[Federal Register Volume 59, Number 178 (Thursday, September 15, 1994)]
[Unknown Section]
[Page 0]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 94-22347]


[[Page Unknown]]

[Federal Register: September 15, 1994]


_______________________________________________________________________

Part II





Environmental Protection Agency





_______________________________________________________________________



40 CFR Parts 9 and 300




National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan; Final 
Rule
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

40 CFR Parts 9 and 300

[FRL-5028-6]

 
National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan

AGENCY: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Final rule.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: In this rulemaking, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 
(EPA or ``the Agency'') is promulgating revisions to the National Oil 
and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP). The Oil 
Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) amends existing provisions of the Clean 
Water Act (CWA) and creates major new authorities addressing oil and, 
to a lesser extent, hazardous substance spill response. The amended CWA 
required the President to revise the NCP to reflect these changes. The 
OPA specifies a number of revisions to the NCP that enhance and expand 
upon the current framework, standards, and procedures for response. The 
last revisions to the NCP were promulgated on March 8, 1990 (55 FR 
8666). The proposed revisions upon which this rulemaking is based were 
published on October 22, 1993 (58 FR 54702). Today's revisions affect 
all NCP subparts except F (State Involvement in Hazardous Substance 
Response) and I (Administrative Record for Selection of Response 
Action).

EFFECTIVE DATE: October 17, 1994.

ADDRESSES: Copies of materials relevant to the rulemaking are contained 
in the Superfund Docket, Room M2615, U.S. Environmental Protection 
Agency, 401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460. (Docket Number NCP-R2/
A) This docket is available for inspection between the hours of 9:00 am 
and 4:00 pm, Monday through Friday, excluding federal holidays. 
Appointments to review the docket may be made by calling 202-260-3046. 
The public may copy a maximum 266 pages from any regulatory docket at 
no cost. If the number of pages copied exceeds 266, however, a charge 
of $0.15 will be incurred for each additional page, plus a $25.00 
administrative fee. The docket will mail copies of materials to 
requestors who are outside the Washington, DC metropolitan area.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Richard Norris, Emergency Response 
Division (5202G), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M Street, 
SW., Washington, DC 20460, or call 703-603-9053.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The contents of today's preamble are listed 
in the following outline:

    I. Introduction.
    II. Discussion of Selected Comments and Other Changes by 
Subpart.
    III. Summary of Supporting Analyses.

I. Introduction

A. Statutory Authority

    Under section 311(d) of the Clean Water Act (CWA), as amended by 
section 4201 of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA), Pub. L. 101-380, 
and pursuant to authority delegated by the President in Executive Order 
(E.O.) No. 12777, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in 
consultation with the member agencies of the National Response Team 
(NRT), is today promulgating revisions to the National Oil and 
Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP), 40 CFR part 300. 
Some of the major goals of the OPA that affect the NCP include 
expanding prevention and preparedness activities and enhancing response 
capability of the federal government.
    One of the primary purposes of the NCP is to provide for efficient, 
coordinated, and effective action to minimize adverse impact from oil 
discharges and hazardous substance releases.1 Today's revisions 
incorporate changes made by the OPA that have expanded federal removal 
authority, added responsibilities for federal On-Scene Coordinators 
(OSCs), and broadened coordination and preparedness planning 
requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\Throughout the NCP, ``discharge'' also includes ``substantial 
threat of discharge,'' and ``release'' also means ``threat of 
release.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The OPA was enacted to strengthen the national response system. The 
OPA provides for better coordination of spill contingency planning 
among federal, state, and local authorities. The addition of the 
National Strike Force Coordination Center (NSFCC), for example, is 
expected to relieve equipment and personnel shortages that have 
interfered with response to oil spills posing particularly significant 
environmental or human health threats. Today's rule revises the NCP to 
implement a strongly coordinated, multi-level national response 
strategy. The national response strategy, contained primarily in 
Subparts B and D of the NCP, provides the framework for notification, 
communication, logistics, and responsibility for response to discharges 
of oil, including worst case discharges and discharges that pose a 
substantial threat to the public health or welfare of the United 
States. The amended NCP further strengthens the OSC's ability to 
coordinate the response on-scene and also incorporates a new OPA-
mandated level of contingency planning--Area Committees and Area 
Contingency Plans (ACPs). These committees and plans are designed to 
improve coordination among the national, regional, and local planning 
levels and to enhance the availability of trained personnel, necessary 
equipment, and scientific support that may be needed to adequately 
address all discharges.
    The major revisions to the NCP being promulgated today reflect OPA 
revisions to CWA section 311. These changes increase Presidential 
authority to direct cleanup of oil spills and hazardous substance 
releases and augment preparedness and planning activities on the part 
of the federal government, as well as vessel and facility owners and 
operators. For example, revised CWA section 311(c) requires the 
President to direct removal actions for discharges and substantial 
threats of discharges posing a substantial threat to the public health 
or welfare of the United States. Revised section 311(d) requires a 
number of specific changes to the NCP, including the establishment of 
``criteria and procedures to ensure immediate and effective Federal 
identification of, and response to, a discharge, or the threat of a 
discharge, that results in a substantial threat to the public health or 
welfare of the United States.''
    Section 311(d) also mandates the establishment of procedures and 
standards for removing a worst case discharge of oil and for mitigating 
or preventing a substantial threat of such a discharge. Furthermore, 
this section requires the NCP to establish a fish and wildlife response 
plan ``for the immediate and effective protection, rescue, and 
rehabilitation of, and the minimization of risk of damage to, fish and 
wildlife resources and their habitat that are harmed or that may be 
jeopardized by a discharge.'' Section 311(d)(2)(G) authorizes 
consideration of ``other spill mitigating devices and substances'' for 
inclusion on the NCP Product Schedule, and section 311(d)(2)(L) 
requires the establishment of procedures for the coordination of 
activities of OSCs, Area Committees, U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) strike 
teams, and District Response Groups (DRGs).
    Section 311(j)(2) of the CWA requires that a national response 
unit, included in today's revisions as the NSFCC, be established in 
Elizabeth City, North Carolina. The NSFCC ``shall compile and maintain 
a comprehensive computer list of spill removal resources, personnel, 
and equipment'' and ``shall provide technical assistance'' to OSCs. 
Section 311(j)(2) provides that the NSFCC will also coordinate efforts 
to remove worst case discharges. Pursuant to section 311(j)(3), the 
USCG must establish DRGs in each of the 10 USCG districts to provide 
``technical assistance, equipment, and other resources'' to OSCs to 
assist their response activities. Pursuant to CWA section 311(d)(2)(K), 
OSCs must be designated for each area for which an ACP is required to 
be prepared.
    Section 311(j)(4) addresses the development of an expanded national 
oil spill response planning system. Under this section, Area 
Committees, which are composed of qualified federal, state, and local 
agency personnel, are directed to develop ACPs that will address 
planning and response-related issues and concerns, including removal of 
worst case discharges, responsibilities of owners and operators and 
government agencies in removing discharges, and procedures for 
obtaining an expedited decision regarding the use of dispersants.
    CWA section 311(j)(5) requires that the President issue regulations 
within two years of enactment of the OPA for owners or operators of 
certain vessels and facilities to prepare response plans to address, 
among other matters, response to a worst case discharge to the maximum 
extent practicable. These facility response plans are required to be 
consistent with the NCP and with ACPs. For onshore facilities that can 
cause ``significant and substantial harm'' in the event of a worst case 
spill, these plans must be approved by the federal government. Pursuant 
to E.O. 12777, EPA developed regulations that include the criteria for 
determining which onshore, non-transportation-related facilities are to 
submit response plans and which of these plans are to be reviewed and 
approved by EPA, requirements for the preparation of those plans, and 
criteria for EPA's review and approval of the submitted plans. The 
Agency promulgated these regulations on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34070). EPA 
has developed a data base to track facility response plans. The 
Department of Transportation (DOT) and the Department of the Interior 
(DOI) developed similar regulations, for offshore and transportation-
related facilities, pipelines, and vessels.

B. Background of This Rulemaking

    The President signed the OPA on August 18, 1990, after both houses 
of Congress passed the Act unanimously. After several similar proposals 
had been unsuccessful over the past 15 years, Congress enacted this 
legislation partly in response to the Exxon Valdez spill and several 
other incidents, including the Mega Borg and the American Trader 
spills.
    In a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) published on October 22, 
1993 (58 FR 54702), EPA proposed the OPA-required revisions to the NCP. 
A public meeting on the proposal was held in Seattle, Washington on 
January 14, 1994. EPA received 41 comment letters during the public 
comment period. A detailed Response to Comments document, providing the 
Agency's response to all comments received, is included in the Docket.

II. Discussion of Selected Comments and Other Changes by Subpart

    This section of the preamble provides a subpart-by-subpart and 
section-by-section summary of all changes that have been made to the 
proposed rule published on October 22, 1993. Some of these changes have 
resulted from comments received; others have resulted from inter-agency 
federal workgroup deliberations, during which it was determined that 
additional clarification was needed.
    This section also contains responses to selected comments received 
on the proposed revisions. In addition to responses to those comments 
that resulted in rule language changes, EPA has included responses to 
other comments that addressed ``major'' issues and those on which the 
Agency thought it was particularly important to clarify its position 
for the entire regulated community. Every comment received was reviewed 
and a response to all comments can be found in a comprehensive Response 
to Comments document which is included in the Docket. For a complete 
discussion of the proposed revisions, the majority of which are being 
promulgated as final regulations by this action, the reader is referred 
to the detailed preamble discussion in the October 22, 1993 NPRM (58 FR 
54702).

Subpart A--Introduction

Section 300.3--Scope

    One commenter suggested that, rather than stating in 
Sec. 300.3(b)(6) that the NCP provides for ``designation'' of federal 
trustees, it would be more appropriate to indicate that such 
designation occurs through E.O. 12580. EPA agrees with the commenter's 
point, but will substitute ``listing of'' for ``designation'' rather 
than modify the text to discuss designation occurring through the 
Executive Order, as the commenter suggests.
    One commenter asked EPA to define consistency with the NCP as those 
actions that are not prohibited by the NCP itself or by the express 
instructions/directions of the federal OSC.
    Consistency with the NCP is a phrase that is used in and key to 
liability under section 107 of the Comprehensive Environmental 
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), Pub. L. 96-510, 42 
U.S.C. 9601 et seq. EPA is concerned that defining consistency in the 
NCP itself could artificially and unnecessarily constrain Agency 
response and enforcement actions. No definition could ever be 
sufficiently precise to cover all situations; each response under the 
NCP is unique in some way and every response scenario is unlikely to be 
captured by a single definition. Therefore, the recommendation has not 
been adopted.

Section 300.4--Abbreviations

    In response to the addition of the U.S. Navy Supervisor of Salvage 
(SUPSALV) elsewhere in today's final rule, ``SUPSALV'' is being added 
to the list of abbreviations.

Section 300.5--Definitions

    Many of the commenters raised definitional issues related to 
concerns in other subparts of the proposed rule. These issues are 
addressed in the context of those subparts. However, several commenters 
raised concerns independent of other issues, including the following:
     One commenter noted that the Federal Response Plan is 
identified as being signed by 27 federal departments in the preamble, 
and as having been signed by 25 departments in the definition of 
Federal Response Plan. This discrepancy was due to the fact that the 
Federal Response Plan was recently signed by two additional federal 
departments. Thus, the correct number of signatories is 27 and 
Sec. 300.5 has been modified accordingly.
     Three commenters asked if each village/community 
affiliated with an Indian or Eskimo tribe would qualify as an ``Indian 
tribe,'' and therefore have Regional Response Team (RRT) 
representation, although different villages may be of the same tribal 
ancestry. ``Indian tribe,'' as defined by the OPA and the NCP, excludes 
``any Alaska Native regional or village corporation.''
     One commenter asked that the definition of ``Lead 
administrative trustee'' be made consistent with the definition in the 
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) damage 
assessment regulation to clarify between two concepts that will be used 
in related NOAA and USCG regulations--the lead administrative trustee 
and a federal lead administrative trustee. EPA agrees with the 
commenter; the NOAA damage assessment regulation definition for lead 
administrative trustee will be used in the NCP.
     One commenter recommended that the ``National response 
system'' be defined as being composed of two distinct entities: a 
planning body and a response body. Furthermore, the commenter suggested 
that the incident command system be the basic response structure/
organization and members of the planning body would function as an 
integral part of the incident command system as opposed to a separate 
advisory group. EPA disagrees that the definition of the national 
response system should be revised as recommended to reflect ``a 
planning body and a response body.'' Some of the organizations referred 
to by the commenter--such as the NRT and the RRTs--have 
responsibilities related to both planning and response. The NRT, for 
example, has responsibilities for planning and preparedness, but also 
may be activated for response to oil discharges or hazardous substance 
releases (see Sec. 300.110). EPA has, however, clarified Figure 1 by 
dividing it into two figures (Figures 1a and 1b) to better illustrate 
the response and planning processes. In addition, EPA would like to 
clarify that, although the national response system meets the 
requirements of 29 CFR 1910.120 concerning the use of an incident 
command system, it is not the same as many of the typical incident 
command systems used by states, industry, and local responders. EPA has 
eliminated references to an incident command system in the definition 
of national response system to avoid any confusion on this point. The 
Agency also has eliminated an erroneous reference to ``IRPM'' resulting 
from a typographical error.
     One commenter noted that the definition of ``navigable 
waters'' does not conform to the recently revised definition in 40 CFR 
110.1. EPA agrees that the language should be revised to be consistent 
with the current definition of the same term at 40 CFR 110.1. 
Specifically, subparagraph (f) of the 40 CFR part 110 regulations 
concerning wetlands provides that ``[n]avigable waters do not include 
prior converted cropland'' (58 FR 45035, August 25, 1993). In this 
final rule, EPA has added the appropriate language to Sec. 300.5.
     One commenter outlined a decision-tree process (using a 
series of yes/no questions) to clarify what is and is not ``oil.'' The 
process was suggested to be used instead of the proposed NCP 
definition. This decision-tree analysis would distinguish oil from 
CERCLA hazardous substances and other man-made chemicals. EPA believes 
that reliance on the OPA definition of oil provides the most reliable 
determination of what is and is not oil. The commenter's approach, 
therefore, has not been adopted.
     Related to the definition of oil, one commenter asked EPA 
to provide additional guidance regarding the classification of a spill 
as ``oil'' or ``hazardous substances'' and the appropriate use of the 
Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF) or CERCLA for response. 
Specifically, the commenter suggested addressing two issues: (1) 
appropriate response and funding for spills of statutorily defined 
``oil'' which may exhibit, if tested, characteristics of a CERCLA 
``hazardous substance'' in either its initial or weathered state; and 
(2) response and funding where both ``oil'' and CERCLA ``hazardous 
substances'' may be involved in a discharge or substantial threat of a 
discharge. The commenter's concerns touch on interagency policy issues 
that will be decided on a case-by-case basis between EPA and the USCG. 
The Agency does not wish to limit its flexibility in such matters by 
implementing the commenter's suggestions for revising the NCP.
     Also related to the definition of oil, one commenter 
argued that the treatment of animal fats and vegetable oils in the NCP 
is inconsistent with established regulatory principles and with 
available scientific data. The commenter stated that animal fats and 
vegetable oils are substantially less harmful to the environment than 
petroleum-based oils and suggested that the rulemaking be amended to 
differentiate between types of oils and provide for a different 
approach to response and removal methodologies for animal fats and 
vegetable oils than that required for petroleum oil. EPA disagrees that 
the treatment of animal fats and vegetable oils is inconsistent with 
established regulatory principles. The Agency notes that the definition 
of ``oil'' in the CWA includes oil of any kind, and that EPA uses this 
broad definition in 40 CFR part 110, the Discharge of Oil rule. The 
applicability of CWA section 311 regulations to non-petroleum oils, 
including potentially harmful effects of animal and vegetable oil 
spills, has already been discussed in the 1987 rulemaking to revise 40 
CFR part 110. EPA considers certain harmful effects of non-petroleum 
oil discharges to be similar to those of petroleum oils, including the 
drowning of waterfowl, fishkills due to increased biological oxygen 
demand, asphyxiation of benthic life, and adverse aesthetic effects (52 
FR 10718).
     Three commenters asked that the definition of ``On-Scene 
Coordinator (OSC)'' be changed to ``Federal On-Scene Coordinator 
(FOSC)'' to distinguish it from state and local OSCs. As defined, OSC 
means a federal official; therefore, there is no need to modify the 
terms as suggested or to refer to the OSC as the FOSC. Also, EPA has 
revised the definition of OSC to delete the second mention of the term 
``federal,'' for clarification. Finally, the word ``government'' has 
been added to modify the phrase ``official designated by the lead 
agency'' to clarify that the functions of the OSC cannot be delegated 
to non-government personnel.
     Two commenters stated that the definition of ``Removal 
costs'' needs to be expanded to include cost recovery for hazardous 
substance response incidents. The definition, taken from the statute, 
clearly indicates that it is limited to ``removal costs'' as defined in 
the OPA. Thus, it correctly relates only to oil spill response efforts.
     Noting that the OPA imposes a number of requirements on 
``Tank vessels'' and ``Facilities,'' one commenter asked that these 
definitions be modified to exclude dedicated oil spill response vessels 
and temporary storage tanks. The commenter also requested that the 
definition of ``tank vessel'' not include temporary storage bladders 
(TSBs), indicating that the Customs Service recently clarified that 
TSBs used for oil cleanups are not ``vessels'' for purposes of the 
``Jones Act.'' EPA does not believe there is a compelling reason to use 
a definition of ``tank vessel'' or ``facility'' in the NCP that differs 
from the definition in the statute. Furthermore, the Agency believes 
the commenter is raising what are fundamentally vessel and facility 
response plan issues more appropriately addressed in the various 
response plan rules.
     One commenter asked that the definition of the term 
``Trustee'' be expanded to include not only foreign government 
officials who may pursue claims for damages, but anyone who may have a 
claim for damages. Section 1006 of the OPA designates trustees and 
describes the functions to be carried out by these trustees. That 
section does not envision ``anyone who may have a claim for damages'' 
within the range of individuals who would be designated as trustees for 
purposes of pursuing claims for damages to natural resources. This does 
not, however, preclude any individual from pursuing a claim for damages 
other than natural resource damages.
     One commenter recommended that EPA clarify the definition 
of ``Worst case discharge'' to indicate more clearly that the terms and 
requirements for worst case discharges apply only to discharges of oil 
and not to releases of hazardous substances. The CWA definition of 
worst case discharge (section 311(a)(24)) does not specify whether it 
applies to only oil or to both oil and hazardous substances regulated 
under the CWA. CWA section 311(d) requires the NCP to include 
``procedures and standards for removing a worst case discharge of oil * 
* *.'' CWA section 311(j)(5) requires tank vessel and facility response 
plans addressing worst cases discharges ``of oil or a hazardous 
substance.'' EPA does not want to further confuse matters by deviating 
from the statutory definition. The Agency believes it is sufficiently 
clear that NCP Sec. 300.324, ``Response to Worst Case Discharges,'' is 
limited to oil as it is contained within subpart D, ``Operational 
Response Phases for Oil Removal.''
     One commenter argued that the definition of ``Worst case 
discharge'' or ``largest foreseeable discharge'' should be based on 
site-specific conditions or an optional default amount based on the 
type of non-transportation-related facility. The commenter believes 
that using options will encourage installation of additional 
containment structures and ultimately reduce the frequency and size of 
facility spills. EPA has chosen to rely on the definition from the OPA, 
which is amenable to site-specific applications. Regarding the role of 
an optional default amount, the Agency believes that this is more 
appropriately addressed in vessel and facility response plan 
regulations.

Subpart B--Responsibility and Organization for Response

Section 300.105--General Organization Concepts

    One commenter recommended that a paragraph be added describing the 
basic ``incident command system'' used by the federal government. The 
commenter suggested that this would add credibility to the NCP, because 
such a system has been implemented by ``the majority of progressive 
states and responsible parties'' and ``the more advanced districts and 
regions of the Coast Guard and EPA'' as the national standard for 
organizing spill response. Another commenter agreed and stated that 
this discussion should include a description of the five response 
functions and the federal agencies that are likely to take the lead in 
filling each function. Still another commenter stated that the 
``unified command system'' structure: (1) Clarifies that one 
individual, the OSC, retains ultimate decisionmaking authority; and (2) 
reflects appropriate response roles for other participants such as 
state OSCs, responsible parties, and private contractors.2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \2\Several comments on sections of Subpart B other than 
Sec. 300.105 also addressed the incident command system and the 
unified command. Because the response presented here encompasses the 
concerns raised by those comments, such comments are not presented 
separately in the preamble. All individual comments and responses on 
all sections of Subpart B, as well as other subparts, appear in 
their entirety in the Response to Comments document.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The commenters' recommendations emphasize the importance of 
clarifying the basic framework for the response management structure in 
the NCP. EPA agrees that the NCP should be revised to address this 
topic more explicitly. New subparagraphs (d) and (c) have been added to 
Secs. 300.105 and 300.305, respectively, and a new sentence has been 
added to the end of subparagraph (d) of Sec. 300.135 describing the 
response management structure as a system (e.g., a unified command 
system) that brings together the functions of the federal government, 
the state government, and the responsible party to achieve an effective 
and efficient response, where the OSC maintains authority. (The state 
government, at its discretion, may solicit local government involvement 
in this structure.) EPA would like to restate that although the goal of 
this structure is to reach consensus whenever possible, the OSC always 
retains the authority to take all actions that he or she deems 
appropriate. Area Committees will be responsible for developing 
detailed response management structures for their areas based on the 
broad guidelines provided in the NCP.
    EPA would also like to clarify that although the national response 
system meets the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.120 as an incident command 
system, it is not one of the several systems currently in use by local 
fire fighters around the country and separately referred to as ``the'' 
traditional incident command system. Most of these other response 
management systems are patterned after systems developed by such 
organizations as the National Fire Academy and the National Interagency 
Fire Center. These systems were developed for operations where control 
of resources and personnel is placed on a single incident commander.
    The emphasis during oil spill response is on coordination and 
cooperation, rather than on a more rigid system of command and control. 
The OSC, the state/local government representatives, and the 
responsible party all are involved with varying degrees of 
responsibility, regardless of the size or severity of the incident. The 
OSC in every case retains the authority to direct the spill response, 
and must direct responses to spills that pose a substantial threat to 
the public health or welfare of the United States. In many situations, 
however, the OSC will choose to monitor the actions of the responsible 
party and/or state/local governments and provide support and advice 
where appropriate. The response management structure does not attempt 
to prescribe a specific item-by-item functional description of where 
particular organizations or individuals fit within a single response 
structure for a given response. Developing, adopting, and implementing 
a response management system, such as a unified command system, is the 
responsibility of the OSC and the Area Committee, through the ACP.
    The response organization in an ACP must be designed to recognize 
two basic facts: (1) All key players in the response management 
structure may have job responsibilities in addition to response and 
preparedness, and (2) some of these responsibilities fall outside the 
scope of the NCP and thus would not be subject to the response 
structure described in the ACP.
    Based on these facts, an area's response management system should 
recognize that key players will maintain a separate internal response 
management infrastructure during a response. The goal of the area's 
response management system is to identify how those participating in 
the response management structure can best communicate and coordinate 
with each other for planning, logistics, finance, operations, and 
communications to ensure effective response coordination. Because the 
key players differ from area to area, Area Committees must have the 
flexibility to tailor systems to their basic organization for the 
specific area. It is beyond the scope of the NCP to prescribe or 
endorse a particular version of incident command; to do so would be 
counterproductive to the very purpose of Area Committees and ACPs.
    Four commenters recommended various changes to Figure 1, ``National 
Response System Concepts.'' Each of these commenters stated that the 
responsible party should be included in Figure 1 because the 
responsible party, along with the federal OSC and state OSC, will 
operate in a triad structure in the unified command. One of the 
commenters stated that Figure 1 should reflect the participation of 
local governments and tribes on the RRT. This commenter stated that the 
current Figure 1 ultimately will hamper the efficiency of incident 
response, because it does not accurately reflect the roles of these 
entities. Three commenters recommended that the unified command be 
incorporated to more accurately illustrate the command structure. Two 
commenters stated specifically that the figure should be revised to 
show that state and local responders are accountable to the federal 
OSC. One commenter suggested that two new figures be added, one showing 
the organization for planning and preparedness, and the other showing 
the organization for response. The same commenter also recommended 
that, to minimize the complexity of the national response system, 
separate figures should be created for hazardous substance (CERCLA) and 
oil (CWA) responses. In addition, the commenter suggested consideration 
of separate figures for EPA's inland zone and USCG's coastal zone.
    In response to concerns raised by the commenters, EPA has clarified 
Figure 1 depicting the national response system by dividing it into two 
separate figures--one for response (Figure 1a) and the other for 
planning (Figure 1b). These new figures illustrate a response 
management system (e.g., a unified command system) that brings together 
the functions of the Federal Government, the state government, and the 
responsible party to achieve an effective and efficient response, where 
the OSC maintains authority. EPA believes that Figure 1a illustrates 
clearly that the OSC always retains the authority to take all actions 
that he or she deems appropriate.
    Footnote 2 to Figure 1b references coordination with other existing 
response plans prepared under the OPA and other statutes. Information 
from such industry plans should be considered by Area Committees in 
developing and improving ACPs. This includes information that becomes 
available from risk management plans prepared under section 112(r) of 
the Clean Air Act, as well as from other federally mandated plans. EPA 
believes that this information not only will be useful in developing 
contingency plans, but that consideration of such information also will 
help avoid unnecessary overlap and duplication of planning 
requirements.
    Local governments are not shown on the RRT in Figure 1b because 
they participate only at the discretion of the state. Indian tribes are 
not shown separately because they are included in the definition of the 
term ``State'' as used in the NCP (Sec. 300.5).
    With regard to the recommendations to develop separate figures for 
hazardous substances and oil responses as well as for coastal zone and 
inland zone responses, EPA believes that the new response and 
preparedness figures present a useful summary of the national response 
system that accurately reflects all of these categories of responses. 
The four additional figures, therefore, are unnecessary and have not 
been included.
    One commenter suggested including a statement regarding the Federal 
Government's oversight role in situations where the responsible party 
is responding adequately. The commenter explained that the government's 
response role includes oversight as well as cleanup, but that oversight 
appears to have been overlooked throughout the preamble and proposed 
rule.
    Section 300.305(d) (formerly (c)) of the NCP provides that, except 
in a case when the OSC is required to direct the response to a 
discharge that may pose a substantial threat to the public health or 
welfare of the United States, the OSC may allow the responsible party 
to voluntarily and promptly perform removal actions, provided the OSC 
determines such actions will ensure an effective and immediate removal 
of the discharge or mitigation or prevention of a substantial threat of 
a discharge. If the responsible party does conduct the removal, the OSC 
shall ensure adequate surveillance over whatever actions are initiated. 
The Agency believes that this provision provides adequate guidance 
regarding the OSC's oversight role during responsible party removal 
actions. Additional detail on this topic in the NCP would unnecessarily 
limit the flexibility of the OSC in choosing and implementing 
appropriate oversight activities.

Section 300.110--National Response Team

    Seven commenters expressed concern regarding the membership and 
responsibilities of the NRT. These commenters suggested that states, 
responsible parties, and cleanup contractors either be represented on 
the NRT or have input into response decisions.
    One commenter reasoned that state representation on the NRT would 
increase recognition of the state role in federal response action. 
Other commenters noted that the decisions of the NRT affect the 
planning, preparedness, and, ultimately, response actions of 
responsible parties and that such parties have technical expertise that 
could be valuable in NRT meetings. One commenter believed that the 
proposed rule did not encourage the NRT to solicit input from 
stakeholders. The commenter also suggested that all workgroup meetings 
conducted in conjunction with NRT meetings be open to the public to 
encourage improved communication on planning and response issues. 
Another commenter recommended that cleanup contractors be included in 
the decisionmaking committees and scientific support described in the 
NCP. This commenter reasoned that federal and state government 
personnel do not physically clean up spills; instead, it is the private 
contractors who are hired by the responsible party or government agency 
and who consequently have hands-on knowledge of and experience with 
state-of-the-art cleanup techniques. Two commenters suggested that, in 
contrast to the Area Committees, many of the RRT subcommittees are 
completely closed to private parties.
    EPA agrees that input from states and private parties helps the NRT 
to function more effectively and that private party involvement with 
the RRTs can have the same result. States and private parties are 
encouraged to attend NRT meetings and in the case of private parties, 
RRT meetings. Those who wish to attend should contact the NRT Secretary 
or RRT co-chairs so that appropriate logistical arrangements can be 
made. In some instances, however, attendance by states or private 
parties may not be feasible or appropriate. For example, although the 
meetings of the standing RRT are open, the meetings of the RRT in 
executive session or as an incident-specific team are not open to 
private parties because this would interfere with inherently 
governmental functions. Specifically, attendance and participation by 
private parties could slow certain time-critical decisions, such as 
which particular federal, state or local government, or private party 
resources the RRT should request to respond to a discharge or release.

Section 300.115--Regional Response Teams

    Three commenters believed that local governments should not be 
represented on the RRT because the RRT should not become overwhelmed by 
local representatives if it is to be effective in addressing regional 
issues during emergency responses. One of these commenters explained 
that state representatives could coordinate with local governments and 
communicate their issues to the RRT. Under Sec. 300.115, local 
governments are represented directly on the RRT by the state, and local 
input is coordinated through the state's representative. EPA believes 
this is an efficient means of local government representation on the 
RRT that does not impair the effectiveness of the RRT to address 
regional issues.
    Three commenters argued that RRTs should not duplicate the planning 
role of the Area Committees because RRTs are not mentioned and have no 
statutory basis in the OPA. One of these commenters recommended that 
RRT members participate in Area Committees directly, rather than 
through the RRT. One commenter suggested that the NCP ``find a real 
place for the RRT within the [incident command system] structure or 
consider eliminating this body.'' This commenter's major concern 
appears to be that the RRT structure assumes one state agency can 
represent all state and local entities, but the federal government must 
be represented by 16 agencies. According to the commenter, this 
seriously undermines RRT credibility at the state and local level.
    EPA believes there are several significant distinctions between the 
geographic responsibilities of RRTs and Area Committees that impart 
unique and essential functions to the two entities. Regions are 
envisioned to have multiple areas; in its planning and coordination 
role, the RRT provides oversight and consistency review for areas 
within a given region. This includes facilitating the process of 
ensuring that Area Committees within a region are mutually supportive 
and that links to extra-regional response concerns, considerations, and 
capabilities are maintained. This regional/area approach allows local 
area personnel to focus on specific issues such as risks, sensitive 
area prioritization, and response strategies that need to be tailored 
to a smaller, more manageable geographic scale.
    With regard to state representation on the RRT, the purpose of 
having a single representative is to make it possible for the state, 
rather than the RRT itself, to resolve intra-state disagreements. 
States may designate at least one alternate member to attend RRT 
meetings as a way to better ensure intra-state coordination, for 
example, between the state agency handling emergency response and the 
environmental agency, health agency, and the State Emergency Response 
Commission (SERC).
    Two commenters stated that the role of the RRT during response 
should be limited to providing support to the OSC, upon request, as 
part of the unified command structure. The commenters argued that at no 
time should a specific RRT be given an operational role in response 
without placing that role in the unifying context of the incident 
command system.
    EPA believes that the commenters' recommendation for the RRT 
members to provide response support to the OSC is already consistent 
with the current national response system, when implemented during 
spill cleanup operations. Although the RRT is a separate and distinct 
entity with clearly defined roles, this does not bar individual RRT 
members from being part of the OSC's support staff during a response. 
In fact, the very structure of the RRT indicates that it may be 
activated to supply individual members in support of response actions. 
The two principal components of the RRT are a standing team and an 
incident-specific team. The latter is formed from the standing team to 
support the OSC/Remedial Project Manager (RPM) when the RRT is 
activated for response to a specific discharge or release (see 
Sec. 300.115(b)).
    One commenter noted that Secs. 300.115(i)(6), 300.205(c)(3), and 
300.210(c)(3)(iv) reference advance planning and expedited 
decisionmaking for use of dispersants, surface washing agents, surface 
collecting agents, burning agents, bioremediation agents, or other 
chemical agents. The commenter suggested adding the following language, 
consistent with Sec. 300.310(c): ``* * * and in accordance with any 
applicable laws, regulations, or requirements * * *.'' The recommended 
clarification has been made in Sec. 300.115(i)(6) of the final rule. 
The language in Secs. 300.205(c)(3) and 300.210(c)(3)(iv) is taken 
directly from the OPA and has, therefore, not been changed.

