[Federal Register Volume 60, Number 56 (Thursday, March 23, 1995)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 15330-15363]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 95-4048]
[[Page 15329]]
_______________________________________________________________________
Part II
Department of Energy
_______________________________________________________________________
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
_______________________________________________________________________
10 CFR Part 430
Test Procedures for Water Heaters; Kitchen Ranges, Ovens, and Microwave
Ovens; and Clothes Washers; and Reporting Requirements for Clothes
Washers, Clothes Dryers and Dishwashers; Proposed Rule
Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 56 / Thursday, March 23, 1995 /
Proposed Rules
[[Page 15330]]
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
10 CFR Part 430
[Docket No. EE-RM-94-230]
Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Test
Procedures for Water Heaters; Kitchen Ranges, Ovens, and Microwave
Ovens; and Clothes Washers; and Reporting Requirements for Clothes
Washers, Clothes Dryers, and Dishwashers
AGENCY: Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Department of
Energy.
ACTION: Proposed Rule and Public Hearing.
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SUMMARY: The Energy Policy and Conservation Act, as amended, requires
the Department of Energy (DOE or the Department) to administer an
energy conservation program for certain major household appliances and
commercial equipment. Among other program elements, the Act requires
that standard methods of testing be prescribed for each covered
product. The purposes of this Proposed Rulemaking are to: propose
amendments to clarify the water heater; kitchen range, oven, and
microwave; and clothes washer test procedures, announce the
Department's intentions to incorporate by reference test procedures
adopted by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), and
request data, comments, and information regarding their applicability
and workability. Today's amendments of the test procedures are not
expected to alter the minimum energy conservation standards currently
in effect, or those being proposed in the Eight Products Notice of
Proposed Rulemaking, published March 4, 1994 (59 FR 10464).
DATES: Written comments in response to this notice must be received by
August 31, 1995.
Oral views, data, and arguments may be presented at the public
hearing to be held in Washington, DC, beginning at 9:30 a.m. on July
12, 1995. Requests to speak at the hearing must be received by the
Department no later than 4 p.m., June 28, 1995. Ten (10) copies of
statements to be given at the public hearing must be received by the
Department no later than 4 p.m., July 5, 1995.
ADDRESSES: Written comments, and requests to speak at the public
hearing are to be submitted to: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Hearings and Dockets, Test
Procedures for Water Heaters; Kitchen Ranges, Ovens, and Microwave
Ovens; and Clothes Washers; and Reporting Requirements for Clothes
Washers, Clothes Dryers, and Dishwashers,'' Docket No. EE-RM-94-230,
Forrestal Building, 1000 Independence Avenue, SW., Washington, DC
20585.
The hearing will be held at the U.S. Department of Energy,
Forrestal Building, Room 1E-245, 1000 Independence Avenue, SW.,
Washington, DC.
Requests may be hand delivered between the hours of 8 a.m. and 4
p.m., Monday through Friday, except Federal holidays. Requests should
be labeled, ``Test Procedures for Water Heaters; Kitchen Ranges, Ovens,
and Microwave Ovens; and Clothes Washers; and Reporting Requirements
for Clothes Washers, Clothes Dryers, and Dishwashers,'' (Docket No. EE-
RM-94-230), both on the document and on the envelope.
Copies of the transcript of the public hearing and public comments
received may be read and/or photocopied at the Department of Energy
Freedom of Information Reading Room, U.S. Department of Energy,
Forrestal Building, Room 1E-190, 1000 Independence Avenue, SW.,
Washington, DC 20585, (202) 586-6020 between the hours of 9 a.m. and 4
p.m., Monday through Friday, except Federal holidays.
The Department will incorporate by reference test standards from
the International Electrotechnical Commission upon publication of this
rule as final. These standards are listed below:
International Electrotechnical Commission Publication 705, and
Amendment 2-1993, ``Methods for Measuring the Performance of
Microwave Ovens for Household and Similar Purposes,'' Section 4,
Paragraph 12 ``Microwave Power Output Measurement,'' Paragraph 13
``Electrical Power Output Measurement,'' and Paragraph 14
``Efficiency.''
Copies of these standards may be viewed at the Department of Energy
Freedom of Information Reading Room at the address stated above. Copies
of the International Electrotechnical Commission Publication can be
obtained from the American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd
Street, New York, New York 10036, (212) 642-4936.
For more information concerning public participation in this
rulemaking proceeding, see Section XI, ``Public Comment Procedures,''
of the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION section.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
William W. Hui--Water Heaters (202) 586-9145
Ingrid M. Watson--Ranges, Ovens and Microwaves (202) 586-8119
Marc LaFrance--Clothes Washers and Dryers, and Dishwashers (202) 586-
8423
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy,Mail
Station EE-431, Forrestal Building, 1000 Independence Avenue, SW.,
Washington, DC. 20585
Eugene Margolis, Esq., U.S. Department of Energy, Office of General
Counsel, Mail Station GC-72, Forrestal Building, 1000 Independence
Avenue, SW., Washington, D.C. 20585, (202) 586-9507.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
I. Introduction
A. Authority
Part B of Title III of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act, Pub.
L. 94-163, as amended by the National Energy Conservation Policy Act,
Pub. L. 95-619, the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act of 1987,
Pub. L. 100-12, the National Appliance Energy Conservation Amendments
of 1988, Pub. L. 100-357, and the Energy Policy Act of 1992, Pub. L.
102-486, created the Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products
other than Automobiles (Program).1 The products currently subject
to this Program (often referred to hereafter as ``covered products'')
include water heaters; kitchen ranges, ovens, and microwaves; and
clothes washers, the subjects of today's notice.
\1\Part B of Title III of Energy Policy and Conservation Act, as
amended, is referred to in this final rule as ``EPCA'' or the
``Act.'' Part B of Title III is codified at 42 U.S.C. 6291-6309.
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Under the Act, the Program consists essentially of three parts:
Testing, labeling, and the Federal energy conservation standards. The
Department, in consultation with the National Institute of Standards
and Technology (formerly the National Bureau of Standards), is required
to amend or establish new test procedures as appropriate for each of
the covered products. EPCA, section 323. The purpose of the test
procedures is to produce test results which measure energy efficiency,
energy use, water use (in the case of showerheads, faucets, water
closets and urinals), or estimated annual operating cost of a covered
product during a representative average use cycle or period of use, and
must not be unduly burdensome to conduct. EPCA, section 323(b)(3). A
test [[Page 15331]] procedure is not required if DOE determines by rule
that one cannot be developed. EPCA, section 323(d)(1). One hundred and
eighty days after a test procedure for a product is adopted, no
manufacturer may make representations with respect to energy use,
energy efficiency or water use of such product, or the cost of energy
consumed by such product, except as reflected in tests conducted
according to the DOE procedure. EPCA, section 323(c)(2). Test
procedures appear at 10 CFR part 430, subpart B.
However, the 180-day period referred to in section 323(c)(2) may be
extended for a period of up to an additional 180 days if the Secretary
determines that the requirements of section 323(c)(2) would impose
undue burden. EPCA, section 323(c)(3).
Section 323(e) of the Act requires DOE to determine to what extent,
if any, a proposed test procedure would alter the measured energy
efficiency, measured energy use or measured water use of any covered
product as determined under the existing test procedure. If DOE
determines that an amended test procedure would alter the measured
efficiency or measured use of a covered product, DOE is required to
amend the applicable energy conservation standard accordingly. In
determining the amended energy conservation standard, DOE is required
to measure the energy efficiency or energy use of a representative
sample of covered products that minimally comply with the existing
standard. The average efficiency of these representative samples,
tested using the amended test procedure, constitutes the amended
standard. EPCA, section 323(e)(2).
B. Background
Today's notice proposes to modify the test procedures for water
heaters; kitchen ranges, ovens, and microwave ovens; and clothes
washers as follows:
(1) Water heaters.
(a) Revision of subpart B, appendix E.
1. Modify the test procedures to address electric and oil-fired
instantaneous water heaters.
2. Include testing of storage-type water heaters having rated
storage capacities less than 20 gallons (76 liters).
3. Revise the method used to calculate the first hour rating of
storage-type water heaters.
4. Amend the extant definition for heat pump water heater, and add
new definitions for heat pump water heater storage tank, add-on heat
pump water heater, integral heat pump water heater, and solar water
heater.
(2) Kitchen ranges, ovens, and microwaves.
(a) Revision of subpart B, section 430.22 to include test procedure
changes.
(b) Revision of subpart B, appendix I.
1. Revise the annual useful energy output to reflect changes in the
annual usage of ranges, ovens, cooktops, and microwave ovens.
2. Add definition for ``IEC 705.''
3. Eliminate the requirement to use a standard continuous flow
calorimeter.
4. Incorporate by reference the International Electrotechnical
Commission Publication 705 Amendment 2-1993, section 4, Paragraphs 12-
14.
5. Include the clock energy in the calculation of annual energy
consumption for microwave ovens.
6. Revise section 2.8 ``Test Beakers'' replace with new section 2.8
``Microwave Oven Test Load.''
7. Revise section 2.9.3.4 ``Microwave Oven and Test Load
Temperature,'' replace with new section 2.9.3.4 ``Test Load
Temperature.''
8. Eliminate section 4.3 ``Conventional Range,'' and section 4.5
``Microwave/Conventional Range.'' These two sections have been replaced
with a new section 4.3 ``Combined Components'' in this proposed rule.
(3) Clothes washers.
(a) Revision of subpart B, Sec. 430.22 to include test procedure
changes and to revise the number of representative average-use cycles
per year.
(b) Revision of subpart B, appendix J.
1. General test procedure clarification which includes the
following:
Add new definitions for the following terms:
thermostatically controlled valves, agitator, top-loader-vertical-axis
clothes washer, and top-loader-horizontal-axis clothes washer.
Delete the requirement to disconnect all lighting systems
which consume more than 10 watts during the clothes washer test cycle.
Introduce a new section, section 2.11 ``Agitation and Spin
Speed Settings.''
Delete reference to AHAM and AHAM procedures.
Clarify the procedure for capacity testing.
Clarify the requirements for ``maximum fill'' testing.
2. Incorporation of test procedure changes from approved Waivers to
address the following issues:
Add new definitions for the following terms: nonwater-
heating clothes washers and water-heating clothes washers.
Extend coverage for washers that operate at 120/208Y and
120/240 volts.
Extend testing and performance coverage to water-heating
clothes washers.
Extend coverage for clothes washers that have infinite/
variable temperature selection capability.
3. Addition of optional water consumption and extraction procedures
which include the following:
Add new definitions for the following terms: modified
energy factor, moisture removal energy and water consumption factor.
Add optional test procedures to determine the above
values.
(4) Addition to subpart F, Sec. 430.62, to add reporting
requirements for energy factors for clothes washers, clothes dryers,
and dishwashers.
In addition, metric units of measurements have been included in the
three test procedures (English values are given followed by their
appropriate International System of Units in parentheses).
II. Discussion
A. Water Heater Test Procedure
Today's proposed amendments to the water heater test procedure
include: Revisions to make the water heater test procedure applicable
to electric and oil-fired instantaneous water heaters; coverage for
testing storage-type water heaters with rated storage capacities less
than 20 gallons (76 liters); revision of the first hour rating for
storage-type water heaters; amendment to the extant definition for heat
pump water heater; and addition of new definitions for heat pump water
heater storage tank, add-on heat pump water heater, integral heat pump
water heater, and solar water heater.
The Department does not believe any of these changes would alter
the energy conservation standards for water heaters currently in place,
and requests comments on the impact of these changes, if any. In
addition, DOE requests comments on the adequateness of the test
procedure for heat pump water heaters regarding the use of backup
electric resistance element(s). To the Department's knowledge, most
heat pump water heaters are capable of meeting the current test draw
requirements, and therefore, the backup electric resistance element(s)
are often unnecessary, and are seldom activated. However, the current
test setup and parameters may not represent operating conditions
requiring backup electric resistance elements to activate. This is
dependent on a number of factors, i.e., temperature settings, draw
volume and rate, etc. Therefore, DOE is interested in receiving
comments on the test [[Page 15332]] procedure for heat pump water
heaters regarding the use of backup electric resistance element(s).
