[Federal Register Volume 60, Number 41 (Thursday, March 2, 1995)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 11613-11615]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 95-5097]



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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
14 CFR Part 39

[Docket No. 95-SW-11-AD; Amendment 39-9166; AD 95-04-14]


Airworthiness Directives; Robinson Helicopter Company Model R22 
Helicopters

AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration, DOT.

ACTION: Final rule; request for comments.

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SUMMARY: This amendment supersedes an existing airworthiness directive 
(AD), applicable to Robinson Helicopter Company Model R22 helicopters, 
that currently requires revisions to the Limitations section, the 
Normal Procedures section, and the Emergency Procedures section of the 
R22 Rotorcraft Flight Manual, revised February 4, 1993. These revisions 
limit operations in high winds and turbulence; provide information 
about main rotor (M/R) stalls and mast bumping; and, provide 
recommendations for avoiding these situations. Additionally, emergency 
procedures are provided for use should certain conditions be 
encountered. This amendment requires the same revisions required by the 
existing Priority Letter AD, but revises certain words and phrases to 
further clarify the revised Limitations and Normal Procedures sections, 
deletes the paragraph that referenced recording compliance with the AD, 
and adds another paragraph that states that no special flight permits 
will be issued prior to compliance with this AD. This amendment is 
prompted by 26 accidents since 1981 that resulted in fatalities and 
involved the M/R blades contacting the helicopters' fuselage. The 
actions specified by this AD are intended to prevent M/R stall or mast 
bumping, which could result in the M/R blades contacting the fuselage 
causing failure of the M/R system and subsequent loss of control of the 
helicopter.

DATES: Effective March 17, 1995.
    Comments for inclusion in the Rules Docket must be received on or 
before May 1, 1995.

ADDRESSES: Submit comments in triplicate to the Federal Aviation 
Administration (FAA), Office of the Assistant Chief Counsel, Attention: 
Rules Docket No. 95-SW-11-AD, 2601 Meacham Blvd., Room 663, Fort Worth, 
Texas 76137.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Mr. Scott Horn, Aerospace Engineer, 
FAA, Rotorcraft Directorate, Rotorcraft Standards Staff, Southwest 
Region, 2601 Meacham Blvd., Fort Worth, Texas 76137, telephone (817) 
222-5125, fax (817) 222-5961.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: On January 12, 1995, the FAA issued Priority 
Letter AD 95-02-03, to require revisions to the Limitations section, 
the Normal Procedures section, and the Emergency Procedures section of 
the R22 Rotorcraft Flight Manual, revised February 4, 1993. These 
revisions limit operations in high winds, turbulence, and wind shear 
conditions; provide information about M/R stalls and mast bumping; and, 
provide recommendations for avoiding these situations. That action was 
prompted by 26 Model R22 accidents since 1981 involving M/R blades 
contacting the helicopters' fuselage. M/R stall and mast bumping may 
have caused these M/R blade contacts with the fuselage. All of these 
accidents resulted in fatalities. Limited pilot experience in 
rotorcraft has been identified as common to these accidents. High winds 
and turbulence were also noted in some of the accidents. Airspeed and 
low rotor RPM could also be influencing factors in these M/R blades 
contacting the fuselage. Flight in strong or gusty winds, areas of wind 
shear, or areas of moderate, severe, or extreme turbulence can degrade 
the helicopter handling qualities, thereby creating an unsafe 
condition. These conditions, if not compensated for, could result in M/
R stall or mast bumping, which could result in the M/R blades 
contacting the fuselage causing failure of the M/R system and 
subsequent loss of control of the helicopter.
    Since the issuance of that AD, the FAA has determined that the 
words ``areas of forecasted or reported'' should be deleted from the 
revision to the Limitations section of the Model R22 Rotorcraft Flight 
Manual, revised February 4, 1993. Some operators receive area forecasts 
and reports that cover wide geographic regions. These forecasts and 
reports can refer to turbulence in areas unrelated to the actual area 
of operation. Forecasted or reported wind shear or turbulence outside 
of the operational area was not intended to be a flight limitation. The 
word ``spreads'' was added to the term ``wind gusts'' to define this 
limitation as the spread or variance of wind velocities. The phrase 
``but no lower than 60 knots'' was added to the Limitations section 
because of the possibility that at higher altitudes, 0.7 Vne could 
be lower than 60 knots. Additionally, the phrase ``but no lower than 60 
knots'' was added to recommendation (1) of the Normal Procedures 
section because of the possibility that at higher altitudes, 0.9 
Vne could be lower than 60 knots. Below 60 knots, the energy 
required to recover from a low-rotor RPM condition by flaring the 
helicopter and converting forward airspeed to rotor speed is 
unavailable. The reference to the requirement to record compliance that 
was contained in paragraph (b) of the existing Priority Letter AD has 
been deleted since part 91.417(a)(2)(v) [[Page 11614]] already contains 
that requirement. Finally, another paragraph has been inserted to state 
that special flight permits will not be issued to operators for the 
purpose of obtaining and inserting the three pages into the rotorcraft 
flight manual. Due to the immediate compliance time and the criticality 
of preventing M/R blade contacts with the fuselage, this rule is being 
issued immediately to revise the operating limitation of the helicopter 
to a safer level.
    Since an unsafe condition has been identified that is likely to 
exist or develop on other Robinson Helicopter Company Model R22 
helicopters of the same type design, this AD supersedes Priority Letter 
AD 95-02-03 to require the same revisions to the Limitations section, 
the Normal Procedures section, and the Emergency Procedures section of 
the R22 Rotorcraft Flight Manual, revised February 4, 1993, that were 
required by the existing Priority Letter AD, but deletes the words 
``areas of forecasted or reported'' from the wind turbulence 
limitation; adds the word ``spreads'' when referencing wind gusts; adds 
the phrase ``but no lower than 60 knots'' to the same section; deletes 
the reference to the requirement to record compliance that was 
contained in paragraph (b) of the existing Priority Letter AD; and, 
adds another paragraph to state that special flight permits will not be 
issued to accomplish the requirements of this AD.
    Since a situation exists that requires the immediate adoption of 
this regulation, it is found that notice and opportunity for prior 
public comment hereon are impracticable, and that good cause exists for 
making this amendment effective in less than 30 days.