Section 300.120--On-Scene Coordinators and Remedial Project Managers: 
General Responsibilities

    Two commenters stated that the NCP should specify minimum 
qualifications (education and experience) and training requirements for 
Federal OSCs and other response personnel. The commenters reasoned that 
the OSC has ultimate responsibility for the spill response effort and 
therefore must have sufficient knowledge, training, and skill to 
perform effectively and gain the confidence of the public and the 
response community.
    EPA agrees that appropriate training enables OSCs to effectively 
carry out their responsibilities. In addition, the relevant Federal 
agencies (EPA and USCG for oil discharges) are aware of their 
responsibilities under the NCP and will put the best qualified OSC on 
the job. EPA does not agree, however, that the NCP should require lead 
agencies to identify minimum qualifications and training requirements 
for OSCs and other response personnel. The lead agency instead should 
have adequate flexibility to decide on appropriate operating procedures 
that, for the particular agency, will best ensure adequately trained 
OSCs and other response personnel.
    One commenter recommended that Sec. 300.120(a) explicitly state 
that the Federal OSC's authority is sufficient to override any 
otherwise applicable Federal, State, and local requirements. The 
commenter reasoned that compliance with all requirements may not be 
practicable, particularly if the requirement was established without 
considering the special circumstances of emergency response.
    EPA does not believe that the provision suggested by the 
commenter--essentially preempting all Federal and State law when the 
OSC directs response to a discharge--is authorized by the OPA. 
Furthermore, adding such a provision to the NCP appears to be 
unnecessary. Section 311(c)(1) of the CWA, as amended by the OPA, gives 
the OSC authority to ``direct or monitor all Federal, State, and 
private actions to remove a discharge.'' The same provision also 
authorizes the OSC to remove or arrange for the removal of a discharge 
and to remove and, if necessary, destroy a vessel that is discharging. 
In addition, if a discharge poses a substantial threat to the public 
health or welfare of the United States, CWA section 311(c)(2), as 
amended, requires the OSC to direct all Federal, State, and private 
actions to remove the discharge and gives the OSC authority to carry 
out the other actions mentioned in section 311(c)(1) ``without regard 
to any other provision of law governing contracting procedures or 
employment of personnel by the Federal Government.''
    Congress explicitly provided for limited preemption only for 
contracting and employment laws and this limited preemption applies 
only when a discharge poses a substantial threat to the public health 
or welfare of the United States. There is no express indication that 
Congress intended to preempt all Federal and State requirements with 
respect to other discharges.
    Several commenters stated that although the Federal OSC may have 
authority over the responsible party, the OSC does not have authority 
to direct State or local agency actions. As mentioned above, CWA 
section 311(c), as amended by the OPA, provides that the OSC ``may 
direct or monitor all Federal, State, and private actions to remove a 
discharge,'' and, in the case of a substantial threat to the public 
health or welfare of the United States, must direct such actions. Thus, 
it is clear that the OSC has the authority to direct State or private 
actions.
    With regard to local actions, the legislative history of the OPA 
indicates that there was no intent to exclude these from the 
President's authority to direct. The Conference Report states that 
section 201(b) of the Senate bill amended CWA section 311(d) ``to 
require the President to coordinate and direct all public and private 
cleanup efforts whenever there is a substantial threat of a pollution 
hazard to the public health or welfare * * *'' (emphasis added). 
Section 4201 of the House bill amends CWA section 311(c)(1) to 
authorize the President to ``direct the actions of all on-scene 
personnel, and monitor all removal actions'' (emphasis added). 
Furthermore, in discussing the new requirements to direct responses to 
spills that pose a substantial threat to the public health or welfare 
of the United States, the Conference Report states ``[t]his subsection 
is designed to eliminate the confusion evident in recent spills where 
the lack of clear delineation of command and management responsibility 
impeded prompt and effective response.'' (H.R. Report No. 101-653, 
101st Congress, 2d Sess., at pp. 144-46.) In light of these statements 
from the Conference Report, Congress could not have intended that local 
response actions be treated any differently from Federal, State, and 
private response actions with regard to the President's authority to 
direct.
    One commenter stated that Sec. 300.120(e) should indicate that the 
OSC coordinates, directs, and reviews the work of other agencies in 
contingency planning and removal. The commenter asserted that proposed 
Sec. 300.120 could be read to give the OSC broader responsibilities in 
coordination, direction, and reviewing the work of other agencies. EPA 
agrees that the OSC should not review the work of other agencies in 
activities other than contingency planning and removal. Section 
300.120(e) has been revised to clarify this point.

Section 300.135--Response Operations

    One commenter recommended that the federal OSC's responsibilities 
in a response coordinated by a state or local OSC be clarified. The 
commenter stated that this should help ensure that spill response 
actions are consistent with the NCP, regardless of whether there is a 
federal, state, or local OSC. The commenter indicated that it has had 
experience with several spills for which the federal OSC did not go on-
scene and did not access the OSLTF for removal actions. The commenter 
suggested that this has interfered with removal activities that it 
deemed necessary to ensure appropriate treatment of resources for which 
it had trust responsibilities.
    For any issues concerning a spill response, the OSC should be 
contacted first, whether or not the OSC is on-scene. However, it is 
important to note that the OSC is required to coordinate with the 
natural resource trustees on any removal action to be taken. If 
problems arise in the way these relationships are being implemented, 
such problems should be resolved at the area level during the Area 
Committee/area contingency planning process.
    Another commenter objected to the requirement that the federal OSC 
consult with the affected trustees on the appropriate removal action to 
be taken if this could result in cleanup contractors missing the 
``window of opportunity'' for using dispersants, burning, and 
containment and removal techniques to effectively address a spill.
    Section 1011 of the OPA states that ``The President shall consult 
with the affected trustees designated under section 1006 on the 
appropriate removal action to be taken in connection with any discharge 
of oil.'' Although this responsibility has been delegated from the 
President to the OSC, the language to which the commenter objects is 
statutorily required by the OPA. In addition, the potential for delay 
with which the commenter is concerned will be alleviated through the 
preplanning that is required for the use of dispersants, burning 
agents, surface washing agents, surface collecting agents, 
bioremediation agents, and miscellaneous oil spill control agents (see 
Sec. 300.910). Finally, it is important to note that consultation with 
the trustees does not mean that the OSC must obtain the concurrence of 
the trustees, although such concurrence is highly desirable. Ultimately 
the OSC, consistent with Secs. 300.120 and 300.125, has the authority 
to direct response efforts and coordinate all other efforts at the 
scene of a discharge.

Section 300.145--Special Teams and Other Assistance Available to OSCs/
RPMs

    One commenter recommended that the NOAA Scientific Support 
Coordinator (SSC) be the primary technical advisor to the federal OSC 
during a spill response and be the focal point for decisions regarding 
``how clean is clean.'' The commenter explained that NOAA is the 
federal agency with the greatest expertise on the fate, behavior, and 
effects of oil and the effectiveness of countermeasures, including 
ecological considerations. The commenter concluded that with so many 
competing interests coming into play in a spill response, this type of 
decision should be based on science, and NOAA is the appropriate player 
to present recommendations to the federal OSC.
    The NOAA SSCs and EPA's Environmental Response Team support the OSC 
on technical/scientific matters, as described in Sec. 300.145. The OSC, 
however, remains the ultimate decisionmaking authority for spill 
response. While the SSCs have considerable scientific specialization 
and, therefore, may be the appropriate resource to provide 
recommendations to the OSC on issues regarding ``how clean is clean'' 
during a response action, the OSC must be the focal point for making 
such decisions.
    One commenter stated that proposed Secs. 300.5, 300.305, and 
300.615, Appendix E Sections 1.5 and 5.5.2, and the preamble language 
accompanying Sec. 300.145 convey the inaccurate impression that 
trustees obtain funding to initiate a natural resource damage 
assessment (NRDA) and reimbursement for injuries to natural resources 
from the OSC. The commenter clarified that funding for initiation of 
NRDAs may be obtained from the OPA Emergency Fund upon application by 
the Federal lead administrative trustee directly to the National 
Pollution Funds Center (NPFC) of the Coast Guard. The OSLTF may also be 
used to pay for injury to natural resources. The commenter recommended 
that the following language be added throughout the preamble, rule, and 
Appendix E: ``The Federal lead administrative trustee facilitates 
effective and efficient communication between the OSC and the other 
Federal trustees during response operations and is responsible for 
applying to the OSC for non-monetary Federal response resources on 
behalf of all trustees. The Federal lead administrative trustee is also 
responsible for applying to the NPFC for funding for initiation of 
damage assessment and claims for injuries to natural resources.''
    EPA agrees with the recommended revision, except for the phrase 
``and claims,'' which is an inaccurate statement of lead administrative 
trustee responsibilities. Thus, the requested revision, as modified, 
has been incorporated into the preamble, Secs. 300.305 and 300.615 of 
the final rule, and Section 5.5.2 of Appendix E. Language with the same 
intent that varies slightly from this wording has been used in 
Sec. 300.5 and Appendix E Section 1.5 so that the definition of lead 
administrative trustee conforms to the proposed NOAA damage assessment 
regulation (59 FR 1062, January 7, 1994) (see preamble discussion of 
Sec. 300.5).
    One commenter recommended that specific language describing SUPSALV 
as a Special Team be added to Sec. 300.145. The language proposed by 
the commenter to be added to Sec. 300.145 as new subparagraph (d)(1) is 
already included in the description of the U.S. Navy in Sec. 300.175. 
The remaining subparagraphs, however, provide a useful description of 
SUPSALV as a Special Team and therefore have been added to 
Sec. 300.145.

Section 300.150--Worker Health and Safety

    One commenter recommended that the NCP clarify the applicable 
Federal, State, and local roles in determining and enforcing worker 
training and safety requirements, particularly in the maritime 
environment where there is the greatest potential for overlapping 
jurisdiction. The commenter asserted that two agencies, USCG and the 
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), potentially are 
charged with enforcing worker safety requirements during spill 
response. The commenter explained that it is essential that safety 
training requirements be established and clearly understood so that 
appropriate training can be conducted prior to an actual spill. The 
commenter further stated that it is critical at the time of the spill 
for one individual to assume responsibility for making decisions if 
there is confusion or disagreement regarding worker safety, health, or 
training.
    The OSC already is the senior official in charge of worker safety, 
health, and training requirements during a spill response under the 
NCP. The OSC is encouraged to undertake early coordination on all 
worker health and safety issues. Furthermore, the OSC in this capacity 
is required to comply with all applicable OSHA regulations. The details 
involved in implementing these requirements will be addressed during 
the Area Committee/area contingency planning process. Thus, EPA does 
not believe that the recommended additional language is necessary.

Section 300.155--Public Information and Community Relations

    One commenter suggested that prompt, accurate information 
dissemination to the public should be coordinated through a Joint 
Information Center, an entity with functions similar to the current on-
scene news office authorized by Sec. 300.155(b). The commenter 
explained that the current proposal addresses only federal government 
public relations and should be expanded to include public relations 
efforts of state, local, and private entities.
    EPA has revised Sec. 300.155(a) to state that the OSC/RPM should 
coordinate with available public affairs/community relations resources 
to ensure that all appropriate interests are considered by 
establishing, as appropriate, an on-scene Joint Information Center 
bringing together resources from federal and state agencies and the 
responsible party. Experience shows that there are some situations when 
a Joint Information Center is essential to provide adequate 
coordination of information to the public from federal and state 
authorities during an event. In other response actions, a less formal 
mechanism may be adequate. In the final analysis, it is within the 
OSC's discretion to determine whether to establish a Joint Information 
Center during an event. This issue should be addressed during the area 
contingency planning process.

Section 300.165--OSC Reports

    Two commenters questioned the appropriateness of eliminating the 
requirement to prepare OSC reports. One of these commenters suggested 
that if the requirement is eliminated, the pollution reports and log 
books from a major spill must be transmitted to a central repository. 
The commenter reasoned that records of how effectively mechanical 
equipment and other spill mitigating measures performed during an 
actual spill is precisely the type of information that should be 
transmitted to RRTs and Area Committees for their consideration. The 
other commenter stated that the final rule should clarify the purpose 
of this change and how EPA intends to address after action reporting 
and cost recovery.
    The original purpose of the OSC report was to summarize activities 
at the site and to communicate lessons learned, discuss any problems 
encountered in the response, and recommend improvements that need to be 
shared throughout the response community. Under the NCP, even without a 
requirement to prepare an OSC report in every instance, the NRT or an 
RRT can request that an OSC/RPM submit a complete report on the removal 
actions taken, including the resources committed and the problems 
encountered. EPA has reassessed the desirability of requiring an OSC 
report for all responses to major discharges or releases and determined 
that such a report will not be required automatically. The already 
considerable time demands placed on the OSC have increased dramatically 
with the enactment of the OPA. Preparing OSC reports is an additional 
paperwork burden that is not statutorily mandated. Furthermore, most 
important information contained in the OSC report--including lessons 
learned in specific responses and documentation needed for after action 
reporting and cost recovery--will be available from other materials 
prepared by the OSC, including the pollution report and the OSC log 
book. The pollution reports are kept in a central repository and are 
available to the public. Additional incentive to make this information 
available comes from the need to keep ACPs current and an increased 
need to share lessons learned. For example, the National Preparedness 
for Response Exercise Program (PREP) provides exercise guidelines 
applicable to OSCs as well as industry. Many of these guidelines can be 
met by aggressive evaluation of the response and lessons learned (the 
essence of the OSC report). Also, PREP currently is developing a 
proposal to establish a national data base for documenting lessons 
learned. Both government and industry will have access to this data 
base for entering data and the public will have access for retrieving 
data.

Section 300.170--Federal Agency Participation

    Three commenters asked that Sec. 300.170(d) be changed to require 
federal agencies to report releases, rather than simply encouraging 
them to do so. Section 300.170(c) states that all federal agencies are 
responsible for reporting releases of hazardous substances from 
facilities or vessels under their jurisdiction or control in accordance 
with section 103 of CERCLA. Section 300.170(d) refers to pollutants or 
contaminants; it is not a requirement of federal agencies or any other 
organization or person to report releases of pollutants or contaminants 
that are not defined by CERCLA as hazardous substances. EPA agrees, 
however, that if a federal agency discharges oil in an amount above the 
threshold quantity as defined by 40 CFR part 110, the agency is 
required to report that discharge. Therefore, the language of 
Sec. 300.170(d) has been revised in the final rule to indicate that 
federal agencies must report discharges of oil, as required in 40 CFR 
part 110.

Section 300.175--Federal Agencies: Additional Responsibilities and 
Assistance

    One commenter recommended that the NCP specify the oil discharge 
contingency planning responsibilities of the Department of 
Transportation's (DOT's) Office of Pipeline Safety, DOT's Research and 
Special Programs Administration, and the DOI's Minerals Management 
Service (MMS). The commenter explained that each of these entities has 
issued proposed or final regulations on response planning requirements 
for vessels, pipelines, and other means of transport. The commenter 
further recommended that the NCP incorporate a provision that the 
requirements of these federal agencies must be consistent.
    The commenter's recommendations provide a more complete description 
of the contingency planning responsibilities of federal agencies under 
the OPA by specifying the responsibilities of DOT and MMS. Therefore, 
EPA has revised Sec. 300.175, as appropriate. Regarding a ``consistency 
requirement,'' CWA section 311(j), as amended, requires facility 
response plans to be consistent with ACPs. EPA does not believe, 
however, that this type of consistency requirement needs to be included 
in the NCP, because the NCP is not the appropriate forum for 
harmonizing the response planning requirements of various federal 
agencies.
    One commenter suggested that proposed Sec. 300.175(b)(11)(ii) could 
result in resource problems, as well as potential legal and enforcement 
difficulties, for OSHA. The commenter believed that the proposed 
provision could be interpreted as requiring OSHA to develop and 
maintain site safety plans. The commenter was especially concerned that 
development and maintenance of these plans could be interpreted as 
approval of the plans and that such an interpretation would make it 
more difficult for OSHA to exercise its enforcement responsibilities. 
EPA has revised Sec. 300.175(b)(11)(ii) to indicate that OSHA has 
flexibility to provide advice and consultation on occupational safety 
and health issues, as appropriate for a particular response. For 
purposes of clarification, EPA would like to note that assistance 
provided by OSHA may include, to the extent practicable, reviewing and 
proposing improvements to site safety plans, exposure monitoring 
protocols, work practices, and helping with other compliance questions. 
These activities should be accomplished as a cooperative effort between 
the OSC and the OSHA representative.
    One commenter suggested that the description of the National 
Response Center in Sec. 300.175(b)(16) be deleted because much of this 
information is covered in Sec. 300.125. The commenter also noted that 
the requirement in Sec. 300.175(b)(16) for notices of discharges to be 
made telephonically should apply to discharges and releases. EPA agrees 
and has deleted subparagraph (b)(16) of Sec. 300.175 and has revised 
the relevant portion of Sec. 300.125 to read ``Notice of discharges and 
releases must be made telephonically * * *.''
    Several commenters recommended various editorial changes to the 
responsibilities of federal agencies in Sec. 300.175. For example, one 
commenter requested that the term ``Radiological Assistance 
Coordinating Office'' be replaced with the term ``Radiological 
Assistance Program Regional Office'' in Sec. 300.175(b)(5). Another 
commenter recommended that Sec. 300.175(b)(9)(i) be revised to add the 
phrase ``and other bureaus'' at the end of the description of the Fish 
and Wildlife Service's responsibilities. The reason for this change is 
that several bureaus of DOI have expertise in determining the effects 
of oil and hazardous substances on natural resources. EPA has 
incorporated these and several other editorial changes. In addition to 
the changes recommended by the commenters, EPA has clarified the 
description of its own scientific expertise by adding references to 
human health and ecological risk assessment and by providing 
information on how to access this expertise.

Section 300.180--State and Local Participation in Response

    One commenter suggested that the response role of Indian tribes be 
included in its own section. The commenter reasoned that although many 
sections of the NCP treat Indian tribes as states, in reality, they are 
trustees for natural resources belonging to or controlled by the 
tribes.
    Section 300.180(b) explains that Indian tribes have the opportunity 
to participate as part of the response structure, as provided in the 
ACP. State and Indian tribe representatives also may participate fully 
in all activities of the appropriate RRT.
    Furthermore, Sec. 300.305 specifically defines ``states'' to 
include Indian tribes for purposes of the NCP, unless otherwise noted. 
Thus, the provisions referred to by the commenter, by definition, 
reflect the appropriate role of Indian tribes.
    One commenter stated that the NCP should not alter the state's role 
and/or title for federal or state-lead response operations. The 
commenter recommended that Sec. 300.180(a) be revised to read: ``This 
agency is responsible for designating the (State On-Scene Coordinator) 
SOSC/RPM for federal and/or state-lead response actions, and 
coordinating/communicating with any other state agencies, as 
appropriate.'' The commenter reasoned that the NCP should provide more 
flexibility to honor the many ACPs that are being developed and to 
recognize the importance of the state in response to spills of oil or 
hazardous materials.
    EPA generally agrees with the sentiment expressed by the commenter. 
The Agency has modified the language suggested by the commenter for 
inclusion in Sec. 300.180 to read as follows: ``This agency is 
responsible for designating the lead state response official for 
federal and/or state-lead response actions * * *.'' The reason for 
these modifications to the commenter's language is to provide the state 
with maximum flexibility in establishing a title for its lead response 
official, while still recognizing the important role states play in 
incident response.
    Another commenter recommended that the NCP encourage states to 
enter into Memoranda of Understanding with the federal government to 
coordinate response-related procedures and resources. Although EPA 
recognizes that Memoranda of Understanding between states and the 
federal government to coordinate response procedures and resources may 
be beneficial, these arrangements can occur without being stipulated in 
the NCP and therefore the recommended language is unnecessary.

Section 300.185--Nongovernmental Participation

    One commenter stated that the NCP should require the appropriate 
response role for volunteers to be mandated in ACPs. In particular, the 
commenter suggested that ACPs mandate that volunteers, if used, be 
directed by the federal OSC and that ACPs specify training requirements 
for each response function that volunteers are permitted to perform 
(e.g., clerical support, beach surveillance, logistical support, 
wildlife treatment). The commenter also recommended language in the NCP 
prohibiting the use of volunteers in circumstances that expose them to 
contaminants above ``permissible exposure limits.''
    EPA agrees with the sentiment expressed by the commenter, in 
particular, the concept of using volunteers for clerical support. 
However, these are implementation issues that are most appropriately 
addressed at the area level, rather than in the NCP.
    A different commenter requested that the NCP language place fewer 
restrictions on the use of volunteers. The commenter explained that use 
of volunteers should be determined by Federal and State OSCs and 
responsible parties through the unified command.
    EPA believes that the use of volunteers should be determined by the 
OSC/RPM within the response management system that includes state 
government, local government, and the responsible party. The relevant 
language in Sec. 300.185 will be retained in the final rule because 
this allows the OSC/RPM to consider potential legal and logistical 
issues that may restrict the use of volunteers under certain 
circumstances.
    Two commenters objected to the statement in proposed 
Sec. 300.185(a) that entities required to develop tank vessel and 
facility response plans should commit sufficient resources to implement 
the non-Worst Case Discharge aspects of those plans. One of the 
commenters suggested that this statement be deleted and the other 
commenter recommended that the term ``should'' be replaced with 
``shall''.
    OPA section 4202(a)(6) describes the requirement for owners and 
operators of tank vessels and facilities to prepare response plans. The 
OPA states that these response plans must be sufficient to respond to a 
Worst Case Discharge, to the maximum extent practicable. However, 
facility and vessel response plans are also required to contain certain 
other provisions and information. For example, under the OPA, response 
plans must: (1) be consistent with the NCP and ACPs; (2) identify a 
qualified individual having full authority to implement removal 
actions; and (3) describe the training, equipment testing, periodic 
unannounced drills, and response actions on the vessel or at the 
facility.
    A regulation recently promulgated by EPA at 40 CFR part 112 
implements the broad OPA requirements for onshore, non-transportation-
related facilities that, because of their location, ``could reasonably 
be expected to cause substantial harm to the environment'' as a result 
of discharges (59 FR 34070, July 1, 1994). Under that final rule, 
owners and operators of ``substantial harm facilities'' must prepare 
plans to respond to a Worst Case Discharge, and to small and medium 
discharges, as appropriate. In the preamble to the facility response 
plan final rule, EPA explained that the requirement to plan for several 
different spill sizes (not just for Worst Case Discharges) is 
consistent with the implementation of OPA response planning 
requirements by other agencies, including the USCG (see 58 FR 2358, 
February 5, 1993).
    EPA believes that it adopted a reasonable approach in the proposed 
NCP revisions by indicating that commitment of resources needed to 
implement the non-worst case discharge provisions is discretionary, 
rather than mandatory, because the facility response plan rulemaking 
had not yet been finalized. EPA has revised the language in 
Sec. 300.185 of the NCP in today's rule to reflect the fact that the 
new requirements for facility response plans have now been finalized in 
40 CFR part 112. The most significant change is that the term 
``should'' has been changed to ``shall'', as recommended by one of the 
commenters.

Subpart C--Planning and Preparedness--Overall Comments

    Three commenters recommended taking greater measures to involve the 
private sector, including industry, in the planning and preparedness 
process and the national response system, especially in the development 
of the Regional Contingency Plans (RCPs) and ACPs. One of these 
commenters noted that existing law and regulations require facility and 
tank vessel owners to carry out preparedness and response activities, 
yet current proposed language discourages private sector input and 
efforts into the national response system.
    EPA believes the NCP recognizes the important contribution private 
parties can and do make in the planning and response processes. For 
example, with regard to planning, private parties play an essential 
role in the development of local emergency response plans through their 
participation on Local Emergency Planning Committees (LEPCs). 
Nongovernmental participation in a response is encouraged in 
Sec. 300.185 of the NCP. Furthermore, EPA encourages private entities 
to participate throughout the planning process, wherever possible and 
appropriate.
    With regard to area contingency planning, the OPA specifies that 
Area Committees are to be made up of personnel from federal, state, and 
local agencies. However, EPA strongly encourages Area Committees to 
solicit advice, guidance, and expertise from all appropriate sources, 
including facility owners and operators, cleanup contractors, and other 
qualified private entities. This position is consistent with the views 
expressed in both the EPA and USCG Federal Register notices on area and 
Area Committee designations.
    Two commenters believed there are instances in the proposed rule 
where implied responsibilities of Area Committees are not consistent 
with those stated in Secs. 300.205 and 300.210. The commenters stated 
that while Subpart C clearly establishes a planning role for Area 
Committees, other parts of the proposal give them a more expansive 
role, including training and evaluation of preparedness. The commenters 
argued that these roles are outside the scope of the law and not 
appropriate for Area Committees. EPA notes that response preparedness 
is an ongoing process, which requires that existing systems be tested 
and improved upon. The Agency, therefore, believes that the duties 
granted to the Area Committees in the NCP, such as training and 
evaluation of preparedness, are consistent with the OPA mandate 
concerning the Area Committees' responsibilities for response planning 
and preparedness.
    In response to a number of comments that, in some way seek 
clarification regarding the various plans described in this subpart and 
their relationship to one another, EPA has prepared an additional 
figure (Figure 4) for inclusion in this subpart of the NCP following 
Sec. 300.205.

Section 300.200--General

    One commenter suggested that an obvious omission from this section 
is any reference to the tank vessel or facility plan preparer and 
responsible party, and recommended that it be added to this section and 
throughout the NCP. EPA agrees that discussion of these plans in 
Subpart C would be helpful and has added new Secs. 300.205(f) and 
300.211 in response to this comment.

Section 300.205--Planning and Coordination Structure

    One commenter strongly urged the NCP to focus on the Area Committee 
as the sole regional planning body because such organizations have been 
functioning in an open and cooperative manner since the passage of the 
OPA. The commenter also argued that planning at this level (as opposed 
to the regional level) is much more efficient for very site-specific 
activities, including the identification of environmentally sensitive 
areas. In addition, the commenter stated, planning at this level would 
make it easier for states to participate, since they would not have to 
use limited travel funds to attend meetings at the regional level.
    While the Agency agrees that area-level planning is critical to the 
effectiveness of the national response system, EPA does not believe 
that the area contingency planning structure precludes or supplants 
regional planning activities. While some local issues, such as 
development of certain portions of Fish and Wildlife and Sensitive 
Environments Plan (FWSEP) Annexes, are best handled at the area level, 
other planning issues, such as cross-area planning and preparedness 
coordination, are more appropriate for the regional level. In addition, 
RRTs have important response coordination responsibilities at the 
regional level.
    One commenter believed that state participation should be expressly 
encouraged in the planning and coordination structure (i.e., Area 
Committees) of the national response system and that states should be 
described as full partners in the planning process. That commenter also 
added that the federal government's ability to enter into Memoranda of 
Understanding with states should be noted in the NCP. Memoranda of 
Understanding are a useful mechanism for clarifying response resources 
and minimizing potential misunderstandings or conflicts during an 
incident.
    EPA recognizes that states and local governments are integral parts 
of the area-level planning process and are strongly encouraged to 
participate in their respective Area Committees. The Agency believes 
that this concept, grounded in the strong commitment to state and local 
involvement found in the OPA, is clearly reflected in the NCP preamble 
and rule language promulgated today. In addition, because the ACP is a 
product of federal, state, and local response planning coordination, 
the Agency believes that Memoranda of Understanding between the federal 
government and states to accomplish this coordination are unnecessary.
    One commenter asked for a better explanation for determining who is 
qualified to sit on an Area Committee and the process for selecting 
and, as necessary, funding the participation of committee members. 
Several commenters believed that Area Committees should include the 
private sector or seek input and advice from private sector entities 
during the planning process. One commenter strongly recommended that 
Regional Citizens' Advisory Councils (RCACs), as well as 
representatives of municipal government, LEPCs, villages, and other 
locally elected bodies should be specifically listed as participants on 
Area Committees.
    The OPA directs the President to appoint qualified personnel of 
federal, state, and local agencies to the Area Committees. Thus, the 
OPA does not permit private membership on Area Committees. This does 
not mean, however, that EPA seeks to exclude others from participating 
in the area contingency planning process. It is left to the discretion 
of the Area Committees to decide how they will integrate into this 
process response experts and other persons and groups with interest in 
and/or responsibilities for the environmental integrity of the area. 
Area Committees may establish subcommittees or workgroups as the forum 
for obtaining advice and guidance from such parties.
    The OPA does not specify the criteria for determining who is 
``qualified'' to be on Area committees. This determination is, 
therefore, left to the discretion of the Secretary of Transportation 
and the EPA Administrator. Interested parties may contact the OSC for 
their area, or refer to the April 24, 1992, EPA/USCG Federal Register 
notice (57 FR 15198) for further information concerning Area Committees 
and membership selection.
    One commenter urged that the requirement for preauthorization 
planning contained in Sec. 300.210(c)(4)(ii)(D) be added to the Area 
Committees' responsibilities under Sec. 300.205(a)(3) and that the 
requirements applicable to such plans should appear in the Area 
Committee discussion. The commenter believed it is critical that the 
Area Committees conduct preauthorization planning prior to an emergency 
event to resolve issues of limited field data and inaccurate or 
uninformed opinions by interested participants.
    Another commenter stated that the proposed revisions (i.e., 
requiring both Area Committees and RRTs to approve dispersant use) 
would likely discourage and impede decisions on the use of dispersants 
and other spill mitigating chemical agents and devices. The commenter 
recommended that the Area Committees take the lead on making the 
decision, while the RRTs serve in an advisory role.
    EPA proposed revisions to Secs. 300.910 and 300.210 to require that 
Area Committees be actively involved in the preauthorization process 
and that, as part of their planning activities, they develop 
preauthorization plans that address the desirability of using 
appropriate products on the Product Schedule. The Agency believes that 
the language in Sec. 300.210(c)(4)(ii)(D) sufficiently addresses the 
Area Committees' responsibilities to provide for preapproval plans as 
part of the FWSEP Annex to the ACP. The commenter's suggested rule 
language is, therefore, unnecessary.
    With regard to the requirement that both the Area Committee and RRT 
approve dispersant use, the Agency agrees that preauthorization of 
dispersants and other spill mitigating chemical agents and devices is 
critical to effective spill response planning. However, the OPA does 
not grant the Area Committee the responsibility to approve a dispersant 
use plan. Under the approval scheme presented in the NCP, the Area 
Committee serves as an advocate for the dispersant use plan, while the 
RRT decides if the plan is adequate and may address region-wide or 
cross-regional issues, thereby providing a necessary forum for 
dispersant use review. The Agency believes the two-step preapproval 
plan process set forth in the NCP best ensures consistent dispersant 
use planning while fulfilling the mandate of the OPA. It should also be 
noted that, for spill situations that are not addressed by the 
preauthorization plans, the OSC (with the concurrence of the EPA 
representative to the RRT and, as appropriate, the concurrence of the 
RRT representatives from the states with jurisdiction over the 
navigable waters threatened by the release or discharge, and in 
consultation with the DOC and DOI natural resource trustees, when 
practicable) may authorize the use of dispersants, surface washing 
agents, surface collecting agents, bioremediation agents, or 
miscellaneous oil spill control agents on the oil discharge, provided 
that the products are listed on the NCP Product Schedule.
    New Sec. 300.205(f) relates to the addition of Sec. 300.211 and, 
along with Sec. 300.211, is discussed in response to a comment on 
Sec. 300.200.
    New Sec. 300.205(g) was added to reference the new figure that is 
discussed under the earlier section ``Subpart C Overall Comments.''