Concurrently, the Department is conducting a rulemaking,
independent of today's notice, to propose revised minimum energy
conservation standards for eight consumer products, including water
heaters. (59 FR 10464, March 4, 1994).
1. Electric and Oil-Fired Instantaneous Water Heaters
The current test procedure does not address testing of electric and
oil-fired instantaneous water heaters in that they are not defined in
the test procedure. The Department, therefore, proposes to include
definitions for these two types of instantaneous water heaters, and to
amend the existing language to include the testing of them. Definitions
for storage-type water heaters are also modified to differentiate these
types from the instantaneous-type water heaters. As a result, oil-fired
and electric instantaneous water heaters will be subject to the
applicable minimum energy conservation standards of 0.59-(0.0019 x
rated storage volume in gallons) for oil-fired water heaters and 0.93-
(0.00132 x rated storage volume in gallons) for electric water
heaters, respectively. For electric and oil fired instantaneous water
heaters, the rated storage volume may be zero. In today's proposed
notice, the Department requests comments and data regarding the
appropriateness of adding electric and oil-fired instantaneous water
heaters to the test procedure and subjecting them to the respective
energy conservation standards. See appendix E to subpart B of Title 10
CFR part 430, sections 1.8 and 5.2.
2. Storage-type Water Heaters Having Rated Storage Capacities Less Than
20 Gallons (76 liters)
In a letter to the Department, dated July 17, 1991, the Gas
Appliance Manufacturer Association (GAMA) stated that storage-type
water heaters having capacities less than 20 gallons (76 liters) are
covered by the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act of 1987. The
current test procedure does not cover storage-type water heaters having
rated storage capacities less than 20 gallons (76 liters) and,
therefore, those water heaters are not subject to the minimum
efficiency standards. In order to correct this, GAMA requested that the
test procedure be revised. DOE proposes to provide coverage for
storage-type water heaters of less than 20 gallons (76 liters).
With regard to conducting the 24-hour simulated use test on water
heaters having rated storage capacities less than 20 gallons (76
liters), the Department proposes to include the applicable draw
schedule accepted by the water heater industry. (See American National
Standards Institute/American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-
Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard 118.2-1993: Method of Testing
for Rated Residential Water Heaters.) The total volume withdrawn shall
be 24 gallons (91 liters) for units having rated storage capacities
greater than or equal to 10 gallons (38 liters), but less than 20
gallons (76 liters). The total volume withdrawn shall be 9 gallons (34
liters) for units having rated storage capacities less than 10 gallons
(38 liters). The draw rate shall be 1.00.25 gallons per
minute (3.80.95 liters per minute) for all units having
rated storage capacities less than 20 gallons (76 liters). The
Department requests comments and data regarding any impact on a
manufacturer(s) as a result of extending coverage of the existing
minimum energy efficiency standards to storage-type water heaters of
less than 20 gallons (76 liters). See appendix E to subpart B of Title
10 CFR part 430, sections 1.11, 5.1.4.1, and 5.1.5.
3. First Hour Rating for Storage-type Water Heaters
Water heaters have historically been selected based on rated
storage volume. The rate at which the water heater produces hot water,
and whether the water heater uses a lone or multiple heat source,
however, is also important when selecting a water heater. For example,
a smaller electric water heater having two 4.5-kilowatt elements may
provide more hot water over a given time interval than a larger
electric water heater having a single 3.8-kilowatt element. The first
hour rating seeks to account for the effect of storage capacity,
heating rate, and the number of heat sources on the water heater's
ability to provide hot water. Ideally, the consumer will use first hour
rating to initially identify water heaters that will meet their hot
water supply needs. Once the field has been narrowed based on this
need, the consumer will then use energy factor, annual operating cost,
first cost, warranty information, reputation of manufacturer, etc., in
determining which water heater to select.
The first hour rating is not used in computing the efficiency
(i.e., energy factor) of water heaters, but is used by the Federal
Trade Commission for presenting size ranges in the labeling program for
water heaters. It was hoped that this measure would gain recognition as
a sizing criterion for consumers in selecting water heaters. As a
result, the Department has been conducting a continuous effort to
improve the first hour rating method in rulemakings for water heaters.
However, the concept of what the first hour rating should represent
(i.e., a balance between storage capacity, recovery rate, and mixing
characteristics) and how to measure it accurately has proven to be a
difficult task. Each attempt at establishing a first hour rating test
has led to difficulties (repeatability problem with the 1989 proposal
(54 FR 1890, January 17, 1989), and a low estimate of hot water
availability for certain water heaters by the 1990 final rule. (55 FR
42162, October 17, 1990).) For example, in a October 15, 1991, letter
from GAMA to DOE, GAMA stated that ``Gas Appliance Manufacturers
Association members have results establishing first hour ratings in the
range of 70 to 75 gallons for 120 gallon models. The calculated first
hour rating is significantly less than the amount of water drawn during
the first draw.'' This problem with the October 17, 1990, current test
method is most evident for large tanks with one heating element because
of the greater weighing given by the test procedure to recovery rate
relative to storage volume.
To correct the problem of understating hot water production cited
by GAMA, the Department requested NIST to evaluate a proposal
recommended by GAMA in its October 15, 1991, letter to DOE. GAMA's
recommendation would prorate the final draw of the 1990 first hour
rating test with respect to a ratio of elapsed times. NIST summarized
the advantages and disadvantages of GAMA's recommendation. The major
advantages are: The first hour rating would always be greater than or
equal to the first draw volume and retesting for FTC labeling may be
unnecessary if the needed additional data was collected. The major
disadvantages are: The rating would represent a volume of hot water
that is greater than or equal to the maximum volume of hot water that
can be delivered in an hour (overstating), and it may not differentiate
single-element from two-element electric water heaters (recovery
capabilities unrecognized). The Department, therefore, concludes that
the disadvantages of GAMA's recommendation outweigh the advantages and
rejects this proposal.
The Department requested NIST to conduct a second study to correct
the problem of understating hot water production. NIST recommended that
a revised version of the 1989 test method be proposed. NIST stated its
recommendation will correct the understating problem cited by GAMA in
[[Page 15333]] the October 15, 1991, letter, and in addition, will
minimize the aforementioned repeatability problem. The Department
concurs and today proposes a revised first hour rating method for
storage tank-type (including heat pump) water heaters. Section 5.1.4.
Included in the proposed first hour rating are: Revisions to the test
method for storage tank-type water heaters, hot and cold water mixing
characteristics, and the criterion for initiating successive draws when
conducting a first hour rating test on heat pump water heaters that use
supplemental resistive heating.
In regard to storage tank-type water heaters, for draws initiated
prior to one hour (as a result of a thermostat cut-out), the maximum
outlet temperature shall be determined for each draw and used for
determining when to terminate that draw, i.e., at T*max,i
-25 deg.F, where i corresponds to the draw number. If a recovery is
still in progress at one hour, the draw imposed to remove any stored
``hot'' water shall be terminated based on the cut-off temperature used
for the previous draw (T*max,n-1 -25 deg.F). In addition, for
draws imposed at one hour, the first hour rating shall be the sum of:
All the withdrawn volumes and the final withdrawn volume, where the
final withdrawn volume is multiplied by the following temperature
ratio: (T*del,n-T*min,n-1) /(T*del,n-1 -T*min,n-1).
The subscripts n and n-1 are used to indicate the final draw and the
next-to-last draw, respectively, while T*min,n-1 designates the
water temperature at which the next-to-last draw was terminated
(T*min,n-1 = T*max,n-1 -25 deg.F). For all other draw
volumes, no temperature ratio adjustment factor shall be used.
The Department notes that a temperature ratio can and has been used
in the past to compensate for the amount of mixing that occurs between
the stored hot water and the entering make-up water during a draw. The
greater the volume of make-up water mixed into the outlet stream (while
still maintaining an outlet temperature above the criterion of ``hot''
water), the greater the first hour rating. The amount of mixing is
typically small and repeatable for designs that introduce make-up water
near the bottom of the tank. However, if a water heater uses a
thermally compensating dip tube (first discussed in the February 8,
1984, Proposed Rulemaking, 49 FR 4870), or an internal mixing valve,
substantial mixing, and thus, a higher and unrealistic first hour
rating could occur. At present, DOE is not aware of any currently
manufactured water heaters which contain these features. Therefore, DOE
is not employing a temperature ratio correction to handle mixing
effects. The Department requests comments and data concerning the
appropriateness of today's proposal relative to thermally compensating
dip tubes, internal mixing valves, or any other mechanism used to
increase the amount of mixing of stored hot water and make-up water
during a draw.
The Department also notes that with a multiple draw first hour
rating test, like the one proposed today, a temperature ratio can be
used to compensate for the effect of the test tolerances allowed for
the thermostat setting(s) [5 deg.F
(2.8 deg.C)], and for the make-up water temperature
[2 deg.F (1.1 deg.C)]. These test tolerances
affect the time required for the water heater to recover from a hot
water draw. For example, recovery time is quickest if the tank
thermostat(s) is set to 130 deg.F (54.4 deg.C), and the make-up water
is set at 60 deg.F (15.6 deg.C). Recovery time is slowest for settings
at 140 deg.F (60 deg.C) and 56 deg.F (13.3 deg.C). To avoid the
potential complication and confusion that would result from an
additional temperature ratio correction, however, a test tolerance
correction is not included in today's proposal. The Department
recognizes that an incentive exists to conduct the first hour rating
test with the tank thermostat set at or near 130 deg.F (54.4 deg.C),
and with the make-up water at or near 60 deg.F (15.6 deg.C).
Preliminary studies conducted by NIST estimate today's proposed
test method is successful in minimizing the repeatability problem to
within 5 percent relative to the 1989 proposal. The
Department today requests comments and data concerning this
repeatability issue.
In addition, the Department proposes to modify the existing first
hour rating definition so that it differentiates between storage and
instantaneous water heaters. Section 1.5.
In regard to heat pump water heaters that use supplemental
resistive heating, a draw is currently initiated only after all power
to the water heater has been reduced, which corresponds to the case
where the compressor has cycled off and any resistive heating has
ceased. The Department today proposes a revision to the criterion used
to initiate successive draws so that credit is given if this type of
water heater provides a partial recovery. The proposed revision would
require a draw to be initiated after the thermostat controlling the
upper or lone resistive element, or the compressor is satisfied,
whichever occurs first. However, this criterion shall be applicable
only if the water located vertically above the resistive element
thermostat or compressor thermostat is heated to 135
5 deg.F (57.2 2.8 deg.C) when cut-off occurs. The
Department requests comments and data on the appropriateness and
workability of the proposed changes to the test method for heat pump
water heaters that use supplemental resistive heating. See appendix E
to subpart B of Title 10 CFR part 430, section 5.1.4.2.
4. Definitions for Heat Pump Water Heaters, Add-on Heat Pump Water
Heaters, Integral Heat Pump Water Heaters, Solar Water Heaters, and
Heat Pump Water Heater Storage Tanks
The Department proposes to amend the extant definition for heat
pump water heaters (section 1.11.3); add definitions of integral heat
pump water heater (section 1.11.3.a), add-on heat pump water heaters
(section 1.11.3.b), and solar water heaters (section 1.11.5) to
differentiate these types of water heaters; and add definition of a
heat pump water heater storage tank, i.e., the tank to be used with an
add-on heat pump water heater (section 1.6).
B. Kitchen Ranges, Ovens and Microwave Ovens Test Procedures
The test procedures for kitchen ranges, ovens and microwave ovens
have remained substantially unchanged since the final rule was
published in the Federal Register on May 10, 1978 (43 FR 20120). It was
amended on April 13, 1979, by prescribing that natural gas or propane
would be the test gas used with gas ranges and ovens (44 FR 22418).
Today's proposed amendment will change the annual useful cooking
energy output for kitchen ranges, ovens and microwave ovens to make it
representative of current United States cooking product usage. In
addition, the proposed test procedure will no longer contain annual
energy consumption calculations for ranges (cooktop and oven combined),
or other combined appliances (multiple conventional ovens, microwave
and conventional range combined). The Department is proposing to
calculate the annual energy consumption of combined appliances as the
sum of the annual energy consumption of each individual component of
the unit. Section 4.3. The Department is proposing to incorporate by
reference the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC),
Publication 705, and Amendment 2-1993, ``Methods for Measuring the
Performance of Microwave Ovens for Household and Similar Purposes,''
Section 4, Paragraph 12 ``Microwave Power Output Measurement,''
Paragraph 13 ``Electrical Power Output Measurement,'' and Paragraph 14
[[Page 15334]] ``Efficiency.'' DOE has not proposed test procedures for
grill and griddle cook tops; the Department would consider adding test
procedures for these products if such exist.
