[Federal Register Volume 59, Number 239 (Wednesday, December 14, 1994)]
[Unknown Section]
[Page 0]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 94-30367]
[[Page Unknown]]
[Federal Register: December 14, 1994]
_______________________________________________________________________
Part III
Department of Agriculture
_______________________________________________________________________
Agricultural Marketing Service
_______________________________________________________________________
7 CFR Part 201
Federal Seed Act Regulations; Final Rule
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Agricultural Marketing Service
7 CFR Part 201
[No. LS-91-010 PR]
RIN 0581-AA52
Amendments to Regulations Under the Federal Seed Act
AGENCY: Agricultural Marketing Service, USDA.
ACTION: Final rule.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY: The Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) is revising the
Federal Seed Act (FSA) regulations by changing the common and botanical
names of several agricultural and vegetable seeds; adding several kinds
to the list of agricultural and vegetables seeds subject to the FSA;
changing germination evaluation descriptions; changing the method of
fluorescence use in determining pure seed percentages in ryegrasses;
adding methods for testing coated seed; adding methods for determining
the presence of fungal endophyte in seeds; and updating the standards
for certified seed. These changes will result in the adoption of
scientific names currently recognized by the scientific community and
provide for the use of common names most widely acceptable in seed
trade. They will also eliminate potential conflicts between State and
Federal regulations which could inhibit the interstate movement of
seeds.
EFFECTIVE DATE: January 13, 1995.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For further information contact James
P. Triplitt, Chief, Seed Regulatory and Testing Branch, Livestock and
Seed Division, AMS, USDA, Building 506, BARC-E, Beltsville, Maryland
20705, telephone 301-504-9430.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: This rule has been determined to be not-
significant for purposes of Executive Order 12866 and therefore has not
been reviewed by OMB.
This final rule has been reviewed under Executive Order 12778,
Civil Justice Reform. It is not intended to have a retroactive effect.
The rule will not preempt any State or local laws, regulations, or
policies unless they present an irreconcilable conflict with this rule.
There are no administrative procedures which must be exhausted prior to
judicial challenge to the provision of this rule.
The Administrator, AMS, has certified that this action will not
have a significant impact on a substantial number of small entities as
defined in the Regulatory Flexibility Act. Many small entities sell
seed. However, small entities selling seed must test and label the seed
to comply with the requirements of state laws. Generally the testing
requirements of the state laws are similar to those of the FSA. These
changes will further reconcile State and Federal testing procedures.
Using similar testing procedures will reduce the burden on small
entities shipping seed in interstate commerce because the test used for
intrastate commerce can also be used in interstate commerce. Some
additional burden might occur concerning small entities shipping kinds
which are added to those subject to the FSA. However, many small
entities are likely to benefit because more small entities are
purchasers of those kinds than sellers. The small entity purchasers
will benefit from the regulations in that the interstate shipper would
be required to test and label the kinds before shipping them to the
purchaser. There will be no effect on the competitive position of small
entities in relation to larger entities since both will have to comply
with the same regulations.
Background
Seed Testing and Labeling
This document updates the FSA regulations pertaining to seed
testing to eliminate differences between the FSA regulations and the
Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) Rules for Testing Seed.
The Association is made up of State and Federal seed testing agencies.
Its function is to develop and standardize methods to be used in
testing seeds. These rules are widely recognized and are used by most
state and commercial seed laboratories to test seed in the United
States. In addition, common and scientific names are updated.
Agricultural and vegetable seeds shipped in interstate commerce
must comply with the FSA and the regulations issued thereunder. The FSA
requires seed to be labeled with certain information concerning its
quality when moving across state lines. Once in a state, seed must
comply with state laws and regulations. Labeling requirements in State
and Federal laws are generally very similar so as not to inhibit the
free movement of seed. Tests used prior to shipment to determine the
required labeling information, as well as tests used by state seed
regulatory agencies to check compliance, are generally performed using
AOSA rules. Tests to assure that seed is in compliance with the FSA are
performed using methods specified in the FSA regulations. Although the
testing methods under the FSA regulations and those of AOSA are
generally very similar, some changes have been made in the AOSA Rules
For Testing Seed without corresponding changes in the FSA regulations.
The changes to the AOSA rules were based on scientific research and
were made with input from AMS. This document amends the FSA seed
testing regulations so that they are essentially the same as those
contained in the AOSA rules. This will eliminate the need to perform
separate tests to assure that seed labeling complies with both Federal
and State laws. It also facilitates seed trade and reduces cost to the
seed industry and to seed buyers. These changes reflect improvements in
seed testing technology and the current standards of usage within the
industry. The specific changes to the testing rules are discussed under
``Other Amendments.''
Additional Kinds
There are presently about a dozen kinds (mostly grasses) which are
being shipped interstate that are not subject to the FSA. Cooperating
state seed regulatory agencies have requested that the list of kinds
subject to the FSA be kept current so that interstate shipments of
those kinds can be regulated. Occasionally complaints are received on
these kinds. For that reason these kinds are being added to the
regulations under the FSA making them subject to Federal law.
Bluejoint, galletagrass, bottlebrush-squirreltail, green needlegrass,
kenaf, forage kochia, mountain rye, intermediate ryegrass, northern
sweetvetch, and basin wildrye are added to the list of agricultural
seeds subject to the FSA. Dill, sage, and summer savory are added to
the list of vegetable seeds subject to the FSA. Standardized test
methods have been developed for the kinds to be added and they are
currently covered by AOSA rules and are being regulated by the states.
Therefore, this addition will result in little cost to the seed
industry. Being subject to the FSA will require that the seed is
labeled when shipped in interstate commerce.
Scientific Names
Changes to Sec. 201.2 update scientific names for the agricultural
seeds colonial bentgrass, glaucantha bluegrass, Nevada bluegrass, sand
bluestem, carpetgrass, soft chess, emmer, hard fescue, kudzu, Korean
lespedeza, striate lespedeza, Japanese millet, pearl millet, bird rape,
turnip rape, rescuegrass, smilo, sorghum-sudangrass, sudangrass, turf
timothy, velvetbean, beardless wheatgrass, intermediate wheatgrass,
pubescent wheatgrass, Siberian wheatgrass, slender wheatgrass,
streambank wheatgrass, tall wheatgrass, western wheatgrass, and Russian
wildrye. The scientific names for the vegetable seeds artichoke,
Chinese cabbage, tronchuda cabbage, water cress, leek, pak-choi, and
rhubarb are also be updated. The document changes the scientific names
to those currently recognized by the scientific community and to be in
agreement with the names used by the USDA Germplasm Resources
Information Network (GRIN).
At the request of growers, researchers, and breeders the document
changes the kind name ``muskmelon'' to ``melon,'' because ``melon'' is
the more widely recognized name.
Seed Certification Standards
The rule also updates the FSA regulations pertaining to seed
certification to eliminate differences with the standards of the
Association of Official Seed Certifying Agencies (AOSCA). This
Association is made up primarily of State seed certifying agencies. The
function of AOSCA is to establish minimum standards for genetic purity
and to standardize seed certification regulations and procedures. State
seed certifying agencies recognize and follow minimum standards for
genetic purity established by AOSCA.
Seed represented as a class of certified seed, as defined in the
FSA regulations, must meet the minimum genetic certification standards
for certified classes as provided by the regulations. State seed
certifying agencies which certify seed pursuant to the standards
contained in the FSA regulations are members of AOSCA and must also
maintain minimum AOSCA standards for certifying seed. This document
changes the FSA regulations pertaining to genetic certification
standards in order to bring them in conformity with the AOSCA
standards. The changes to the standards have been reviewed and found to
be consistent with the requirements under the FSA.
Corrections and Clarifications
There are a number of technical nonsubstantive corrections and
clarifications which will also be made. Some of the more important ones
change ``Consumer and Marketing Service'' to ``Agricultural Marketing
Service'' and omit the word ``hybrid'' from the name ``sorghum-
sudangrass.'' In Sec. 201.36b the word ``pole'' will be enclosed in
parentheses. In Sec. 201.36c the word ``garden'' is added to bean to
show the correct kind name. Section 201.34(d) is changed to add a
footnote to reflect the effective date which was previously omitted.
Paragraph (e) of this section is removed to delete partial lists of
variety names.
Other Amendments
Changes to Sec. 201.2 redefine the Act to include 7 U.S.C 1551-
1611, update scientific names, and add additional kinds as discussed
above. Changes also add a definition of coated seed and change the
definition of certified seed to show the proper reference, Sec. 201.70,
rather than Sec. 201.79 which does not exist. Section 201.22(c) is
changed to remove scientific names. Section 201.31 is changed to
establish germination standards for dill, sage, and summer savory which
were added to the list of vegetable seeds subject to the FSA in
201.2(i) and to reflect the change of the name ``muskmelon'' to
``melon.''
Section 201.36c will be changed to separate and alphabetize
agricultural seeds and vegetable seeds in the table and to change
``bean'' in the vegetable list to ``garden bean,'' the name recognized
in Sec. 201.2(i). Section 201.43 is changed to add metric equivalent
weights and to specify the minimum number of coated seeds to be taken
during sampling.
Section 201.46(b) is changed to substitute the word ``comprise''
for the incorrect word ``compromise.'' Table 1 will be changed to
reflect the changes in Sec. 201.2. Scientific names are removed and
working weights added for those kinds added in that section. In
addition, several spelling errors are corrected.
The document changes several sections to add provisions for testing
coated seed. Specific procedures have been developed to provide for
uniform methods to test seed coated with products such as those
designed to improve planting characteristics or to improve seedling
growth. Section 201.2 adds a definition of coated seed. Section 201.45
adds comments pertaining to dividing coated seed. Section 201.47 cites
added instructions for purity analysis of coated seed. Section 201.51b
establishes purity testing procedures for coated seed. Section 201.52
is changed to add a new paragraph (b) to establish the amount of seed
to be examined for a noxious-weed seed test on coated seed. The
existing Sec. 201.52 becomes paragraph (a).
Section 201.47a is also changed to clarify that the ``entire
spikelet'' for rice, browntop millet, and Paspalum spp. is considered
to be a seed unit; to define a seed unit for galletagrass (a new kind
which was added in Sec. 201.2); to include side-oats grama and blue
grama, as kinds for which the Uniform Blowing Procedure is used to
determine the percentages of pure seed and inert matter; and to clarify
that fruits with accessory structures of other Chenopodiaceae (fourwing
saltbush and forage kochia) are to be considered a seed unit.
Section 201.48 is changed to update seed unit interpretations to be
consistent with Sec. 201.51, to remove scientific names, and to add
procedures to determine pure seed of forage kochia which was added to
the kinds subject to the FSA.
Section 201.48, Sec. 201.49, and Sec. 201.51a are changed, in part,
to add tall wheatgrass and western wheatgrass to the list of kinds to
be tested using the Multiple Unit Procedure. These kinds contain
multiple florets. The Multiple Unit Procedure provides faster, more
consistent test results without a loss of accuracy when compared to the
current, more tedious, hand method.
Several sections, including some of the changes to Sec. 201.47,
Sec. 201.48, Sec. 201.49, and Sec. 201.51a add blue grama and side-oats
grama to the kinds for which the purity percentages are determined by
using the Uniform Blowing Procedure. The Uniform Blowing Procedure
provides a method, for determining purity percentages for these kinds,
which has proven to be faster, more consistent, and just as accurate as
the hand method.
Section 201.50 is changed to clarify that wild onion and wild
garlic bulblets devoid of husks are to be classified as weed seeds if
not damaged at the basal end and are a specified size. Research has
shown that these seeds would likely germinate.
Section 201.51 will update seed units that are considered to be
inert matter, to include classification of certain seed units of newly
added kinds, forage kochia and northern sweetvetch, as well as coating
material.
Sections 201.56 through 201.56-12 are changed to establish new
procedures for describing abnormal seedlings of each seed group for use
in determining germination percentages and to eliminate references to
outdated photographs. Seedling descriptions which had been developed
over many years are being completely revised so that consistent,
current terminology is used to describe abnormal seedlings for all
kinds. The changes are designed to make the seedling descriptions more
easily interpreted so that more consistent, accurate test results will
be achieved. The changes will not result in significant differences in
the percentages of germination found when compared to tests made under
the current regulations.
Section 201.57a is changed to remove and to add new kinds,
bottlebrush-squirreltail, basin wildrye, galletagrass, mountain rye,
johnsongrass, and forage kochia to the kinds having dormant seed.
Section 201.58 is changed to clarify the definition of ``prechill''
applicable to Table 2, to make editorial changes in special procedures
for alyceclover, bahiagrass, beet, and garden bean, and to add special
procedures for green needlegrass. Changes incorporate more specific
information on the type of light to be used for ryegrass fluorescence
tests, add germination procedures for coated seed, and correct common
and remove scientific names in the section including Table 2.
Germination test procedures for those kinds added in Secs. 201.2(h) and
201.2(i) are added and references to outdated photographs of seedlings
removed. The changes in testing procedures incorporate into the
regulations the latest research on testing these kinds.
Section 201.58a is changed to revise the use of the fluorescence
test for determining the percentages of pure seed and other crop seed
of annual ryegrass and perennial ryegrass. The changes incorporate
methods agreed on by AOSA, AASCO, the grass seed industry, and AMS. The
procedure for determining the percentage of yellow sweetclover in white
sweetclover is changed from a mottled seed test to a chemical test
because the chemical test provides a more accurate, consistent result.
Procedures for the phenol test for wheat, previously cited in AOSA
Handbook Number 28, are being added and the reference to AOSA Handbook
Number 28 is being removed so that all information will be contained in
the regulations removing the need to have a copy of AOSA Handbook
Number 28. Procedures for conducting a peroxidase test for varietal
purity of soybean and fluorescence test procedures for determining
varietal purity of oat are added. These procedures have been in use for
many years and have proven to be accurate, reliable, and consistent.
These tests are essential to check the accuracy of variety
representations.
Section 201.58d adds established testing procedures for determining
the percentage of fungal endophyte in seed and plant material growing
therefrom to the regulations. Some grass seed is being labeled to
indicate the presence or absence of fungal endophyte. Uniform testing
procedures have been developed for determining the amount of fungal
endophyte present.
Changes to Sec. 201.60 will to remove scientific names, add
ryegrasses and galletagrass to the list of chaffy kinds, and make
editorial changes.
Changes to Sec. 201.61 and Sec. 201.62 correct typographical errors
in the tolerance table.
A change to Sec. 201.76 provides for the certification agency to
grant a variance in the land cropping history in specific circumstances
where cultural practices have been proven adequate to maintain genetic
purity. Generally this change would allow for the agency to modify the
number of years the field must have been free of potential contaminants
before being planted to a crop under certification. Section 201.76 is
also changed to update Table 5 and the footnotes to Table 5 to include
metric equivalents, to update names to be consistent with Sec. 201.2,
and to make editorial changes and corrections. Standards for chemically
assisted hybrid barley, buckwheat, and chemically assisted hybrid wheat
are added. Field standards for classes of mung bean are changed and a
field standard for hybrid corn added. In addition footnotes are added
corresponding to those changes in the table.
Summary of Public Comment
A notice of proposed rulemaking was published in the Federal
Register on May 17, 1994. A hearing on the proposed rule was held in
Washington, DC on June 8, 1994. At that time interested parties were
given an opportunity to present views concerning the proposal. No one
commented at the hearing. Interested parties were invited to submit
written comments until July 8, 1994. Fourteen written comments were
received.
Five comments supported the proposal. One comment supported the
change providing for ``melon'' as a common name for Cucumis melo. One
comment supported the proposal with exception of changes in
fluorescence calculations for ryegrasses. Three comments supported the
changes in the fluorescence calculations for ryegrasses. Three comments
recommended that the word ``weak'' not be used to describe abnormal
lettuce seedlings. One comment suggested different scientific and/or
common names for several kinds.
The provision on the use of the fluorescence test is being adopted
because there were seven comments supporting the proposal including
four which specifically mentioned support of the fluorescence proposal.
Only one comment opposed that provision. Also, failure to adopt the
fluorescence proposal would cause a conflict between Federal and State
regulations which could inhibit the interstate movement of ryegrass
seed.
As suggested by the three comments, the word ``weak'' was removed
from the description of abnormal lettuce seedlings.
The comment on scientific and common names made several
recommendations. The commenter suggested that in addition to smooth
brome the common name ``bieberstein brome'' be included for Bromus
biebersteinii because that name was cited in a reliable reference. No
other use of that name has been found and we have no indication that
any seed is being marketed under the name ``bieberstein brome.'' To
avoid potential confusion the name ``bieberstein brome'' was not added.
The comment indicated that GRIN now shows the scientific name ``Festuca
brevipila'' for hard fescue in lieu of Festuca trachphylla. The
scientific name for hard fescue was changed to ``Festuca brevipila'' as
recommended. ``Bluebunch wheatgrass'' was recommended as a synonym for
``beardless wheatgrass'' because the two have the same scientific name.
``Thickspike wheatgrass'' was recommended as a synonym for ``streambank
wheatgrass'' because they have the same scientific name. Although these
kinds have the same scientific name they differ in several
characteristics. Because these crops are currently being marketed as
separate kinds, the recommendation was not incorporated into the final
rule. The comment noted that GRIN shows the common name ``husk tomato''
for Physalis philadelphia and the common name ``downy groundcherry''
for P. pubescens. P. pubescens has been marketed for many years as
``husk tomato.'' To change the common name to ``downy groundcherry,'' a
name which is not used in marketing the kind, would lead to confusion.
Therefore, the common name ``husk tomato'' was retained for P.
pubescens.
In reviewing the common and scientific names as a result of the
comment, several additional changes were found in the GRIN since the
original proposal was drafted. Therefore, the following changes in
scientific names are also included in this rule.
The scientific names of the following agricultural seeds were
changed in Sec. 201.2(h): Glaucantha bluegrass; Nevada bluegrass; sand
bluestem; carpetgrass; bird rape; turnip rape; mountain rye; smilo;
beardless wheatgrass; pubescent wheatgrass; streambank wheatgrass; and
western wheatgrass.
The scientific names of the following vegetable seeds were changed
in Sec. 201.2(i): Artichokes; Chinese cabbage; water cress; and pak-
choi.
In reviewing the use of scientific names in the regulations, the
various tables were easier to use with less information. Therefore,
most scientific names are being removed from the tables and text of the
regulations. Scientific names of all kinds subject to the FSA including
all kinds in the tables are shown along with the common name in
Sec. 201.2. The common and scientific names of agricultural seeds are
listed in Sec. 201.2(h) and vegetable seeds listed in Sec. 201.2(i).
Only scientific names of the kinds shown in Sec. 201.2 are removed from
other sections of this document.
This document does not contain new collection of information
requirements. Sections amended by the rule contain collection of
information requirements that were previously submitted for review to
the Director of Management and Budget (OMB) and assigned OMB control
number 0581-0026 under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1980 (44 U.S.C.
3501 et seq.).
List of Subjects in 7 CFR Part 201
Advertising, Agricultural commodities, Imports, Labeling, Reporting
and recordkeeping requirements, Seeds, Vegetables.
For reason set forth in the preamble, 7 CFR Part 201 is amended as
follows:
PART 201--FEDERAL SEED ACT REGULATION
1. The authority citation for part 201 is revised to read as
follows:
Authority: 7 U.S.C. 1592.
2. In Sec. 201.2, paragraphs (a), (h), (i), and (ee) are revised
and paragraph (q) is added to read as follows:
Sec. 201.2 Terms defined.
* * * * *
(a) The Act. The term ``Act'' means the FSA approved August 9, 1939
(53 Stat. 1275; 7 U.S.C. 1551-1611 as amended);
* * * * *
(h) Agricultural seeds. The term ``agricultural seeds'' means the
following kinds of grass, forage, and field crop seeds, that are used
for seeding purposes in the United States:
Agrotricum--x Agrotriticum Ciferri and Giacom.
Alfalfa--Medicago sativa L.
Alfilaria--Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Her.
Alyceclover--Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC.
Bahiagrass--Paspalum notatum Fluegge
Barley--Hordeum vulgare L.
Barrelclover--Medicago truncatula Gaertn.
Bean, adzuki--Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi and Ohashi
Bean, field--Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Bean, mung--Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek
Beet, field--Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris
Beet, sugar--Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris
Beggarweed, Florida--Desmodium tortuosum (Sw.) DC.
Bentgrass, colonial--Agrostis capillaris L.
Bentgrass, creeping--Agrostis stolonifera L. var. palustris (Huds.)
Farw.
Bentgrass, velvet--Agrostis canina L.
Bermudagrass--Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. dactylon
Bermudagrass, giant--Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. Aridus Harlan
and de Wet
Bluegrass, annual--Poa annua L.
Bluegrass, bulbous--Poa bulbosa L.
Bluegrass, Canada--Poa compressa L.
Bluegrass, glaucantha--Poa glauca Vahl
Bluegrass, Kentucky--Poa pratensis L.
Bluegrass, Nevada--Poa secunda J.S. Presl
Bluegrass, rough--Poa trivialis L.
Bluegrass, Texas--Poa arachnifera Torr.
Bluegrass, wood--Poa nemoralis L.
Bluejoint--Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) P. Beauv.