Section 300.210--Federal Contingency Plans

    One commenter suggested that the NCP should recognize developments 
that have occurred since the passage of the OPA and phase in or 
eliminate new requirements at variance with those developments. For 
example, the commenter stated, both format and substantive requirements 
included in the proposed rule for ACPs may not be consistent with what 
has been done to date, and compliance with these new requirements 
cannot occur overnight.
    Implementation of the OPA is an ongoing process involving multiple 
regulations being prepared over an extended period of time. It is 
virtually impossible to create a current and complete ``snapshot'' of 
implementation efforts for these NCP revisions because implementation 
efforts are a dynamic process. Generally, there will be a period of 
time following publication in the Federal Register before new 
requirements take effect. Such an approach gives the regulated 
community time to come into compliance and should ameliorate much of 
the commenter's concern.
    Two commenters urged that the NCP require ACPs to follow the format 
of the NCP and be coordinated with RCPs, indicating that close 
coordination and consistency would lead to more effective emergency 
response. While EPA agrees that cross-plan consistency is critical for 
effective emergency response, the Agency has chosen not to discuss in 
the NCP formatting issues that go beyond the substantive requirements 
mandated by the OPA, in order to retain for the Area Committees the 
maximum flexibility to tailor ACPs to reflect their priorities and 
local conditions. It should be noted, however, that Sec. 300.210(c)(2) 
of the NCP does refer to the importance of integrating plans, stating, 
``[t]he ACP shall provide for a well coordinated response that is 
integrated and compatible, to the greatest extent possible, with all 
appropriate response plans of state, local, and non-federal entities, 
and especially with Title III local emergency response plans.'' Plan 
consistency is an implementation responsibility of the OSC for the 
particular area. The RRT should be used as a vehicle to achieve 
consistency in implementation, as provided in Sec. 300.115(a)(2).
    EPA and the USCG have chosen to build upon different features of 
the pre-OPA oil spill planning and response structure in preparing ACPs 
for the inland and the coastal zone, respectively. EPA has generally 
relied upon the RCPs to be used for response operations, while the USCG 
has relied upon local contingency plans which had been prepared for 
each Captain of the Port zone. Because the RCPs already include some 
operational elements, the initial ACPs for the inland zone have relied 
to some extent on augmentation of the RCP with OPA provisions, or on 
adaptation of RCP language into a separate ACP document. Nevertheless, 
some elements of the RCP, such as guidance for the development of 
preauthorization plans, a description of RRT activation procedures, or 
other regional/district-specific policies (including guidance for Area 
Committees within their RRT zone), are better suited for inclusion in 
the RCP. Other elements of the RCP, most notably, the response 
operations portions, are better suited to be included in ACPs.
    The relationship of the various plans prepared for emergency 
response is illustrated in Figure 4, ``Relationship of Plans,'' 
following Sec. 300.205 of today's rule. In this figure, the operations 
portions of the RCP are best represented by the ``Federal Agencies 
Internal Plans'' box.
    One commenter stated that ACPs should mirror the national standards 
developed out of the USCG regulatory negotiation process (i.e., the 
process whereby the federal government and the regulated community 
formed a committee, discussed issues, and developed a report for use in 
drafting a proposed rule), because the facility response plans and 
vessel response plans, which are mandated under the OPA and must be 
consistent with the ACPs, are already being developed under the 
national standards. EPA notes that the national standards were 
developed in coordination with the vessel and facility response plan 
regulations and these standards are appropriate for the regulation of 
vessels and facilities. However, it would be inappropriate to include 
the national standards, which address the limited universe of regulated 
vessels and facilities, in the NCP, which details the broader federal 
response structure. The NCP must be flexible enough to encompass the 
implementation approaches not only of USCG, but also of EPA, MMS, and 
the Research and Special Programs Administration of the U.S. Department 
of Transportation (DOT).
    Two commenters strongly urged consistency across the ACPs, noting 
that such consistency is particularly important for pipelines or 
vessels that cross states and regions and thus are subject to the 
requirements of numerous ACPs along the route. The commenters also 
believed that the existing language merely restates the law and does 
not provide enough information to assure such consistency, nor does the 
language reflect efforts underway since the passage of the OPA. One of 
the commenters provided three recommendations: (1) the NCP should 
explicitly require uniformity and consistency and provide a mechanism 
for resolving any inconsistencies; (2) the NRT should be responsible 
for ensuring consistency among the regions; and (3) procedures should 
be developed by which owners and operators of vessels and facilities 
subject to a number of ACPs may petition for resolution of any 
conflicts.
    EPA believes that Sec. 300.115(a)(2), which gives the RRTs 
responsibility for providing ``guidance to Area Committees, as 
appropriate, to ensure interarea consistency and consistency of 
individual ACPs with [the] Regional Contingency Plan and [the] NCP,'' 
is an adequate framework for providing coordination and consistency. 
RRTs have been designated as the bodies responsible for interagency and 
intergovernmental planning and coordination of preparedness and 
response actions at the regional level. The RRTs should review ACPs in 
carrying out this responsibility and, through their comments, encourage 
consistency among individual plans. In addition, the NRT should 
encourage consistency among regions through the issuance of guidance.
    EPA disagrees that the NCP should require uniformity among ACPs. 
Each ACP throughout the country will have key common elements, such as 
the FWSEP Annexes, that will provide a consistent basis nationwide for 
identifying resources needing to be protected during a response. 
However, because the purpose of ACPs is to prepare for spill response 
at the area level, Area Committees must retain maximum flexibility to 
tailor ACPs to reflect their priorities and local conditions, concerns, 
and capabilities.
    EPA and USCG have promulgated facility and vessel response plan 
rulemakings which detail the requirements placed on owners and 
operators for preparing those plans. These plans are required to be 
consistent with relevant ACPs. Finally, it should be noted that the 
statutory requirement for plan integration is met when the Regional 
Administrator (EPA) or District Commander (USCG) signs the ACP.
    One commenter recommended that the USCG develop guidance to provide 
better standardization of requirements for ACPs. Some specific areas 
the commenter recommends as needing to be addressed in ACPs are 
detailed training requirements to cover all facets of the response 
(including training of volunteers) and a requirement to address the 
issue of site visitors and passengers on vessels used in a response.
    EPA believes that the commenter's concern is better addressed as an 
implementation issue. OSHA already provides training requirements for 
spill response. Area Committees can, if they choose, determine training 
requirements associated with spill response activities and address any 
such requirements in ACPs. The NCP is not an appropriate vehicle for 
implementing these requirements.
    To assure a timely decision on dispersant use, one commenter wanted 
to require it ``as soon as practically possible, but in no case more 
than 8 hours'' (Sec. 300.210(c)(3)(iv)). The Agency believes that 
incorporating into the NCP the suggested 8-hour timeframe for decisions 
on dispersant use may unnecessarily constrain flexibility for 
dispersant use at the area level. EPA has instead chosen to meet the 
OPA section 4202(a) requirement for the ACPs to ``describe the 
procedures to be followed for obtaining an expedited decision regarding 
the use of dispersants'' through preplanning. Individual Area 
Committees may describe additional procedures for expedited dispersant 
use. The commenter's concern, therefore, is best addressed at the area 
level.
    One commenter argued that response could be expedited if ACPs 
expressly identified in advance those resources that will be needed in 
responding to large-scale spills. Specifically, the commenter stated, 
elements of the ``detailed description'' referenced in 
Sec. 300.210(c)(3)(v) should be listed in the regulatory text and 
include unified command requirements, health/safety/ training 
requirements, forward command post sites, public information resources, 
and interim and final waste disposal procedures.
    Although EPA agrees that ACPs should provide for effective 
emergency response structures, the Area Committees will determine the 
specific details of that structure. The commenter's suggested changes 
are too prescriptive and therefore have not been incorporated into the 
final NCP. The Agency expects that all ACPs will be updated over time 
to reflect changing emergency response structures. It should also be 
noted that nothing in the NCP precludes the development of any response 
management system, including a unified command structure, at the area 
level.
    One commenter argued that the NCP should, at a minimum, contain a 
detailed description of the boundaries of the ACPs, as well as their 
effective dates and procedures for obtaining a copy of each ACP. The 
commenter suggested that ACPs be incorporated by reference in the NCP 
and filed with the Federal Register.
    Both area boundaries and ACPs are expected to change as the 
national response system evolves over time. The April 24, 1992 Federal 
Register notice that designates the initial areas does include area 
boundaries and states that any changes to these boundaries will be 
published in the Federal Register. ACPs are available for public 
inspection through the EPA regions and USCG districts. These regions 
and districts may be contacted by telephone for more information on 
area boundaries and ACPs. Most ACPs are also available through the 
National Technical Information Service (NTIS) for the cost of 
reproduction. For further information, NTIS may be contacted at: 5285 
Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161 or by telephone at 703-487-4655.
    Finally, in Sec. 300.210(c)(3), the word ``may'' has been added to 
qualify the statement that equipment lists are included in ``other 
relevant emergency plans.'' This change has been made to more 
accurately reflect the content of those plans.

Fish and Wildlife and Sensitive Environments Plan (FWSEP) Comments

    Two commenters recommended that NOAA develop a comprehensive set of 
national standards for Area Committees to use in developing the FWSEP 
Annexes. The Agency believes that national standards are inappropriate 
for meeting the intent of the OPA. The OPA specifically requires 
involvement of state and local officials in the development of area 
plans, in part to incorporate local conditions, concerns, and 
capabilities. National standards could restrain Area Committees from 
tailoring the FWSEPs to reflect their priorities and local conditions. 
As a consequence, general guidance, rather than standards, is more 
appropriate and useful to the Area Committees in carrying out their 
responsibilities.
    One commenter was concerned about the potential for duplicative 
monitoring activities carried out under multiple plans such as the NCP, 
the NRDA plan, and the FWSEP, and wanted assurances that any monitoring 
under the FWSEP is closely coordinated with the other plans. The 
commenter also requested guidance covering the extent, frequency, and 
duration of monitoring.
    EPA notes that any response monitoring, including that detailed in 
FWSEP Annexes to ACPs, will be developed as part of the ACP process 
under the supervision of the OSC. NRDA activities are primarily focused 
on data collection and injury assessment, not monitoring. However, any 
monitoring conducted as part of the NRDA process should be coordinated 
with the response activities to prevent duplication of effort and 
effective use of resources, as stated more generally in Sec. 300.305(e) 
(formerly (d)). It should also be noted that the NCP does not address 
NRDA monitoring or assessment concerns. Further guidance is being 
prepared by trustee agencies on an ongoing basis to assist the Area 
Committees in identifying effective measures and procedures for 
monitoring the efficacy of removal activities and related environmental 
benefits. This guidance is focused on operational questions, not 
research and NRDA requirements.
    One commenter was concerned about data for the FWSEPs and suggested 
that Area Committees should be required to analyze and review all 
existing data and not be permitted to generate requests for duplicative 
information and requirements for new fate and effects research. The 
commenter also called for guidance on collecting, interpreting, and 
applying data to ensure consistency in use of data and to avoid the 
kind of problems that occur when data collected for one purpose may be 
inappropriately used for other purposes.
    The Agency expects that FWSEP development will initially consist of 
collecting existing information about natural and human-use resources 
in the area from local specialists. Based upon existing information, 
FWSEP development would proceed from identifying to prioritizing 
protection for sensitive environments, and then selecting appropriate 
cleanup strategies. There is no expectation that any research 
necessarily will be performed; this process is based upon analyzing 
existing information.
    One commenter was concerned that the proposed language could be 
interpreted as allowing Area Committees to require companies to acquire 
equipment for protection, rescue, and rehabilitation of fish, wildlife, 
and habitat.
    The intent of Sec. 300.210(c)(4)(ii)(F) is to ensure that the ACP 
will identify what response capabilities will be needed to protect, 
rescue, and rehabilitate fish and wildlife resources and habitat and 
include a process for obtaining and using such resources in the event 
of a spill. To clarify that this is a planning function, the term 
``provide'' in this section has been changed to ``plan.'' Area 
Committees do not have the authority to require private companies to 
acquire specific response resources. The OSC, however, needs to know 
what resources will be needed to protect, rescue, and rehabilitate fish 
and wildlife resources and habitat in spill response and how such 
resources are to be obtained and used. He or she may require use of 
such resources by the responsible party during spill response. This may 
include contracting with a federally permitted wildlife rescue and 
rehabilitation organization, for example. Such ``additional resources'' 
are called for in 40 CFR part 112, Oil Pollution Prevention. In 
Appendix F to part 112, for example, Section 1.7.1 requires non-
transportation-related facility response plans to address, as part of 
the identification and description of response resources for small, 
medium, and worst case spills, additional contracted help and access to 
additional response equipment and experts.
    Another commenter recommended that ACPs cover only discharges of 
oil and not releases of hazardous substances and that existing language 
should be revised to clarify this distinction. EPA does not, at this 
time, require ACPs to address hazardous substance releases. Therefore, 
the revisions recommended by the commenter are not necessary.
    Nevertheless, planning for hazardous substance releases is already 
addressed in the area contingency planning process, because individual 
Area Committees will consider planning for such releases, as 
appropriate. Additionally, EPA has provided for LEPCs and SERCs to have 
input into the area contingency planning process.
    The LEPC's primary responsibility is to develop an emergency 
response plan for potential chemical accidents. This plan must 
describe: (1) Emergency response procedures; (2) methods for 
determining the occurrence of a release and the probable affected area 
and population; and (3) community and industry emergency response 
equipment and facilities. SERCs are responsible for supervising and 
coordinating the activities of the LEPCs and for reviewing local 
emergency response plans for chemical accidents. Thus, the LEPCs' and 
SERCs' expertise in planning for response to chemical releases 
(including releases of hazardous substances) allows the Area Committees 
to effectively address hazardous substance planning issues, as 
necessary.
    One commenter expressed concern about the burden on federal agency 
participants in developing ACPs, specifically the collection of fish 
and wildlife and sensitive environments information. The commenter 
requested clarification and specification of timeframes and expected 
level of effort. EPA notes that Area Committees, not facility owners, 
are responsible for identifying fish and wildlife resources and 
sensitive environments for inclusion in the ACP. However, until the 
geographic-specific annexes of the ACPs have been completed, the 
facility owners and operators remain responsible for ensuring 
protection of sensitive environments in their proximity for inclusion 
in their facility response plans. The guidance for determining and 
planning for these responsibilities on an interim basis is provided in 
a Federal Register notice published on March 29, 1994 (59 FR 14713) by 
the Department of Commerce (DOC)/NOAA. Ultimately, the Area Committee 
deliberations and their ACPs will provide the specific information on 
fish and wildlife and sensitive environments with which the facility 
plans must be consistent. Because the planning process should be kept 
as flexible as possible to allow for differences between areas, and 
because the area contingency planning process is iterative, it would 
not be appropriate for the NCP to dictate how the Area Committees 
should identify fish and wildlife resources and sensitive environments.
    There were a number of comments regarding sensitive areas or 
environments. Two commenters suggested that such areas should be 
determined on the basis of ecological risk, noting that some areas 
identified as ``sensitive'' may not be ecologically sensitive, yet 
other areas which do not have a ``sensitive'' designation may be at 
risk ecologically. The commenters wanted Area Committees to consider 
ecological value, sensitivity to oil impact, and risk of exposure when 
designating sensitive areas.
    The FWSEP section in the NCP was intended to provide broad, general 
guidance on fish and wildlife and sensitive areas. Area Committees will 
incorporate local conditions, concerns, and priorities into their 
designation and prioritization of sensitive areas. Additional guidance 
in the form of technical documents, such as NOAA's Shoreline 
Countermeasures Manual for Temperate and Tropical Coastal Environments 
and Guidelines for Developing Digital Environmental Sensitivity 
Indexes, have been distributed to many Area Committees. Further 
guidance is being prepared by trustee agencies on an ongoing basis.
    Another commenter recommended including areas designated as 
sensitive under the Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) or state coastal 
management programs. EPA notes that CZMA-designated and/or state 
coastal management program areas are expected to be identified by the 
state representatives as part of development of the FWSEP Annex to the 
ACP.
    One commenter believed that the current definition of sensitive 
areas was too vague and recommended that Area Committees be required to 
identify and delineate these areas on a map. This commenter also called 
for more specific guidance on defining ``sensitive areas,'' giving as 
examples the need for a clear explanation of such terms as ``wetland,'' 
``various state lands,'' and ``biological resource area.''
    The definition of sensitive areas, as described in the NCP and in 
NOAA's Federal Register notice (59 FR 14713, March 29, 1994), are only 
broad in the sense that they are not prohibitive. The documents that 
are referenced for further information in that notice are cited only to 
the extent that they are considered for identification of sensitive 
areas and are not cited to limit response action selection, but rather 
to focus the deliberations on sensitive areas. National guidance has 
identified key components that should be considered when determining 
environments sensitive to oil impacts which should facilitate 
consistency in Area Committee approach.
    However, it is important that the Area Committees determine what is 
important for their area, incorporating local factors and priorities. 
It is the Area Committees' responsibility to determine and rank 
sensitive environments within their jurisdiction for the purposes of 
protection priorities and cleanup measure selection as related to 
spills. This may or may not include areas specifically identified by 
other statutes as ``sensitive'' for other purposes. Although some Area 
Committees are making use of maps to delineate fish and wildlife and 
sensitive environments, it is not specified by statute. This 
implementation issue is left up to the Area Committees.
    Yet another commenter urged that determinations of sensitive areas 
be extremely specific and have a clear scientific basis, and that each 
Area Committee develop a single prioritization list. The Agency 
restates that the guidance offered to the Area Committees is 
intentionally broad to allow the committees to incorporate local values 
and priorities (as per Sec. 300.210(c)(4) (ii)(A)). ``Wetlands'' are 
referenced in the EPA final rule at 40 CFR part 112 as areas that may 
be ``fish and wildlife and sensitive environments.'' Thus, Area 
Committees may identify in the ACP particular wetlands in their area as 
and wildlife and sensitive environments. Identification of sensitive 
areas, however, is only the first step; ranking areas to be protected 
is the second step, which will force discussion of those areas which 
can be reasonably expected to be protected in comparison to other areas 
of ``special economic or environmental importance that might be damaged 
by a discharge.''
    One commenter provided language and recommendations regarding 
preapproval for specific countermeasures or removal actions as provided 
in proposed Sec. 300.210(c)(4)(ii)(D), stating that plans should: (1) 
require concurrence by EPA, state(s), and natural resource trustees; 
(2) address specific contexts in which the countermeasures should and 
should not be used; and (3) discuss certain factors such as potential 
sources and types of oil, sensitive areas, available product and 
storage locations, available equipment and trained operators, and means 
for monitoring application and effectiveness. The commenter also 
recommended expanding the characterization of ``sensitive areas'' to 
include areas of special economic or environmental importance--not just 
fish and wildlife resources or habitat.
    The requirements for obtaining preapproval for use of specific 
dispersants and other chemical countermeasures is covered in Subpart J 
of the NCP. Repeating the state and EPA role in preapproval plans in 
the FWSEP is unnecessary. Language regarding trustee concurrence in 
preapproval plans for chemical countermeasures is included in 
Sec. 300.210(c)(4)(ii)(D) to meet the intent of section 1011 of the 
OPA, that there shall be consultation with ``the affected trustees * * 
* on the appropriate removal action to be taken in connection with any 
discharge of oil.'' Trustee concurrence is more appropriate than 
consultation during the contingency planning phase, when there is 
sufficient time to identify and resolve natural resource concerns. The 
requirement for concurrence during the advance planning phase will 
ensure trustee involvement in decisionmaking. This, in turn, should 
ensure that operations during a removal action can be carried out 
quickly and effectively because concerns that might otherwise slow the 
action will have been addressed in advance. Conditioning the 
consultation requirement by adding the term ``appropriate,'' as 
requested by the commenter, would not meet this legal requirement.
    Regarding the specific factors relating to the use of 
countermeasures that the commenter requested be addressed in the FWSEP, 
nearly all of the recommended language already appears in Subpart J, 
Sec. 300.910(a); the rest is already in other parts of Subpart C and 
agency guidance. Again, it is not the intent of the FWSEP to repeat 
other sections of the NCP, in this case, Subpart J, although 
Sec. 300.210(c)(4)(ii)(D) specifically references these Subpart J 
requirements. The FWSEP is a tool to focus the Area Committee on 
specific issues and offers flexible guidelines that will help protect 
fish and wildlife, their habitat, and sensitive environments during 
discharges and releases.
    The clarification this commenter also requested regarding the 
characterization of ``sensitive areas'' is not necessary because 
Sec. 300.210(c)(3)(i) already states that the ACP shall include these 
areas. Language in the preamble to the proposed rule offered several 
examples of economic and environmental areas that might be included in 
the annex to the ACP. The Area Committee has the information required 
to evaluate properly any areas considered for designation in the ACP. 
The NCP provides broad guidelines, so the Area Committee has the 
flexibility to evaluate and identify these potential areas of 
importance in the development of the ACP. This flexibility permits the 
Area Committee to create an area-specific plan that provides for 
``immediate and effective protection, rescue, and rehabilitation of, 
and the minimization of risk of damage to, fish and wildlife resources 
and their habitat,'' in addition to any other areas of special economic 
or environmental importance which they have identified for inclusion in 
the annex to the ACP.
    Two other commenters argued that state trustees, not just federal 
natural resource trustees, should be asked for concurrence on 
countermeasure approval. EPA notes that the state representative to the 
RRT, the body which has the responsibility for pre-approval for 
specific countermeasures, represents all the interests of the state and 
is the conduit for state concurrence.
    One commenter suggested that proposed Sec. 300.210(c)(4)(ii)(G) be 
amended to include the provision of ``other related fish and wildlife 
permits or emergency permits to facilitate response related 
activities'' as well as procedures regarding ``all response and 
response training-related activities that could be construed to be a 
taking, or involving'' the capture, transport, rehabilitation, or 
release of wildlife.
    EPA notes that, as written, the referenced section covers the fish 
and wildlife permits necessary for response-related activities, as 
identified by the agencies responsible for overseeing possession and 
handling of fish and wildlife. This section calls for the ACP to 
``provide guidance on the implementation of law enforcement 
requirements included under current federal and state laws and 
corresponding regulations.'' Permits other than those covered in 
subparagraph (G) must be addressed on a case-by-case basis. Permits are 
issued for the purpose of handling and rehabilitating wildlife 
threatened or injured during a response, not to give preauthorization 
for the potential ``taking'' of wildlife during response activities or 
response-related training. Usually, natural resource law enforcement 
agents are on-scene or readily accessible for requests for other 
permits in the event of unusual response activities that might require 
authorization.
    Finally, in Sec. 300.210(c)(4)(ii)(F), EPA has indicated that 
planning for protection, rescue, and rehabilitation of fish and 
wildlife resources and habitat does not interfere with other OSC 
removal operations. The reason for adding the word ``other'' is to 
clarify that fish and wildlife planning activities are part of the 
OSC's removal operations.

Section 300.211--OPA Facility and Vessel Response Plans

    See discussion under Sec. 300.200.

Section 300.212--Area Response Drills

    Seven commenters believed that the NCP should acknowledge and 
reference the proposed ``National Preparedness for Response Exercise 
Program (NPREP or PREP)'' and make sure that NCP language is consistent 
with these proposed guidelines. Two commenters stated it was imperative 
that the NCP not create any additional requirements with regard to 
exercises beyond those contained in PREP.
    The Agency notes that the development of the PREP proposal creates 
a method for facility owners and operators and Area Committees to 
satisfy all OPA drill/exercise requirements. At the same time, the 
language in the NCP is merely attempting to reflect a new CWA 
requirement for periodic area response drills. EPA recognizes that PREP 
represents a comprehensive approach to response exercises and that 
compliance with the PREP guidelines to conduct drills will be 
considered adequate to meet the NCP requirements. However, although 
PREP represents one method for meeting the drill/exercise requirements 
in the OPA, it cannot replace the relevant NCP provisions because PREP 
is voluntary rather than mandatory.
    One commenter believed that the cost of area exercises should be 
borne by the OSLTF. Currently, OSLTF funds are not available to pay for 
area exercises. When Congress established the OPA, it authorized the 
various agencies with responsibility for pollution preparedness and 
response to spend funds to support participation in the national 
response system. Congress did not, however, appropriate the funds to do 
so. For the OSLTF to be used for exercises, Congress would have had to 
appropriate money for this specific use. In the absence of this 
appropriation, the various agencies are responsible for providing the 
funds from within their organizations.

Section 300.215--Title III Local Emergency Response Plans

    Two commenters believed that this section should require 
consistency of Title III plans with the NCP, RCPs, ACPs, and state 
plans, indicating that it is critical for functions to be consistent at 
all levels of planning. EPA recognizes the importance of coordinating 
local emergency response plans developed by LEPCs and other contingency 
planning efforts. The current NCP requires that OSCs preparing plans 
coordinate with LEPCs. In addition, RRTs are responsible for providing 
regional consistency (Sec. 300.115(a)(2)).
    OPA has added specified requirements for facilities to prepare 
contingency plans as well as for Area Committees, under the direction 
of an OSC, to prepare ACPs. The coordination requirements pursuant to 
the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act Title III and those 
already in the NCP are now augmented by the need to include 
coordination with the many new plans being developed under OPA. RRTs 
are now responsible--through RCPs--to coordinate area planning (for 
example, to ensure that pipelines crossing through several areas are 
not subject to disparate requirements). Finally, the NRT--through the 
NCP--coordinates the entire national response system.
    ACPs should be coordinated with and, to the extent possible, be 
consistent with LEPC plans and facility response plans under OPA. Of 
course, LEPC plans and ACPs should recognize the role of the federal 
government during emergency response, as described in the NCP.

Subpart D--Operational Response Phases for Oil Removal

Section 300.305--Phase II--Preliminary Assessment and Initiation of 
Action

    Several commenters sought clarification of the role/responsibility 
of the responsible party to undertake a response action in the first 
instance. Some commenters thought the language in Sec. 300.305(c) was 
misleading when it says the OSC may allow the responsible party to 
perform removal actions. Rather, these commenters suggest the 
responsible party must be required/given the opportunity to immediately 
undertake containment, control, and cleanup. One commenter noted that 
most responsible parties already have contingency plans in place and 
have the training and expertise necessary to respond immediately and 
effectively. The commenter also suggested that the final rule should be 
clear that if the OSC delegates to the responsible party the duty to 
respond to the discharge in accordance with the NCP, then the 
responsible party, as the agent of the OSC, should have the same 
authority as the OSC to access the spill site to conduct the removal 
without interference from other authorities.
    As stated in the preamble to the proposed rule, the NCP had 
provided that the OSC must make reasonable efforts to have the 
responsible party take proper response actions. The proposed revision 
retained as an option the possibility of allowing the responsible party 
to take the lead where the OSC determines this approach will result in 
immediate and effective response action. The reason for this change is 
that under the amended CWA, it is clear that the OSC, rather than the 
responsible party, determines the appropriate course of action for 
response. Even with this change, however, the responsible party is not 
absolved from responsibility for taking whatever actions are necessary 
immediately upon discovery of a spill until such time as the OSC is 
notified and able to determine the appropriate course of action.
    As to the commenter's concerns regarding the scope of authority of 
the responsible party when undertaking a response, the OSC does not 
``delegate'' response authority to the responsible party. Rather, the 
OSC determines whether the responsible party is capable of carrying out 
fully effective response measures. If the OSC determines that such 
capability exists, he or she can permit responsible party cleanup to 
occur and simply provide surveillance over whatever actions are 
initiated. The responsible party is not the ``agent'' of the OSC, and 
EPA does not provide to the responsible party the authority granted to 
the OSC to access the site for response purposes.
    One commenter suggested that the NCP needs to recognize that 
direction of responsible party contractors will occur through the 
responsible party. The commenter stated that those contractors are at 
financial risk if they take direction directly from the OSC, and filing 
a claim against the OSLTF is not an adequate remedy because of delays 
and uncertainty in recovering those costs.
    EPA notes that OPA section 4201 clearly states that the President 
(delegated to the OSC) is given the authority to ``direct or monitor 
all Federal, State, and private action to remove a discharge.'' It is 
the obligation of the responsible parties and their cleanup contractors 
to establish a contractual relationship that provides for appropriate 
rights and protection for both parties, including a cleanup scenario 
where the OSC directs all private party action. Also, ACPs and facility 
response plans may address aspects of this relationship and how it will 
work when the OSC directs the response; the NCP is not the appropriate 
place to address such relations.
    Two commenters suggested that, contrary to proposed language in 
Sec. 300.305(c), the OSC lacks authority to direct state and local 
agency actions, but rather should/must coordinate with these parties 
through the unified command system. However, the language to which the 
commenters objected, that the OSC ``may direct or monitor all Federal, 
State, and private actions to remove a discharge'' is taken directly 
from CWA section 311(c), as amended by the OPA. Thus, EPA disagrees 
that the OSC does not have the authority to direct state, local, or 
private actions.
    Two commenters stated that when there is an immediate threat to the 
public health and safety, the local on-scene coordinator (fire chief, 
emergency manager) should serve as the incident commander. This is 
consistent with EPA's view of how the response management system should 
work. As noted in the preamble to the proposed rule, ``the individual 
in charge of an incident command system is the senior official 
responding to the incident; for the national response system, this 
individual is the OSC.'' At some incidents there may be a period of 
time before which the OSC is in place to take charge of the response. 
In such cases, it is appropriate for the senior individual who is on 
site, such as the fire chief, to take charge (temporarily) as the 
incident commander. Of course, the OSC always retains the authority to 
choose to direct any portion of the spill response.
    Another commenter suggested that inclusion of the unified command 
concept would clarify that a state is not at liberty to impose more 
stringent measures when a federal OSC is directing the response. EPA 
disagrees with the commenter's view that a state could initiate more 
stringent measures than the OSC when the latter is directing the 
response. When directing a response, the OSC is more than managing the 
response. He or she has specific legal authority to guide the 
activities of all parties responding to a discharge, and all actions 
would have to be authorized or approved by the OSC.
    In addition, under OPA section 1011, in all cases it is the 
President (delegated to the OSC) in consultation with governors of 
affected states who determines when removal shall be considered 
complete. At the same time, however, section 1011 states that a 
determination that federal removal action is complete ``shall not 
preclude additional removal actions under applicable State law.''
    Numerous commenters thought the term ``direct'' needed greater 
explanation or definition. It was suggested that doing so would clarify 
the flexibility (range of authority) of the OSC in directing a response 
and the differences between ``directing'' actions in the case of 
substantial threats and other cleanup scenarios. One commenter 
suggested that discussion of the OSC's choice to monitor a response 
needed expansion, specifically to indicate that states or persons other 
than the responsible party could be permitted to undertake a removal 
action (provided it would be immediate and effective).
    The emphasis during oil spill response is on coordination and 
cooperation, rather than on a more rigid system of command and control. 
The OSC, the state/local government representatives, and the 
responsible party all are involved with varying degrees of 
responsibility, regardless of the size or severity of the incident. The 
OSC in every case retains the authority to direct the spill response, 
and must direct responses to spills that pose a substantial threat to 
the public health or welfare of the United States. In many situations, 
however, the OSC will choose to monitor the actions of the responsible 
party and/or state/local governments and provide support and advice 
where appropriate. The response management structure does not and 
cannot attempt to prescribe a specific item-by-item functional 
description of where particular organizations or individuals fit within 
a single response structure for a given response. Developing, adopting, 
and implementing a response management system, such as a unified 
command system, is the responsibility of the OSC and the Area 
Committee, through the ACP.
    One commenter suggested that the OSC should expeditiously declare 
the government's elective decision to direct a response, not only 
declare it in those cases where the OSC is required to direct (as 
provided in proposed Sec. 300.305(c)(2)). The commenter argued that 
participants in a response need to clearly understand the nature of the 
federal role and that this change would help minimize confusion over 
who is the ultimate decisionmaker, avoid ambiguity in planning and 
implementation of response strategies, and foster consistency in 
decisionmaking.
    EPA does not agree with this commenter's proposal because it could 
unnecessarily constrain the flexibility of the OSC. In those cases 
where OSC direction is discretionary, there may be expectations that by 
not declaring expeditiously that he or she will direct the response, 
the OSC has foregone any opportunity to ever do so. EPA believes that 
it would be counterproductive to put pressures on OSCs to make 
decisions prematurely or to create expectations among other parties 
that a situation is not subject to change, regardless of future events.
    One commenter suggested that trustees and others are increasingly 
involved in the response process, including decisionmaking, and 
suggested that this involvement decreases the timeliness and 
effectiveness of response efforts. Related to this, the commenter cites 
legal concerns that often polarize government and responsible party 
responders during major spills, and suggests that separating the damage 
assessment phase in both time and agency would promote cooperation and 
free exchange of information.
    With regard to the commenter's concern over an increase in the 
number of entities with actual or perceived roles in decisionmaking, 
the Agency notes that section 1011 of the OPA requires consultation 
with affected trustees on the appropriate removal action to be taken in 
connection with any discharge of oil. EPA's intention is that this 
consultation will take place in large part during the area contingency 
planning process. In terms of information exchange among parties 
involved in a response, EPA wholeheartedly supports the notion that 
there should be nothing to impede cooperation and free exchange of 
information to expedite the response activities. Information should, to 
the maximum extent possible, flow freely between those agencies 
involved in the response and those involved in the damage assessment. 
In addition, it is important that the activities of the two groups be 
closely coordinated, as intended by Secs. 300.305(e) (formerly (d)) and 
300.615(c)(3)(ii). In today's final rule, language is added to these 
two sections to reinforce the point that information collected for 
damage assessment which is supportive of the response phase should be 
made immediately available to the OSC to support his or her decisions. 
This information flow will most likely occur through the SSC who serves 
on the OSC's staff as the interface with the trustees.
    Two commenters suggested that although proposed Sec. 300.305(d) 
(now (e)) indicates the lead administrative trustee will act on behalf 
of all trustees, this is not necessarily the case nor is it acceptable 
to the states under all conditions. Related to this, one commenter 
stated that the preamble language concerning the USCG's future 
regulations that will detail the lead administrative trustee's 
authority to access federal response resources on behalf of all 
trustees is confusing. The commenter suggested that, as written, it is 
unclear whether this statement refers to funding for initiation of 
damage assessments or trustee access to OSC airplanes, vessels, etc. 
The commenter believed the intent was to cover the former and 
recommends that language be added to the NCP to that effect. EPA 
believes the commenter is correct. The regulations in question will 
address trustee access to the OSLTF. It should be noted, however, that 
there may be situations where the OSC provides non-financial resources 
to trustees to carry out their NRDA and related responsibilities. The 
language of Sec. 300.305(e) (formerly (d)) is being revised to clarify 
that the ``response resources'' referred to are non-monetary resources, 
i.e. personnel and equipment. This is the only action taken by the lead 
administrative trustee on behalf of all trustees that is called for in 
this section of the rule. Providing a single point of contact between 
the trustees involved in initiation and the OSC should facilitate 
trustee access to response equipment and personnel by ensuring that all 
trustee needs are communicated to the OSC in a coordinated manner.
    One commenter stated that the proposed NCP is structured in a way 
that does not ensure integration with facility response plans. EPA 
believes that the commenter's concern about integrating facility 
planning efforts are misdirected towards the NCP. It is the area 
contingency planning process where preparedness planning on the part of 
specific facilities within the area should be accounted for. The ACPs 
can then be implemented in such a way as to take advantage of all 
available resources.