Comments Invited

    Although this action is in the form of a final rule that involves 
requirements affecting flight safety and, thus, was not preceded by 
notice and an opportunity for public comment, comments are invited on 
this rule. Interested persons are invited to comment on this rule by 
submitting such written data, views, or arguments as they may desire. 
Communications should identify the Rules Docket number and be submitted 
in triplicate to the address specified under the caption ADDRESSES. All 
communications received on or before the closing date for comments will 
be considered, and this rule may be amended in light of the comments 
received. Factual information that supports the commenter's ideas and 
suggestions is extremely helpful in evaluating the effectiveness of the 
AD action and determining whether additional rulemaking action would be 
needed.
    Comments are specifically invited on the overall regulatory, 
economic, environmental, and energy aspects of the rule that might 
suggest a need to modify the rule. All comments submitted will be 
available, both before and after the closing date for comments, in the 
Rules Docket for examination by interested persons. A report that 
summarizes each FAA-public contact concerned with the substance of this 
AD will be filed in the Rules Docket.
    Commenters wishing the FAA to acknowledge receipt of their comments 
submitted in response to this rule must submit a self-addressed, 
stamped postcard on which the following statement is made: ``Comments 
to Docket No. 95-SW-11-AD.'' The postcard will be date stamped and 
returned to the commenter.
    The regulations adopted herein will not have substantial direct 
effects on the States, on the relationship between the national 
government and the States, or on the distribution of power and 
responsibilities among the various levels of government. Therefore, in 
accordance with Executive Order 12612, it is determined that this final 
rule does not have sufficient federalism implications to warrant the 
preparation of a Federalism Assessment.
    The FAA has determined that this regulation is an emergency 
regulation that must be issued immediately to correct an unsafe 
condition in aircraft, and that it is not a ``significant regulatory 
action'' under Executive Order 12866. It has been determined further 
that this action involves an emergency regulation under DOT Regulatory 
Policies and Procedures (44 FR 11034, February 26, 1979). If it is 
determined that this emergency regulation otherwise would be 
significant under DOT Regulatory Policies and Procedures, a final 
regulatory evaluation will be prepared and placed in the Rules Docket. 
A copy of it, if filed, may be obtained from the Rules Docket at the 
location provided under the caption ADDRESSES.

List of Subjects in 14 CFR Part 39

    Air transportation, Aircraft, Aviation safety, Safety.

Adoption of the Amendment

    Accordingly, pursuant to the authority delegated to me by the 
Administrator, the Federal Aviation Administration amends part 39 of 
the Federal Aviation Regulations (14 CFR part 39) as follows:

PART 39--AIRWORTHINESS DIRECTIVES

    1. The authority citation for part 39 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 49 U.S.C. App. 1354(a), 1421 and 1423; 49 U.S.C. 
106(g); and 14 CFR 11.89.


Sec. 39.13  [Amended]

    2. Section 39.13 is amended by adding a new airworthiness directive 
(AD), Amendment 39-9166, to read as follows:

95-04-14 Robinson Helicopter Company: Amendment 39-9166. Docket No. 
95-SW-11-AD. Supersedes Priority Letter AD 95-02-03, issued January 
12, 1995.

    Applicability: Model R22 helicopters, certificated in any 
category.
    Compliance: Required before further flight, unless accomplished 
previously.
    To prevent main rotor (M/R) stall or mast bumping, which could 
result in the M/R blades contacting the fuselage causing failure of 
the M/R system and subsequent loss of control of the helicopter, 
accomplish the following:
    (a) Insert the following information into the Model R22 
Rotorcraft Flight Manual, revised February 4, 1993. Compliance with 
the Limitations section is mandatory. The Normal Procedures and 
Emergency Procedures sections are informational.