1. Ovens
Today's proposed revision to the oven test procedures lowers the
constant for annual useful cooking energy2 to make it
representative of current United States cooking trends. This quantity
is being changed for electric to 35.5 kWh (105.5 MJ) per year from
47.09 kWh (169.5 MJ) per year; for gas, to 124,200 BTU (131,038 kJ) per
year from 160,700 BTU (169,547 kJ) per year. Sections 4.1.2.1.1,
4.1.2.1.2, and 4.1.4. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory of Berkeley,
California calculated this constant from several utility studies. These
results are presented in the Technical Support Document: Energy
Efficiency Standards for Consumer Products, Volume 2, November 1993,
DOE/EE-0009, Vol. 2 of 3.
\2\The annual useful cooking energy is energy input to an oven
which is transferred to the product being cooked and is a constant
used to find the annual energy consumption and the energy factor.
The annual energy consumption is calculated by multiplying the
constant by the ratio of test energy consumption to the energy used
to heat the test block. The energy factor is the ratio of the
constant to the total annual energy consumption.
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In addition, the Department proposes to eliminate the requirement
to use a standard continuous flow calorimeter for gas cooking products
because of the difficulty of locating this product. The instrument to
be substituted for the standard continuous flow calorimeter is left to
the discretion of the manufacturer; although, it is required that the
heating value of natural or propane gas shall be measured with an
instrument and associated indicator readout device of a maximum error
no greater than .5 percent of the measured value and a
resolution of .2 percent or less of the full scale reading
of the indictor instrument. Section 2.9.4.
2. Cook Tops
The proposed revision to the cook top test procedures changes the
constant for annual useful cooking energy3 to make it
representative of current United States cooking trends. This quantity
is being lowered for electric to 209 kWh (752.4 MJ) per year from 277.7
kWh (1000 MJ) per year; for gas, to 732,500 BTU (772,800 kJ) per year
from 947,500 BTU (999,600 kJ) per year. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory of
Berkeley, California calculated this constant from several utility
studies. These results are presented in the Technical Support Document:
Energy Efficiency Standards for Consumer Products, Volume 2, November
1993, DOE/EE-0009, Vol. 2 of 3.
\3\See footnote 2, supra.
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3. Microwave Ovens
The proposed changes to the microwave oven test procedures are in
response to a petition for rulemaking from the Association of Home
Appliance Manufacturers (AHAM) to use the International
Electrotechnical Commission standard as the DOE test procedure. The
current DOE test procedure is based on a 1975 version of the
International Electrotechnical Commission standard. The Association of
Home Appliance Manufacturers cited the following deficiencies with the
DOE test procedure:
(1) Errors caused by evaporative cooling of the water and heat
absorption of the water containers during the heating period, and
(2) Errors caused by the constantly changing sodium chloride
concentration due to sodium chloride precipitating out of solution.
The International Electrotechnical Commission issued Publication
705, and Amendment 2-1993 entitled ``Method for Measuring the
Performance of Microwave Ovens for Household and Similar Purposes'' in
1993. The Department asked the National Institute of Standards and
Technology to perform tests using the 1993 International
Electrotechnical Commission test procedure. The National Institute of
Standards and Technology found the test procedure to be acceptable for
determining power output and efficiency, and recommended that the
Department of Energy incorporate by reference the International
Electrotechnical Commission 705 Amendment 2-1993 test procedure for
these purposes. In computing energy consumption, the International
Electrotechnical Commission 705 Amendment 2-1993 uses a watt meter and
timer, ignoring transients, to obtain measurements from which energy
consumption can be calculated. The Department believes that because of
start-up transients, the use of a watt-hour meter is more accurate;
therefore, today's notice includes the use of a watt-hour meter, which
is not found in the IEC 1993 test procedure, to obtain energy
consumption.
The annual useful cooking energy in the extant test procedure is
34.2 kWh (123 MJ) per year based on 1976 data. In the Eight Product
rulemaking (59 FR 10464, March 4, 1994), DOE used an annual useful
cooking energy of 145.8 kWh per year in its analysis. Technical Support
Document: Energy Efficiency Standards for Consumer Products, Volume 2,
November 1993, DOE/EE-0009, Vol. 2 of 3, pp. 1-49. After reviewing
several utility studies and comments, DOE is proposing to change the
annual useful cooking energy4 from 34.2 kWh (123 MJ) per year to
77.3 kWh (278.3 MJ) per year. This revision to the annual useful
cooking energy reflects current U.S. microwave cooking usage. This will
change the value of Om in the test procedure to 77.3 kWh/yr [143.2
kWh/yr x 0.54 = 77.3 kWh/yr] (278.3 MJ/yr). (See appendix I to
subpart B of title 10 CFR part 430, ``Uniform Test Method for Measuring
the Energy Consumption of Conventional Ranges, Conventional Cooking
Tops, Conventional Ovens, and Microwave Ovens,'' sections 4.4.3 and
4.4.5). Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory of Berkeley, California calculated
this constant from an average of six utility studies. These studies
include: Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, ``Baseline Data for the
Residential and Development of a Residential Forecasting Database,''
LBL 33717, May 1994; American Electric Power, ``Utility Estimates of
Household Appliance Electricity Consumption,'' 1992; Southern
California Edison, ``Residential Appliance End-Use Survey,'' 1990 and
1991; Electric Power Research Institute, ``Residential End-Use Energy
Consumption: A Survey of Conditional Demand Estimates,'' CU-6487,
October 1989; and the Sierra Pacific Power Company, ``Integrating EIP
and HES5 Information for Estimating End-Use Energies,'' March 1988. The
microwave oven annual energy consumption proposed in today's notice
also includes the energy used by the clock thus, eliminating the
necessity to disable the clock during test setup.
\4\The annual useful cooking energy is energy input to an oven
which is transferred to the product being cooked and is a constant
used to find the annual energy consumption and the energy factor.
The annual energy consumption is calculated by multiplying the
constant by the ratio of test energy consumption to the energy used
to heat the test water load. The energy factor is the ratio of the
constant to the total annual energy consumption.
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C. Clothes Washer Test Procedure
The Department published the clothes washer test procedure on
September 28, 1977, (42 FR 49802) and subsequently on June 29, 1979,
(44 FR 37938) editorial changes were made. On December 22, 1993, (58 FR
67710) the Department published a proposed amendment to the clothes
washer test procedure to address washers which offer a warm rinse lock-
out feature. Today's proposed amendments to the clothes washer test
procedure will [[Page 15335]] address issues that are independent from
the temperature selection lock-out feature.
Today's proposed amendments to the clothes washer test procedure do
not alter the energy factor of any existing clothes washer that
minimally complies with the existing efficiency standard.
In the Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking for energy
conservation standards for clothes washers (59 FR 56423, November 14,
1994), the Department said it would consider an energy conservation
standard that includes water extraction. The Department believes that
mechanical water extraction in a clothes washer is much more cost
effective and efficient than thermal extraction in a clothes dryer. The
Department proposes today's procedures and calculations for water
extraction in clothes washers that would be used in the standards
rulemaking for consideration of water extraction. Any analysis for
clothes dryer efficiency standards would account for the impact of
moisture retention of clothes entering the clothes dryer.
The Department of Energy today proposes to modify the clothes
washer test procedure as follows:
1. Title 10 CFR part 430, subpart B, section 430.22(j).
The number of representative average-use cycles per year is
presently 416, based on Proctor and Gamble survey data from 1974-75.
New Proctor and Gamble survey data has indicated the number of cycles
consumers use on a yearly basis has decreased. Thus, the Department is
proposing to revise the representative average-use cycles to 392 per
year.5 This change lowers annual energy use and annual energy
cost.
\5\392 represents the average number of cycles per year from
1986 through 1994, obtained by P & G survey data and provided to the
Department via letter dated September 2, 1994.
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2. Title 10 CFR part 430, subpart B, appendix J.
a. General test procedure clarification.
The Department is proposing to add a definition for ``agitator''
(section 1.1). The existing test procedure mentions ``agitator'' but,
does not provide a definition.
The Department is proposing to add a definition for
``thermostatically controlled valves'' (section 1.19). The existing
test procedure mentions ``thermostatically controlled valves'' but,
does not provide a definition.
The Department is proposing to replace the definition for a ``top-
loader'' clothes washer with ``top-loader-horizontal-axis clothes
washer'' (section 1.21) and ``top-loader-vertical-axis clothes washer''
(section 1.22). The Department has become aware of top-loading-
horizontal-axis clothes washers which are readily available in other
countries. These clothes washers have not yet become available in the
U.S. market; however, the Department wants to provide nomenclature for
this type of clothes washer.
The Department is proposing to delete the following definitions:
``AHAM'' (section 1.1), ``HWL-1'' (section 1.7) and ``HLW-2EC''
(section 1.8). The revised test procedure proposed in today's notice
does not use these terms.
The Department is proposing to delete the requirement specified in
existing test procedure section 2.2: ``Disconnect all console lights or
other lighting systems on the clothes washer, which do not consume more
than 10 watts during the clothes washer test cycle.'' The Department
believes that this requirement is burdensome.
The Department is proposing to add a new requirement for
``Agitation and spin speed settings'' (section 2.11). The existing test
procedure does not specify agitation or spin speed settings. The
Department is aware of clothes washers which allow selective agitation
and spin speed settings independent of the normal cycle. Therefore, the
proposed test procedure specifies requirements for clothes washers with
these features.
The Department is proposing to change the symbol for density from
``d'' to ``.'' The requirement to use the density of water at
140 deg.F was deleted, so that the density of water at the measured
temperature will be used.
The Department is proposing to clarify the requirement for
``maximum fill'' testing. The Department wants to ensure that testing
of a clothes washer's energy consumption accounts for the clothes
washer's maximum fill capability. The Department is proposing to revise
the test procedure to add ``available on the clothes washer'' after the
test procedure requirement for ``maximum fill'' (sections 3.2.1.2 and
3.2.2.1).
The Department is aware that some clothes washers may have
similarly labeled wash/rinse temperature selections, i.e., ``automatic
warm/cold'' and ``warm/cold,'' on the same machine, which actually
provide different wash/rinse water temperatures. Under this scenario,
the ``automatic warm/cold'' temperature selection has wash/rinse water
temperature adjusted through the use of thermostatically controlled
valves, whereas the ``warm/cold'' temperature selection is
``traditional,'' in that control of temperature is based on preset
orifices. The Department believes that these machines are offering
additional temperature selections. Therefore, instead of developing
additional Temperature Utilization Factors, the Department is proposing
to require the use of the temperature selection which results in the
largest amount of hot water consumption for the energy consumption
calculations (section 4.1.1.1). The Department believes the use of the
temperature selection which results in the largest amount of hot water
consumption is specified in the existing test procedure (``hottest
setting available'' in section 3.2.2.2). The Department's proposal is
intended to remove any ambiguity regarding the testing of clothes
washers equipped with this type of temperature selection. The
Department welcomes comments regarding this issue.
b. Test procedure revisions to include changes from approved
Waivers.
The Department has granted two Petitions for Waivers to the clothes
washer test procedure. Both Waivers were for water-heating clothes
washers. New Harmony Systems Corporation (New Harmony) was issued a
Waiver (Case No. CW-001) by Decision and Order, published on April 4,
1994. (59 FR 15710). Asko Incorporated (Asko) was issued a Waiver (Case
No. CW-002) by Decision and Order, published on April 4, 1994. (59 FR
15719).
The Department is proposing definitions for ``nonwater-heating
clothes washer'' (section 1.11) and ``water-heating clothes washer''
(section 1.24) to differentiate different types of clothes washers.
The Department is proposing to revise the requirements for
``electrical energy supply'' (section 2.2) to allow for higher voltage
clothes washers. Furthermore, voltage tolerance has been increased from
approximately 1.6 percent to 2 percent to reduce testing burden. This
increase in tolerance will not reduce the accuracy of energy
consumption testing/reporting.