Section 300.310--Phase III--Containment, Countermeasures, Cleanup, and 
Disposal

    One commenter urged that the NCP expressly recognize OSC authority 
to permit the return of oil or oily water incidental to mechanical 
recovery operations back into the response area. EPA believes this 
practice is currently recognized as a routine and necessary part of 
response operations under certain circumstances. The appropriate role 
of such action should be addressed as part of the area contingency 
planning process. It would be inappropriate for the NCP to address this 
in any sort of across-the-board manner.
    The same commenter believed that the NCP should clearly identify 
the requirements that apply to waste management in an oil spill 
response. EPA believes this issue should be left to RRT and ACP 
guidelines and other statutes and regulations. These requirements may 
change over time and are not appropriate for inclusion in the NCP. 
Section 300.310(c) has been expanded from the 1990 NCP to provide 
guidance on how RRT and ACP guidelines might address disposal plans for 
oil spill response and certain rule language changes are being made in 
today's final rule to clarify some of the specific issues RRTs and Area 
Committees may wish to address.

Section 300.317--National Response Priorities

    Two commenters strongly supported the adoption of the following as 
national response priorities: (1) protect human life and safety; (2) 
minimize environmental impacts; and (3) minimize social and economic 
impacts. Three advantages are cited for these proposed priorities: 
first, area planners would necessarily consider the ecological, social, 
and economic consequences of their recommendations in their plans; 
second, these priorities would provide a framework for the OSC to 
prioritize limited resources during an emergency; and finally, spill 
response decisionmaking would be streamlined because many decisions 
could be made during the contingency planning process. These commenters 
argued that existing priorities do not give involved parties adequate 
guidance regarding the protection of environmental resources. The 
commenters did not find fault with the first two priorities proposed in 
the NCP, but argued that the third one (coordinated use of containment 
and removal efforts) does not help responders allocate resources when 
there are conflicts between aesthetic and ecological goals. They 
emphasized that setting priorities that put ecologically sensitive and 
important areas first is essential. One commenter suggested 
supplementing the priorities proposed in the NCP with those normally 
followed by response contractors: (1) provide for health and safety of 
your workers and the public; (2) stay in compliance with state and 
federal regulations, including minimizing exposure to liability; and 
(3) protect the environment and clean up or remediate spills and 
releases.
    As noted in Sec. 300.317(e), ``[t]he priorities set forth in this 
section are broad in nature, and should not be interpreted to preclude 
the consideration of other priorities that may arise on a site-specific 
basis.'' The preamble to the proposed revisions notes that the response 
priorities ``are not intended to restrict the discretion of the OSC in 
directing or monitoring responses to oil discharges.'' The response 
priorities noted by the first two commenters reflect important concerns 
that should be considered under the appropriate circumstances. EPA 
believes it is in the area contingency planning process that additional 
priorities should be established for subsequent application on a site-
specific basis. Also, EPA believes the specific priorities cited by the 
last commenter are actually more appropriate for facility and vessel 
response plans than for the NCP or even ACPs.
    Two commenters argued for inclusion in the NCP of language 
comparable to language in the International Convention for the 
Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) and USCG MARPOL 
regulations. Specifically, the suggested language indicates that 
jettisoning oil or hazardous substances is a viable option for ship 
masters and salvagers, if doing so may decrease the risk of loss of 
life or serious injuries, prevent the discharge of greater amounts of 
oil or hazardous substances, or prevent more serious environmental 
consequences than the jettison itself. Related to this, one commenter 
suggested that the NCP needs to be clarified to indicate that salvagers 
are ``persons'' under the CWA and not liable for removal costs or 
damages that result from certain actions taken.
    EPA does not believe there is any reason that the term ``person'' 
would be interpreted to exclude salvagers. It would be superfluous to 
include such language and would encourage requests from others engaged 
in spill response that the regulation afford them protection as well.
    The OSC currently has authority to permit jettisoning to save the 
vessel or its crew or to prevent more serious environmental damage. 
Moreover, the discharge of oil or oily mixture into the navigable 
waters for purposes of securing the safety of a ship or saving life at 
sea is already authorized under Regulation 11 of the MARPOL protocol, 
current U.S. law, and USCG regulations (33 CFR part 151).

Section 300.320--General Pattern of Response

    One commenter suggested that Sec. 300.320(a)(2)(i) appears to 
require notification of trustees only in the event of an actual or 
potential major discharge, which is contrary to the requirements of 
Sec. 300.305(d). EPA notes that, although Sec. 300.320(a)(2)(i) does 
not say that the OSC needs to notify the trustees only of major 
discharges, the language may be misleading. It has been revised to 
reflect the commenter's concern.
    Several commenters expressed concern with Sec. 300.320(a)(3)(i), 
which provides the standard that the OSC will use to determine whether 
the responsible party is conducting removal actions ``properly.'' 
First, they argue that it describes a standard that is unrealistic and 
overly broad; responsible parties should only be responsible for 
applying available resources in a manner designed to effectively and 
immediately remove or mitigate the spill to the maximum extent 
practicable. Second, the commenters believe that a decision to use 
Federal resources should not cause a responsible party's efforts to be 
necessarily deemed ``improper.'' They argue that the OPA intended 
private and government resources to work together and the government 
may have some resources simply not available to private parties. The 
commenters therefore concluded that the provision in question creates a 
disincentive to the use of these (government) resources.
    Section 311(c)(1) of the revised CWA requires the President to 
``ensure effective and immediate removal of a discharge'' in accordance 
with the NCP. This authority has since been delegated to the OSC. 
Because the OSC is required to ensure effective and immediate removal 
of a discharge, he or she must use this test as the standard for 
determining whether the responsible party removal action is being done 
properly.
    In addition, the authority given by the OPA to the OSC for setting 
the course of response action has repercussions for the determination 
of whether a private party spill response is ``proper.'' Under 
Sec. 300.320(a)(3)(i) of the 1990 NCP, private party removal efforts 
were deemed improper ``to the extent that Federal efforts were 
necessary to minimize further or mitigate threats to public health and 
welfare and the environment.'' However, the Agency understands that 
this section of the NCP may unnecessarily restrict the OSC's ability to 
determine whether a private party response is ``proper,'' given the 
more flexible response approach detailed in the OPA. In certain 
instances, the Federal Government may have response resources that are 
not available or promptly available from other sources--the USCG's 
special equipment for removal and salvage operations, for example--that 
could aid in spill response. The Agency agrees that the use of these 
resources should not necessarily determine that a responsible party 
response is ``improper.'' EPA has therefore modified the language of 
Sec. 300.320(a)(3)(i). Section 300.320(a)(3)(ii) also has been modified 
to indicate that, if the OSC supplements responsible party resources 
with government or other private resources, the responsible party 
response will not be deemed improper unless specifically declared so by 
the OSC. The OSC may declare that a private party response is 
``improper'' if he or she determines that the cleanup is not fully 
sufficient to effectively and immediately remove threats to the public 
health and welfare and the environment.
    One commenter suggested that the NCP (in conjunction with other 
regulations, see, for example, 58 FR 7425, 33 CFR 155.1020 that 
discusses worst case, maximum most probable, and average most probable 
discharges) contains a multitude of discharge classifications with 
attendant consequences for each category that is overly complex, 
confusing, and unnecessary. With regard to the NCP, the commenter cites 
discharges classified by size (major, medium, and minor), by category 
(worst case discharge and spills of national significance (SONS)), and 
by nature of the threat (those discharges posing a ``substantial'' 
threat). The commenter goes on to suggest that it is more important at 
the time of a spill to characterize the spill by the level of desired 
response rather than the actual amount of oil that is in the water, and 
that rapidly determining the amount of oil spilled may not be possible 
in many cases. The commenter recommends deletion of most discharge 
classifications that do not have a statutory basis. In particular, the 
commenter suggests that the major-medium-minor distinction for 
classifying spills has outlived its usefulness, and that operational 
demands of the response should dictate what level of coordination 
occurs and what resources are requested by the OSC.
    The Agency notes that the proposed revisions to the NCP built upon 
the spill classification system in place prior to passage of the OPA. 
New statutory requirements, as well as SONS were added. EPA believes 
each of the different elements of this revised system are important to 
different parties and for different purposes. Taken as a whole, the 
revised system provides a combination of approaches to developing the 
appropriate spill response. It retains approaches that are known and 
understood in the response community, permits existing tracking and 
recordkeeping mechanisms to remain in effect, and effectively 
implements new OPA mandates. In large part, this system supports 
planning and other non-response activities. The classification system 
itself does not pre-determine the full range of actions that could be 
taken in response to a spill. No further revisions are being made at 
this time.
    One commenter stated that the OSC should be required to designate 
the response area as soon as possible after an oil spill event to 
clearly define the limits of the response area because the vessel 
response plan requirements state that the OSC will designate as the 
response area that area in which spill response activities are 
occurring. EPA believes that implementation of this commenter's 
recommendation would unnecessarily constrain decisionmaking by the OSC 
during the full course of an incident. As conditions change, the 
response area may change. In addition, the commenter's concerns 
presumably revolve around implementation of vessel and facility 
response plans and carrying out activities in ``the response area'' 
versus outside the area. This issue should be discussed with the OSC on 
a case-by-case basis and is not appropriate for inclusion in the NCP.
    One commenter stated that Sec. 300.320, which suggests that 
notification of states is a function of the size of a spill, is 
inconsistent with Sec. 300.300(d) which requires that the OSC ensure 
that the appropriate agency of a state affected by a spill be notified. 
EPA has revised this section to make it clearly consistent with 
Sec. 300.300(d).

Section 300.322--Response to Substantial Threats to Public Health or 
Welfare of the United States

    In order to clarify the latitude given to OSCs to determine which 
spills pose ``substantial threats,'' several commenters recommended 
that the sentence found in the preamble, ``most discharges are not 
expected to be identified by the OSCs as substantial threats to public 
health or welfare of the United States,'' be added to the rule language 
of this section. EPA believes that the language provided on substantial 
threat discharges in the preamble to the proposed rule represents 
adequate guidance concerning the likely frequency of such discharges. 
The Agency does not believe that it would be appropriate to limit, 
through a change in the rule language, the discretionary authority of 
the OSC to determine whether a discharge would result in a substantial 
threat to the public health or welfare of the United States.

Section 300.323--Spills of National Significance

    One commenter suggested that the intent of the preamble (that SONS 
will be extremely infrequent), should be added to the rule language. 
EPA believes that the language provided on SONS in the preamble to the 
proposed rule represents adequate guidance concerning the frequency of 
such spills. The Agency does not believe that it would be appropriate 
to limit, through a change in the rule language, the discretionary 
authority of the Administrator of EPA and the Commandant of the USCG to 
determine whether a discharge would result in a SONS.
    One commenter stated that the SONS classification is not needed at 
all, arguing that a properly implemented incident command system is 
able to provide response to any size spill. The commenter was concerned 
that the designation of spills as SONS may be influenced by the media 
or politics.
    EPA believes that, during certain response situations involving 
spills of extreme severity or size that have the potential to greatly 
affect the public health or welfare of the United States, extraordinary 
coordination of federal, state, local, and responsible party resources 
may be required for containment and cleanup. In situations such as 
these, coordinating resources at the national level and managing 
relations among various government officials and the public requires 
significant time and effort. This may divert attention away from the 
actions necessary to respond to the spill itself, which, in the case of 
a SONS, would likely be complicated. Furthermore, while OSCs are 
thoroughly familiar with their regions or districts, they may be less 
knowledgeable about areas outside their regions or districts. The OSC 
in charge of responding to a spill that affects several regions, 
districts, or countries may benefit from communication assistance to 
identify and coordinate resources, evaluate site-specific conditions, 
and assess threats to the environment.
    For these reasons, EPA developed a ``strategic management'' 
framework designed to assist the OSC in dealing with resource 
administration, government coordination, public relations, and 
communication for SONS, codified in Sec. 300.323. As an important part 
of the national response system, the SONS response strategies ensure 
that the government will be able to respond to spills of any size or 
severity. The designation of a SONS will, therefore, depend on the 
presence of exigent circumstances.
    With regard to Sec. 300.323(b), two commenters requested 
clarification to indicate that the person named to assist the OSC is 
not limited to the few roles specified and that this individual's 
duties will be directed by (and not supersede the authority of) the 
OSC. One commenter also suggested that the coordination at the national 
level discussed in this section would best be accomplished through the 
incident command system, which will serve to maintain the integrity of 
the local command structure as the incident escalates.
    EPA reiterates that the ``assistance'' provided by a designated 
senior EPA official in support of the OSC within the SONS response 
framework is intended to relieve the OSC of certain communication and 
coordination burdens associated with directing response efforts. If a 
spill is designated as a SONS, issues of communication and coordination 
quickly take on importance at the national level. However, this 
designated senior agency official is not subordinate to the OSC. This 
official will simply fill the role of the OSC for specific, limited 
activities related to communications and coordination, as detailed in 
Sec. 300.323(b). EPA believes this approach reflects historical 
practices.

Section 300.324--Response to Worst Case Discharges

    Several commenters strongly suggested that this section needs to 
recognize there can be many ``worst case'' discharges from small 
facilities or vessels where implementation of the requirements of this 
provision would not be justified or otherwise appropriate. Two 
commenters suggested that paragraph (a) also include a requirement that 
the discharge pose a substantial threat to public health or welfare of 
the United States before the measures for responding to a worst case 
discharge would be triggered. They believe this would provide the OSC 
with additional latitude to activate only those measures most 
appropriate to the circumstances. Alternatively, one commenter 
suggested that full implementation of the ACP worst case provisions 
would not be necessary for all worst case spills; another suggest 
deleting the requirement to notify and use the NSFCC.
    EPA notes that CWA section 311(d), as amended by the OPA, requires 
the NCP to include ``procedures and standards for removing a worst case 
discharge of oil and for mitigating or preventing a substantial threat 
of such a discharge.'' CWA section 311(j), as amended by the OPA, 
requires Area Committees to prepare an ACP for their area that, when 
implemented in conjunction with the NCP, will be adequate to remove a 
worst case discharge and to mitigate or prevent a substantial threat of 
such a discharge. CWA section 311(j) also requires that the National 
Response Unit (i.e., the NSFCC) shall coordinate use of private and 
public personnel and equipment to remove a worst case discharge, and to 
mitigate or prevent a substantial threat of such a discharge. Once the 
OSC has determined that an oil spill is a ``worst case discharge'' the 
OPA mandate concerning such discharges must be followed. Because 
Secs. 300.324(a)(1) and (3) and 300.324(b) reflect the requirement of 
the OPA worst case discharge-related provisions, they must be included 
in the NCP.
    However, EPA recognizes that proposed Sec. 300.324 has created some 
confusion regarding the implementation of the worst case discharge 
provisions of the ACP. These provisions are activated only when the OSC 
has determined that a discharge is a worst case discharge, as specified 
in the ACP. Oil spills that meet the definition of worst case discharge 
specified in vessel and facility response plans, but not the ACP, would 
not require activation of the worst case discharge provisions of the 
ACP. In addition, the OSC is required to notify the NSFCC only of ACP-
defined worst case discharges. The rule language in Sec. 300.324 of the 
NCP has been revised to reflect these clarifications.
    Two commenters suggested deletion of paragraph (a)(2); they 
asserted that the OSC should not have to require the responsible party 
to implement their response plan, because it would be automatically 
initiated by the responsible party without direction from the OSC. EPA 
agrees that the responsible party is required to automatically initiate 
its response plan without direction from the OSC. However, EPA is 
restating this requirement in Sec. 300.324(a)(2) for clarification 
purposes.

Section 300.335--Funding

    One commenter noted that the preamble to the proposed rule states 
that the provisions of Sec. 300.320(b)(3)(iii) are addressed in 
Sec. 300.335. However, the commenter noted that former 
Sec. 300.320(b)(3)(iii) addresses the actions an OSC is to take if 
there is a minor discharge and that provision is not addressed in the 
proposed Sec. 300.335, which deals with OSLTF funding. The Agency 
recognizes that the commenter is correct; the reference to Sec. 300.335 
in the preamble to the proposed rule was erroneous. The correct 
reference is Sec. 300.305.
    One commenter noted that section 1004 of the OPA provides 
limitations to liability for discharges of oil and stated that although 
Sec. 300.335 of the proposed NCP addresses funding of removal actions, 
it does not reference the liability limitations described in the OPA. 
The commenter recommended that a reference to these liability 
limitations be included in the revised NCP. EPA does not consider the 
details of OPA liability limitations to be relevant to the funding 
discussion in Sec. 300.335. The purpose of Sec. 300.335 is to discuss 
various scenarios for federal funding of oil spill response activities. 
Therefore, the recommended change is inappropriate.
    One commenter stated that the preamble notes that the NCP provides 
that ``funding of a response to a discharge from a federally owned, 
operated, or supervised vessel is the responsibility of the owning, 
operating, or supervising agency.'' The commenter believed it would be 
helpful to define or explain ``supervised,'' or add a reference to 
where such explanation may be found. The commenter also noted that the 
NCP incorporates the OPA definition of ``responsible party,'' which 
excludes federal agencies, states, municipalities, commissions, or 
political subdivisions of a state ``that as the owner transfers 
possession and right to use the property to another person by lease, 
assignment, or permit.'' The commenter suggested that if ``supervised'' 
refers to facilities excluded in the OPA definition, it should be 
deleted from the NCP.
    The commenter points out an apparent contradiction between 
Secs. 300.5 and 300.335(e), wherein an owner appears to be liable for 
funding, but may not be a ``responsible party'' under some 
circumstances. To harmonize these two provisions, EPA is revising 
Sec. 300.335(e) by adding to the end thereof ``if it is a responsible 
party.'' Thus, an owner will be liable if that owner also falls within 
the definition of ``responsible party.'' This revision clarifies that 
if a vessel or facility is ``supervised'' by an agency that is excluded 
from the definition of responsible party, the vessel or facility would 
not be liable for funding.
    In addition, EPA has deleted subparagraph (f)(1) which contained an 
inaccurate statement that EPA may provide funds to begin timely 
discharge removal actions. In fact, EPA has no funding to initiate oil 
removal.

Subpart E--Hazardous Substance Response

Section 300.410--Removal Site Evaluation

    One commenter noted that proposed Sec. 300.410(e)(1) states that 
``as part of the evaluation under this section, the OSC shall determine 
whether a release governed by CWA section 311(c)(2) has occurred.'' The 
commenter suggested that this provision be revised to read ``CWA 
section 311(c)(1), as amended by OPA section 4201(a).'' EPA agrees and 
has made this change in the final rule.

Section 300.415--Removal Action

    One commenter stated that the citation to CWA section 311(c)(1)(A) 
in Sec. 300.415(c)(1) is incorrect and should be changed to CWA section 
311(c)(1), as amended by OPA section 4201(a). EPA agrees and has made 
this change in the final rule.

Subpart G--Trustees for Natural Resources

Section 300.600--Designation of Federal Trustees

    Two commenters asked that the reference in the proposed rule 
preamble to the trustees' responsibilities for ``mitigation and 
assessment of damage'' be changed to read ``mitigation of injuries and 
assessment of damage.'' One of these commenters argued that the 
suggested text would be more accurate because ``damages'' is a term of 
art that refers to the monetary value of injury or lost use. Two 
commenters also argued that the word ``preplanning'' should be removed 
from that same discussion that reads ``preplanning and coordination for 
both response and damage assessment activities are specifically 
required * * *'' because there is no statutory requirement for 
preplanning for damage assessment activities.
    EPA agrees that the cited language is not completely accurate and 
suggests the following as a better statement of trustee 
responsibilities: Each trustee has responsibilities for protection of 
resources; assessment of damage; and restoration, rehabilitation, 
replacement, or acquisition of resources equivalent to those affected. 
In these roles, trustees provide advice to the OSC on environmental 
issues, including appropriate removal countermeasures, that should be 
considered in the ACP; provide timely recommendations to the OSC during 
an incident for the application of various removal countermeasures; may 
initiate a preliminary survey of the area affected by a discharge to 
determine if trust resources are, or potentially may be, affected; and 
carry out a damage assessment of the area in order to recover monies to 
restore, rehabilitate, replace, or acquire equivalent natural 
resources. Preplanning and coordination for damage assessment 
activities are strongly encouraged at the regional and area levels, 
both during the area and regional plan preparation and during specific 
incidents when coordination must be with the predesignated OSC.
    One commenter, noting the phrase ``managed or controlled'' in 
Sec. 300.600(a), suggested that the word ``protection'' in the second 
sentence of Sec. 300.600(b)(1) should be changed to ``control.'' EPA 
agrees and has made the change in today's final rule.
    The same commenter claimed the use of ``most'' to modify 
``anadromous fish'' in Sec. 300.600(b)(1) is misleading and inaccurate. 
EPA agrees and has made this change as well as a conforming change in 
Sec. 300.600(b)(2) to delete ``certain'' before ``anadromous fish'' in 
the second sentence to more accurately reflect the trusteeship of 
anadromous fish.
    In addition to these changes made in response to public comments, 
Sec. 300.600 has been further revised to clarify that trusteeship 
extends to the ecosystems supporting specific natural resources, and 
that habitat is included as part of the ecosystem. This was recognized 
to a degree by the current language of Sec. 300.600(b)(1), referring to 
particular ``examples'' of ecosystems and habitats. The revised 
language clarifies that the supporting ecosystem concept applies 
generally, and was not intended to refer solely to the specific example 
of marine fishery resources. In addition, the revised language reflects 
that trusteeship over natural resources also extends over migratory 
species and their supporting ecosystems throughout their range within 
the sovereign jurisdiction of the United States, states, or tribes.

Section 300.605--State Trustees

    One commenter requested that the word ``may'' in the provision 
reading ``The EPA Administrator or USCG Commandant or their designee 
may appoint the state lead trustee as a member of the Area Committee,'' 
be replaced by the word ``shall.'' The commenter stated that this 
change would clarify that the lead trustee designated by the governors 
shall automatically be appointed to the Area Committee.
    Membership on the Area Committee is an issue within the discretion 
of EPA and the USCG. EPA and USCG wish to retain this discretion and 
not commit to a membership decision, in advance, in all cases. The 
Agency expects, however, that the decision regarding membership of the 
state lead trustee will be made by EPA or the USCG in consultation with 
state representatives on the Area Committee.
    For consistency with revised Sec. 300.600, the phrase ``including 
their supporting ecosystems'' has been added to modify the term 
``natural resources.''

Section 300.610--Indian Tribes

    One commenter asked for an explanation of the conditional language 
regarding ``trust restrictions on alienation'' of natural resources. 
The commenter also asked EPA to clarify whether Indian tribes are 
voting members of the RRT. In addition, the commenter asked whether 
Indian tribes are considered ``participating agencies'' under 
Sec. 300.155 to determine if Indian tribes must clear their public 
statements through the federal OSC's news office.
    With regard to the language regarding ``trust restrictions,'' this 
term refers to land owned by an individual Indian, which has a 
restricted title. That is, the land cannot be sold without the 
permission of the government, generally the DOI.
    Regarding the commenter's other questions about Indian tribes, 
Sec. 300.305 specifically defines ``states'' to include Indian tribes 
for purposes of the NCP, unless otherwise noted. Section 300.180(b) 
explains that Indian tribes have the opportunity to participate as part 
of the response structure, as provided in the ACP. Indian tribe 
representatives also may participate fully in all activities of the 
appropriate RRT.
    For consistency with revised Sec. 300.600, the phrase ``including 
their supporting ecosystems'' has been added to modify the term 
``natural resources.''

Section 300.615--Responsibilities of Trustees

    Several comments concerned the procedures governing NRDAs. One 
commenter argued that response management/direction and damage 
assessment should be considered separate functions, performed by 
separate agencies, because of potential conflicts of interest within 
agencies and among individuals in those agencies. The commenter 
suggested reinforcing this division by separating, in time, spill 
response from NRDA activities, just as remediation and restoration 
activities are separated from removal action under CERCLA. The 
commenter also stated that agencies or individuals responsible for 
damage assessments should not be able to benefit from damage awards, 
either through a monetary or job security incentive. The commenter 
argued that such benefits were incurred by certain agencies during the 
Exxon Valdez spill. The commenter suggested that the incentive for such 
benefits should be removed by clearly defining the mission of 
government agencies responding to spills (i.e., to minimize the 
ecological impact of the spill) and by ensuring that agencies with 
responsibilities for spill response share information and cooperate 
fully with all parties responding to a spill. Finally, the commenter 
argued that monies designated for implementing the restoration plan 
should not be used for purposes unrelated to restoration, such as 
funding a research institute or purchasing land.
    Spill response and damage assessments are separate functions, 
performed by separate agencies. At the federal level, only the USCG and 
EPA are tasked with response management and direction, while only the 
natural resource agencies (DOI, DOC/NOAA, U.S. Department of 
Agriculture, Department of Energy, and Department of Defense) are 
responsible for NRDAs. Natural resource trustees also assist the OSC in 
determining response priorities and strategies. This role was 
reinforced in OPA section 1011, which requires the President to consult 
with the trustees on removal actions. The trustees advise the OSC, who 
retains final decisionmaking authority on response actions. Both the 
trustees and the OSC agencies have the same basic mission--protection 
of the environment. By advising the OSC on response, trustees may be 
able to avoid or reduce the level of injury to natural resources from a 
spill.
    Entirely separating these activities in time is not possible. The 
preamble to the DOC proposed rule on NRDAs (59 FR 1062, January 7, 
1994) explains that the first phase of NRDA activities, called 
preassessment activities, is likely to be conducted simultaneously with 
the OSC-coordinated response activities. Some information needed for 
NRDA is ephemeral and/or perishable and must be gathered quickly, 
before it disappears. Also, conducting these activities simultaneously 
is generally more cost-effective than conducting them separately. Both 
activities may involve gathering the same or similar information. If, 
for example, an OSC or responsible party is collecting samples, those 
samples may be shared with the trustee(s), if all parties agree. 
Trustees may need to collect some data themselves to accomplish their 
NRDA responsibilities.
    Information should, to the maximum extent possible, flow freely 
between those agencies involved in the response and those involved in 
the damage assessment. In addition, it is important that the activities 
of the two groups be closely coordinated, as is the intent of 
Sec. 300.615(c)(3)(ii). However, EPA has added language to this section 
to reinforce that information supportive of the response phase, 
although collected for damage assessment, should be made available 
immediately to the OSC to support his or her decisions. This 
information flow will most likely be through the SSC who, as part of 
the OSC's staff, serves as the interface with the lead administrative 
trustee for the OSC.
    With regard to the use of damage awards, for spills occurring after 
August 1990, the use of sums recovered as a result of a damage 
assessment conducted under the NOAA NRDA rule is governed by section 
1006(f) of OPA and includes NRDA and development and implementation of 
a restoration plan. Such monies cannot be used for ongoing funding of 
base program costs or for activities other than assessment and ``the 
restoration, rehabilitation, replacement, or acquisition of the 
equivalent, of natural resources.'' The budgets of natural resource 
trustee agencies do not include funding from natural resource damage 
settlements or awards as part of their program operations.
    The same commenter said that trustee agencies should define their 
NRDA data needs in advance of a spill so that data required by the 
trustees could be collected during the spill response without directly 
involving the trustees. The commenter also argued that information 
gathered about a spill should be shared among the government agencies, 
responsible party, and contractors, so that response efforts may be 
launched, coordinated, and made more effective based on that 
information.
    This point is addressed in the proposed NRDA rule (59 FR 1062, 
January 7, 1994). The NCP is not the appropriate rule to address this 
issue. The proposed NRDA rule strongly encourages federal, state, 
tribal, and foreign trustees to develop prespill plans at the local 
area or regional level. Suggested prespill activities include 
identifying sources of information for background data, designing a 
general approach and protocols for data collection and analysis, and 
establishing a centralized data management system for NRDA data. The 
proposed rule also encourages information gathering in the most 
effective and efficient way possible. General information needs can be 
worked out in advance, but each spill is different and thus has 
specific information needs.
    Another commenter noted that the proposed NCP does not make clear 
the role of the responsible party in assessing natural resource damages 
and does not describe the duties of the trustees with respect to the 
responsible party. The commenter suggested that the final rule 
explicitly authorize trustees, under certain circumstances, to delegate 
the authority to conduct the NRDA to the responsible party. Under such 
circumstances the natural resource trustee would retain final 
decisionmaking and approval authority. The commenter noted that while 
the proposed revisions to the NCP provide that natural resource 
trustees may follow the procedures outlined in the DOI regulations 
governing NRDAs, which support this approach, the NCP should explicitly 
authorize the trustees to delegate the authority to carry out the 
assessment to the responsible party.
    The role of the responsible party in NRDA for oil spills is 
addressed in the proposed NRDA rule. The NCP covers spill preparedness 
and response, not damage assessment and these comments are, therefore, 
beyond the scope of this rulemaking. However, it should be noted that 
the NCP does not impose any of its own restrictions on the relationship 
between the trustees and the responsible parties.
    One commenter stated that the NCP does not include requirements 
concerning the coordination of damage assessment or restoration 
activities, presentation of claims, or settlement negotiations between 
the state representative and the OSC or RRT. The commenter argued that 
the lack of such requirements does not support the OPA section 1006 
provision which states that liability for natural resource damages 
``shall be (1) to the United States Government * * * (2) to any State * 
* *.'' The commenter further argued that without a single lead trustee 
for the state to prepare and pursue its natural resource damage claim, 
settlement negotiations would be cumbersome and several agencies within 
the state may duplicate the damage assessment process. To avoid these 
difficulties, the commenter suggested that Sec. 300.615 be amended by 
adding a new subparagraph (c)(iv) which would read, ``Liability for 
natural resource damage shall be to the United States government, any 
State, any Indian tribe, and to the government of a foreign country and 
claims asserting such liability shall be presented and filed by the 
United States government, any State, and Indian tribe, or the 
government of a foreign country.''
    The commenter has primarily raised NRDA issues, which are being 
addressed by the proposed NRDA rule. The NCP covers spill preparedness 
and response, not damage assessment, and these issues are, therefore, 
beyond the scope of this rulemaking.
    However, EPA would like to clarify the roles of the state during 
the response phase. The state may serve in three roles: (1) as a 
natural resource trustee performing damage assessment during response 
operations; (2) as a natural resource manager for spill response 
activities (such as wildlife rehabilitation) undertaken under the OSC's 
response structure; and (3) as a responder as part of the response 
management structure. The designation of a single lead state trustee 
for damage assessment is outside the scope of these NCP revisions since 
this rule does not address NRDA issues. A lead administrative trustee 
is designated on an incident-by-incident basis to serve as the 
interface with the OSC on damage assessment activities and to 
coordinate natural resource trustee activities, state, federal, and 
tribal. This may be a state trustee. For spill response, the state 
participates as part of the response management structure, along with a 
representative of the responsible party and the OSC.
    Concerns expressed by the commenter regarding the potential for 
multiple entities within a state asserting control over the same 
resources, double recovery, and other potential conflicts within the 
state in implementing its damage assessment responsibilities are most 
appropriately addressed in the ongoing NRDA rulemaking.
    One commenter suggested the reference to the OPA in 
Sec. 300.615(c)(2)(i) should be to section 1006(c) rather than 1006(e). 
EPA agrees and has made this change.
    Finally, one commenter suggested corrections in the language to 
Sec. 300.615(c)(3)(i) and (iii) to eliminate the reference to a lead 
administrative trustee role in the former and to conform to a USCG 
proposed rule relating to access to the OSLTF in the latter. EPA agrees 
and has made these changes.