Bluestem, big--Andropogon gerardii Vitm. var. gerardii
Bluestem, little--Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash
Bluestem, sand--Andropogon hallii Hack.
Bluestem, yellow--Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng.
Bottlebrush-squirreltail--Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey
Brome, field--Bromus arvensis L.
Brome, meadow--Bromus biebersteinii Roem. and Schult.
Brome, mountain--Bromus marginatus Steud.
Brome, smooth--Bromus inermis Leyss.
Broomcorn--Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench
Buckwheat--Fagopyrum esculentum Moench
Buffalograss--Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.
Buffelgrass--Cenchrus ciliaris L.
Burclover, California--Medicago polymorpha L.
Burclover, spotted--Medicago arabica (L.) Huds.
Burnet, little--Sanguisorba minor Scop.
Buttonclover--Medicago orbicularis (L.) Bartal.
Canarygrass--Phalaris canariensis L.
Canarygrass, reed--Phalaris arundinacea L.
Carpetgrass--Axonopus fissifolius (Raddi) Kuhlm.
Castorbean--Ricinus communis L.
Chess, soft--Bromus hordeaceus L.
Chickpea--Cicer arietinum L.
Clover, alsike--Trifolium hybridum L.
Clover, arrowleaf--Trifolium vesiculosum Savi
Clover, berseem--Trifolium alexandrinum L.
Clover, cluster--Trifolium glomeratum L.
Clover, crimson--Trifolium incarnatum L.
Clover, Kenya--Trifolium semipilosum Fresen.
Clover, ladino--Trifolium repens L.
Clover, lappa--Trifolium lappaceum L.
Clover, large hop--Trifolium campestre Schreb.
Clover, Persian--Trifolium resupinatum L.
Clover, red or
Red clover, mammoth--Trifolium pratense L.
Red clover, medium--Trifolium pratense L.
Clover, rose--Trifolium hirtum All.
Clover, small hop or suckling--Trifolium dubium Sibth.
Clover, strawberry--Trifolium fragiferum L.
Clover, sub or subterranean--Trifolium subterraneum L.
Clover, white--Trifolium repens L. (also see Clover, ladino)
Clover--(also see Alyceclover, Burclover, Buttonclover, Sourclover,
Sweetclover)
Corn, field--Zea mays L.
Corn, pop--Zea mays L.
Cotton--Gossypium spp.
Cowpea--Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. unguiculata
Crambe--Crambe abyssinica R.E. Fries
Crested dogtail--Cynosurus cristatus L.
Crotalaria, lance--Crotalaria lanceolata E. Mey.
Crotalaria, showy--Crotalaria spectabilis Roth
Crotalaria, slenderleaf--Crotalaria brevidens Benth. var. intermedia
(Kotschy) Polh.
Crotalaria, striped or smooth--Crotalaria pallida Ait.
Crotalaria, sunn--Crotalaria juncea L.
Crownvetch--Coronilla varia L.
Dallisgrass--Paspalum dilatatum Poir.
Dichondra--Dichondra repens Forst. and Forst. f.
Dropseed, sand--Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray
Emmer--Triticum dicoccon Schrank
Fescue, chewings--Festuca rubra L. subsp. commutata Gaud.
Fescue, hair--Festuca tenuifolia Sibth.
Fescue, hard--Festuca brevipila Tracey
Fescue, meadow--Festuca pratensis Huds.
Fescue, red--Festuca rubra L. subsp. rubra
Fescue, sheep--Festuca ovina L. var. ovina
Fescue, tall--Festuca arundinacea Schreb.
Flax--Linum usitatissimum L.
Galletagrass--Hilaria jamesii (Torr.) Benth.
Grama, blue--Bouteloua gracilis (Kunth) Steud.
Grama, side-oats--Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.
Guar--Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.
Guineagrass--Panicum maximum Jacq. var. maximum
Hardinggrass--Phalaris stenoptera Hack.
Hemp--Cannabis sativa L.
Indiangrass, yellow--Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash
Indigo, hairy--Indigofera hirsuta L.
Japanese lawngrass--Zoysia japonica Steud.
Johnsongrass--Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.
Kenaf--Hibiscus cannabinus L.
Kochia, forage--Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad.
Kudzu--Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen
and S. Almeida
Lentil--Lens culinaris Medik.
Lespedeza, Korean--Kummerowia stipulacea (Maxim.) Makino
Lespedeza, sericea or Chinese--Lespedeza cuneata
(Dum.-Cours.) G. Don
Lespedeza, Siberian--Lespedeza juncea (L. f.) Pers.
Lespedeza, striate--Kummerowia striata (Thunb.) Schindler
Lovegrass, sand--Eragrostis trichodes (Nutt.) Wood
Lovegrass, weeping--Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees
Lupine, blue--Lupinus angustifolius L.
Lupine, white--Lupinus albus L.
Lupine, yellow--Lupinus luteus L.
Manilagrass--Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.
Meadow foxtail--Alopecurus pratensis L.
Medic, black--Medicago lupulina L.
Milkvetch or cicer milkvetch--Astragalus cicer L.
Millet, browntop--Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf
Millet, foxtail--Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.
Millet, Japanese--Echinochloa frumentacea Link
Millet, pearl--Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.
Millet, proso--Panicum miliaceum L.
Molassesgrass--Melinis minutiflora Beauv.
Mustard, black--Brassica nigra (L.) Koch
Mustard, India--Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. and Coss.
Mustard, white--Sinapis alba L.
Napiergrass--Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.
Needlegrass, green--Stipa viridula Trin.
Oat--Avena byzantina C. Koch, A. sativa L., A. nuda L.
Oatgrass, tall--Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) J.S. Presl and K.B. Presl
Orchardgrass--Dactylis glomerata L.
Panicgrass, blue--Panicum antidotale Retz.
Panicgrass, green--Panicum maximum Jacq. var. trichoglume Robyns
Pea, field--Pisum sativum L.
Peanut--Arachis hypogaea L.
Poa trivialis--(see Bluegrass, rough)
Rape, annual--Brassica napus L. var. annua Koch
Rape, bird--Brassica rapa L. subsp. rapa
Rape, turnip--Brassica rapa L. subsp. silvestris (Lam.) Janchen
Rape, winter--Brassica napus L. var. biennis (Schubl. and Mart.)
Reichb.
Redtop--Agrostis gigantea Roth
Rescuegrass--Bromus catharticus Vahl
Rhodesgrass--Chloris gayana Kunth
Rice--Oryza sativa L.
Ricegrass, Indian--Oryzopsis hymenoides (Roem. and Schult.) Ricker
Roughpea--Lathyrus hirsutus L.
Rye--Secale cereale L.
Rye, mountain--Secale strictum (K.B. Presl) K.B. Presl subsp.
strictum
Ryegrass, annual or Italian--Lolium multiflorum Lam.
Ryegrass, intermediate--Lolium x hybridum Hausskn.
Ryegrass, perennial--Lolium perenne L.
Ryegrass, Wimmera--Lolium rigidum Gaud.
Safflower--Carthamus tinctorius L.
Sagewort, Louisiana--Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.
Sainfoin--Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.
Saltbush, fourwing--Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.
Sesame--Sesamum indicum L.
Sesbania--Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) A.W. Hill
Smilo--Piptatherum miliaceum (L.) Coss
Sorghum--Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench
Sorghum almum--Sorghum x almum L. Parodi
Sorghum-sudangrass--Sorghum x drummondii (Steud.) Millsp. and Chase
Sorgrass--Rhizomatous derivatives of a johnsongrass x sorghum cross
or a johnsongrass x sudangrass cross
Southernpea--(See Cowpea)
Sourclover--Melilotus indicus (L.) All.
Soybean--Glycine max (L.) Merr.
Spelt--Triticum spelta L.
Sudangrass--Sorghum x drummondii (Steud.) Millsp. and Chase
Sunflower--Helianthus annuus L.
Sweetclover, white--Melilotus albus Medik.
Sweetclover, yellow--Melilotus officinalis Lam.
Sweet vernalgrass--Anthoxanthum odoratum L.
Sweetvetch, northern--Hedysarum boreale Nutt.
Switchgrass--Panicum virgatum L.
Timothy--Phleum pratense L.
Timothy, turf--Phleum bertolonii DC.
Tobacco--Nicotiana tabacum L.
Trefoil, big--Lotus uliginosus Schk.
Trefoil, birdsfoot--Lotus corniculatus L.
Triticale--x Triticosecale Wittm. (Secale x Triticum)
Vaseygrass--Paspalum urvillei Steud.
Veldtgrass--Ehrharta calycina J.E. Smith
Velvetbean--Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. utilis (Wight) Burck
Velvetgrass--Holcus lanatus L.
Vetch, common--Vicia sativa L. subsp. sativa
Vetch, hairy--Vicia villosa Roth subsp. villosa
Vetch, Hungarian--Vicia pannonica Crantz
Vetch, monantha--Vicia articulata Hornem.
Vetch, narrowleaf or blackpod--Vicia sativa L. subsp. nigra (L.)
Ehrh.
Vetch, purple--Vicia benghalensis L.
Vetch, woollypod or winter--Vicia villosa Roth subsp. varia (Host)
Corb.
Wheat, common--Triticum aestivum L.
Wheat, club--Triticum compactum Host
Wheat, durum--Triticum durum Desf.
Wheat, Polish--Triticum polonicum L.
Wheat, poulard--Triticum turgidum L.
Wheat x Agrotricum--Triticum x Agrotriticum
Wheatgrass, beardless--Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) A. Love
Wheatgrass, crested or fairway crested--Agropyron cristatum (L.)
Gaertn.
Wheatgrass, crested or standard crested--Agropyron desertorum (Link)
Schult.
Wheatgrass, intermediate--Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski subsp.
intermedia
Wheatgrass, pubescent--Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski subsp.
intermedia
Wheatgrass, Siberian--Agropyron fragile (Roth) Candargy subsp.
sibiricum (Willd.) Meld.
Wheatgrass, slender--Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Shinn.
Wheatgrass, streambank--Elymus lanceolatus (Scribn. and J.G. Smith)
Gould subsp. lanceolatus
Wheatgrass, tall--Elytrigia elongata (Host) Nevski
Wheatgrass, western--Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. Love
Wildrye, basin--Leymus cinereus (Scribn. and Merr.) A. Love
Wildrye, Canada--Elymus canadensis L.
Wildrye, Russian--Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski
Zoysia japonica--(see Japanese
lawngrass)
Zoysia matrella--(see Manilagrass)
(i) Vegetable seeds. The term ``vegetable seeds'' means the seeds
of the following kinds that are or may be grown in gardens or on truck
farms and are or may be generally known and sold under the name of
vegetable seeds:
Artichoke--Cynara cardunculus L. subsp. cardunculus
Asparagus--Asparagus officinalis Baker
Asparagusbean or yard-long bean--Vigna unguiculata (L.)
Walp. subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc.
Bean, garden--Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Bean, lima--Phaseolus lunatus L.
Bean, runner or scarlet runner--Phaseolus coccineus L.
Beet--Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris
Broadbean--Vicia faba L.
Broccoli--Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.
Brussels sprouts--Brassica oleracea L. var. gemmifera DC.
Burdock, great--Arctium lappa L.
Cabbage--Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.
Cabbage, Chinese--Brassica rapa L. subsp. pekinensis (Lour.) Hanelt
Cabbage, tronchuda--Brassica oleracea L. var. costata DC.
Cantaloupe--(see Melon)
Cardoon--Cynara cardunculus L. subsp. cardunculus
Carrot--Daucus carota L. subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.
Cauliflower--Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.
Celeriac--Apium graveolens L. var. rapaceum (Mill.) Gaud.
Celery--Apium graveolens L. var. dulce (Mill.) Pers.
Chard, Swiss--Beta vulgaris L. subsp. cicla (L.) Koch
Chicory--Cichorium intybus L.
Chives--Allium schoenoprasum L.
Citron--Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai var. citroides
(Bailey) Mansf.
Collards--Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC.
Corn, sweet--Zea mays L.
Cornsalad--Valerianella locusta (L.) Laterrade
Cowpea--Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. unguiculata
Cress, garden--Lepidium sativum L.
Cress, upland--Barbarea verna (Mill.) Asch.
Cress, water--Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek
Cucumber--Cucumis sativus L.
Dandelion--Taraxacum officinale Wigg.
Dill--Anethum graveolens L.
Eggplant--Solanum melongena L.
Endive--Cichorium endivia L.
Gherkin, West India--Cucumis anguria L.
Kale--Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC.
Kale, Chinese--Brassica oleracea L. var. alboglabra (Bailey) Musil
Kale, Siberian--Brassica napus L. var. pabularia (DC.) Reichb.
Kohlrabi--Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes L.
Leek--Allium porrum L.
Lettuce--Lactuca sativa L.
Melon--Cucumis melo L.
Muskmelon--(see Melon).
Mustard, India--Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. and Coss.
Mustard, spinach--Brassica perviridis (Bailey) Bailey
Okra--Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench
Onion--Allium cepa L.
Onion, Welsh--Allium fistulosum L.
Pak-choi--Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis (L.) Hanelt
Parsley--Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) A.W. Hill
Parsnip--Pastinaca sativa L.
Pea--Pisum sativum L.
Pepper--Capsicum spp.
Pe-tsai--(see Chinese cabbage).
Pumpkin--Cucurbita pepo L., C. moschata (Duchesne) Poiret, and C.
maxima Duchesne
Radish--Raphanus sativus L.
Rhubarb--Rheum rhabarbarum L.
Rutabaga--Brassica napus L. var. napobrassica (L.) Reichb.
Sage--Salvia officinalis L.
Salsify--Tragopogon porrifolius L.
Savory, summer--Satureja hortensis L.
Sorrel--Rumex acetosa L.
Southernpea--(see Cowpea).
Soybean--Glycine max (L.) Merr.
Spinach--Spinacia oleracea L.
Spinach, New Zealand--Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pall.) Ktze.
Squash--Cucurbita pepo L., C. moschata (Duchesne) Poiret, and C.
maxima Duchesne
Tomato--Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.
Tomato, husk--Physalis pubescens L.
Turnip--Brassica rapa L. subsp. rapa
Watermelon--Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai var.
lanatus
* * * * *
(q) Coated Seed. The term ``coated seed'' means any seed unit
covered with any substance that changes the size, shape, or weight of
the original seed. Seeds coated with ingredients such as, but not
limited to, rhizobia, dyes, and pesticides are excluded.
* * * * *
(ee) Certified seed. Certified seed is a class of certified seed
which is the progeny of Breeder, Foundation, or Registered seed, except
as provided in Sec. 201.70, and is produced and handled under
procedures established by the certifying agency, in accordance with
this part, for producing the Certified class of seed, for the purpose
of maintaining genetic purity and identity.
Sec. 201.3 [Amended]
3. Section 201.3 is amended by removing ``shall'' and adding in its
place ``may''.
Sec. 201.10 [Amended]
4. Section 201.10(a) is amended by removing the word ``hybrid''.
Sec. 201.13 [Amended]
5. Section 201.13 is amended by removing ``in'', the first time it
appears and adding in its place ``on''.
Sec. 201.17 [Amended]
6. Section 201.17 is amended by removing ``bermuda grass'' and
adding its place ``bermudagrass'' everywhere it appears.
Sec. 201.20 [Amended]
7. Section 201.20 is amended by removing ``for each kind or kind
and variety or kind and type or kind and hybrid'' and adding in its
place `` each kind, or kind and variety, or kind and type, or kind and
hybrid''.
8. In Sec. 201.22, paragraph (c) is revised to read as follows:
Sec. 201.22 Date of Test.
* * * * *
(c) The following kinds shall be tested within the indicated time
before interstate shipment:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Months
from test
Agricultural seeds and mixtures thereof date to
shipment
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bentgrass, Colonial.......................................... 15
Bentgrass, Creeping.......................................... 15
Bluegrass, Kentucky.......................................... 15
Fescue, Chewings............................................. 15
Fescue, Hard................................................. 15
Fescue, Red.................................................. 15
Fescue, Tall................................................. 15
Ryegrass, Annual............................................. 15
Ryegrass, Perennial.......................................... 15
------------------------------------------------------------------------
201.26 [Amended]
9. Section 201.26 is amended by removing ``is'' following the word
``pollination'' and adding in its place ``in''.
10. Section 201.31 is revised to read as follows:
Sec. 201.31 Germination standards for vegetable seeds in interstate
commerce.
The following germination standards for vegetable seeds in
interstate commerce, which shall be construed to include hard seed, are
determined and established under section 403(c) of the act:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percent
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Artichoke.................................................... 60
Asparagus.................................................... 70
Asparagusbean................................................ 75
Bean, garden................................................. 70
Bean, lima................................................... 70
Bean, runner................................................. 75
Beet......................................................... 65
Broadbean.................................................... 75
Broccoli..................................................... 75
Brussels sprouts............................................. 70
Burdock, great............................................... 60
Cabbage...................................................... 75
Cabbage, tronchuda........................................... 70
Cardoon...................................................... 60
Carrot....................................................... 55
Cauliflower.................................................. 75
Celeriac..................................................... 55
Celery....................................................... 55
Chard, Swiss................................................. 65
Chicory...................................................... 65
Chinese cabbage.............................................. 75
Chives....................................................... 50
Citron....................................................... 65
Collards..................................................... 80
Corn, sweet.................................................. 75
Cornsalad.................................................... 70
Cowpea....................................................... 75
Cress, garden................................................ 75
Cress, upland................................................ 60
Cress, water................................................. 40
Cucumber..................................................... 80
Dandelion.................................................... 60
Dill......................................................... 60
Eggplant..................................................... 60
Endive....................................................... 70
Kale......................................................... 75
Kale, Chinese................................................ 75
Kale, Siberian............................................... 75
Kohlrabi..................................................... 75
Leek......................................................... 60
Lettuce...................................................... 80
Melon........................................................ 75
Mustard, India............................................... 75
Mustard, spinach............................................. 75
Okra......................................................... 50
Onion........................................................ 70
Onion, Welsh................................................. 70
Pak-choi..................................................... 75
Parsley...................................................... 60
Parsnip...................................................... 60
Pea.......................................................... 80
Pepper....................................................... 55
Pumpkin...................................................... 75
Radish....................................................... 75
Rhubarb...................................................... 60
Rutabaga..................................................... 75
Sage......................................................... 60
Salsify...................................................... 75
Savory, summer............................................... 55
Sorrel....................................................... 65
Soybean...................................................... 75
Spinach...................................................... 60
Spinach, New Zealand......................................... 40
Squash....................................................... 75
Tomato....................................................... 75
Tomato, husk................................................. 50
Turnip....................................................... 80
Watermelon................................................... 70
------------------------------------------------------------------------
11. Section 201.34 is amended by revising paragraph (d)(5) and
reserving paragraph (e) to read as follows:
Sec. 201.34 Kind, variety, and type; treatment substances; designation
as hybrid.
* * * * *
(d) * * *
(5) Names of varieties which through broad general usage prior to
July 28, 1956 were recognized variety names, except for hybrid seed
corn, shall be considered variety names without regard to the
principles stated in paragraph (d)(2) of this section.
Sec. 201.36b [Amended]
* * * * *
(e) * * *
12. Section 201.36b, paragraph (b) is amended by removing ``pole''
and adding in its place ``(pole) garden''.
13. Section 201.36c, paragraph (c) is revised to read as follows:
Sec. 201.36c Hermetically-sealed containers.
* * * * *
(c) The seed in the container does not exceed the percentage of
moisture, on a wet weight basis, as listed below:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Agricultural seeds Percent
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Beet, field.................................................. 7.5
Beet, sugar.................................................. 7.5
Bluegrass, Kentucky.......................................... 6.0
Clover, crimson.............................................. 8.0
Fescue, red.................................................. 8.0
Mustard, India............................................... 5.0
Ryegrass, annual............................................. 8.0
Ryegrass, perennial.......................................... 8.0
All others................................................... 6.0
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vegetable seeds Percent
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bean, garden................................................. 7.0
Bean, lima................................................... 7.0
Beet......................................................... 7.5
Broccoli..................................................... 5.0
Brussels sprouts............................................. 5.0
Cabbage...................................................... 5.0
Cabbage, Chinese............................................. 5.0
Carrot....................................................... 7.0
Cauliflower.................................................. 5.0
Celeriac..................................................... 7.0
Celery....................................................... 7.0
Chard, Swiss................................................. 7.5
Chives....................................................... 6.5
Collards..................................................... 5.0
Corn, sweet.................................................. 8.0
Cucumber..................................................... 6.0
Eggplant..................................................... 6.0
Kale......................................................... 5.0
Kohlrabi..................................................... 5.0
Leek......................................................... 6.5
Lettuce...................................................... 5.5
Melon........................................................ 6.0
Mustard, India............................................... 5.0
Onion........................................................ 6.5
Onion, Welsh................................................. 6.5
Parsley...................................................... 6.5
Parsnip...................................................... 6.0
Pea.......................................................... 7.0
Pepper....................................................... 4.5
Pumpkin...................................................... 6.0
Radish....................................................... 5.0
Rutabaga..................................................... 5.0
Spinach...................................................... 8.0
Squash....................................................... 6.0
Tomato....................................................... 5.5
Turnip....................................................... 5.0
Watermelon................................................... 6.5
All others................................................... 6.0
------------------------------------------------------------------------
201.37 [Amended]
13. Section 201.37 is amended by removing ``Consumer and Marketing
Service'' and adding in its place ``Agricultural Marketing Service''.