The Department is proposing to add procedures for testing water-
heating clothes washers which have variable temperature controls
(sections 3.2.2 through 3.2.2.4). The Department is proposing to test
water-heating clothes washers at the coldest and hottest setting
available on the clothes washer in addition to the existing test
procedure temperature settings for warm (nominally 100 deg.F) and hot
(nominally 140 deg.F).
The proposed temperature use factors for water-heating clothes
washers are based on revised temperature use factors for a three
temperature selection nonwater-heating clothes washer. The Department
believes that the existing TUFs for a three temperature selection
nonwater-heating clothes washer are [[Page 15336]] appropriate for a
water-heating clothes washer, except that some consumers will
occasionally choose to use a temperature setting higher than the
``hot'' setting since it is available to them. The existing temperature
use factors for ``cold/cold'' (15 percent), ``warm/warm or warm/cold''
(55 percent) and ``hot/warm or hot/cold'' (30 percent) have been split
into four TUFs, one of 15 percent for the ``coldest'' setting, one of
55 percent for the ``warm'' setting, one of 25 percent for ``hot'' and
one of 5 percent for the ``hottest'' setting. The Department does not
have data regarding the 5 percent value, but is proposing to use it as
originally proposed by New Harmony. The Department welcomes comments on
this proposal.
The Department is proposing tighter tolerances for the supply water
temperature, and the ``warm'' and ``hot'' settings for water-heating
clothes washers as compared to nonwater-heating clothes washers. The
Department is proposing that the supply water temperature be set at ``a
minimum of 55 deg.F (12.8 deg.C) and a maximum of 60 deg.F
(15.6 deg.C).'' The ``warm'' temperature shall be set at ``a minimum of
100 deg.F (37.8 deg.C) and a maximum of 105 deg.F (40.6 deg.C)'' and
the ``hot'' temperature shall be set at ``a minimum of 140 deg.F
(60 deg.C) and a maximum of 145 deg.F (62.8 deg.C).'' These tighter
tolerances are required for water-heating clothes washers to reduce
variability in energy consumption testing/reporting and to ensure that
a minimum temperature rise is tested. The temperature tolerance and
minimum temperature rise issues are unique to a water-heating clothes
washer because the energy to raise the water temperature is measured
from electrical consumption versus being calculated as it is for
nonwater-heating clothes washers.
Since the issue of machine-controlled water fill capability has
been raised by the Asko Waiver, the Department wants to provide a
provision for the possibility of any type of clothes washer having this
feature. Thus, the Department is proposing to add the definition of
``machine-controlled water fill capability'' (section 1.7) to the test
procedure. In addition, the Department is proposing a revision to the
``top-loader-vertical-axis clothes washer'' section (section 2.8.1) to
require the use of a test load for clothes washers with a machine-
controlled water fill capability feature. Therefore, a clothes washer
equipped with machined-controlled water fill capability will be tested
for maximum fill energy consumption using a 7 pound (3.18 kg) test load
and for minimum fill energy consumption using a 3 pound (1.36 kg) test
load. The Department believes that consumers will occasionally wash
loads which are larger than 7 pounds (3.18 kg) and will also wash loads
which are smaller than 3 pounds (1.36 kg). This provision will allow
for testing of clothes washers that may have this feature. The
Department welcomes comments on this proposed provision.
c. Water consumption and extraction testing.
The Department is concerned about water conservation and wishes to
provide for a procedure to determine the water consumption of clothes
washers. The Department believes, consistent with the Energy Policy Act
of 1992, Pub. L. 102-486, that water conservation is important, and a
need may exist to determine actual water use.
Therefore, the Department is proposing to add definitions, testing
procedures, and calculations regarding water use. Additionally, for
those water or sewage utilities wishing to include particular clothes
washers in rebate programs, the DOE test procedure would provide a
standardized means of testing for water consumption.
The Department is proposing to add a definition for a ``Water
consumption factor'' (section 1.23). Calculations for the water
consumption factor are provided in section 4.3. The water consumption
factor is the ratio of the clothes washer capacity divided by the
weighted per-cycle water consumption. The weighted per-cycle water
consumption is the actual weighted volume of water that a particular
clothes washer consumes. This measurement could be used to estimate
water consumption on an annual basis. The Department welcomes comments
on this proposal.
The Department is concerned about water extraction in the clothes
washers' final spin. The Department believes that mechanical extraction
in a clothes washer is more efficient than thermal extraction in a
clothes dryer. Therefore, the Department wishes to provide for a
procedure measuring the water extraction in clothes washers. The
Department is proposing to add a definition for ``moisture removal
energy'' (section 1.10). Moisture removal energy equals the weight of
the residual water in the test load at the completion of the clothes
washer cycle multiplied by the nominal energy needed to remove moisture
using a representative clothes dryer efficiency. The calculations for
moisture removal energy are provided in the proposed test procedure
section 4.2. In today's notice, the Department requests comments, data,
and other relevant information regarding the definition and calculation
of the moisture removal energy. The Department is proposing a value of
0.5 Kwh/lb as the energy efficiency of a representative clothes dryer
to remove moisture. The Department also is interested in comments as to
the validity and usage of this value.
The Department is interested in developing a new energy descriptor,
called a modified energy factor, which will include moisture removal
energy, for possible future standard use. This new descriptor will
provide a means of determining and comparing the entire energy
consumption of clothes washers. Therefore, the Department is proposing
to add a definition for ``modified energy factor'' (section 1.9). The
modified energy factor equals the ratio of the capacity of the clothes
washer divided by the total energy, which consists of the mechanical,
hot water and moisture removal energy. The calculations for the
modified energy factor are provided in the proposed test procedure
section 4.4. The Department requests comments, data, and other relevant
information regarding the definition and calculation of this new energy
descriptor.
D. Reporting Requirements
The Department is proposing to revise the reporting requirements
for clothes washers, dishwashers and clothes dryers. The present
regulations do not require the reporting of the energy factors for
these products. Prior to the May 14, 1991 final rule for clothes
washers, dishwashers and clothes dryers, there were no performance
standards for these products. Now, since there are performance
standards for these products, the Department is proposing to include
certification reporting. Section 430.62(a)(2).
III. Environmental Review
Pursuant to section 7(a) of the Federal Energy Administration Act
of 1974 (Pub. L. 93-275, 15 U.S.C. 766(a)), a copy of this notice was
submitted to the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency
for the Administrator's comments concerning the impacts of this
proposal on the quality of the environment.
DOE has concluded that this proposed rule falls into a class of
actions (categorical exclusion A5) that are categorically excluded from
NEPA review because they would not individually or cumulatively have a
significant impact on the human environment, as determined by DOE's
regulations (10 CFR part 1021, Subpart D) implementing the National
Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321, 4331-35, 4341-47
(1976)). [[Page 15337]] Therefore, this proposed rule does not require
an environmental impact statement or an environmental assessment
pursuant to NEPA.
IV. Regulatory Review
Today's regulatory proposal has been determined not to be a
``significant regulatory action'' under Executive Order 12866,
``Regulatory Planning and Review,'' (58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993).
Accordingly, today's action was not subject to review under the
Executive Order by the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs.
V. Regulatory Flexibility Review
The proposed rule has been reviewed under the Regulatory
Flexibility Act, Pub. L. 96-354 (42 U.S.C. 601-612) which requires
preparation of a regulatory flexibility analysis for any regulation
that will have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of
small entities, i.e., small businesses and small government
jurisdictions. The proposed rule affects manufacturers of water
heaters; kitchen ranges, ovens, and microwave ovens; and clothes
washers. The test procedures would not have significant economic
impact, but rather, would provide common testing methods. DOE
accordingly certifies that the proposed rule would not, if promulgated,
have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small
entities and that preparation of a regulatory flexibility analysis is
not warranted.
VI. ``Takings'' Assessment Review
It has been determined pursuant to Executive Order 12630 (52 FR
8859, March 18, 1988) that this proposed regulation, if adopted, would
not result in any takings which might require compensation under the
Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
The Department believes that test procedures implementing a long-
established statutory mandate in a manner calculated to minimize
adverse economic impacts does not constitute a ``taking'' of private
property. Thus, testing under the appliance standards program does not
invoke the provisions of E.O. 12630.
VII. Federalism Review
Executive Order 12612 (52 FR 41685, October 30, 1987) requires that
regulations or rules be reviewed for any substantial direct effects on
States, on the relationship between the Federal Government and the
States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among
various levels of Government. If there are sufficient substantial
direct effects, the Executive Order 12612 requires the preparation of a
Federalism assessment to be used in decisions by senior policymakers in
promulgating or implementing the regulation.
DOE has identified a substantial direct effect that today's
proposed rule would have on State governments. It would initially
preempt inconsistent State regulations. However, DOE has concluded that
such effect is not sufficient to warrant preparation of a federalism
assessment for the following reason: the Act provided for subsequent
State petitions for exemption. Thus, a determination as to whether a
State law prevails must be made on a case-by-case basis using criteria
set forth in the Act. When DOE receives such a petition, it will then
be appropriate to consider preparing a federalism assessment consistent
with the criteria in the Act.
VIII. Review Under Section 32 of the Federal Energy Administration
Authorization Act
The test procedure amendments proposed today incorporate the
International Electrotechnical Commission Publication 705, and
Amendment 2-1993, ``Methods for Measuring the Performance of Microwave
Ovens for Household and Similar Purposes,'' section 4, Paragraph 12
``Microwave Power Output Measurement,'' Paragraph 13 ``Electrical Power
Output Measurement,'' and Paragraph 14 ``Efficiency'' to determine the
output power and efficiency for microwave ovens.
Pursuant to section 301 of the Department of Energy Organization
Act (Pub. L. 95-91), DOE is required to comply with section 32 of the
Federal Energy Authorization Act of 1974 (15 U.S.C. 788), which imposes
certain requirements where a proposed rule contains commercial
standards or authorizes or requires the use of such standards.
The findings required of DOE by section 32 of the Act serve to
alert the public and DOE regarding the use and background of commercial
standards in a proposal and through the rulemaking process. They allow
interested persons to make known their views regarding the
appropriateness of the use of any particular commercial standard in a
proposed rulemaking.
DOE has evaluated the promulgation of International
Electrotechnical Commission Publication 705, and Amendment 2-1993, in
light of the public participation criteria of section 32(b). The
Department is unable to conclude whether development of these standards
fully complied with section 32(b) regarding the manner of public
participation.
As required by section 32(c), DOE will consult with the Attorney
General and the Chairman of the Federal Trade Commission concerning the
impact of these standards on competition, prior to prescribing final
test procedures.
IX. Paperwork Reduction Act Review
No new information or recordkeeping requirements are imposed by
this rulemaking. Accordingly, no OMB clearance is required under the
Paperwork Reduction Act (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.).
X. Review Under Executive Order 12778
Section 2 of Executive Order 12778 instructs each agency to adhere
to certain requirements in promulgating new regulations and reviewing
existing regulations. These requirements, set forth in sections 2(a)
and (b)(2), include eliminating drafting errors and needless ambiguity,
drafting the regulations to minimize litigation, providing clear and
certain legal standards for affected conduct, and promoting
simplification and burden reduction. Agencies are also instructed to
make every reasonable effort to ensure that the regulation specifies
clearly any preemptive effect, effect on existing Federal law or
regulation, and retroactive effect; describes any administrative
proceedings to be available prior to judicial review and any provisions
for the exhaustion of such administrative proceedings; and defines key
terms. The DOE certifies that today's proposed rule meets the
requirements of sections 2(a) and (b)(2) of Executive Order 12778.
XI. Public Comment Procedures
A. Written Comment Procedures
Interested persons are invited to participate in the rulemaking by
submitting data, comments, or information with respect to the proposed
test procedures set forth in this notice to the address indicated at
the beginning of the notice.
Comments should be identified both on the envelope and on the
documents as ``Water Heaters; Kitchen Ranges, Ovens, and Microwave
Ovens; and Clothes Washers Test Procedures, Docket No. EE-RM-94-230.''
