings to give training and 
endorsements that are required for, and relate to:
    (a) A student pilot certificate;
    (b) A recreational pilot certificate;
    (c) A private pilot certificate;
    (d) A commercial pilot certificate;
    (e) An airline transport pilot certificate;
    (f) A flight instructor certificate;
    (g) A ground instructor certificate;
    (h) An additional aircraft rating;
    (i) An instrument rating;
    (j) A flight review, operating privilege, or recency of experience 
requirement of this part;
    (k) An authorization for a practical test; and
    (l) An authorization for a knowledge test.


Sec. 61.195  Flight instructor limitations and qualifications.

    A person who holds a flight instructor certificate is subject to 
the following limitations:
    (a) Hours of training. In any 24-consecutive-hour period, a flight 
instructor may not conduct more than 8 hours of flight training or any 
combination of commercial flying and flight training.
    (b) Aircraft ratings. Flight instructors may not conduct flight 
training in any aircraft for which they do not hold--
    (1) The category and class rating on their flight instructor 
certificate and pilot certificate; and
    (2) If appropriate, a type rating on their pilot certificate.
    (c) Instrument rating. Flight instructors who give instrument 
flight training for the issuance of an instrument rating or a type 
rating not limited to VFR must hold an instrument rating on their 
flight instructor certificate and their pilot certificate that is 
appropriate to the category and class of aircraft in which instrument 
training is being given.
    (d) Limitations on endorsements. A flight instructor may not 
endorse a:
    (1) Student pilot's certificate or logbook for supervised PIC 
flight privileges, unless that flight instructor has--
    (i) Given that student the flight training required for supervised 
PIC flight privileges by this part; and
    (ii) Determined that the student is prepared to conduct the flight 
safely under known circumstances, and subject to any limitations listed 
in the student's logbook, that the instructor considers necessary for 
safety of flight.
    (2) Student pilot's certificate and logbook for a supervised PIC 
cross-country flight, unless that flight instructor has determined the 
student's flight preparation, planning, equipment, and proposed 
procedures are adequate for the proposed flight under the existing 
conditions and within any limitations listed in the logbook that the 
instructor considers necessary for safety of flight;
    (3) Student pilot's certificate and logbook for supervised PIC 
flight in Class B airspace area or at an airport within Class B 
airspace unless that flight instructor has--
    (i) Given that student ground and flight training in that Class B 
airspace and airport; and
    (ii) Determined that the student is proficient to operate the 
aircraft safely.
    (4) Logbook of a recreational pilot, unless that flight instructor 
has--
    (i) Given that pilot the required ground and flight training of 
this part; and
    (ii) Determined that the pilot is proficient to operate the 
aircraft safely.
    (5) Logbook of a pilot for a flight review, unless that instructor 
has conducted a review of that pilot in accordance with the 
requirements of Sec. 61.56(a) of this part; or
    (6) Logbook of a pilot for an instrument proficiency test, unless 
that instructor has tested that pilot in accordance with the 
requirements of Sec. 61.57(e) of this part.
    (e) Training in an aircraft that requires a type rating. Flight 
instructors may not give flight training in an aircraft that requires 
the pilot in command to hold a type rating unless they hold a type 
rating for that aircraft on their pilot certificate.
    (f) Training received in a multiengine airplane, helicopter, or a 
powered-lift. A flight instructor may not give training required for 
the issuance of a certificate 

[[Page 41260]]
or rating in a multiengine airplane, helicopter, or a powered-lift, 
unless that flight instructor has at least 5 flight hours of operating 
experience as a pilot in command in the specific make and model of 
multiengine airplane, helicopter, or powered-lift, as appropriate.
    (g) Position in aircraft and required pilot seats for providing 
flight training.
    (1) A flight instructor must perform all training from a control 
seat in an aircraft that meets the requirements of and is in accordance 
with Sec. 91.109 of this chapter.
    (2) A flight instructor who provides flight training for an airman 
certificate or rating issued under this part must provide that flight 
training in an aircraft that meets the following requirements--
    (i) The aircraft must have at least two pilot seats and be of the 
same category, class, and type, if appropriate, that apply to the 
flight instructor rating sought.
    (ii) For single-place aircraft, the pre-supervised PIC flight 
training must have been received in an aircraft that has two pilot 
seats and is of the same category, class, and type, if appropriate, and 
has similar flight characteristics to that of the single-place 
aircraft.
    (h) Qualifications of the instructor for training first-time flight 
instructor applicants.
    (1) The ground training required by a person who is applying for a 
flight instructor certificate for the first time, must be given by a 
ground or flight instructor who)--
    (i) Holds a current ground or flight instructor certificate with 
the appropriate rating, has held that certificate for at least 24 
months, and has given at least 40 hours of ground training; or
    (ii) Holds a current ground or flight instructor certificate with 
the appropriate rating, and have given at least 100 hours of ground 
training, if the training is given in an FAA-approved course.
    (2) Except as provided for in paragraph (h)(3) of this section, the 
flight training required by a person who is seeking a flight instructor 
certificate for the first time, must be given by flight instructors who 
meet the eligibility requirements prescribed in Sec. 61.183 of this 
part, hold the appropriate rating on their flight instructor 
certificate, and has held a flight instructor certificate for at least 
24 months and--
    (i) For training in an airplane, rotorcraft, or powered-lift 
rating, must have given at least 200 hours of flight training as a 
flight instructor;
    (ii) For training in a glider rating, must have given at least 80 
hours of flight training as a flight instructor; and
    (iii) For training in a lighter-than-air rating, must have given at 
least 20 hours of flight training as a flight instructor.
    (3) A flight instructor who serves as a flight instructor in an 
FAA-approved course must hold a current flight instructor certificate 
with the appropriate rating, and have satisfactorily accomplished the 
required initial and recurrent flight instructor proficiency tests, in 
accordance with the part the FAA-approved course is conducted under, 
and must--
    (i) Meet the requirements of paragraph (h)(2) of this section; or
    (ii) Meet the following requirements--
    (A) Trained and endorsed at least 5 applicants for a practical test 
for a pilot certificate, flight instructor certificate, ground 
instructor certificate, or an additional rating, and at least 80 
percent of those applicants passed that test on their first attempt;
    (B) Given at least 400 hours of flight training as a certificated 
flight instructor for training in an airplane, a rotorcraft, or for a 
powered-lift rating;
    (C) Given at least 100 hours of flight training as a flight 
instructor, for training in a glider rating; and
    (D) Given at least 40 hours of flight training as a flight 
instructor, for training in a lighter-than-air rating.
    (i) Prohibition against self endorsements. A flight instructor 
shall not make any self-endorsement for the furtherance of a 
certificate, rating, flight proficiency, flight review, authorization, 
operating privilege, practical test, or knowledge test that is required 
by this part.


Sec. 61.197  Renewal of flight instructor certificates.

    (a) Persons who hold a flight instructor certificate that have not 
expired may renew their certificates for an additional 24-calendar 
months if they, except as provided for in paragraph (b) of this 
section, satisfactorily accomplish a practical test for:
    (1) Renewal of their flight instructor certificate; or
    (2) An additional flight instructor rating.
    (b) Persons may renew their flight instructor certificate without 
accomplishing a practical test, by presenting to an FAA Flight 
Standards District Office:
    (1) A record of training students that shows during the preceding 
24 calendar months, they have endorsed at least 5 students for a 
practical test for a certificate or rating, and at least 80 percent of 
those students passed that test on the first attempt;
    (2) A record that shows during the preceding 24-calendar months, 
persons have served as a company check pilot, chief flight instructor, 
company check airman or flight instructor in a part 121 or 135 
operation, or a comparable position involving the regular evaluation of 
pilots, and provided the FAA Flight Standards District Office is 
acquainted with their duties and responsibilities and has determined 
they have satisfactory knowledge of current pilot training, 
certification, and standards; or
    (3) A graduation certificate showing they have accomplished an 
approved flight instructor refresher course, consisting of ground or 
flight instruction, or both, and provided the course was satisfactorily 
accomplished before the expiration date on the person's flight 
instructor certificate.
    (c) If persons accomplish the requirements of this section within 
the 90 days preceding the expiration date of their flight instructor 
certificate, they are considered to have accomplished the requirements 
of this section in the month due, and the certificate will be renewed 
for an additional 24-calendar months from the expiration date.


Sec. 61.199  Expired flight instructor certificates and ratings.

    (a) Flight instructor certificates. The holder of an expired flight 
instructor certificate may exchange that certificate for a new 
certificate by satisfactorily accomplishing a practical test prescribed 
in Sec. 61.187 of this part.
    (b) Flight instructor ratings.
    (1) A flight instructor rating or a limited flight instructor 
rating on a pilot certificate is no longer valid and may not be 
exchanged for a similar rating or a flight instructor certificate.
    (2) The holder of a flight instructor rating or a limited flight 
instructor rating on a pilot certificate may be issued a flight 
instructor certificate with the current ratings, but only if the person 
satisfactorily accomplishes the required knowledge and practical test 
prescribed in this subpart for the issuance of that flight instructor 
certificate and rating.


Sec. 61.201  Conversion to the current flight instructor ratings.

    (a) General.
    (1) A person who holds a commercial pilot certificate for lighter-
than-air category and an airship or a balloon class rating, or a flight 
instructor certificate that does not bear the current glider or 
instrument-airplane flight instructor ratings listed in Sec. 61.5(c) of 


[[Page 41261]]
this part, may not give training in an airship, a balloon, or a glider, 
or for an instrument rating in an airplane, respectively, after [insert 
date 2 years after the effective date of the final rule].
    (2) Before [insert date 2 years after the effective date of the 
final rule], a person who meets the appropriate qualification 
requirements of this section may receive a flight instructor 
certificate with the current ratings.
    (b) Glider category with a powered class rating. A flight 
instructor certificate with a glider category and powered class rating 
may be issued to a person who holds a flight instructor certificate 
with glider category rating, provided that person has:
    (1) Received the required training in a powered glider and the 
flight instructor endorsements of this subpart for the issuance of the 
powered class rating, and has satisfactorily accomplished the required 
practical test; or
    (2) Before [insert effective date of the final rule]--
    (i) Given at least 20 hours of flight training in a powered glider 
as an authorized flight instructor; and
    (ii) Recommended at least one student for a practical test for the 
issuance of glider category rating and the recommended student passed 
the practical test.
    (c) Glider category with a nonpowered class rating. A flight 
instructor certificate with a glider category and nonpowered class 
rating may be issued to a person who holds a flight instructor 
certificate with glider category rating, provided the person has:
    (1) Received the required training in a nonpowered glider and the 
flight instructor endorsements of this subpart for the issuance of the 
nonpowered class rating and has satisfactorily accomplished the 
required practical test; or
    (2) Before [insert effective date of the final rule]--
    (i) Given at least 20 hours of flight training in a nonpowered 
glider as an authorized flight instructor; and
    (ii) Recommended at least one student for a practical test for the 
issuance of glider category rating and the recommended student passed 
the practical test.
    (d) Lighter-than air category with an airship class rating. A 
flight instructor certificate with a lighter-than-air category and 
airship class rating may be issued to a person who holds a commercial 
pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air category and airship class 
rating, provided the person has:
    (1) Received the required training in an airship and the flight 
instructor endorsements of this subpart for the issuance of the airship 
class rating and has satisfactorily accomplished the required practical 
test; or
    (2) Before [insert effective date of the final rule]--
    (i) Given at least 20 hours of flight training in an airship as a 
holder of a commercial pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air 
category and a airship class rating; and
    (ii) Recommended at least one student for a practical test for the 
issuance of airship rating and the recommended student passed practical 
test.
    (e) Lighter-than-air category with an airship-instrument rating. A 
flight instructor certificate with a lighter-than-air category and 
airship-instrument rating may be issued to a person who holds a 
commercial pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air category and 
airship class rating, provided the person has:
    (1) Received the required ground training and flight training for 
the airship-instrument rating and the flight instructor endorsements of 
this subpart for the issuance of the airship-instrument rating and has 
satisfactorily accomplished the required practical test; or
    (2) Before [insert effective date of the final rule]--
    (i) Given at least 20 hours of flight training in an airship as a 
holder of a commercial pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air 
category and an airship class rating; and
    (ii) Recommended at least one student for a practical test for the 
issuance of an airship rating and the recommended student passed the 
practical test.
    (f) Lighter-than air category with a balloon class rating. A flight 
instructor certificate with a lighter-than-air category and balloon 
class rating may be issued to a person who holds a commercial pilot 
certificate with a lighter-than-air category and balloon class rating, 
provided the person has:
    (1) Received the required training in a balloon and instructor 
endorsements of this subpart for the issuance of the balloon class 
rating and has satisfactorily accomplished the required practical test; 
or
    (2) Before [insert effective date of the final rule]--
    (i) Given at least 20 hours of flight training in a balloon as a 
holder of a commercial pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air 
category and a balloon class rating; and
    (ii) Recommended at least one student for a practical test for the 
issuance of a balloon class rating and the recommended student passed 
the practical test.
    (g) Instrument-single-engine airplane rating. A flight instructor 
certificate with an instrument-single-engine airplane rating may be 
issued to a person who holds a flight instructor certificate with a 
instrument-airplane rating, provided the person has:
    (1) Received the required training and instructor endorsement of 
this subpart for the issuance of the instrument-single-engine airplane 
rating and has satisfactorily accomplished the required practical test; 
or
    (2) Before [insert effective date of the final rule]--
    (i) Given at least 20 hours of flight training in a single-engine 
airplane for the issuance of an airplane-instrument rating as an 
authorized flight instructor; and
    (ii) Recommended at least one student for a practical test for the 
issuance of an airplane-instrument rating and the recommended student 
passed the practical test.
    (h) Instrument-multiengine airplane rating. A flight instructor 
certificate with an instrument-multiengine airplane rating may be 
issued to a person who holds a flight instructor certificate with a 
instrument-airplane rating, provided the person has:
    (1) Received the required training and instructor endorsement of 
this subpart for the issuance of the instrument-multiengine airplane 
rating and has satisfactorily accomplished the required practical test; 
or
    (2) Before [insert effective date of the final rule]--
    (i) Given at least 20 hours of flight training in a multiengine 
airplane for the issuance of an instrument-airplane rating as an 
authorized flight instructor; and
    (ii) Recommended at least one student for a practical test for the 
issuance of an instrument-airplane rating and the recommended student 
passed the practical test.
    (i) Instrument-helicopter rating. A flight instructor certificate 
with an instrument-helicopter rating may be issued to a person who 
holds a flight instructor certificate with a instrument-helicopter 
rating, provided the person has:
    (1) Received the required training and instructor endorsement of 
this subpart for the issuance of the instrument-helicopter rating and 
has satisfactorily accomplished the required practical test; or
    (2) Before [insert effective date of the final rule]--
    (i) Given at least 20 hours of flight training in a helicopter for 
the issuance of an instrument-helicopter rating as an authorized flight 
instructor; and

[[Page 41262]]

    (ii) Recommended at least one student for a practical test for the 
issuance of an instrument-helicopter rating and the recommended student 
passed the practical test.

Subpart I--Ground Instructors


Sec. 61.211  Applicability.

    This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of ground 
instructor certificates and ratings, the conditions under which those 
certificates and ratings are necessary, and the limitations upon those 
certificates and ratings.


Sec. 61.213  Eligibility requirements.

    (a) To be eligible for a ground instructor certificate or rating a 
person must:
    (1) Be at least 18 years of age;
    (2) Be able to read, write, speak, and understand the English 
language;
    (3) Satisfactorily accomplish a knowledge test on the fundamentals 
of instructing described in Sec. 61.215(a)(1) of this part, except as 
provided in paragraph (b) of this section;
    (4) Satisfactorily accomplish a knowledge test on the aeronautical 
knowledge areas of Sec. 61.215(a)(2) of this part that apply to the 
aircraft rating sought;
    (5) Satisfactorily accomplish a knowledge test on the aeronautical 
knowledge areas of Sec. 61.215(a)(3) of this part for an instrument 
rating; and
    (6) Satisfactorily accomplish a practical test on the requirements 
listed in Sec. 61.217(a) of this part that apply to the ground 
instructor rating sought.
    (b) The knowledge test required by paragraph (a)(3) of this section 
is not required if the person:
    (1) Holds a ground or flight instructor certificate issued under 
this part;
    (2) Holds a current teacher's certificate issued by a state, 
county, or city municipality, and that person is authorized to teach at 
an educational level of at least the 7th grade or higher; or
    (3) Is regularly employed as an instructor in an accredited college 
or university.
    (c) After [insert effective date of the final rule], the holder of 
a current flight instructor certificate is not eligible to apply for a 
ground instructor certificate that bears the same aircraft category 
ratings.
    (d) After [insert effective date of the final rule], the holder of 
a flight instructor certificate bearing an instrument rating is not 
eligible to apply for a ground instructor certificate that bears an 
instrument rating.


Sec. 61.215  Aeronautical knowledge.

    (a) A person who applies for a ground instructor certificate must 
present documentation of having completed a course of ground training 
or home study, and received an endorsement from an authorized flight 
instructor or ground instructor who meets the requirements of paragraph 
(b) of this section that the person satisfactorily accomplished the 
course of ground training or home study on the following knowledge 
areas:
    (1) Fundamentals of instructing areas:
    (i) The learning process;
    (ii) Elements of effective teaching;
    (iii) Student evaluation, quizzing, and testing;
    (iv) Course development;
    (v) Lesson planning; and
    (vi) Classroom training technique.
    (2) The aeronautical knowledge areas listed in Secs. 61.97, 61.105, 
and 61.125 of this part that apply to the aircraft category rating 
sought; and
    (3) The aeronautical knowledge areas listed in Sec. 61.65 of this 
part, if applying for an instrument rating.
    (b) The ground training required by paragraph (a) of this section 
must be given by a person who meets the requirements prescribed in 
Sec. 61.183 or Sec. 61.213 of this part and the requirements of this 
paragraph.
    (1) The person must:
    (i) Hold a current ground or flight instructor certificate and have 
held this certificate for at least 24 months; and
    (ii) Have given, as an authorized ground or flight instructor, at 
least 40 hours of ground or flight training.
    (2) If the training is given in an FAA-approved course, the person 
must--
    (i) Meet the requirements of paragraph (b)(1) of this section; or
    (ii) Have given, as an authorized ground or flight instructor, at 
least 100 hours of ground or flight training.


Sec. 61.217  Ground instructor proficiency.

    (a) A person who applies for a ground instructor certificate must 
receive ground training and satisfactorily accomplish a practical test 
on the following approved areas of operation:
    (1) Preparation and conduct of lesson plans for students with 
varying backgrounds and levels of experience and ability;
    (2) Evaluation of student knowledge;
    (3) Ground instructor responsibilities; and
    (4) Effective analysis and correction of common student errors.
    (b) Except for a person who holds a flight instructor certificate, 
a person must present a ground school lesson on a pilot aeronautical 
knowledge area topic that is appropriate to the rating sought as part 
of the practical test;
    (c) The ground training required by paragraph (a) of this section 
must be given by a flight instructor or ground instructor who meets the 
requirements of Sec. 61.183 or Sec. 61.213 of this part; and
    (d) The practical test for a ground instructor certificate and 
rating must be administered by an examiner.


Sec. 61.219  Ground instructor records.

    (a) A ground instructor must record the following information in a 
person's logbook or training record to whom that instructor gives 
ground training, and must sign that logbook or training record entry:
    (1) The amount of time of the lesson;
    (2) The date the training was given; and
    (3) The topics of training given.
    (b) A ground instructor must maintain a record containing the 
following information:
    (1) The name of each person whose logbook or training record that 
ground instructor has endorsed for satisfactory completion of a course;
    (2) The name of each person whom that ground instructor has 
endorsed for a knowledge test and the results of that knowledge test;
    (3) The name of each person that ground instructor has endorsed or 
recommended for a practical test, and the date of the endorsement or 
recommendation; and
    (4) A copy of the training syllabus for each person that instructor 
trained.
    (c) A ground instructor must retain the records required by this 
section for at least 3 years after the date of the endorsement.


Sec. 61.221  Additional ground instructor ratings.

    (a) Persons who apply for an additional aircraft category rating on 
their ground instructor certificate, must satisfactorily accomplish a 
knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in 
Sec. 61.215(a)(2) of this part, that apply to the aircraft category 
rating sought.
    (b) Persons who apply for an instrument rating on the their ground 
instructor certificate must satisfactorily accomplish a knowledge test 
on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in Sec. 61.215(a)(3) of this 
part.