14. In Sec. 201.43, paragraphs (a) through (e) are revised and a
new paragraph (g) is added to read as follows:
Sec. 201.43 Size of Sample
* * * * *
(a) Two ounces (57 grams) of grass seed not otherwise mentioned,
white or alsike clover, or seeds not larger than these.
(b) Five ounces (142 grams) of red or crimson clover, alfalfa,
lespedeza, ryegrass, bromegrass, millet, flax, rape, or seeds of
similar size.
(c) One pound (454 grams) of sudangrass, proso millet, hemp, or
seeds of similar size.
(d) Two pounds (907 grams) of cereals, sorghum, vetch, or seeds of
similar or larger size.
(e) Two quarts (2.2 liters) of screenings.
* * * * *
(g) Coated seed for a purity analysis shall consist of at least
7,500 seed units. Coated seed for noxious-weed seed examination shall
consist of at least 30,000 seed units. Coated seed for germination test
only shall consist of at least 1,000 seed units.
16. Section 201.44 is revised to read as follows:
Sec. 201.44 Forwarding samples.
Before being forwarded for analysis, test, or examination, the
containers of samples shall be properly sealed and identified in such
manner as may be prescribed by AMS. Samples of coated seed shall be
forwarded in firmly packed crush-proof and moisture-proof containers.
Sec. 201.45 [Amended]
17. In Sec. 201.45, paragraph (b) is amended by removing ``,''
after the words ``damaging large seeds'' and adding in its place ``and
coated seeds,''.
18. Section 201.46 is amended by adding a new paragraph (d) and
revising Table 1 to read as follows:
Sec. 201.46 Weight of working sample.
* * * * *
(d) Coated seed.
(1) Unmixed coated seed. Due to variation in the weight of coating
materials, the size or weight of the working sample shall be determined
separately for each lot. The weight of the working sample shall be
determined by weighing 100 completely coated units and calculating the
weight of 2,500 coated units for the purity analysis and 25,000 coated
units for the noxious-weed seed examination.
(2) Mixtures of coated seed. The working weight shall be determined
in the following manner:
(i) Calculate the weight of the working sample to be used for the
mixture under consideration as though the sample were not coated by
following paragraph (b) or (c) of this section.
(ii) Determine the amount of coating material on 100 coated units
by weighing the coated units. Remove the coating material using the
methods described in Secs. 201.51b (c) and (d). Calculate the
percentage of coating material using the following formulas:
Weight of coating material = weight of 100 coated units - weight of 100
de-coated units;
The percentage of coating material = weight of the coating material
divided by the weight of 100 coated units x 100%.
(iii) The weight of the working sample shall be the product of the
weight calculated in paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section multiplied by
100%, divided by 100% minus the percentage of coating material
calculated in paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section.
Table 1.--Weight of Working Sample
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Minimum
Minimum weight for Approximate
weight for noxious-weed number of
Name of seed purity seed seeds per
analysis examination gram
(grams) (grams)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Agricultural Seed
Agrotricum..................... 65 500 39
Alfalfa........................ 5 50 500
Alfilaria...................... 5 50 440
Alyceclover.................... 5 50 665
Bahiagrass:
Var. Pensacola............. 5 50 600
All other vars............. 7 50 365
Barley......................... 100 500 30
Barrelclover................... 10 100 250
Bean:
Adzuki..................... 200 500 11
Field...................... 500 500 4
Mung....................... 100 500 24
Beet, field.................... 50 500 55
Beet, sugar.................... 50 500 55
Beggarweed, Florida............ 5 50 440
Bentgrass:
Colonial................... 0.25 2.5 13,000
Creeping................... 0.25 2.5 13,515
Velvet..................... 0.25 2.5 18,180
Bermudagrass................... 1 10 3,930
Bermudagrass, giant............ 1 10 2,950
Bluegrass:
Annual..................... 1 10 2,635
Bulbous.................... 4 40 585
Canada..................... 0.5 5 5,050
Glaucantha................. 1 10 ...........
Kentucky................... 1 10 3,060
Nevada..................... 1 10 2,305
Rough...................... 0.5 5 4,610
Texas...................... 1 10 2,500
Wood....................... 0.5 5 4,330
Bluejoint...................... 0.5 5 8,461
Bluestem:
Big........................ 7 70 320
Little..................... 5 50 525
Sand....................... 10 100 215
Yellow..................... 1 10 1,945
Bottlebrush-squirreltail....... 9 90 300
Brome:
Field...................... 5 50 465
Meadow..................... 13 130 190
Mountain................... 20 200 140
Smooth..................... 7 70 315
Broomcorn...................... 40 400 60
Buckwheat...................... 50 500 45
Buffalograss:
(Burs)..................... 20 200 110
(Caryopses)................ 3 30 740
Buffelgrass:
(Fascicles)................ 6 66 365
(Caryopses)................ 2 20 1,940
Burclover, California:
(in bur)................... 50 500 ...........
(out of bur)............... 7 70 375
Burclover, spotted
(in bur)................... 50 500 50
(out of bur)............... 5 50 550
Burnet, little................. 25 250 110
Buttonclover................... 7 70 365
Canarygrass.................... 20 200 150
Canarygrass, reed.............. 2 20 1,185
Carpetgrass.................... 1 10 2,230
Castorbean..................... 500 500 5
Chess, soft.................... 5 50 555
Chickpea....................... 500 500 2
Clover:
Alsike..................... 2 20 1,500
Arrowleaf.................. 4 40 705
Berseem.................... 5 50 455
Cluster.................... 1 10 2,925
Crimson.................... 10 100 330
Kenya...................... 2 20
Ladino..................... 2 20 1,935
Lappa...................... 2 20 1,500
Large hop.................. 1 10 5,435
Persian.................... 2 20 1,415
Red........................ 5 50 600
Rose....................... 7 70 360
Small hop.................. 2 20 1,950
Strawberry................. 5 50 635
Sub........................ 25 250 120
White...................... 2 20 1,500
Corn:
Field...................... 500 500 3
Pop........................ 500 500 3
Cotton......................... 300 500 8
Cowpea......................... 300 500 8
Crambe......................... 25 250 ...........
Crested dogtail................ 2 20 1,900
Crotalaria:
Lance...................... 7 70 375
Showy...................... 25 250 80
Slenderleaf................ 10 100 205
Striped.................... 10 100 215
Sunn....................... 75 500 35
Crownvetch..................... 10 100 305
Dallisgrass.................... 4 40 620
Dichondra...................... 5 50 470
Dropseed, sand................. 0.25 2.5 12,345
Emmer.......................... 100 500 25
Fescue:
Chewings................... 3 30 900
Hair....................... 1 10 ...........
Hard....................... 2 20 1,305
Meadow..................... 5 50 495
Red........................ 3 30 900
Sheep...................... 2 20 1,165
Tall....................... 5 50 455
Flax........................... 15 150 180
Galletagrass:
(Other than caryopses)..... 10 100 260
(Caryopses)................ 5 50 580
Grama:
Blue....................... 2 20 1,595
Side-oats:
(Other than caryopses). 6 60 350
(Caryopses)............ 2 20 1,605
Guar........................... 75 500 35
Guineagrass.................... 2 20 2,205
Hardinggrass................... 3 30 750
Hemp........................... 50 500 45
Indiangrass, yellow............ 7 70 395
Indigo, hairy.................. 7 70 435
Japanese lawngrass............. 2 20 1,325
Johnsongrass................... 10 100 265
Kenaf.......................... 50 500 ...........
Kochia, forage................. 2 20 1,070
Kudzu.......................... 25 250 80
Lentil......................... 120 500 14-23
Lespedeza:
Korean..................... 5 50 525
Sericea.................... 3 30 820
Siberian................... 3 30 820
Striate.................... 5 50 750
Lovegrass, sand................ 1 10 3,585
Lovegrass, weeping............. 1 10 3,270
Lupine:
Blue....................... 500 500 7
White...................... 500 500 7
Yellow..................... 300 500 9
Manilagrass.................... 2 20 ...........
Meadow foxtail................. 3 30 893
Medic, black................... 5 50 585
Milkvetch...................... 9 90 270
Millet:
Browntop................... 8 80 315
Foxtail.................... 5 50 480
Japanese................... 9 90 315
Pearl...................... 15 150 180
Proso...................... 15 150 185
Molassesgrass.................. 0.5 5 7,750
Mustard:
Black...................... 2 20 1,255
India...................... 5 50 625
White...................... 15 150 160
Napiergrass.................... 5 50 ...........
Needlegrass, green............. 7 70 370
Oat............................ 75 500 35-50
Oatgrass, tall................. 6 60 417
Orchardgrass................... 3 30 945
Panicgrass, blue............... 2 20 1,370
Panicgrass, green.............. 2 20 1,305
Pea, field..................... 500 500 4
Peanut......................... 500 500 1-3
Rape:
Annual..................... 7 70 345
Bird....................... 7 70 425
Turnip..................... 5 50 535
Winter..................... 10 100 230
Redtop......................... 0.25 2.5 10,695
Rescuegrass.................... 20 200 115
Rhodesgrass.................... 1 10 4,725
Rice........................... 50 500 65
Ricegrass, Indian.............. 7 70 355
Roughpea....................... 75 500 40
Rye............................ 75 500 40
Rye, mountain.................. 28 280 90
Ryegrass:
Annual..................... 5 50 420
Intermediate............... 8 80 338
Perennial.................. 5 50 530
Wimmera.................... 5 50 ...........
Safflower...................... 100 500 30
Sagewort, Louisiana............ 0.5 5 8,900
Sainfoin....................... 50 500 50
Saltbush, fourwing............. 15 150 165
Sesame......................... 7 70 360
Sesbania....................... 25 250 105
Smilo.......................... 2 20 2,010
Sorghum........................ 50 500 55
Sorghum almum.................. 15 150 150
Sorghum-sudangrass............. 65 500 38
Sorgrass1...................... 15 150 135
Sourclover..................... 5 50 660
Soybean........................ 500 500 6-13
Spelt.......................... 100 500 25
Sudangrass..................... 25 250 100
Sunflower...................... 100 500 ...........
Sweetclover:
White...................... 5 50 570
Yellow..................... 5 50 570
Sweet vernalgrass.............. 2 20 1,600
Sweetvetch, northern........... 19 190 130
Switchgrass.................... 4 40 570
Timothy........................ 1 10 2,565
Timothy, turf.................. 1 10 2,565
Tobacco........................ 0.5 5 15,625
Trefoil:
Big........................ 2 20 1,945
Birdsfoot.................. 3 30 815
Triticale...................... 100 500 ...........
Vaseygrass..................... 3 30 970
Veldtgrass..................... 4 40 655
Velvetbean..................... 500 500 2
Velvetgrass.................... 1 10 3,360
Vetch:
Common..................... 150 500 19
Hairy...................... 75 500 35
Hungarian.................. 100 500 24
Monantha................... 100 500 ...........
Narrowleaf................. 50 500 60
Purple..................... 100 500 22
Woollypod.................. 100 500 25
Wheat:
Common..................... 100 500 25
Club....................... 100 500 25
Durum...................... 100 500 25
Polish..................... 100 500 25
Poulard.................... 100 500 25
Wheat x Agrotricum............. 65 500 38
Wheatgrass:
Beardless.................. 8 80 275
Fairway crested............ 4 40 685
Standard crested........... 5 50 425
Intermediate............... 15 150 175
Pubescent.................. 15 150 180
Siberian................... 5 50 ...........
Slender.................... 7 70 295
Streambank................. 10 50 370
Tall....................... 15 150 165
Western.................... 10 100 250
Wildrye:
Basin...................... 8 80 317
Canada..................... 11 110 190
Russian.................... 6 60 360
Vegetable Seed
Artichoke...................... 100 500 24
Asparagus...................... 100 500 25
Asparagusbean.................. 300 500 8
Bean:
Garden..................... 500 500 4
Lima....................... 500 500 2
Runner..................... 500 500 1
Beet........................... 50 300 60
Broadbean...................... 500 500 ...........
Broccoli....................... 10 50 315
Brussels sprouts............... 10 50 315
Burdock, great................. 15 150 ...........
Cabbage........................ 10 50 315
Cabbage, Chinese............... 5 50 635
Cabbage, tronchuda............. 10 100 ...........
Cardoon........................ 100 500 ...........
Carrot......................... 3 50 825
Cauliflower.................... 10 50 315
Celeriac....................... 1 25 2,520
Celery......................... 1 25 2,520
Chard, Swiss................... 50 300 60
Chicory........................ 3 50 940
Chives......................... 5 50 ...........
Citron......................... 200 500 11
Collards....................... 10 50 315
Corn, sweet.................... 500 500 ...........
Cornsalad:
Vars. Fullhearted and Dark
Green Fullhearted......... 5 50 ...........
All other vars............. 10 50 380
Cowpea......................... 300 500 8
Cress:
Garden..................... 5 50 425
Upland..................... 2 35 1,160
Water...................... 1 25 5,170
Cucumber....................... 75 500 40
Dandelion...................... 2 35 1,240
Dill........................... 3 50 800
Eggplant....................... 10 50 230
Endive......................... 3 50 940
Gherkin, West India............ 16 160 153
Kale........................... 10 50 315
Kale, Chinese.................. 10 50 ...........
Kale, Siberian................. 8 80 325
Kohlrabi....................... 10 50 315
Leek........................... 7 50 395
Lettuce........................ 3 50 890
Melon.......................... 50 500 45
Mustard, India................. 5 50 625
Mustard, spinach............... 5 50 535
Okra........................... 100 500 19
Onion.......................... 7 50 340
Onion, Welsh................... 10 50 ...........
Pak-choi....................... 5 50 635
Parsley........................ 5 50 650
Parsnip........................ 5 50 430
Pea............................ 500 500 3
Pepper......................... 15 150 165
Pumpkin........................ 500 500 5
Radish......................... 30 300 75
Rhubarb........................ 50 300 60
Rutabaga....................... 5 50 430
Sage........................... 25 150 120
Salsify........................ 50 300 65
Savory, summer................. 2 35 1,750
Sorrel......................... 2 35 1,080
Soybean........................ 500 500 6-13
Spinach........................ 25 150 100
Spinach, New Zealand........... 200 500 13
Squash......................... 200 500 14
Tomato......................... 5 50 405
Tomato, husk................... 2 35 1,240
Turnip......................... 5 50 535
Watermelon..................... 200 500 11
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1Rhizomatous derivatives of a johnsongrass x sorghum cross or a
johnsongrass x sudangrass cross.
19. Section 201.47 is amended by revising paragraph (e) and adding
a new paragraph (f) to read as follows:
Sec. 201.47 Separation.
* * * * *
(e) The Uniform Blowing Procedure described in Sec. 201.51a(a)
shall be used for the separation of pure seed and inert matter in seeds
of Kentucky bluegrass, Canada bluegrass, rough bluegrass, Pensacola
variety of bahiagrass, orchardgrass, side-oats grama, and blue grama.
(f) Procedures for purity analysis for coated seed are given in
Sec. 201.51b.
20. Section 201.47a is amended by revising paragraphs (b)(3),
(b)(4), and (g) to read as follows:
Sec. 201.47a Seed unit.
* * * * *
(b) * * *
(3) Entire spikelets in bahiagrass, bentgrasses, dallisgrass,
guineagrass, browntop millet, foxtail millet, proso millet,
panicgrasses, redtop, rice, switchgrass, and vaseygrass. Entire
spikelets which may have attached rachis segments, pedicels, and
sterile spikelets in big bluestem, little bluestem, sand bluestem,
yellow bluestem, bottlebrush-squirreltail, broomcorn, yellow
indiangrass, johnsongrass, sorghum, sorghum- sudangrass, sorghum almum,
sorgrass, and sudangrass;
(4) Spikelet groups:
(i) Spikelet groups that disarticulate as a unit in galletagrass;
(ii) Spikelet groups that disarticulate as units with attached
rachis and internodes bluestems, side-oats grama, and yellow
indiangrass;
* * * * *
(g) ``Seed balls'' or portions thereof in multigerm beets, and
fruits with accessory structures such as occur in other Chenopodiaceae
and New Zealand spinach. For forage kochia refer to Sec. 201.48(j) and
Sec. 201.51(a)(7).
21. In Sec. 201.48, paragraphs (g)(2), (g)(3), (h), and (i) are
revised and a new paragraph (j) is added to read as follows:
Sec. 201.48 Kind or variety considered pure seed.
* * * * *
(g) * * *
(2) The Uniform Blowing Procedure described in Sec. 201.51a(a)
shall be used to determine classification of florets into pure seed or
inert matter for Kentucky bluegrass, Canada bluegrass, rough bluegrass,
Pensacola variety of bahiagrass, side-oats grama, blue grama, and
orchardgrass.
(3) Special purity procedures for smooth brome, chewings fescue,
red fescue, orchardgrass, fairway crested wheatgrass, standard crested
wheatgrass, intermediate wheatgrass, pubescent wheatgrass, tall
wheatgrass, and western wheatgrass are listed in Sec. 201.51a(b).
* * * * *
(h) Seed units with nematode galls, fungal bodies (i.e. ergot,
other sclerotia, and smut) and spongy or corky caryopses that are
entirely enclosed within the seed unit. Refer to Sec. 201.51(c)(1) for
inert matter classification.
(i) Seed units of beet and other Chenopodiaceae, and New Zealand
spinach. Refer to Sec. 201.47a(g) and Sec. 201.51(a)(6) for definitions
of seed units and inert matter, respectively.
(j) Seed units of forage kochia that are retained on a 1 mm opening
square-hole sieve, when shaken for 30 seconds. For inert matter, refer
to Sec. 201.51(a)(7).
22. Section 201.49 is amended by revising paragraph (a) and
reserving paragraph (b) to read as follows:
Sec. 201.49 Other crop seed.
(a) Seeds of plants grown as crops (other than the kind(s) and
variety(ies) included in the pure seed) shall be considered other crop
seeds, unless recognized as weed seeds by applicable laws, or
regulations, or by general usage. All interpretations and definitions
for ``pure seed'' in Sec. 201.48 shall also apply in determining
whether seeds are ``other crop seed'' or ``inert matter'' with the
following two exceptions which may be applied as acceptable
alternatives:
(1) Uniform Blowing Procedure in Sec. 201.51a(a) for kinds listed
in Sec. 201.47(e) may be disregarded. If disregarded, all seed units
(as defined in Sec. 201.47a) for these kinds found in the working
sample shall be manually separated into pure seed and inert matter.
Only units containing at least one caryopsis with some degree of
endosperm development which can be detected either by slight pressure
or by examination over light are considered other crop seed.
(2) Multiple Unit Procedure in Sec. 201.51a(b) for kinds listed in
Sec. 201.48(g)(3) may be disregarded. If disregarded, all multiple
units and single units (as defined in Sec. 201.51a(b)) for these kinds
found in the working sample shall be manually separated into single
florets. Each floret containing a caryopsis with some degree of
endosperm development, which can be detected either by slight pressure
or examination over light, is considered other crop seed. Empty florets
and glumes, if present, are considered inert matter. Refer to
Sec. 201.51(a)(4).
(b) [Reserved]
23. In Sec. 201.50, paragraph (c) is revised to read as follows:
Sec. 201.50 Weed seed.
* * * * *
(c) Wild onion and wild garlic (Allium spp.) bulblets that have any
part of the husk remaining and are not damaged at the basal end are
considered weed seeds regardless of size. Bulblets that are completely
devoid of husk, and are not damaged at the basal end, and are retained
by a \1/13\-inch (1.9 mm) round-hole sieve are considered weed seeds.
For wild onion and wild garlic (Allium spp.) bulblets classed as inert
matter, refer to Sec. 201.51(b)(5).
24. In Sec. 201.51, paragraphs (a)(5), (a)(6), and (c)(2) are
revised and new paragraphs (a)(7), (a)(8), and (c)(3) are added to read
as follows:
Sec. 201.51 Inert matter.
(a) * * *
(5) Seed units with nematode galls or fungal bodies (smut, ergot,
and other sclerotia) that are not entirely enclosed within the seed
unit. Refer to Sec. 201.48(h) for pure seed classification.
(6) Broken seed units of Chenopodiaceae and fruit portions or
fragments of monogerm beets, New Zealand spinach, buffalograss, and
families in which the seed unit is a dry indehiscent one-seeded fruit
that visibly do not contain a seed. Refer to Sec. 201.48 (f), (g)(1),
(i), and (j) for pure seed classification.
(7) Seed units of forage kochia that pass through a 1 mm opening,
square-hole sieve, when shaken for 30 seconds.
(8) The thin pericarp (fruit wall), if present on seeds of northern
sweetvetch.
* * * * *
(c) * * *
(2) Soil particles, sand, stone, chaff, stems, leaves, flowers,
loose coating material, and any other foreign material.
(3) Coating material removed from coated seed by washing. Refer to
Sec. 201.51b(c).
25. Section Sec. 201.51a is revised to read as follows:
Sec. 201.51a Special procedures for purity analysis.