Ten (10) copies are requested to be submitted. In addition, the
Department requests that an electronic copy (3\1/2\'' diskette) of the
comments on WordPerfectTM 5.1 be provided. All submittal received by
the date specified at the beginning of this notice will be considered
by the Department of Energy before final action is taken on the
proposed amendments. [[Page 15338]]
Pursuant to the provisions of 10 CFR 1004.11, any person submitting
information which he or she believes to be confidential and exempt by
law from public disclosure should submit one complete copy of the
document and ten (10) copies, if possible, from which the information
believed to be confidential has been deleted. The Department of Energy
will make its own determination with regard to the confidential status
of the information and treat it according to its determination.
Factors of interest to DOE when evaluating requests to treat as
confidential information that has been submitted include: (1) A
description of the items; (2) an indication as to whether and why such
items are customarily treated as confidential within the industry; (3)
whether the information is generally known by or available from other
sources; (4) whether the information has previously been made available
to others without obligation concerning its confidentiality; (5) an
explanation of the competitive injury to the submitting person which
would result from public disclosure; (6) an indication as to when such
information might lose its confidential character due to the passage of
time; and (7) why disclosure of the information would be contrary to
the public interest.
B. Public Hearing
1. Procedures for Submitting Requests to Speak
The time and place of the public hearing are indicated at the
beginning of this notice. The Department of Energy invites any person
who has an interest in today's proposed rule, or who is a
representative of a group or class of persons that has an interest in
the proposed test procedures, to make a written request for an
opportunity to make an oral presentation. Such requests should be
directed to the address indicated at the beginning of this notice.
Requests may be hand delivered to such address between the hours of 8
a.m. and 4 p.m., Monday through Friday, except Federal holidays.
Requests should be labeled ``Test Procedure for Water Heaters; Kitchen
Ranges, Ovens and Microwave Ovens; and Clothes Washers; and Reporting
Requirements for Clothes Washers, Clothes Dryers, and Dishwashers,
Docket No. EE-RM-94-230,'' both on the document and on the envelope.
The person making the request should briefly describe the interest
concerned and state why he or she, either individually or as a
representative of a group or class of persons that have such an
interest, is an appropriate spokesperson, and give a telephone number
where he or she may be contacted.
Each person selected to be heard is requested to submit an advance
copy of their statement prior to the hearing as indicated at the
beginning of this notice. In the event any persons wishing to testify
cannot meet this requirement, that person may make alternative
arrangements with the Office of Hearings and Dockets in advance by so
indicating in the letter requesting to make an oral presentation.
2. Conduct of Hearing
The Department of Energy reserves the right to select the persons
to be heard at the hearing, to schedule the respective presentations,
and to establish the procedures governing the conduct of the hearing.
The length of each presentation is limited to twenty (20) minutes.
A DOE official will be designated to preside at the hearing. The
hearing will not be a judicial or an evidentiary-type hearing, but will
be conducted in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 553 and section 336 of the
Act. At the conclusion of all initial oral statements at each day of
the hearing, each person who has made an oral statement will be given
the opportunity to make a rebuttal statement, subject to time
limitations. The rebuttal statement will be given in the order in which
the initial statements were made. The official conducting the hearing
will accept additional comments or questions from those attending, as
time permits. Any interested person may submit, to the presiding
official, written questions to be asked of any person making a
statement at the hearing. The presiding official will determine whether
the question is relevant, and whether time limitations permit it to be
presented for answer.
Any further procedural rules regarding proper conduct of the
hearing will be announced by the presiding official.
A transcript of the hearing will be made, and the entire record of
this rulemaking, including the transcript, will be retained by DOE and
made available for inspection at the DOE Freedom of Information Reading
Room, U.S. Department of Energy, Forrestal Building, Room 1E-190, 1000
Independence Avenue, SW., Washington, DC 20585, (202) 586-6020, between
the hours of 9 a.m. and 4 p.m., Monday through Friday, except Federal
holidays. Any person may purchase a copy of the transcript from the
transcribing reporter.
C. Issues for Public Comment
The Department of Energy is interested in receiving comments and
data concerning the accuracy and workability of these test procedures.
Also, the Department welcomes discussion on improvements or
alternatives to these approaches. In particular, DOE is interested in
gathering comments on the following:
The appropriateness of including test procedures for
electric and oil instantaneous water heaters.
The impacts on manufacturer(s) as a result of extending
coverage of the existing minimum energy efficiency standards for
electric and oil-fired instantaneous water heaters.
The appropriateness of including the draw schedule and
draw rate of the American National Standards Institute/American Society
of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers Standard
118.2-1993 for storage water heaters with rated storage capacities less
than 20 gallons (76 liters).
The impacts on manufacturer(s) as a result of extending
coverage of the existing minimum energy efficiency standards for
storage-type water heaters of less than 20 gallons (76 liters).
The appropriateness of the proposed definition, first hour
rating, for instantaneous and storage water heaters.
The appropriateness of the proposed first hour rating test
method for storage tank-type water heaters.
The appropriateness of a first hour rating which might
give unrealistic results for water heaters containing thermal
compensating dip tubes or internal mixing valves.
The appropriateness of the proposed definitions: heat pump
water heater, add-on heat pump water heater, integral heat pump water
heater, solar water heater, and heat pump water heater storage tank.
The adequateness of the test provisions for heat pump
water heaters regarding the usage of backup electric resistance
element(s).
The appropriateness of the proposed test energy method to
determine the output energy for microwave ovens.
The appropriateness to incorporate by reference the
International Electrotechnical Commission Publication 705, and
Amendment 2-1993, ``Methods for Measuring the Performance of Microwave
Ovens for Household and Similar Purposes,'' section 4, Paragraph 12
``Microwave Power Output Measurement,'' Paragraph 13 ``Electrical Power
Output [[Page 15339]] Measurement,'' and Paragraph 14 ``Efficiency'' as
a test method for microwave ovens.
The appropriateness of the proposed definitions: Agitator,
machine- controlled water fill capability, modified energy factor,
moisture removal factor, nonwater-heating clothes washer,
thermostatically controlled valves, top-loader-horizontal-axis clothes
washer, top- loader-vertical-axis clothes washer, water consumption
factor and water-heating clothes washer.
The appropriateness of the proposed test and performance
measurement methods for water-heating clothes washers.
The appropriateness of using 5 percent and 25 percent to
prorate the ``hottest'' available setting and the ``hot'' setting,
respectively, for water-heating clothes washers.
The appropriateness of a new descriptor (moisture removal
energy) to determine the efficiency of moisture removal from the test
load.
The appropriateness of a new descriptor (water consumption
factor) to determine the water consumption of clothes washers.
The appropriateness of a new efficiency descriptor
(modified energy factor) for possible future use in establishing energy
conservation standards for clothes washers.
List of Subjects in 10 CFR Part 430
Administrative practice and procedure, Energy conservation,
Household appliances, Incorporation by reference.
Issued in Washington, DC, February 8, 1995.
Christine Ervin,
Assistant Secretary, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.
For the reasons set forth in the preamble, part 430 of chapter II
of title 10, of the Code of Federal Regulations is proposed to be
amended as set forth below:
PART 430--ENERGY CONSERVATION PROGRAM FOR CONSUMER PRODUCTS
1. The authority citation for Part 430 continues to read as
follows:
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 6291-6309.
2. Section 430.22 is amended by revising paragraph (a)(2)(ii) and
adding paragraph (a)(3)(iv) and adding item number 13 to paragraph
(a)(4) to read as follows:
Sec. 430.22 Reference sources.
(a) * * *
(2) * * *
(ii) U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy, Hearings and Dockets, Forrestal Building, 1000
Independence Avenue, SW., Washington, DC 20585.
(3) * * *
(iv) Copies of the International Electrotechnical Commission
Publication can be obtained from the American National Standards
Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, New York, New York 10036, (212) 642-
4936.
(4) * * *
13. International Electrotechnical Commission Publication 705,
and Amendment 2-1993, ``Methods for Measuring the Performance of
Microwave Ovens for Household and Similar Purposes,'' Section 4,
Paragraph 12 ``Microwave Power Output Measurement,'' Paragraph 13
``Electrical Power Output Measurement,'' and Paragraph 14
``Efficiency.''
Sec. 430.23 [Amended]
3. Section 430.23, Test procedures for measures of energy
consumption, is amended to read as follows:
A. In Sec. 430.23(i)(1)(iii) (second sentence) replace ``4.3.1,
4.2.2, 4.1.2.5, or 4.1.2.6, 4.4.3, and 4.5.1.3'' with ``4.3, 4.2.2,
4.1.2, and 4.4.3.''
B. In Sec. 430.23(i)(2) (first sentence) replace ``4.2.1.3, 4.1.3
and 4.4.2'' with ``4.2.1, 4.1.3, and 4.4.4.''
C. In Sec. 430.23(i)(3) (first sentence) replace ``4.3.2, and
4.5.2'' with ``4.3'' and replace the comma following ``subpart'' with a
period and remove the remainder of the sentence.
D. In Sec. 430.23(i)(4) (first sentence) replace ``4.3.3, 4.2.3,
4.1.4, 4.4.4 and 4.5.3'' with ``4.3, 4.2.3, 4.1.4, 4.4.5.''
E. In Sec. 430.23(j)(1)(i)(A) replace ``416'' with ``392''.
F. In Sec. 430.23(j)(1)(i)(B) replace ``determined according to
4.6'' with ``determined according to section 4.1.1.6 (nonwater-heating)
or 4.1.2.2 (water-heating)''.
G. In Sec. 430.23(j)(1)(ii) (introductory text) replace ``When gas-
heated or oil-heated water is used, the product of: the representative
average-use cycle of 416 cycles per year'' with ``When gas-heated or
oil-heated water is used, the product of: the representative average-
use cycle of 392 cycles per year (for nonwater-heating clothes
washers)''.
H. In Sec. 430.23(j)(1)(ii)(A) replace ``4.4'' with ``4.1.1.4''.
I. In Sec. 430.23(j)(1)(ii)(B) replace ``in Btu per cycle,
determined according to 4.5'' with ``in Btu per cycle (MJ per kwh),
determined according to section 4.1.1.5''.
J. In Sec. 430.23, paragraph (j)(2) is revised to read as follows:
Sec. 430.23 Test procedures for methods of energy consumption.
* * * * *
(j) * * *
(2)(i) The energy factor for automatic and semi-automatic clothes
washers shall be the quotient of the cubic foot (liter) capacity of the
clothes container as determined in 3.1 of appendix J to this subpart
divided by the clothes washer energy consumption per cycle, expressed
as: (for nonwater-heating clothes washers) the sum of the machine
electrical energy consumption and the hot water energy consumption as
determined in 4.1.1.4 and 4.1.1.3, respectively, of appendix J to this
subpart; (or for water-heating clothes washers) the energy consumption
as determined in 4.1.2.2, of appendix J to this subpart. The result
shall be rounded off to the nearest 0.01 cubic foot per kilowatt-hour
per cycle (0.01 liter per kilowatt-hour per cycle).
(ii) The modified energy factor for automatic and semi-automatic
clothes washers is determined in accordance with section 4.4.1
(nonwater-heating clothes washers) or 4.4.2 (water-heating clothes
washers), of appendix J to this subpart. The result shall be rounded
off to the nearest 0.01 cubic foot per kilowatt-hour per cycle (0.01
liter per kilowatt-hour per cycle).
(iii) The water consumption factor for automatic and semi-automatic
clothes washers is determined in accordance with section 4.3.3, of
appendix J to this subpart. The result shall be rounded off to the
nearest 0.001 cubic foot per gallon per cycle (0.001 liter per liter
per cycle).
* * * * *
4. Appendix E to subpart B of part 430 is revised to read as
follows:
Appendix E to Subpart B of Part 430--Uniform Test Method for Measuring
the Energy Consumption of Water Heaters
1. Definitions
1.1 Cut-in means the time or water temperature when a water
heater thermostat has acted to increase the energy or fuel input to
the heating elements, compressor, or burner.
1.2 Cut-out means the time or water temperature when a water
heater thermostat has acted to reduce to a minimum the energy or
fuel input to the heating elements, compressor, or burner.
1.3 Design Power Rating means the nominal power rating that a
water heater manufacturer assigns to a particular design of water
heater, expressed in kilowatts or Btu (KJ) per hour as appropriate.