Sec. 61.223  Ground instructor endorsements and authorizations.

    Persons who hold a ground instructor certificate, are authorized, 
within the ratings on their ground instructor certificate, to give 
ground training on the aeronautical knowledge areas and the 
endorsements for the training, required for the following pilot, flight 


[[Page 41263]]
instructor, and ground instructor certificates and ratings that are 
issued under this part:
    (a) Student pilot certificate;
    (b) Recreational pilot certificate;
    (c) Private pilot certificate;
    (d) Commercial pilot certificate;
    (e) Airline transport pilot certificate;
    (f) Flight instructor certificate;
    (g) Ground instructor certificate;
    (h) Additional aircraft rating;
    (i) Instrument rating;
    (j) Flight review requirement of this part; and
    (k) Recommendation for knowledge tests.


Sec. 61.225  Recency of experience for a holder of a ground instructor 
certificate.

    A person's ground instructor certificate remains current for 
providing ground training for airman certification purposes, provided 
that person has:
    (a) Given another person ground training and has endorsed that 
person for a knowledge or practical test within the preceding 12 
calendar months; or
    (b) Received an endorsement from an authorized flight or ground 
instructor, which states that the person has demonstrated satisfactory 
competence in the knowledge and proficiency requirements listed in 
Secs. 61.215 and 61.217, that apply to the ground instructor ratings 
held.


Sec. 61.227  Conversion to current ground instructor ratings.

    (a) General. A person who holds a ground instructor certificate 
that does not bear the new ground instructor ratings listed in 
Sec. 61.5(d) of this part:
    (1) May not exercise the privileges of that certificate after 
[insert date 2 years after the effective date of the final rule]; and
    (2) Prior to [insert date 2 years after the effective date of the 
final rule], that person may convert an old ground instructor 
certificate and ratings in accordance with the provisions authorized in 
paragraphs (b) through (e) of this section, as appropriate.
    (b) The holder of a ground instructor certificate with a basic 
rating may exchange that ground instructor certificate for a ground 
instructor certificate with an airplane category rating.
    (c) The holder of a ground instructor certificate with an advanced 
rating may exchange that ground instructor certificate for a ground 
instructor certificate with an airplane category rating.
    (d) The holder of a ground instructor certificate with an advanced 
and instrument rating may exchange that ground instructor certificate 
for a ground instructor certificate with an airplane category rating 
and instrument rating.
    (e) The holder of a ground instructor certificate who also holds a 
flight instructor certificate may exchange that ground instructor 
certificate for a ground instructor certificate with the aircraft 
categories or instrument rating held on the flight instructor 
certificate.

PART 141--PILOT SCHOOLS

    4. Part 141 is revised to read as follows:

Subpart A--General

Sec.
141.1  Applicability.
141.3  Certificate required.
141.5  Requirements for a pilot school certificate.
141.7  Provisional pilot school certificate.
141.9  Examining authority.
141.11  Pilot school ratings.
141.13  Application for issuance, amendment, or renewal.
141.15  Location of facilities.
141.17  Duration of certificates and examining authority.
141.18  Carriage of narcotic drugs, marihuana, and depressant or 
stimulant drugs or substances.
141.19  Display of certificate.
141.21  Inspections.
141.23  Advertising limitations.
141.25  Business office and operations base.
141.27  Renewal of certificates and ratings.
141.29  [Reserved.]

Subpart B--Personnel, Aircraft, and Facilities Requirements

141.31  Applicability.
141.33  Personnel.
141.35  Chief instructor qualifications.
141.36  Assistant chief instructor qualifications.
141.37  Check instructor qualifications.
141.38  Airports.
141.39  Aircraft.
141.41  Flight training devices and training aids.
141.43  Pilot briefing areas.
141.45  Ground training facilities.

Subpart C--Training Course Outline and Curriculum

141.51  Applicability.
141.53  Approval procedures for a training course: General.
141.55  Training course: Contents.
141.57  Special curricula.

Subpart D--Examining Authority

141.61  Applicability.
141.63  Examining authority qualification requirements.
141.65  Privileges.
141.67  Limitations and reports.

Subpart E--Operating Rules

141.71  Applicability.
141.73  Privileges.
141.75  Aircraft requirements.
141.77  Limitations.
141.79  Flight training.
141.81  Ground training.
141.83  Quality of training.
141.85  Chief instructor responsibilities.
141.87  Change of chief instructor.
141.89  Maintenance of personnel, facilities, and equipment.
141.91  Satellite bases.
141.93  Enrollment.
141.95  Graduation certificate.

Subpart F--Records

141.101  Training records.

Appendix A--Recreational Pilot Certification Course
Appendix B--Private Pilot Certification Course
Appendix C--Instrument Rating Course
Appendix D--Commercial Pilot Certification Course
Appendix E--Airline Transport Pilot Certification Course
Appendix F--Flight Instructor Certification Course
Appendix G--Flight Instructor Instrument (Aircraft Category and 
Class) Certification Course
Appendix H--Ground Instructor Certification Course
Appendix I--Additional Aircraft Category or Class Rating Course
Appendix J--Aircraft Type Rating Course, for other than an airline 
transport pilot certificate
Appendix K--Special Preparation Courses
Appendix L--Pilot Ground School Courses

    Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40101-40104, 40109, 40113, 44701-
44703, 44707, 44709, 44711, 45102-45103, 45106, and 45301-45302.

Subpart A--General


Sec. 141.1  Applicability.

    This part prescribes:
    (a) The requirements for issuing pilot school certificates, 
provisional pilot school certificates, and associated ratings; and
    (b) The general operating rules applicable to a holder of a 
certificate or rating specified in paragraph (a) of this section.


Sec. 141.3  Certificate required.

    No person may operate as a certificated pilot school without, or in 
violation of, a pilot school certificate or provisional pilot school 
certificate issued under this part.


Sec. 141.5  Requirements for a pilot school certificate.

    An applicant that meets the requirements of this section may be 
issued a pilot school certificate with associated ratings if:
    (a) The applicant completes the application for a pilot school 
certificate on a form and in a manner as prescribed by the 
Administrator.
    (b) The applicant holds a provisional pilot school certificate, 
issued under this part, for at least 24 calendar months 

[[Page 41264]]
preceding the month in which the application for a pilot school 
certificate is made.
    (c) The applicant meets the applicable requirements of subparts A 
through C of this part for the school ratings sought.
    (d) The applicant trained and recommended for pilot certification 
and rating tests, within 24 calendar months preceding the month the 
application is made for the pilot school certificate, at least 10 
students for:
    (1) A knowledge or practical test for a pilot certificate, flight 
instructor certificate, ground instructor certificate, or an additional 
rating, with such quality of training that at least 80 percent of those 
applicants were successful on the first attempt on a test that was 
conducted by an FAA inspector, or an examiner who is not an employee of 
the school; or
    (2) An end-of-course test for a training course specified in 
appendix K of this part.


Sec. 141.7  Provisional pilot school certificate.

    An applicant that meets the applicable requirements of subparts A, 
B, and C of this part, but does not meet the recent training activity 
requirements of Sec. 141.5(d) of this part, may be issued a provisional 
pilot school certificate with ratings.


Sec. 141.9  Examining authority.
    An applicant is issued an examining authority for its pilot school 
certificate if the applicant meets the requirements of subpart D of 
this part.


Sec. 141.11  Pilot school ratings.

    (a) The ratings listed in paragraph (b) of this section may be 
issued to an applicant for a:
    (1) Pilot school certificate, provided the applicant meets the 
requirements of Sec. 141.5 of this part; or
    (2) Provisional pilot school certificate, provided the applicant 
meets the requirements of Sec. 141.7 of this part.
    (b) The following are courses the school is authorized to conduct:
    (1) Certification and rating courses.
    (i) Recreational pilot course.
    (ii) Private pilot course.
    (iii) Commercial pilot course.
    (iv) Instrument rating course.
    (v) Airline transport pilot course.
    (vi) Flight instructor course.
    (vii) Flight instructor instrument course.
    (viii) Ground instructor course.
    (ix) Additional aircraft category or class rating course.
    (x) Aircraft type rating course.
    (2) Special preparation courses.
    (i) Pilot refresher course.
    (ii) Flight instructor refresher course.
    (iii) Ground instructor refresher course.
    (iv) Agricultural aircraft operations course.
    (v) Rotorcraft external-load operations course.
    (vi) Special operations course.
    (vii) Test pilot course.
    (3) Pilot ground school courses.


Sec. 141.13  Application for issuance, amendment, or renewal.

    (a) Application for an original certificate and rating, for an 
additional rating, or for the renewal of a certificate under this part 
is made on a form and in a manner prescribed by the Administrator.
    (b) Application for the issuance or amendment of a certificate or 
rating must be accompanied by two copies of each proposed training 
course curriculum for which approval is sought.


Sec. 141.15  Location of facilities.

    The holder of a pilot school certificate or a provisional pilot 
school certificate may have a base or other facilities located outside 
the United States, provided the Administrator determines the location 
of the base and facilities at that place are needed for the training of 
students who are citizens of the United States.


Sec. 141.17  Duration of certificate and examining authority.

    (a) Unless surrendered, suspended, revoked, or otherwise 
terminated, a pilot school's or a provisional pilot school's 
certificate expires:
    (1) On the last day of the 24th calendar month from the month the 
certificate was issued;
    (2) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, on the 
date that any change in ownership of the school;
    (3) On the date of any change in the facilities upon which the 
school's certificate is based;
    (4) Upon notice by the Administrator that the school has failed for 
more than 60 days to maintain the facilities, aircraft, or personnel 
required for any one of the school's approved training courses; or
    (5) Whenever the Administrator determines a school has not acted in 
good faith with a student with whom the school has a contractual 
agreement to provide training.
    (b) A change in the ownership of a pilot school or provisional 
pilot school does not terminate that school's certificate, if within 30 
days after the date that any change in ownership of the school occurs:
    (1) Application is made for an appropriate amendment to the 
certificate; and
    (2) No change in the facilities, personnel, or approved training 
courses is involved.
    (c) An examining authority issued to the holder of a pilot school 
certificate expires on the date that the pilot school certificate 
expires, or is surrendered, suspended, revoked, or otherwise 
terminated.


Sec. 141.18  Carriage of narcotic drugs, marijuana, and depressant or 
stimulant drugs or substances.

    If the holder of a certificate issued under this part permits any 
aircraft owned or leased by that holder to be engaged in any operation 
that the certificate holder has knowledge of being in violation of 
Sec. 91.19(a) of this chapter, that operation is a basis for suspending 
or revoking the certificate.


Sec. 141.19  Display of certificate.

    (a) Each holder of a pilot school certificate or a provisional 
pilot school certificate must display that certificate in a place in 
the school that is normally accessible to the public and is not 
obscured.
    (b) A certificate must be made available for inspection upon 
request by:
    (1) The Administrator;
    (2) An authorized representative of the National Transportation 
Safety Board; or
    (3) A Federal, state, or local law enforcement officer.


Sec. 141.21  Inspections.

    Each holder of a certificate issued under this part must allow the 
Administrator to inspect its personnel, facilities, equipment, and 
records to determine the certificate holder's:
    (a) Eligibility to hold its certificate;
    (b) Compliance with the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, as amended; 
and
    (c) Compliance with the Federal Aviation Regulations.
Sec. 141.23  Advertising limitations.

    (a) The holder of a pilot school certificate or a provisional pilot 
school certificate may not make any statement relating to its 
certification and ratings which is false or designed to mislead any 
person contemplating enrollment in that school.
    (b) The holder of a pilot school certificate or a provisional pilot 
school certificate may not advertise that the school is certificated 
unless it clearly differentiates between courses that have been 
approved under part 141 of this chapter and those that have not been 
approved under part 141 of this chapter. 

[[Page 41265]]

    (c) The holder of a pilot school certificate or a provisional pilot 
school certificate must promptly remove:
    (1) From vacated premises all signs indicating that the school was 
certificated by the Administrator when relocated; or
    (2) All indications (including signs), wherever located, that the 
school is certificated by the Administrator when its certificate has 
expired or has been surrendered, suspended, or revoked, or otherwise 
terminated.


Sec. 141.25  Business office and operations base.

    (a) Each holder of a pilot school or a provisional pilot school 
certificate must maintain a principal business office with a mailing 
address in the name shown on its certificate.
    (1) The facilities and equipment at the principal business office 
must be adequate to maintain the files and records required to operate 
the business of the school.
    (2) The principal business office may not be shared with, or used 
by, another pilot school.
    (b) Before changing the location of the principal business office 
or the operations base, each certificate holder must notify the FAA 
Flight Standards District Office having jurisdiction over the area of 
the new location, and the notice must be:
    (1) Submitted in writing at least 30 days before the change of 
location; and
    (2) Accompanied by any amendments needed for the certificate 
holder's approved training course outline.
    (c) A certificate holder may conduct training at an operations base 
other than the one specified in its certificate, if the:
    (1) Administrator has inspected and approved the base for use by 
the certificate holder; and
    (2) Course of training and any needed amendments thereto have been 
approved for use at that base.


Sec. 141.27  Renewal of certificates and ratings.

    (a) Pilot school.
    (1) A pilot school may apply for renewal of its school certificate 
and ratings within 30 days preceding the month the pilot school 
certificate expires, provided the school meets the requirements 
prescribed in paragraph (a)(2) of this section for renewal of its 
certificate and ratings.
    (2) A pilot school may have its school certificate and ratings 
renewed for an additional 24-calendar months, if the Administrator 
determines that school meets the following requirements:
    (i) The personnel meet the requirements of this part;
    (ii) The aircraft meet the requirements of this part;
    (iii) The facility and airport meet the requirements of this part;
    (iv) The approved training courses meet the requirements of this 
part;
    (v) The training records meet the requirements of this part; and
    (vi) The recent training activity and training quality requirements 
of Sec. 141.5(d) of this part.
    (3) A pilot school that does not meet the renewal requirements in 
paragraph (a)(2) of this section, may apply for a provisional pilot 
school certificate if the school meets the requirements of Sec. 141.7 
of this part.
    (b) Provisional pilot school.
    (1) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(3) of this section, a 
provisional pilot school may not have its provisional pilot school 
certificate or the ratings on that certificate renewed.
    (2) A provisional pilot school may apply for a pilot school 
certificate and associated ratings provided that school meets the 
requirements of Sec. 141.5 of this part.
    (3) A former provisional pilot school may apply for another 
provisional pilot school certificate provided 180 days have elapsed 
since its last provisional pilot school certificate expired.


Sec. 141.29  [Reserved]

Subpart B--Personnel, Aircraft, and Facilities Requirements


Sec. 141.31  Applicability.

    (a) This subpart prescribes:
    (1) The personnel and aircraft requirements for a pilot school 
certificate or a provisional pilot school certificate; and
    (2) The facilities and airport required by a pilot school or 
provisional pilot school on a continuous use basis.
    (b) As used in the subpart, to have continuous use of a facility 
including an airport, the school must have:
    (1) Ownership of the facility and airport for at least 6-calendar 
months at the time of application for initial certification and also on 
the date of renewal of the school's certificate; or
    (2) A written lease agreement of the facility and airport for at 
least 6-calendar months at the time of application for initial 
certification and also on the date of renewal of the school's 
certificate.


Sec. 141.33  Personnel.

    (a) An applicant for a pilot school or for a provisional pilot 
school certificate must meet the following personnel requirements:
    (1) Each applicant must have adequate personnel, authorized 
instructors, and a chief instructor for each approved training course, 
who are qualified and competent to perform the duties to which they are 
assigned.
    (2) Each applicant must have dispatchers, aircraft handlers, line 
and service personnel, and instructors, who are instructed in the 
procedures and responsibilities of that person's employment.
    (3) Each applicant must have instructors who hold the ground or 
flight instructor certificates, as applicable, in the category and 
class of aircraft for the approved training course and aircraft.
    (b) An applicant for a pilot school certificate or for a 
provisional pilot school certificate must designate a chief instructor 
for each of the school's approved training courses, who must meet the 
requirements of Sec. 141.35 of this part.
    (c) When necessary, an applicant for a pilot school certificate or 
for a provisional pilot school certificate may designate a person to be 
an assistant chief instructor for an approved training course, provided 
that person meets the requirements of Sec. 141.36 of this part.
    (d) A pilot school and a provisional pilot school may designate a 
person to be a check instructor for conducting student stage checks, 
end-of-course tests, and instructor proficiency checks, provided:
    (1) That person meets the requirements of Sec. 141.37 of this part; 
and
    (2) That school has a student enrollment of at least 50 students at 
the time designation is sought.
    (e) A person, as listed in this section, may serve in more than one 
position for a school, provided that person is qualified for each 
position.


Sec. 141.35  Chief instructor qualifications.

    (a) To be eligible for a designation as a chief instructor for a 
course of training, a person must meet the following requirements:
    (1) Hold a commercial pilot or an airline transport pilot 
certificate and a flight instructor certificate, and those certificates 
must contain the appropriate aircraft category, class, and instrument 
rating for the category and class of aircraft used in the course;
    (2) Meet the pilot-in-command recent flight experience requirements 
of Sec. 61.57 of this chapter;
    (3) Satisfactorily accomplish a knowledge test on teaching methods, 
applicable provisions of the Airman's Information Manual, parts 61, 91, 
and 141 of this chapter, and the objectives and approved course 
completion 

[[Page 41266]]
standards of the course for which the person seeks to obtain 
designation;
    (4) Satisfactorily accomplish a proficiency test on instructional 
skills and ability to train students on the flight procedures and 
maneuvers appropriate to the course;
    (5) Except for a course of training for gliders, balloons, or 
airships, the chief instructor must meet the applicable requirements in 
paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of this section;
    (6) A chief instructor for a course of training for gliders or 
balloons is only required to have 40 percent of the hours required in 
paragraphs (b) and (d) of this section; and
    (7) A chief instructor for a course of training for airships is 
only required to have 40 percent of the hours required in paragraphs 
(b), (c), and (d) of this section.
    (b) In addition, for a course of training leading to the issuance 
of a private pilot certificate or rating, a chief instructor must have:
    (1) At least 1,000 hours as pilot in command; and
    (2) Primary flight training experience, acquired as either an 
authorized flight instructor or an instructor in a military pilot 
primary flight training program, or a combination thereof, consisting 
of at least:
    (i) Two years and a total of 500 flight hours; or
    (ii) 1,000 flight hours.
    (c) For a course of training leading to the issuance of an 
instrument rating or a rating with instrument privileges, a chief 
instructor must have:
    (1) At least 100 hours of flight time under actual or simulated 
instrument conditions;
    (2) At least 1,000 hours as pilot in command; and
    (3) Instrument flight instructor experience, acquired as either an 
authorized flight instructor-instrument or an instructor in a military 
pilot basic or instrument flight training program, or a combination 
thereof, consisting of at least--
    (i) Two years and a total of 250 flight hours; or
    (ii) 400 flight hours.
    (d) For a course of training other than those that lead to the 
issuance of a private pilot certificate or rating, or an instrument 
rating or a rating with instrument privileges, a chief instructor must 
have:
    (1) At least 2,000 hours as pilot in command; and
    (2) Flight training experience, acquired as either an authorized 
flight instructor or an instructor in a military pilot primary or basic 
flight training program or a combination thereof, consisting of at 
least--
    (i) Three years and a total of 1,000 flight hours; or
    (ii) 1,500 flight hours.


Sec. 141.36  Assistant chief instructor qualifications.