Subpart H--Participation by Other Persons

Section 300.700--Activities by Other Persons

    Two comments were received on this subpart. One commenter suggested 
the NCP should address procedures for response resources to switch from 
private to government funding, and how government funding may 
supplement private resources.
    Federal procurement laws address the requirements for contracting 
for goods and services, even under the conditions described by the 
commenter. The OSC has contracting services available as part of the 
federal response organization and no further discussion of this issue 
is necessary in the NCP. The OSC has full access to funding to 
supplement private response resources, however, the federal procurement 
laws must still be followed if federal funding is to be used. These 
requirements are adequately addressed in the federal procurement 
regulations and directives and no further discussion of funding details 
in the NCP is considered necessary.
    The other commenter recommended that any contractor responding to a 
spill at the request of an OSC be guaranteed payment out of the OSLTF, 
and further, if a spiller defaults on payment to a cleanup contractor 
it hired, the contractor should be guaranteed payment out of the OSLTF.
    Contractors responding to a spill at the request of the OSC do so 
under the provisions of federal laws that address the procurement of 
goods and services. Anyone can submit a claim for uncompensated removal 
costs; however, no one can guarantee full payment from the OSLTF. While 
a contractor could expect reasonable reimbursement for uncompensated 
costs, no assurances can be provided that the full benefits of a 
contract negotiated between two private entities would be fully 
reimbursable. No change to the NCP is necessary or appropriate.

Subpart J--Use of Dispersants and Other Chemicals

Section 300.900--General

    One commenter recommended that EPA defer promulgating revisions to 
Subpart J until the results of a number of studies that are being 
conducted on alternative response techniques to mechanical recovery, 
including dispersants and in-situ burning, can be evaluated.
    In enacting the OPA, Congress required the President (delegated to 
EPA) to revise the NCP to reflect the new provisions and authorities of 
the statute. In promulgating the proposed and final revisions to 
Subpart J of the NCP, EPA has attempted to take into account all 
readily available information and studies concerning oil spill response 
measures, including alternative response measures. EPA believes that it 
must promulgate the final NCP at this time in order to avoid any 
further delays in codifying the provisions and authorities established 
by the OPA. If new information or studies become available that impact 
the Agency's regulation of oil spill response measures under Subpart J, 
EPA will review this information and make regulatory changes if and as 
appropriate.
    Three commenters stated that proposed Subpart J fails to present a 
balanced approach to oil spill response techniques, placing an undue 
emphasis on chemical countermeasures and failing to adequately address 
mechanical recovery strategies. One commenter noted that Subpart J's 
emphasis on chemical countermeasures is inconsistent with the OPA and 
contrary to current USCG regulations, which provide that mechanical 
containment and recovery is the response of first choice.
    EPA does not agree with the commenters that Subpart J fails to 
present a balanced approach to oil spill response techniques. Subpart J 
does not state or imply that chemical countermeasures are preferred 
over mechanical recovery devices. EPA believes that the circumstances 
surrounding oil spills and the factors influencing the choice of a 
response method or methods are many, and the NCP does not and should 
not indicate a preference for one response method over another. OSCs, 
RRTs, and Area Committees must be afforded flexibility in authorizing 
or preauthorizing the use of a specific response method to protect the 
public health and welfare and the environment.
    EPA does recognize, however, that Subpart J focuses on the 
regulation of chemical and bioremediation spill mitigating devices and 
substances. As stated in the preamble to the proposed NCP, EPA believes 
that Congress' primary intent in regulating products under the NCP 
Product Schedule is to protect the environment from possible 
deleterious effects caused by the application or use of these products. 
In looking at the long- and short-term effects on the environment of 
all spill mitigating devices and substances, EPA has concluded that 
chemical and bioremediation countermeasures pose the greatest threat 
for causing deleterious effects on the environment. As a result, the 
Agency is focusing its regulatory efforts on these substances and is 
listing them on the Product Schedule, and is not listing mechanical 
recovery devices.
    EPA is also not regulating the use of mechanical recovery devices 
under Subpart J because USCG has traditionally overseen the regulation 
of these devices. USCG and the American Society for Testing and 
Materials (ASTM) are currently working together to develop equipment 
standards for mechanical recovery devices. The MMS also has been 
attempting to develop equipment standards and facilitate research and 
development on mechanical devices. EPA believes it would be 
unnecessarily duplicative for it to focus its efforts in these areas at 
the same time other federal agencies are addressing these issues.
    EPA would like to emphasize that it is not discouraging the use of 
mechanical recovery devices to respond to oil spills by not regulating 
these devices under Subpart J or listing them on the Product Schedule. 
The listing of a product on the Product Schedule does not mean that EPA 
approves, authorizes, or encourages the use of that product on an oil 
spill; rather, the listing of a product means only that data have been 
submitted to EPA as required by Subpart J of the NCP. The fact that 
mechanical devices will not be listed on the Product Schedule does not 
mean that these devices cannot be used by OSCs in response to 
discharges of oil or included in preauthorization plans by Area 
Committees and RRTs. On the contrary, the fact that these devices are 
not listed on the Product Schedule means that OSCs can use mechanical 
recovery devices without being subject to the provisions in 
Sec. 300.910 governing the authorization of use of products listed on 
the Product Schedule.
    Three commenters disagreed with EPA's interpretation of the phrase 
``other spill mitigating devices and substances,'' stating that this 
phrase should be interpreted to include mechanical recovery devices 
such as pumps, booms, or skimmers. One commenter stated that the 
legislative history of the OPA, as detailed in the Conference Report 
for the OPA, demonstrates that Congress intended this phrase to be 
interpreted broadly and to include mechanical, surveillance, and 
chemical and biological response techniques.
    As discussed above and in the preamble to the proposed NCP, EPA 
believes that Congress' primary intent in regulating products under the 
Product Schedule is to protect the environment from possible 
deleterious effects caused by the application or use of these products. 
EPA is not interpreting the phrase ``other spill mitigating devices and 
substances'' to include mechanical recovery devices, and is not 
regulating these devices under Subpart J, because the Agency does not 
believe that the use of these devices to respond to oil spills presents 
a significant environmental danger. EPA has reviewed the Conference 
Report for the OPA [Conf. Rep. 101-653, 101st Cong. 2nd Sess. (1990)] 
and believes that it does not clearly indicate whether the term ``other 
spill mitigating devices and substances'' was intended to include 
mechanical recovery devices for the purposes of the NCP Product 
Schedule. There is certainly no indication in the Conference Report 
that the inclusion of mechanical recovery devices on the Product 
Schedule be mandatory. EPA believes that its interpretation is 
reasonable.

Section 300.910--Authorization of Use

    One commenter expressed opposition to the mandatory requirement in 
new Sec. 300.910(a) that RRTs and Area Committees address the 
preauthorization of chemical and bioremediation product use. The 
commenter argued that EPA has not demonstrated that the current system 
is ineffective or untimely and that this mandatory requirement will 
take time away from the evaluation of mechanical and other response 
techniques.
    As discussed in the preamble to the proposed NCP, the 
preauthorization option under existing Sec. 300.910(e) has been used 
infrequently in the past. Although some RRTs have developed 
preauthorization plans for the use of products in response to oil 
spills, the overall election to make use of this option has been less 
comprehensive than EPA envisioned when the provision was developed. 
Consequently, EPA proposed to make, and is today making, the existing 
preauthorization option mandatory. EPA believes that a more 
comprehensive use of preauthorization by the RRTs and Area Committees 
will create a more effective and timely oil spill response system 
because many decisions on product use will be made prior to the 
occurrence of oil spills. The Agency does not agree with the commenter 
that the mandatory preauthorization provision will de-emphasize or take 
time away from the consideration of the use of mechanical and other 
response techniques. RRTs and Area Committees should address the use of 
mechanical and other response techniques, as well as spill mitigating 
devices and substances regulated under Subpart J, in their 
preauthorization plans. Also, EPA would like to stress that 
preauthorization decisions may result in not preauthorizing the use of 
a specific chemical countermeasure; for example, areas may be 
designated in which the use of certain dispersants or other spill 
mitigating devices and substances is prohibited.
    Another commenter suggested that preauthorization plans be required 
to address the use of sorbents. The commenter argued that such planning 
would promote the use of the most effective and appropriate sorbent for 
any given spill. The commenter also noted that the misuse of a sorbent 
product or the use of the wrong sorbent product can result in a totally 
ineffectual cleanup, increased and unnecessary environmental damages 
from oil pollution, and additional cleanup expenses.
    As discussed in the preamble to the proposed NCP, EPA does not 
interpret the phrase ``other spill mitigating devices and substances'' 
to include sorbents and does not regulate sorbents under Subpart J or 
list them on the Product Schedule. EPA believes that the use of 
sorbents, by themselves, will not create deleterious effects on the 
environment because sorbent materials are essentially inert and 
insoluble in water and because the basic components of sorbents are 
non-toxic. Consequently, RRTs and Area Committees are not being 
required to address the use of sorbents as part of their planning 
activities or when they are developing preauthorization plans under 
Subpart J. This does not mean, however, that RRTs and Area Committees 
cannot or should not address the use of sorbents in their 
preauthorization plans. EPA encourages RRTs and Area Committees to 
address the use of all types of spill mitigating devices and 
substances, including those not listed on the Product Schedule, when 
developing preauthorization plans. Also, as suggested by the commenter, 
the Agency encourages RRTs and Area Committees to consult the USCG 
comprehensive sorbent data base and the research being conducted by 
Environment Canada and ASTM when making preauthorization decisions on 
the use of sorbents.
    Two commenters expressed concern that, although new Sec. 300.910(a) 
encourages preauthorization, it allows the RRTs and Area Committees too 
much latitude for the disapproval of products without adequately 
defining the conditions under which such disapprovals would be 
appropriate. These commenters recommended that the NCP should clearly 
specify, as guidance for the RRTs and Area Committees, the conditions 
under which the use of a product is appropriate and require pre-spill 
approval for those conditions. The commenters suggested that new 
Sec. 300.910(a) establish a preauthorization process that requires the 
approval of products, except in those limited circumstances where there 
are adequate scientific data clearly indicating that such use would be 
harmful. An additional commenter recommended that guidance be provided 
to the RRTs and Area Committees on the applicability of data from the 
required effectiveness and toxicity tests.
    EPA believes that the RRTs and Area Committees must be afforded 
flexibility in considering relevant factors for making preauthorization 
decisions and developing preauthorization plans. EPA does not believe 
that it is appropriate or feasible to include all of the information 
necessary to provide adequate guidance for the RRTs and Area Committees 
on the appropriateness of preauthorization approvals or disapprovals or 
the applicability of test data in the NCP. This information should be 
provided through separately developed guidance materials.
    Four commenters stated that the RRTs do not have the legal 
authority to approve or disapprove of preauthorization plans developed 
by Area Committees. These commenters argued that the approval process 
proposed in new Sec. 300.910(a) is inconsistent with the OPA, which 
provides that Area Committees alone are responsible for expediting 
authorization of the use of dispersants and other spill mitigating 
substances. These commenters also argued that the RRT review and 
approval authority is counterproductive and will result in unnecessary 
delays. One commenter suggested that this section should provide 
procedures for the coordination of Area Committee activities and that 
the RRTs should assist the Area Committees in this regard.
    The OPA amends section 311(j) of the CWA to require Area Committees 
to ``work with state and local officials to expedite decisions for the 
use of dispersants and other mitigating substances and devices'' and to 
``describe the procedures to be followed for obtaining an expedited 
decision regarding the use of dispersants.'' To meet these 
requirements, EPA proposed to revise new Sec. 300.910(a) (in addition 
to changes to Subpart C) to require that Area Committees be actively 
involved in the preauthorization process and that, as part of their 
planning activities, they develop preauthorization plans that address 
the desirability of using appropriate products on the Product Schedule.
    EPA does not agree with the commenters that requiring RRT review 
and approval of preauthorization plans developed by Area Committees is 
inconsistent with the OPA. The OPA does not stipulate that Area 
Committees alone have responsibility for oil spill contingency 
planning. The standing RRTs also have responsibilities for oil spill 
contingency planning, specifically on a regional basis. In order to 
create the best possible response system, it is important that the 
regional-level and area-level contingency planning efforts of the RRTs 
and Area Committees, respectively, are closely coordinated with each 
other and are consistent. EPA believes that the RRTs should serve in an 
advisory and approval role regarding preauthorization plans developed 
by Area Committees to ensure this consistency and because the RRTs' 
expertise in oil spill response will be a valuable asset in the 
development of these preauthorization plans. RRTs and Area Committees 
should work together to develop mutually-acceptable preauthorization 
decisions and plans. The Agency would like to clarify that the RRT 
review and approval authority applies only to preauthorization 
decisions or plans, and not to the entire content of ACPs. Also, the 
EPA Administrator and the Commandant of the USCG possess the ultimate 
authority for approving or disapproving an entire ACP, including the 
preauthorization plan. This authority is not delegated in any way to 
the RRTs.
    EPA does not believe that the RRT review and approval authority is 
counterproductive or will result in significant delays to the 
preauthorization process. As discussed in the preamble to the proposed 
NCP, in a number of instances (e.g., in the inland waters) RRTs may 
fulfill the role of the Area Committees. In these instances, 
coordination between the two separate entities will be facilitated to 
the extent the RRT addresses both regional- and area-level contingency 
planning. In instances where the RRT and Area Committees may exist as 
separate entities, a number of RRT representatives will most likely 
also serve on the Area Committees for that region. This should 
facilitate the coordination between these two bodies and expedite the 
review and approval of preauthorization plans by the RRT.
    EPA would like to clarify the RRT review and approval authority. 
All members of the RRT will be afforded an opportunity to review and 
provide input to the Area Committee on a draft preauthorization plan. 
However, only the RRT representatives from EPA and the state(s) with 
jurisdiction over the waters of the area to which the plan applies and 
the DOC and DOI natural resource trustees will have the authority to 
approve, disapprove, or approve with modification the draft 
preauthorization plan. This approval process is consistent with the 
authorization procedures contained in existing Sec. 300.910 and should 
minimize the time necessary for RRT approval of preauthorization plans 
developed by the Area Committees. New Sec. 300.910(a) is being revised 
to state that ``The RRT representatives from EPA and the states with 
jurisdiction over the waters of the area to which a preauthorization 
plan applies and the DOC and DOI natural resource trustees shall review 
and either approve, disapprove, or approve with modification the 
preauthorization plans developed by Area Committees, as appropriate.''
    One commenter suggested that the NCP establish time limits for the 
review and approval of preauthorization applications. Specifically, the 
commenter recommended that EPA establish a 60-day review period during 
which Area Committees must determine whether a preauthorization 
application is complete and approve or deny the application. The 
commenter also suggested that if an Area Committee fails to act within 
the specified period of time, the application should be considered 
approved.
    EPA does not believe that it is appropriate for the NCP to 
establish specific deadlines for the review and approval of 
preauthorization applications at this time because both the Area 
Committee and the preauthorization process are still in the initial 
stages of implementation. Area Committees should develop 
preauthorization plans and review applications as expeditiously as 
possible, but they also must be afforded flexibility in accomplishing 
this.
    One commenter recommended that new Sec. 300.910(a) and Section 
4.3(a) of Appendix E mention the need for preauthorization plans to 
cover compliance with section 7 of the Endangered Species Act. This 
commenter also recommended that, under new Secs. 300.910 (b) and (c), 
consultation with the DOI and DOC natural resource trustees should be 
required for obtaining product approvals in all cases, not just ``when 
practicable.'' The commenter noted that the natural resource trustees 
have a strong interest, in all instances, in ensuring that trust 
resources are not inadvertently damaged by the application of chemical 
countermeasures.
    EPA agrees that the RRTs and Area Committees should be aware of the 
need for preauthorization plans to comply with the Endangered Species 
Act. Development of these plans must include compliance with section 7 
of the Endangered Species Act. The Agency believes that the natural 
resource trustee representatives to both the RRTs and Area Committees 
can assist in this matter by facilitating consultation to ensure this 
compliance during the planning process. Also, EPA and the USCG plan to 
work with the Fish and Wildlife Service and NOAA to develop guidance on 
this issue. EPA believes that these steps will be more effective in 
addressing this issue than adding new language to this section of the 
NCP.
    EPA does not agree with the commenter that, under new Secs. 300.910 
(b) and (c), consultation with the DOC and DOI RRT representatives 
should be mandatory in all instances. EPA believes that the case-by-
case decisionmaking process for OSCs must be flexible and must allow 
them to minimize the burden of any consultations due to the time-
critical nature of this process. In most instances, OSCs will consult 
with the DOC and DOI representatives, but there may be instances where 
this consultation would create critical delays in the decisionmaking 
process.
    Another commenter stated that new Sec. 300.910(f) should be revised 
to compel the RRTs to require the performance of supplementary toxicity 
and effectiveness testing when developing preauthorization plans. This 
commenter argued that in order for an RRT to do a responsible job of 
preauthorizing the use of a product for a specific region, it must 
posses regionally specific effectiveness and toxicity testing data.
    EPA does not agree with the change suggested by this commenter. EPA 
believes that the RRTs should have the authority to require additional 
testing if they decide it is necessary, but should not be compelled to 
require this additional testing in all instances. Situations may exist 
where requiring this additional testing would place an unnecessary 
regulatory burden on both the RRTs and the product manufacturers/
vendors.
    Two commenters stated that the RRT supplementary testing authority 
contained in new Sec. 300.910(f) should be deleted from the final rule. 
These commenters expressed opposition to this authority because, in the 
commenter's view, it is intended to make the preauthorization of 
dispersants and other chemicals more difficult, erodes the statutory 
authority of the Area Committees, and could add significant delays to 
the preauthorization process. One of these commenters also argued that 
if EPA anticipates using tests other than those specified in Appendix C 
for this supplementary testing, these tests should be included in the 
NCP and be subject to review as part of the rulemaking process.
    EPA would like to clarify the provisions of the supplementary 
testing authority contained in new Sec. 300.910(f). Under this 
authority, RRTs are authorized to require product manufacturers to 
conduct supplementary effectiveness or toxicity testing due to site- or 
area-specific concerns when developing preauthorization plans. Any 
supplementary testing that may be conducted will follow the 
effectiveness and toxicity testing protocols specified in Appendix C of 
the NCP. The RRTs are authorized to require these tests to be 
conducted, due to site- or area-specific concerns, using parameters 
other than those specified in Appendix C. For example, an RRT might 
require the performance of the dispersant effectiveness test (the 
Swirling Flask Dispersant Effectiveness Test) using a type of oil other 
than that specified in Appendix C; or an RRT might require the 
performance of the dispersant toxicity test using an invertebrate 
species other than that specified in Appendix C.
    EPA's purpose in adding new Sec. 300.910(f) is to clarify the 
authority of the RRTs concerning product testing requirements and to 
provide more relevant information to the RRTs and Area Committees for 
their contingency planning efforts. This authority is not intended to 
make the preauthorization of certain products more difficult and does 
not authorize the RRTs to establish more stringent effectiveness and 
toxicity criteria. EPA does not believe that the addition of this new 
paragraph in any way erodes the authority of the Area Committees, but 
will enable them to make more informed preauthorization decisions by 
providing them with additional site- or area-specific data, if 
appropriate. In addition, EPA believes that the authority contained in 
this new paragraph will not create substantial delays in the 
preauthorization process, and that any minor delays that may occur are 
necessary to provide the RRTs and Area Committees the information they 
need to make informed preauthorization decisions.