1.4 Energy Factor means a measure of water heater overall
efficiency.
1.5 First Hour Rating is an estimate of the maximum volume of
``hot'' water that a storage-type water heater can supply within an
hour that begins with the water heater [[Page 15340]] fully heated
(i.e., all thermostats satisfied). For instantaneous water heaters,
first hour rating designates the maximum volume of hot water that
can be supplied during any hour.
1.6 Heat Pump Water Heater Storage Tank is an insulated tank
designed, wired and labeled for use exclusively with an add-on heat
pump water heater or solar water heater and being unable to operate
without an add-on heat pump water heater or solar water heater. The
heat pump water heater storage tank may contain one or two
thermostats and up to two electric resistance heating elements, and
has a manufacturer's rated capacity of 120 gallons (450 liters) or
less. When tested with the add-on heat pump water heater or solar
water heater inoperative, the heat pump water heater storage tank
shall have an energy factor that is determined in accordance with
the test procedure for water heaters.
1.7 Heat Trap means a device which can be integrally connected
or independently attached to the hot and/or cold water pipe
connections of a water heater such that the device will develop a
thermal or mechanical seal to minimize the recirculation of water
due to thermal convection between the water heater tank and its
connecting pipes.
1.8 Instantaneous-Type Water Heaters.
1.8.1 Electric Instantaneous Water Heater means a water heater
that uses electricity as the energy source, initiates heating based
on sensing water flow, is designed to deliver water at a controlled
temperature of less than 180 deg.F (82 deg.C), has a maximum input
of 12 kilowatts or less, and has a manufacturer's specified storage
capacity of less than 2 gallons (8 liters). The unit may use a fixed
or variable power input.
1.8.2 Gas Instantaneous Water Heater means a water heater that
uses gas as the energy source, initiates heating based on sensing
water flow, is designed to deliver water at a controlled temperature
of less than 180 deg.F (82 deg.C), has an input greater than 50,000
Btu per hour (53 MJ per hour) but less than 200,000 Btu per hour
(210 MJ per hour), and has a manufacturer's specified storage
capacity of less than 2 gallons (8 liters). The unit may use a fixed
or variable burner input.
1.8.3 Oil Instantaneous Water Heater means a water heater that
uses oil as the energy source, initiates heating based on sensing
water flow, is designed to deliver water at a controlled temperature
of less than 180 deg.F (82 deg.C), has an input greater than 50,000
Btu per hour (53 MJ per hour) but less than 200,000 Btu per hour
(210 MJ per hour), and has a manufacturer's specified storage
capacity of less than 2 gallons (8 liters). The unit may use a fixed
or variable burner input.
1.9 Recovery Efficiency means the ratio of energy delivered to
the water to the energy content of the fuel consumed by the water
heater.
1.10 Standby means the time during which water is not being
withdrawn from the water heater. There are two standby time
intervals used within this test procedure: stby,1
represents the elapsed time between the time at which the maximum
mean tank temperature is observed after the sixth draw and
subsequent recovery and the end of the 24-hour test;
stby,2 represents the total time during the 24-hour
simulated use test when water was not being withdrawn from the water
heater.
1.11 Storage-Type Water Heaters.
1.11.1 Electric storage water heater means a water heater that
uses electricity as the energy source, is designed to heat and store
water at a thermostatically controlled temperature of less than
180 deg.F (82 deg.C), has a nominal input of 12 kilowatts or less,
and has a manufacturer's rated storage capacity of 120 gallons (450
liters) or less.
1.11.2 Gas Storage Water Heater means a water heater that uses
gas as the energy source, is designed to heat and store water at a
thermostatically controlled temperature of less than 180 deg.F
(82 deg.C), has a nominal input of 75,000 Btu per hour (79 MJ per
hour) or less, and has a manufacturer's rated storage capacity of
100 gallons (380 liters) or less.
1.11.3 Heat Pump Water Heater means a water heater that uses
electricity as the energy source, is designed to heat and store
water at a thermostatically controlled temperature of less than
180 deg.F (82 deg.C), has a maximum current rating of 24 amperes
(includes the compressor and all auxiliary equipment such as fans,
pumps, and controls, and if on the same circuit, any resistive
elements) for an input voltage of 250 volts or less, and, if the
tank is supplied, has a manufacturer's rated storage capacity of 120
gallons (450 liters) or less. Resistive elements used to provide
supplemental heating may use the same circuit as the compressor if
(1) An interlocking mechanism prevents concurrent compressor
operation and resistive heating, or (2) concurrent operation does
not result in the maximum current rating of 24 amperes being
exceeded. Otherwise, separate circuits shall be used by the
resistive elements and the heat pump components. A heat pump water
heater may be an integral type or an add-on type.
a. Integral heat pump water heater--An air-to-water heat pump
integral with an insulated storage tank.
b. Add-on heat pump water heater--An air-to-water heat pump
designed for use with a heat pump water heater storage tank.
1.11.4 Oil Storage Water Heater means a water heater that uses
oil as the energy source, is designed to heat and store water at a
thermostatically controlled temperature of less than 180 deg.F
(82 deg.C), has a nominal energy input of 105,000 Btu/hr (110 MJ/hr)
or less, and has a manufacturer's rated storage capacity of 50
gallons (190 liters) or less.
1.11.5 Solar Water Heater means a water heater that is designed
to obtain at least half of the annual energy for heating water from
the sun.
1.12 ASHRAE Standard 41.1-86 means the standard published in
1986 by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-
Conditioning Engineers, Inc. and titled Standard Measurement Guide:
Section on Temperature Measurements.
1.13 ASTM-D-2156-80 means the test standard published in 1980
by the American Society of Testing and Measurements and titled
Method for Smoke Density in Flue Gases from Burning Distillate
Fuels.
1.14 Rated Storage Volume means the water storage capacity of a
water heater, in gallons (liters), as specified by the manufacturer.
2. Test Conditions
2.1 Installation Requirements. Tests shall be performed with
the water heater and instrumentation installed in accordance with
Section 4 of this appendix.
2.2 Ambient Air Temperature. The ambient air temperature shall
be controlled to a value between 65.0 deg.F and 70.0 deg.F
(18.3 deg.C and 21.1 deg.C) on a continuous basis. For heat pump
water heaters, the dry bulb temperature shall be maintained at
67.5 deg.F 1 deg.F (19.7 deg.C 0.6 deg.C)
and, in addition, the relative humidity shall be maintained between
49 and 51 percent.
2.3 Supply Water Temperature. The temperature of the water
being supplied to the water heater shall be maintained at
58 deg.F 2 deg.F (14.4 deg.C1.1 deg.C)
throughout the test.
2.4 Storage Tank Temperature. The average temperature of the
water within the storage tank shall be set to
135 deg.F5 deg.F (57.2 deg.C2.8 deg.C).
2.5 Supply Water Pressure. During the test when water is not
being withdrawn, the supply pressure shall be maintained between 40
psig (275 kPa) and the maximum allowable pressure specified by the
water heater manufacturer.
2.6 Electrical and/or Fossil Fuel Supply.
2.6.1 Electrical. Maintain the electrical supply voltage to
within 1 percent of the center of the voltage range
specified by the water heater and/or heat pump manufacturer.
2.6.2 Natural Gas. Maintain the supply pressure in accordance
with the manufacturer's specifications. If the supply pressure is
not specified, maintain a supply pressure of 7 to 10 inches of water
column (1.7 Kpa to 2.5 Kpa). If the water heater is equipped with a
gas appliance pressure regulator, the regulator outlet pressure
shall be within 10% of the manufacturer's specified
manifold pressure. Use natural gas having a higher heating value of
approximately 1,025 Btu per standard cubic foot (38190 KJ per
standard cubic meter).
2.6.3 Propane Gas. Maintain the supply pressure in accordance
with the manufacturer's specifications. If the supply pressure is
not specified, maintain a supply pressure of 11 to 13 inches of
water column (2.7 kPa to 3.2 kPa). If the water heater is equipped
with a gas appliance pressure regulator, the regulator outlet
pressure shall be within 10% of the manufacturer's
specified manifold pressure. Use propane gas with a higher heating
value of approximately 2,500 Btu per standard cubic foot (93 kJ per
standard cubic meter).
2.6.4 Fuel Oil Supply. Maintain an uninterrupted supply of fuel
oil. Use fuel oil having a heating value of approximately 138,700
Btu per gallon (38,660 kJ per liter).
3. Instrumentation
3.1 Pressure Measurements. Pressure measuring instruments shall
have an error no greater than the following values:
[[Page 15341]]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Item measured Instrument accuracy Instrument precision
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gas pressure........ 0.1 inch of 0.05 inch
water column ( 0.025 kPa). minus> 0.012 kPa).
Atmospheric pressure 0.1 inch of 0.05 inch
mercury column ( 0.34 kPa). ( 0.17
kPa).
Water pressure...... 1.0 pounds 0.50 pounds
per square inch ( 6.9 kPa). minus> 3.45 kPa).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.2 Temperature Measurement.
3.2.1 Measurement. Temperature measurements shall be made in
accordance with the Standard Measurement Guide: Section on
Temperature Measurements, ASHRAE Standard 41.1-86.
3.2.2 Accuracy and Precision. The accuracy and precision of the
instruments, including their associated readout devices, shall be
within the limits as follows:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Item measured Instrument accuracy Instrument precision
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Air dry bulb temperature................................ 0.2 deg.F 0.1 deg.F
( 0.1 deg.C). ( 0.06
deg.C).
Air wet bulb temperature................................ 0.2 deg.F 0.1 deg.F
( 0.1 deg.C). ( 0.06
deg.C).
Inlet and outlet water temperatures..................... 0.2 deg.F 0.1 deg.F
( 0.1 deg.C). ( 0.06
deg.C).
Storage tank temperatures............................... 0.5 deg.F 0.25 deg.F
( 0.3 deg.C). ( 0.14
deg.C).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.2.3 Scale Division. In no case shall the smallest scale
division of the instrument or instrument system exceed 2 times the
specified precision.
3.2.4 Temperature Difference. Temperature difference between
the entering and leaving water may be measured with any of the
following:
a. A thermopile
b. Calibrated resistance thermometers
c. Precision thermometers
d. Calibrated thermistors
e. Calibrated thermocouple
f. Quartz thermometers
3.2.5 Thermopile Construction. If a thermopile is used, it
shall be made from calibrated thermocouple wire taken from a single
spool. Extension wires to the recording device shall also be made
from that same spool.
3.2.6 Time Constant. The time constant of the instruments used
to measure the inlet and outlet water temperatures shall be no
greater than 5 seconds.
3.3 Liquid Flow Measurements. The accuracy of the liquid flow
rate measurement, using the calibration if furnished, shall be equal
to or less than 1% of the measured value in mass units
per unit time.
3.4 Electric Energy. The electrical energy used shall be
measured with an instrument and associated readout device that are
accurate within 1% of the reading.
3.5 Fossil Fuels. The quantity of fuel used by the water heater
shall be measured with an instrument and associated readout device
that is accurate within 1% of the reading.
3.6 Mass Measurements. For mass measurements greater than or
equal to 10 pounds (4.5 kg), a scale that is accurate within
1.0% of the reading shall be used to make the
measurement. For mass measurements less than 10 pounds (4.5 kg), the
scale shall provide a measurement that is accurate within
0.1 pound (0.045 kg).
3.7 Heating Value. The higher heating value of the natural gas,
propane, or fuel oil shall be measured with an instrument and
associated readout device that is accurate within 1% of
the reading. The heating value of natural gas and propane must be
corrected for local temperature and pressure conditions.
3.8 Time. The elapsed time measurements shall be measured with
an instrument that is accurate within 0.5 seconds per
hour.
4. Installation
4.1 Water Heater Mounting. A water heater designed to be free
standing shall be installed according to the manufacturer's
directions on a \3/4\ inch (2 cm) thick plywood platform supported
by three 2 x 4 inch (5 cm x 10 cm) runners. If the water heater is
not approved for installation on combustible flooring, suitable non-
combustible material shall be placed between it and the platform.