    (a) To be eligible for a designation as an assistant chief 
instructor for a course of training, a person must meet the following 
requirements:
    (1) Hold a commercial pilot or an airline transport pilot 
certificate and a flight instructor certificate, and those certificates 
must contain the appropriate aircraft category, class, and instrument 
rating for the category and class of aircraft used in the course;
    (2) Meet the pilot-in-command recent flight experience requirements 
of Sec. 61.57 of this chapter;
    (3) Satisfactorily accomplish a knowledge test on teaching methods, 
applicable provisions of the Airman's Information Manual, parts 61, 91, 
and 141 of this chapter, and the objectives and approved course 
completion standards of the course for which the person seeks to obtain 
designation;
    (4) Satisfactorily accomplish a proficiency test on the flight 
procedures and maneuvers appropriate to that course; and
    (5) Meet the applicable requirements in paragraphs (b), (c), and 
(d) of this section. However, an assistant chief instructor for a 
course of training for gliders, free balloons or airships is only 
required to have 40 percent of the hours required in paragraphs (b) and 
(c) of this section.
    (b) For a course of training leading to the issuance of a private 
pilot certificate or rating, an assistant chief instructor must have:
    (1) At least 500 hours as pilot in command; and
    (2) Primary flight training experience, acquired as either an 
authorized flight instructor or an instructor in a military pilot 
primary flight training program, or a combination thereof, consisting 
of at least--
    (i) One year and a total of 250 flight hours; or
    (ii) 500 flight hours.
    (c) For a course of training leading to the issuance of an 
instrument rating or a rating with instrument privileges, an assistant 
chief flight instructor must have:
    (1) At least 50 hours of flight time under actual or simulated 
instrument conditions;
    (2) At least 500 hours as pilot in command; and
    (3) Instrument flight instructor experience, acquired as either an 
authorized flight instructor-instrument or an instructor in a military 
pilot basic or instrument flight training program, or a combination 
thereof, consisting of at least--
    (i) One year and a total of 125 flight hours; or
    (ii) 200 flight hours.
    (d) For a course of training other than those that lead to the 
issuance of a private pilot certificate or rating, or an instrument 
rating or a rating with instrument privileges, an assistant chief 
instructor must have:
    (1) At least 1,000 hours as pilot in command; and
    (2) Flight training experience, acquired as either an authorized 
flight instructor or an instructor in a military pilot primary or basic 
flight training program or a combination thereof, consisting of at 
least--
    (i) One and one half years and a total of 500 flight hours; or
    (ii) 750 flight hours.


Sec. 141.37  Check instructor qualifications.

    (a) To be designated as a check instructor for conducting student 
stage checks and end-of-course tests and instructor proficiency checks 
under this part, a person must meet the eligibility requirements of 
this section:
    (1) For checks and tests that relate to either flight or ground 
training, the person must satisfactorily accomplish a test, given by 
the chief instructor, on--
    (i) Teaching methods;
    (ii) Applicable provisions of the ``Airman's Information Manual,'' 
parts 61, 91, and 141 of this chapter; and
    (iii) The objectives and course completion standards of the 
approved training course for the designation sought.
    (2) For checks and tests that relate to a flight training course, 
the person must--
    (i) Meet the requirements in paragraph (a)(1) of this section;
    (ii) Hold a commercial pilot or an airline transport pilot 
certificate and a flight instructor certificate, and those certificates 
must contain the appropriate aircraft category, class, and instrument 
rating for the category and class of aircraft used in the course;
    (iii) If the flight training course is for a rating in other than a 
glider or free balloon, hold at least a current second-class medical 
certificate issued in accordance with part 67 of this chapter;
    (iv) If the flight training course is for a rating in a glider or 
free balloon, present a signed and dated statement by the person 
certifying that the person has no known medical defects that makes the 
person unable to pilot a glider or free balloon;
    (v) Meet the pilot-in-command recent flight experience requirements 
of Sec. 61.57 of this chapter; and 

[[Page 41267]]

    (vi) Satisfactorily accomplish a proficiency test, given by the 
chief instructor, on the flight procedures and maneuvers of the 
approved training course for the designation sought.
    (3) For checks and tests that relate to ground training, the person 
must--
    (i) Meet the requirements in paragraph (a)(1) of this section; and
    (ii) Hold a current flight instructor certificate or ground 
instructor certificate with ratings appropriate to the category and 
class of aircraft used in the course.
    (b) A person who meets the eligibility requirements in paragraph 
(a) of this section must:
    (1) Be designated, in writing, by the chief instructor to conduct 
student stage checks and end-of-course tests and instructor proficiency 
checks; and
    (2) Be approved by the FAA Flight Standards District Office having 
jurisdiction over the school.
    (c) A check instructor may not conduct a stage check or an end-of-
course test of any student:
    (1) For whom the check instructor has served as the principal 
instructor; or
    (2) Whom the check instructor has recommended for a stage check or 
end-of-course test.


Sec. 141.38  Airports.

    (a) An applicant for a pilot school certificate or a provisional 
pilot school certificate must show that it has continuous use of each 
airport at which training flights originate.
    (b) Each airport used for airplanes and gliders must have at least 
one runway or takeoff area that allows training aircraft to make a 
normal takeoff or landing under the following conditions at the 
aircraft's maximum certificated takeoff gross weight:
    (1) Under calm wind conditions of not more than five miles per 
hour;
    (2) At temperatures equal to the mean high temperature for the 
hottest month of the year in the operating area;
    (3) If applicable, with the powerplant operation and landing gear 
and flap operation recommended by the manufacturer; and
    (4) In the case of a takeoff--
    (i) With smooth transition from liftoff to the best rate of climb 
speed without exceptional piloting skills or techniques; and
    (ii) Clearing all obstacles in the takeoff flight path by at least 
50 feet.
    (c) Each airport must have a wind direction indicator that is 
visible from the ends of each runway at ground level;
    (d) Each airport must have a traffic direction indicator when:
    (1) The airport does not have an operating control tower; and
    (2) UNICOM advisories are not available.
    (e) Except as provided in paragraph (f) of this section, each 
airport used for night training flights must have permanent runway 
lights; and
    (f) An airport used for night training flights in seaplanes is 
permitted to use adequate non-permanent lighting or shoreline lighting, 
if approved by the Administrator.


Sec. 141.39  Aircraft.

    (a) An applicant for a pilot school or provisional pilot school 
certificate, and each pilot school or provisional pilot school, must 
show that each aircraft used by that school for flight training and 
supervised PIC flights meet the following requirements:
    (1) Each aircraft must be registered as a civil aircraft of the 
United States;
    (2) Each aircraft must be certificated with a standard 
airworthiness certificate or a primary airworthiness certificate, 
unless the Administrator determines that due to the nature of the 
approved course, an aircraft not having a standard airworthiness 
certificate or primary airworthiness certificate may be used;
    (3) Each aircraft must be maintained and inspected in accordance 
with--
    (i) The requirements of subpart E, part 91 of this chapter that 
apply to aircraft operated for hire; and
    (ii) An inspection program for each airframe, aircraft engine, 
propeller, appliance, and component part.
    (4) Each aircraft used in flight training must be at least a two-
place aircraft with engine power controls and flight controls that can 
be easily reached and operated in a normal manner from both pilot 
stations; and
    (5) Each aircraft used in a course for instrument flight training, 
or a training course requiring the demonstration of instrument skills, 
must be equipped and maintained for IFR operations.
    (b) The inspection program required in paragraph (a)(3) of this 
section must be:
    (1) A current inspection program recommended by the manufacturer;
    (2) An inspection program that is currently in use by the holder of 
a certificate issued under part 121 or part 135 of this chapter; or
    (3) An inspection program established by the applicant and approved 
by the Administrator.
    (c) An inspection program under paragraph (b)(3) of this section 
must meet the following requirements:
    (1) The program is approved by the FAA Flight Standards District 
Office having jurisdiction over the area in which the applicant is 
based; and
    (2) That program is submitted in writing and consists of at least--
    (i) The instructions and procedures for the conduct of inspections 
for the particular make and model aircraft, including necessary checks 
and tests;
    (ii) The instructions and procedures for inspecting the parts and 
areas of each airframe, aircraft engine, propeller, appliance, and 
component part, including survival and emergency equipment required to 
be inspected; and
    (iii) A schedule for performing the inspections that must be 
performed under the program expressed in terms of the time in service, 
calendar time, number of system operations, or any combination of 
these.


Sec. 141.41  Flight training devices and training aids.

    An applicant for a pilot school or a provisional pilot school 
certificate must show that its flight training devices and training 
aids and equipment meet the following requirements:
    (a) Flight training devices.
    (1) Each flight training device used to obtain the maximum flight 
training credit allowed for flight training devices in an approved 
pilot training course curriculum must have:
    (i) An enclosed pilot's station or cockpit that accommodates one or 
more flight crewmembers;
    (ii) Controls to stimulate the rotation of the flight training 
device about three axes;
    (iii) The minimum instrumentation and equipment required for 
powered aircraft in Sec. 91.205 of this chapter for the type of flight 
operations simulated;
    (iv) For VFR instruction, a means of simulating visual flight 
conditions, including motion of the flight training device, or 
projections, or models operated by the flight controls; and
    (v) For IFR instruction, a means to record the flight path 
simulated by the flight training device.
    (2) Flight training devices other than those covered under 
paragraph (a)(1) of this section must have:
    (i) An enclosed pilot's station or cockpit that accommodates one or 
more flight crewmembers;
    (ii) Controls to simulate the rotation of the flight training 
device about three axes; and
    (iii) The minimum instrumentation and equipment required for 
powered aircraft in Sec. 91.205 of this chapter for the type of flight 
operations simulated.
    (b) Training aids and equipment. Each training aid, including any 
audiovisual, mockup, chart, or aircraft component listed in the 
approved training course outline, must be accurate and appropriate to 
the course for which it is used. 

[[Page 41268]]



Sec. 141.43  Pilot briefing areas.

    (a) An applicant for a pilot school or provisional pilot school 
certificate must show that the applicant has the continuous use of a 
briefing area located at each airport at which training flights 
originate, that is:
    (1) Adequate to shelter students waiting to engage in their 
training flights;
    (2) Arranged and equipped for the conduct of pilot briefings; and
    (3) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, a school 
with an instrument rating or commercial pilot course must be equipped 
with private landline or telephone communication to the nearest FAA 
Flight Service Station.
    (b) A briefing area required by paragraph (a) of this section may 
not be used by the applicant if it is available for use by any other 
pilot school during the period it is required for use by the applicant.
    (c) The communication equipment required by paragraph (a)(3) of 
this section is not required if the briefing area and the flight 
service station are located on the same airport and are readily 
accessible to each other.


Sec. 141.45  Ground training facilities.

    An applicant for a pilot school or provisional pilot school 
certificate must show that:
    (a) Each room, training booth, or other space used for 
instructional purposes is heated, lighted, and ventilated to conform to 
local building, sanitation, and health codes; and
    (b) The training facility is so located that the students in that 
facility are not distracted by the training conducted in other rooms, 
or by flight and maintenance operations on the airport.

Subpart C--Training Course Outline and Curriculum


Sec. 141.51  Applicability.

    This subpart prescribes the curriculum and course outline 
requirements for the issuance of a pilot school or provisional pilot 
school certificate and ratings.


Sec. 141.53  Approval procedures for a training course: General.

    (a) General. An applicant for a pilot school or provisional pilot 
school certificate must obtain the Administrator's approval of the 
outline of each training course for which certification and rating is 
sought.
    (b) Application.
    (1) An application for the approval of an initial or amended 
training course must be submitted in duplicate to the FAA Flight 
Standards District Office having jurisdiction over the area where the 
school is based.
    (2) An application for the approval of an initial or amended 
training course must be submitted at least 30 days before any training 
under that course, or any amendment thereto, is scheduled to begin.
    (3) An application for amending a training course must be 
accompanied by two copies of the amendment.
    (c) Effective date.
    (1) Until [insert date one year after effective date of the final 
rule] an applicant for a pilot school or provisional pilot school 
certificate may request approval of the training courses listed in 
either paragraph (c)(1) (i) or (ii) of this section.
    (i) Pilot school rating courses:
    (A) Private pilot.
    (B) Private test course.
    (C) Instrument rating.
    (D) Commercial pilot.
    (E) Commercial test course.
    (F) Additional aircraft rating.
    (G) Pilot ground school.
    (H) Flight instructor certification.
    (I) Additional flight instructor rating.
    (J) Additional instrument rating.
    (K) Airline transport pilot certification.
    (L) Pilot refresher course.
    (M) Agricultural aircraft operations course.
    (N) Rotorcraft external-load operations course.
    (ii) Pilot school rating courses, [insert effective date]:
    (A) Recreational pilot courses.
    (B) Private pilot courses.
    (C) Commercial pilot courses.
    (D) Instrument rating courses.
    (E) Airline transport pilot courses.
    (F) Flight instructor courses.
    (G) Flight instructor instrument courses.
    (H) Ground instructor courses.
    (I) Additional aircraft category or class rating courses.
    (J) Aircraft type rating courses.
    (K) Pilot refresher courses.
    (L) Flight instructor refresher courses.
    (M) Ground instructor refresher courses.
    (N) Agricultural aircraft operations course.
    (O) Rotorcraft external-load operations course.
    (P) Special operations course.
    (Q) Test pilot course.
    (R) Pilot ground school courses.
    (2) After [insert date one year after effective date of the final 
rule] an applicant for a pilot school or provisional pilot school 
certificate may only request approval of the training courses listed in 
paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section.


Sec. 141.55  Training course: Contents.

    (a) Each training course for which approval is requested must meet 
the minimum curriculum requirements in accordance with the appropriate 
appendix of this part.
    (b) Except as provided in paragraphs (d) and (e) of this section, 
each training course for which approval is requested must meet the 
minimum ground and flight training time requirements in accordance with 
the appropriate appendix of this part.
    (c) Each training course for which approval is requested must 
contain:
    (1) A description of each room used for ground training, including 
the room's size and the maximum number of students that may be trained 
in the room at one time;
    (2) A description of each type of audio-visual aid, projector, tape 
recorder, mockup, aircraft component, and other special training aids 
used for ground training;
    (3) A description of each flight training device used for training;
    (4) A listing of the airports at which training flights originate 
and a description of the facilities, including pilot briefing areas 
that are available for use by the school's students and personnel at 
each of those airports;
    (5) A description of the type of aircraft including any special 
equipment used for each phase of training;
    (6) The minimum qualifications and ratings for each instructor 
assigned to ground or flight training; and
    (7) A training syllabus that includes the following information:
    (i) The prerequisites for enrolling in the ground and flight 
portion of the course that include the pilot certificate and rating (if 
required by this part), medical certificate (if required by this part), 
training, pilot experience, and pilot knowledge;
    (ii) A detailed description of each lesson, including the lesson's 
objectives, standards, and planned time for completion;
    (iii) A description of what the course is expected to accomplish 
with regard to student learning;
    (iv) The expected accomplishments and the standards for each stage 
of training; and
    (v) A description of the checks and tests to be used to measure a 
student's accomplishments for each stage of training.
    (d) A pilot school may request and receive initial approval for any 
of the training courses of this part without specifying the minimum 
ground and flight training time requirements of this part, provided the 
following provisions are met: 

[[Page 41269]]

    (1) The school holds a pilot school certificate under this part and 
has held that certificate for a period of at least 24-consecutive 
calendar months preceding the month of the request;
    (2) The school requests initial approval for no longer than 24-
calendar months;
    (3) In addition to the information required by paragraph (c) of 
this section, the training course specifies planned ground and flight 
training time requirements for the course;
    (4) The school does not request the training course to be approved 
for examining authority; and
    (5) The practical or knowledge test for the course is to be given 
by--
    (i) An FAA inspector; or
    (ii) An examiner who is not an employee of the school.
    (e) A certificated pilot school may request and receive final 
approval for any of the training courses of this part without 
specifying the minimum ground and flight training time requirements of 
this part, provided the following conditions are met:
    (1) The school has held initial approval for that training course 
for at least 24-calendar months.
    (2) The school has--
    (i) Trained at least 10 students in that training course within the 
preceding 24-calendar months and recommended those students for a 
pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor certificate or rating; 
and
    (ii) At least 80 percent of those students passed the practical or 
knowledge test on the first attempt, and that test was given by--
    (A) An FAA inspector; or
    (B) An examiner who is not an employee of the school.
    (3) In addition to the information required by paragraph (c) of 
this section, the training course specifies planned ground and flight 
training time requirements for the course.
    (4) The school does not request that the training course be 
approved for examining authority.
    (f) The airman certificate of a person who does not meet the pilot 
flight time qualifications in ICAO Annex I will be issued with one or 
both of the limitations listed in paragraph (f)(1) of this section, 
which may be removed as prescribed in paragraph (f)(2) of this section.
    (1) The airman certificate will be issued with the limitation 
``Holder does not meet the pilot flight experience requirements of 
ICAO,'' or ``Holder does not meet the pilot-in-command flight 
experience requirements of ICAO,'' or both, if appropriate.
    (2) The limitations, ``Holder does not meet the pilot flight 
experience requirements of ICAO,'' or ``Holder does not meet the pilot-
in-command flight experience requirements of ICAO,'' of paragraph 
(f)(1) of this section, may be removed when the holder presents to the 
FAA satisfactory evidence of having accumulated the appropriate pilot 
flight time that meets the requirements of part 61 of this chapter.


Sec. 141.57  Special curricula.

    An applicant for a pilot school or provisional pilot school 
certificate may apply for approval to conduct a special course of 
airman training for which a curriculum is not prescribed in the 
appendixes of this part, if the applicant shows that the training 
course contains features that could achieve a level of pilot 
proficiency equivalent to that achieved by a training course prescribed 
in the appendixes of this part or the requirements of part 61 of this 
chapter.

Subpart D----Examining Authority


Sec. 141.61  Applicability.

    This subpart prescribes:
    (a) The requirements for the issuance of an examining authority to 
the holder of a pilot school certificate; and
    (b) The privileges and limitations of that examining authority.
Sec. 141.63  Examining authority qualification requirements.

    (a) A pilot school must meet the following prerequisites to receive 
initial approval for examining authority:
    (1) The school completes the application for examining authority on 
a form and in a manner prescribed by the Administrator;
    (2) The school holds a pilot school certificate and the rating in 
which examining authority is sought for at least 24 consecutive 
calendar months preceding the month of application for examining 
authority;
    (3) The training course for which examining authority is requested 
may not be a course that is approved without meeting the minimum ground 
and flight training time requirements of this part; and
    (4) Within 24 calendar months after the date of application for 
examining authority, that school must meet the following requirements--
    (i) The school must have trained at least 10 students in the 
training course for which examining authority is sought and recommended 
those students for a pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor 
certificate or rating; and
    (ii) At least 90 percent of the applicant's students passed the 
required practical or knowledge test for the pilot, flight instructor, 
or ground instructor certificate or rating on the first attempt, and 
that test was given by--
    (A) An FAA inspector; or
    (B) An examiner who is not an employee of the school.
    (b) A pilot school must meet the following requirements to retain 
approval of its examining authority:
    (1) The school completes the application for renewal of its 
examining authority on a form and in a manner prescribed by the 
Administrator;
    (2) The school holds a pilot school certificate and the rating for 
which examining authority is sought for at least 24 calendar months 
preceding the month of application for renewal of its examining 
authority; and
    (3) The training course for which examining authority is requested 
may not be a course that is approved without meeting the minimum ground 
and flight training time requirements of this part.


Sec. 141.65  Privileges.

    A pilot school that holds examining authority may recommend a 
person who graduated from its course for the appropriate pilot, flight 
instructor, or ground instructor certificate or rating without taking 
the FAA knowledge or practical tests, or both, provided:
    (a) The school holds examining authority for the training course 
from which the person graduated; and
    (b) The person satisfactorily completed the training course in 
accordance with the school's approved training course and the 
provisions of this part.


Sec. 141.67  Limitations and reports.