(a) The Uniform Blowing Procedure shall be used for the separation
of pure seed and inert matter in the following: Kentucky bluegrass,
Canada bluegrass, rough bluegrass, Pensacola variety of bahiagrass,
orchardgrass, blue grama, and side-oats grama.
(1) When kinds listed in this section appear in mixtures they shall
be separated from other kinds before using the Uniform Blowing
Procedure.
(2) To determine the blowing point for these procedures, individual
calibration samples for Kentucky bluegrass, orchardgrass, and Pensacola
variety of bahiagrass shall be used. The calibration sample for
Kentucky bluegrass shall be used for Canada bluegrass, rough bluegrass,
blue grama, and side-oats grama.
(i) The blowing point for Canada bluegrass shall be the same as the
blowing point determined for Kentucky bluegrass.
(ii) The blowing point for rough bluegrass shall be a factor of
0.82 (82 percent) of the blowing point determined for Kentucky
bluegrass. The 0.82 factor is restricted to the General-type seed
blower.
(iii) The blowing point for blue grama shall be a factor of 1.157
of the blowing point determined for Kentucky bluegrass. Before blowing,
extraneous material that will interfere with the blowing process shall
be removed. The sample to be blown shall be divided into four
approximately equal parts and each blown separately. The 1.157 factor
is restricted to the General-type seed blower.
(iv) The blowing point for side-oats grama shall be a factor of
1.480 of the blowing point determined for Kentucky bluegrass. Before
blowing, extraneous material that will interfere with the blowing
process shall be removed. The sample to be blown shall be divided into
four approximately equal parts and each part blown separately. The
1.480 factor is restricted to the General-type seed blower.
(3) Calibration samples and instructions are available on loan
through the Seed Regulatory and Testing Branch, LS, AMS, Building 306,
Room 213, Beltsville, Maryland 20705.
(4) The calibration samples shall be used to establish a blowing
point prior to proceeding with the separation of pure seed and inert
matter for these kinds. After completing the blowing procedure, remove
all weed and other crop seeds from the light portion and add these to
the weed or other crop separation, as appropriate. The remainder of the
light portion shall be considered inert matter. Remove all weed and
other crop seeds and other inert matter (stems, leaves, dirt) from the
heavy portion and add these to the weed seed, other crop seed, or inert
matter separations, as appropriate. The remainder of the heavy portion
shall be considered pure seed.
(5) With orchardgrass, after the blowing, proceed with the multiple
unit procedure.
(b) The Multiple Unit Procedure of determining the pure seed
fraction shall be used only for the kinds included in the following
table when multiple units are present in a sample. These methods are
applicable to the kinds listed when they occur in mixtures or singly.
Any single unit without attached structures, as described below, shall
be considered a single unit. Multiple units and single units for the
kinds listed shall remain intact. The attached glumes and fertile or
sterile florets shall not be removed from the fertile floret.
(1) A multiple unit is a seed unit that includes one or more
structures as follows (the length of the awn shall be disregarded when
determining the length of a fertile floret or an attached structure):
(i) An attached sterile or fertile floret that extends to or beyond
the tip of a fertile floret;
(ii) A fertile floret with basally attached glume, glumes, or
basally attached sterile floret of any length;
(iii) A fertile floret with two or more attached sterile and/or
fertile florets of any length.
(2) Procedure for determination of multiple units:
(i) For the single kind: determine the percentage of single units
present, based on the total weight of single units and multiple units.
Apply the appropriate factor, as determined from the following table,
to the weight of the multiple units and add that portion of the
multiple unit weight to the weight of the single units. The remaining
multiple unit weight shall be added to the weight of the inert matter.
(ii) For mixtures that include one or more of the kinds in the
following table, determine the percentage of single units, based on the
total weight of single units and multiple units, for each kind. Apply
the appropriate factor as determined from the following table, to the
weight of multiple units of each kind.
Table of Factors To Apply to Multiple Unitsa
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pubes-
Chewings Red Orchard- Crested cent Intermediate Tall Western Smooth
Percent of single units of each kind fescue fescue grass wheat- wheat- wheat-grass wheat- wheat- brome
grassb grass grassc grassc
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50 or below........................................... 91 80 80 70 66 72 -- -- 72
50.01-55.00........................................... 91 81 81 72 67 74 -- -- 74
55.01-60.00........................................... 91 82 81 73 67 75 -- -- 75
60.01-65.00........................................... 91 83 82 74 67 76 -- -- 76
65.01-70.00........................................... 91 84 82 75 68 77 -- 60 78
70.01-75.00........................................... 91 86 82 76 68 78 -- 66 79
75.01-80.00........................................... 91 87 83 77 69 79 50 67 81
80.01-85.00........................................... 91 88 83 78 69 80 55 68 82
85.01-90.00........................................... 91 89 83 79 69 81 65 70 83
90.01-100.00.......................................... 91 90 84 79 70 82 70 74 85
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
aThe factors represent the percentages of the multiple unit weights which are considered pure seed. The remaining percentage is regarded as inert
matter.
bIncludes both standard crested wheatgrass and fairway crested wheatgrass.
cDashes in table indicate that no factors are available at the levels shown.
26. New Sec. 201.51b is added to read as follows:
Sec. 201.51b Purity procedures for coated seed.
(a) The working sample for coated seed is obtained as described in
Sec. 201.46(d) (1) and (2), and weighed in grams to four significant
figures.
(b) Any loose coating material shall be sieved, weighed, and
included with the inert matter component.
(c) Coating material is removed from the seed by washing with water
or other solvents such as, but not limited to, dilute sodium hydroxide
(NaOH). Use of fine mesh sieves is recommended for this procedure, and
stirring or shaking the coated units may be necessary to obtain de-
coated seed.
(d) Spread de-coated seed on blotters or filter paper in a shallow
container. Air dry overnight at room temperature.
(e) Separation of component parts:
(1) Kind or variety considered pure seed.
(2) Other crop seed.
(3) Inert matter.
(4) Weed seed.
(f) The de-coated seed shall be separated into four components in
accordance with Secs. 201.48 through 201.51. Secs. 201.51a (a) and (b)
shall not be followed. The weight of the coating material is determined
by subtracting the sum of the weights of the other four components from
the original weight of the working sample. The percentage of coating
material shall be included with the inert matter percentage. Calculate
percentages of all components based on the original weight of the
working sample (see paragraph (a) of this section).
27. Section 201.52 is revised to read as follows:
Sec. 201.52 Noxious-weed seeds.
(a) The determination of the number of seeds, bulblets, or tubers
of individual noxious weeds present per unit weight should be made on
at least the minimum quantities listed in Sec. 201.46 Table 1:
Provided, That if the following indicated numbers of a single kind of
seed, bulblet, or tuber are found in the pure seed analysis (or
noxious-weed seed examination of a like amount) the occurrence of that
kind in the remainder of the bulk examined for noxious-weed seeds need
not be noted: \1/2\-gram purity working sample, 16 or more seeds; 1-
gram purity working sample, 23 or more seeds; 2-gram purity working
sample or larger, 30 or more seeds. The seeds per unit weight shall be
based on the number of single seeds. The number of individual seeds
shall be determined in burs of sandbur (Cenchrus spp.) and cocklebur
(Xanthium spp.); in capsules of dodder (Cuscuta spp.); in berries of
groundcherry, horsenettle, and nightshade (Solanaceae); and in the
fruits of other noxious weeds that contain more than one seed. Refer to
Secs. 201.50 and 201.51(b)(4) for the classification of weed seeds and
inert matter, respectively.
(b) A noxious-weed seed examination of coated seed samples shall be
made by examining approximately 25,000 units obtained in accordance
with Sec. 201.46(d) and which have been de-coated by the method
described in Sec. 201.51b(c).
28. Section 201.54 is revised to read as follows:
Sec. 201.54 Number of seeds for germination.
At least 400 seeds shall be tested for germination; except that in
mixtures, 200 seeds of each of those kinds present to the extent of 15
percent or less may be used in lieu of 400, in which case an additional
2 percent is to be added to the regular germination tolerances. The
seeds shall be tested in replicate tests of 100 seeds or less.
29. In Sec. 201.56, paragraphs (a) and (e) are revised to read as
follows:
Sec. 201.56 Interpretation.
(a) A seed shall be considered to have germinated when it has
developed those essential structures which, for the kind of seed under
consideration, are indicative of its ability to produce a normal plant
under favorable conditions. In general, the following are considered to
be essential structures necessary for the continued development of the
seedling (although some structures may not be visible in all kinds at
the time of seedling evaluation). Seedlings possessing these essential
structures are referred to as normal seedlings: Root system (consisting
of primary, secondary, seminal, or adventitious roots); hypocotyl;
epicotyl; cotyledon(s); terminal bud; primary leaves; and coleoptile
and mesocotyl (in the grass family). Abnormal seedlings consist of
those with defects to these structures, as described in the abnormal
seedling descriptions, and are judged to be incapable of continued
growth. The seedling descriptions assume that test conditions were
adequate to allow proper assessment of the essential seedling
structures.
* * * * *
(e) Standard guides for seedling interpretation shall include the
following descriptions for specific kinds and groups. The ``General
Description'' for each group of crop kinds describes a seedling without
defects. While such a seedling is clearly normal, seedlings with some
defects may also be classified as normal, provided the defects do not
impair the functioning of the structure. The ``Abnormal seedling
description'' is to be followed when judging the severity of defects.
30. Sections 201.56-1 through 201.56-12 are revised to read as
follows:
Sec. 201.56-1 Goosefoot family, Chenopodiaceae, and Carpetweed family,
Aizoaceae.
Kinds of seed: Beet, Swiss chard, fourwing saltbush, spinach, New
Zealand spinach, and forage kochia.
(a) General description.
(1) Germination habit: Epigeal dicot.
(2) Food reserves: Leaf-like cotyledons and perisperm.
(3) Shoot system: The hypocotyl elongates carrying the cotyledons
above the soil surface. The epicotyl usually does not show any
development within the test period.
(4) Root system: A primary root; secondary roots may develop within
the test period.
(5) Seedling: Frequent counts should be made on multigerm beet
since the growing seedlings will separate from the cluster making it
difficult to identify the source. Any cluster which produces at least
one normal seedling is classified as normal; only one normal seedling
per cluster is to be counted (see Sec. 201.56(d)). Toxic substances
from the clusters of beet and Swiss chard may cause discoloring of the
hypocotyl and/or root. Seedlings which are slightly discolored are to
be classified as normal; however, if there is excessive discoloration,
retest by the method in Sec. 201.58(b)(3).
(b) Abnormal seedling description.
(1) Cotyledons:
(i) Less than half of the original cotyledon tissue remaining
attached.
(ii) Less than half of the original cotyledon tissue free of
necrosis or decay.
(2) Epicotyl:
(i) Missing. (May be assumed to be present if cotyledons are
intact.)
(3) Hypocotyl:
(i) Deep open cracks extending into the conducting tissue.
(ii) Malformed, such as markedly shortened, curled, or thickened.
(iii) Watery.
(4) Root:
(i) None.
(ii) Weak, stubby, or missing primary root with weak secondary or
adventitious roots.
(iii) For discolored roots of beet and Swiss chard, see
Sec. 201.58(b)(3).
(5) Seedling:
(i) One or more essential structures impaired as a result of decay
from primary infection. (For discolored seedlings of beet and Swiss
chard, see Sec. 201.58(b)(3).)
(ii) Albino.
Sec. 201.56-2 Sunflower family, Asteraceae (Compositae).
Kinds of seed: Artichoke, cardoon, chicory, dandelion, endive,
great burdock, lettuce, safflower, salsify, Louisiana sagewort, and
sunflower.
(a) Lettuce.
(1) General description.
(i) Germination habit: Epigeal dicot.
(ii) Food reserves: Cotyledons which expand and become thin, leaf-
like, and photosynthetic. The cotyledons of some varieties develop
elongated petioles.
(iii) Shoot system: The hypocotyl elongates and carries the
cotyledons above the soil surface. The epicotyl usually does not show
any development within the test period.
(iv) Root system: A long primary root.
(v) Seedling: The interpretations of lettuce seedlings are made
only at the end of the test period.
(2) Abnormal seedling description.
(i) Cotyledons:
(A) Less than half of the original cotyledon tissue remaining
attached.
(B) Less than half of the original cotyledon tissue free of
necrosis or decay. (Remove attached seed coat for evaluation of
cotyledons. Physiological necrosis is manifested by discolored areas on
the cotyledons and should not be confused with natural pigmentation of
some lettuce varieties.)
(ii) Epicotyl:
(A) Missing. (May be assumed to be present if cotyledons are
intact.)
(B) Any degree of necrosis or decay.
(iii) Hypocotyl:
(A) Deep open cracks extending into the conducting tissue.
(B) Severely twisted or grainy.
(C) Watery.
(iv) Root:
(A) Stubby or missing primary root. (Secondary roots will not
compensate for a defective primary root.)
(B) Primary root tip blunt, swollen, or discolored. (Toxic
materials in the substratum may cause short, blunt roots; see
Sec. 201.58(a)(9).)
(C) Primary root with splits or lesions.
(v) Seedling:
(A) Swollen cotyledons associated with extremely short or vestigial
hypocotyl and root.
(B) One or more essential structures impaired as a result of decay
from primary infection.
(C) Albino.
(b) Other kinds in the sunflower family: Artichoke, cardoon,
chicory, dandelion, endive, great burdock, safflower, salsify,
Louisiana sagewort, and sunflower.
(1) General description.
(i) Germination habit: Epigeal dicot.
(ii) Food reserves: Cotyledons which expand and become thin, leaf-
like, and photosynthetic.
(iii) Shoot system: The hypocotyl elongates and carries the
cotyledons above the soil surface. The epicotyl usually does not show
any development within the test period.
(iv) Root system: A long primary root with secondary roots usually
developing within the test period.
(2) Abnormal seedling description.
(i) Cotyledons:
(A) Less than half of the original cotyledon tissue remaining
attached.
(B) Less than half of the original cotyledon tissue free of
necrosis or decay. (Remove any attached seed coats at the end of the
test period for evaluation of cotyledons.)
(ii) Epicotyl:
(A) Missing. (May be assumed to be present if cotyledons are
intact.)
(iii) Hypocotyl:
(A) Deep open cracks extending into the conducting tissue.
(B) Malformed, such as markedly shortened, curled, or thickened.
(C) Watery.
(iv) Root:
(A) None.
(B) Weak, stubby, or missing primary root with weak secondary or
adventitious roots. (Seedlings with roots bound within tough seed coats
should be left in the test until the final count to allow for
development.)
(v) Seedling:
(A) One or more essential structures impaired as a result of decay
from primary infection.
(B) Albino.
Sec. 201.56-3 Mustard family, Brassicaceae (Cruciferae).
Kinds of seed: Broccoli, brussels sprouts, cabbage, Chinese
cabbage, cauliflower, collards, garden cress, upland cress, water
cress, kale, Chinese kale, Siberian kale, kohlrabi, mustard, pakchoi,
radish, rape, rutabaga, and turnip.
(a) General description.
(1) Germination habit: Epigeal dicot.
(2) Food reserves: Cotyledons which expand and become thin, leaf-
like and photosynthetic. In Brassica, Sinapis, and Raphanus, the
cotyledons are bi-lobed and folded, with the outer cotyledon being
larger than the inner.
(3) Shoot system: The hypocotyl elongates and carries the
cotyledons above the soil surface; the epicotyl usually does not show
any development within the test period.
(4) Root system: A long primary root.
(b) Abnormal seedling description.
(1) Cotyledons:
(i) Decayed at point of attachment.
(ii) Less than half of the original cotyledon tissue remaining
attached.
(iii) Less than half of the original cotyledon tissue free of
necrosis or decay.
(2) Epicotyl:
(i) Missing. (May be assumed to be present if the cotyledons are
intact.)
(3) Hypocotyl:
(i) Deep open cracks extending into the conducting tissue.
(ii) Malformed, such as markedly shortened, curled, or thickened.
(iii) Watery.
(4) Root:
(i) Weak, stubby, or missing primary root. (Secondary roots will
not compensate for a defective root.)
(5) Seedling:
(i) One or more essential structures impaired as result of decay
from primary infection.
(ii) Albino.
Sec. 201.56-4 Cucurbit family, Cucurbitaceae.
Kinds of seed: Citron, cucumber, West India gherkin, melon,
pumpkin, squash, and watermelon.
(a) General description.
(1) Germination habit: Epigeal dicot.
(2) Food reserves: Cotyledons which are large and fleshy; they
expand, become photosynthetic, and usually persist beyond the seedling
stage.
(3) Shoot system: The hypocotyl elongates and the cotyledons are
pulled free of the seed coat, which often adheres to a peg-like
appendage at the base of the hypocotyl. The epicotyl usually does not
show any development within the test period.
(4) Root system: A long primary root with numerous secondary roots.
(b) Abnormal seedling description.
(1) Cotyledons:
(i) Less than half of the original cotyledon tissue remaining
attached.
(ii) Less than half of the original cotyledon tissue free of
necrosis or decay. (Remove any attached seed coats at the end of the
test period for evaluation of cotyledons.)
(2) Epicotyl:
(i) Missing. (May be assumed to be present if the cotyledons are
intact.)
(3) Hypocotyl:
(i) Deep open cracks extending into the conducting tissue.
(ii) Malformed, such as markedly shortened, curled, or thickened.
(4) Root:
(i) None.
(ii) Weak, stubby, or missing primary root, with less than two
strong secondary or adventitious roots.
(5) Seedling:
(i) One or more essential structures impaired as a result of decay
from primary infection.
(ii) Albino.
Sec. 201.56-5 Grass family, Poaceae (Gramineae).
Kinds of seed: Bentgrasses, bluegrasses, bluestems, bromes,
cereals, fescues, millets, orchardgrass, redtop, ryegrasses, sorghums,
timothy, turf timothy, wheatgrasses, and all other grasses listed in
Sec. 201.2(h).
(a) Cereals: Agrotricum, barley, oat, rye, mountain rye, wheat,
wheat x agrotricum, and triticale.
(1) General description.
(i) Germination habit: Hypogeal monocot.
(ii) Food reserves: Endosperm. The scutellum is a modified
cotyledon which is in direct contact with the endosperm. During
germination the scutellum remains inside the seed to absorb nutrients
from the endosperm and transfer them to the growing seedling.
(iii) Shoot system: The shoot consists of the coleoptile, leaves
enclosed in the coleoptile, and the mesocotyl. The coleoptile elongates
and pushes through the soil surface; the mesocotyl may elongate
depending on the variety and light intensity, but may not be
discernible. Splitting of the coleoptile occurs naturally as a result
of growth and emergence of the leaves.
(iv) Root system: A primary root and seminal roots. The primary
root is not readily distinguishable from the seminal roots; therefore,
all roots arising from the seed are referred to as seminal roots.
(2) Abnormal seedling description.
(i) Shoot:
(A) Missing.
(B) No leaf.
(C) Leaf extending less than halfway up into the coleoptile.
(D) Leaf extensively shredded or split.
(E) Spindly or watery.
(F) Grainy, spirally twisted, shredded, and weak.
(G) Deep open cracks in the mesocotyl.
(ii) Root:
(A) Less than one strong seminal root.
(iii) Seedling:
(A) Decayed at point of attachment to the scutellum.
(B) One or more essential structures impaired as a result of decay
from primary infection.
(C) Albino.
(D) Endosperm obviously detached from the root-shoot axis (e.g.
kernel lifted away by the growing shoot).
(E) Thickened and shortened roots and/or shoots.
(b) Rice.
(1) General description.
(i) Germination habit: Hypogeal monocot.
(ii) Food reserves: Endosperm. The scutellum is a modified
cotyledon which is in direct contact with the endosperm. During
germination the scutellum remains inside the seed to absorb nutrients
from the endosperm and transfer them to the growing seedling.
(iii) Shoot system: The shoot consists of the coleoptile, leaves
enclosed in the coleoptile, and the mesocotyl. The coleoptile elongates
and pushes through the soil or water surface; the mesocotyl may
elongate depending on the variety and environmental conditions.
Splitting of the coleoptile occurs naturally as a result of growth and
emergence of the leaves.
(iv) Root system: Strong primary root and seminal roots.
Adventitious roots may start to develop from the mesocotyl or
coleoptilar node within the test period. If the mesocotyl elongates,
the adventitious roots will be carried above the grain.
(2) Abnormal seedling description.
(i) Shoot:
(A) Missing.
(B) No leaf.
(C) Leaf extending less than halfway up into the coleoptile.
(D) Leaf extensively shredded or split.
(E) Spindly or watery.
(F) Deep open cracks in the mesocotyl.
(ii) Root:
(A) None.
(B) Weak primary root with insufficient seminal or adventitious
roots.
(iii) Seedling:
(A) Decayed at point of attachment to the scutellum.
(B) One or more essential structures impaired as a result of decay
from primary infection.
(C) Albino.
(c) Corn.
(1) General description.
(i) Germination habit: Hypogeal monocot.
(ii) Food reserves: Endosperm. The scutellum is a modified
cotyledon which is in direct contact with the endosperm. During
germination the scutellum remains inside the seed to absorb nutrients
from the endosperm and transfer them to the growing seedling.