For heat pump water heaters without a storage tank supplied by the
manufacturer, connections shall be made with a storage tank as
described in section 4.10 and in accordance with manufacturer-
published installation instructions. The storage tank and heat pump
section shall be placed on platform(s) constructed as previously
described. If installation materials are not provided by the heat
pump manufacturer, use uninsulated 8 foot (2.4 m) long connecting
hoses, having an inside diameter of \5/8\ inch (1.6 cm). Wall
mounted water heaters shall be installed in accordance with
manufacturer-published installation instructions on a simulated wall
section made from \3/4\ inch (2 centimeter) plywood and 2 x 4 inch
(5 x 10 centimeter) studs. Placement in the test room shall be in an
area protected from drafts.
4.2 Water Supply. The water supply shall be capable of
delivering water at conditions as specified in sections 2.3 and 2.5.
4.3 Water Inlet and Outlet Configuration. Inlet and outlet
piping connections shall be configured as illustrated in Figures 1,
2, or 3. For water heaters that are 36 inches (91 centimeters) or
less in height and intended for installation either beneath,
adjacent to, or in conjunction with a counter (commonly referred to
as an under-the-counter or table-top model), the inlet and outlet
connections shall be configured as illustrated in Figures 4a and 4b.
Type ``L'' hard copper tubing, the same size as the connections on
the water heater, shall be connected to the tank and extend 24
inches (61 centimeters) in length. If an under-the-counter type
water heater is not factory equipped with pipe to extend the field
connection point of the water heater lines to outside of the jacket
or cabinet, type ``L'' hard copper tubing shall be used to extend
the water line horizontally to the exterior of the jacket or
cabinet. Unions may be used to facilitate installation and removal
of the piping arrangements. A pressure gauge and diaphragm expansion
tank shall be installed in the supply water piping at a location
upstream of the 24-inch (61 centimeters) cold water inlet pipe. An
appropriately rated pressure and temperature relief valve shall be
installed on all water heaters at the port specified by the
manufacturer. Discharge piping for the relief valve shall be non-
metallic. If heat traps and/or piping insulation and/or pressure
relief valve insulation are supplied with the water heater, they
shall be installed for testing. Clearance shall be provided such
that none of the piping contacts other surfaces in the test room.
4.4 Fuel and/or Electrical Power and Energy Consumption.
Install one or more instruments which measure, as appropriate, the
quantity and rate of electrical energy and/or fossil fuel
consumption in accordance with Section 3. For heat pump water
heaters that use supplemental resistive heating, the electrical
energy supplied to the resistive element(s) shall be metered
separately from the electrical energy supplied to the entire
appliance or to the remaining components (i.e., compressor, fans,
pumps, controls, etc.).
4.5 Internal Storage Tank Temperature Measurements. Install six
temperature measurement sensors inside the water heater tank with a
vertical distance of at least 4 inches (10 centimeters) between
successive sensors. A temperature sensor shall be positioned at the
vertical midpoint of each of the six equal volume nodes within the
tank. Nodes designate the equal volumes used to evenly partition the
total volume of the tank. As much as is possible, the temperature
sensor should be positioned away from any heating elements, anodic
protective devices, tank walls, and flue pipe walls. If the tank
cannot accommodate six temperature sensors and meet the installation
requirements specified above, install the maximum number of sensors
which comply with the installation requirements. The temperature
sensors shall be installed either through (1) the anodic device
opening; (2) the relief valve opening; or (3) the hot water outlet.
If [[Page 15342]] installed through the relief valve opening or the
hot water outlet, a tee fitting or outlet piping, as applicable,
shall be installed as close as possible to its original location. If
the relief valve temperature sensor is relocated, and it no longer
extends into the top of the tank, a substitute relief valve that has
a sensing element that can reach into the tank shall be installed.
If the hot water outlet includes a heat trap, the heat trap shall be
installed on top of the tee fitting. Added fittings shall be covered
with thermal insulation having an R value between 4 and 8
hrft2 deg.F/Btu (0.7 and 1.4
m2 deg.C/W).
BILLING CODE 6450-01-P
[GRAPHIC][TIFF OMITTED]TP23MR95.000
[[Page 15343]]
[GRAPHIC][TIFF OMITTED]TP23MR95.001
BILLING CODE 6450-01-C
[[Page 15344]]
4.6 Ambient Temperature. The ambient air temperature shall be
measured approximately at the vertical mid-point of the water heater
and approximately 2 feet (60 centimeters) from the surface of the
water heater. The sensor shall be shielded against radiation.
4.7 Inlet and Outlet Water Temperature Measurements. Install
temperature sensors in the cold-water inlet pipe and hot-water
outlet pipe as shown in Figures 1, 2, 3, or 4a and 4b, as
applicable.
4.8 Flow Control. A flow control valve shall be installed to
provide flow as specified in Section 5.
4.9 Flue Requirements.
4.9.1 Gas-Fired Water Heaters. Establish a natural draft in the
following manner. For gas-fired water heaters having a vertically
discharging draft hood outlet, a 5-foot (1.5 meter) vertical vent
pipe extension having a diameter equal to the largest flue collar
size of the draft hood shall be connected to the draft hood outlet.
For gas-fired water heaters having a horizontally discharging draft
hood outlet, a 90-degree elbow having a diameter equal to the
largest flue collar size of the draft hood shall be connected to the
draft hood outlet. A 5-foot (1.5 meter) length of vent pipe shall be
connected to the elbow and oriented to discharge vertically upward.
Direct vent gas-fired water heaters shall be installed with venting
equipment specified in the manufacturer's instructions using the
minimum vertical and horizontal lengths of vent pipe recommended by
the manufacturer.
4.9.2 Oil-Fired Water Heaters. Establish a draft at the flue
collar as specified in the manufacturer's literature. Establish the
draft by using a sufficient length of vent pipe connected to the
water heater flue outlet and directed vertically upward. For an oil-
fired water heater having a horizontally discharging draft hood
outlet, a 90-degree elbow having a diameter equal to the largest
flue collar size of the draft hood shall be connected to the draft
hood outlet. A length of vent pipe sufficient to establish the draft
shall be connected to the elbow fitting and oriented to discharge
vertically upward. Direct vent oil-fired water heaters should be
installed with venting equipment as specified in the manufacturer's
instructions, using the minimum vertical and horizontal lengths of
vent pipe recommended by the manufacturer.
4.10 Heat Pump Water Heater Storage Tank. The heat pump water
heater storage tank to be used for testing a heat pump water heater
without a tank supplied by the manufacturer shall have a volume of
47.0 gallons 1.0 gallon C 1804 liters with
an Energy Factor of 0.87.01 as determined in accordance
with Section 6.1.7 with two 4.5 kW heating elements controlled in
such a manner as to prevent both elements from operating
simultaneously.
5. Test Procedures
5.1 Storage-Type Water Heaters, Including Heat Pump Water
Heaters.
5.1.1 Determination of Storage Tank Volume. Determine the
storage capacity, Vst, of the water heater under test, in gallons
(liters), by subtracting the tare weight--measured while the tank is
empty--from the gross weight of the storage tank when completely
filled with water (with all air eliminated and line pressure applied
as described in section 2.5) and dividing the resulting net weight
by the density of water. Density shall be evaluated based on the
temperature of the stored water.
5.1.2 Setting the Thermostat for a Thermostatically Operated
Water Heater. Starting with a tank of supply water, initiate normal
operation of the water heater. After cutout, determine the mean tank
temperature (based on all of the in-tank sensors) every minute until
the maximum value is observed. Determine whether this maximum value
for the mean tank temperature is within the range of
135 deg.F5 deg.F (57.2 deg.C2.8 deg.C). If
not, turn off the water heater, adjust the thermostat, and refill
the tank with supply water. Then, initiate normal operation of the
water heater, and once again determine the maximum mean tank
temperature after cut-out. Repeat this sequence until the maximum
mean tank temperature after cut-out is within the range of
135 deg.F5 deg.F (57.2 deg.C2.8 deg.C).
If an electric water heater has two or more thermostats, the
thermostat that controls the upper-most heating element shall be set
first to yield a maximum water temperature of
135 deg.F5 deg.F (57.2 deg.C2.8 deg.C), as
measured by the in-tank sensors that are positioned above the upper-
most heating element. The thermostat that controls the heating
element positioned next highest in the tank shall then be set to
yield a maximum water temperature of 135 deg.F5 deg.F
(57.2 deg.C2.8 deg.C). This process shall be repeated
until the thermostat controlling the lowest element is correctly
adjusted. When adjusting the thermostat that controls the lowest
element, the maximum mean tank temperature after cut-out, as
determined using all the in-tank sensors, shall be within
135 deg.F5 deg.F (57.2 deg.C2.8 deg.C). When
adjusting all other thermostats, use only the in-tank temperature
sensors positioned above the heating element in question to evaluate
the maximum water temperature after cut-out.
For heat pump water heaters, which control an auxiliary
resistance element, the thermostat shall be set in accordance with
the manufacturer's installation instructions.
5.1.3 Power Input Determination. For all water heaters except
electric types having immersed heating elements, initiate normal
operation and determine the power input, P, to the main burners
(including pilot light power, if any) after 15 minutes of operation.
If the water heater is equipped with a gas appliance pressure
regulator, the regulator outlet pressure shall be set within
10% of that recommended by the manufacturer. For oil-
fired water heaters the fuel pump pressure shall be within
10% of the manufacturer's specified pump pressure. All
burners shall be adjusted to achieve an hourly Btu (kJ) rating that
is within 2% of the value specified by the manufacturer.
For an oil-fired water heater, adjust the burner to give a CO2
reading recommended by the manufacturer and an hourly Btu (kJ)
rating that is within 2% of that specified by the
manufacturer. Smoke in the flue may not exceed No. 1 smoke as
measured by the procedure in ASTM-D-2156-80.
5.1.4 First Hour Rating Test.
5.1.4.1 General. During hot water draws, remove water at a rate
of 3.000.25 gallons per minute (11.40.95
liters per minute) for units with rated storage capacities of 20
gallons (76 liters) or more and 1.00.25 gallons per
minute (3.80.95 liters per minute) for units with rated
storage capacities less than 20 gallons (76 liters). Collect the
water in a container that is large enough to hold the volume removed
during an individual draw and suitable for weighing at the
termination of each draw. Alternatively, a water meter may be used
to directly measure the water volume(s) withdrawn.
5.1.4.2 Draw Initiation Criterion. Begin the first hour rating
test by imposing a draw on the storage-type water heater. After
completion of this first draw, initiate successive draws based on
the following criteria. For gas- and oil-fired water heaters,
initiate successive draws when the thermostat acts to reduce the
supply of fuel to the main burner. For electric water heaters having
a single element or multiple elements that all operate
simultaneously, initiate successive draws when the thermostat acts
to reduce the electrical input supplied to the element(s). For
electric water heaters having two or more elements that do not
operate simultaneously, initiate successive draws when the
applicable thermostat acts to reduce the electrical input to the
element located vertically highest in the storage tank. For heat
pump water heaters that do not use supplemental resistive heating,
initiate successive draws immediately after the electrical input to
the compressor is reduced by the action of the water heater's
thermostat. For heat pump water heaters that do use supplemental
resistive heating, initiate successive draws immediately after the
electrical input to the compressor or the uppermost resistive
element is reduced by the action of the applicable water heater
thermostat. This draw initiation criterion for heat pump water
heaters that use supplemental resistive heating, however, shall only
apply when the water located above the thermostat at cut-out is
heated to 135 deg.F 5 deg.F
(57.2 deg.C2.8 deg.C).
5.1.4.3 Test Sequence. Establish normal water heater operation.
If the water heater is not presently operating, initiate a draw. The
draw may be terminated anytime after cut-in occurs. Once cut-out
occurs (e.g., all thermostats satisfied), monitor the internal
storage tank temperature sensors described in section 4.5 every
minute. For each set of measurements, calculate the mean tank
temperature. If any of these mean values are outside the range
specified in section 2.4, adjust the thermostat(s) as specified in
section 5.1.2 and reevaluate the mean tank temperature after all
thermostats are again satisfied.
Initiate a draw after a maximum mean tank temperature has been
observed following cut-out. Record the time when the draw is
initiated and designate it as an elapsed time of zero,
(* = 0). The superscript * is used to denote variables
pertaining to the first hour rating test. Record the outlet water
temperature beginning 15 seconds after the draw is initiated and at
5 second intervals thereafter, until the draw is terminated.