    A pilot school that holds examining authority may only recommend 
the issuance of a pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor 
certificate and rating to a person who does not take an FAA knowledge 
or practical test, if the issuance of that certificate or rating is in 
accordance with the following requirements:
    (a) The person graduated from a training course for which the pilot 
school holds examining authority.
    (b) Except as provided in this paragraph of this section, the 
person satisfactorily completed all the curriculum requirements of that 
pilot school's approved training course. A person who transfers from 
one part 141 approved pilot school to another part 141 approved pilot 
school may receive credit for that previous training, provided the 
folowing requirements are met:
    (1) The maximum credited training time does not exceed one-half of 
the receiving school's curriculum requirements; 

[[Page 41270]]

    (2) The person completes a knowledge and proficiency test conducted 
by the receiving school for the purpose of determining the amount of 
pilot experience and knowledge to be credited;
    (3) The receiving school determines (based on the person's 
performance on the knowledge and proficiency test required by paragraph 
(b)(2) of this section) on the amount of credit to be awarded and 
records that credit in the person's training record;
    (4) The person who requests credit for previous pilot experience 
and knowledge obtained the experience and knowledge from another part 
141 approved pilot school and training course; and
    (5) The receiving school retains a copy of the person's training 
record from the other school.
    (c) The test given by a pilot school that holds examining authority 
must be approved by the Administrator and be at least equal in scope, 
depth, and difficulty to the comparable knowledge and practical test 
prescribed by the Administrator under part 61 of this chapter;
    (d) A pilot school that holds examining authority may not use its 
practical or knowledge tests if the school:
    (1) Knows, or has reason to believe, the knowledge test has been 
compromised; or
    (2) Is notified by a FAA Flight Standards District Office, that 
there is reason to believe or it is known, the knowledge test has been 
compromised.
    (e) A pilot school that holds examining authority must maintain a 
record of all temporary airman certificates it issues, which consists 
of the following information:
    (1) A chronological listing that includes--
    (i) The date the temporary airman certificate was issued;
    (ii) The student to whom the temporary airman certificate was 
issued, and that student's permanent mailing address and telephone 
number;
    (iii) The training course from which the student graduated;
    (iv) The name of the person who conducted the practical or 
knowledge test;
    (v) The type of temporary airman certificate or rating issued to 
the student; and
    (vi) The date the student's airman application file was sent to the 
FAA for processing for a permanent airman certificate.
    (2) A copy of the record containing each student's graduation 
certificate, airman application, temporary airman certificate, 
superseded airman certificate (if applicable), and knowledge or 
practical test results; and
    (3) The records required by paragraph (e) of this section must be 
made available to the Administrator upon request and must be 
surrendered to the Administrator when the pilot school ceases to have 
examining authority; and
    (f) Within 7 days after a student satisfactorily accomplishes the 
practical or knowledge test, the pilot school that holds examining 
authority must submit that student's airman application file to the FAA 
for processing for the issuance of a permanent airman certificate.

Subpart E--Operating Rules


Sec. 141.71  Applicability.

    This subpart prescribes the operating rules applicable to a pilot 
school or provisional pilot school certificated under the provisions of 
this part.


Sec. 141.73  Privileges.

    (a) The holder of a pilot school or a provisional pilot school 
certificate may advertise and conduct approved pilot training courses 
in accordance with the certificate and ratings that it holds.
    (b) A pilot school that holds examining authority for an approved 
training course may recommend a graduate of that course for the 
issuance of an appropriate pilot, flight instructor, or ground 
instructor certificate and rating, without taking an FAA knowledge or 
practical test, provided the training course has been approved and 
meets the minimum ground and flight training time requirements of this 
part.


Sec. 141.75  Aircraft requirements.

    (a) The following items must be carried on each aircraft used for 
flight training and supervised PIC flights:
    (1) A pre-takeoff and pre-landing checklist; and
    (2) The operator's handbook for the aircraft, if one is furnished 
by the manufacturer, or copies of the handbook if furnished to each 
student using the aircraft
    (b) Each aircraft used in the certification and rating courses 
listed in Sec. 141.11 of this part must have a standard airworthiness 
certificate or a primary airworthiness certificate; and
    (c) Each aircraft used in the agricultural aircraft operations, 
external-load operation, test pilot, and special operations courses 
listed in Sec. 141.11 of this part may have a restricted airworthiness 
certificate, if its use for training is not prohibited by the 
aircraft's operating limitations.


Sec. 141.77  Limitations.

    (a) The holder of a pilot school or a provisional pilot school 
certificate may neither issue a graduation certificate to a student, 
nor recommend a student for a pilot certificate or rating, unless the 
student has:
    (1) Completed the training specified in the pilot school's course 
of training; and
    (2) Satisfactorily accomplished the required final tests.
    (b) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, the holder 
of a pilot school or a provisional pilot school certificate may not 
graduate a student from a course of training unless the student has 
completed all of the curriculum requirements of that course;
    (c) A student may be given credit towards the curriculum 
requirements of a course for previous pilot experience and knowledge, 
provided:
    (1) The credit given a student for previous pilot experience and 
knowledge does not exceed more than one-half of the curriculum 
requirements and must be based upon a proficiency test or knowledge 
test given by the receiving pilot school;
    (2) The course credits are a result of training received from one 
part 141 approved school to another; and
    (3) The receiving school determines the amount of course credit to 
be transferred, based on a proficiency test or knowledge test, or both, 
of the student; and
    (4) Credit for training received from the other school may be given 
if--
    (i) That other school holds a certificate issued under this part 
and certifies to the kind and amount of training and to the result of 
each stage check and end-of-course test given to that student;
    (ii) The training was conducted by that other school in accordance 
with that school's approved training course; and
    (iii) The student was enrolled in that other school's approved 
training course for the training being used for creditation.


Sec. 141.79  Flight training.

    (a) No person other than an authorized flight instructor who has 
the ratings and the minimum qualifications specified in the approved 
training course outline may give a student flight training under an 
approved course of training;
    (b) No student pilot may be authorized to start a supervised PIC 
practice flight from an airport until the flight has been approved by 
an authorized flight instructor who is present at that airport; 

[[Page 41271]]

    (c) Each chief instructor and assistant chief instructor, assigned 
to a training course, must complete at least once every 12 calendar 
months, an approved syllabus of training consisting of ground or flight 
training, or both, or an approved flight instructor refresher course;
    (d) Each flight instructor, who is assigned to a flight training 
course, must satisfactorily complete the following requirements:
    (1) Prior to receiving authorization to train students in a flight 
training course, the instructor must accomplish--
    (i) A review of and receive a briefing on the objectives and 
standards of that training course; and
    (ii) An initial proficiency check in each make and model of 
aircraft used in that training course in which that flight instructor 
gives training; and
    (2) Every 12-calendar months after the month in which the flight 
instructor last complied with paragraph (d)(1)(ii) of this section, 
that instructor must accomplish a recurrent proficiency check in one of 
the aircraft the flight instructor trains students.
    (e) Each flight instructor, who is assigned to a flight training 
course, must satisfactorily comply with the requirements of paragraph 
(d) of this section with the school's chief instructor, assistant chief 
instructor, or check instructor.


Sec. 141.81  Ground training.

    (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, each 
instructor, who is assigned to a ground training course, must hold a 
flight or ground instructor certificate with the appropriate rating for 
that course of training;
    (b) A person who does not meet the requirements of paragraph (a) of 
this section may be assigned ground training duties in a ground 
training course, if:
    (1) The chief instructor who is assigned to that ground training 
course finds the person qualified to give that training; and
    (2) The training is given while under the supervision of the chief 
instructor or the assistant chief instructor who is present at the 
facility when the training is given; and
    (c) An instructor may not be used in a ground training course until 
the instructor has been briefed in regard to the objectives and 
standards of that course by the chief instructor, assistant chief 
instructor, or check instructor.


Sec. 141.83  Quality of training.
    (a) Each pilot school or provisional pilot school must meet the 
following requirements:
    (1) Comply with its approved training course; and
    (2) Provide training of such quality that meets the training 
quality requirements of Sec. 141.5(d) of this part.
    (b) The failure of a pilot school or provisional pilot school to 
maintain the quality of instruction specified in paragraph (a) of this 
section may be the basis for suspending or revoking that school's 
certificate.
    (c) When requested by the Administrator, a pilot school or 
provisional pilot school must allow the FAA to perform any knowledge, 
practical, stage, or end-of-course test of its students;
    (d) When a stage or end-of-course test is conducted by the FAA 
under the provisions of paragraph (c) of this section and the student 
has not completed the training course, then that test will be based on 
the standards prescribed in the school's approved training course; and
    (e) If the practical or knowledge test, administered by the FAA 
under the provisions of paragraph (c) of this section that is given to 
a student who has completed the school's training course will be based 
upon the areas of operation approved by the Administrator.


Sec. 141.85  Chief instructor responsibilities.

    (a) Each person designated as a chief instructor for a pilot school 
or provisional pilot school shall be responsible for:
    (1) Certifying each student's training record, graduation 
certificate, stage check and end-of-course test reports, recommendation 
for course completion, and application for certification;
    (2) Ensuring that each instructor satisfactorily accomplishes an 
initial proficiency check prior to that instructor being assigned 
instructing duties in the school's approved training courses and 
thereafter passes a recurrent proficiency check every 12-calendar 
months after the month in which the initial test was accomplished;
    (3) Ensuring each student accomplishes the required stage check and 
end-of-course tests in accordance with the school's approved training 
course; and
    (4) Maintaining training techniques, procedures, and standards for 
the school that are acceptable to the Administrator.
    (b) The chief instructor or an assistant chief instructor must be 
available at the pilot school or, if away from the pilot school, be 
available by telephone, radio, or other electronic means, during the 
time that training is given for an approved training course.
    (c) The chief instructor may delegate authority for conducting 
stage checks, end-of-course tests, and flight instructor proficiency 
checks to the assistant chief instructor or a check instructor.


Sec. 141.87  Change of chief instructor.

    Whenever a pilot school or provisional pilot school makes a change 
of designation of its chief instructor, that school:
    (a) Must immediately provide the FAA FSDO, that has jurisdiction 
over the area in which the school is located, with written notification 
of the change;
    (b) May conduct training without a chief instructor for that 
training course for a period not to exceed 60 days while awaiting the 
designation and approval of another chief instructor;
    (c) May, for a period not to exceed 60 days, have the stage and 
end-of-course tests given by--
    (1) The training course's assistant chief instructor, if one has 
been designated;
    (2) The training course's check instructor, if one has been 
designated;
    (3) An FAA inspector; or
    (4) An examiner.
    (d) Must, after 60 days without a chief instructor, cease 
operations and surrender its school certificate to the Administrator; 
and
    (e) The school may have its certificate reinstated, upon:
    (1) Designating and approving another chief instructor;
    (2) Showing it meets the requirements of Sec. 141.27(a)(2) of this 
part; and
    (3) Applying for reinstatement on a form and in a manner prescribed 
by the Administrator.


Sec. 141.89  Maintenance of personnel, facilities, and equipment.

    The holder of a pilot school or provisional pilot school 
certificate may not give training to a student who is enrolled in an 
approved course of training unless:
    (a) Each airport, aircraft, and facility necessary for that 
training meets the standards specified in the holder's approved 
training course outline and the appropriate requirements of this part; 
and
    (b) Except as provided in Sec. 141.87 of this part, each chief 
instructor, assistant chief instructor, check instructor, or instructor 
meets the qualifications specified in the holder's approved course of 
training and the appropriate requirements of this part.


Sec. 141.91  Satellite bases.

    The holder of a pilot school or provisional pilot school 
certificate may conduct ground or flight training in an approved course 
of training at a base other than its main operations base if:
    (a) An assistant chief instructor is designated for each satellite 
base, and 

[[Page 41272]]
that assistant chief instructor must be available at the satellite 
pilot school or, if away from the premises, by telephone, radio, or 
other electronic means during the time that training is given for an 
approved training course;
    (b) The airport, facilities, and personnel used at the satellite 
base meet the appropriate requirements of subpart B of this part and 
its approved training course outline;
    (c) The instructors are under the direct supervision of the chief 
instructor or assistant chief instructor for the appropriate training 
course who is readily available for consultation in accordance with 
Sec. 141.85(b) of this part; and
    (d) The FAA Flight Standards District Office having jurisdiction 
over the area in which the school is located is notified in writing if 
training or instruction is conducted there for more than 7 consecutive 
days.


Sec. 141.93  Enrollment.

    (a) The holder of a pilot school or a provisional pilot school 
certificate must, at the time a student is enrolled in an approved 
training course, furnish that student with the following:
    (1) A certificate of enrollment containing--
    (i) The name of the course in which the student is enrolled; and
    (ii) The date of that enrollment.
    (2) A copy of the training syllabus.
    (b) The holder of a pilot school or provisional pilot school 
certificate must maintain a monthly listing of persons enrolled in each 
training course offered by the school.


Sec. 141.95  Graduation certificate.

    (a) The holder of a pilot school or provisional pilot school 
certificate shall issue a graduation certificate to each student who 
completes its approved course of training.
    (b) The graduation certificate must be issued to the student upon 
completion of the course of training and contain at least the following 
information:
    (1) The name of the school and the number of the school 
certificate;
    (2) The name of the graduate to whom it was issued;
    (3) The course of training for which it was issued;
    (4) The date of graduation;
    (5) A statement that the student has satisfactorily completed each 
required stage of the approved course of training including the tests 
for those stages;
    (6) The information contained on the graduation certificate must be 
certified by the chief instructor for that course of training; and
    (7) A statement showing the cross-country training the student 
received in the course of training.

Subpart F--Records


Sec. 141.101  Training records.

    (a) Each holder of a pilot school or provisional pilot school 
certificate must establish and maintain a current and accurate record 
of the participation and accomplishment of each student enrolled in an 
approved course of training conducted by the school, that includes the 
following:
    (1) The record kept in a student's logbook will not suffice for the 
record required by this paragraph of this section; and
    (2) The record must include the following information:
    (i) The date the student was enrolled in the approved course;
    (ii) A chronological log of the student's course attendance, 
subjects and flight operations covered in the student's training, and 
the names and grades of any tests taken by the student; and
    (iii) The date the student graduated, terminated training, or 
transferred to another school.
    (b) Whenever a student graduates, terminates training, or transfers 
to another school, the student's record must be certified to that 
effect by the chief instructor;
    (c) The holder of a certificate for a pilot school or a provisional 
pilot school must retain each student record required by this section 
for at least 1 year from the date that the student:
    (1) Graduates from the course to which the record pertains;
    (2) Terminates enrollment in the course to which the record 
pertains; or
    (3) Transfers to another school; and
    (d) The holder of a certificate for a pilot school or a provisional 
pilot school must, upon request of a student, make a copy of the 
student's record available to the student.

Appendix A--Recreational Pilot Certification Course

    1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes the minimum curriculum 
required for a recreational pilot certification course under this part, 
for:
    (a) An airplane category with a single-engine class rating.
    (b) A rotorcraft category with a helicopter class rating.
    (c) A rotorcraft category with a gyroplane class rating.
    2. Eligibility for enrollment. A person must have the following to 
enroll in the flight portion of the recreational pilot certification 
course:
    (a) A student pilot certificate; and
    (b) A signed and dated statement affixed to the application 
certifying that no known medical defect exists that would make the 
person unable to pilot an aircraft for the aircraft category and class 
rating sought.
    3. Aeronautical knowledge training. Each approved course must 
include at least 20 hours of training on the following aeronautical 
knowledge areas, appropriate to the aircraft category and class for 
which the course applies:
    (a) The applicable Federal Aviation Regulations for recreational 
pilot privileges, limitations, and flight operations, appropriate to 
the aircraft category and class rating for which the course applies;
    (b) Accident reporting requirements of the National Transportation 
Safety Board;
    (c) The applicable subjects in the ``Airman's Information Manual'' 
and the appropriate FAA advisory circulars;
    (d) The use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using 
pilotage with the aid of a magnetic compass;
    (e) The recognition of critical weather situations from the ground 
and in flight, windshear avoidance, and the procurement and use of 
aeronautical weather reports and forecasts;
    (f) The safe and efficient operation of aircraft, including 
collision avoidance, and recognition and avoidance of wake turbulence 
and windshear conditions;
    (g) The effects of density altitude on takeoff and climb 
performance;
    (h) Weight and balance computations;
    (i) Principles of aerodynamics, powerplants, and aircraft systems;
    (j) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery 
techniques, if applying for an airplane single engine rating; and
    (k) Aeronautical decision making and judgment;
    (l) Preflight action that includes--
    (1) How to obtain information on runway lengths at airports of 
intended use, data on takeoff and landing distances, weather reports 
and forecasts, and fuel requirements;
    (2) How to plan for alternatives if the planned flight cannot be 
completed; and
    (3) Proper planning procedures for possible traffic delays.
    4. Flight training. (a) Each approved course must include at least 
30 hours of flight training (of which 15 hours must be with an 
authorized flight instructor and 3 hours must be supervised PIC 
training), on the areas of operation listed in section 4.(c) of this 
appendix, that are appropriate to the aircraft category and class 
rating for which the course applies, and must include:
    (1) Except as provided in Sec. 61.100 of this chapter, 2 hours of 
flight training to 

[[Page 41273]]
and at an airport that is located more than 25 nautical miles from the 
airport where the applicant normally trains, which includes at least 3 
takeoffs and 3 landings; and
    (2) Three hours of flight training in the aircraft, that is 
appropriate to the aircraft category and class for which the course 
applies, in preparation for the practical test within 60 days preceding 
the date of the practical test.
    (b) Each training flight must include a preflight briefing and a 
postflight critique of the student by the flight instructor assigned to 
that flight.
    (c) Areas of operation. Flight training must include the following 
approved areas of operation appropriate to the aircraft category and 
class rating for which the course applies:
    (1) For an airplane-single engine course:
    (i) Preflight preparation;
    (ii) Preflight procedures;
    (iii) Airport operations;
    (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (v) Performance maneuvers;
    (vi) Ground reference maneuvers;
    (vii) Navigation;
    (viii) Stalls and slow flight;
    (ix) Emergency operations; and
    (x) Postflight procedures.
    (2) For a rotorcraft-helicopter course:
    (i) Preflight preparation;
    (ii) Preflight procedures;
    (iii) Airport and heliport operations;
    (iv) Hovering maneuvers;
    (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (vi) Performance maneuvers;
    (vii) Navigation;
    (viii) Emergency operations; and
    (ix) Postflight procedures.
    (3) For a rotorcraft-gyroplane course:
    (i) Preflight preparation;
    (ii) Preflight procedures;
    (iii) Airport operations;
    (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (v) Performance maneuvers;
    (vi) Ground reference maneuvers;
    (vii) Navigation;
    (viii) Flight at slow airspeeds;
    (ix) Emergency operations; and
    (x) Postflight procedures.
    5. Supervised pilot-in-command practice. Each approved course must 
include at least 3 hours of supervised pilot-in-command practice on the 
areas of operation listed in section 4.(c) of this appendix, that is 
appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating for which the 
course applies.
    6. Stage checks and end-of-course tests.
    (a) Each student enrolled in a recreational pilot course must 
satisfactorily accomplish the stage checks and end-of-course tests, in 
accordance with the school's approved training course, and must consist 
of the approved areas of operation of section 4 of this appendix for 
the aircraft category and class rating for which the course applies.
    (b) Each student must demonstrate satisfactory proficiency prior to 
being endorsed to operate an aircraft in supervised PIC flight.