(iii) Shoot system: The shoot consists of the coleoptile, leaves
enclosed in the coleoptile, and the mesocotyl. The coleoptile elongates
and pushes through the soil surface. The mesocotyl usually elongates.
Splitting of the coleoptile occurs naturally as a result of growth and
emergence of the leaves. A twisted and curled shoot bound by a tough
seed coat may be considered normal, provided the shoot is not decayed.
(iv) Root system: Strong primary root and seminal roots.
Adventitious roots may start to develop from the mesocotyl or
coleoptilar node within the test period.
(2) Abnormal seedling description.
(i) Shoot:
(A) Missing.
(B) Thickened and shortened.
(C) No leaf.
(D) Leaf extending less than halfway up into the coleoptile.
(E) Leaf extensively shredded or split.
(F) Spindly or watery.
(G) Deep open cracks in the mesocotyl.
(ii) Root:
(A) None.
(B) Weak, stubby, or missing primary root with weak seminal roots.
(iii) Seedling:
(A) Decayed at point of attachment to the scutellum.
(B) One or more essential structures impaired as a result of decay
from primary infection.
(C) Albino.
(d) Johnsongrass, sorghum, sorgrass, sorghum almum, sudangrass, and
sorghum-sudangrass.
(1) General description.
(i) Germination habit: Hypogeal monocot.
(ii) Food reserves: Endosperm. The scutellum is a modified
cotyledon which is in direct contact with endosperm. During germination
the scutellum remains inside the seed to absorb nutrients from the
endosperm and transfer them to the growing seedling.
(iii) Shoot system: The shoot consists of the coleoptile, leaves
enclosed in the coleoptile, and the mesocotyl. The coleoptile elongates
and pushes through the soil surface; the mesocotyl usually elongates.
Areas of natural, reddish pigmentation may develop on the mesocotyl and
coleoptile. Splitting of the coleoptile occurs naturally as a result of
growth and emergence of the leaves.
(iv) Root system: A long primary root, usually with secondary roots
developing within the test period. Adventitious roots may start to
develop from the mesocotyl or coleoptilar node within the test period.
Areas of natural, reddish pigmentation may develop on the root.
(2) Abnormal seedling description.
(i) Shoot:
(A) Missing.
(B) Thickened and shortened.
(C) No leaf.
(D) Leaf extending less than halfway up into the coleoptile.
(E) Leaf extensively shredded or split.
(F) Spindly or watery.
(G) Deep open cracks in the mesocotyl.
(ii) Root:
(A) None.
(B) Damaged or weak primary root with less than two strong
secondary roots.
(iii) Seedling:
(A) Decayed at point of attachment to the scutellum.
(B) One or more essential structures impaired as a result of decay
from primary infection.
(C) Albino.
(e) Grasses and millets.
(1) General description.
(i) Germination habit: Hypegeal monocot.
(ii) Food reserves: Endosperm. The scutellum is a modified
cotyledon which is in direct contact with the endosperm. During
germination the scutellum remains inside the seed to absorb nutrients
from the endosperm and transfer them to the growing seedling.
(iii) Shoot system: The shoot consists of the coleoptile, leaves
enclosed in the coleoptile, and the mesocotyl. The coleoptile elongates
and pushes through the soil surface. The mesocotyl may or may not
elongate significantly, depending on the kind. Splitting of the
coleoptile occurs naturally as a result of growth and emergence of the
leaves.
(iv) Root system: A long primary root. Secondary or adventitious
roots may develop within the test period. In certain kinds (e.g.
bermudagrass) the primary root may not be readily visible because it is
coiled inside the tightly fitting lemma and palea. At the time of
evaluation, the glumes should be removed and the root observed. Such
seedlings are classified as normal if the primary root has developed.
For Kentucky bluegrass, a primary root \1/16\ inch (1.6 mm) or more in
length is classified as normal.
(2) Abnormal seedling description.
(i) Shoot:
(A) Missing.
(B) Short, thick, and grainy.
(C) No leaf.
(D) Leaf extending less than halfway up into the coleoptile.
(E) Leaf extensively shredded or split.
(F) Spindly or watery.
(G) Deep open cracks in the mesocotyl.
(ii) Root:
(A) Missing or defective primary root even if other roots are
present.
(B) Spindly, stubby, or watery primary root.
(iii) Seedling:
(A) Decayed at point of attachment to the scutellum.
(B) One or more essential structures impaired as a result of decay
from primary infection.
(C) Albino.
(D) Yellow (when grown in light).
(E) Endosperm obviously detached from the root-shoot axis (e.g.
kernel lifted away by the growing shoot).
Sec. 201.56-6 Legume or pea family, Fabaceae (Leguminosae).
Kinds of seed: Alfalfa, alyceclover, asparagusbean, beans
(Phaseolus spp.), Florida beggarweed, black medic, broadbean,
burclovers, buttonclover, chickpea, clovers (Trifolium spp.), cowpea,
crotalarias, crownvetch, guar, hairy indigo, kudzu, lentil, lespedezas,
lupines, northern sweetvetch, peas, peanut, roughpea, sainfoin,
sesbania, sourclover, soybean, sweetclovers, trefoils, velvetbean, and
vetches.
(a) Field bean, garden bean, lima bean, mung bean, asparagusbean,
and cowpea.
(1) General description.
(i) Germination habit: Epigeal dicot.
(ii) Food reserves: Cotyledons which are large and fleshy.
(iii) Shoot system: The hypocotyl elongates and carries the
cotyledons above the soil surface. The epicotyl elongates, causing the
terminal bud to emerge from between the cotyledons; the primary leaves
expand rapidly.
(iv) Root system: A long primary root with secondary roots.
(2) Abnormal seedling description.
(i) Cotyledons:
(A) For garden bean (Phaseolus vulgaris in part), remove any
attached seed coats at the end of the test period for evaluation of
cotyledons:
(1) Less than half of the original cotyledon tissue remaining
attached.
(2) Less than half of the original cotyledon tissue free of
necrosis or decay.
(B) All other kinds:
(1) Both missing and the seedling generally weak.
(ii) Epicotyl:
(A) Missing.
(B) Deep open cracks.
(C) Malformed, such as markedly curled or thickened.
(D) Less than one primary leaf.
(E) Primary leaves too small in proportion to the rest of the
seedling, usually associated with visible defects of, or damage to, the
main stem of the epicotyl.
(F) Terminal bud missing or damaged. (If a few seedlings with total
or partial decay to the epicotyl are found, they may be classified as
normal, provided the hypocotyl and root are normal. The epicotyl on
such seedlings usually does not decay when grown in a fairly dry
environment and exposed to light. A retest, preferably in soil or sand,
will aid in interpretation of such seedlings.)
(iii) Hypocotyl:
(A) Deep open cracks extending into the conducting tissue. (A
healed break, sometimes referred to as a ``knee,'' is considered
normal.)
(B) Malformed, such as markedly shortened, curled, or thickened.
(Hypocotyl stunting or curling may be caused by seedling orientation or
constriction on or in the substratum.) (Hypocotyl collar rot is the
breakdown of hypocotyl tissue initially characterized by a watery
appearance and collapse of the hypocotyl below the cotyledonary node.
The area later becomes discolored, shrivelled, and necrotic. The
condition is caused by insufficient calcium available to the seedling.
If hypocotyl collar rot is observed on seedlings of garden bean, the
sample involved shall be retested in accordance with
Sec. 201.58(b)(12).)
(iv) Root:
(A) None.
(B) Weak, stubby, or missing primary root with weak secondary or
adventitious roots. (A root bound within a tough seed coat is
considered normal.)
(v) Seedling:
(A) One or more essential structures impaired as the result of
decay from primary infection. (Secondary infection is common in towel
and blotter tests. Some pathogens, such as Fusarium, Phomopsis, and
Rhizoctonia, can spread through the substratum and infect seedlings
some distance away from the primary source. Seedlings with secondary
infection are to be classified as normal. A retest in sand or soil may
be advisable.)
(B) Albino.
(b) Adzuki bean, broadbean, chickpea, field pea, lentil, pea,
roughpea, runner bean, velvetbean, and vetches.
(1) General description.
(i) Germination habit: Hypogeal dicot.
(ii) Food reserves: Cotyledons which are large and fleshy, and
remain enclosed within the seed coat beneath the soil surface. They are
usually not photosynthetic.
(iii) Shoot system: The epicotyl elongates and carries the terminal
bud and primary leaves above the soil surface. The stem bears one or
more scale leaves and, prior to emergence, is arched near the apex,
causing the terminal bud to be pulled through the soil; after
emergence, the stem straightens. For practical purposes, the hypocotyl
is not discernible and is not an evaluation factor. Buds in the axils
of each cotyledon and scale leaf usually remain dormant unless the
terminal bud is seriously damaged. In this case, one or more axillary
buds may start to develop into a shoot. If the axillary shoot is well-
developed, it may be considered normal.
(iv) Root system: A long primary root with secondary roots.
(2) Abnormal seedling description.
(i) Cotyledons:
(A) Less than half of the original tissue remaining attached.
(B) Less than half of the original tissue free of necrosis or
decay.
(ii) Epicotyl:
(A) Missing.
(B) Less than one primary leaf.
(C) Malformed such as markedly shortened, curled, or thickened.
(D) Severely damaged (e.g. terminal bud missing or damaged) with
only a weak shoot developing from the axil of a cotyledon or scale
leaf.
(E) Two weak and spindly shoots.
(F) Deep open cracks extending into the conducting tissue.
(iii) Root:
(A) None.
(B) Weak, stubby, or missing primary root with weak secondary
roots.
(iv) Seedlings:
(A) One or more essential structures impaired as a result of decay
from primary infection. (Secondary infection is common in towel and
blotter tests. Some pathogens can spread through the substratum and
infect seedlings some distance away from the primary source. Seedlings
with secondary infection are classified as normal. A retest in sand or
soil may be advisable.)
(B) Albino.
(c) Soybean and lupine.
(1) General description.
(i) Germination habit: Epigeal dicot.
(ii) Food reserves: Cotyledons, which are large and fleshy; they
expand and become photosynthetic.
(iii) Shoot system: The hypocotyl elongates and carries the
cotyledons above the soil surface. The primary leaves usually increase
in size and the epicotyl may elongate within the test period.
(iv) Root system: A long primary root with secondary roots.
(2) Abnormal seedling description.
(i) Cotyledons.
(A) Less than half of the original cotyledon tissue remaining
attached.
(B) Less than half of the original cotyledon tissue free of
necrosis or decay.
(ii) Epicotyl.
(A) Missing.
(B) Less than one primary leaf.
(C) Deep open cracks.
(D) Terminal bud damaged, missing, or decayed. (If a few seedlings
with partial decay of the epicotyl are found, they may be classified as
normal, provided the hypocotyl and root are normal. The epicotyl on
such seedlings usually does not decay when grown in a fairly dry
environment and is exposed to light. A retest, preferably in soil or
sand, will aid in interpretation of such seedlings.)
(iii) Hypocotyl:
(A) Deep open cracks extending into the conducting tissue.
(Adventitious roots may occur at the site of injury, particularly on
the hypocotyl and near the base of the cotyledons. The seedling is
classified as normal if the injury is healed over and other essential
structures are normal.)
(B) Malformed, such as markedly shortened, curled, or thickened.
(Hypocotyl development is slow until the roots start functioning.
Caution should be exercised to ensure slow seedlings are not classified
as abnormal. Hypocotyl stunting or curling also may be caused by
seedling orientation or constriction on or in the substratum.)
(iv) Root:
(A) None.
(B) Weak, stubby, or missing primary root with weak secondary or
adventitious roots. (Roots of seedlings on ``Kimpak'' with insufficient
moisture may not become established and hypocotyl elongation may appear
to be abnormal. There may be curling of the root and hypocotyl. When a
number of seedlings are observed with this condition, the sample should
be retested.)
(v) Seedlings:
(A) One or more essential structures impaired as a result of decay
from primary infection. (Secondary infection is common in towel and
blotter tests. Some pathogens, such as Fusarium, Phomopsis, and
Rhizoctonia, can spread through the substratum and infect seedlings
some distance away from the primary source. Seedlings with secondary
infection are to be classified as normal. A retest in sand or soil may
be advisable.)
(B) Albino.
(d) Peanut.
(1) General description.
(i) Germination habit: Epigeal dicot.
(ii) Food reserves: Cotyledons, which are large and fleshy.
(iii) Shoot system: The cotyledons are carried to the soil surface
by the hypocotyl which is very thick, narrowing abruptly at the root.
Elongation of the hypocotyl stops when the epicotyl is exposed to light
at the soil surface. The primary leaves are compound and usually expand
during the test period.
(iv) Root system: A long primary root with secondary roots.
Adventitious roots develop from the base of the hypocotyl if the
primary root is damaged.
(2) Abnormal seedling description.
(i) Cotyledons:
(A) Less than half of the original cotyledon tissue remaining
attached.
(B) Less than half of the original cotyledon tissue free of
necrosis or decay.
(ii) Epicotyl:
(A) Missing.
(B) Less than one primary leaf.
(C) Deep open cracks.
(D) Terminal bud damaged, missing, or decayed.
(iii) Hypocotyl:
(A) Deep open cracks extending into the conducting tissue.
(B) Malformed, such as markedly shortened or curled. (Hypocotyls
remain somewhat thickened and may appear to be stunted. Light, depth of
planting, and substratum moisture all contribute to the length of the
hypocotyl. Hypocotyl stunting or curling may be caused by seedling
orientation or constriction in the substratum. Seedlings planted in a
soil test with the radicle too close to the surface may send roots
above the soil and appear to exhibit negative geotropism and a
distorted, U-shaped hypocotyl.
(iv) Root:
(A) None.
(B) Weak, stubby, or missing primary root with weak secondary or
adventitious roots.
(v) Seedling:
(A) One or more essential structures impaired as a result of
primary infection.
(B) Albino.
(e) Alfalfa, alyceclover, Florida beggarweed, black medic,
burclovers, buttonclover, milkvetch, clovers, crotalarias, crownvetch,
guar, hairy indigo, kudzu, lespedezas, northern sweetvetch, sainfoin,
sesbania, sourclover, sweetclovers, and trefoils.
(1) General description.
(i) Germination habit: Epigeal dicot.
(ii) Food reserve: Cotyledons, which are small and fleshy; they
expand and become photosynthetic. The cotyledons of sub clover develop
elongated petioles.
(iii) Shoot system: The hypocotyl elongates and carries the
cotyledons above the soil surface. The epicotyl usually does not show
any development within the test period.
(iv) Root system: A long, tapering primary root, usually with root
hairs. Secondary roots may or may not develop within the test period,
depending on the kind.
(2) Abnormal seedling description.
(i) Cotyledons:
(A) Less than half of the original cotyledon tissue remaining
attached. (Breaks at the point of attachment of the cotyledons to the
hypocotyl are common in seeds which have been mechanically damaged. It
is important that seedlings not be removed during preliminary counts
unless development is sufficient to allow the conditions of the
cotyledons to be determined. If the point of attachment of the
cotyledons cannot be seen at the end of the test, the seed coat should
be peeled back to determine whether a break has occurred.)
(B) Less than half of the original cotyledon tissue free of
necrosis or decay.
(ii) Epicotyl:
(A) Missing. (May be assumed to be present if both cotyledons are
intact.)
(iii) Hypocotyl:
(A) Deep open cracks extending into the conducting tissue.
(B) Malformed, such as markedly shortened, curled, or thickened.
(Seedlings of sainfoin which have been constricted by growing through
the netting of the pod, but which are otherwise normal, are classified
as normal.)
(C) Weak and watery.
(iv) Root:
(A) None.
(B) Primary root stubby. (The roots of sweetclovers may be stubby
when grown on artificial substrata due to the presence of coumarin in
the seed; since this condition usually does not occur in soil, such
seedlings are classified as normal. Roots may appear stubby as a result
of being bound by the seed coat; such seedlings are classified as
normal. Crownvetch produces phytotoxic effects similar to
sweetclovers.)
(C) Split extending into the hypocotyl.
(v) Seedling:
(A) One or more essential structures impaired as a result of decay
from primary infection.
(B) Albino.
Sec. 201.56-7 Lily family, Liliaceae.
Kinds of seed: Asparagus, chives, leek, onion, and Welsh onion.
(a) Asparagus.
(1) General description.
(i) Germination habit: Hypogeal monocot.
(ii) Food reserves: Endosperm which is hard, semi- transparent, and
non-starchy; minor reserves in the cotyledon. The endosperm surrounds
the entire embryo.
(iii) Cotyledon: A single cylindrical cotyledon; following
germination, all but the basal end remains embedded in the endosperm to
absorb nutrients.
(iv) Shoot system: The epicotyl elongates and carries the terminal
bud above the soil surface. The epicotyl may bear several small scale
leaves. A short hypocotyl is barely distinguishable, joining the root
to the basal end of the cotyledon. More than one shoot may arise
simultaneously, and the seedling may be considered normal if at least
one shoot is well- developed and has a terminal growing point, provided
other essential structures are normal.
(v) Root system: A long slender primary root.
(2) Abnormal seedling description.
(i) Cotyledon:
(A) Detached from seedling.
(B) Deep open cracks at basal end.
(ii) Epicotyl:
(A) Missing.
(B) Terminal bud missing or damaged.
(C) Deep open cracks.
(D) Malformed, such as markedly shortened, curled, or thickened.
(E) Spindly.
(F) Watery.
(iii) Hypocotyl:
(A) Deep open cracks.
(iv) Root:
(A) No primary root.
(B) Stubby primary root with weak secondary roots.
(v) Seedling:
(A) One or more essential structures impaired as a result of decay
from primary infection.
(B) Albino.
(b) Chives, leek, onion, Welsh onion.
(1) General description.
(i) Germination habit: Epigeal monocot.
(ii) Food reserves: Endosperm which is hard, semi-transparent, and
non-starchy; minor reserves in the cotyledon.
(iii) Cotyledon: A single cylindrical cotyledon. The cotyledon
emerges with the seed coat and endosperm attached to the tip. A sharp
bend known as the ``knee'' forms; continued elongation of the cotyledon
on each side of this knee pushes it above the soil surface. The
cotyledon tip is pulled from the soil and straightens except for a
slight kink which remains at the site of the knee.
(iv) Shoot system: The first foliage leaf emerges through a slit
near the base of the cotyledon, but this does not usually occur during
the test period. The hypocotyl is a very short transitional zone
between the primary root and the cotyledon, and is not distinguishable
for purposes of seedling evaluation.
(v) Root system: A long slender primary root with adventitious
roots developing from the hypocotyl. The primary root does not develop
secondary roots.
(2) Abnormal seedling description.
(i) Cotyledon:
(A) Short and thick.
(B) Without a definite bend or ``knee''.
(C) Spindly or watery.
(ii) Epicotyl:
(A) Not observed during the test period.
(iii) Hypocotyl:
(A) Not evaluated.
(iv) Root:
(A) No primary root.
(B) Short, weak, or stubby primary root.
(v) Seedling:
(A) One or more essential structures impaired as a result of decay
from primary infection.
(B) Albino.
Sec. 201.56-8 Flax family, Linaceae.
Kind of seed: Flax.
(a) General description.
(1) Germination habit: Epigeal dicot. (Due to the mucilaginous
nature of the seed coat, seedlings germinated on blotters may adhere to
the blotter and appear to be negatively geotropic.)
(2) Food reserves: Cotyledons which expand and become
photosynthetic.
(3) Shoot system: The hypocotyl elongates carrying the cotyledons
above the soil surface. The epicotyl usually does not show any
development within the test period.
(4) Root system: A primary root, with secondary roots usually
developing within the test period.
(b) Abnormal seedling description.
(1) Cotyledons:
(i) Less than half of the original cotyledon tissue remaining
attached.
(ii) Less than half of the original cotyledon tissue free of
necrosis or decay.
(2) Epicotyl:
(i) Missing. (May be assumed to be present if cotyledons are
intact.)
(3) Hypocotyl:
(i) Deep open cracks extending into the conducting tissue.
(ii) Malformed, such as markedly shortened, curled, or thickened.
(4) Root:
(i) None.
(ii) Weak, stubby, or missing primary root with weak secondary or
adventitious roots.
(5) Seedling:
(i) One or more essential structures impaired as a result of decay
from primary infection.
(ii) Albino.
Sec. 201.56-9 Mallow family, Malvaceae.
Kinds of seed: Cotton, kenaf, and okra.
(a) General description.
(1) Germination habit: Epigeal dicot.
(2) Food reserve: Cotyledons, which are convoluted in the seed;
they expand and become thin, leaf-like, and photosynthetic.
(3) Shoot system: The hypocotyl elongates carrying the cotyledons
above the soil surface. The epicotyl usually does not show any
development within the test period. Areas of yellowish pigmentation may
develop on the hypocotyl in cotton.
(4) Root system: A primary root, with secondary roots usually
developing within the test period. Areas of yellowish pigmentation may
develop on the root in cotton.
(b) Abnormal seedling description.
(1) Cotyledons:
(i) Less than half of the original cotyledon tissue remaining
attached.
(ii) Less than half of the original cotyledon tissue free of
necrosis or decay. (Remove any attached seed coats at the end of the
test period for evaluation of cotyledons.)