Section 300.915--Data Requirements

Dispersant Effectiveness Testing Protocol
    Four commenters expressed opposition to EPA's adoption of the 
Swirling Flask Dispersant Effectiveness Test as the standard test for 
measuring dispersant effectiveness. These commenters stated that this 
change was based on a limited study and that there are more appropriate 
dispersant effectiveness tests available internationally. One commenter 
suggested that EPA should have considered the Warren Springs Laboratory 
(WSL) Test, which has been in use in the United Kingdom for several 
years, and the Exxon Dispersant Effectiveness Test (EXDET). Another 
commenter recommended that EPA defer implementing the Swirling Flask 
test until an international intercalibration work group that is 
conducting research on dispersant effectiveness testing can complete 
its work and make recommendations.
    EPA believes that sufficient testing was performed to qualify the 
Swirling Flask test as an appropriate replacement for the Revised 
Standard Dispersant Effectiveness Test (RSDET). In April 1991, EPA 
convened a conference of world experts to advise it on the state-of-
the-art methods available for dispersant effectiveness testing. As a 
result of that meeting, EPA decided to pursue the three laboratory 
effectiveness tests it studied: RSDET, Swirling Flask test, and IFP 
Test. The determination was made at that time that these three tests 
offer the best combination of features for study and, although each may 
have some drawbacks, that they were the best three of the nearly 25 
tests then available. No new information has been discovered during the 
last three years to modify the initial decision to select these three 
tests for further study.
    In its laboratory study,\3\ EPA examined six different oils and 
three separate dispersants; ran over 150 screening tests to determine 
the best combinations of oil and dispersant; and evaluated those 
combinations using the three test methods selected by the panel of 
experts. EPA believes that this provides a sufficient collection of 
data upon which to base the change to the Swirling Flask test.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \3\See: Clayton, John R. Jr., Siu-Fai Tsang, Victoria Frank, 
Paul Marsden, and John Harrington, Chemical Oil Spill Dispersants: 
Evaluation of Three Laboratory Procedures for Estimating 
Performance, Final Report prepared by Science Applications 
International Corporation for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 
1992; available in the Docket for this rulemaking.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The change to the Swirling Flask test is based primarily on the 
fact that this test is easier to perform, is less expensive, and 
requires less laboratory skill, and not on the basis of improved 
precision of the test itself. The statistical review of the data shows 
that both the Swirling Flask test and the RSDET have essentially the 
same precision. EPA believes that of the six or seven tests used 
throughout the world today, there is no test available that has greater 
precision than the Swirling Flask test.
    The WSL Test is certainly one of the prominent laboratory 
dispersant effectiveness tests used in the world today. The decision 
not to evaluate this test in the EPA study should not be viewed as a 
criticism of this procedure. EPA considered this test, but the Swirling 
Flask test was judged to avoid some of the problems associated with the 
WSL Test.
    The EXDET was not available for evaluation until EPA had already 
completed its evaluation, and has only recently (March 1993) been 
published in the literature. There are certainly no historical data 
associated with this test, in contrast to the Swirling Flask test. 
Further, in a brief internal review, EPA determined that the EXDET 
procedure offers no significant advantages over the Swirling Flask 
test.
    The international intercalibration work group, of which EPA is a 
member, has reviewed the four or five laboratory effectiveness tests 
currently in use throughout the world today with an eye towards 
determining if the results of one test can be correlated to the results 
of another. That initial review resulted in the conclusion that there 
was no good way for the test results to be compared. EPA does not 
expect that this work group will develop a new test in the near future 
that will offer significant advantages over the Swirling Flask test. If 
such a test is developed in the future, EPA would be willing to review 
the method as a possible replacement for the Swirling Flask test.
    Three commenters stated that the Swirling Flask test method 
described in Appendix C does not simulate real world conditions. Two of 
these commenters expressed concern that this may give some agencies and 
public interest groups the unrealistic expectation that dispersants may 
be as effective in field applications as they are in the laboratory 
tests. These commenters suggested that EPA explicitly state that 
dispersant effectiveness tests are designed and conducted only to 
screen products, and that the test results should be used only for that 
purpose.
    As stated in the preamble to the proposed NCP, the test methods 
described in Appendix C are intended to provide a basic set of test 
procedures that will provide baseline data for comparison of products 
on a national basis. The testing protocols were not developed with the 
intent of replicating possible real-world situations. In using the data 
currently available on the Product Schedule, OSCs and RRTs are well 
aware that these data are intended for use for relative comparisons and 
rankings of products. Future EPA guidance on the development of 
preauthorization plans and decisions will also address this issue.
    One commenter objected to the dispersant-to-oil treat ratio (DOR) 
used in the Swirling Flask test method, arguing that a 1:10 ratio is at 
least twice as high as would normally be used in actual spill 
situations. The commenter noted that DORs of 1:20 or 1:25 are typical, 
and that the higher dispersant treat rate used in this test method 
would allow weaker dispersants to perform better than would be expected 
relative to other dispersants. This same commenter stated that the 
Swirling Flask test was inconsistent with the RSDET, historical 
standards, and currently accepted standards because the Swirling Flask 
test did not produce results ranking dispersants in the same order as 
the RSDET or other field-corroborated laboratory tests. The commenter 
also noted that no other government in the world--including Canada--has 
officially accepted the Swirling Flask test.
    Under ideal conditions, a laboratory test would be representative 
of real-world conditions. However, thus far this is not achievable, and 
EPA believes it is misleading to represent laboratory data as such. The 
use of any test to measure a product will only give a relative ranking 
of that product against other products tested with the same procedure. 
There is no attempt on the part of EPA to represent the laboratory 
effectiveness test results as levels that can be achieved in the field. 
In fact, field performance will most likely be less effective than that 
achieved under ideal laboratory conditions.
    The DOR of 1:10 is specified for the Swirling Flask test method and 
was used in the EPA study to ensure that sufficient dispersant was 
available for complete dispersion of the test oil and because this is a 
practical estimate of the maximum level DOR that would be expected in 
the field in a real situation. This would favor better performance of 
the product than a lesser DOR. Furthermore, the 1:10 ratio was used in 
the RSDET procedure as well as the IFP method; the same ratio was 
needed for all three tests to allow for proper comparison.
    EPA does not believe that there should be concern about the fact 
that different laboratory tests will rank dispersant products 
differently, nor with the supposition that the Swirling Flask test 
ranks products differently than the existing RSDET. There has never 
been a strong correlation in ranking order from test to test; i.e., 10 
dispersant products will be ranked differently when tested by the 
various laboratory effectiveness tests available. EPA has never claimed 
that the detailed ranking order produced by the RSDET is meaningful or 
necessarily proper. As noted in the proposed NCP, the existing RSDET 
has problems associated with it (e.g., complex and expensive to 
perform, results in a large volume of wastewater) that will be resolved 
by changing to the Swirling Flask test.
    EPA knows of no laboratory effectiveness test that correlates well 
with field experience. There are numerous factors that come into play 
and strongly affect whether a dispersant works well under field 
conditions. One of the most critical factors affecting field 
effectiveness is probably whether the dispersant is properly applied.
    It is correct that the Swirling Flask test has not been adopted by 
any other government, including Canada. However, it was developed and 
is used extensively by Environment Canada and adoption by the Canadian 
government is expected. The decision to adopt the test in the United 
States, however, is based on the method's attributes and not on whether 
it has been officially adopted by any other government.
    One commenter stated that calculating the percent effectiveness 
value for a dispersant by averaging the percent effectiveness values 
for Prudhoe Bay crude and South Louisiana crude oils may not be very 
useful to OSCs in making decisions about the effectiveness of a 
particular dispersant on a single type of oil. The commenter suggested 
that if EPA maintains this averaging in the final rule, the Agency 
should at least identify the dispersant effectiveness values for each 
type of test oil separately on the Product Schedule, in addition to the 
average percent effectiveness value. The commenter also suggested that 
the Product Schedule include the results of spills-of-opportunity 
testing.
    EPA believes that calculating the percent effectiveness value for a 
dispersant by averaging the values for these two test oils is the best 
approach because this allows the effectiveness data to reflect two 
types of oil that will most likely be encountered in real-world spill 
situations in U.S. coastal waters, yet maintains the simplicity of the 
testing method. The Agency also selected this approach because it 
allows a dispersant to meet the 50 percent effectiveness acceptability 
criterion and be listed on the Product Schedule, despite poor 
performance of the dispersant on one of the two test oils. EPA does 
agree, however, that presenting the dispersant effectiveness data 
separately for each type of oil, as well as for the final effectiveness 
value (average of the two), will enable OSCs to make a more informed 
evaluation of the effectiveness of specific dispersants. Consequently, 
EPA will provide dispersant effectiveness values for Prudhoe Bay crude, 
South Louisiana crude, and an average of the two for each dispersant 
listed on the Product Schedule. EPA notes that the dispersant 
effectiveness acceptability criterion will still be based upon the 
average percent effectiveness value of these two types of oil. Also, 
EPA does not believe it is appropriate to include spills-of-opportunity 
data on the Product Schedule because the Schedule is intended to 
provide baseline data for comparison of products on a national basis. 
Both USCG and NOAA maintain data bases that contain information on 
chemical countermeasures used on some significant U.S. and 
international oil spills.
Dispersant Toxicity Testing Protocol
    One commenter objected to the proposal of the Revised Standard 
Dispersant Toxicity Test (RSDTT) protocol because a toxicity threshold 
or acceptability criterion is not established. The commenter expressed 
concern that the establishment of an effectiveness threshold without 
the establishment of a toxicity threshold encourages the use of the 
most effective dispersants, rather than the use of the least harmful 
(i.e., least toxic) dispersants, which is inconsistent with the intent 
of the OPA.
    EPA does not agree that the approach established in the NCP does 
not encourage the use of the least harmful dispersants. EPA believes 
that the best approach to regulating dispersants is to not set a 
threshold or acceptability criterion for toxicity, but to provide OSCs, 
RRTs, and Area Committees the toxicity data and allow them to make 
decisions on dispersant use by weighing the toxicity data against other 
variables and the effectiveness data for those dispersants that meet or 
exceed the effectiveness threshold. In its experience in oil spill 
response and contingency planning, the Agency has found that the 
factors impacting dispersant use decisions based on toxicity are more 
variable than those for effectiveness (e.g., what are the toxicological 
effects of the dispersant on the wide variety of species indigenous to 
the area?). The toxicity of any substance is relative to the test 
agent, target organisms, and the environment in which the exposure 
occurs. EPA believes that OSCs, RRTs, and Area Committees must be 
afforded a greater degree of flexibility when making dispersant use 
decisions based on these toxicity factors. Consequently, EPA is not 
establishing a toxicity threshold for dispersants. EPA does agree, 
however, that when making decisions on the use of dispersants, OSCs, 
RRTs, and Area Committees should use the least harmful dispersants that 
have been proven to be effective under the standardized laboratory 
conditions. When making these decisions, OSCs, RRTs, and Area 
Committees will possess toxicity data that will allow them to rank the 
various dispersants available based on acute toxicity.
    One commenter stated that the test species specified in the 
dispersant toxicity testing protocol are not suitable for determining 
freshwater toxicity. The commenter suggested that additional or 
alternate toxicity tests be performed on all products intended for 
freshwater use.
    EPA agrees with the commenter that the development and use of an 
alternate dispersant toxicity test for freshwater environments is a 
valid consideration. However, most RRTs in concert with state 
regulatory agencies have put in place procedures and/or guidance that 
restrict the use of dispersants in freshwater ecosystems due to the 
potential impact of the dispersants on potable water. Consequently, EPA 
has placed a higher priority on the development of dispersant 
effectiveness and toxicity testing protocols for marine environments. 
The Agency is currently considering the development of a complementary 
dispersant toxicity test for freshwater environments.
    Another commenter objected to the use of only an acute toxicity 
testing protocol. This commenter argued that acute toxicity tests 
provide little insight into the effects of lower concentrations of 
pollutants and do not contribute to the understanding of the 
accumulative impacts of pollutants over long periods of time. The 
commenter suggested that there should be testing for chronic or 
sublethal concentrations as well as an evaluation of the effects of 
products on the reproduction, larval development, and growth and 
maturation of juvenile organisms.
    EPA believes that providing the acute toxicity data specified by 
Appendix C to OSCs, RRTs, and Area Committees is sufficient to allow 
for environmentally protective authorization and preauthorization 
decisions on product use. The Agency has conducted toxicity tests of a 
longer duration (i.e., 7-day chronic estimator tests) that provide 
additional information on sublethal effects on survival, growth, and 
fecundity. These data,4 presented at the annual meeting of the 
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (October 1992), 
demonstrated agreement (generally within one order of magnitude) 
between LC50s derived from the 7-day test and the acute (48- to 
96-hour) test. In cases where growth and reproductive effects were 
noted, contaminant levels tended to fall just below the concentration 
range at which survival was affected. Also, EPA believes that the acute 
toxicity data will be useful to OSCs, RRTs, and Area Committees with 
respect to risk estimation. A recently developed model5 allows for 
the risk estimation of chronic effects from acute toxicity data and 
allows for the integration of application data into the framework for 
risk estimation. In addition, OSCs, RRTs, and Area Committees are not 
precluded from considering any available chronic toxicity data when 
making authorization or preauthorization decisions on product use.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \4\See: Whiting, D., J. Clark, J. Briceno, and C. Daniels, A 
Comparison of Seven-Day Chronic Toxicity Test Endpoints Using Mysids 
(Mysidopsis bahia), Silversides (Menidia beryllina), No. 2 Fuel Oil, 
and Oil Dispersant Products; available for inspection in the public 
docket for this rulemaking.
    \5\See: Mayer, Foster, G. Krause, D. Buckler, M. Ellersieck, and 
G. Lee, Predicting Chronic Lethality of Chemicals to Fishes from 
Acute Toxicity Test Data: Concepts and Linear Regression Analysis, 
February 1993; available for inspection in the public docket for 
this rulemaking.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter recommended that when conducting the RSDTT, EPA 
should test dispersants only, rather than testing dispersants and 
dispersed oil. The commenter argued that testing dispersed oil not only 
assesses the effects of the chemical uptake of the dispersant by the 
organisms, but also physical effects due to contact with dispersed oil 
droplets.
    EPA does not agree with the recommendation suggested by the 
commenter. Chemical dispersants are intended to increase the rate at 
which an oil slick is dispersed into the water column. This dispersed 
oil is, by definition, a mixture of the dispersant and the spilled oil. 
As a result of this dispersion of oil, the possibility exists for 
organisms dwelling in the water column to come in physical contact with 
the dispersed oil. The Agency believes that it should not make any 
difference whether an organism is killed by the effects of a chemical 
dispersant in the water or due to physical contact with the dispersed 
oil (e.g., dispersed oil covering the gills of a fish, thereby 
inhibiting respiration). EPA believes that the fact that dispersants 
cause oil to enter the water column is sufficient reason to test for 
the toxicological effects of dispersed oil.
    The Agency also believes that testing the oil alone, as well as the 
oil and dispersant mixture, will provide useful data on the relative 
toxicity of the oil and the potential hazards associated with 
dispersant use (i.e., data derived from the oil and dispersant mixture 
test) relative to the hazards associated with non-treatment of the oil 
(i.e., data derived from the oil only test). EPA believes that the 
comparative nature of the data will benefit the OSCs, RRTs, and Area 
Committees in their decisionmaking and planning activities.
    The same commenter expressed concern that the dispersant toxicity 
testing protocol uses a series of test concentrations and durations 
that are significantly greater than what a marine organism would be 
exposed to in the real world. The commenter stated that this would 
result in test data that show dispersants and other products to be much 
more toxic than what would be expected in the field. The commenter 
argued that these biased data may create a negative impression among 
regulators, leading to decisions to prohibit the use of a product that 
actually could be used safely.
    As discussed above, the test methods described in Appendix C are 
intended to provide a basic set of test procedures that will provide 
baseline data for comparison of products on a national basis. The 
testing protocols were not developed with the intent of replicating 
possible real-world situations. The dispersant toxicity testing 
protocol was developed using conservative estimates. In using the data 
currently available on the Product Schedule, OSCs and RRTs are well 
aware that these data are intended for use for relative comparisons and 
rankings of products.
    Three commenters questioned the use of No. 2 fuel oil by the RSDTT 
when the dispersant effectiveness testing protocol specifies the use of 
Prudhoe Bay and South Louisiana crude oils. These commenters suggested 
that the RSDTT be revised to use the same oils as used by the Swirling 
Flask test protocol. One commenter noted that the proceedings of the 
workshop upon which the RSDTT is partially based recommend the use of 
both crude oils over No. 2 fuel oil.
    EPA believes that No. 2 fuel oil is the most appropriate type of 
oil for use in the RSDTT. The proceedings of the workshop6 
referred to by the commenter based its test oil recommendations on the 
potential use of dispersants in the Gulf of Mexico. In developing the 
RSDTT, the Agency had to consider the evaluation of dispersant toxicity 
on a national basis. Also, one of the objectives of this workshop was 
to identify data needs. South Louisiana and Prudhoe Bay crude oils were 
ranked as the first two preferences in the workshop proceedings because 
there is relatively little toxicity data for these oils as compared to 
No. 2 fuel oil.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\See: Duke, Thomas and Gary Petrazzolo, eds., Oil and 
Dispersant Toxicity Testing, Proceedings of a Workshop on Technical 
Specifications, U.S. Department of the Interior, New Orleans, 
January 1989; available for inspection in the public docket for this 
rulemaking.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EPA selected No. 2 fuel oil as the dispersant toxicity test oil for 
several reasons. The workshop recommended the use of a test oil that is 
available in large quantities and is well characterized in the 
scientific literature; No. 2 fuel oil satisfies both of these 
recommendations. There is also a larger historical record of toxicity 
data on marine organisms for No. 2 fuel oil than for other types of 
oils, including South Louisiana and Prudhoe Bay crudes.
    EPA agrees with the commenters, however, that eventually the 
effectiveness and toxicity tests for dispersants should specify the 
same test oils. As a result, EPA will conduct research and collect data 
on the RSDTT using Prudhoe Bay and South Louisiana crudes; these data 
will be made available to the public. If this research indicates that 
regulatory revisions are appropriate, the Agency will make these 
changes to the RSDTT. In addition, new Sec. 300.910(f) provides that 
RRTs may require supplementary toxicity testing to obtain data that 
will be more specific and relevant due to area- and site-specific 
concerns. For example, the RRT responsible for Hawaii might require 
toxicity testing for specific dispersants using a crude oil in addition 
to No. 2 fuel oil.
    One commenter objected to EPA conducting the effectiveness and 
toxicity testing required for dispersants under Subpart J. The 
commenter stated that not accepting industry-generated data implies 
that industry is not a credible source of information. The commenter 
also stated that industry will be concerned that a government 
laboratory would interpret toxicity data too conservatively. Another 
commenter recommended that both EPA and commercial laboratories should 
be allowed to conduct dispersant toxicity testing.
    EPA wishes to emphasize that it believes industry is a trustworthy 
source of testing data. As discussed in the preamble to the proposed 
NCP, EPA believes that, given the establishment of an effectiveness 
acceptability criterion for dispersants, it is necessary to maintain as 
much consistency and reproducibility in the dispersant effectiveness 
testing results as possible. Upon further review of this issue, EPA 
believes that the necessary consistency and reproducibility in 
effectiveness testing results will be maintained if dispersant 
manufacturers are responsible for conducting the required dispersant 
effectiveness test and submitting the data to EPA. The Agency also 
believes that requiring dispersant manufacturers to conduct the 
specified effectiveness and toxicity tests is the most efficient way to 
ensure that OSCs, RRTs, and Area Committees have the information 
necessary to make informed decisions on dispersant use.
    As a result, EPA is revising Subpart J and Appendix C to the NCP to 
require that dispersant manufacturers (or the commercial laboratories 
they select) conduct the effectiveness and toxicity tests specified for 
dispersants. Also, to guarantee Agency control over the consistency and 
reproducibility in effectiveness test results, EPA explicitly reserves 
in the rule the right to request additional documentation regarding 
both tests and conduct verification testing of the dispersant 
effectiveness test results submitted by manufacturers.
    Although the Agency has decided not to finalize the proposed 
requirement that only EPA conduct the dispersant tests, this aspect of 
the final rule is consistent with the system that has been used by the 
regulated community to this point. Prior versions of the NCP required 
dispersant manufacturers to conduct the specified effectiveness and 
toxicity tests and submit the test results to EPA. However, dispersant 
manufacturers will now be responsible for conducting the new Swirling 
Flask Dispersant Effectiveness Test specified in Appendix C.
    Only those dispersants that meet or exceed the dispersant 
effectiveness acceptability criterion of 45 percent must be tested for 
toxicity, using the RSDTT included in Appendix C. Because of this, and 
because the new effectiveness test is simpler, easily replicable, and 
less expensive than the previous test, the new requirements for 
dispersant testing will offer significant cost savings to those wishing 
to list new products on the Schedule.
    EPA is revising paragraphs (7) and (8) of Sec. 300.915(a) and 
Section 1.1 of Appendix C to state that dispersant manufacturers are 
responsible for conducting the specified dispersant effectiveness and 
toxicity tests. Manufacturers must submit test results and supporting 
data, along with a certification signed by responsible corporate 
officials of the manufacturer and laboratory stating that (1) the test 
was conducted on a representative product sample, (2) the testing was 
conducted using generally accepted laboratory practices, and (3) they 
believe the results to be accurate. EPA is also revising paragraph (12) 
of Sec. 300.915(a) to add that laboratories performing toxicity tests 
for dispersants must demonstrate previous toxicity test experience in 
order for their test results to be accepted. Section 2.3.2 of Appendix 
C is being revised to state that the standard test oils for the 
Swirling Flask test can be obtained from the Resource Technology 
Corporation (2931 Soldier Springs Rd., P.O. Box 1346, Laramie, WY, 
82070, (307) 742-5452).
    Section 300.920(a) is also being revised to reflect that dispersant 
manufacturers are responsible for conducting the required effectiveness 
and toxicity tests. Paragraph (2) of this section explains that EPA 
reserves the right to request further documentation of the test results 
submitted by dispersant manufacturers. This paragraph also states that 
EPA reserves the right to verify test results and consider the results 
of its verification testing in determining whether a dispersant meets 
the listing criteria. Within 60 days of receiving a complete 
application for listing a dispersant on the Product Schedule, EPA will 
notify the manufacturer of its decision to list the product on the 
Schedule or request additional information and/or a sample of the 
product. Within 60 days of receiving the additional product data and/or 
sample, EPA will notify the manufacturer in writing of its decision to 
list or not list the product. As was specified in the proposed NCP, a 
dispersant manufacturer whose product was determined not to be eligible 
for listing on the Product Schedule may request the EPA Administrator 
to review the determination.
Surface Washing Agents
    Two commenters stated that EPA's intended methodology for 
determining the effectiveness of surface washing agents was unclear in 
the proposed NCP.
    EPA would like to clarify that it is not specifying an 
effectiveness testing protocol for surface washing agents at this time. 
EPA is currently conducting research on developing a test method and 
may specify a protocol at a later date. The Agency is creating a 
separate category for surface washing agents on the Product Schedule 
because a number of products currently listed under the ``dispersant'' 
category on the Schedule are actually surface washing agents. 
Separating these very different kinds of products will provide a more 
accurate and comprehensive list of products available to OSCs, RRTs, 
and Area Committees during a spill and for preauthorization.
Bioremediation Agent Testing Protocols
    Two commenters stated that the Bioremediation Agent Effectiveness 
Test proposed by EPA in Appendix C may be appropriate as a research 
protocol, but it is too complex and expensive for use as a standard 
product screening test. These commenters recommended that EPA develop a 
reliable, more routine, and less expensive test method for quantifying 
hydrocarbon degradation.
    EPA agrees that the establishment of a less expensive, less 
complex, and better analytical procedure to determine bioremediation 
agent effectiveness is desirable. However, due to the complexity of 
crude oil and the general lack of understanding of how bioremediation 
agents perform, no such analytical procedure exists at this time. In 
developing the effectiveness testing procedure specified in Appendix C, 
EPA and the National Environmental Technology Applications Center 
(NETAC) did consider cost and complexity. (NETAC is a non-profit 
corporation created in 1988 under a cooperative agreement between EPA's 
Office of Research and Development and the University of Pittsburgh 
Trust to assist in the commercialization of innovative environmental 
technologies.) The resulting procedure is the least expensive and least 
complex, but still reliable, procedure that could be developed at this 
time. If a less expensive and/or less complex test is developed in the 
future, EPA would be willing to review the method as a possible 
replacement for the Bioremediation Agent Effectiveness Test contained 
in Appendix C.
    One commenter suggested that EPA eliminate the use of a standard 
test oil (i.e., Alaska North Slope (ANS) 521) in the bioremediation 
agent effectiveness testing protocol because the use of internal 
markers in this test makes the use of a standard oil unnecessary. This 
commenter also inquired about the availability of the specified test 
oil.
    EPA does not agree that the requirement for the use of a standard 
oil should be eliminated. EPA believes that because microorganisms 
respond differently to different types of oil, the use of a standard 
oil is necessary until a data base has been developed that can 
demonstrate that any type of oil will be adequate for testing purposes. 
For example, the light-end oils can have a potential adverse effect on 
the microorganisms tested and, consequently, should not be used for 
this test. The standard test oil can be obtained from NETAC's 
Bioremediation Products Evaluation Center (BPEC) (telephone number and 
address provided in Section 4.3 of Appendix C).
    The same commenter stated that hopane may not be the best internal 
marker and suggested that EPA revise the Bioremediation Agent 
Effectiveness Test to allow for the use of different markers.
    EPA agrees with the commenter that allowing for the use of more 
than one internal marker in the test procedure would be helpful. As a 
result, EPA is revising the bioremediation agent effectiveness testing 
protocol contained in Section 4.0 of Appendix C to allow for the use of 
C2- or C3-phenanthrene or C2-chrysene, as well as 
hopane, as the internal marker. EPA recommends, however, that hopane be 
used because the test method was developed using this marker.
    Three commenters objected to the required use of unfiltered Gulf 
Breeze coast seawater in the proposed bioremediation agent 
effectiveness testing protocol. These commenters argued that the 
required use of this seawater is too restrictive for a test meant to 
provide data on a national basis. Two of these commenters suggested 
that EPA develop bioremediation effectiveness test methods for 
freshwater applications.
    EPA agrees that requiring the use of unfiltered Gulf Breeze coast 
seawater in a test that is meant to be used on a national basis may be 
inappropriate. As a result, EPA is revising Section 4.3 of Appendix C 
to specify the use of ``clean natural seawater'' in the Bioremediation 
Agent Effectiveness Test. ``Clean natural seawater'' means that the 
source of this seawater must not be heavily contaminated with 
industrial or other types of effluent. For example, seawater should not 
be obtained from a source near shipping channels or discharges of 
industrial or municipal wastewater, or with high turbidity. EPA is 
currently conducting research on the issue of a bioremediation agent 
effectiveness testing protocol for freshwater applications and may 
propose such a protocol at a later date.
    EPA is also making several other revisions to the bioremediation 
agent effectiveness testing protocol contained in Section 4.0 and the 
summary technical product test data format contained in Section 6.0 of 
Appendix C. Since the development of the proposed NCP, NETAC has 
finalized and published7 its laboratory-scale testing protocol for 
bioremediation agent effectiveness. EPA is making these revisions to 
Sections 4.0 and 6.0 of Appendix C so that the Bioremediation Agent 
Effectiveness Test is consistent with the final protocol published by 
NETAC. Revisions include the addition of a section on statistical 
analysis, the addition of an alternative gas chromatograph/mass 
spectrometer (GC/MS) sample cleanup procedure, and a reduction in the 
number of sampling events to save costs in conducting the test. These 
revisions will make the performance of the test more straightforward 
and do not affect the basic procedures for conducting this test.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\ See: Evaluation Methods Manual: Oil Spill Response 
Bioremediation Agents, National Environmental Technology 
Applications Center, Pittsburgh, PA, July 1993; available for 
inspection in the public docket for this rulemaking.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EPA received several comments objecting to specific provisions of 
the Bioremediation Agent Toxicity Test that was proposed in Appendix C. 
EPA acknowledges that there are a number of technical problems with 
this testing protocol. Due to these problems and the short period of 
time available to address them, EPA is not including the Bioremediation 
Agent Toxicity Test in the final NCP in this rulemaking. Section 
300.915(d)(8) and Appendix C are being revised to reflect this change. 
The Agency will continue its research in this area and may propose a 
revised bioremediation agent toxicity testing protocol at a later date.

Section 300.920--Addition of Products to Schedule

    Several commenters expressed support for the establishment of the 
effectiveness acceptability criterion or threshold (50 percent, plus or 
minus 5 percent) for listing dispersants on the Product Schedule. A 
different commenter objected to this threshold, suggesting that EPA 
adopt a threshold of 55 percent plus or minus 5 percent, which would be 
more in agreement with the Canadian standard. Three other commenters 
stated that the 50 percent threshold is too high, which could exclude 
some potentially useful dispersants. One of these commenters argued 
that the 50 percent criterion is unrealistically high for the low 
energy, long settling time (10 minutes) Swirling Flask test protocol, 
noting that the 50 to 60 percent criteria used by other countries are 
based on more energetic testing conditions. This commenter suggested 
that EPA adopt a 20 percent dispersant effectiveness threshold given 
its use of the Swirling Flask test.
    EPA believes that establishing the 50 percent (plus or minus 5 
percent) effectiveness acceptability criterion is the best approach for 
listing dispersants on the Product Schedule. EPA examined a number of 
issues when developing this criterion for dispersants. The 1988 U.S.-
Canada Free Trade Agreement supports EPA in adopting a dispersant 
effectiveness standard that is similar to the Canadian standard (50 
percent). The Agency believes that the 50 percent threshold strikes an 
effective balance between restrictiveness and leniency in listing 
dispersants on the Product Schedule, is generally consistent with the 
effectiveness thresholds established by other countries, and allows for 
the use of a broad range of dispersants at various levels of technical 
development.
    The 50 percent criterion was selected by EPA as a median level with 
the expectation that it would eliminate from the Product Schedule those 
dispersant products that perform poorly. On the current Product 
Schedule, more than half of the dispersants do not even attain a 10 
percent effectiveness level. EPA believes that part of the reluctance 
of OSCs to use dispersants is their major concern that these chemical 
agents will not work, even if properly applied. EPA believes that to 
select an effectiveness criterion below 50 percent, even with the low 
energy regime associated with the Swirling Flask test, would undermine 
the intent to eliminate those products that cannot be expected to 
perform in the sea.
    Two commenters asked whether products currently listed on the 
Product Schedule would be required to be retested given the revisions 
to Subpart J and, if so, when these tests would be conducted and a new 
Product Schedule published.
    EPA would like to clarify that products currently listed on the 
Product Schedule will be required to be retested according to the new 
testing protocols specified in Appendix C. These products will be 
retested as expeditiously as possible, but EPA has not yet established 
a schedule for this retesting.

Appendix E to Part 300--Oil Spill Response

    Four commenters expressed concern regarding the effectiveness of 
Appendix E, as proposed, to separate oil spill response requirements of 
the NCP from hazardous substance release requirements.
    One of these commenters stated that Appendix E, although well 
written and helpful, is a guidance document that should not be 
converted into a regulation by this rulemaking. The commenter suggested 
that if the NCP were better organized, a separate appendix would be 
unnecessary. EPA disagrees that the information contained in Appendix E 
should be issued as guidance rather than promulgated as a regulation. 
As stated in the introduction to Appendix E, the purpose of creating a 
separate oil spill response appendix was to compile general oil 
discharge response requirements into one document to aid participants 
and responders under the national response system. In EPA's view, this 
goal would not be achieved if the oil discharge response requirements 
were available only in a guidance document format.
    Three commenters believed that there are inconsistencies between 
the provisions in Appendix E and those in the body of the NCP. One of 
these commenters stated that the proposed approach for separating 
CERCLA and oil response-related requirements merely exacerbates the 
confusion created by the format of the existing NCP. The commenter 
explained that EPA's proposal effectively makes responses to oil 
discharges subject to two sets of potentially conflicting requirements. 
All three commenters recommended that EPA carefully review all relevant 
sections of the NCP and Appendix E to ensure absolute consistency in 
policy, instructions, guidance, and requirements between these two 
parts of the final rule.
    As noted in the introduction to Appendix E in the proposed rule, 
the oil spill response appendix was created to compile general oil 
discharge response requirements into a single document to aid 
participants and responders under the national response system. As a 
result, the appendix does not alter in any way the meaning or policy 
stated in other sections or subparts of the NCP. As noted in the 
preamble to the proposed rule, some minor variations between Appendix E 
provisions and analogous provisions of the NCP rule language were 
necessary to ensure that the appendix address oil discharges only (and 
not hazardous substance releases as well, which continue to be 
addressed in the NCP rule). As suggested by the commenters, EPA has 
conducted a careful review of Appendix E and the relevant sections of 
the NCP to ensure consistency in policy, instructions, guidance, and 
requirements between the two documents, allowing, of course, for the 
intentional minor variations mentioned above. As part of this review, 
the Agency has revised Appendix E, where appropriate, to be consistent 
with the changes made in various subparts of the NCP in response to 
public comments. These NCP changes are identified elsewhere in this 
preamble and are discussed in greater detail in the Response to 
Comments document. EPA has not enumerated the corresponding revisions 
to Appendix E here because this would be redundant. In light of the 
substantive consistency between Appendix E provisions and those 
provisions of the NCP that relate to oil discharges, EPA believes that 
the comment that the proposal effectively made oil spill response 
subject to two sets of potentially conflicting requirements has been 
addressed adequately in today's final rulemaking.
    In addition to the revisions required by comments on other subparts 
of the NCP, several commenters recommended editorial changes to various 
sections of Appendix E. EPA has incorporated these changes, as 
appropriate.

III. Summary of Supporting Analyses

A. Executive Order 12866

    Under E.O. 12866 (58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993), the Agency must 
determine whether the regulatory action is ``significant'' and 
therefore subject to review by the Office of Management and Budget 
(OMB) and the requirements of the E.O. The Order defines ``significant 
regulatory action'' as one that is likely to result in a rule that may:
    (1) Have an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more or 
adversely affect in a material way the economy, a sector of the 
economy, productivity, competition, jobs, the environment, public 
health or safety, or state, local, or tribal governments or 
communities;
    (2) Create a serious inconsistency or otherwise interfere with an 
action taken or planned by another agency;
    (3) Materially alter the budgetary impact of entitlements, grants, 
user fees, or loan programs or the rights and obligations of recipients 
thereof; or
    (4) Raise novel legal or policy issues arising out of legal 
mandates, the President's priorities, or the principles set forth in 
E.O. 12866.
    Pursuant to the terms of E.O. 12866, OMB has notified EPA that it 
considers this rule a ``significant regulatory action'' within the 
meaning of the Executive Order. EPA has submitted this action to OMB 
for review. Changes made in response to OMB suggestions or 
recommendations will be documented in the public record.
    An economic analysis performed by the Agency, available for 
inspection in Room M2427 at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 
401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460, shows that this rule would 
result in estimated costs to affected facilities of $33 million during 
the first year that the rule is in effect and approximately $11.3 
million in each subsequent year. At a 7 percent interest rate over 10 
years, the annualized costs are approximately $14.1 million. Virtually 
all costs are incurred by the federal government and, in particular, by 
the USCG and EPA.
    The economic analysis prepared in support of this final rule also 
includes a qualitative assessment of the environmental benefits 
associated with the revisions. The NCP revisions are expected to lead 
to quicker, more efficient, and more appropriate responses to 
discharges of oil and releases of hazardous substances. The benefits 
that would result from such improvements (i.e., preventing oil spills 
from occurring or mitigating the severity of the spills that do occur) 
are assumed to be substantial. Benefits include avoided clean-up costs 
and natural resource damages as well as reductions in other damages 
caused by oil spills, such as damage to private property, lost profit 
by business, public health risks, and foregone existence/option values.

B. Regulatory Flexibility Act

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980 requires that a Regulatory 
Flexibility Analysis be performed for all rules that are likely to have 
a ``significant impact on a substantial number of small entities.'' To 
determine whether a Regulatory Flexibility Analysis was necessary for 
this rule, a preliminary analysis was conducted (see the ``Economic 
Impact Analysis of the Revisions to the National Oil and Hazardous 
Substances Pollution Contingency Plan,'' Chapter 5, available for 
inspection in Room M2615 at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 
401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460). The results of the 
preliminary analysis indicate that this rule will not have significant 
adverse impacts on small businesses because such entities are unlikely 
to be affected by revisions to the federal planning and response 
mechanism for pollution incidents. Revisions to Subpart J would impose 
certain additional requirements on small manufacturers of dispersants 
and bioremediation agents seeking to list products on the NCP Product 
Schedule. However, the analysis revealed that the revisions would not 
significantly impact the economic viability of such concerns as the 
market is currently structured. Under the final rule, certain local 
government agencies (e.g., LEPCs) would be required to play a 
supporting role in developing ACPs. The analysis revealed that 
fulfilling this role would not place a significant burden on a 
substantial number of such entities. Therefore, EPA certifies that this 
rule is not expected to have a significant impact on small entities, 
and therefore no Regulatory Flexibility Analysis is necessary.

C. Paperwork Reduction Act

    The information collection requirements in this rule have been 
approved by OMB under the Paperwork Reduction Act, 44 U.S.C. 3501 et 
seq. and have been assigned control number 2050-0141.
    The collection of information required to prepare and submit 
materials for listing a product on the NCP Product Schedule is 
estimated to have a public reporting burden varying from 14 to 40 hours 
per response in the first year and subsequent years, with an average of 
26 hours per response. This includes time to review instructions and 
guidance, search existing data sources, gather and maintain the data 
needed, and complete and review the collection of information.
    Send comments regarding the burden estimate or any other aspect of 
this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this 
burden to Chief, Information Policy Branch; EPA; 401 M Street, SW. 
(Mail Code 2136); Washington, DC 20460; and to the Office of 
Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget, 
Washington, DC 20503, marked ``Attention: Desk Officer for EPA.''

D. Display of OMB Control Numbers

    EPA is also amending the table of currently approved information 
collection request (ICR) control numbers issued by OMB for various 
regulations. This amendment updates the table to accurately display 
those information requirements contained in this final rule. This 
display of the OMB control number and its subsequent codification in 
the Code of Federal Regulations satisfies the requirements of the 
Paperwork Reduction Act (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.) and OMB's implementing 
regulations at 5 CFR part 1320.
    The ICR was previously subject to public notice and comment prior 
to OMB approval. As a result, EPA finds that there is ``good cause'' 
under section 553(b)(3)(B) of the Administrative Procedure Act (5 
U.S.C. 553(b)(3)(B)) to amend this table without prior notice and 
comment. Due to the technical nature of the table, further notice and 
comment would be unnecessary.

List of Subjects

40 CFR Part 9

    Environmental protection, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

40 CFR Part 300

    Air pollution control, Chemicals, Hazardous materials, Hazardous 
substances, Incorporation by reference, Intergovernmental relations, 
Natural resources, Occupational safety and health, Oil pollution, 
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Superfund, Waste treatment 
and disposal, Water pollution control, Water supply.

    Dated: August 15, 1994.
Carol M. Browner,
Administrator.
    For the reasons set out in the preamble, 40 CFR parts 9 and 300 are 
amended as follows:

PART 9--OMB APPROVAL NUMBERS UNDER THE PAPERWORK REDUCTION ACT

    1. The authority citation for part 9 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 7 U.S.C. 135 et seq., 136-136y; 15 U.S.C. 2001, 2003, 
2005, 2006, 2601-2671; 21 U.S.C. 331j, 346a, 348; 31 U.S.C. 9701; 33 
U.S.C. 1251 et seq., 1311, 1313d, 1314, 1321, 1326, 1330, 1344, 1345 
(d) and (e), 1361; E.O. 11735, 38 FR 21243, 3 CFR, 1971-1975 Comp. 
p. 973; 42 U.S.C. 241, 242b, 243, 246, 300f, 300g, 300g-1, 300g-2, 
300g-3, 300g-4, 300g-5, 300g-6, 300j-1, 300j-2, 300j-3, 300j-4, 
300j-9, 1857 et seq., 6901-6992k, 7401-7671q, 7542, 9601-9657, 
11023, 11048.

    2. Section 9.1 is amended by adding a new entry to the table in 
numerical order to read as follows:


Sec. 9.1  OMB approvals under the Paperwork Reduction Act.

* * * * * 

------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                             OMB control
                      40 CFR citation                            No.    
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                        
                                 * * * *                                
National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan        
                                                                        
                                 * * * *                                
300.920....................................................    2050-0141
                                                                        
                                 * * * *                                
------------------------------------------------------------------------

PART 300--NATIONAL OIL AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES POLLUTION 
CONTINGENCY PLAN

    3. The authority citation for part 300 is revised to read as 
follows:

    Authority: 42 U.S.C. 9601-9657; 33 U.S.C. 1321(d); E.O. 11735, 
38 FR 21243; E.O. 12580, 52 FR 2923; E.O. 12777, 56 FR 54757.

    4. Subparts A, B, C, and D are revised to read as follows:

PART 300--[AMENDED]

Subpart A--Introduction

Sec.
300.1  Purpose and objectives.
300.2  Authority and applicability.
300.3  Scope.
300.4  Abbreviations.
300.5  Definitions.
300.6  Use of number and gender.
300.7  Computation of time.

Subpart B--Responsibility and Organization for Response

300.100  Duties of President delegated to federal agencies.
300.105  General organization concepts.
300.110  National Response Team.
300.115  Regional Response Teams.
300.120  On-scene coordinators and remedial project managers: 
general responsibilities.
300.125  Notification and communications.
300.130  Determinations to initiate response and special conditions.
300.135  Response operations.
300.140  Multi-regional responses.
300.145  Special teams and other assistance available to OSCs/RPMs.
300.150  Worker health and safety.
300.155  Public information and community relations.
300.160  Documentation and cost recovery.
300.165  OSC reports.
300.170  Federal agency participation.
300.175  Federal agencies: additional responsibilities and 
assistance.
300.180  State and local participation in response.
300.185  Nongovernmental participation.

Subpart C--Planning and Preparedness

300.200  General.
300.205  Planning and coordination structure.
300.210  Federal contingency plans.
300.211  OPA facility and vessel response plans.
300.212  Area response drills.
300.215  Title III local emergency response plans.
300.220  Related Title III issues.

Subpart D--Operational Response Phases for Oil Removal

300.300  Phase I--Discovery or notification.
300.305  Phase II--Preliminary assessment and initiation of action.
300.310  Phase III--Containment, countermeasures, cleanup, and 
disposal.
300.315  Phase IV--Documentation and cost recovery.
300.317  National response priorities.
300.320  General pattern of response.
300.322  Response to substantial threats to public health or welfare 
of the United States.
300.323  Spills of national significance.
300.324  Response to worst case discharges.
300.335  Funding.

Subpart A--Introduction


Sec. 300.1  Purpose and objectives.

    The purpose of the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution 
Contingency Plan (NCP) is to provide the organizational structure and 
procedures for preparing for and responding to discharges of oil and 
releases of hazardous substances, pollutants, and contaminants.


Sec. 300.2  Authority and applicability.

    The NCP is required by section 105 of the Comprehensive 
Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, 42 
U.S.C. 9605, as amended by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization 
Act of 1986 (SARA), Pub. L. 99-499, (hereinafter CERCLA), and by 
section 311(d) of the Clean Water Act (CWA), 33 U.S.C. 1321(d), as 
amended by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA), Pub. L. 101-380. In 
Executive Order (E.O.) 12777 (56 FR 54757, October 22, 1991), the 
President delegated to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) the 
responsibility for the amendment of the NCP. Amendments to the NCP are 
coordinated with members of the National Response Team (NRT) prior to 
publication for notice and comment. This includes coordination with the 
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the Nuclear Regulatory 
Commission in order to avoid inconsistent or duplicative requirements 
in the emergency planning responsibilities of those agencies. The NCP 
is applicable to response actions taken pursuant to the authorities 
under CERCLA and section 311 of the CWA, as amended.


Sec. 300.3  Scope.

    (a) The NCP applies to and is in effect for:
    (1) Discharges of oil into or on the navigable waters of the United 
States, on the adjoining shorelines, the waters of the contiguous zone, 
into waters of the exclusive economic zone, or that may affect natural 
resources belonging to, appertaining to, or under the exclusive 
management authority of the United States (See sections 311(c)(1) and 
502(7) of the CWA).
    (2) Releases into the environment of hazardous substances, and 
pollutants or contaminants which may present an imminent and 
substantial danger to public health or welfare of the United States.
    (b) The NCP provides for efficient, coordinated, and effective 
response to discharges of oil and releases of hazardous substances, 
pollutants, and contaminants in accordance with the authorities of 
CERCLA and the CWA. It provides for:
    (1) The national response organization that may be activated in 
response actions. It specifies responsibilities among the federal, 
state, and local governments and describes resources that are available 
for response.
    (2) The establishment of requirements for federal, regional, and 
area contingency plans. It also summarizes state and local emergency 
planning requirements under SARA Title III.
    (3) Procedures for undertaking removal actions pursuant to section 
311 of the CWA.
    (4) Procedures for undertaking response actions pursuant to CERCLA.
    (5) Procedures for involving state governments in the initiation, 
development, selection, and implementation of response actions, 
pursuant to CERCLA.
    (6) Listing of federal trustees for natural resources for purposes 
of CERCLA and the CWA.
    (7) Procedures for the participation of other persons in response 
actions.
    (8) Procedures for compiling and making available an administrative 
record for response actions.
    (9) National procedures for the use of dispersants and other 
chemicals in removals under the CWA and response actions under CERCLA.
    (c) In implementing the NCP, consideration shall be given to 
international assistance plans and agreements, security regulations and 
responsibilities based on international agreements, federal statutes, 
and executive orders. Actions taken pursuant to the provisions of any 
applicable international joint contingency plans shall be consistent 
with the NCP, to the greatest extent possible. The Department of State 
shall be consulted, as appropriate, prior to taking any action which 
may affect its activities.
    (d) Additionally, the NCP applies to and is in effect when the 
Federal Response Plan and some or all its Emergency Support Functions 
(ESFs) are activated.


Sec. 300.4  Abbreviations.

    (a) Department and Agency Title Abbreviations:

ATSDR--Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
CDC--Centers for Disease Control
DOC--Department of Commerce
DOD--Department of Defense
DOE--Department of Energy
DOI--Department of the Interior
DOJ--Department of Justice
DOL--Department of Labor
DOS--Department of State
DOT--Department of Transportation
EPA--Environmental Protection Agency
FEMA--Federal Emergency Management Agency
GSA--General Services Administration
HHS--Department of Health and Human Services
NIOSH--National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
NOAA--National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
OSHA--Occupational Health and Safety Administration
RSPA--Research and Special Programs Administration
USCG--United States Coast Guard
USDA--United States Department of Agriculture

    Note: Reference is made in the NCP to both the Nuclear 
Regulatory Commission and the National Response Center. In order to 
avoid confusion, the NCP will spell out Nuclear Regulatory 
Commission and use the abbreviation ``NRC'' only with respect to the 
National Response Center.