Appendix B--Private Pilot Certification Course

    1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes the minimum 
curriculum for a private pilot certification course required under 
this part, for:
    (a) An airplane category--single-engine class.
    (b) An airplane category--multiengine class.
    (c) A rotorcraft category--helicopter class.
    (d) A rotorcraft category--gyroplane class.
    (e) A powered-lift category.
    (f) A glider category--nonpowered class.
    (g) A glider category--powered class.
    (h) A lighter-than-air category--airship class.
    (i) A lighter-than-air category--balloon class.
    2. Eligibility for enrollment. A person must have the following 
to enroll in the flight portion of the private pilot certification 
course:
    (a) A student pilot certificate;
    (b) Except for course of training for a rating in a glider or 
balloon, hold at least a valid third-class medical certificate 
issued under part 67 of this chapter.
    (c) For a rating in a glider or a balloon, a signed and dated 
statement by the person certifying that the person has no known 
medical defect that makes the person unable to pilot a glider or 
balloon.
    3. Aeronautical knowledge training. (a) Each approved course 
must include at least the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in 
section 3.(b) of this appendix, appropriate to the aircraft category 
and class rating, and must include at least:
    (1) 35 hours of training, if the course is for an airplane, 
rotorcraft, or powered lift category rating.
    (2) 15 hours of training, if the course is for a glider category 
rating.
    (3) 10 hours of training, if the course is for a lighter-than-
air category with a balloon class rating.
    (4) 35 hours of training, if the course is for a lighter-than-
air category with an airship class rating.
    (b) Aeronautical knowledge areas.
    (1) The applicable Federal Aviation Regulations for private 
pilot privileges, limitations, and flight operations;
    (2) Accident reporting requirements of the National 
Transportation Safety Board;
    (3) The applicable subjects of the ``Airman's Information 
Manual'' and the appropriate FAA advisory circulars;
    (4) Aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage, dead 
reckoning, and radio aids;
    (5) Radio communication procedures;
    (6) The recognition of critical weather situations from the 
ground and in flight, windshear avoidance, and the procurement and 
use of aeronautical weather reports and forecasts;
    (7) The safe and efficient operation of aircraft, including 
collision avoidance, and recognition and avoidance of wake 
turbulence and windshear conditions;
    (8) The effects of density altitude on takeoff and climb 
performance;
    (9) Weight and balance computations;
    (10) Principles of aerodynamics, powerplants, and aircraft 
systems;
    (11) If the course of training is for an airplane category or 
glider category rating, stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin 
recovery techniques;
    (12) Aeronautical decision making and judgment; and
    (13) Preflight action that includes--
    (i) How to obtain information on runway lengths at airports of 
intended use, data on takeoff and landing distances, weather reports 
and forecasts, and fuel requirements;
    (ii) How to plan for alternatives if the planned flight cannot 
be completed; and
    (iii) Proper planning procedures for possible traffic delays.
    4. Flight training. (a) Each approved course must include the 
following flight training on the areas of operation listed in 
section 4.(c) of this appendix, appropriate to the aircraft category 
and class rating for which the course applies, and must include:
    (1) For an airplane-single engine course. At least 35 hours of 
flight training (of which 20 hours must be with an authorized flight 
instructor and 5 hours must be supervised PIC training), on the 
approved areas of operation in section 4.(c)(1) of this appendix, 
and the training must include at least--
    (i) Except as provided in Sec. 61.111 of this chapter, 3 hours 
of cross-country flight training in a single engine airplane;
    (ii) Except as provided in Sec. 61.110 of this chapter, 3 hours 
of night flight training in a single engine airplane that includes--
    (A) One cross country flight over 100 nautical miles duration; 
and
    (B) Ten takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop (with each 
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport.
    (iii) Three hours of instrument flight training in a single 
engine airplane; and
    (iv) Three hours of flight training in preparation for the 
practical test in a single engine airplane, and must have been 
performed within 60 days preceding the date of the test.
    (2) For an airplane-multiengine course. At least 35 hours of 
flight training (of which 20 hours must be with an authorized flight 
instructor and 5 hours must be supervised PIC training), on the 
approved areas of operation in section 4.(c)(2) of this appendix, 
and the training must include at least--
    (i) Except as provided in Sec. 61.111 of this chapter, 3 hours 
of cross-country flight training in a multiengine airplane;
    (ii) Except as provided in Sec. 61.110 of this chapter, 3 hours 
of night flight training in a multiengine airplane that includes--
    (A) One cross country flight over 100 nautical miles duration; 
and 

[[Page 41274]]

    (B) Ten takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop (with each 
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport.
    (iii) Three hours of instrument flight training in a multiengine 
airplane; and
    (iv) Three hours of flight training in preparation for the 
practical test in a multiengine airplane, and must have been 
performed within 60 days preceding the date of the test.
    (3) For a rotorcraft-helicopter course. At least 35 hours of 
flight training (of which 20 hours must be with an authorized flight 
instructor and 5 hours must be supervised PIC training), on the 
approved areas of operation in section 4.(c)(3) of this appendix, 
and the training must include at least--
    (i) Except as provided in Sec. 61.111 of this chapter, 3 hours 
of cross-country flight training in a helicopter;
    (ii) Except as provided in Sec. 61.110 of this chapter, 3 hours 
of night flight training in a helicopter that includes--
    (A) One cross country flight over 50 nautical miles duration; 
and
    (B) Ten takeoffs and ten landings to a full stop (with each 
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport.
    (iii) Three hours of flight training in preparation for the 
practical test in a helicopter, and must have been performed within 
60 days preceding the date of the test.
    (4) For a rotorcraft-gyroplane course. At least 35 hours of 
flight training (of which 20 hours must be with an authorized flight 
instructor and 5 hours must be supervised PIC training), on the 
approved areas of operation in section 4.(c)(4) of this appendix, 
and the training must include at least--
    (i) Except as provided in Sec. 61.111 of this chapter, 3 hours 
of cross-country flight training in a gyroplane;
    (ii) Except as provided in Sec. 61.110 of this chapter, 3 hours 
of night flight training in a gyroplane that includes--
    (A) One cross country flight over 50 nautical miles duration; 
and
    (B) Ten takeoffs and ten landings to a full stop (with each 
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport.
    (iii) Three hours of flight training in preparation for the 
practical test in a gyroplane, and must have been performed within 
60 days preceding the date of the test.
    (5) For a powered-lift course. At least 35 hours of flight 
training (of which 20 hours must be with an authorized flight 
instructor and 5 hours must be supervised PIC training), on the 
approved areas of operation in section 4.(c)(5) of this appendix, 
and the training must include at least--
    (i) Except as provided in Sec. 61.111 of this chapter, 3 hours 
of cross-country flight training in a powered-lift;
    (ii) Except as provided in Sec. 61.110 of this chapter, 3 hours 
of night flight training in a powered-lift that includes--
    (A) One cross country flight over 100 nautical miles duration; 
and
    (B) Ten takeoffs and ten landings to a full stop (with each 
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport.
    (iii) Three hours of instrument flight training in a powered-
lift; and
    (iv) Three hours of flight training in preparation for the 
practical test in a powered-lift, and must have been performed 
within 60 days preceding the date of the test.
    (6) For a glider-nonpowered course. At least 5 hours and 10 
flights of flight training time from an authorized flight 
instructor, on the approved areas of operation in section 4.(c)(6) 
of this appendix, and the training must include--
    (i) At least 3 flights of flight training in a nonpowered 
glider, in preparation for the practical test within 60 days 
preceding the test; and
    (ii) In addition, if the course covers winch or auto tow 
procedures, the flight training must include at least 5 flights of 
flight training and 2 supervised PIC flight in a nonpowered glider 
on the appropriate approved areas of operation listed in section 
4.(c)(6) of this appendix.
    (7) For a glider-powered course. At least 5 hours of flight 
training time from an authorized flight instructor, on the approved 
areas of operation in section 4.(c)(7) of this appendix, and the 
training must include at least 3 flights of flight training in a 
powered glider, in preparation for the practical test within 60 days 
preceding the date of the test.
    (8) For a lighter than air-airship course. At least 20 hours of 
flight training from an authorized flight instructor, on the 
approved areas of operation in section 4.(c)(8) of this appendix, 
and the training must include at least--
    (i) Except as provided in Sec. 61.111 of this chapter, 3 hours 
of cross-country flight training in an airship;
    (ii) Except as provided in Sec. 61.110 of this chapter, 3 hours 
of night flight training in an airship that includes--
    (A) One cross country flight over 25 nautical miles duration; 
and
    (B) Five takeoffs and five landings to a full stop (with each 
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport.
    (iii) Three hours of instrument flight training in an airship; 
and
    (iv) Three hours of flight training in preparation for the 
practical test in an airship, and must have been performed within 60 
days preceding the date of the test.
    (9) For a lighter than air-balloon course. At least 8 hours of 
flight training that includes at least 5 flights of flight training 
from an authorized flight instructor, on the approved areas of 
operation in section 4.(c)(9) of this appendix, and includes--
    (i) If the training is being performed in a gas balloon, the 
training must include at least--
    (A) Two flights of 1 hour each;
    (B) One flight involving a controlled ascent to 5,000 feet above 
the surface; and
    (C) Two flights in preparation for the practical test within 60 
days preceding the test.
    (ii) If the training is being performed in a balloon with an 
airborne heater, the training must include at least--
    (A) Two flights of 30 minutes each;
    (B) One flight involving a controlled ascent to 3,000 feet above 
the surface; and
    (C) Two flights in preparation for the practical test within 60 
days preceding the test.
    (b) Use of flight training devices.
    (1) The course may include training in a flight training device, 
provided they are representative of the aircraft for which the 
course is approved for, meet requirements of this paragraph, and the 
training is given by an authorized ground or flight instructor.
    (2) Training in a flight training device that meets the 
requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(1) of this part, may be credited for 
a maximum of 10 percent of the total flight training hour 
requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever 
is less.
    (3) Training in a flight training device that meets the 
requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(2) of this part, may be credited for 
a maximum of 5 percent of the total flight training hour 
requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever 
is less.
    (4) Training in a flight training device that meets the 
requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(1) of this part and a flight training 
device that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(2) of this 
part, may be credited for a maximum of 10 percent of the total 
flight training hour requirements of the approved course, or by this 
section, whichever is less. However, training in a flight training 
device that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(2) of this part 
may be credited for a maximum of 5 percent of the total flight 
training hour requirements.
    (c) Areas of operation. Each approved course must include the 
flight training on the areas of operation listed in this paragraph, 
that are appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating for 
which the course applies:
    (1) Areas of operation for a single engine airplane course: 
Areas of operation for an airplane-single engine course are the 
following--
    (i) Preflight preparation;
    (ii) Preflight procedures;
    (iii) Airport and seaplane base operations;
    (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (v) Performance maneuvers;
    (vi) Ground reference maneuvers;
    (vii) Navigation;
    (viii) Stalls and slow flight;
    (ix) Basic instrument maneuvers;
    (x) Emergency operations;
    (xi) Night operations, except as provided in Sec. 61.110 of this 
chapter; and
    (xii) Postflight procedures.
    (2) Areas of operations for a multiengine airplane course: Areas 
of operation for an airplane-multiengine course are the following--
    (i) Preflight preparation;
    (ii) Preflight procedures;
    (iii) Airport and seaplane base operations;
    (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (v) Performance maneuvers;
    (vi) Ground reference maneuvers;
    (vii) Navigation;
    (viii) Stalls and slow flight;
    (ix) Basic instrument maneuvers;
    (x) Emergency operations;
    (xi) Multiengine operations;
    (xii) Night operations, except as provided in Sec. 61.110 of 
this chapter; and
    (xiii) Postflight procedures.
    (3) Areas of operation for a rotorcraft-helicopter course: Areas 
of operation for a rotorcraft-helicopter course are the following--
    (i) Preflight preparation;
    (ii) Preflight procedures;
    (iii) Airport and heliport operations;
    (iv) Hovering maneuvers; 

[[Page 41275]]

    (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (vi) Performance maneuvers;
    (vii) Navigation;
    (viii) Emergency operations;
    (ix) Night operations, except as provided in Sec. 61.110 of this 
chapter; and
    (x) Postflight procedures.
    (4) Areas of operation for a rotorcraft-gyroplane course: Areas 
of operation for a rotorcraft-gyroplane course are the following--
    (i) Preflight preparation;
    (ii) Preflight procedures;
    (iii) Airport operations;
    (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (v) Performance maneuvers;
    (vi) Ground reference maneuvers;
    (vii) Navigation;
    (viii) Flight at slow airspeeds;
    (ix) Emergency operations;
    (x) Night operations, except as provided in Sec. 61.110 of this 
chapter; and
    (xi) Postflight procedures.
    (5) Areas of operation for a powered-lift course: 
    Areas of operation for a powered-lift course are the following--
    (i) Preflight preparation;
    (ii) Preflight procedures;
    (iii) Airport and heliport operations;
    (iv) Hovering maneuvers;
    (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (vi) Performance maneuvers;
    (vii) Ground reference maneuvers;
    (viii) Navigation;
    (ix) Stalls and slow flight;
    (x) Basic instrument maneuvers;
    (xi) Emergency operations;
    (xii) Night operations, except as provided in Sec. 61.110 of 
this chapter; and
    (xiii) Postflight procedures.
    (6) Areas of operations for a glider-nonpowered course: Areas of 
operation for a glider-nonpowered course are the following--
    (i) Preflight preparation;
    (ii) Preflight procedures;
    (iii) Airport and gliderport operations;
    (iv) Launches and landings;
    (v) Performance speeds;
    (vi) Soaring techniques;
    (vii) Performance maneuvers;
    (viii) Navigation;
    (ix) Stalls and slow flight;
    (x) Emergency operations; and
    (xi) Postflight procedures.
    (7) Areas of operation for a glider-powered course: Areas of 
operation for a glider-powered course are the following--
    (i) Preflight preparation;
    (ii) Preflight procedures;
    (iii) Airport and gliderport operations;
    (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (v) Performance speeds;
    (vi) Soaring techniques;
    (vii) Performance maneuvers;
    (viii) Navigation;
    (ix) Stalls and slow flight;
    (x) Emergency operations; and
    (xi) Postflight procedures.
    (8) Areas of operation for a lighter than air-airship course: 
Areas of operation for a lighter than air-airship course are the 
following--
    (i) Preflight preparation;
    (ii) Preflight procedures;
    (iii) Airport operations;
    (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (v) Performance maneuvers;
    (vi) Ground reference maneuvers;
    (vii) Navigation;
    (viii) Emergency operations; and
    (ix) Postflight procedures.
    (9) Areas of operation for a lighter than air-balloon course: 
Areas of operation for a lighter than air category-balloon course 
are the following--
    (i) Preflight preparation;
    (ii) Preflight procedures;
    (iii) Balloonport operations;
    (iv) Lift-offs and landings;
    (v) Performance maneuvers;
    (vi) Navigation;
    (vii) Emergency operations; and
    (viii) Postflight procedures.
    5. Supervised pilot-in-command practice. Each approved course 
must include the following supervised pilot-in-command practice on 
the areas of operation listed in section 4.(c) of this appendix, 
appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating for which the 
course applies, and must include:
    (a) For an airplane-single engine course. At least 5 hours of 
supervised pilot-in-command time, on the approved areas of operation 
in section 4.(c)(1) of this appendix, and the training must include 
at least--
    (1) One supervised PIC cross-country flight of at least more 
than 100 nautical miles duration, landings at a minimum of three 
points, and one route of the flight being a straight line distance 
of at least 50 nautical miles between the takeoff and landing 
locations; and
    (2) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with each 
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport 
with an operating control tower.
    (b) For an airplane-multiengine course. At least 5 hours of 
supervised pilot-in-command time, on the approved areas of operation 
in section 4.(c)(2) of this appendix, and the training must include 
at least--
    (1) One supervised PIC cross-country flight over 100 nautical 
miles duration, landings at a minimum of three points, and one route 
of the flight being a straight line distance of at least 50 nautical 
miles between the takeoff and landing locations; and
    (2) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with each 
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport 
with an operating control tower.
    (c) For a rotorcraft-helicopter course. At least 5 hours of 
supervised pilot-in-command time, on the approved areas of operation 
in section 4.(c)(3) of this appendix, and the training must include 
at least--
    (1) One supervised PIC cross-country flight over 50 nautical 
miles duration, landings at a minimum of three points, and one route 
of the flight being a straight line distance of at least 25 nautical 
miles between the takeoff and landing locations; and
    (2) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with each 
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport 
with an operating control tower.
    (d) For a rotorcraft-gyroplane course. At least 5 hours of 
supervised pilot-in-command time, on the approved areas of operation 
in section 4.(c)(4) of this appendix, and the training must include 
at least--
    (1) One supervised PIC cross-country flight over 50 nautical 
miles duration, landings at a minimum of three points, and one route 
of the flight being a straight line distance of at least 25 nautical 
miles between the takeoff and landing locations; and
    (2) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with each 
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport 
with an operating control tower.
    (e) For a powered-lift course. At least 5 hours of supervised 
pilot-in-command time, on the approved areas of operation in section 
4.(c)(5) of this appendix, and the training must include at least--
    (1) One supervised PIC cross-country flight over 100 nautical 
miles duration, landings at a minimum of three points, and one route 
of the flight being a straight line distance of at least 50 nautical 
miles between the takeoff and landing locations; and
    (2) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with each 
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport 
with an operating control tower.
    (f) For a glider-nonpowered course.
    (1) At least 2 flights of supervised pilot-in-command time, on 
the approved areas of operation in section 4.(c)(6) of this 
appendix; and
    (2) If the course covers ground launch procedures, the 
supervised pilot in command time must include at least 2 flights 
using a winch or auto tow on the approved areas of operation in 
section 4.(c)(6) of this appendix.
    (g) For a glider-powered course. At least 2 flights of 
supervised pilot-in-command time, on the approved areas of operation 
in section 4.(c)(7) of this appendix.
    (h) For a lighter than air-airship course. At least 5 hours of 
supervised pilot-in-command time with an authorized flight 
instructor, on the approved areas of operation in section 4.(c)(8) 
of this appendix.
    (i) For a lighter than air-balloon course. At least 2 flights of 
supervised pilot-in-command time, on the approved areas of operation 
in section 4.(c)(9) of this appendix, in the balloon for which the 
course applies.
    6. Stage checks and end-of-course tests.
    (a) Each student enrolled in a private pilot course must 
satisfactorily accomplish the stage checks and end-of-course tests, 
in accordance with the school's approved training course, and must 
consist of the approved areas of operation of section 4 of this 
appendix for the aircraft category and class rating for which the 
course applies.
    (b) Each student must demonstrate satisfactory proficiency prior 
to being endorsed to operate an aircraft in supervised PIC flight.

Appendix C--Instrument Rating Course

    1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes the minimum 
curriculum for an instrument rating course and an additional 
instrument rating course, required under this part, for:
    (a) Instrument-airplane single-engine.
    (b) Instrument-airplane multiengine.
    (c) Instrument-helicopter.
    (d) Instrument-airship.
    (e) Instrument-powered-lift. 

[[Page 41276]]

    2. Eligibility for enrollment. A person must have the following 
to enroll in the flight portion of the instrument rating course:
    (a) A private pilot certificate with an aircraft category and 
class rating appropriate to the instrument rating for which the 
course applies.
    (b) At least a valid third-class medical certificate issued 
under part 67 of this chapter.
    3. Aeronautical knowledge training.
    (a) Each approved course must include the aeronautical knowledge 
areas listed in section 3.(b) of this appendix, appropriate to the 
instrument rating for which the course applies, and must include at 
least:
    (1) 30 hours of training, if the course is for an initial 
instrument rating.
    (2) 20 hours of training, if the course is for an additional 
instrument rating.
    (b) Each approved course must include the following aeronautical 
knowledge areas:
    (1) The applicable Federal Aviation Regulations for IFR flight 
operations;
    (2) The appropriate information in the ``Airman's Information 
Manual;''
    (3) The air traffic control system and procedures for instrument 
flight operations;
    (4) IFR navigation and approaches by use of radio aids;
    (5) Use of IFR en route and instrument charts procedure 
approach;
    (6) The procurement and use of aviation weather reports and 
forecasts, and the elements of forecasting weather trends on the 
basis of that information and personal observation of weather 
conditions;
    (7) The safe and efficient operation of aircraft under IFR and 
conditions appropriate to the instrument rating for which the course 
applies;
    (8) The recognition of critical weather situations and windshear 
avoidance;
    (9) Aeronautical decision making and judgment; and
    (10) Flight deck resource management, to include crew 
communication and coordination.
    4. Flight training.
    (a) Each approved course must include the following flight 
training on the areas of operation listed in section 4.(d) of this 
appendix, appropriate to the instrument-aircraft category and class 
rating for which the course applies, and must include at least:
    (1) 35 hours of instrument training, if the course is for an 
initial instrument rating.
    (2) 15 hours of instrument training, if the course is for an 
additional instrument rating.
    (b) Use of flight training devices.
    (1) The course may include training in a flight training device, 
provided they are representative of the aircraft for which the 
course is approved for, meet requirements of this paragraph, and the 
training is given by an authorized ground or flight instructor.
    (2) Training in a flight training device that meets the 
requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(1) of this part, may be credited for 
a maximum of 10 percent of the total flight training hour 
requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever 
is less.
    (3) Training in a flight training device that meets the 
requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(2) of this part, may be credited for 
a maximum of 5 percent of the total flight training hour 
requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever 
is less.
    (4) Training in a flight training device that meets the 
requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(1) of this part and a flight training 
device that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(2) of this 
part, may be credited for a maximum of 10 percent of the total 
flight training hour requirements of the approved course, or by this 
section, whichever is less. However, training in a flight training 
device that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(2) of this part 
may be credited for a maximum of 5 percent of the total flight 
training hour requirements.
    (c) In addition, each approved course must include the following 
flight training on the areas of operation listed in section 4.(d) of 
this appendix, appropriate to the instrument-aircraft category and 
class rating for which the course applies, and must include:
    (1) For an instrument-airplane single engine course. Instrument 
training time from an authorized instructor, on the approved areas 
of operation in section 4.(d) of this appendix, and the training 
must include at least one cross country flight that--
    (i) Is in a single engine airplane and is performed under IFR;
    (ii) Is a distance of at least 250 nautical miles along airways 
or ATC-directed routing with one of the routes being at least a 
straight-line distance of 100 nautical miles between airports;
    (iii) Involves an instrument approach at each airport; and
    (iv) Involves three different kinds of approaches with the use 
of navigation aids.
    (2) For an instrument-airplane multiengine course. Instrument 
training time from an authorized instructor, on the approved areas 
of operation in section 4.(d) of this appendix, and the training 
must include at least one cross country flight that--
    (i) Is in a multiengine airplane and is performed under IFR;
    (ii) Is a distance of at least 250 nautical miles along airways 
or ATC-directed routing with one of the routes being at least a 
straight-line distance of 100 nautical miles between airports;
    (iii) Involves an instrument approach at each airport; and
    (iv) Involves three different kinds of approaches with the use 
of navigation aids.
    (3) For an instrument-helicopter course. Instrument training 
time from an authorized instructor, on the approved areas of 
operation in section 4.(d) of this appendix, and the training must 
include at least one cross country flight that--
    (i) Is in a helicopter and is performed under IFR;
    (ii) Is a distance of at least 100 nautical miles along airways 
or ATC-directed routing with one of the routes being at least a 
straight-line distance of 50 nautical miles between airports;
    (iii) Involves an instrument approach at each airport; and
    (iv) Involves three different kinds of approaches with the use 
of navigation aids.
    (4) For an instrument-powered-lift course. Instrument training 
time from an authorized instructor, on the approved areas of 
operation in section 4.(d) of this appendix, and the training must 
include at least one cross country flight that--
    (i) Is in a powered-lift and is performed under IFR;
    (ii) Is a distance of at least 250 nautical miles along airways 
or ATC-directed routing with one of the routes being at least a 
straight-line distance of 100 nautical miles between airports;
    (iii) Involves an instrument approach at each airport; and
    (iv) Involves three different kinds of approaches with the use 
of navigation aids.
    (5) For an instrument-airship course. Instrument training time 
from an authorized instructor, on the approved areas of operation in 
section 4.(d) of this appendix, and the training must include at 
least one cross country flight that--
    (i) Is in an airship and is performed under IFR;
    (ii) Is a distance of at least 50 nautical miles along airways 
or ATC-directed routing with one of the routes being at least a 
straight-line distance of 25 nautical miles between airports;
    (iii) Involves an instrument approach at each airport; and
    (iv) Involves three different kinds of approaches with the use 
of navigation aids.
    (d) Areas of operation:
    (i) Preflight preparation;
    (ii) Preflight procedures;
    (iii) Air traffic control clearances and procedures;
    (iv) Flight by reference to instruments;
    (v) Navigation aids;
    (vi) Instrument approach procedures;
    (vii) Emergency operations; and
    (viii) Postflight procedures.
    5. Stage checks and end-of-course tests.
    Each student enrolled in an instrument rating course must 
satisfactorily accomplish the stage checks and end-of-course tests, 
in accordance with the school's approved training course, and must 
consist of the appropriate approved areas of operation of section 4 
of this appendix for the aircraft category and class rating for 
which the course applies.
Appendix D--Commercial Pilot Certification Course.