(2) Epicotyl:
(i) Missing. (May be assumed to be present if both cotyledons are
intact.)
(3) Hypocotyl:
(i) Deep open cracks or grainy lesions extending into the
conducting tissue.
(ii) Malformed, such as markedly shortened, curled, or thickened.
(4) Root:
(i) None.
(ii) Weak, stubby, or missing primary root with weak secondary or
adventitious roots.
(5) Seedling:
(i) One or more essential structures impaired as a result of decay
from primary infection. (A cotton seedling with yellowish areas on the
root or hypocotyl is classified as normal, provided the cotyledons are
free of infection.)
(ii) Albino.
Sec. 201.56-10 Spurge family, Euphorbiaceae.
Kind of seed: Castorbean.
(a) General description.
(1) Germination habit: Epigeal dicot.
(2) Food reserves: Cotyledons, which are thin and leaf-like;
endosperm (fleshy food-storage organs) usually persisting in the
laboratory test.
(3) Shoot system: The hypocotyl lengthens, carrying the cotyledons,
endosperm, and epicotyl above the soil surface.
(4) Root system: A primary root, with secondary roots usually
developing within the test period.
(b) Abnormal seedling description.
(1) Cotyledons:
(i) Less than half of the original cotyledon tissue remaining
attached.
(ii) Less than half of the original cotyledon tissue free of
necrosis or decay.
(2) Endosperm:
(i) Missing.
(3) Epicotyl:
(i) Missing.
(ii) Damaged or missing terminal bud.
(4) Hypocotyl:
(i) Deep open cracks extending into the conducting tissue.
(ii) Malformed, such as markedly shortened, curled, or thickened.
(5) Root:
(i) None.
(ii) Weak, stubby, or missing primary root with weak secondary or
adventitious roots.
(6) Seedling:
(i) One or more essential structures impaired as a result of decay
from primary infection.
(ii) Albino.
Sec. 201.56-11 Knotweed family, Polygonaceae.
Kinds of seed: Buckwheat, rhubarb, and sorrel.
(a) General description.
(1) Germination habit: Epigeal dicot.
(2) Food reserves: Cotyledons, starchy endosperm.
(3) Shoot system: The hypocotyl elongates carrying the cotyledons
above the soil surface. The epicotyl usually does not show any
development within the test period.
(4) Root system: A primary root, with secondary roots developing
within the test period for some kinds.
(b) Abnormal seedling description.
(1) Cotyledons:
(i) Less than half of the original cotyledon tissue remaining
attached.
(ii) Less than half of the original cotyledon tissue free of
necrosis or decay.
(2) Epicotyl:
(i) Missing. (May be assumed to be present if cotyledons are
intact.)
(3) Hypocotyl:
(i) Deep open cracks or grainy lesions extending into the
conducting tissue.
(ii) Malformed, such as markedly shortened, curled, or thickened.
(iii) Watery.
(4) Root:
(i) None.
(ii) Weak, stubby, or missing primary root with weak secondary or
adventitious roots.
(5) Seedling:
(i) One or more essential structures impaired as a result of decay
from primary infection.
(ii) Albino.
Sec. 201.56-12 Miscellaneous plant families.
Kinds of seed by family:
Carrot family, Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)--carrot, celery, celeriac,
dill, parsley, parsnip;
Hemp family, Cannabaceae--hemp;
Dichondra family, Dichondraceae--dichondra;
Geranium family, Geraniaceae--alfilaria;
Mint family, Lamiaceae (Labiatae)--sage, summer savory; benne
family, Pedaliaceae--sesame;
Rose family, Rosaceae--little burnet;
Nightshade family, Solanaceae--eggplant, tomato, husk tomato,
pepper, tobacco; and
Valerian family, Valerianaceae--cornsalad.
(a) General description.
(1) Germination habit: Epigeal dicot.
(2) Food reserves: Cotyledons; endosperm may or may not be present,
depending on the kind.
(3) Shoot system: The hypocotyl elongates, carrying the cotyledons
above the soil surface. The epicotyl usually does not show any
development within the test period.
(4) Root system: A primary root; secondary roots may or may not
develop within the test period, depending on the kind.
(b) Abnormal seedling description.
(1) Cotyledons:
(i) Less than half of the original cotyledon tissue remaining
attached.
(ii) Less than half of the original cotyledon tissue free of
necrosis or decay.
(2) Epicotyl:
(i) Missing. (May be assumed to be present if the cotyledons are
intact.)
(3) Hypocotyl:
(i) Malformed, such as markedly shortened, curled, or thickened.
(ii) Deep open cracks extending into the conducting tissue.
(iii) Watery.
(4) Root:
(i) None.
(ii) Missing or stubby primary root with weak secondary or
adventitious roots.
(5) Seedling:
(i) One or more essential structures impaired as a result of decay
from primary infection.
(ii) Albino.
31. In Sec. 201.57a, paragraph (b) is revised and a new paragraph
(c) is added to read as follows:
Sec. 201.57a Dormant Seeds.
* * * * *
(b) The percentage of dormant seed, if present, shall be determined
in addition to the percentage of germination for the following kinds:
Bahiagrass, basin wildrye, big bluestem, little bluestem, sand
bluestem, yellow bluestem, bottlebrush-squirreltail, buffalograss,
buffelgrass, galletagrass, forage kochia, blue grama, side-oats grama,
Indian ricegrass, johnsongrass, sand lovegrass, weeping lovegrass,
mountain rye, sand dropseed, smilo, switchgrass, veldtgrass, western
wheatgrass, and yellow indiangrass.
(c) For green needlegrass, if the test result of method 2 is less
than the result of method 1, subtract the result of method 2 from
method 1 and report the difference as the percentage of dormant seed.
Refer to Sec. 201.58(b)(7).
32. Section 201.58 is amended by revising the introductory text,
paragraphs (a)(5), (b)(1) through (b)(4), adding a new paragraph
(b)(7); revising paragraphs (b)(10), (b)(12), Table 2, and adding a new
paragraph (c) to read as follows:
Sec. 201.58 Substrata, temperature, duration of test, and certain
other specific directions for testing for germination and hard seed.
Specific germination requirements are set forth in table 2 to which
the following paragraphs (a), (b), and (c) are applicable.
* * * * *
(a) * * *
(5) Prechill. The term ``prechill'' means a cold, moist treatment
applied to seeds to overcome dormancy prior to the germination test.
The prechill method varies among kinds, but is usually performed by
holding imbibed seeds at a low temperature for a specified period of
time. The prechill period is not included in the duration of tests
given in table 2, unless otherwise specified.
* * * * *
(b) * * *
(1) Alyceclover; swollen seeds. At the conclusion of the 21-day
test period, carefully pierce the seed coat with a sharp instrument and
continue the test for 5 additional days. Alternate method: The swollen
seeds may be placed at 20 deg. C for 48 hours and then at 35 deg. C for
3 additional days.
(2) Bahiagrass; removal of glumes. On all varieties except
``Pensacola,'' remove the enclosing structures (glumes, lemma, and
palea) from the caryopsis with the aid of a sharp scalpel. If the seed
is fresh or dormant, lightly scratch the surface of the caryopsis.
(3) Beet, Swiss chard; preparation of seed for test. Before the
seeds are placed on the germination substratum, they shall be soaked in
water for 2 hours, using at least 250 ml of water per 100 seeds, then
washed in running water and the excess water blotted off. The
temperature of the soaking and washing water should be no lower than
20 deg.C. Samples producing excessive discoloration of the hypocotyl or
root should be retested in soil or by washing in running water for 3
hours and testing on ``Kimpak,'' keeping the seed covered with slightly
moist blotters. Sugar beets may require 16 hours soaking in water at
25 deg.C, followed by rinsing and then drying for 2 hours at room
temperature.
(4) Buffelgrass; alternate method for dormant seed. The caryopses
shall be removed from the fascicles and placed on blotters moistened
with a 0.2 percent solution of KNO3, in petri dishes. The seeds
from a fascicle should be arranged so they will not be confused with
seeds from other fascicles during the test. The seeds are then
prechilled at 5 deg.C for 7 days and tested at 30 deg.C in light for 21
additional days. Firm ungerminated seeds remaining at the conclusion of
the test should be scratched lightly and left in test for 7 additional
days.
* * * * *
(7) Green needlegrass; two test methods as prescribed in table 2
shall be used on each sample:
(i) For method 1, acid scarify 400 seeds for 10 minutes in
concentrated sulfuric acid (95 to 98 percent H2SO4). Rinse
seeds and dry on blotters for 16 hours, then place seeds on blotters
moistened with a solution of 0.055 percent (500 ppm gibberellic acid
GA3) and 0.46 percent (3,000 ppm) thiram and germinate 14 days.
(ii) For method 2, plant 400 seeds on blotters moistened with a 0.2
percent solution of KNO3 and germinate 14 days. Refer to
Sec. 201.57a(c).
(iii) Report the results of method 2 as the percentage germination.
If the number in method 2 is less than method 1, subtract the results
of method 2 from method 1 and report the difference as dormant seed.
* * * * *
(10) Ryegrass; fluorescence test. The germination test for
fluorescence of ryegrass shall be conducted in light [not to exceed 100
foot candles (1,076 lux)] with white filter paper as the substratum.
The white filter paper should be nontoxic to the roots of ryegrass and
of a texture that will resist penetration of ryegrass roots. Distilled
or deionized water shall be used to moisten the filter paper. The test
shall be conducted in a manner that will prevent the contact of roots
of different seedlings. Roots of some seedlings produce fluorescent
lines on white filter paper when viewed under ultraviolet light. First
counts shall not be made before the eighth day; at that time remove
only normal fluorescent seedlings. Evaluation of fluorescence shall be
made under F15T8-BLB or comparable ultraviolet tubes in an area where
light from other sources is excluded. If there are over 75 percent
normal fluorescent seedlings present at the time of the first count,
break the contact of the roots of the nonfluorescent seedlings from the
substratum and reread the fluorescence at the time of the final count.
At the final count, lift each remaining seedling, observing the path of
each root since sometimes faint fluorescence will show on the
substratum as the root is lifted. Abnormal seedlings and dead seeds are
not evaluated for fluorescence. See Sec. 201.58a(a).
* * * * *
(12) Garden bean; use of calcium nitrate. If hypocotyl collar rot
is observed on seedlings, the sample involved shall be retested using a
0.3 to 0.6 percent solution of calcium nitrate (CaNO3) to moisten
the substratum.
* * * * *
(c) Procedures for coated seed:
(1) Germination tests on coated seed shall be conducted in
accordance with methods in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section.
However, kinds for which soaking or washing is specified in paragraph
(b) shall not be soaked or washed in the case of coated seed.
(i) Coated seed units shall be placed on the substratum in the
condition in which they are received without rinsing, soaking, or any
other pretreatment.
(ii) Coated seed units in mixtures which are color coded or can
otherwise be separated by kinds shall be germinated as separate kinds
without removing the coating material.
(iii) Coated seed units in mixtures which cannot be separated by
kinds without removing the coating material shall be de-coated and
germinated as separate kinds. The coating material shall be removed in
a manner that will not affect the germination capacity of the seeds.
(2) The moisture level of the substratum is important. It may
depend on the water-absorbing capacity of the coating material. A
retest may be necessary before satisfactory germination of the sample
is achieved.
(3) Phytotoxic symptoms may be evident when germinating coated
seeds in paper substrata. In such cases a retest in sand or soil may be
necessary.
Table 2.--Germination Requirements for Indicated Kinds
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
First Final Additional directions
Name of seed Substrata Temperature ( deg.C) count count ----------------------------------------------------------------
days days Specific requirements Fresh and dormant seed
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AGRICULTURAL SEED
Agrotricum.................. B, T, S 20; 15................... 4 7 ............................ Prechill at 5 deg. or 10 deg.C
for 5 days.
Alfalfa..................... B, T, S 20....................... 4 \1\7 See (b)(11)................
Alfilaria................... B, T 20-30.................... 3 14 Clip seeds..................
Alyceclover................. B, T 35....................... 4 \1\21 See (b)(1) for swollen
seeds.
Bahiagrass:
Var. Pensacola.......... P, S 20-35.................... 7 28 Light; see (b)(2)......... See Sec. 201.57a
All other vars.......... P 30-35.................... 3 21 Light; remove glumes; see Scratch caryopses; KNO3; see Sec.
(b)(2). 201.57a
Barley...................... B, T, S 20; 15................... 4 7 ............................ Prechill 5 days at 5 deg. or 10
deg.C or predry
Barrelclover................ B, T 20....................... 4 \1\14 Remove seeds from bur; see
(b)(11).
Bean:
Adzuki.................. B, T, S 20-30.................... 4 \1\10
Field................... B, T, S, TC 20-30; 25................ 5 \1\8
Mung.................... B, T, S 20-30.................... 3 \1\7
Beet, field................. B, T, S 20-30.................... 3 14 See (b)(3).................
Beet, sugar................. B, T, S 20-30; 20................ 3 10 See (b)(3).................
Beggarweed, Florida......... B, T 30....................... 5 \1\28
Bentgrass:
Colonial................ P 15-30; 10-30; 15-25...... 7 28 Light; KNO3................. Prechill at 5 deg. or 10 deg.C
for 7 days.
Creeping................ P 15-30; 10-30; 15-25...... 7 28 Light; KNO3................. Prechill at 5 deg. or 10 deg.C
for 7 days.
Velvet.................. P 15-25; 20-30............. 7 21 Light; KNO3.................
Bermudagrass................ P 20-35.................... 7 21 Light; KNO3; see (a)(9)....
Bermudagrass, giant......... P 20-35.................... 7 21 Prechill at 10 deg.C for 7
Light; days and then test at 20-35
KNO3; deg.C; continue tests of
see hulled seed for 14 days and
(a)(9) of unhulled seed for 21
days.
Bluegrass:
Annual.................. P 20-30.................... 7 21 Light.......................
Bulbous................. P, S 10....................... 10 35 KNO3 or soil................ Prechill all samples at 5 deg.C
for 7 days.
Canada.................. P 15-25; 15-30............. 10 28 Light; KNO3................. 10-30 deg.C.
Glaucantha.............. P 15-25; 15-30............. 10 28 Light; KNO3.................
Kentucky................ P 15-25; 15-30............. 10 28 Light; KNO3................. Prechill at 10 deg.C for 5 days.
Nevada.................. P 20-30.................... 7 21 Light; KNO3.................
Rough................... P 20-30.................... 7 21 Light.......................
Texas................... P 20-30.................... 7 28 Light; KNO3................. Prechill at 5 deg.C for 2 weeks.
Wood.................... P 20-30.................... 7 28 Light.......................
Bluejoint................... TB, P 15-25.................... 10 21 Light and KNO3 optional..... Prechill at 5 deg.C for 5 days
Bluestem:
Big..................... P, TS 20-30.................... 7 14 Light; KNO3................. Prechill at 5 deg.C for 2 weeks;
see Sec. 201.57a.
Little.................. P, TS 20-30.................... 7 14 Light; KNO3................. Prechill at 5 deg.C for 2 weeks;
see Sec. 201.57a.
Sand.................... P, TS 20-30.................... 7 14 Light; KNO3................. Prechill at 5 deg.C for 2 weeks;
see Sec. 201.57a.
Yellow.................. P, TS 20-30.................... 5 14 Light; KNO3................. Prechill at 5 deg.C for 2 weeks;
see Sec. 201.57a.
Bottlebrush-squirreltail.... P, B 20; 15................... 10 14 ............................ See Sec. 201.57a.
Brome:
Field................... P, TB 15-25; 20-30............. 6 14 Light....................... Prechill at 10 deg.C for 5 days.
Meadow.................. B, T, TB 20-30.................... 6 14 Light optional..............
Mountain................ P 20-30.................... 6 14 Light.
Smooth.................. P, B, TB 20-30.................... 6 14 Light optional.............. Prechill at 5 deg. or 10 deg.C
for 5 days, then test at 30
deg.C for 9 additional days.
Broomcorn................... B, T, S 20-30.................... 3 10
Buckwheat................... B, T 20-30.................... 3 6
Buffalograss:
(Burs).................. P, TB, TS 20-35.................... 7 28 Light; KNO3................. Prechill at 5 deg.C for 6 weeks;
test 14 additional days; see
Sec. 201.57a.
(Caryopses)............. P 20-35.................... 5 14 Light; KNO3................. See Sec. 201.57a.
Buffelgrass................. S 30....................... 7 28 Light; press fascicles into See (b)(4); see Sec. 201.57a.
well-packed soil and
prechill at 5 deg.C for 7
days.
Burclover, California....... B, T 20....................... 4 \1\14 Remove seeds from bur; see
(b)(11).
Burclover, spotted.......... B, T 20....................... 4 \1\14 Remove seeds from bur; see
(b)(11).
Burnet, littler............. B, T 15....................... 5 14
Buttonclover................ B, T 20....................... 4 \1\10 See (b)(11)............... 15 deg.C.
Canarygrass................. B, T 20-30.................... 3 7
Canarygrass, reed........... P 20-30.................... 5 21 Light; KNO3.................
Carpetgrass................. P 20-35.................... 10 21 Light....................... KNO3.
Castorbean.................. T, S 20-30.................... 7 14 Remove caruncle if mold
interferes with test.
Chess, soft................. P 20-30.................... 7 14 Light....................... Prechill at 5 deg. or 10 deg.C
for 7 days.
Chickpea.................... T,S 20-30.................... 3 \1\17
Clover:
Alsike.................. B, T, S 20....................... 3 \1\7 See (b)(11)............... 15 deg.C.
Arrowleaf............... B, T 20; 15................... 4 \1\14 See (b)(11)...............
Berseem................. B, T, S 20....................... 3 \1\7 See (b)(11)............... 15 deg.C.
Cluster................. B, T 20....................... 4 \1\10 See (b)(11)............... 15 deg.C.
Crimson................. B, T, S 20....................... 4 \1\7 See (b)(11)............... 15 deg.C.
Kenya................... B, T, S 20....................... 3 17
Ladino.................. B, T, S 20....................... 3 \1\7 See (b)(11)............... 15 deg.C.
Lappa................... B, T 20....................... 3 \1\7 See (b)(11)............... 15 deg.C.
Large hop............... B, T 20....................... 4 \1\14 See (b)(11)............... 15 deg.C.
Persian................. B, T 20....................... 3 \1\7 See (b)(11)............... 15 deg.C.
Red..................... B, T, S 20....................... 4 \1\7 See (b)(11)............... 15 deg.C.
Rose.................... B, T 20....................... 4 \1\10 See (b)(11)............... 15 deg.C.
Small hop............... B, T 20....................... 4 \1\14 See (b)(11)............... 15 deg.C.
Strawberry.............. B, T 20....................... 3 \1\7 See (b)(11)............... 15 deg.C.
Sub..................... B, T 20....................... 4 \1\14 See (b)(11)............... 15 deg.C.
White................... B, T, S 20....................... 3 \1\7 See (b)(11)............... 15 deg.C.
Corn:
Field................... B, T, S, TC 20-30; 25................ 4 7
Pop..................... B, T, S, TC 20-30; 25................ 4 7
Cotton...................... B, T, S 20-30; 30................ 4 \1\12 Test by alternate method; see
(b)(5).
Cowpea...................... B, T, S 20-30.................... 5 \1\8
Crambe...................... T 25....................... 3 7
Crested dogtail............. P 20-30.................... 10 21 Light....................... Prechill at 5 deg. or 10 deg.C
for 3 days.
Crotalaria:
Lance................... B, T, S 20-30.................... 4 \1\10
Showy................... B, T, S 20-30.................... 4 \1\10
Slenderleaf............. B, T, S 20-30.................... 4 \1\10
Striped................. B, T, S 20-30.................... 4 \1\10
Sunn.................... B, T, S 20-30.................... 4 \1\10
Crownvetch.................. B, T, S 20....................... 7 \1\14
Dallisgrass................. P 20-35.................... 7 21 Light; KNO3.................
Dichondra................... B, T 20-30.................... 7 \1\28
Drop seed, sand............. P 5-35; 15-35.............. 5 14 Light; KNO3................. Prechill at 5 deg.C for 4 weeks;
see Sec. 201.57a.
Emmer....................... B, T, S 20; 15................... 4 7 ............................ Prechill at 5 deg. or 10 deg.C
for 5 days or predry.
Fescue:
Chewings................ P 15-25.................... 7 21 Light and KNO3 optional..... Prechill at 5 deg. or 10 deg.C
for 5 days.
Hair.................... P 10-25.................... 10 28 KNO3........................
Hard.................... P 15-25.................... 7 21 Light and KNO3 optional.....
Meadow.................. P 15-25; 20-30............. 5 14 Light and KNO3 optional.....
Red..................... P 15-25.................... 7 21 Light and KNO3 optional.....
Sheep................... P 15-25.................... 7 21 Light and KNO3 optional.....
Tall.................... P 15-25; 20-30............. 5 14 Light and KNO3 optional..... Prechill at 5 deg. or 10 deg.C
for 5 days and test for 21 days.
Flax........................ B, T, S 20-30.................... 3 7
Galletagrass................ P, B 20; 25; 20-30............ 4 10 ............................ See Sec. 201.57a
Grama:
Blue.................... P, TB 20-30.................... 7 14 Light....................... KNO3; see Sec. 201.57a.