Limitations Section

    (1) Flight when surface winds exceed 25 knots, including gusts, 
is prohibited.
    (2) Flight when surface wind gust spreads exceed 15 knots is 
prohibited.
    (3) Flight in wind shear is prohibited.
    (4) Flight in moderate, severe, or extreme turbulence is 
prohibited.
    (5) Adjust forward airspeed to between 60 knots and 0.7 Vne 
but no lower than 60 knots upon inadvertently encountering moderate, 
severe, or extreme turbulence.

    Note: Moderate turbulence is turbulence that causes: (1) changes 
in altitude or attitude; (2) variations in indicated airspeed; and 
(3) aircraft occupants to feel definite strains against seat belts.

Normal Procedures Section

Note

    Until the FAA completes its research into the conditions and 
aircraft characteristics that lead to main rotor blade/fuselage 
contact accidents, and corrective type design changes and operating 
limitations are identified, R22 pilots are strongly urged to become 
familiar with the following information and comply with these 
recommended procedures.
    Main Rotor Stall: Many factors may contribute to main rotor 
stall and pilots should be familiar with them. Any flight condition 
that creates excessive angle of attack on the main rotor blades can 
produce a stall. Low main rotor RPM, aggressive maneuvering, high 
collective angle (often the result of high-density altitude, over-
pitching [exceeding power available] during climb, or high forward 
airspeed) and slow response to the low main rotor RPM warning horn 
and [[Page 11615]] light may result in main rotor stall. The effect 
of these conditions can be amplified in turbulence. Main rotor stall 
can ultimately result in contact between the main rotor and 
airframe. Additional information on main rotor stall is provided in 
the Robinson Helicopter Company Safety Notices SN-10, SN-15, SN-20, 
SN-24, SN-27, and SN-29.
    Mast Bumping: Mast bumping may occur with a teetering rotor 
system when excessive main rotor flapping results from low ``G'' 
(load factor below 1.0) or abrupt control input. A low ``G'' flight 
condition can result from an abrupt cyclic pushover in forward 
flight. High forward airspeed, turbulence, and excessive sideslip 
can accentuate the adverse effects of these control movements. The 
excessive flapping results in the main rotor hub assembly striking 
the main rotor mast with subsequent main rotor system separation 
from the helicopter.
    To avoid these conditions, pilots are strongly urged to follow 
these recommendations:
    (1) Maintain cruise airspeeds greater than 60 knots indicated 
airspeed and less than 0.9 Vne, but no lower than 60 knots.
    (2) The possibility of rotor stall is increased at high density 
altitudes; therefore, avoid flight at high density altitudes.
    (3) Use maximum ``power-on'' RPM at all times during powered 
flight.
    (4) Avoid sideslip during flight. Maintain in-trim flight at all 
times.
    (5) Avoid large, rapid forward cyclic inputs in forward flight, 
and abrupt control inputs in turbulence.

Emergency Procedures Section

    (1) RIGHT ROLL IN LOW ``G'' CONDITION
    Gradually apply aft cyclic to restore positive ``G'' forces and 
main rotor thrust. Do not apply lateral cyclic until positive ``G'' 
forces have been established.
    (2) UNCOMMANDED PITCH, ROLL, OR YAW RESULTING FROM FLIGHT IN 
TURBULENCE.
    Gradually apply controls to maintain rotor RPM, positive ``G'' 
forces, and to eliminate sideslip. Minimize cyclic control inputs in 
turbulence; do not over control.
    (3) INADVERTENT ENCOUNTER WITH MODERATE, SEVERE, OR EXTREME 
TURBULENCE.
    If the area of turbulence is isolated, depart the area; 
otherwise, land the helicopter as soon as practical.
    (b) An alternative method of compliance or adjustment of the 
compliance time that provides an acceptable level of safety may be 
used when approved by the Manager, Rotorcraft Standards Staff, FAA, 
Rotorcraft Directorate. Operators shall submit their requests 
through an FAA Principal Operations Inspector, who may concur or 
comment and then send it to the Manager, Rotorcraft Standards Staff.

    Note: Information concerning the existence of approved 
alternative methods of compliance with this AD, if any, may be 
obtained from the Rotorcraft Standards Staff.

    (c) Special flight permits, pursuant to sections 21.197 and 
21.199 of the Federal Aviation Regulations (14 CFR 21.197 and 
21.199), will not be issued.
    (d) This amendment becomes effective on March 17, 1995.

    Issued in Fort Worth, Texas, on February 23, 1995.
Eric Bries,
Acting Manager, Rotorcraft Directorate, Aircraft Certification Service.
[FR Doc. 95-5097 Filed 3-1-95; 8:45 am]
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