    1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes the minimum 
curriculum for a commercial pilot certification course required 
under this part, for:
    (a) Airplane category--single-engine class.
    (b) Airplane category--multiengine class.
    (c) Rotorcraft category--helicopter class.
    (d) Rotorcraft category--gyroplane class.
    (e) Powered-lift category.
    (f) Glider category--nonpowered class.
    (g) Glider category--powered class.
    (h) Lighter-than-air category--airship class.
    (i) Lighter-than-air category--balloon class.
    2. Eligibility for enrollment.
    (a) A person must have the following to enroll in the flight 
portion of the commercial pilot certification course:
    (1) At least a private pilot certificate;
    (2) At least a valid third-class medical certificate issued 
under part 67 of this chapter for a rating in an aircraft other than 
a glider or a balloon;
    (3) A signed and dated statement affixed to the application 
certifying that no known 

[[Page 41277]]
medical defect exists that would make the person unable to pilot a 
glider or balloon, as appropriate; and
    (4) If the course is for a rating in an airplane, powered-lift 
category, or an airship class, then the person must--
    (i) Hold an instrument rating in the aircraft that is 
appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating for which the 
course applies; or
    (ii) Be concurrently enrolled in an instrument rating course 
that is appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating for 
which the course applies and satisfactorily accomplish the required 
instrument rating practical test prior to completing the commercial 
pilot certification course.
    (b) A person must meet the aeronautical experience requirements 
prescribed in part 61 of this chapter for a commercial pilot 
certificate that is appropriate to the aircraft category and class 
rating for which the course applies upon completion of this course.
    3. Aeronautical knowledge training.
    (a) Each approved course must include the aeronautical knowledge 
areas listed in paragraph (b) of this section, appropriate to the 
aircraft category and class rating for which the course applies, and 
must include at least:
    (1) 100 hours of training, if the course is for an airplane 
category rating, powered lift category rating, or a lighter-than-air 
category with an airship class rating.
    (2) 65 hours of training, if the course is for a rotorcraft 
category rating.
    (3) 25 hours of training, if the course is for a glider category 
rating.
    (4) 20 hours of training, if the course is for a lighter-than-
air category with a balloon class rating.
    (b) Aeronautical knowledge areas. Each approved course must 
include the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in this paragraph, 
appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating for which the 
course applies:
    (1) The Federal Aviation Regulations that apply to commercial 
pilot privileges, limitations, and flight operations;
    (2) Accident reporting requirements of the National 
Transportation Safety Board;
    (3) Basic aerodynamics and the principles of flight;
    (4) Meteorology to include recognition of critical weather 
situations, windshear recognition and avoidance, and the use of 
aeronautical weather reports and forecasts;
    (5) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft;
    (6) Weight and balance computations;
    (7) Use of performance charts;
    (8) Significance and effects of exceeding aircraft performance 
limitations;
    (9) Use of aeronautical charts and magnetic compass for pilotage 
and dead reckoning;
    (10) Use of air navigation facilities;
    (11) Aeronautical decision making and judgement;
    (12) Principles and functions of aircraft systems;
    (13) Maneuvers, procedures, and emergency operations appropriate 
to the aircraft;
    (14) Night and high altitude operations; and
    (15) Descriptions of and procedures for operating within the 
National Airspace System.
    4. Flight training.
    (a) Each approved course must include the following flight 
training on the areas of operation listed in paragraph (c) of this 
section, appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating for 
which the course applies, and must include:
    (1) For an airplane-single engine course. At least 20 hours of 
training on the approved areas of operation listed in paragraph 
(c)(1) of this section that includes at least--
    (i) Five hours of instrument training in a single engine 
airplane;
    (ii) Ten hours of training in a single engine airplane that has 
a retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch 
propeller, or is turbine-powered;
    (iii) One cross-country flight in a single engine airplane of at 
least 2 hours in duration, a total straight-line distance of more 
than 100 nautical miles from the original point of departure, and 
occurring in day-VFR conditions;
    (iv) Except as provided in Sec. 61.131 of this chapter, one 
cross-country flight in a single engine airplane of at least 2 hours 
in duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 100 
nautical miles from the original point of departure, and occurring 
in night-VFR conditions; and
    (v) Three hours in a single engine airplane, in preparation for 
the practical test within the 60 days preceding the date of the 
test.
    (2) For an airplane-multiengine course. At least 20 hours of 
training on the approved areas of operation listed in paragraph 
(c)(2) of this section that includes at least--
    (i) Five hours of instrument training in a multiengine airplane;
    (ii) Ten hours of training in a multiengine airplane that has a 
retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch propeller, 
or is turbine-powered;
    (iii) One cross-country flight in a multiengine airplane of at 
least 2 hours in duration, a total straight-line distance of more 
than 100 nautical miles from the original point of departure, and 
occurring in day-VFR conditions;
    (iv) Except as provided in Sec. 61.131 of this chapter, one 
cross-country flight in a multiengine airplane of at least 2 hours 
in duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 100 
nautical miles from the original point of departure, and occurring 
in night-VFR conditions; and
    (v) Three hours in a multiengine airplane, in preparation for 
the practical test within the 60 days preceding the date of the 
test.
    (3) For a rotorcraft-helicopter course. At least 20 hours of 
training on the approved areas of operation listed in paragraph 
(c)(3) of this section that includes at least--
    (i) Five hours of instrument training in a helicopter;
    (ii) One cross-country flight in a helicopter of at least 2 
hours in duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 50 
nautical miles from the original point of departure, and occurring 
in day-VFR conditions;
    (iii) Except as provided in Sec. 61.131 of this chapter, one 
cross-country flight in a helicopter of at least 2 hours in 
duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical 
miles from the original point of departure, and occurring in night-
VFR conditions; and
    (iv) Three hours in a helicopter, in preparation for the 
practical test within the 60 days preceding the date of the test.
    (4) For a rotorcraft-gyroplane course. At least 20 hours of 
training on the approved areas of operation listed in paragraph 
(c)(4) of this section that includes at least--
    (i) Five hours of instrument training in a gyroplane;
    (ii) One cross-country flight in a gyroplane of at least 2 hours 
in duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical 
miles from the original point of departure, and occurring in day-VFR 
conditions;
    (iii) Except as provided in Sec. 61.131 of this chapter, one 
cross-country flight in a gyroplane of at least 2 hours in duration, 
a total straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical miles from 
the original point of departure, and occurring in night-VFR 
conditions; and
    (iv) Three hours in a gyroplane, in preparation for the 
practical test within the 60 days preceding the date of the test.
    (5) For a powered-lift course. At least 20 hours of training on 
the approved areas of operation listed in paragraph (c)(5) of this 
section that includes at least--
    (i) Five hours of instrument training in a powered-lift;
    (ii) One cross-country flight in a powered-lift of at least 2 
hours in duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 100 
nautical miles from the original point of departure, and occurring 
in day-VFR conditions;
    (iii) Except as provided in Sec. 61.131 of this chapter, one 
cross-country flight in a powered-lift of at least 2 hours in 
duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 100 nautical 
miles from the original point of departure, and occurring in night-
VFR conditions; and
    (iv) Three hours in a powered-lift, in preparation for the 
practical test within the 60 days preceding the date of the test.
    (6) For a nonpowered glider course. At least 10 hours of flight 
training and 10 flights on the approved areas of operation of 
paragraph (c)(6) of this section, that includes--
    (i) At least 3 flights in preparation for the practical test 
within the 60 days preceding the date of the test; and
    (ii) If the course is for ground launch procedures privileges, 
the course must also include at least 5 flights of flight training 
in a nonpowered glider using a winch or auto tow on the approved 
areas of operation of paragraph (c)(6) of this section.
    (7) For a powered glider course. At least 10 hours of flight 
training on the approved areas of operation of paragraph (c)(7) of 
this section, that includes at least 3 hours in preparation for the 
practical test within the 60 days preceding the date of the test;
    (8) For an airship course. At least 20 hours of training in 
airships on the approved areas of operation in paragraph (c)(8) of 
this section, which includes at least--
    (i) Three hours in an airship, in preparation for the practical 
test within the 60 days preceding the date of the test;
    (ii) Five hours of instrument training in airships;
    (iii) One cross-country flight in an airship of at least 1 hour 
in duration, a total straight-

[[Page 41278]]
line distance of more than 25 nautical miles from the original point of 
departure, and occurring in day-VFR conditions; and
    (iv) One cross-country flight in an airship of at least 1 hour 
in duration, a total straight-line distance of more than 25 nautical 
miles from the original point of departure, and occurring in night-
VFR conditions, except as provided in Sec. 61.131 of this chapter.
    (9) For a balloon course. At least 10 hours of flight training 
that includes at least 10 flights of flight training in balloons on 
the approved areas of operation of paragraph (c)(9) of this section, 
and includes--
    (i) If the course is involves training in a gas balloon, the 
training must include at least--
    (A) Two flights of 1 hour each in a gas balloon;
    (B) One flight in a gas balloon involving a controlled ascent to 
10,000 feet above the surface; and
    (C) Two flights in a gas balloon, in preparation for the 
practical test within the 60-day period preceding the date of the 
test.
    (ii) If the course involves training in a balloon with an 
airborne heater, the training must include at least--
    (A) Two flights of 30 minutes each in a balloon with an airborne 
heater;
    (B) One flight involving a controlled ascent to 5,000 feet above 
the surface in a balloon with an airborne heater; and
    (C) Two flights in a balloon with an airborne heater, in 
preparation for the practical test within the 60-day period 
preceding the date of the test.
    (b) Use of flight training devices.
    (1) Training in a flight training device may be included in the 
course, provided it is representative of the aircraft for which the 
course is approved for, meets the requirements of this paragraph, 
and is given by an authorized ground or flight instructor.
    (2) Training in a flight training device that meets the 
requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(1) of this part may be credited for a 
maximum of 10 percent of the total flight training hour requirements 
of the approved course, or of this section, whichever is less.
    (3) Training in a flight training device that meets the 
requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(2) of this part may be credited for a 
maximum of 5 percent of the total flight training hour requirements 
of the approved course, or of this section, whichever is less.
    (4) Training in a flight training device that meets the 
requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(1) of this part and a flight training 
device that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(2) of this part 
may be credited for a maximum of 10 percent of the total flight 
training hour requirements of the approved course, or by this 
section, whichever is less. However, training in a flight training 
device that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(2) of this part 
may be credited for a maximum of 5 percent of the total flight 
training hour requirements.
    (c) Areas of operation. Each approved course must include the 
flight training on the areas of operation listed in this paragraph, 
that are appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating for 
which the course applies:
    (1) For an airplane-single engine course:
    (i) Preflight preparation;
    (ii) Preflight procedures;
    (iii) Airport and seaplane base operations;
    (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (v) Performance maneuvers;
    (vi) Navigation;
    (vii) Stalls and slow flight;
    (viii) Emergency operations;
    (ix) High altitude operations; and
    (x) Postflight procedures.
    (2) For an airplane-multiengine course:
    (i) Preflight preparation;
    (ii) Preflight procedures;
    (iii) Airport and seaplane base operations;
    (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (v) Performance maneuvers;
    (vi) Navigation;
    (vii) Stalls and slow flight;
    (viii) Emergency operations;
    (ix) Multiengine operations;
    (x) High altitude operations; and
    (xi) Postflight procedures.
    (3) For a rotorcraft-helicopter course:
    (i) Preflight preparation;
    (ii) Preflight procedures;
    (iii) Airport and heliport operations;
    (iv) Hovering maneuvers;
    (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (vi) Performance maneuvers;
    (vii) Navigation;
    (viii) Emergency operations;
    (ix) Special operations; and
    (x) Postflight procedures.
    (4) For a rotorcraft-gyroplane course:
    (i) Preflight preparation;
    (ii) Preflight procedures;
    (iii) Airport operations;
    (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (v) Performance maneuvers;
    (vi) Navigation;
    (vii) Flight at slow airspeeds;
    (viii) Emergency operations; and
    (ix) Postflight procedures.
    (5) For a powered-lift course:
    (i) Preflight preparation;
    (ii) Preflight procedures;
    (iii) Airport and heliport operations;
    (iv) Hovering maneuvers;
    (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (vi) Performance maneuvers;
    (vii) Navigation;
    (viii) Stalls and slow flight;
    (ix) Emergency operations;
    (x) High altitude operations;
    (xi) Special operations; and
    (xii) Postflight procedures.
    (6) For a glider-nonpowered course:
    (i) Preflight preparation;
    (ii) Preflight procedures;
    (iii) Airport and gliderport operations;
    (iv) Launches and landings;
    (v) Performance speeds;
    (vi) Soaring techniques;
    (vii) Performance maneuvers;
    (viii) Navigation;
    (ix) Stalls and slow flight;
    (x) Emergency operations; and
    (xi) Postflight procedures.
    (7) For a glider-powered course:
    (i) Preflight preparation;
    (ii) Preflight procedures;
    (iii) Airport and gliderport operations;
    (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (v) Performance speeds;
    (vi) Soaring techniques;
    (vii) Performance maneuvers;
    (viii) Navigation;
    (ix) Stalls and slow flight;
    (x) Emergency operations; and
    (xi) Postflight procedures.
    (8) For a lighter than air-airship course:
    (i) Preflight preparation;
    (ii) Preflight procedures;
    (iii) Airport operations;
    (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (v) Performance maneuvers;
    (vi) Navigation;
    (vii) Emergency operations; and
    (viii) Postflight procedures.
    (9) For a lighter than air-balloon course:
    (i) Preflight preparation;
    (ii) Preflight procedures;
    (iii) Balloonport operations;
    (iv) Lift-offs and landings;
    (v) Performance maneuvers;
    (vi) Navigation;
    (vii) Emergency operations; and
    (viii) Postflight procedures.
    5. Supervised pilot-in-command training. Each approved course 
must include supervised pilot-in-command practice on the areas of 
operation listed in section 4.(c) of this appendix, appropriate to 
the aircraft category and class rating for which the course applies, 
and must include:
    (a) For an airplane-single engine course. At least 10 hours of 
supervised PIC flying in a single engine airplane on the approved 
areas of operation in section 4.(c)(1) of this appendix, which 
includes at least--
    (1) One cross-country flight, if the training is being performed 
in the state of Hawaii, that must involve landings at a minimum of 
three points and one of the routes having a straight-line distance 
of at least 150 nautical miles;
    (2) One cross-country flight, if the training is being performed 
in a State other than Hawaii, that must involve landings at a 
minimum of three points and one of the routes having a straight-line 
distance of at least 250 nautical miles; and
    (3) 5 hours in night-VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 
landings (with each landing involving a flight with a traffic 
pattern) at an airport with an operating control tower, except as 
provided in Sec. 61.131 of this chapter.
    (b) For an airplane-multiengine course. At least 10 hours of 
supervised PIC flying in a multiengine airplane on the approved 
areas of operation in section 4.(c)(2) of this appendix, which 
includes at least--
    (1) One cross-country flight, if the training is being performed 
in the state of Hawaii, that must involve landings at a minimum of 
three points and one of the routes having a straight-line distance 
of at least 150 nautical miles;
    (2) One cross-country flight, if the training is being performed 
in a State other than Hawaii, that must involve landings at a 
minimum of three points and one of the routes having a straight-line 
distance of at least 250 nautical miles; and
    (3) 5 hours in night-VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 
landings (with each landing involving a flight with a traffic 
pattern) at an airport with an operating control tower, except as 
provided in Sec. 61.131 of this chapter.
    (c) For a rotorcraft-helicopter course. At least 10 hours of 
supervised PIC flying in a helicopter on the approved areas of 
operation in section 4.(c)(4) of this appendix, which includes at 
least--

[[Page 41279]]

    (1) One cross-country flight, if the training is being performed 
in the state of Hawaii, that must involve landings at a minimum of 
three points and one of the routes having a straight-line distance 
of at least 150 nautical miles;
    (2) One cross-country flight, if the training is being performed 
in a State other than Hawaii, that must involve landings at a 
minimum of three points and one of the routes having a straight-line 
distance of at least 250 nautical miles; and
    (3) 5 hours in night-VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 
landings (with each landing involving a flight with a traffic 
pattern) at an airport with an operating control tower, except as 
provided in Sec. 61.131 of this chapter.
    (d) For a rotorcraft-gyroplane course. At least 10 hours of 
supervised PIC flying in a gyroplane on the approved areas of 
operation in section 4.(c)(4) of this appendix, which includes at 
least--
    (1) One cross-country flight, if the training is being performed 
in the state of Hawaii, that must involve landings at a minimum of 
three points and one of the routes having a straight-line distance 
of at least 150 nautical miles;
    (2) One cross-country flight, if the training is being performed 
in a State other than Hawaii, that must involve landings at a 
minimum of three points and one of the routes having a straight-line 
distance of at least 250 nautical miles; and
    (3) 5 hours in night-VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 
landings (with each landing involving a flight with a traffic 
pattern) at an airport with an operating control tower, except as 
provided in Sec. 61.131 of this chapter.
    (e) For a powered-lift course. At least 10 hours of supervised 
PIC flying in a powered-lift on the approved areas of operation in 
section 4.(c)(5) of this appendix, which includes at least--
    (1) One cross-country flight, if the training is being performed 
in the state of Hawaii, that must involve landings at a minimum of 
three points and one of the routes having a straight-line distance 
of at least 150 nautical miles;
    (2) One cross-country flight, if the training is being performed 
in a State other than Hawaii, that must involve landings at a 
minimum of three points and one of the routes having a straight-line 
distance of at least 250 nautical miles; and
    (3) 5 hours in night-VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 
landings (with each landing involving a flight with a traffic 
pattern) at an airport with an operating control tower, except as 
provided in Sec. 61.131 of this chapter.
    (f) For a glider-nonpowered course. At least 5 supervised PIC 
flights in a nonpowered glider on the approved areas of operation of 
section 4.(c)(6) of this appendix.
    (g) For a glider-powered course. At least 5 supervised PIC 
flights in a powered glider on the approved areas of operation of 
section 4.(c)(7) of this appendix.
    (h) For a lighter than air-airship course. At least 10 hours of 
pilot in command flight training with an authorized flight 
instructor in airships, on the approved areas of operation in 
section 4.(c)(8) of this appendix, which includes at least--
    (i) One cross-country flight with landings at a minimum of three 
points, and one of the routes having a straight-line distance of at 
least 25 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and
    (ii) 5 hours in night-VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 
landings (with each landing involving a flight with a traffic 
pattern) except as provided in Sec. 61.131 of this chapter.
    (i) For a lighter than air-balloon course. At least 2 flights of 
supervised pilot-in-command time, on the approved areas of operation 
in section 4.(c)(9) of this appendix, in the balloon for which the 
course applies.
    6. Stage checks and end-of-course tests.
    (a) Each student enrolled in a commercial pilot course must 
satisfactorily accomplish the stage checks and end-of-course tests, 
in accordance with the school's approved training course, consisting 
of the approved areas of operation of section 4 of this appendix for 
the aircraft category and class rating for which the course applies.
    (b) Each student must demonstrate satisfactory proficiency prior 
to being endorsed to operate an aircraft in supervised PIC flight.