    (b) Operational Abbreviations:

ACP--Area Contingency Plan
ARARs--Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements
CERCLIS--CERCLA Information System
CRC--Community Relations Coordinator
CRP--Community Relations Plan
DRAT--District Response Advisory Team
DRG--District Response Group
ERT--Environmental Response Team
ESF--Emergency Support Function
FCO--Federal Coordinating Officer
FRERP--Federal Radiological Emergency Response Plan
FRP--Federal Response Plan
FS--Feasibility Study
HRS--Hazard Ranking System
LEPC--Local Emergency Planning Committee
NCP--National Contingency Plan
NPFC--National Pollution Funds Center
NPL--National Priorities List
NRC--National Response Center
NRS--National Response System
NRT--National Response Team
NSF--National Strike Force
NSFCC--National Strike Force Coordination Center
O&M--Operation and Maintenance
OSC--On-Scene Coordinator
OSLTF--Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund
PA--Preliminary Assessment
PIAT--Public Information Assist Team
RA--Remedial Action
RCP--Regional Contingency Plan
RD--Remedial Design
RERT--Radiological Emergency Response Team
RI--Remedial Investigation
ROD--Record of Decision
RPM--Remedial Project Manager
RRC--Regional Response Center
RRT--Regional Response Team
SAC--Support Agency Coordinator
SERC--State Emergency Response Commission
SI--Site Inspection
SMOA--Superfund Memorandum of Agreement
SONS--Spill of National Significance
SSC--Scientific Support Coordinator
SUPSALV--United States Navy Supervisor of Salvage
USFWS--United States Fish and Wildlife Service


Sec. 300.5  Definitions.

    Terms not defined in this section have the meaning given by CERCLA, 
the OPA, or the CWA.
    Activation means notification by telephone or other expeditious 
manner or, when required, the assembly of some or all appropriate 
members of the RRT or NRT.
    Alternative water supplies as defined by section 101(34) of CERCLA, 
includes, but is not limited to, drinking water and household water 
supplies.
    Applicable requirements means those cleanup standards, standards of 
control, and other substantive requirements, criteria, or limitations 
promulgated under federal environmental or state environmental or 
facility siting laws that specifically address a hazardous substance, 
pollutant, contaminant, remedial action, location, or other 
circumstance found at a CERCLA site. Only those state standards that 
are identified by a state in a timely manner and that are more 
stringent than federal requirements may be applicable.
    Area Committee (AC) as provided for by CWA sections 311(a)(18) and 
(j)(4), means the entity appointed by the President consisting of 
members from qualified personnel of federal, state, and local agencies 
with responsibilities that include preparing an area contingency plan 
for an area designated by the President.
    Area contingency plan (ACP) as provided for by CWA sections 
311(a)(19) and (j)(4), means the plan prepared by an Area Committee 
that is developed to be implemented in conjunction with the NCP and 
RCP, in part to address removal of a worst case discharge and to 
mitigate or prevent a substantial threat of such a discharge from a 
vessel, offshore facility, or onshore facility operating in or near an 
area designated by the President.
    Bioremediation agents means microbiological cultures, enzyme 
additives, or nutrient additives that are deliberately introduced into 
an oil discharge and that will significantly increase the rate of 
biodegradation to mitigate the effects of the discharge.
    Burning agents means those additives that, through physical or 
chemical means, improve the combustibility of the materials to which 
they are applied.
    CERCLA is the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, 
and Liability Act of 1980, as amended by the Superfund Amendments and 
Reauthorization Act of 1986.
    CERCLIS is the abbreviation of the CERCLA Information System, EPA's 
comprehensive data base and management system that inventories and 
tracks releases addressed or needing to be addressed by the Superfund 
program. CERCLIS contains the official inventory of CERCLA sites and 
supports EPA's site planning and tracking functions. Sites that EPA 
decides do not warrant moving further in the site evaluation process 
are given a ``No Further Response Action Planned'' (NFRAP) designation 
in CERCLIS. This means that no additional federal steps under CERCLA 
will be taken at the site unless future information so warrants. Sites 
are not removed from the data base after completion of evaluations in 
order to document that these evaluations took place and to preclude the 
possibility that they be needlessly repeated. Inclusion of a specific 
site or area in the CERCLIS data base does not represent a 
determination of any party's liability, nor does it represent a finding 
that any response action is necessary. Sites that are deleted from the 
NPL are not designated NFRAP sites. Deleted sites are listed in a 
separate category in the CERCLIS data base.
    Chemical agents means those elements, compounds, or mixtures that 
coagulate, disperse, dissolve, emulsify, foam, neutralize, precipitate, 
reduce, solubilize, oxidize, concentrate, congeal, entrap, fix, make 
the pollutant mass more rigid or viscous, or otherwise facilitate the 
mitigation of deleterious effects or the removal of the pollutant from 
the water. Chemical agents include biological additives, dispersants, 
sinking agents, miscellaneous oil spill control agents, and burning 
agents, but do not include sorbents.
    Claim for purposes of a release under CERCLA, means a demand in 
writing for a sum certain; for purposes of a discharge under CWA, it 
means a request, made in writing for a sum certain, for compensation 
for damages or removal costs resulting from an incident.
    Claimant as defined by section 1001 of the OPA means any person or 
government who presents a claim for compensation under Title I of the 
OPA.
    Coastal waters for the purposes of classifying the size of 
discharges, means the waters of the coastal zone except for the Great 
Lakes and specified ports and harbors on inland rivers.
    Coastal zone as defined for the purpose of the NCP, means all 
United States waters subject to the tide, United States waters of the 
Great Lakes, specified ports and harbors on inland rivers, waters of 
the contiguous zone, other waters of the high seas subject to the NCP, 
and the land surface or land substrata, ground waters, and ambient air 
proximal to those waters. The term coastal zone delineates an area of 
federal responsibility for response action. Precise boundaries are 
determined by EPA/USCG agreements and identified in federal regional 
contingency plans.
    Coast Guard District Response Group (DRG) as provided for by CWA 
sections 311(a)(20) and (j)(3), means the entity established by the 
Secretary of the department in which the USCG is operating, within each 
USCG district, and shall consist of: the combined USCG personnel and 
equipment, including marine firefighting equipment, of each port in the 
district; additional prepositioned response equipment; and a district 
response advisory team.
    Community relations means EPA's program to inform and encourage 
public participation in the Superfund process and to respond to 
community concerns. The term ``public'' includes citizens directly 
affected by the site, other interested citizens or parties, organized 
groups, elected officials, and potentially responsible parties (PRPs).
    Community relations coordinator means lead agency staff who work 
with the OSC/RPM to involve and inform the public about the Superfund 
process and response actions in accordance with the interactive 
community relations requirements set forth in the NCP.
    Contiguous zone means the zone of the high seas, established by the 
United States under Article 24 of the Convention on the Territorial Sea 
and Contiguous Zone, which is contiguous to the territorial sea and 
which extends nine miles seaward from the outer limit of the 
territorial sea.
    Cooperative agreement is a legal instrument EPA uses to transfer 
money, property, services, or anything of value to a recipient to 
accomplish a public purpose in which substantial EPA involvement is 
anticipated during the performance of the project.
    Damages as defined by section 1001 of the OPA means damages 
specified in section 1002(b) of the Act, and includes the cost of 
assessing these damages.
    Discharge as defined by section 311(a)(2) of the CWA, includes, but 
is not limited to, any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, 
emptying, or dumping of oil, but excludes discharges in compliance with 
a permit under section 402 of the CWA, discharges resulting from 
circumstances identified and reviewed and made a part of the public 
record with respect to a permit issued or modified under section 402 of 
the CWA, and subject to a condition in such permit, or continuous or 
anticipated intermittent discharges from a point source, identified in 
a permit or permit application under section 402 of the CWA, that are 
caused by events occurring within the scope of relevant operating or 
treatment systems. For purposes of the NCP, discharge also means 
substantial threat of discharge.
    Dispersants means those chemical agents that emulsify, disperse, or 
solubilize oil into the water column or promote the surface spreading 
of oil slicks to facilitate dispersal of the oil into the water column.
    Drinking water supply as defined by section 101(7) of CERCLA, means 
any raw or finished water source that is or may be used by a public 
water system (as defined in the Safe Drinking Water Act (42 U.S.C. 300 
et seq.) or as drinking water by one or more individuals.
    Environment as defined by section 101(8) of CERCLA, means the 
navigable waters, the waters of the contiguous zone, and the ocean 
waters of which the natural resources are under the exclusive 
management authority of the United States under the Magnuson Fishery 
Conservation and Management Act (16 U.S.C. 1801 et seq.); and any other 
surface water, ground water, drinking water supply, land surface or 
subsurface strata, or ambient air within the United States or under the 
jurisdiction of the United States.
    Exclusive economic zone, as defined by OPA section 1001, means the 
zone established by Presidential Proclamation Numbered 5030, dated 
March 10, 1983, including the ocean waters of the areas referred to as 
``eastern special areas'' in Article 3(1) of the Agreement between the 
United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on 
the Maritime Boundary, signed June 1, 1990.
    Facility as defined by section 101(9) of CERCLA, means any 
building, structure, installation, equipment, pipe or pipeline 
(including any pipe into a sewer or publicly owned treatment works), 
well, pit, pond, lagoon, impoundment, ditch, landfill, storage 
container, motor vehicle, rolling stock, or aircraft, or any site or 
area, where a hazardous substance has been deposited, stored, disposed 
of, or placed, or otherwise come to be located; but does not include 
any consumer product in consumer use or any vessel. As defined by 
section 1001 of the OPA, it means any structure, group of structures, 
equipment, or device (other than a vessel) which is used for one or 
more of the following purposes: Exploring for, drilling for, producing, 
storing, handling, transferring, processing, or transporting oil. This 
term includes any motor vehicle, rolling stock, or pipeline used for 
one or more of these purposes.
    Feasibility study (FS) means a study undertaken by the lead agency 
to develop and evaluate options for remedial action. The FS emphasizes 
data analysis and is generally performed concurrently and in an 
interactive fashion with the remedial investigation (RI), using data 
gathered during the RI. The RI data are used to define the objectives 
of the response action, to develop remedial action alternatives, and to 
undertake an initial screening and detailed analysis of the 
alternatives. The term also refers to a report that describes the 
results of the study.
    Federal Radiological Emergency Response Plan (FRERP) means the 
inter-agency agreement for coordinating the response of various 
agencies, under a variety of statutes, to a large radiological 
accident. The Lead Federal Agency (LFA), defined by the FRERP, 
activates the FRERP for any peacetime radiological emergency which, 
based upon its professional judgment, is expected to have a significant 
radiological effect within the United States, its territories, 
possessions, or territorial waters and that could require a response by 
several federal agencies.
    Federal Response Plan (FRP) means the agreement signed by 27 
federal departments and agencies in April 1987 and developed under the 
authorities of the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977 (42 U.S.C. 
7701 et seq.) and the Disaster Relief Act of 1974 (42 U.S.C. 3231 et 
seq.), as amended by the Stafford Disaster Relief Act of 1988.
    First federal official means the first federal representative of a 
participating agency of the National Response Team to arrive at the 
scene of a discharge or a release. This official coordinates activities 
under the NCP and may initiate, in consultation with the OSC, any 
necessary actions until the arrival of the predesignated OSC. A state 
with primary jurisdiction over a site covered by a cooperative 
agreement will act in the stead of the first federal official for any 
incident at the site.
    Fund or Trust Fund means the Hazardous Substance Superfund 
established by section 9507 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986.
    Ground water as defined by section 101(12) of CERCLA, means water 
in a saturated zone or stratum beneath the surface of land or water.
    Hazard Ranking System (HRS) means the method used by EPA to 
evaluate the relative potential of hazardous substance releases to 
cause health or safety problems, or ecological or environmental damage.
    Hazardous substance as defined by section 101(14) of CERCLA, means: 
Any substance designated pursuant to section 311(b)(2)(A) of the CWA; 
any element, compound, mixture, solution, or substance designated 
pursuant to section 102 of CERCLA; any hazardous waste having the 
characteristics identified under or listed pursuant to section 3001 of 
the Solid Waste Disposal Act (but not including any waste the 
regulation of which under the Solid Waste Disposal Act (42 U.S.C. 6901 
et seq.) has been suspended by Act of Congress); any toxic pollutant 
listed under section 307(a) of the CWA; any hazardous air pollutant 
listed under section 112 of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7521 et seq.); 
and any imminently hazardous chemical substance or mixture with respect 
to which the EPA Administrator has taken action pursuant to section 7 
of the Toxic Substances Control Act (15 U.S.C. 2601 et seq.). The term 
does not include petroleum, including crude oil or any fraction thereof 
which is not otherwise specifically listed or designated as a hazardous 
substance in the first sentence of this paragraph, and the term does 
not include natural gas, natural gas liquids, liquified natural gas, or 
synthetic gas usable for fuel (or mixtures of natural gas and such 
synthetic gas).
    Indian tribe as defined by section 101(36) of CERCLA, means any 
Indian tribe, band, nation, or other organized group or community, 
including any Alaska Native village but not including any Alaska Native 
regional or village corporation, which is recognized as eligible for 
the special programs and services provided by the United States to 
Indians because of their status as Indians. ``Indian tribe,'' as 
defined by OPA section 1001, means any Indian tribe, band, nation, or 
other organized group or community, but not including any Alaska Native 
regional or village corporation, which is recognized as eligible for 
the special programs and services provided by the United States to 
Indians because of their status as Indians and has governmental 
authority over lands belonging to or controlled by the tribe.
    Inland waters, for the purposes of classifying the size of 
discharges, means those waters of the United States in the inland zone, 
waters of the Great Lakes, and specified ports and harbors on inland 
rivers.
    Inland zone means the environment inland of the coastal zone 
excluding the Great Lakes and specified ports and harbors on inland 
rivers. The term inland zone delineates an area of federal 
responsibility for response action. Precise boundaries are determined 
by EPA/USCG agreements and identified in federal regional contingency 
plans.
    Lead administrative trustee means a natural resource trustee who is 
designated on an incident-by-incident basis for the purpose of 
preassessment and damage assessment and chosen by the other trustees 
whose natural resources are affected by the incident. The lead 
administrative trustee facilitates effective and efficient 
communication during response operations between the OSC and the other 
natural resource trustees conducting activities associated with damage 
assessment, and is responsible for applying to the OSC for access to 
response operations resources on behalf of all trustees for initiation 
of a damage assessment.
    Lead agency means the agency that provides the OSC/RPM to plan and 
implement response actions under the NCP. EPA, the USCG, another 
federal agency, or a state (or political subdivision of a state) 
operating pursuant to a contract or cooperative agreement executed 
pursuant to section 104(d)(1) of CERCLA, or designated pursuant to a 
Superfund Memorandum of Agreement (SMOA) entered into pursuant to 
subpart F of the NCP or other agreements may be the lead agency for a 
response action. In the case of a release of a hazardous substance, 
pollutant, or contaminant, where the release is on, or the sole source 
of the release is from, any facility or vessel under the jurisdiction, 
custody, or control of Department of Defense (DOD) or Department of 
Energy (DOE), then DOD or DOE will be the lead agency. Where the 
release is on, or the sole source of the release is from, any facility 
or vessel under the jurisdiction, custody, or control of a federal 
agency other than EPA, the USCG, DOD, or DOE, then that agency will be 
the lead agency for remedial actions and removal actions other than 
emergencies. The federal agency maintains its lead agency 
responsibilities whether the remedy is selected by the federal agency 
for non-NPL sites or by EPA and the federal agency or by EPA alone 
under CERCLA section 120. The lead agency will consult with the support 
agency, if one exists, throughout the response process.
    Management of migration means actions that are taken to minimize 
and mitigate the migration of hazardous substances or pollutants or 
contaminants and the effects of such migration. Measures may include, 
but are not limited to, management of a plume of contamination, 
restoration of a drinking water aquifer, or surface water restoration.
    Miscellaneous oil spill control agent is any product, other than a 
dispersant, sinking agent, surface washing agent, surface collecting 
agent, bioremediation agent, burning agent, or sorbent that can be used 
to enhance oil spill cleanup, removal, treatment, or mitigation.
    National Pollution Funds Center (NPFC) means the entity established 
by the Secretary of Transportation whose function is the administration 
of the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF). Among the NPFC's duties 
are: providing appropriate access to the OSLTF for federal agencies and 
states for removal actions and for federal trustees to initiate the 
assessment of natural resource damages; providing appropriate access to 
the OSLTF for claims; and coordinating cost recovery efforts.
    National Priorities List (NPL) means the list, compiled by EPA 
pursuant to CERCLA section 105, of uncontrolled hazardous substance 
releases in the United States that are priorities for long-term 
remedial evaluation and response.
    National response system (NRS) is the mechanism for coordinating 
response actions by all levels of government in support of the OSC/RPM. 
The NRS is composed of the NRT, RRTs, OSC/RPM, Area Committees, and 
Special Teams and related support entities. The NRS is capable of 
expanding or contracting to accommodate the response effort required by 
the size or complexity of the discharge or release.
    National Strike Force (NSF) is a special team established by the 
USCG, including the three USCG Strike Teams, the Public Information 
Assist Team (PIAT), and the National Strike Force Coordination Center. 
The NSF is available to assist OSCs/RPMs in their preparedness and 
response duties.
    National Strike Force Coordination Center (NSFCC), authorized as 
the National Response Unit by CWA sections 311(a)(23) and (j)(2), means 
the entity established by the Secretary of the department in which the 
USCG is operating at Elizabeth City, North Carolina with 
responsibilities that include administration of the USCG Strike Teams, 
maintenance of response equipment inventories and logistic networks, 
and conducting a national exercise program.
    Natural resources means land, fish, wildlife, biota, air, water, 
ground water, drinking water supplies, and other such resources 
belonging to, managed by, held in trust by, appertaining to, or 
otherwise controlled by the United States (including the resources of 
the exclusive economic zone defined by the Magnuson Fishery 
Conservation and Management Act of 1976), any state or local 
government, any foreign government, any Indian tribe, or, if such 
resources are subject to a trust restriction on alienation, any member 
of an Indian tribe.
    Navigable waters as defined by 40 CFR 110.1, means the waters of 
the United States, including the territorial seas. The term includes:
    (1) All waters that are currently used, were used in the past, or 
may be susceptible to use in interstate or foreign commerce, including 
all waters that are subject to the ebb and flow of the tide;
    (2) Interstate waters, including interstate wetlands;
    (3) All other waters such as intrastate lakes, rivers, streams 
(including intermittent streams), mudflats, sandflats, and wetlands, 
the use, degradation, or destruction of which would affect or could 
affect interstate or foreign commerce including any such waters;
    (i) That are or could be used by interstate or foreign travelers 
for recreational or other purposes;
    (ii) From which fish or shellfish are or could be taken and sold in 
interstate or foreign commerce;
    (iii) That are used or could be used for industrial purposes by 
industries in interstate commerce;
    (4) All impoundments of waters otherwise defined as navigable 
waters under this section;
    (5) Tributaries of waters identified in paragraphs (a) through (d) 
of this definition, including adjacent wetlands; and
    (6) Wetlands adjacent to waters identified in paragraphs (a) 
through (e) of this definition: Provided, that waste treatment systems 
(other than cooling ponds meeting the criteria of this paragraph) are 
not waters of the United States.
    (7) Waters of the United States do not include prior converted 
cropland. Notwithstanding the determination of an area's status as 
prior converted cropland by any other federal agency, for the purposes 
of the Clean Water Act, the final authority regarding Clean Water Act 
jurisdiction remains with EPA.
    Offshore facility as defined by section 101(17) of CERCLA and 
section 311(a)(11) of the CWA, means any facility of any kind located 
in, on, or under any of the navigable waters of the United States, and 
any facility of any kind which is subject to the jurisdiction of the 
United States and is located in, on, or under any other waters, other 
than a vessel or a public vessel.
    Oil as defined by section 311(a)(1) of the CWA, means oil of any 
kind or in any form, including, but not limited to, petroleum, fuel 
oil, sludge, oil refuse, and oil mixed with wastes other than dredged 
spoil. Oil, as defined by section 1001 of the OPA means oil of any kind 
or in any form, including, but not limited to, petroleum, fuel oil, 
sludge, oil refuse, and oil mixed with wastes other than dredged spoil, 
but does not include petroleum, including crude oil or any fraction 
thereof, which is specifically listed or designated as a hazardous 
substance under subparagraphs (A) through (F) of section 101(14) of the 
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act 
(42 U.S.C. 9601) and which is subject to the provisions of that Act.
    Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF) means the fund established 
under section 9509 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 
9509).
    On-scene coordinator (OSC) means the federal official predesignated 
by EPA or the USCG to coordinate and direct responses under subpart D, 
or the government official designated by the lead agency to coordinate 
and direct removal actions under subpart E of the NCP.
    Onshore facility as defined by section 101(18) of CERCLA, means any 
facility (including, but not limited to, motor vehicles and rolling 
stock) of any kind located in, on, or under any land or non-navigable 
waters within the United States; and, as defined by section 311(a)(10) 
of the CWA, means any facility (including, but not limited to, motor 
vehicles and rolling stock) of any kind located in, on, or under any 
land within the United States other than submerged land.
    On-site means the areal extent of contamination and all suitable 
areas in very close proximity to the contamination necessary for 
implementation of the response action.
    Operable unit means a discrete action that comprises an incremental 
step toward comprehensively addressing site problems. This discrete 
portion of a remedial response manages migration, or eliminates or 
mitigates a release, threat of a release, or pathway of exposure. The 
cleanup of a site can be divided into a number of operable units, 
depending on the complexity of the problems associated with the site. 
Operable units may address geographical portions of a site, specific 
site problems, or initial phases of an action, or may consist of any 
set of actions performed over time or any actions that are concurrent 
but located in different parts of a site.
    Operation and maintenance (O&M) means measures required to maintain 
the effectiveness of response actions.
    Person as defined by section 101(21) of CERCLA, means an 
individual, firm, corporation, association, partnership, consortium, 
joint venture, commercial entity, United States government, state, 
municipality, commission, political subdivision of a state, or any 
interstate body. As defined by section 1001 of the OPA, ``person'' 
means an individual, corporation, partnership, association, state, 
municipality, commission, or political subdivision of a state, or any 
interstate body.
    Pollutant or contaminant as defined by section 101(33) of CERCLA, 
shall include, but not be limited to, any element, substance, compound, 
or mixture, including disease-causing agents, which after release into 
the environment and upon exposure, ingestion, inhalation, or 
assimilation into any organism, either directly from the environment or 
indirectly by ingestion through food chains, will or may reasonably be 
anticipated to cause death, disease, behavioral abnormalities, cancer, 
genetic mutation, physiological malfunctions (including malfunctions in 
reproduction) or physical deformations, in such organisms or their 
offspring. The term does not include petroleum, including crude oil or 
any fraction thereof which is not otherwise specifically listed or 
designated as a hazardous substance under section 101(14) (A) through 
(F) of CERCLA, nor does it include natural gas, liquified natural gas, 
or synthetic gas of pipeline quality (or mixtures of natural gas and 
such synthetic gas). For purposes of the NCP, the term pollutant or 
contaminant means any pollutant or contaminant that may present an 
imminent and substantial danger to public health or welfare of the 
United States.
    Post-removal site control means those activities that are necessary 
to sustain the integrity of a Fund-financed removal action following 
its conclusion. Post-removal site control may be a removal or remedial 
action under CERCLA. The term includes, without being limited to, 
activities such as relighting gas flares, replacing filters, and 
collecting leachate.
    Preliminary assessment (PA) under CERCLA means review of existing 
information and an off-site reconnaissance, if appropriate, to 
determine if a release may require additional investigation or action. 
A PA may include an on-site reconnaissance, if appropriate.
    Public participation, see the definition for community relations.
    Public vessel as defined by section 311(a)(4) of the CWA, means a 
vessel owned or bareboat-chartered and operated by the United States, 
or by a state or political subdivision thereof, or by a foreign nation, 
except when such vessel is engaged in commerce.
    Quality assurance project plan (QAPP) is a written document, 
associated with all remedial site sampling activities, which presents 
in specific terms the organization (where applicable), objectives, 
functional activities, and specific quality assurance (QA) and quality 
control (QC) activities designed to achieve the data quality objectives 
of a specific project(s) or continuing operation(s). The QAPP is 
prepared for each specific project or continuing operation (or group of 
similar projects or continuing operations). The QAPP will be prepared 
by the responsible program office, regional office, laboratory, 
contractor, recipient of an assistance agreement, or other 
organization. For an enforcement action, potentially responsible 
parties may prepare a QAPP subject to lead agency approval.
    Release as defined by section 101(22) of CERCLA, means any 
spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, 
injecting, escaping, leaching, dumping, or disposing into the 
environment (including the abandonment or discarding of barrels, 
containers, and other closed receptacles containing any hazardous 
substance or pollutant or contaminant), but excludes: Any release which 
results in exposure to persons solely within a workplace, with respect 
to a claim which such persons may assert against the employer of such 
persons; emissions from the engine exhaust of a motor vehicle, rolling 
stock, aircraft, vessel, or pipeline pumping station engine; release of 
source, byproduct, or special nuclear material from a nuclear incident, 
as those terms are defined in the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, if such 
release is subject to requirements with respect to financial protection 
established by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission under section 170 of 
such Act, or, for the purposes of section 104 of CERCLA or any other 
response action, any release of source, byproduct, or special nuclear 
material from any processing site designated under section 102(a)(1) or 
302(a) of the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act of 1978 (42 
U.S.C. 7901 et seq.); and the normal application of fertilizer. For 
purposes of the NCP, release also means threat of release.
    Relevant and appropriate requirements means those cleanup 
standards, standards of control, and other substantive requirements, 
criteria, or limitations promulgated under federal environmental or 
state environmental or facility siting laws that, while not 
``applicable'' to a hazardous substance, pollutant, contaminant, 
remedial action, location, or other circumstance at a CERCLA site, 
address problems or situations sufficiently similar to those 
encountered at the CERCLA site that their use is well suited to the 
particular site. Only those state standards that are identified in a 
timely manner and are more stringent than federal requirements may be 
relevant and appropriate.
    Remedial design (RD) means the technical analysis and procedures 
which follow the selection of remedy for a site and result in a 
detailed set of plans and specifications for implementation of the 
remedial action.
    Remedial investigation (RI) is a process undertaken by the lead 
agency to determine the nature and extent of the problem presented by 
the release. The RI emphasizes data collection and site 
characterization, and is generally performed concurrently and in an 
interactive fashion with the feasibility study. The RI includes 
sampling and monitoring, as necessary, and includes the gathering of 
sufficient information to determine the necessity for remedial action 
and to support the evaluation of remedial alternatives.
    Remedial project manager (RPM) means the official designated by the 
lead agency to coordinate, monitor, or direct remedial or other 
response actions under subpart E of the NCP.
    Remedy or remedial action (RA) means those actions consistent with 
permanent remedy taken instead of, or in addition to, removal action in 
the event of a release or threatened release of a hazardous substance 
into the environment, to prevent or minimize the release of hazardous 
substances so that they do not migrate to cause substantial danger to 
present or future public health or welfare or the environment. The term 
includes, but is not limited to, such actions at the location of the 
release as storage, confinement, perimeter protection using dikes, 
trenches, or ditches, clay cover, neutralization, cleanup of released 
hazardous substances and associated contaminated materials, recycling 
or reuse, diversion, destruction, segregation of reactive wastes, 
dredging or excavations, repair or replacement of leaking containers, 
collection of leachate and runoff, on-site treatment or incineration, 
provision of alternative water supplies, any monitoring reasonably 
required to assure that such actions protect the public health and 
welfare and the environment and, where appropriate, post-removal site 
control activities. The term includes the costs of permanent relocation 
of residents and businesses and community facilities (including the 
cost of providing ``alternative land of equivalent value'' to an Indian 
tribe pursuant to CERCLA section 126(b)) where EPA determines that, 
alone or in combination with other measures, such relocation is more 
cost-effective than, and environmentally preferable to, the 
transportation, storage, treatment, destruction, or secure disposition 
off-site of such hazardous substances, or may otherwise be necessary to 
protect the public health or welfare; the term includes off-site 
transport and off-site storage, treatment, destruction, or secure 
disposition of hazardous substances and associated contaminated 
materials. For the purpose of the NCP, the term also includes 
enforcement activities related thereto.
    Remove or removal as defined by section 311(a)(8) of the CWA, 
refers to containment and removal of oil or hazardous substances from 
the water and shorelines or the taking of such other actions as may be 
necessary to minimize or mitigate damage to the public health or 
welfare of the United States (including, but not limited to, fish, 
shellfish, wildlife, public and private property, and shorelines and 
beaches) or to the environment. For the purpose of the NCP, the term 
also includes monitoring of action to remove a discharge. As defined by 
section 101(23) of CERCLA, remove or removal means the cleanup or 
removal of released hazardous substances from the environment; such 
actions as may be necessary taken in the event of the threat of release 
of hazardous substances into the environment; such actions as may be 
necessary to monitor, assess, and evaluate the release or threat of 
release of hazardous substances; the disposal of removed material; or 
the taking of such other actions as may be necessary to prevent, 
minimize, or mitigate damage to the public health or welfare of the 
United States or to the environment, which may otherwise result from a 
release or threat of release. The term includes, in addition, without 
being limited to, security fencing or other measures to limit access, 
provision of alternative water supplies, temporary evacuation and 
housing of threatened individuals not otherwise provided for, action 
taken under section 104(b) of CERCLA, post-removal site control, where 
appropriate, and any emergency assistance which may be provided under 
the Disaster Relief Act of 1974. For the purpose of the NCP, the term 
also includes enforcement activities related thereto.
    Removal costs as defined by section 1001 of the OPA means the costs 
of removal that are incurred after a discharge of oil has occurred, or 
in any case in which there is a substantial threat of a discharge of 
oil, the costs to prevent, minimize, or mitigate oil pollution from 
such an incident.
    Respond or response as defined by section 101(25) of CERCLA, means 
remove, removal, remedy, or remedial action, including enforcement 
activities related thereto.
    Responsible party as defined by section 1001 of the OPA, means the 
following:
    (1) Vessels--In the case of a vessel, any person owning, operating, 
or demise chartering the vessel.
    (2) Onshore Facilities--In the case of an onshore facility (other 
than a pipeline), any person owning or operating the facility, except a 
federal agency, state, municipality, commission, or political 
subdivision of a state, or any interstate body, that as the owner 
transfers possession and right to use the property to another person by 
lease, assignment, or permit.
    (3) Offshore Facilities--In the case of an offshore facility (other 
than a pipeline or a deepwater port licensed under the Deepwater Port 
Act of 1974 (33 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.)), the lessee or permittee of the 
area in which the facility is located or the holder of a right of use 
and easement granted under applicable state law or the Outer 
Continental Shelf Lands Act (43 U.S.C. 1301-1356) for the area in which 
the facility is located (if the holder is a different person than the 
lessee or permittee), except a federal agency, state, municipality, 
commission, or political subdivision of a state, or any interstate 
body, that as owner transfers possession and right to use the property 
to another person by lease, assignment, or permit.
    (4) Deepwater Ports--In the case of a deepwater port licensed under 
the Deepwater Port Act of 1974 (33 U.S.C. 1501-1524), the licensee.
    (5) Pipelines--In the case of a pipeline, any person owning or 
operating the pipeline.
    (6) Abandonment--In the case of an abandoned vessel, onshore 
facility, deepwater port, pipeline, or offshore facility, the person 
who would have been responsible parties immediately prior to the 
abandonment of the vessel or facility.
    SARA is the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986. 
In addition to certain free-standing provisions of law, it includes 
amendments to CERCLA, the Solid Waste Disposal Act, and the Internal 
Revenue Code. Among the free-standing provisions of law is Title III of 
SARA, also known as the ``Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-
Know Act of 1986'' and Title IV of SARA, also known as the ``Radon Gas 
and Indoor Air Quality Research Act of 1986.'' Title V of SARA amending 
the Internal Revenue Code is also known as the ``Superfund Revenue Act 
of 1986.''
    Sinking agents means those additives applied to oil discharges to 
sink floating pollutants below the water surface.
    Site inspection (SI) means an on-site investigation to determine 
whether there is a release or potential release and the nature of the 
associated threats. The purpose is to augment the data collected in the 
preliminary assessment and to generate, if necessary, sampling and 
other field data to determine if further action or investigation is 
appropriate.
    Size classes of discharges refers to the following size classes of 
oil discharges which are provided as guidance to the OSC and serve as 
the criteria for the actions delineated in subpart D. They are not 
meant to imply associated degrees of hazard to public health or welfare 
of the United States, nor are they a measure of environmental injury. 
Any oil discharge that poses a substantial threat to public health or 
welfare of the United States or the environment or results in 
significant public concern shall be classified as a major discharge 
regardless of the following quantitative measures:
    (1) Minor discharge means a discharge to the inland waters of less 
than 1,000 gallons of oil or a discharge to the coastal waters of less 
than 10,000 gallons of oil.
    (2) Medium discharge means a discharge of 1,000 to 10,000 gallons 
of oil to the inland waters or a discharge of 10,000 to 100,000 gallons 
of oil to the coastal waters.
    (3) Major discharge means a discharge of more than 10,000 gallons 
of oil to the inland waters or more than 100,000 gallons of oil to the 
coastal waters.
    Size classes of releases refers to the following size 
classifications which are provided as guidance to the OSC for meeting 
pollution reporting requirements in subpart B. The final determination 
of the appropriate classification of a release will be made by the OSC 
based on consideration of the particular release (e.g., size, location, 
impact, etc.):
    (1) Minor release means a release of a quantity of hazardous 
substance(s), pollutant(s), or contaminant(s) that poses minimal threat 
to public health or welfare of the United States or the environment.
    (2) Medium release means a release not meeting the criteria for 
classification as a minor or major release.
    (3) Major release means a release of any quantity of hazardous 
substance(s), pollutant(s), or contaminant(s) that poses a substantial 
threat to public health or welfare of the United States or the 
environment or results in significant public concern.
    Sorbents means essentially inert and insoluble materials that are 
used to remove oil and hazardous substances from water through 
adsorption, in which the oil or hazardous substance is attracted to the 
sorbent surface and then adheres to it; absorption, in which the oil or 
hazardous substance penetrates the pores of the sorbent material; or a 
combination of the two. Sorbents are generally manufactured in 
particulate form for spreading over an oil slick or as sheets, rolls, 
pillows, or booms. The sorbent material may consist of, but is not 
limited to, the following materials:
    (1) Organic products--
    (i) Peat moss or straw;
    (ii) Cellulose fibers or cork;
    (iii) Corn cobs;
    (iv) Chicken, duck, or other bird feathers.
    (2) Mineral compounds--
    (i) Volcanic ash or perlite;
    (ii) Vermiculite or zeolite.
    (3) Synthetic products--
    (i) Polypropylene;
    (ii) Polyethylene;
    (iii) Polyurethane;
    (iv) Polyester.
    Source control action is the construction or installation and 
start-up of those actions necessary to prevent the continued release of 
hazardous substances or pollutants or contaminants (primarily from a 
source on top of or within the ground, or in buildings or other 
structures) into the environment.
    Source control maintenance measures are those measures intended to 
maintain the effectiveness of source control actions once such actions 
are operating and functioning properly, such as the maintenance of 
landfill caps and leachate collection systems.
    Specified ports and harbors means those ports and harbor areas on 
inland rivers, and land areas immediately adjacent to those waters, 
where the USCG acts as predesignated on-scene coordinator. Precise 
locations are determined by EPA/USCG regional agreements and identified 
in federal Regional Contingency Plans and Area Contingency Plans.
    Spill of national significance (SONS) means a spill that due to its 
severity, size, location, actual or potential impact on the public 
health and welfare or the environment, or the necessary response 
effort, is so complex that it requires extraordinary coordination of 
federal, state, local, and responsible party resources to contain and 
clean up the discharge.
    State means the several states of the United States, the District 
of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the 
U.S. Virgin Islands, the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas, and any 
other territory or possession over which the United States has 
jurisdiction. For purposes of the NCP, the term includes Indian tribes 
as defined in the NCP except where specifically noted. Section 126 of 
CERCLA provides that the governing body of an Indian tribe shall be 
afforded substantially the same treatment as a state with respect to 
certain provisions of CERCLA. Section 300.515(b) of the NCP describes 
the requirements pertaining to Indian tribes that wish to be treated as 
states under CERCLA.
    Superfund Memorandum of Agreement (SMOA) means a nonbinding, 
written document executed by an EPA Regional Administrator and the head 
of a state agency that may establish the nature and extent of EPA and 
state interaction during the removal, pre-remedial, remedial, and/or 
enforcement response process. The SMOA is not a site-specific document 
although attachments may address specific sites. The SMOA generally 
defines the role and responsibilities of both the lead and the support 
agencies.
    Superfund state contract is a joint, legally binding agreement 
between EPA and a state to obtain the necessary assurances before a 
federal-lead remedial action can begin at a site. In the case of a 
political subdivision-lead remedial response, a three-party Superfund 
state contract among EPA, the state, and political subdivision thereof, 
is required before a political subdivision takes the lead for any phase 
of remedial response to ensure state involvement pursuant to section 
121(f)(1) of CERCLA. The Superfund state contract may be amended to 
provide the state's CERCLA section 104 assurances before a political 
subdivision can take the lead for remedial action.
    Support agency means the agency or agencies that provide the 
support agency coordinator to furnish necessary data to the lead 
agency, review response data and documents, and provide other 
assistance as requested by the OSC or RPM. EPA, the USCG, another 
federal agency, or a state may be support agencies for a response 
action if operating pursuant to a contract executed under section 
104(d)(1) of CERCLA or designated pursuant to a Superfund Memorandum of 
Agreement entered into pursuant to subpart F of the NCP or other 
agreement. The support agency may also concur on decision documents.
    Support agency coordinator (SAC) means the official designated by 
the support agency, as appropriate, to interact and coordinate with the 
lead agency in response actions under subpart E of this part.
    Surface collecting agents means those chemical agents that form a 
surface film to control the layer thickness of oil.
    Surface washing agent is any product that removes oil from solid 
surfaces, such as beaches and rocks, through a detergency mechanism and 
does not involve dispersing or solubilizing the oil into the water 
column.
    Tank vessel as defined by section 1001 of the OPA means a vessel 
that is constructed or adapted to carry, or that carries oil or 
hazardous material in bulk as cargo or cargo residue, and that:
    (1) is a vessel of the United States;
    (2) operates on the navigable waters; or
    (3) transfers oil or hazardous material in a place subject to the 
jurisdiction of the United States.
    Threat of discharge or release, see definitions for discharge and 
release.
    Threat of release, see definition for release.
    Treatment technology means any unit operation or series of unit 
operations that alters the composition of a hazardous substance or 
pollutant or contaminant through chemical, biological, or physical 
means so as to reduce toxicity, mobility, or volume of the contaminated 
materials being treated. Treatment technologies are an alternative to 
land disposal of hazardous wastes without treatment.
    Trustee means an official of a federal natural resources management 
agency designated in subpart G of the NCP or a designated state 
official or Indian tribe or, in the case of discharges covered by the 
OPA, a foreign government official, who may pursue claims for damages 
under section 107(f) of CERCLA or section 1006 of the OPA.
    United States when used in relation to section 311(a)(5) of the 
CWA, means the states, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of 
Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, American Samoa, the 
United States Virgin Islands, and the Pacific Island Governments. 
United States, when used in relation to section 101(27) of CERCLA and 
section 1001(36) of the OPA, includes the several states of the United 
States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, 
Guam, American Samoa, the United States Virgin Islands, the 
Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas, and any other territory or 
possession over which the United States has jurisdiction.
    Vessel as defined by section 101(28) of CERCLA, means every 
description of watercraft or other artificial contrivance used, or 
capable of being used, as a means of transportation on water; and, as 
defined by section 311(a)(3) of the CWA, means every description of 
watercraft or other artificial contrivance used, or capable of being 
used, as a means of transportation on water other than a public vessel.
    Volunteer means any individual accepted to perform services by the 
lead agency which has authority to accept volunteer services (examples: 
See 16 U.S.C. 742f(c)). A volunteer is subject to the provisions of the 
authorizing statute and the NCP.
    Worst case discharge as defined by section 311(a)(24) of the CWA, 
means, in the case of a vessel, a discharge in adverse weather 
conditions of its entire cargo, and, in the case of an offshore 
facility or onshore facility, the largest foreseeable discharge in 
adverse weather conditions.