Side-oats............... P 15-30.................... 7 14 Light; KNO3................. See Sec. 201.57a.
Guar........................ B, T, S 30; 20-30................ 5 \1\14
Guineagrass................. P 15-35.................... 10 28 Light; KNO3 optional........
Hardinggrass................ P 10-30.................... 7 28 Light....................... KNO3.
Alternate method........ P 15-25.................... 7 14 Light; presoak at 15 deg.C
for 24 hrs.
Hemp........................ B, T 20-30.................... 3 7
Indiangrass, yellow......... P, TS 20-30.................... 7 14 Light; KNO3................. Prechill at 5 deg.C for 2 weeks;
see Sec. 201.57a.
Indigo, hairy............... B, T 20-30.................... 5 \1\14
Japanese lawngrass.......... P 35-20.................... 10 28 Light; KNO3.................
Johnsongrass................ P 20-35.................... 7 35 Light....................... KNO3; see Sec. 201.57a.
Kenaf....................... T, B 20-30.................... 4 \1\8
Kochia, forage.............. P 20....................... 4 14 ............................ See Sec. 201.57a.
Kudzu....................... B, T 20-30.................... 5 \1\14
Lentil...................... B, T 20....................... 5 \1\10
Lespedeza:
Korean.................. B, T, S 20-35.................... 5 \1\14
Sericea................. B, T, S 20-35.................... 7 \1\21
Siberian................ B, T, S 20-35.................... 7 \1\21
Striate................. B, T, S 20-35.................... 7 \1\14
Lovegrass, sand............. P 20-30.................... 5 14 Light; KNO3................. Prechill at 5 deg. or 10 deg.C
for 6 weeks; see Sec. 201.57a.
Lovegrass, weeping.......... P 20-35.................... 5 14 Light....................... KNO3; see Sec. 201.57a.
Lupine:
Blue.................... B, T, S 20....................... 4 \1\10
White................... B, T 20....................... 3 \1\10 ............................
Yellow.................. B, T 20....................... 7 \1\10 ............................
Manilagrass................. P 35-20.................... 10 28 Light; KNO3.................
Meadow foxtail.............. P 20-30.................... 7 14 Light.......................
Medic, black................ B, T, S 20....................... 4 \1\7 See (b)(11)...............
Milkvetch................... B, T 20....................... 6 \1\14
Alternate method........ B, TB, T 15-25.................... 10 \1\21
Millet:
Browntop................ B, P, T 20-30; 30................ 4 14 Light and KNO3 optional..... Predry at 35 deg. or 40 deg.C
for 7 days and test at 30
deg.C.
Alternate method...... B, P, T 5-35..................... 4 14 Light; KNO3.................
Foxtail................. B, T 15-30; 20-30............. 4 10
Japanese................ B, T 20-30.................... 4 10
Pearl................... B, T 20-30.................... 3 7
Proso................... B, T 20-30.................... 3 7
Molassesgrass............... P 20-30.................... 7 21 Light
Mustard:
Black................... P 20-30.................... 3 7 Light....................... KNO3 and prechill at 10 deg.C
for 3 days.
India................... P 20-30.................... 3 7 Light....................... Prechill at 10 deg.C for 7 days
and test for 5 days; KNO3.
White................... P 20-30.................... 3 5 Light
Napiergrass................. B, T 20-30.................... 3 10
Needlegrass, green:
Method 1................ P 15-30.................... 7 14 H2SO4,GA3 and thiram; dark;
see (b)(7).
Method 2................ P 15-30.................... 7 14 KNO3; dark; see (b)(7).....
Oat......................... B, T, S 20; 15................... 5 10 Prechill at 5 deg. or 10
deg.C for 5 days and test
for 7 days or predry and
test for 10 days..
Oatgrass, tall.............. P 20-30.................... 6 14 Light
Orchardgrass................ P, TS 15-25.................... 7 21 Light; germination more Prechill at 5 deg. or 10 deg.C
rapid on soil. for 7 days.
Panicgrass, blue............ P, TS 20-30.................... 7 28 Light
Panicgrass, green........... P 15-35.................... 10 28 Light; KNO3 optional........
Pea, field.................. B, T, S 20....................... 3 \1\8
Peanut...................... B, T, S 20-30; 25................ 5 \1\10 Remove shells............... Ethephon or ethylene; see (a)
(10) and (11).
Rape:
Annual.................. B, T 20-30.................... 3 7
Bird.................... P 20-30.................... 3 10 Light....................... KNO3.
Turnip.................. B, T 20-30.................... 3 7
Winter.................. B, T 20-30.................... 3 7
Redtop...................... P, TB 20-30.................... 5 10 Light....................... KNO3.
Rescuegrass................. P, S 10-30.................... 7 28 Light; see (b)(8) for In soil at 15 deg.C.
alternate method.
Rhodesgrass................. P 20-30.................... 6 14 Light; KNO3
Rice........................ T, S 20-30; 30................ 5 14 See (b)(9) for alternate Presoak; see (b)(9).
method.
Ricegrass, Indian........... P 15....................... 7 42 ............................ Prechill at 5 deg.C for 4 weeks
and test for 21 additional days;
see Sec. 201.57a.
Alternate method........ S 5-15; 15; 15-25.......... 7 28 ............................ Dark; prechill in soil at 5
deg.C for 4 weeks; see Sec.
201.57a.
Roughpea.................... B, T 20....................... 7 \1\14 ............................
Rye......................... B, T, S 20; 15................... 4 7 ............................ Prechill at 5 deg. or 10 deg.C
for 5 days or predry.
Rye, mountain............... B, T 20; 15................... 4 7 ............................ See Sec. 201.57a.
Ryegrass:
Annual.................. P, TB 15-25.................... 5 14 Light optional; see (b)(10) Light; KNO3; prechill at 5 deg.
for fluorescence test. or 10 deg.C for 5 days and test
at 15-25 deg.C; if still
dormant prechill for 3 days and
continue test at 15-25 deg.C an
additional 4 days.
Intermediate............ P, TB 15-25.................... 7 14 Light....................... KNO3 and prechill at 5 deg. or 10
deg.C for 5 days and test at 15-
25 deg.C; if still dormant
rechill for 3 days and continue
test at 15-25 deg.C an
additional 4 days.
Perennial............... P, TB 15-25.................... 5 14 Light optional; see (b)(10) Light; KNO3; prechill at 5 deg.
for fluorescence test. or 10 deg.C for 5 days and test
at 15-25 deg.C; if still
dormant rechill for 3 days and
continue test at 15-25 deg. C an
additional 4 days.
Wimmera................. P, TB 15-25; 20-30............. 5 14 Light optional.............. Light; KNO3; prechill at 5 deg.
or 10 deg.C for 5 days and test
at 15-25 deg.C; if still
dormant rechill for 3 days and
continue test at 15-25 deg.C an
additional 4 days.
Safflower................... P, B, T, S 15; 20................... 4 14 Light at 15 deg.C...........
Sagewort, Louisiana......... P 15-25.................... 7 14 Light.......................
Sainfoin.................... B, T 20-30.................... 4 \1\14
Saltbush, fourwing.......... B 20....................... 5 14 See (b)(13)................ Prechill at 5 deg.C for 7 days.
Alternate method........ B 15....................... ....... 21
Sesame...................... B, T, TB 20-30.................... 3 6
Sesbania.................... B, T 20-30.................... 5 \1\7
Smilo....................... P 20-30.................... 7 42 Light....................... Prechill at 5 deg.C for 2 weeks;
see Sec. 201.57a.
Sorghum..................... B, T, S 20-30.................... 4 10 ............................ Prechill grain vars. at 5 deg. or
10 deg.C for 5 days; test sweet
vars. at 30-45 deg.C,
maintaining 45 deg.C for 2-4
hours per day.
Sorghum almum............... T, S 20-35; 15-35............. 5 21 ............................ Prechill at 5 deg.C for 5 days;
on the 10th day of test, clip or
pierce the distal end of
ungerminated seeds.
Sorghum-sudangrass.......... B, T, S 20-30; 25................ 4 10 ............................ Prechill at 5 deg. or 10 deg.C
for 5 days.
Sorgrass\2\................. B, T, S 15-35; 20-35............. 5 21 ............................ Prechill at 5 deg. or 10 deg.C
for 7 days.
Sourclover.................. B, T 20....................... 3 \1\14 See (b)(11)................
Soybean..................... B, T, S, TC 20-30; 25................ 5 \1\8
Spelt....................... B, T, S 20; 15................... 4 7 ............................ Prechill at 5 deg. or 10 deg.C
for 5 days, or predry.
Sudangrass.................. B, T, S 20-30; 15-30............. 4 10 ............................ Prechill at 10 deg.C for 5 days.
Sunflower................... T, B 20-30.................... 3 7 ............................
Sweetclover:
White................... B, T, S 20....................... 4 \1\7 See (b)(11)................
Yellow.................. B, T, S 20....................... 4 \1\7 See (b)(11)................
Sweet vernalgrass........... P 20-30.................... 6 14 Light.......................
Sweetvetch, northern........ B, TB, T 15-25; 20................ 14 \1\28
Switchgrass................. P, TS 15-30.................... 7 14 Light; KNO3................. Prechill at 5 deg.C for 2 weeks;
see Sec. 201.57a.
Timothy..................... P, TB 15-25; 20-30............. 5 10 Light; see (a)(9)......... KNO3 and prechill at 5 deg. or 10
deg.C for 5 days.
Timothy, turf............... P, TB 15-25; 20-30............. 5 10 Light....................... KNO3 and prechill at 5 deg. or 10
deg.C for 5 days.
Tobacco..................... P, TB 20-30.................... 7 14 Light.......................
Trefoil:
Big..................... B, T 20....................... 5 \1\12
Birdsfoot............... B, P, T 20....................... 5 \1\12
Triticale................... B, T, S 20; 15................... 4 7 ............................ Prechill at 5 deg. or 10 deg.C
for 5 days, or predry.
Vaseygrass.................. P 20-35.................... 7 21 Light....................... KNO3.
Veldtgrass.................. P 10-30.................... 7 28 Light....................... See Sec. 201.57a.
Velvetbean.................. B, T, S, C 20-30.................... 3 \1\14 ............................
Velvetgrass................. P 20-30.................... 6 14 Light.......................
Vetch:
Common.................. B, T 20....................... 5 \1\10
Hairy................... B, T 20....................... 5 \1\14
Hungarian............... B, T 20....................... 5 \1\10
Monantha................ B, T 20....................... 5 \1\10
Narrowleaf.............. B, T 20....................... 5 \1\14
Purple.................. B, T 20....................... 5 \1\10
Woollypod............... B, T 20....................... 5 \1\14 ............................ Prechill at 10 deg.C for 5 days,
test at 15 deg.C.
Wheat:
Common.................. B, T, S 20; 15................... 4 7 ............................ Prechill at 5 deg. or 10 deg.C
for 5 days, or predry.
Club.................... B, T, S 20; 15................... 4 7 ............................ Prechill at 5 deg. or 10 deg.C
for 5 days, or predry.
Durum................... B, T, S 20; 15................... 4 10 ............................ Prechill at 5 deg. or 10 deg.C
for 5 days, or predry.
Polish.................. B, T, S 20; 15................... 4 7 ............................ Prechill at 5 deg. or 10 deg.C
for 5 days, or predry.
Poulard................. B, T, S 20; 15................... 4 7 ............................ Prechill at 5 deg. or 10 deg.C
for 5 days, or predry.
Wheat Agrotricum............ B, T, S 20; 15................... 4 7 ............................ Prechill at 5 deg. or 10 deg.C
for 5 days, or predry.
Wheatgrass:
Beardless............... P, TB 15-25.................... 7 14 Light and KNO3 optional..... KNO3 and prechill at 5 deg. or 10
deg.C for 7 days.
Fairway crested......... P, TB 15-25; 20-30............. 5 14 Light and KNO3 optional..... KNO3 and prechill at 5 deg. or 10
deg.C for 7 days.
Standard crested........ P, TB 15-25; 20-30............. 5 14 Light and KNO3 optional..... KNO3 and prechill at 5 deg. or 10
deg.C for 7 days.
Intermediate............ P 15-25.................... 5 28 Light and KNO3 optional..... KNO3 and prechill at 5 deg. or 10
deg.C for 7 days.
Alternate method...... P 20-30.................... 5 28 Light.......................
Pubescent............... P 15-25.................... 5 28 Light and KNO3 optional..... KNO3 and prechill at 5 deg. or 10
deg.C for 7 days.
Alternate method...... P 20-30.................... 5 28 Light.......................
Siberian................ P, TB 15-25.................... 7 14 Light and KNO3 optional..... KNO3 and prechill at 5 deg. or 10
deg.C for 7 days.
Slender................. P, TB 15-25; 10-30............. 5 14 Light and KNO3 optional..... Prechill at 5 deg. or 10 deg.C
for 5 days; if still dormant on
the 10th day, rechill 2 days,
then place at 20-30 deg. C for 4
days.
Streambank.............. P, TB 15-25.................... 5 14 Light and KNO3 optional..... Prechill at 5 deg. or 10 deg.C
for 5 days.
Tall.................... P 15-25.................... 5 21 Light and KNO3 optional..... Prechill at 5 deg. or 10 deg.C
for 5 days.
Alternate method...... P 20-30.................... 5 21 Light....................... Prechill at 5 deg. or 10 deg.C
for 5 days.
Western................. B, P, T 15-30.................... 7 28 Dark........................ KNO3 or soil; see Sec. 201.57a.
Wildrye:
Basin................... P 15-25.................... 10 21 ............................ See Sec. 201.57a.
Canada.................. P 15-30.................... 7 21 Light....................... Prechill at 5 deg.C for 2 weeks.
Russian................. P 20-30.................... 5 14 Light....................... Prechill at 5 deg. or 10 deg.C
for 5 days.
VEGETABLE SEED
Artichoke................... B, T 20-30.................... 7 21
Asparagus................... B, T, S 20-30.................... 7 21
Asparagusbean............... B, T, S 20-30.................... 5 \1\8
Bean:
Garden.................. B, T, S, TC 20-30; 25................ None \1\8 ............................ See (b)(12).
Lima.................... B, T, C, S 20-30.................... 5 \1\9 ............................
Runner.................. B, T, S 20-30.................... 5 \1\9
Beet........................ B, T, S 20-30.................... 3 14 See (b)(3).................
Broadbean................... S, C 20....................... 4 \1\14 See (b)(11)............... Prechill at 10 deg.C for 3 days.
Broccoli.................... B, P, T 20-30.................... 3 10 ............................ Prechill at 5 deg. or 10 deg.C
for 3 days; KNO3 and light.
Brussels sprouts............ B, P, T 20-30.................... 3 10 Prechill at 5 deg. or 10
deg.C for 3 days; KNO3 and
light.
Burdock, great.............. B, T 20-30.................... 7 14
Cabbage..................... B, P, T 20-30.................... 3 10 ............................ Prechill at 5 deg. or 10 deg. C
for 3 days; KNO3 and light.
Cabbage, Chinese............ B, T 20-30.................... 3 7 ............................
Cabbage, tronchuda.......... B, P 20-30.................... 3 10 ............................ Prechill at 5 deg. or 10 deg.C
for 3 days; KNO3 and light.
Cardoon..................... B, T 20-30.................... 7 21
Carrot...................... B, T 20-30.................... 6 14
Cauliflower................. B, P, T 20-30.................... 3 10 ............................ Prechill at 5 deg. or 10 deg.C
for 3 days; KNO3 and light
Celeriac.................... P 5-25; 20................. 10 21 Light; see (a)(9)..........
Celery...................... P 15-25; 20................ 10 21 Light; see (a)(9)..........
Chard, Swiss................ B, T, S 20-30.................... 3 14 See (b)(3)................
Chicory..................... P, TS 20-30.................... 5 14 Light; KNO3 or soil; see
(a)(9)
Chives...................... B, T 20....................... 6 14
Citron...................... B, T 20-30.................... 7 14 Soak seeds 6 hrs............ Test at 30 deg. C.
Collards.................... B, P, T 20-30.................... 3 10 ............................ Prechill at 5 deg. or 10 deg. C
for 3 days; KNO3 and light .
Corn, sweet................. B, T, S, TC 20-30; 25................ 4 7
Cornsalad................... B, T 15....................... 7 28 Test at 10 deg. C...........
Cowpea...................... B, T, S 20-30.................... 5 \1\8
Cress:
Garden.................. B, P, T 15....................... 4 10 ............................ Light.
Upland.................. P, TB 20-35.................... 4 7 Light; KNO3.................
Water................... P 20-30.................... 4 14 Light.......................
Cucumber.................... B, T, S 20-30.................... 3 7 Keep substratum on dry side;
see (a)(3).
Dandelion................... P, TB 20-30.................... 7 21 Light; see (a)(9).........
Dill........................ B, T 20-30.................... 7 21
Eggplant.................... P, TB, RB, T 20-30.................... 7 14 Light; KNO3.................
Endive...................... P, TS 20-30.................... 5 14 Light; KNO3 or soil......... See (b)(6).
Gherkin, West India......... B, T, S 20-30.................... 3 7 Test at 30 deg. C...........
Kale........................ B, P, T 20-30.................... 3 10 ............................ Prechill at 5 deg. or 10 deg. C
for 3 days; KNO3and light.
Kale, Chinese............... B, P, T 20-30.................... 3 10 ............................ Prechill at 5 deg. or 10 deg. C
for 3 days; KNO3and light.
Kale, Siberian.............. B, P, T 20-30; 20................ 3 7
Kohlrabi.................... B, P, T 20-30.................... 3 10 ............................ Prechill at 5 deg. or 10 deg. C
for 3 days; KNO3 and light.
Leek........................ B, T 20....................... 6 14 ............................
Lettuce..................... P 20....................... None 7 Light...................... Prechill at 10 deg. C for 3 days
or test at 15 deg. C.
Melon....................... B, T, S 20-30.................... 4 10 Keep substratum on dry side;
see (a)(3).
Mustard, India.............. P 20-30.................... 3 7 Light....................... Prechill at 10 deg. C for 7 days
and test for 5 additional days;
KNO3.
Mustard, spinach............ B, T 20-30.................... 3 7
Okra........................ B, T 20-30.................... 4 \1\14 ............................
Onion....................... B, T 20....................... 6 10
Alternate method........ S 20....................... 6 12 ............................
Onion, Welsh................ B, T 20....................... 6 10 ............................
Pak-choi.................... B, T 20-30.................... 3 7 ............................
Parsley..................... B, T, TS 20-30.................... 11 28 ............................
Parsnip..................... B, T, TS 20-30.................... 6 28 ............................
Pea......................... B, T,S 20....................... 5 \1\8 ............................
Pepper...................... TB, RB, T 20-30.................... 6 14 ............................ Light and KNO3.
Pumpkin..................... B, T, S 20-30.................... 4 7 Keep substratum on dry side;
see (a)(3).
Radish...................... B, T 20....................... 4 6 ............................
Rhubarb..................... TB, TS 20-30.................... 7 21 Light.......................
Rutabaga.................... B, T 20-30.................... 3 14 ............................
Sage........................ B, T, S 20-30.................... 5 14 ............................
Salsify..................... B, T 15....................... 5 10 Prechill at 10 deg. C for 3
days..
Savory, summer.............. B, T 20-30.................... 5 21 ............................
Sorrel...................... P, TB, TS 20-30.................... 3 14 Light....................... Test at 15 deg. C.
Soybean..................... B, T, S, TC 20-30; 25................ 5 \1\8 ............................
Spinach..................... TB, T 15;10.................... 7 21 Keep substratum on dry side;
see (a)(3).
Spinach, New Zealand........ T 15; 20................... 5 21 Soak fruits overnight (16 On 21st day scrape fruits and
hrs), air dry 7 hrs; plant test for 7 additional days.
in very wet towels; do not
rewater unless later counts
exhibit drying out.
Alternate method............ B, T 15....................... 5 21 Remove pulp from basal end
of fruit.
Squash...................... B, T, S 20-30.................... 4 7 Keep substratum on dry side;
see (a)(3).
Tomato...................... B, P, RB, T 20-30.................... 5 14 ............................ Light; KNO3.
Tomato, husk................ P, TB 20-30.................... 7 28 Light; KNO3.................
Turnip...................... B, T 20-30.................... 3 7
Watermelon.................. B, T, S 20-30; 25................ 4 14 Keep substratum on dry side; Test at 30 deg. C.
see (a)(3).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\Hard seeds may be present. (See Sec. 201.57)
\2\Rhizomatous derivatives of a johnsongrass sorghum cross or a johnsongrass sudangrass cross.
33. Section 201.58a is revised to read as follows:
Sec. 201.58a Indistinguishable seeds.
When the identification of the kind, variety, or type of seed or
determination that seed is hybrid is not possible by seed
characteristics, identification may be based upon the seedling, growing
plant or mature plant characteristics according to such authentic
information as is available.
(a) Ryegrass. In determining the pure seed percentage of perennial
ryegrass and annual ryegrass, 400 seeds shall be grown on white filter
paper and the number of fluorescent seedlings determined under
ultraviolet light at the end of the germination period (see
Sec. 201.58(b)(10)).