Appendix E--Airline Transport Pilot Certification Course

    1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes the minimum 
curriculum for an airline transport pilot certification course under 
this part, for:
    (a) An airplane category-single engine class rating.
    (b) An airplane category-multiengine class rating.
    (c) A rotorcraft category-helicopter class rating.
    (d) A powered-lift category rating.
    2. Eligibility for enrollment. A person must have the following 
to enroll in the flight portion of the airline transport pilot 
certification course:
    (a) Meet at least one of the following requirements--
    (1) Hold at least a commercial pilot certificate and an 
instrument rating;
    (2) Meet the requirements of Sec. 61.73 of this chapter to 
qualify for a commercial pilot certificate and an instrument rating, 
in the case of a person who is a rated pilot in the U.S. military; 
or
    (3) Hold either a foreign airline transport pilot or foreign 
commercial pilot license and an instrument rating, in the case of a 
person who holds a pilot license issued by a member State to the 
International Civil Aviation Organization.
    (b) Hold at least a third-class medical certificate issued under 
part 67 of this chapter; and
    (c) Meet the aeronautical experience requirements prescribed in 
subpart G, part 61 of this chapter for an airline transport pilot 
certificate that is appropriate to the aircraft category and class 
rating for which the course applies upon completion of this course.
    3. Aeronautical knowledge training.
    (a) Each approved course must include the aeronautical knowledge 
areas listed in paragraph (b) of this section, appropriate to the 
aircraft category and class rating, and must include at least 40 
hours of training.
    (b) Aeronautical knowledge areas.
    (1) The applicable Federal Aviation Regulations of this chapter 
that relate to airline transport pilot privileges, limitations, and 
flight operations appropriate to the aircraft rating for which the 
course applies;
    (2) Meteorology including knowledge of and effects of fronts, 
frontal characteristics, cloud formations, icing, and upper air-
data;
    (3) General system of weather and NOTAM collection, 
dissemination, interpretation, and use;
    (4) Interpretation of weather charts, maps, forecasts, 
sequences, abbreviations, symbols, and use;
    (5) National Weather Service function as it pertains to 
operation in the National Airspace System;
    (6) Windshear and microburst awareness, identification, and 
avoidance;
    (7) Principles of air navigation under instrument meteorological 
conditions in the National Airspace System;
    (8) Air traffic control procedures and pilot responsibilities as 
they relate to en route operations, terminal area and radar 
operations, and instrument departure and approach procedures;
    (9) Aircraft loading, weight and balance, use of charts, graphs, 
tables, formulas, and computations, and the effects on aircraft 
performance that are appropriate to the aircraft category and class 
rating for which the course applies;
    (10) Aircraft aerodynamics relating to the aircraft's flight 
characteristics, performance, and normal and abnormal flight regimes 
and characteristics that are appropriate to the aircraft category 
and class rating for which the course applies;
    (11) Flight crewmember physiological factors;
    (12) Aeronautical decisionmaking and judgment; and
    (13) Flight deck resource management to include crew 
communication and coordination.
    4. Flight training.
    (a) Approved course requirements.
    (1) Flight training in the approved areas of operation of 
paragraph (c) of this section must be included in the aircraft 
category and class rating for which the course applies; and
    (2) At least 25 hours of flight training, of which at least 15 
hours must be instrument flight training, must be included in the 
aircraft for which the course applies.
    (b) Use of flight training devices.
    (1) Training in a flight training device may be included, 
provided it is representative of the aircraft for which the course 
is approved, meets the requirements of this paragraph, and is given 
by an authorized ground or flight instructor.
    (2) Training in a flight training device that meets the 
requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(1) of this part, may be credited for 
a maximum of 10 percent of the total flight training hour 
requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever 
is less.
    (3) Training in a flight training device that meets the 
requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(2) of this part, may be credited for 
a maximum of 

[[Page 41280]]
5 percent of the total flight training hour requirements of the 
approved course, or of this section, whichever is less.
    (4) Training in a flight training device that meets the 
requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(1) of this part and a flight training 
device that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(2) of this 
part, may be credited for a maximum of 10 percent of the total 
flight training hour requirements of the approved course, or by this 
section, whichever is less. However, training in a flight training 
device that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(2) of this part 
may be credited for a maximum of 5 percent of the total flight 
training hour requirements.
    (c) Areas of operation. Each approved course must include the 
flight training on the areas of operation listed in this paragraph, 
that are appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating for 
which the course applies:
    (1) For an airplane category-single engine class rating with a 
type rating course, if a type rating is required, are as follows--
    (i) Preflight preparation;
    (ii) Preflight procedures;
    (iii) Takeoff and departure phase;
    (iv) Inflight maneuvers;
    (v) Instrument procedures;
    (vi) Landings and approaches to landings;
    (vii) Normal and abnormal procedures;
    (viii) Emergency procedures; and
    (ix) Postflight procedures.
    (2) For an airplane category-multiengine class rating with a 
type rating course, if a type rating is required, are as follows--
    (i) Preflight preparation;
    (ii) Preflight procedures;
    (iii) Takeoff and departure phase;
    (iv) Inflight maneuvers;
    (v) Instrument procedures;
    (vi) Landings and approaches to landings;
    (vii) Normal and abnormal procedures;
    (viii) Emergency procedures; and
    (ix) Postflight procedures.
    (3) For a powered-lift category rating with a type rating 
course, if a type rating is required, are as follows--
    (i) Preflight preparation;
    (ii) Preflight procedures;
    (iii) Takeoff and departure phase;
    (iv) Inflight maneuvers;
    (v) Instrument procedures;
    (vi) Landings and approaches to landings;
    (vii) Normal and abnormal procedures;
    (viii) Emergency procedures; and
    (ix) Postflight procedures.
    (4) For a rotorcraft category-helicopter class rating with a 
type rating course, if a type rating is required, are as follows--
    (i) Preflight preparation;
    (ii) Preflight procedures;
    (iii) Takeoff and departure phase;
    (iv) Inflight maneuvers;
    (v) Instrument procedures;
    (vi) Landings and approaches to landings;
    (vii) Normal and abnormal procedures;
    (viii) Emergency procedures; and
    (ix) Postflight procedures.
    5. Stage checks and end-of-course tests.
    (a) Each student enrolled in an airline transport pilot course 
must satisfactorily accomplish the stage checks and end-of-course 
tests, in accordance with the school's approved training course, 
consisting of the approved areas of operation of section 4.(c) of 
this appendix in the aircraft category and class rating for which 
the course applies.
    (b) Each student must demonstrate satisfactory proficiency prior 
to being endorsed to operate an aircraft in supervised PIC flight.

Appendix F--Flight Instructor Certification Course

    1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes the minimum 
curriculum for a flight instructor certification course and an 
additional flight instructor rating course required under this part, 
for:
    (a) Airplane category--single-engine class.
    (b) Airplane category--multiengine class.
    (c) Rotorcraft category--helicopter class.
    (d) Rotorcraft category--gyroplane class.
    (e) Powered-lift category.
    (f) Glider category--nonpowered class.
    (g) Glider category--powered class.
    (h) Lighter-than-air category--airship class.
    (i) Lighter-than-air category--balloon class.
    2. Eligibility for enrollment. A person must have the following 
to enroll in the flight portion of the flight instructor or 
additional flight instructor rating course:
    (a) A commercial or an airline transport pilot certificate, with 
an aircraft category and class rating appropriate to the flight 
instructor rating for which the course applies; and
    (b) An instrument rating in an aircraft that is appropriate to 
the aircraft category and class rating for which the course applies, 
if the course is for a flight instructor-airplane, -helicopter, -
powered-lift, -airship, or -instrument-(category and class) rating.
    3. Aeronautical knowledge training.
    (a) Approved course requirements.
    Each approved course must include the knowledge areas listed in 
paragraph (b) of this section, and must include at least:
    (1) 40 hours of training, if the course is for an initial 
issuance of a flight instructor certificate; or
    (2) 20 hours of training, if the course is for an additional 
flight instructor rating.
    (b) Aeronautical knowledge areas.
    (1) The learning process;
    (2) Elements of effective teaching;
    (3) Student evaluation, quizzing, and testing;
    (4) Course development;
    (5) Lesson planning;
    (6) Classroom training techniques; and
    (7) The aeronautical knowledge areas in which training is 
required for--
    (i) A recreational, private, and commercial pilot certificate 
that is appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating for 
which the course applies; and
    (ii) An instrument rating that is appropriate to the aircraft 
category and class rating for which the course applies, if the 
course is for an airplane or powered-lift category, or a lighter-
than-air category with an airship class.
    (c) School hours credited.
    A student who satisfactorily completed 2 years of study on the 
principles of education in a college or university may be credited 
with no more than 20 hours of the required training in paragraph 
(a)(1) of this section.
    4. Flight training.
    (a) Approved course requirements.
    Each approved course must include flight training in the 
approved areas of operation of paragraph (c) of this section for the 
flight instructor rating for which the course applies; and must 
include at least:
    (1) Twenty-five hours, if the course is for an airplane, 
rotorcraft, or powered-lift category rating, or a lighter-than-air 
category with an airship class rating;
    (2) Ten hours and 10 flights, if the course is for a glider 
category with a nonpowered class rating;
    (3) Ten hours, if the course is for a glider category with a 
powered class rating; or
    (4) Eight flights, if the course is for a lighter-than-air 
category with a balloon class rating.
    (b) Use of flight training devices.
    (1) The course may include training in a flight training device, 
provided they are representative of the aircraft for which the 
course is approved for, meet requirements of this paragraph, and the 
training is given by an authorized ground or flight instructor.
    (2) Training in a flight training device that meets the 
requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(1) of this part, may be credited for 
a maximum of 10 percent of the total flight training hour 
requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever 
is less.
    (3) Training in a flight training device that meets the 
requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(2) of this part, may be credited for 
a maximum of 5 percent of the total flight training hour 
requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever 
is less.
    (4) Training in a flight training device that meets the 
requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(1) of this part and a flight training 
device that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(2) of this 
part, may be credited for a maximum of 10 percent of the total 
flight training hour requirements of the approved course, or by this 
section, whichever is less. However, training in a flight training 
device that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(2) of this part 
may be credited for a maximum of 5 percent of the total flight 
training hour requirements.
    (c) Areas of operation.
    Each approved course must include the flight training on the 
areas of operation listed in this paragraph, that are appropriate to 
the aircraft category and class rating for which the course applies:
    (1) For an airplane-single engine course:
    (i) Fundamentals of instructing;
    (ii) Technical subject areas;
    (iii) Preflight preparation;
    (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;
    (v) Preflight procedures;
    (vi) Airport and seaplane base operations;
    (vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (viii) Fundamentals of flight;
    (ix) Performance maneuvers;
    (x) Ground reference maneuvers;
    (xi) Stalls, spins, and slow flight;
    (xii) Basic instrument maneuvers;
    (xiii) Emergency operations; and
    (xiv) Postflight procedures.
    (2) For an airplane-multiengine course:
    (i) Fundamentals of instructing;
    (ii) Technical subject areas;
    (iii) Preflight preparation;
    (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;
    (v) Preflight procedures;
    (vi) Airport and seaplane base operations; 

[[Page 41281]]

    (vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (viii) Fundamentals of flight;
    (ix) Performance maneuvers;
    (x) Ground reference maneuvers;
    (xi) Stalls and slow flight;
    (xii) Basic instrument maneuvers;
    (xiii) Emergency operations;
    (xiv) Multiengine operations; and
    (xv) Postflight procedures.
    (3) For a rotorcraft-helicopter course:
    (i) Fundamentals of instructing;
    (ii) Technical subject areas;
    (iii) Preflight preparation;
    (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;
    (v) Preflight procedures;
    (vi) Airport and heliport operations;
    (vii) Hovering maneuvers;
    (viii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (ix) Fundamentals of flight;
    (x) Performance maneuvers;
    (xi) Emergency operations;
    (xii) Special operations; and
    (xiii) Postflight procedures.
    (4) For a rotorcraft-gyroplane course:
    (i) Fundamentals of instructing;
    (ii) Technical subject areas;
    (iii) Preflight preparation;
    (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;
    (v) Preflight procedures;
    (vi) Airport operations;
    (vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (viii) Fundamentals of flight;
    (ix) Performance maneuvers;
    (x) Flight at slow airspeeds;
    (xi) Ground reference maneuvers;
    (xii) Emergency operations; and
    (xiii) Postflight procedures.
    (5) For a powered-lift course:
    (i) Fundamentals of instructing;
    (ii) Technical subject areas;
    (iii) Preflight preparation;
    (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;
    (v) Preflight procedures;
    (vi) Airport and heliport operations;
    (vii) Hovering maneuvers;
    (viii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (ix) Fundamentals of flight;
    (x) Performance maneuvers;
    (xi) Ground reference maneuvers;
    (xii) Stalls and slow flight;
    (xiii) Basic instrument maneuvers;
    (xiv) Emergency operations;
    (xv) Special operations; and
    (xvi) Postflight procedures.
    (6) For a glider-nonpowered course:
    (i) Fundamentals of instructing;
    (ii) Technical subject areas;
    (iii) Preflight preparation;
    (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;
    (v) Preflight procedures;
    (vi) Airport and gliderport operations;
    (vii) Launches and landings;
    (viii) Fundamentals of flight;
    (ix) Performance speeds;
    (x) Soaring techniques;
    (xi) Performance maneuvers;
    (xii) Stalls, spins, and slow flight;
    (xiii) Emergency operations; and
    (xiv) Postflight procedures.
    (7) For a glider-powered course:
    (i) Fundamentals of instructing;
    (ii) Technical subject areas;
    (iii) Preflight preparation;
    (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;
    (v) Preflight procedures;
    (vi) Airport and gliderport operations;
    (vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (viii) Fundamentals of flight;
    (ix) Performance speeds;
    (x) Soaring techniques;
    (xi) Performance maneuvers;
    (xii) Stalls, spins, and slow flight;
    (xiii) Emergency operations; and
    (xiv) Postflight procedures.
    (8) For a lighter than air-airship course:
    (i) Fundamentals of instructing;
    (ii) Technical subject areas;
    (iii) Preflight preparation;
    (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;
    (v) Preflight procedures;
    (vi) Airport operations;
    (vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
    (viii) Fundamentals of flight;
    (ix) Performance maneuvers;
    (x) Ground reference maneuvers;
    (xi) Emergency operations; and
    (xii) Postflight procedures.
    (9) For a lighter than air-balloon course:
    (i) Fundamentals of instructing;
    (ii) Technical subject areas;
    (iii) Preflight preparation;
    (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;
    (v) Preflight procedures;
    (vi) Balloonport operations;
    (vii) Lift-offs and landings;
    (viii) Fundamentals of flight;
    (ix) Performance maneuvers;
    (x) Emergency operations; and
    (xi) Postflight procedures.
    5. Stage check and end-of-course tests.
    (a) Each student enrolled in a flight instructor course must 
satisfactorily accomplish the stage checks and end-of-course tests, 
in accordance with the school's approved training course, consisting 
of the appropriate approved areas of operation of section 4 of this 
appendix for the flight instructor rating for which the course 
applies.
    (b) In the case of a student who is enrolled in a flight 
instructor-airplane rating or -glider rating course, that student 
must have:
    (1) Received a logbook endorsement from an authorized flight 
instructor on ground and flight training on stall awareness, spin 
entry, spins, and spin recovery procedures in an aircraft that is 
certificated for spins and that applies to the rating sought; and
    (2) Demonstrated instructional proficiency in stall awareness, 
spin entry, spins, and spin recovery procedures.

Appendix G----Flight Instructor Instrument (Aircraft Category and 
Class) Certification Course

    1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes the minimum 
curriculum for a flight instructor instrument certification course 
required under this part, for:
    (a) Flight Instructor Instrument--airplane single-engine.
    (b) Flight Instructor Instrument--airplane multiengine.
    (c) Flight Instructor Instrument--helicopter.
    (d) Flight Instructor Instrument--airship.
    (e) Flight Instructor Instrument--powered-lift.
    2. Eligibility for enrollment. A person must have the following 
to enroll in the flight portion of the flight instructor instrument 
course:
    (a) A commercial or airline transport pilot certificate with an 
aircraft category and class rating appropriate to the flight 
instructor category and class rating for which the course applies; 
and
    (b) A flight instructor certificate with an aircraft category 
and class rating that is appropriate to the flight instructor 
instrument (category and class of aircraft) rating for which the 
course applies.
    3. Aeronautical knowledge training.
    (a) Approved course requirements.
    Each approved course must include the aeronautical knowledge 
areas listed in paragraph (b) of this section, appropriate to the 
flight instructor instrument (category and class of aircraft) rating 
for which the course applies, and must include at least 15 hours of 
training.
    (b) Aeronautical knowledge areas. 
    (1) Instrument rating aeronautical knowledge areas of this 
paragraph that are appropriate to the flight instructor instrument 
(category and class of aircraft) rating for which the course 
applies;
    (2) Learning process;
    (3) Elements of effective teaching;
    (4) Student evaluation, quizzing, and testing;
    (5) Course development;
    (6) Lesson planning; and
    (7) Classroom training techniques.
    4. Flight training.
    (a) Approved course requirements.
    Each approved course must include at least 15 hours of flight 
training in the approved areas of operation of paragraph (b) of this 
section for the flight instructor rating for which the course 
applies.
    (b) Use of flight training devices.
    (1) The course may include training in a flight training device, 
provided they are representative of the aircraft for which the 
course is approved for, meet requirements of this paragraph, and the 
training is given by an authorized ground or flight instructor.
    (2) Training in a flight training device that meets the 
requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(1) of this part, may be credited for 
a maximum of 10 percent of the total flight training hour 
requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever 
is less.
    (3) Training in a flight training device that meets the 
requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(2) of this part, may be credited for 
a maximum of 5 percent of the total flight training hour 
requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever 
is less.
    (4) Training in a flight training device that meets the 
requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(1) of this part and a flight training 
device that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(2) of this 
part, may be credited for a maximum of 10 percent of the total 
flight training hour requirements of the approved course, or by this 
section, whichever is less. However, training in a flight training 
device that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(2) of this part 
may be credited for a maximum of 5 percent of the total flight 
training hour requirements. 