Determine the maximum outlet temperature that occurs during this
first draw and record [[Page 15345]] it as T*max,1. For
the duration of this first draw and all successive draws, in
addition, monitor the inlet temperature to the water heater to
assure that the required 58 deg.F2 deg.F (14.4 deg.C
1.1 deg.C) test condition is met. Terminate the hot
water draw when the outlet temperature decreases to
T*max,1 - 25 deg.F (T*max,1-13.9 deg.C). Record
this temperature as T*min,1. Following draw termination,
determine the average outlet water temperature and the mass or
volume removed during this first draw and record them as
T*del,1 and M*1 or V*1, respectively.
Initiate a second and, if applicable, successive draws each time
the applicable draw initiation criterion described in section
5.1.4.2 is satisfied. As required for the first draw, record the
outlet water temperature beginning 15 seconds after initiating each
draw and at 5 second intervals thereafter until the draw is
terminated. Determine the maximum outlet temperature that occurs
during each draw and record it as T*max,i, where i
refers to the draw number. Terminate each hot water draw when the
outlet temperature decreases to T*max,i - 25 deg.F
(T*max,i - 13.9 deg.C). Record this temperature as
T*min,i. Calculate and record the average outlet
temperature and the mass or volume removed during each draw
(T*del,i and M*i or V*i). Continue
this sequence of draw and recovery until one hour has elapsed, at
which time the electrical power and/or the fuel supplied to the
water heater shall be disconnected and/or terminated.
If a draw is occurring at an elapsed time of one hour, continue
this draw until the outlet temperature decreases to
T*max,n - 25 deg.F (T*max,n - 13.9 deg.C), at
which time the draw shall be immediately terminated. The subscript
n shall be used to denote quantities associated with the final
draw. If a draw is not occurring at an elapsed time of one hour, a
final draw shall be imposed at one hour. This draw shall be
immediately terminated when the outlet temperature first indicates a
value less than or equal to the cut-off temperature used for the
previous draw (T*min,n-1). For cases where the outlet
temperature is close to T*min,n-1, the final draw shall
proceed for a minimum of 30 seconds. If an outlet temperature
greater than T*min,n-1 is not measured within 30 seconds,
the draw shall be immediately terminated and zero additional credit
shall be given towards first hour rating (i.e., M*n = 0 or
V*n = 0). Once the final draw is terminated, calculate and
record the average outlet temperature and the mass or volume removed
during the draw (T*del,n and M*n or
V*n).
5.1.5 24-Hour Simulated Use Test. During the simulated use
test, a total of 64.3 1 gallon (2434 liters)
shall be removed if the rated storage tank volume is 20 gallons (76
liters) or greater. If the rated storage tank volume is less than 20
gallons (76 liters) but greater than or equal to 10 gallons (38
liters), a total of 240.5 gallon (911.9
liters) shall be removed; and if the rated storage tank volume is
less than 10 gallons (38 liters), a total of 90.5 gallon
(341.9 liters) shall be removed. These values are
referred to as the daily hot water usage in the following text.
With the water heater turned off, fill the water heater with
supply water and apply pressure as described in section 2.5. Turn on
the water heater and associated heat pump unit, if present. After
the cutout occurs, measure the mean tank temperature using the
temperature sensors described in section 4.5 every minute until the
maximum mean storage tank temperature is achieved. If this maximum
mean temperature is outside the range specified in section 2.4,
adjust the thermostat(s) as specified in section 5.1.2 and
reevaluate the mean tank temperature after all thermostats are again
satisfied. After thermostat adjustments are completed, the water
heater may be operated for up to three cycles of drawing until cut-
in and then operating until cut-out, prior to the start of the test.
At this time, record the mean tank temperature (To), and
the electrical and/or fuel measurement readings, as appropriate.
Begin the 24-hour simulated use test by withdrawing a volume from
the water heater that equals one-sixth of the daily hot water usage.
Record the time when this first draw is initiated and assign it as
the test elapsed time () of zero. Record the average
storage tank and ambient temperature every 15 minutes throughout the
24-hour simulated use test unless a recovery or a draw is occurring.
At elapsed time intervals of one, two, three, four, and five hours
from = 0, initiate additional draws removing an amount of
water equivalent to one-sixth of the daily hot water usage with the
maximum allowable deviation for any single draw being
0.5 gallons (1.9 liters) for units having
rated storage capacities of 20 gallons (76 liters) or greater, and
0.1 gallons (0.4 liters) for units having rated storage
capacities less than 20 gallons (76 liters). The quantity of water
withdrawn during the sixth draw shall be increased or decreased as
necessary such that the total volume of water withdrawn equals:
64.31.0 gallons (243.43.8 liters) for water
heaters having rated storage capacities of 20 gallons (76 liters) or
more, 240.5 gallons (90.81.9 liters) for
water heaters having rated storage capacities less than 20 gallons
(76 liters) but greater than or equal to 10 gallons (38 liters), and
9.00.5 gallons (34.11.9 liters) for water
heaters having rated storage capacities less than 10 gallons (38
liters).
All draws during the simulated use test shall be made at flow
rates of 3.00.25 gallons per minute
(11.40.95 liters per minute) when testing water heaters
having rated storage capacities of 20 gallons (76 liters) or more.
For water heaters having rated storage capacities less than 20
gallons (76 liters), flow rates of 1.00.25 gallons per
minute (3.80.95 liters per minutes) shall be achieved.
Measurements of the inlet and outlet temperatures shall be made
beginning 15 seconds after the draw is initiated and at every
subsequent 5 second interval throughout the duration of each draw.
The arithmetic mean of the hot water discharge temperature and the
cold water inlet temperature shall be determined for each draw
(Tdel,i and Tin,i). Determine and record the net mass or
volume removed (Mi or Vi), as appropriate, after each
draw.
At the end of the recovery period following the first draw,
record the maximum mean tank temperature observed after cut-out,
Tmax,1, and the energy consumed by a gas or oil water heater,
Qr. For heat pump water heaters, the total electrical energy
consumed by the heat pump (including compressor, fan, controls,
pump, etc.) and, if applicable, by the resistive element(s) during
the first recovery shall be recorded as Qr. In addition, the
total operating time of the compressor during the first recovery
shall be determined and recorded as cmp,1. Finally,
for heat pump water heaters that use resistive heating during the
first recovery, the electrical energy consumed by the resistive
element(s) shall be separately metered and recorded, Qres,1.
At the end of the recovery period that follows the sixth draw,
determine and record the total electrical energy and/or fossil-fuel
consumed since the beginning of the test, Qsu. In preparation
for determining the energy consumed during stand-by, record the
reading given on the electrical energy (watt-hour) meter, the gas
meter, and/or the scale used to determine oil consumption, as
appropriate. Record the maximum value of the mean tank temperature
after cutout as Tsu. Except as noted below, allow the water
heater to remain in the standby mode until 24-hours have elapsed
from the start of the test, i.e., since = 0. Prevent the
water heater from beginning a recovery cycle during the last hour of
the test by turning off the electric power to the electrical heating
elements and heat pump, if present, or by turning down the fuel
supply to the main burner at an elapsed time of 23 hours. If a
recovery is taking place at an elapsed time of 23 hours, wait until
the recovery is complete before reducing the electrical and/or fuel
supply to the water heater. At 24 hours, record the mean tank
temperature, T24, and the electric and/or fuel instrument
readings. Determine the total fossil fuel or electrical energy
consumption, as appropriate, for the entire 24-hour simulated use
test, Q. Record the time interval between the time at which the
maximum mean tank temperature is observed after the sixth draw and
the end of the 24-hour test as stby,1. Record the time
during which water was not being withdrawn from the water heater
during the entire 24-hour period as stby,2.
5.2 Instantaneous Water Heaters.
5.2.1 Setting the Outlet Discharge Temperature. Initiate normal
operation of the water heater at the full input rating. Monitor the
discharge water temperature and set to a value of
135 deg.F5 deg.F (57.2 deg.C2.8 deg.C) in
accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. If the water heater
is not capable of providing this discharge temperature when the flow
rate is 3.000.25 gallons per minute
(11.40.95 liters per minute), then adjust the flow rate
as necessary to achieve the specified discharge water temperature.
Record the corresponding flow rate as Vmax.
If the instantaneous water heater incorporates a controller that
permits continuous burner or electric heating element operation at a
reduced input rate, adjust the flow rate as necessary to achieve a
discharge water temperature of 135 deg.F5 deg.F
(57.2 deg.C2.8 deg.C) while maintaining the minimum
input rate. Record the corresponding flow rate as Vmin. If an
outlet temperature of 135 deg.5 deg.F
(57.2 deg.C2.8 deg.C) cannot be achieved at the minimum
flow rate [[Page 15346]] permitted by the instantaneous water
heater, record the flow rate as Vmin and the corresponding
outlet temperature as Tmin.
25.2.2 Power Input Determination. Gas-fired and oil-fired
instantaneous water heaters shall have the burners adjusted to the
maximum firing rate specified by the manufacturer.
5.2.3 First Hour Rating Test for Instantaneous Water Heaters.
Establish normal water heater operation at the maximum input rate
with the discharge water temperature set in accordance with section
5.2.1. During the test, do not interrupt the electrical energy or
fossil fuel supplied to the water heater. During the one hour test,
either collect the withdrawn water for later measuring the total
mass removed, or alternatively, use a water meter to directly
measure the water volume removed.
Begin with the water flow rate temporarily discontinued. Record
the scale or water meter reading as appropriate. Initiate a draw and
record the corresponding time. Record the inlet and outlet water
temperatures beginning 15 seconds after the draw is initiated and at
every subsequent 5 second interval throughout the duration of the
draw. At the end of one hour terminate the draw. Determine the mass
of water withdrawn, MFHR, in pounds (kilograms), or the volume
of water withdrawn, VFHR, in gallons (liters) with an error no
greater than 2 percent.
5.2.4 24-Hour Simulated Use Test
5.2.4.1 Fixed Input Instantaneous Water Heaters. Establish
normal operation with the discharge water temperature and flow rate
set to values of 135 deg.F5 deg.F
(57.2 deg.C2.8 deg.C) and Vmax, respectively. With
no draw occurring, record the reading given by the gas meter, the
scale used for determining oil consumption, and/or the electrical
energy meter as appropriate. Begin the 24-hour simulated use test by
drawing an amount of water out of the water heater equivalent to
one-sixth of the daily hot water usage, 64.3 gallons (243 liters).
Record the time when this first draw is initiated and designated it
as an elapsed time, , of 0. At elapsed time intervals of
one, two, three, four, and five hours from = 0, initiate
additional draws removing an amount of water equivalent to one-sixth
of 64.3 gallons (243 liters), with the maximum allowable deviation
for any single draw being 0.5 gallons (2
liters). The quantity of water drawn during the sixth draw shall be
increased or decreased as necessary such that the total volume of
water withdrawn equals 64.31.0 gallons (2434
liters).
Measurements of the inlet and outlet water temperatures shall be
made beginning 15 seconds after the draw is initiated and at every 5
second interval throughout the duration of the draw. The arithmetic
mean of the hot water discharge temperature and the cold water inlet
temperature shall be determined for each draw. Record the scale used
to measure the mass of the withdrawn water or the water meter
reading, as appropriate, after each draw. At the end of the recovery
period following the first draw, determine and record the fossil
fuel or electrical energy consumed, Qr. Following the sixth
draw and subsequent recovery, allow the water heater to remain in
the standby mode until exactly 24 hours have elapsed since the start
of the test, i.e., since = 0. At 24 hours, record the
reading given by the gas meter, the scale used for determining oil
consumption, and/or the electrical energy meter as appropriate.
Determine the fossil fuel or electrical energy consumed during the
entire 24-hour simulated use test and designate the quantity as Q.
5.2.4.2 Variable Input Instantaneous Water Heaters. If the
instantaneous water heater incorporates a controller that permits
continuous operation at a reduced input rate, the first three draws
shall be conducted using the maximum flow rate, Vmax, while
removing an amount of water equivalent to one-sixth of 64.3 gallons
(243 liters), with the maximum allowable deviation for any one of
the three draws being 0.5 gallons (2 liters). The second
three draws shall be conducted at V