(1) Fluorescence results are to be determined as test fluorescence
level (TFL) to two decimal places as follows:
TR14DE94.001
(2) The percentage of perennial ryegrass is calculated as follows:
TR14DE94.002
where VFL=Variety fluorescence level.
(3) Using results from the above formula, the percentage of annual
ryegrass is calculated as follows:
% Annual Ryegrass = % Pure Ryegrass-% Perennial Ryegrass
(4) If the test fluorescence level (TFL) of a perennial ryegrass is
equal to or less than the variety fluorescence level (VFL) described
for the variety, all pure ryegrass is considered to be perennial
ryegrass and the formula is not applied.
(5) If the test fluorescence level (TFL) of an annual ryegrass is
equal to or greater than the variety fluorescence level (VFL) described
for the variety, all pure ryegrass is considered to be annual ryegrass
and the formula is not applied.
(6) A list of variety fluorescence level (VFL) descriptions for
perennial ryegrass varieties which are more than 0 percent fluorescent
and annual ryegrass varieties which are less than 100 percent
fluorescent is maintained and published by the National Grass Variety
Review Board of the Association of Official Seed Certifying Agencies
(AOSCA). If the variety being tested is not stated or the fluorescence
level has not been described, the fluorescence level shall be
considered to be 0 percent for perennial ryegrass and 100 percent for
annual ryegrass. Both VFL (annual) and VFL (perennial) values must
always be entered in the formula. If a perennial ryegrass variety is
being tested, the VFL (annual) value is 100 percent. If an annual
ryegrass variety is being tested, the VFL (perennial) value is 0
percent. For blends the fluorescence level shall be interpolated
according to the portion of each variety claimed to be present.
(b) Sweetclover. To determine the presence of yellow sweetclover in
samples of white sweetclover, at least 400 seeds shall be subjected to
the chemical test as follows:
(1) Preparation of test solution: Add 3 grams of cupric sulfate
(CuSO4) to 30 ml of household ammonia (NH4OH, approximately
4.8 percent) in a stoppered bottle to form tetraamminecopper sulfate
([Cu(NH3)4]SO4) solution used for this test. After
mixing, a light blue precipitate of cupric hydroxide (Cu(OH)2)
should form. If no precipitate forms, add additional CuSO4 until a
precipitate appears. Since the strength of household ammonia can vary,
formation of a precipitate indicates that a complete reaction has taken
place between CuSO4 and NH4OH; otherwise fumes from excess
ammonium hydroxide may cause eye irritation.
(2) Preparation of seeds: To insure imbibition, scratch, prick, or
otherwise scarify the seed coats of the sweetclover seeds being tested.
Soak seeds in water for 2 to 5 hours in a glass container.
(3) Chemical reaction: When seeds have imbibed, remove excess water
and add enough test solution to cover the seeds. Seeds coats of yellow
sweetclover will begin to stain dark brown to black; seed coats of
white sweetclover will be olive or yellow-green. Make the separation
within 20 minutes, since the seed coats of white sweetclover will
eventually turn black also.
(4) Calculation of results: Count the number of seeds which stain
dark brown or black and divide by the total number of seeds tested;
multiply by the pure seed percentage for Melilotus spp.; the result is
the percentage of yellow sweetclover in the sample. The percentage of
white sweetclover is found by subtracting the percentage of yellow
sweetclover from the percentage of Melilotus spp. pure seed.
(c) Wheat. In determining varietal purity, the phenol test may be
used. From the pure seed sample count four replicates of 100 seeds
each. Soak the seed in distilled water for 16 hours; then flush with
tap water and remove the excess water from the surface of the seeds.
Place two layers of filter paper in a container and moisten with a 1
percent phenol (C6H5OH) solution. Place the seed, palea side
down, on the two layers of filter paper and cover the container. A
preliminary observation may be made at 2 hours. At 4 hours, record the
number of seeds in each of the following color categories:
(1) Ivory.
(2) Fawn.
(3) Light Brown.
(4) Brown.
(5) Brown Black.
(d) Soybean. In determining the varietal purity, the peroxidase
test may be used. Remove and place the dry seed coat from seeds into
individual test tubes or suitable containers. Add 10 drops (0.5-1.0 ml)
of 0.5 percent guaiacol (C7H8O2) to each test tube.
After waiting 10 minutes add one drop (about 0.1 ml) of 0.1 percent
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). One minute after adding hydrogen
peroxide, record the seed coat as peroxidase positive (high peroxidase
activity) indicated by a reddish-brown solution or peroxidase negative
(low peroxidase activity) indicated by a colorless solution in the test
tube. Various sample sizes may be used for this test. Test results
shall include the sample size tested.
(e) Oat. In determining the varietal purity, the fluorescence test
may be used. Place at least 400 seeds on a black background under a
F15T8-BLB or comparable ultraviolet tube(s) in an area where light from
other sources is excluded. Seeds are considered fluorescent if the
lemma or palea fluoresce or appear light in color. ``Partially
fluorescent'' seeds shall be considered fluorescent. Seeds are
considered nonfluorescent if the lemma and palea do not fluoresce and
appear dark in color under the ultraviolet light.
34. A new Sec. 201.58d is added to read as follows:
Sec. 201.58d Fungal endophyte test.
A fungal endophyte test may be used to determine the amount of
fungal endophyte (Acremonium spp.) in certain grasses.
(a) Method of preparation of aniline blue stain for use in testing
grass seed and plant material for the presence of fungal endophyte:
(1) Prepare a 1 percent aqueous aniline blue solution by dissolving
1 gram aniline blue in 100 ml distilled water.
(2) Prepare the endophyte staining solution of one part of 1
percent aniline blue solution with 2 parts of 85 percent lactic acid
(C3H6O3).
(3) Use stain as-is or dilute with water if staining is too dark.
(b) Procedure for determining levels of fungal endophyte in grass
seed:
(1) Take a sub-sample of seed (1 gram is sufficient) from the pure
seed portion of the kind under consideration.
(2) Digest seed at room temperature for 12-16 hours in a 5 percent
sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution or other temperature/time combination
resulting in adequate seed softening.
(3) Rinse thoroughly in running tap water.
(4) De-glume seeds and place on a microscope slide in a drop of
endophyte staining solution. Slightly crush the seeds. Use caution to
prevent carryover hyphae of fungal endophyte from one seed to another.
(5) Place coverglass on seed and apply gentle pressure.
(6) Examine with compound microscope at 100-400x magnification,
scoring a seed as positive if any identifiable hyphae are present.
(7) Various sample sizes may be used for this test. Precision
changes with sample size; therefore, the test results must include the
sample size tested.
(c) Procedure for determining levels of fungal endophyte in
seedlings from seed samples suspected to contain fungal endophyte:
(1) Select seeds at random and germinate.
(2) Examine seedlings from the sample germinated after growing for
a minimum of 48 days.
(3) Remove the outermost sheath from the seedling. Tissue should
have no obvious discoloration from saprophytes and should have as
little chlorophyll as possible.
(4) Isolate a longitudinal section of leaf sheath approximately 3-5
mm in width.
(5) Place the section on a microscope slide with the epidermis side
down.
(6) Stain immediately with the endophyte staining solution as
prepared in paragraph (a) (2) and (3) of this section. Allow dye to
remain at least 15 seconds but no more than one minute.
(7) Blot off the excess dye with tissue paper. Sections should
remain on the slide, but may adhere to the tissue paper; if so, remove
and place in proper position on the slide.
(8) Place a coverglass on the sections and flood with water.
(9) Proceed with evaluation as described in paragraph (b) (6) and
(7) of this section.
35. In Sec. 201.60, paragraphs (a)(1) and (c) are revised to read
as follows:
Sec. 201.60 Purity percentages.
(a)(1) The tolerance for a given percentage of the purity
components is the same whether for pure seed, other crop seed, weed
seed, or inert matter. Wider tolerances are provided when 33 percent or
more of the sample is composed of seed plus empty florets and/or empty
spikelets of the following chaffy kinds: bentgrasses, bermudagrasses,
bluegrasses, bluestems, bottlebrush- squirreltail, bromes,
buffalograss, buffelgrass, carpetgrass, soft chess, dallisgrass,
fescues, meadow foxtail, galletagrass, guineagrass, gramas,
molassesgrass, tall oatgrass, orchardgrass, redtop, rescuegrass,
rhodesgrass, Indian ricegrass, ryegrasses, sweet vernalgrass,
vaseygrass, veldtgrass, wheatgrasses, wildryes, and yellow indiangrass.
The wider tolerances do not apply to seed devoid of hulls.
* * * * *
(c) Tolerances calculated by the following formula shall be used
for either chaffy or nonchaffy mixtures when the average particle-
weight ratio is 1.5:1 to 20:1 and beyond:
The symbols used in the formula are as follows:
T=tolerance being calculated.
A=percent which the weight of the component with the heavier average
particle-weight is of the weight of both components.
B=percent which the weight of the component with the lighter average
particle-weight is of the weight of both components.
H=average particle-weight for the component with the heavier average
particle-weight.
L=average particle-weight for the component with the lighter average
particle-weight.
R=ratio of the average particle-weight for the component with the
heavier average particle-weight to the average particle-weight for the
component with the lighter average particle-weight. R=H/L.
TR14DE94.003
T1=regular tolerance for the kind of seed (chaffy or nonchaffy) and for
(100B)/(B+A/R).
In determining the values for A and B in the formula, the sample
shall be regarded as composed of two parts:
(1) The kind, type, or variety under consideration, and
(2) All other components. Values for H and L shall be obtained from
the last column of Table 1, Sec. 201.46, or by laboratory tests for
inert matter, weed seeds, or crop seeds where such values are not
obtainable from Table 1. In computing tolerances for nonchaffy kinds
the values for T1 are taken from column C of Table 3, and for chaffy
kinds the values for T1 are taken from column D of Table 3.
Sec. 201.61 [Amended]
36. Section 201.61 is amended by removing ``2.4'' following the
number ``3'' in the first table and adding ``2.8'' in its place and
removing ``2.8'' following the number ``2'' and adding ``2.4'' in its
place.
Sec. 201.62 [Amended]
37. In Sec. 201.62, Table 4 is amended by removing in the ``100''
column ``4.0'' and adding ``4.6'' in its place.
38. Section 201.76 and Table 5 are revised to read as follows:
Sec. 201.76 Minimum Land, Isolation, Field, and Seed Standards.
In the following Table 5 the figures in the ``Land'' column
indicate the number of years that must elapse between the destruction
of a stand of a kind and establishment of a stand of a specified class
of a variety of the same kind. A certification agency may grant a
variance in the land cropping history in specific circumstances where
cultural practices have been proven adequate to maintain genetic
purity. The figures in ``Isolation'' column indicate the distance in
feet from any contamination source. The figures in the ``Field'' column
indicate the minimum number of plants or heads in which one plant or
head of another variety is permitted. The figure in the ``Seed'' column
indicate the maximum percentage of seed of other varieties of off-types
permitted in the cleaned seed.
Table 5
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Foundation Registered Certified
Crop ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Land Isolation Field Seed Land Isolation Field Seed Land Isolation Field Seed
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alfalfa:
Non hybrid.......................................... \1\4 44,48600
(59182.88m) 1,000 0.1 \1\3 3,44,48300
(\59\91.44m) 400 0.25 1,21 44,49165
(\59\50.29m) 100 1.0
Hybrid.............................................. \1\4 \43\1,320
(\59\402.34m) \42\1,000 0.1 ........ ............ ......... ...... 1,21 3,43,44165
(\59\50.29m) \42\100 1.0
Barley:
Non hybrid.......................................... \7\1 \23\0 3,000 0.05 \7\1 \23\0 2,000 0.1 \7\1 \23\0 1,000 0.2
Hybrid.............................................. \30\1 21,32660
(\59\201.17m) 3,000 0.05 \30\1 21,32660
(\59\201.17m
) 2,000 0.1 \30\1 21,32330
(\59\100.59m) 1,000 \55\0.2
Hybrid (Chemically assisted)........................ ..... ............... ........... ........ ........ ............ ......... ...... \57\0 52,53330
(\59\100.59m) \54\1,000 0.2
Bean:
Field and garden.................................... \7\1 \23\0 2,000 0.05 \7\1 \23\0 1,000 0.1 \7\1 \23\0 400 0.2
Mung................................................ \7\1 \23\0 1,000 0.1 \7\1 \23\0 500 0.2 \7\1 \23\0 200 0.5
Broad bean.............................................. \7\1 \23\0 2,000 0.05 \7\1 \23\0 1,000 0.1 \7\1 \23\0 500 0.2
Buckwheat............................................... \7\1 660
(\59\201.17m) 3,000 0.05 \7\1 660
(\59\201.17m
) 2,000 0.1 \7\1 660
(\59\201.17m) 1,000 0.2
Clover all kinds........................................ 1,95 5,18,44600
(\59\182.88m) 1,000 0.1 1,93 5,18,44300
(\59\91.44m) 400 0.25 1,92 18,44165
(\59\50.29 100 1.0
Corn:
Back cross.......................................... 0 10,11660
(\59\201.17m) 13,461,000 \15\0.1 ........ ............ ......... ...... ...... .............. ......... .........
Inbred.............................................. 0 10,11660
(\59\201.17m) 13,461,000 \15\0.1 ........ ............ ......... ...... ...... .............. ......... .........
Foundation single cross............................. 0 10,11660
(59201.17m) 13,461,000 150.1 ........ ............ ......... ...... ...... .............. ......... .........
Hybrid.............................................. ..... ............... ........... ........ ........ ............ ......... ...... 0 11,12660
(\59\201.17m) 1,000 0.5
Open-pollinated..................................... ..... ............... ........... ........ ........ ............ ......... ...... 0 11,12660
(\59\201.17m) 200 0.5
Sweet............................................... ..... ............... ........... ........ ........ ............ ......... ...... 0 11,14600
(\59\201.17m) ......... 0.5
Cotton.................................................. 0 \19\0 10,000 0.03 0 \19\0 5,000 0.05 0 \19\0 1,000 0.1
Cowpea.................................................. \7\1 \23\0 2,000 0.1 \7\1 \23\0 1,000 0.2 \7\1 \23\0 500 0.5
Crambe.................................................. \7\1 660
(\59\201.17m) 2,000 0.05 \7\1 \24\660
(\59\201.17m
) 1,000 0.1 \7\1 \24\660
(\59\201.17m) 500 0.25
Crownvetch.............................................. \1\5 5,44600
(\59\182.88m) 1,000 0.1 \1\3 5,44300
(\59\91.44m) 400 0.25 \1\2 6,44165
(\59\50.29) 100 1.0
Flatpea................................................. \1\4 5,44600
(\59\182.88m) 1,000 0.1 \1\3 3,5,44300
(\59\91.44m) 400 0.25 1,21 3,44165
(\59\50.29m) 100 1.0
Flax.................................................... \7\1 \23\0 5,000 0.05 \7\1 \23\0 2,000 0.1 \7\1 \23\0 1,000 0.2
Grasses:
Cross-pollinated.................................... \57\5 4,18,20900
(\59\274.32m) 1,000 0.1 8,571 4,18,20300
(\59\91.44m) 100 1.0 8,571 4,18,20,58165
(\59\50.29) 50 47,502.0
Strains at least 80 percent apomictic and highly self-
fertile species........................................ \57\5 4,18,2060 1,000 0.1 8,571 4,18,2030 100 1.0 9,571 4,18,20,5815 50 \16\2.0
(\59\18.29m) (\59\9.14m) (\59\4.57m)
Lespedeza............................................... \1\5 \4\10
(\59\3.05m) 1,000 0.1 \1\3 \4\10
(\59\3.05m) 400 0.25 \1\2 \4\10
(\59\3.05m) 100 1.0
Millet:
Cross-pollinated.................................... \8\1 \40\1,320
(\59\402.34m) \27\20,000 0.005 \8\1 \40\1,320
(\59\402.34m
) \27\10,00
0 0.01 \8\1 \40\660
(\59\201.17m) \27\5,000 0.02
Self-pollinated..................................... \8\1 \23\0 3,000 0.05 \8\1 \23\0 2,000 0.1 \8\1 \23\0 1,000 0.2
Mustard................................................. 4 1,320
(\59\402.34m) 2,000 0.05 ........ ............ ......... ...... 2 \24\660
(\59\201.17m) 500 0.25
Oat..................................................... \7\1 \23\0 3,000 0.2 \7\1 \23\0 2,000 0.3 \7\1 \23\0 1,000 0.5
Okra.................................................... \7\1 1,320
(\59\402.34m) \27\0 0.0 \7\1 1,320
(\59\402.34m
) \27\2,500 0.5 \7\1 825
(\59\251.46m) \27\1,250 1.0
Onion................................................... \7\1 5,280
(\59\1,609.36m) \22\200 0.0 \7\1 2,640
(\59\804.66m
) \22\200 \22\0.
5 \7\1 1,320
(\59\402.34m) \22\200 \22\1.0
Pea, field.............................................. \7\1 \23\0 2,000 0.05 \7\1 \23\0 1,000 0.1 \7\1 \23\0 500 0.2
Peanut.................................................. \7\1 \23\0 1,000 0.1 \7\1 \23\0 500 0.2 \7\1 \23\0 200 0.5
Pepper.................................................. \7\1 \25\200
(\59\60.96m) 0 0.0 \7\1 \25\100
(\59\30.48m) 300 0.5 \7\1 \25\30
(\59\9.14m) 150 1.0
Rape:
Cross-pollinated.................................... 4 \24\1,320
(\59\402.34m) 2,000 0.05 ........ ............ ......... ...... 2 24330
(59100.59m) 500 0.25
Self-pollinated..................................... 4 \24\660
(\59\201.17m) 2,000 0.05 ........ ............ ......... ...... 2 \24\330
(\59\100.59m) 500 0.25
Rice.................................................... \7\1 \39\10
(\59\3.05m) 10,000 0.05 \7\1 \39\10
(\59\3.05m) 5,000 0.1 \7\1 \39\10
(\59\3.05) 1,000 0.2
Rye..................................................... \7\1 \18\660
(\59\201.17m) 3,000 0.05 \7\1 \18\660
(\59\201.17m
) 2,000 0.1 \7\1 \18\660
(\59\201.17m) 1,000 0.2
Safflower............................................... \7\2 1,320
(\59\402.34m) 10,000 0.01 \7\2 1,320
(\59\402.34m
) 2,000 0.05 \7\2 1,320
(\59\402.34m) 1,000 0.1
Sainfoin................................................ \1\5 5,44600
(\59\182.88m) 1,000 0.1 \1\3 5,44300
(\59\91.44m) 400 0.25 \1\2 6,44165
(\59\50.29m) 100 1.0
Sorghum:
Nonhybrid........................................... \7\1 900
(\59\301.76m) \27\50,000 0.005 \7\1 990
(\59\301.76m
) \27\35,00
0 0.01 \7\1 \29\660
(\59\201.17m) \27\20,00
0 0.05
Hybrid seedstock.................................... \7\1 990
(\59\301.76m) \27\50,000 0.005 ........ ............ ......... ...... ...... .............. ......... .........
Commercial hybrid................................... ..... ............... ........... ........ ........ ............ ......... ...... \7\1 21,29,31660
(\59\201.17m) \27\20,00
0 0.1
Soybean................................................. \23\1 \23\0 1,000 0.1 \33\1 \23\0 500 0.2 \33\1 \23\0 200 0.5
Sunflower:
Nonhybrid........................................... 1 41,452,640
(\59\804.66m) 200 0.02 1 41,452,640
(\59\804.66m
) 200 0.02 1 41,452,640
(\59\804.66m) 200 \34\0.1
Hybrid.............................................. 1 41,452,640
(\59\804.66m) \35\250 \56\0.02 ........ ............ ......... ...... 1 41,452,640
(\59\804.66m) \35\250 34,560.1
Tomato.................................................. \7\1 \25\200
(\59\60.96m) 0 0 \7\1 \25\100
(\59\30.48m) 300 0.5 \7\1 \25\30
(\59\9.14m) 150 1.0
Tobacco:
Nonhybrid........................................... 360 37150
(5945.72m) 0 0.01 360 37150
(5945.72m) 0 0.01 360 37150
(5945.72m) 0 0.01
Hybrid.............................................. ..... ............... ........... ........ ........ ............ ......... ...... 360 38150
(5945.72m) 0 0.01
Trefoil, birdsfoot...................................... 15 5,44600
(59182.88m) 1,000 0.1 13 5,44300
(5991.44m) 400 0.25 12 6,44165
(5950.29m) 100 1.0
Triticale............................................... 71 230 3,000 0.05 71 230 2,000 0.1 71 230 1,000 0.2
Vetch................................................... 1,75 17,4410
(593.05m) 1,000 0.1 1,73 17,4410
(593.05m) 400 0.25 1,72 17,4410
(593.05m) 100 1.0
Vetch, milk............................................. 15 5,44600
(59182.88m) 2,000 0.05 13 5,44300
(5991.44m) 1,000 0.1 12 44165
(5950.29m) 200 0.5
Watermelon.............................................. 71 262,640
(59804.66m) 280 0 71 262,640
(59402.34m) 280 0.5