[[Page 41282]]

    (c) Areas of operation. Each approved course must include the 
flight training on the areas of operation listed in this paragraph 
(c)(2) of this section, that are appropriate to the instrument-
aircraft category and class rating for which the course applies.
    (2) For a flight instructor-instrument rating course.
    (i) Fundamentals of instructing;
    (ii) Technical subject areas;
    (iii) Preflight preparation;
    (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;
    (v) Air traffic control clearances and procedures;
    (vi) Flight by reference to instruments;
    (vii) Navigation aids;
    (viii) Instrument approach procedures;
    (ix) Emergency operations; and
    (x) Postflight procedures.
    5. Stage check and end-of-course tests.
    Each student enrolled in a flight instructor instrument course 
must satisfactorily accomplish the stage checks and end-of-course 
tests, in accordance with the school's approved training course, 
consisting of the approved areas of operation of section 4 of this 
appendix for the flight instructor instrument (category and class of 
aircraft) rating for which the course applies.

Appendix H--Ground Instructor Certification Course

    1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes the minimum 
curriculum for a ground instructor certification course and an 
additional ground instructor rating course, required under this 
part, for:
    (a) Ground Instructor--Airplane category.
    (b) Ground Instructor--Rotorcraft category.
    (c) Ground Instructor--Glider category.
    (d) Ground Instructor--Lighter-than-air category.
    (e) Ground Instructor--Powered-lift category.
    (f) Ground Instructor--Instrument.
    2. Aeronautical knowledge training.
    (a) Approved course requirements.
    Each approved course must include the knowledge areas listed in 
paragraph (b) of this section, appropriate to the ground instructor 
category and class rating for which the course applies, and must 
include a total of at least:
    (1) 20 hours of training, if the course is for an initial 
issuance of a ground instructor certificate; or
    (2) 10 hours of training, if the course is for an additional 
ground instructor rating.
    (b) Aeronautical knowledge areas.
    (1) Learning process;
    (2) Elements of effective teaching;
    (3) Student evaluation, quizzing, and testing;
    (4) Course development;
    (5) Lesson planning;
    (6) Classroom training techniques; and
    (7) Aeronautical knowledge areas in which training is required 
for--
    (i) A private and commercial pilot certificate that is 
appropriate to the category and class rating for which the course 
applies; and
    (ii) An instrument rating, if applying for a ground instructor 
instrument rating.
    (c) School hours credited.
    A student who satisfactorily completed 2 years of study on the 
principles of education in a college or university may be credited 
with 10 hours of the required training in paragraph (a)(1) of this 
section.
    3. Stage check and end-of-course tests.
    Each student enrolled in a ground instructor course must 
satisfactorily accomplish the stage checks and end-of-course tests, 
in accordance with the school's approved training course, consisting 
of the approved knowledge areas of section 2 of this appendix for 
the ground instructor rating for which the course applies.

Appendix I--Additional Aircraft Category or Class Rating Course

    1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes the minimum 
curriculum for an additional aircraft category rating course or an 
additional aircraft class rating course required under this part, 
for:
    (a) Airplane category--single-engine class.
    (b) Airplane category--multiengine class.
    (c) Rotorcraft category--helicopter class.
    (d) Rotorcraft category--gyroplane class.
    (e) Powered-lift category.
    (f) Glider category--nonpowered class.
    (g) Glider category--powered class.
    (h) Lighter-than-air category--airship class.
    (i) Lighter-than-air category--balloon class.
    2. Eligibility for enrollment.
    A person must have the following to enroll in the flight portion 
of an additional aircraft category or additional aircraft class 
rating course:
    (a) The level of pilot certificate for the additional aircraft 
category or class rating for which the course applies.
    (b) At least a valid third-class medical certificate issued 
under part 67 of this chapter, if the course is for a aircraft 
rating in other than a glider or balloon.
    (c) A signed and dated statement affixed to the application 
certifying that no known medical defect exists that would make the 
person unable to pilot a glider or balloon, as appropriate.
    3. Aeronautical knowledge training. 
    Each approved course for an additional aircraft category rating 
and additional aircraft class rating must include:
    (a) The aeronautical knowledge training that apply to that 
aircraft rating by this part, and that are appropriate to the 
aircraft rating and pilot certificate level for which the course 
applies; and
    (b) The total aeronautical knowledge training hours of each 
approved course must include the ground training time required by 
this part that are appropriate to the aircraft rating and pilot 
certificate level for which the course applies.
    4. Flight training.
    Each approved course for an additional aircraft category rating 
or additional aircraft class must include:
    (a) The flight training on the approved areas of operation of 
this paragraph, that are appropriate to the aircraft rating and 
pilot certificate level for which the course applies.
    (b) The total flight training time must include the training 
required by this part, that are appropriate to the aircraft rating 
and pilot certificate level for which the course applies.
    (c) Flight training devices may be used when the course includes 
training in a flight training device, provided it is representative 
of the aircraft for which the course is approved, meets the 
requirements of this paragraph, and the training is given by an 
authorized ground or flight instructor.
    (d) Training in a flight training device that meets the 
requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(1) of this part, may be credited for 
a maximum of 10 percent of the total flight training hour 
requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever 
is less.
    (e) Training in a flight training device that meets the 
requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(2) of this part, may be credited for 
a maximum of 5 percent of the total flight training hour 
requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever 
is less.
    (f) Training in a flight training device that meets the 
requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(1) of this part and a flight training 
device that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(2) of this 
part, may be credited for a maximum of 10 percent of the total 
flight training hour requirements of the approved course, or by this 
section, whichever is less. However, training in a flight training 
device that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(2) of this part 
may be credited for a maximum of 5 percent of the total flight 
training hour requirements.
    5. Stage check and end-of-course tests. 
    (a) Each student enrolled in an additional aircraft category 
rating course or an additional aircraft class rating course must 
satisfactorily accomplish the stage checks and end-of-course tests, 
in accordance with the school's approved training course, consisting 
of the approved areas of operation of section 4 of this appendix 
that are appropriate the aircraft category and class rating for 
which the course applies at the appropriate pilot certificate level.
    (b) Each student must demonstrate satisfactory proficiency prior 
to being endorsed to operate an aircraft in supervised PIC flight.

Appendix J--Aircraft Type Rating Course, for Other Than Airline 
Transport Pilot Certificate

    1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes the minimum 
curriculum for an aircraft type rating course, for other than 
airline transport pilot certificate, for:
    (a) A type rating in an airplane category--single engine class.
    (b) A type rating in an airplane category--multiengine class.
    (c) A type rating in a rotorcraft category--helicopter class.
    (d) A type rating in a powered-lift category.
    (e) Other aircraft type ratings specified by the Administrator 
through aircraft type certificate procedures.
    2. Eligibility for enrollment. 
    A person must have the following to enroll in the flight portion 
of an aircraft type rating course:
    (a) At least a private pilot certificate;
    (b) At least a valid third-class medical certificate issued 
under part 67 of this chapter; 

[[Page 41283]]

    (c) An instrument rating in the category and class of aircraft 
that is appropriate to the aircraft type rating for which the course 
applies, provided the aircraft's type certificate does not have a 
VFR limitation, except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section; 
and
    (d) Be concurrently enrolled in an instrument rating course in 
the category and class of aircraft that is appropriate to the 
aircraft type rating for which the course applies and satisfactorily 
accomplish the required instrument rating practical test 
concurrently with the aircraft type rating practical test.
    3. Aeronautical knowledge training. 
    (a) Approved course requirements.
    Each approved course must include the aeronautical knowledge 
areas listed in paragraph (b) of this section, appropriate to the 
aircraft type rating for which the course applies, and must include 
at least 15 hours of training.
    (b) Aeronautical knowledge areas.
    (1) Proper control of airspeed, configuration, direction, 
altitude, and attitude in accordance with procedures and limitations 
contained in the Aircraft's Flight Manual, checklists, or other 
approved material appropriate that apply to the aircraft type;
    (2) Compliance with approved enroute, instrument approach, 
missed approach, ATC, or other applicable procedures that apply to 
the aircraft type;
    (3) Subjects requiring a practical knowledge of the aircraft 
type, its powerplant, systems, components, operational, and 
performance factors;
    (4) The aircraft's normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures, 
and the operations and limitations relating thereto;
    (5) The appropriate provisions of the approved Aircraft's Flight 
Manual;
    (6) Location and purpose of inspecting of each item on the 
aircraft's checklist that relate to the exterior and interior 
preflight; and
    (7) Use of the aircraft's prestart checklist, appropriate 
control system checks, starting procedures, radio and electronic 
equipment checks, and the selection of proper navigation and 
communication radio facilities and frequencies.
    4. Flight training.
    (a) Approved course requirements.
    Each approved course must include:
    (1) Flight training on the approved areas of operation of 
paragraph (c) of this section in the aircraft type for which the 
course applies; and
    (2) At least 25 hours of flight training of which at least 15 
hours must be instrument flight training in the aircraft for which 
the course applies.
    (b) Use of flight training devices.
    (1) The course may include training in a flight training device, 
provided they are representative of the aircraft for which the 
course is approved for, meet requirements of this paragraph, and the 
training is given by an authorized ground or flight instructor.
    (2) Training in a flight training device that meets the 
requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(1) of this part, may be credited for 
a maximum of 10 percent of the total flight training hour 
requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever 
is less.
    (3) Training in a flight training device that meets the 
requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(2) of this part, may be credited for 
a maximum of 5 percent of the total flight training hour 
requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever 
is less.
    (4) Training in a flight training device that meets the 
requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(1) of this part and a flight training 
device that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(2) of this 
part, may be credited for a maximum of 10 percent of the total 
flight training hour requirements of the approved course, or by this 
section, whichever is less. However, training in a flight training 
device that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(2) of this part 
may be credited for a maximum of 5 percent of the total flight 
training hour requirements.
    (c) Areas of operation.
    Each approved course must include the flight training on the 
areas of operation listed in this paragraph, that are appropriate to 
the aircraft category and class rating for which the course applies:
    (1) A type rating for an airplane-single engine course:
    (i) Preflight preparation;
    (ii) Preflight procedures;
    (iii) Takeoff and departure phase;
    (iv) Inflight maneuvers;
    (v) Instrument procedures;
    (vi) Landings and approaches to landings;
    (vii) Normal and abnormal procedures;
    (viii) Emergency procedures; and
    (ix) Postflight procedures.
    (2) A type rating for an airplane-multiengine course:
    (i) Preflight preparation;
    (ii) Preflight procedures;
    (iii) Takeoff and departure phase;
    (iv) Inflight maneuvers;
    (v) Instrument procedures;
    (vi) Landings and approaches to landings;
    (vii) Normal and abnormal procedures;
    (viii) Emergency procedures; and
    (ix) Postflight procedures.
    (3) A type rating for a powered-lift course:
    (i) Preflight preparation;
    (ii) Preflight procedures;
    (iii) Takeoff and departure phase;
    (iv) Inflight maneuvers;
    (v) Instrument procedures;
    (vi) Landings and approaches to landings;
    (vii) Normal and abnormal procedures;
    (viii) Emergency procedures; and
    (ix) Postflight procedures.
    (4) A type rating for a rotorcraft-helicopter course:
    (i) Preflight preparation;
    (ii) Preflight procedures;
    (iii) Takeoff and departure phase;
    (iv) Inflight maneuvers;
    (v) Instrument procedures;
    (vi) Landings and approaches to landings;
    (vii) Normal and abnormal procedures;
    (viii) Emergency procedures; and
    (ix) Postflight procedures.
    (5) Other aircraft type ratings specified by the Administrator 
through aircraft type certificate procedures:
    (i) Preflight preparation;
    (ii) Preflight procedures;
    (iii) Takeoff and departure phase;
    (iv) Inflight maneuvers;
    (v) Instrument procedures;
    (vi) Landings and approaches to landings;
    (vii) Normal and abnormal procedures;
    (viii) Emergency procedures; and
    (ix) Postflight procedures.
    5. Stage check and end-of-course tests.
    (a) Each student enrolled in an aircraft type rating course must 
satisfactorily accomplish the stage checks and end-of-course tests, 
in accordance with the school's approved training course, consisting 
of the approved areas of operation that apply to the aircraft type 
rating for which the course applies at the airline transport pilot 
certificate level; and
    (b) Each student must demonstrate satisfactory proficiency prior 
to being endorsed to operate an aircraft in supervised PIC flight.

Appendix K--Special Preparation Courses

    1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes the minimum 
curriculum for the special preparation courses that are listed in 
Sec. 141.11 of this part.
    2. Eligibility for enrollment. A person must have the following 
to enroll in the flight portion of a special preparation course:
    (a) A pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor certificate 
that is appropriate for the operating privilege or authorization 
that the course applies;
    (b) At least a valid third-class medical certificate issued 
under part 67 of this chapter, if the course involves an aircraft 
other than a glider or balloon; and
    (c) A statement signed and dated by the person certifying the 
person has no known medical defect that makes the person unable to 
pilot a glider or balloon, as appropriate.
    3. General requirements.
    (a) To be approved a special preparation course must:
    (1) Meet the appropriate requirements of this appendix; and
    (2) Prepare the graduate with the necessary skills, competency, 
and proficiency to exercise safely the privileges of the 
certificate, rating, or authorization for which the course is 
established.
    (b) An approved special preparation course must include training 
on the operating privileges or authorization sought, for developing 
competency, proficiency, resourcefulness, self-confidence, and self-
reliance in the student; and
    (c) An approved special preparation course must include flight 
training in the operating privileges or authorization sought, for 
developing competency, proficiency, resourcefulness, self-
confidence, and self-reliance in the student.
    4. Use of flight training devices.
    (a) The approved special preparation course may include training 
in a flight training device, provided they are representative of the 
aircraft for which the course is approved for, meet requirements of 
this paragraph, and the training is given by an authorized ground or 
flight instructor.
    (b) Training in a flight training device that meets the 
requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(1) of this part, may be credited for 
a maximum of 10 percent of the total flight training hour 

[[Page 41284]]
requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever is 
less.
    (c) Training in a flight training device that meets the 
requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(2) of this part, may be credited for 
a maximum of 5 percent of the total flight training hour 
requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever 
is less.
    (d) Training in a flight training device that meets the 
requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(1) of this part and a flight training 
device that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(2) of this 
part, may be credited for a maximum of 10 percent of the total 
flight training hour requirements of the approved course, or by this 
section, whichever is less. However, training in a flight training 
device that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.41(a)(2) of this part 
may be credited for a maximum of 5 percent of the total flight 
training hour requirements.
    5. Stage check and end-of-course tests.
    Each person enrolled in a special preparation course must 
satisfactorily accomplish the stage checks and end-of-course tests, 
in accordance with the school's approved training course, consisting 
of the approved areas of operation that are appropriate to the 
operating privileges or authorization sought and for which the 
course applies.
    6. Agricultural aircraft operations course.
    An approved special preparation course for pilots in 
agricultural aircraft operations must include at least the 
following:
    (a) At least 25 hours of training on-(1) Agricultural aircraft 
operations;
    (2) Safe piloting operating practices and procedures for 
handling, dispensing, and disposing agricultural and industrial 
chemicals, including operating in and around congested areas; and
    (3) Applicable provisions of part 137 of this chapter.
    (b) At least 15 hours of flight training on agricultural 
aircraft operations.
    7. Rotorcraft external-load operations course.
    An approved special preparation course for pilots of external-
load operations must include at least the following:
    (a) At least 10 hours of training on-(1) Rotorcraft external-
load operations;
    (2) Safe piloting operating practices and procedures for 
external-load operations, including operating in and around 
congested areas; and
    (3) Applicable provisions of part 133 of this chapter.
    (b) At least 15 hours of flight training on external-load 
operations.
    8. Test pilot course.
    An approved special preparation course for pilots in test pilot 
duties must include at least the following:
    (a) Aeronautical knowledge training on--
    (1) Performing aircraft maintenance, quality assurance, and 
certification test flight operations;
    (2) Safe piloting operating practices and procedures for 
performing aircraft maintenance, quality assurance, and 
certification test flight operations;
    (3) Applicable parts of this chapter that pertain to aircraft 
maintenance, quality assurance, and certification tests; and
    (4) Test pilot duties and responsibilities.
    (b) At least 15 hours of flight training on test pilot duties 
and responsibilities.
    9. Special operations course.
    An approved special preparation course for pilots in special 
operations that are mission specific for certain aircraft, must 
include at least the following:
    (a) Aeronautical knowledge training on--
    (1) Performing that special flight operation;
    (2) Safe piloting operating practices and procedures for 
performing that special flight operation;
    (3) Applicable parts of this chapter that pertain to that 
special flight operation; and
    (4) Pilot-in-command duties and responsibilities for performing 
that special flight operation.
    (b) Flight training--
    (1) On that special flight operation; and
    (2) To develop skills, competency, proficiency, resourcefulness, 
self-confidence, and self-reliance in the student for performing 
that special flight operation in a safe manner.
    10. Pilot refresher course.
    An approved special preparation pilot refresher course for a 
pilot certificate, aircraft category and class rating, or an 
instrument rating must include at least the following:
    (a) At least 4 hours of aeronautical knowledge training on--
    (1) The aeronautical knowledge areas that are applicable to the 
level of pilot certificate, aircraft category and class rating, or 
instrument rating, as appropriate, that pertain to that course;
    (2) Safe piloting operating practices and procedures; and
    (3) Applicable provisions of parts 61 and 91 of this chapter for 
pilots.
    (b) At least 6 hours of flight training on the approved areas of 
operation that are applicable to level of pilot certificate, 
aircraft category and class rating, or instrument rating, as 
appropriate, for performing pilot-in-command duties and 
responsibilities.
    11. Flight instructor refresher course.
    An approved special preparation flight instructor refresher 
course must include at least a combined total of 16 hours of 
aeronautical knowledge training, flight training, or any combination 
of ground and flight training on the following:
    (a) Aeronautical knowledge training on--
    (1) The aeronautical knowledge areas of part 61 of this chapter 
that apply to student, recreational, private, and commercial pilot 
certificates and instrument ratings;
    (2) The aeronautical knowledge areas of part 61 of this chapter 
that apply to flight instructor certificates;
    (3) Safe piloting operating practices and procedures, including 
airport operations and operating in the National Airspace System; 
and
    (4) Applicable provisions of parts 61 and 91 of this chapter 
that apply to pilots and flight instructors.
    (b) Flight training to review--
    (1) The approved areas of operations applicable to student, 
recreational, private, and commercial pilot certificates and 
instrument ratings; and
    (2) The skills, competency, and proficiency for performing 
flight instructor duties and responsibilities.
    12. Ground instructor refresher course.
    An approved special preparation ground instructor refresher 
course must include at least 16 hours of aeronautical knowledge 
training on:
    (a) The aeronautical knowledge areas of part 61 of this chapter 
that apply to student, recreational, private, and commercial pilots 
and instrument rated pilots;
    (b) The aeronautical knowledge areas of part 61 of this chapter 
that apply to ground instructors;
    (c) Safe piloting operating practices and procedures, including 
airport operations and operating in the National Airspace System; 
and
    (d) Applicable provisions of parts 61 and 91 of this chapter 
that apply to pilots and ground instructors.

Appendix L--Pilot Ground School Course

    1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes the minimum 
curriculum for a pilot ground school course required under this 
part.
    2. General requirements. An approved course of training for a 
pilot ground school must include training on the aeronautical 
knowledge areas that are:
    (a) Needed to safely exercise the privileges of the certificate, 
rating, or authority for which the course is established; and
    (b) Conducted to develop competency, proficiency, 
resourcefulness, self-confidence, and self-reliance in each student.
    3. Aeronautical knowledge training requirements.
    Each approved pilot ground school course must include:
    (a) The aeronautical knowledge training that apply to that 
aircraft rating by this part, and that are appropriate to the 
aircraft rating and pilot certificate level for which the course 
applies; and
    (b) The total aeronautical knowledge training hours must include 
an adequate number of hours that are appropriate to the aircraft 
rating and pilot certificate level for which the course applies.
    4. Stage check and end-of-course tests.
    Each person enrolled in a pilot ground school course must 
satisfactorily accomplish the stage checks and end-of-course tests, 
in accordance with the school's approved training course, consisting 
of the approved areas of operation that are appropriate to the 
operating privileges or authorization that graduation from the 
course will permit and for which the course applies.
    5. Part 143 is removed and reserved.

PART 143--[RESERVED]

    Issued in Washington, D.C., on July 27, 1995.
William J. White,
Acting Director, Flight Standards Service.
[FR Doc. 95-18911 Filed 7-28-95; 4:01 pm]
BILLING CODE 4910-13-P