Sec. 300.6  Use of number and gender.

    As used in this regulation, words in the singular also include the 
plural and words in the masculine gender also include the feminine and 
vice versa, as the case may require.


Sec. 300.7  Computation of time.

    In computing any period of time prescribed or allowed in these 
rules of practice, except as otherwise provided, the day of the event 
from which the designated period begins to run shall not be included. 
Saturdays, Sundays, and federal legal holidays shall be included. When 
a stated time expires on a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday, the 
stated time period shall be extended to include the next business day.

Subpart B--Responsibility and Organization for Response


Sec. 300.100  Duties of President delegated to federal agencies.

    In Executive Orders 12580 and 12777, the President delegated 
certain functions and responsibilities vested in him by the CWA, 
CERCLA, and the OPA.


Sec. 300.105  General organization concepts.

    (a) Federal agencies should:
    (1) Plan for emergencies and develop procedures for addressing oil 
discharges and releases of hazardous substances, pollutants, or 
contaminants;
    (2) Coordinate their planning, preparedness, and response 
activities with one another;
    (3) Coordinate their planning, preparedness, and response 
activities with affected states, local governments, and private 
entities; and
    (4) Make available those facilities or resources that may be useful 
in a response situation, consistent with agency authorities and 
capabilities.
    (b) Three fundamental kinds of activities are performed pursuant to 
the NCP:
    (1) Preparedness planning and coordination for response to a 
discharge of oil or release of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or 
contaminant;
    (2) Notification and communications; and
    (3) Response operations at the scene of a discharge or release.
     (c) The organizational elements created to perform these 
activities are:
    (1) The NRT, responsible for national response and preparedness 
planning, for coordinating regional planning, and for providing policy 
guidance and support to the Regional Response Teams (RRTs). NRT 
membership consists of representatives from the agencies specified in 
Sec. 300.175(b).
    (2) RRTs, responsible for regional planning and preparedness 
activities before response actions, and for providing advice and 
support to the OSC or RPM when activated during a response. RRT 
membership consists of designated representatives from each federal 
agency participating in the NRT together with state and (as agreed upon 
by the states) local government representatives.
    (3) The OSC and the RPM, primarily responsible for directing 
response efforts and coordinating all other efforts at the scene of a 
discharge or release. The other responsibilities of OSCs and RPMs are 
described in Sec. 300.135.
    (4) Area Committees, responsible for developing, under direction of 
the OSC, ACPs for each area designated by the President. 
Responsibilities of Area Committees are described in Sec. 300.205(c).
    (d) The basic framework for the response management structure is a 
system (e.g., a unified command system) that brings together the 
functions of the Federal Government, the state government, and the 
responsible party to achieve an effective and efficient response, where 
the OSC maintains authority.
    (e)(1) The organizational concepts of the national response system 
are depicted in the following Figures 1a and 1b:

BILLING CODE 6560-50-P

TR15SE94.000


TR15SE94.001

BILLING CODE 6560-50-C
    (2) The standard federal regional boundaries (which are also the 
geographic areas of responsibility for the RRTs) are shown in the 
following Figure 2:

BILLING CODE 6560-50-P
      

TR15SE94.002


BILLING CODE 6560-50-C
    (3) The USCG District boundaries are shown in the following Figure 
3:

BILLING CODE 6560-50-P
      

TR15SE94.003


BILLING CODE 6560-50-C


Sec. 300.110  National Response Team.

    National planning and coordination is accomplished through the NRT.
    (a) The NRT consists of representatives from the agencies named in 
Sec. 300.175(b). Each agency shall designate a member to the team and 
sufficient alternates to ensure representation, as agency resources 
permit. The NRT will consider requests for membership on the NRT from 
other agencies. Other agencies may request membership by forwarding 
such requests to the chair of the NRT.
    (b) The chair of the NRT shall be the representative of EPA and the 
vice chair shall be the representative of the USCG, with the exception 
of periods of activation because of response action. During activation, 
the chair shall be the member agency providing the OSC/RPM. The vice 
chair shall maintain records of NRT activities along with national, 
regional, and area plans for response actions.
    (c) While the NRT desires to achieve a consensus on all matters 
brought before it, certain matters may prove unresolvable by this 
means. In such cases, each agency serving as a participating agency on 
the NRT may be accorded one vote in NRT proceedings.
    (d) The NRT may establish such bylaws and committees as it deems 
appropriate to further the purposes for which it is established.
    (e) The NRT shall evaluate methods of responding to discharges or 
releases; shall recommend any changes needed in the response 
organization; and shall recommend to the Administrator of EPA changes 
to the NCP designed to improve the effectiveness of the national 
response system, including drafting of regulatory language.
    (f) The NRT shall provide policy and program direction to the RRTs.
    (g) The NRT may consider and make recommendations to appropriate 
agencies on the training, equipping, and protection of response teams 
and necessary research, development, demonstration, and evaluation to 
improve response capabilities.
    (h) Direct planning and preparedness responsibilities of the NRT 
include:
    (1) Maintaining national preparedness to respond to a major 
discharge of oil or release of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or 
contaminant that is beyond regional capabilities;
    (2) Publishing guidance documents for preparation and 
implementation of SARA Title III local emergency response plans;
    (3) Monitoring incoming reports from all RRTs and activating for a 
response action, when necessary;
    (4) Coordinating a national program to assist member agencies in 
preparedness planning and response, and enhancing coordination of 
member agency preparedness programs;
    (5) Developing procedures, in coordination with the NSFCC, as 
appropriate, to ensure the coordination of federal, state, and local 
governments, and private response to oil discharges and releases of 
hazardous substances, pollutants, or contaminants;
    (6) Monitoring response-related research and development, testing, 
and evaluation activities of NRT agencies to enhance coordination, 
avoid duplication of effort, and facilitate research in support of 
response activities;
    (7) Developing recommendations for response training and for 
enhancing the coordination of available resources among agencies with 
training responsibilities under the NCP;
    (8) Reviewing regional responses to oil discharges and hazardous 
substance, pollutant, or contaminant releases, including an evaluation 
of equipment readiness and coordination among responsible public 
agencies and private organizations; and
    (9) Assisting in developing a national exercise program, in 
coordination with the NSFCC, to ensure preparedness and coordination 
nationwide.
    (i) The NRT will consider matters referred to it for advice or 
resolution by an RRT.
    (j) The NRT should be activated as an emergency response team:
    (1) When an oil discharge or hazardous substance release:
    (i) Exceeds the response capability of the region in which it 
occurs;
    (ii) Transects regional boundaries; or
    (iii) Involves a substantial threat to the public health or welfare 
of the United States or the environment, substantial amounts of 
property, or substantial threats to natural resources;
    (2) If requested by any NRT member.
    (k) When activated for a response action, the NRT shall meet at the 
call of the chair and may:
    (1) Monitor and evaluate reports from the OSC/RPM and recommend to 
the OSC/RPM, through the RRT, actions to combat the discharge or 
release;
    (2) Request other federal, state, and local governments, or private 
agencies, to provide resources under their existing authorities to 
combat a discharge or release, or to monitor response operations; and
    (3) Coordinate the supply of equipment, personnel, or technical 
advice to the affected region from other regions or districts.


Sec. 300.115  Regional Response Teams.

    (a) Regional planning and coordination of preparedness and response 
actions is accomplished through the RRT. In the case of a discharge of 
oil, preparedness activities will be carried out in conjunction with 
Area Committees, as appropriate. The RRT agency membership parallels 
that of the NRT, as described in Sec. 300.110, but also includes state 
and local representation. The RRT provides:
    (1) The appropriate regional mechanism for development and 
coordination of preparedness activities before a response action is 
taken and for coordination of assistance and advice to the OSC/RPM 
during such response actions; and
    (2) Guidance to Area Committees, as appropriate, to ensure inter-
area consistency and consistency of individual ACPs with the RCP and 
NCP.
    (b) The two principal components of the RRT mechanism are a 
standing team, which consists of designated representatives from each 
participating federal agency, state governments, and local governments 
(as agreed upon by the states); and incident-specific teams formed from 
the standing team when the RRT is activated for a response. On 
incident-specific teams, participation by the RRT member agencies will 
relate to the technical nature of the incident and its geographic 
location.
    (1) The standing team's jurisdiction corresponds to the standard 
federal regions, except for Alaska, Oceania in the Pacific, and the 
Caribbean area, each of which has a separate standing RRT. The role of 
the standing RRT includes communications systems and procedures, 
planning, coordination, training, evaluation, preparedness, and related 
matters on a regionwide basis. It also includes coordination of Area 
Committees for these functions in areas within their respective 
regions, as appropriate.
    (2) The role of the incident-specific team is determined by the 
operational requirements of the response to a specific discharge or 
release. Appropriate levels of activation and/or notification of the 
incident-specific RRT, including participation by state and local 
governments, shall be determined by the designated RRT chair for the 
incident, based on the RCP. The incident-specific RRT supports the 
designated OSC/RPM. The designated OSC/RPM directs response efforts and 
coordinates all other efforts at the scene of a discharge or release.
    (c) The representatives of EPA and the USCG shall act as co-chairs 
of RRTs except when the RRT is activated. When the RRT is activated for 
response actions, the chair shall be the member agency providing the 
OSC/RPM.
    (d) Each participating agency should designate one member and at 
least one alternate member to the RRT. Agencies whose regional 
subdivisions do not correspond to the standard federal regions may 
designate additional representatives to the standing RRT to ensure 
appropriate coverage of the standard federal region. Participating 
states may also designate one member and at least one alternate member 
to the RRT. Indian tribal governments may arrange for representation 
with the RRT appropriate to their geographical location. All agencies 
and states may also provide additional representatives as observers to 
meetings of the RRT.
    (e) RRT members should designate representatives and alternates 
from their agencies as resource personnel for RRT activities, including 
RRT work planning, and membership on incident-specific teams in support 
of the OSCs/RPMs.
    (f) Federal RRT members or their representatives should provide 
OSCs/RPMs with assistance from their respective federal agencies 
commensurate with agency responsibilities, resources, and capabilities 
within the region. During a response action, the members of the RRT 
should seek to make available the resources of their agencies to the 
OSC/RPM as specified in the RCP and ACP.
    (g) RRT members should nominate appropriately qualified 
representatives from their agencies to work with OSCs in developing and 
maintaining ACPs.
    (h) Affected states are encouraged to participate actively in all 
RRT activities. Each state governor is requested to assign an office or 
agency to represent the state on the appropriate RRT; to designate 
representatives to work with the RRT in developing RCPs; to plan for, 
make available, and coordinate state resources; and to serve as the 
contact point for coordination of response with local government 
agencies, whether or not represented on the RRT. The state's RRT 
representative should keep the State Emergency Response Commission 
(SERC), described in Sec. 300.205(d), apprised of RRT activities and 
coordinate RRT activities with the SERC. Local governments are invited 
to participate in activities on the appropriate RRT as provided by 
state law or as arranged by the state's representative. Indian tribes 
are also invited to participate in such activities.
    (i) The standing RRT shall recommend changes in the regional 
response organization as needed, revise the RCP as needed, evaluate the 
preparedness of the participating agencies and the effectiveness of 
ACPs for the federal response to discharges and releases, and provide 
technical assistance for preparedness to the response community. The 
RRT should:
    (1) Review and comment, to the extent practicable, on local 
emergency response plans or other issues related to the preparation, 
implementation, or exercise of such plans upon request of a local 
emergency planning committee;
    (2) Evaluate regional and local responses to discharges or releases 
on a continuing basis, considering available legal remedies, equipment 
readiness, and coordination among responsible public agencies and 
private organizations, and recommend improvements;
    (3) Recommend revisions of the NCP to the NRT, based on 
observations of response operations;
    (4) Review OSC actions to ensure that RCPs and ACPs are effective;
    (5) Encourage the state and local response community to improve its 
preparedness for response;
    (6) In coordination with Area Committees and in accordance with any 
applicable laws, regulations, or requirements, conduct advance planning 
for use of dispersants, surface washing agents, surface collecting 
agents, burning agents, bioremediation agents, or other chemical agents 
in accordance with subpart J of this part;
    (7) Be prepared to provide response resources to major discharges 
or releases outside the region;
    (8) Conduct or participate in training and exercises as necessary 
to encourage preparedness activities of the response community within 
the region;
    (9) Meet at least semiannually to review response actions carried 
out during the preceding period, consider changes in RCPs, and 
recommend changes in ACPs;
    (10) Provide letter reports on RRT activities to the NRT twice a 
year, no later than January 31 and July 31. At a minimum, reports 
should summarize recent activities, organizational changes, operational 
concerns, and efforts to improve state and local coordination; and
    (11) Ensure maximum participation in the national exercise program 
for announced and unannounced exercises.
    (j)(1) The RRT may be activated by the chair as an incident-
specific response team when a discharge or release:
    (i) Exceeds the response capability available to the OSC/RPM in the 
place where it occurs;
    (ii) Transects state boundaries;
    (iii) May pose a substantial threat to the public health or welfare 
of the United States or the environment, or to regionally significant 
amounts of property; or
    (iv) Is a worst case discharge, as described in Sec. 300.324. RCPs 
shall specify detailed criteria for activation of RRTs.
    (2) The RRT will be activated during any discharge or release upon 
a request from the OSC/RPM, or from any RRT representative, to the 
chair of the RRT. Requests for RRT activation shall later be confirmed 
in writing. Each representative, or an appropriate alternate, should be 
notified immediately when the RRT is activated.
    (3) During prolonged removal or remedial action, the RRT may not 
need to be activated or may need to be activated only in a limited 
sense, or may need to have available only those member agencies of the 
RRT who are directly affected or who can provide direct response 
assistance.
    (4) When the RRT is activated for a discharge or release, agency 
representatives shall meet at the call of the chair and may:
    (i) Monitor and evaluate reports from the OSC/RPM, advise the OSC/
RPM on the duration and extent of response, and recommend to the OSC/
RPM specific actions to respond to the discharge or release;
    (ii) Request other federal, state, or local governments, or private 
agencies, to provide resources under their existing authorities to 
respond to a discharge or release or to monitor response operations;
    (iii) Help the OSC/RPM prepare information releases for the public 
and for communication with the NRT;
    (iv) If the circumstances warrant, make recommendations to the 
regional or district head of the agency providing the OSC/RPM that a 
different OSC/RPM should be designated; and
    (v) Submit pollution reports to the NRC as significant developments 
occur.
    (5) At the regional level, a Regional Response Center (RRC) may 
provide facilities and personnel for communications, information 
storage, and other requirements for coordinating response. The location 
of each RRC should be provided in the RCP.
    (6) When the RRT is activated, affected states may participate in 
all RRT deliberations. State government representatives participating 
in the RRT have the same status as any federal member of the RRT.
    (7) The RRT can be deactivated when the incident-specific RRT chair 
determines that the OSC/RPM no longer requires RRT assistance.
    (8) Notification of the RRT may be appropriate when full activation 
is not necessary, with systematic communication of pollution reports or 
other means to keep RRT members informed as to actions of potential 
concern to a particular agency, or to assist in later RRT evaluation of 
regionwide response effectiveness.
    (k) Whenever there is insufficient national policy guidance on a 
matter before the RRT, a technical matter requiring solution, a 
question concerning interpretation of the NCP, or a disagreement on 
discretionary actions among RRT members that cannot be resolved at the 
regional level, it may be referred to the NRT, described in 
Sec. 300.110, for advice.


Sec. 300.120  On-scene coordinators and remedial project managers: 
general responsibilities.

    (a) The OSC/RPM directs response efforts and coordinates all other 
efforts at the scene of a discharge or release. As part of the planning 
and preparedness for response, OSCs shall be predesignated by the 
regional or district head of the lead agency. EPA and the USCG shall 
predesignate OSCs for all areas in each region, except as provided in 
paragraphs (c) and (d) of this section. RPMs shall be assigned by the 
lead agency to manage remedial or other response actions at NPL sites, 
except as provided in paragraphs (c) and (d) of this section.
    (1) The USCG shall provide OSCs for oil discharges, including 
discharges from facilities and vessels under the jurisdiction of 
another federal agency, within or threatening the coastal zone. The 
USCG shall also provide OSCs for the removal of releases of hazardous 
substances, pollutants, or contaminants into or threatening the coastal 
zone, except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section. The USCG 
shall not provide predesignated OSCs for discharges or releases from 
hazardous waste management facilities or in similarly chronic 
incidents. The USCG shall provide an initial response to discharges or 
releases from hazardous waste management facilities within the coastal 
zone in accordance with Department of Transportation (DOT)/EPA 
Instrument of Redelegation (May 27, 1988) except as provided by 
paragraph (b) of this section. The USCG OSC shall contact the cognizant 
RPM as soon as it is evident that a removal may require a follow-up 
remedial action, to ensure that the required planning can be initiated 
and an orderly transition to an EPA or state lead can occur.
    (2) EPA shall provide OSCs for discharges or releases into or 
threatening the inland zone and shall provide RPMs for federally funded 
remedial actions, except in the case of state-lead federally funded 
response and as provided in paragraph (b) of this section. EPA will 
also assume all remedial actions at NPL sites in the coastal zone, even 
where removals are initiated by the USCG, except as provided in 
paragraph (b) of this section.
    (b) In general, USCG Captains of the Port (COTP) shall serve as the 
designated OSCs for areas in the coastal zone for which an ACP is 
required under CWA section 311(j) and EPA Regional Administrators shall 
designate OSCs for areas in the inland zone for which an ACP is 
required under CWA section 311(j).
    (c) For releases of hazardous substances, pollutants, or 
contaminants, when the release is on, or the sole source of the release 
is from, any facility or vessel, including vessels bareboat-chartered 
and operated, under the jurisdiction, custody, or control of DOD, DOE, 
or other federal agency:
    (1) In the case of DOD or DOE, DOD or DOE shall provide OSCs/RPMs 
responsible for taking all response actions; and
    (2) In the case of a federal agency other than EPA, DOD, or DOE, 
such agency shall provide OSCs for all removal actions that are not 
emergencies and shall provide RPMs for all remedial actions.
    (d) DOD will be the removal response authority with respect to 
incidents involving DOD military weapons and munitions or weapons and 
munitions under the jurisdiction, custody, or control of DOD.
    (e) The OSC is responsible for overseeing development of the ACP in 
the area of the OSC's responsibility. ACPs shall, as appropriate, be 
accomplished in cooperation with the RRT, and designated state and 
local representatives. In contingency planning and removal, the OSC 
coordinates, directs, and reviews the work of other agencies, Area 
Committees, responsible parties, and contractors to assure compliance 
with the NCP, decision document, consent decree, administrative order, 
and lead agency-approved plans applicable to the response.
    (f) The RPM is the prime contact for remedial or other response 
actions being taken (or needed) at sites on the proposed or promulgated 
NPL, and for sites not on the NPL but under the jurisdiction, custody, 
or control of a federal agency. The RPM's responsibilities include:
    (1) Fund-financed response: The RPM coordinates, directs, and 
reviews the work of EPA, states and local governments, the U.S. Army 
Corps of Engineers, and all other agencies and contractors to assure 
compliance with the NCP. Based upon the reports of these parties, the 
RPM recommends action for decisions by lead agency officials. The RPM's 
period of responsibility begins prior to initiation of the remedial 
investigation/feasibility study (RI/FS), described in Sec. 300.430, and 
continues through design, remedial action, deletion of the site from 
the NPL, and the CERCLA cost recovery activity. When a removal and 
remedial action occur at the same site, the OSC and RPM should 
coordinate to ensure an orderly transition of responsibility.
    (2) Federal-lead non-Fund-financed response: The RPM coordinates, 
directs, and reviews the work of other agencies, responsible parties, 
and contractors to assure compliance with the NCP, Record of Decision 
(ROD), consent decree, administrative order, and lead agency-approved 
plans applicable to the response. Based upon the reports of these 
parties, the RPM shall recommend action for decisions by lead agency 
officials. The RPM's period of responsibility begins prior to 
initiation of the RI/FS, described in Sec. 300.430, and continues 
through design and remedial action and the CERCLA cost recovery 
activity. The OSC and RPM shall ensure orderly transition of 
responsibilities from one to the other.
    (3) The RPM shall participate in all decision-making processes 
necessary to ensure compliance with the NCP, including, as appropriate, 
agreements between EPA or other federal agencies and the state. The RPM 
may also review responses where EPA has preauthorized a person to file 
a claim for reimbursement to determine that the response was consistent 
with the terms of such preauthorization in cases where claims are filed 
for reimbursement.
    (g)(1) Where a support agency has been identified through a 
cooperative agreement, Superfund Memorandum of Agreement (SMOA), or 
other agreement, that agency may designate a support agency coordinator 
(SAC) to provide assistance, as requested, by the OSC/RPM. The SAC is 
the prime representative of the support agency for response actions.
    (2) The SAC's responsibilities may include:
    (i) Providing and reviewing data and documents as requested by the 
OSC/RPM during the planning, design, and cleanup activities of the 
response action; and
    (ii) Providing other assistance as requested.
    (h)(1) The lead agency should provide appropriate training for its 
OSCs, RPMs, and other response personnel to carry out their 
responsibilities under the NCP.
    (2) OSCs/RPMs should ensure that persons designated to act as their 
on-scene representatives are adequately trained and prepared to carry 
out actions under the NCP, to the extent practicable.


Sec. 300.125  Notification and communications.

    (a) The National Response Center (NRC), located at USCG 
Headquarters, is the national communications center, continuously 
manned for handling activities related to response actions. The NRC 
acts as the single point of contact for all pollution incident 
reporting, and as the NRT communications center. Notice of discharges 
and releases must be made telephonically through a toll free number or 
a special local number (Telecommunication Device for the Deaf (TDD) and 
collect calls accepted). (Notification details appear in Secs. 300.300 
and 300.405.) The NRC receives and immediately relays telephone notices 
of discharges or releases to the appropriate predesignated federal OSC. 
The telephone report is distributed to any interested NRT member agency 
or federal entity that has established a written agreement or 
understanding with the NRC. The NRC evaluates incoming information and 
immediately advises FEMA of a potential major disaster situation.
    (b) The Commandant, USCG, in conjunction with other NRT agencies, 
shall provide the necessary personnel, communications, plotting 
facilities, and equipment for the NRC.
    (c) Notice of an oil discharge or release of a hazardous substance 
in an amount equal to or greater than the reportable quantity must be 
made immediately in accordance with 33 CFR part 153, subpart B, and 40 
CFR part 302, respectively. Notification shall be made to the NRC Duty 
Officer, HQ USCG, Washington, DC, telephone (800) 424-8802 or (202) 
267-2675. All notices of discharges or releases received at the NRC 
will be relayed immediately by telephone to the OSC.


Sec. 300.130  Determinations to initiate response and special 
conditions.

    (a) In accordance with CWA and CERCLA, the Administrator of EPA or 
the Secretary of the department in which the USCG is operating, as 
appropriate, is authorized to act for the United States to take 
response measures deemed necessary to protect the public health or 
welfare or environment from discharges of oil or releases of hazardous 
substances, pollutants, or contaminants except with respect to such 
releases on or from vessels or facilities under the jurisdiction, 
custody, or control of other federal agencies.
    (b) The Administrator of EPA or the Secretary of the department in 
which the USCG is operating, as appropriate, is authorized to initiate 
and, in the case of a discharge posing a substantial threat to public 
health or welfare of the United States is required to initiate and 
direct, appropriate response activities when the Administrator or 
Secretary determines that any oil or CWA hazardous substance is 
discharged or there is a substantial threat of such discharge from any 
vessel or offshore or onshore facility into or on the navigable waters 
of the United States, on the adjoining shorelines to the navigable 
waters, into or on the waters of the exclusive economic zone, or that 
may affect natural resources belonging to, appertaining to, or under 
exclusive management authority of the United States; or
    (c) The Administrator of EPA or the Secretary of the department in 
which the USCG is operating, as appropriate, is authorized to initiate 
appropriate response activities when the Administrator or Secretary 
determines that any hazardous substance is released or there is a 
threat of such a release into the environment, or there is a release or 
threat of release into the environment of any pollutant or contaminant 
which may present an imminent and substantial danger to the public 
health or welfare of the United States.
    (d) In addition to any actions taken by a state or local 
government, the Administrator of EPA or the Secretary of the department 
in which the USCG is operating may request the U.S. Attorney General to 
secure the relief from any person, including the owner or operator of 
the vessel or facility necessary to abate a threat or, after notice to 
the affected state, take any other action authorized by section 311 of 
the CWA or section 106 of CERCLA as appropriate, including issuing 
administrative orders, that may be necessary to protect the public 
health or welfare, if the Administrator or Secretary determines:
    (1) That there may be an imminent and substantial threat to the 
public health or welfare of the United States or the environment of the 
United States, including fish, shellfish, and wildlife, public and 
private property, shorelines, beaches, habitats, and other living and 
nonliving natural resources under the jurisdiction or control of the 
United States, because of an actual or threatened discharge of oil or a 
CWA hazardous substance from any vessel or offshore or onshore facility 
into or upon the navigable waters of the United States; or
    (2) That there may be an imminent and substantial endangerment to 
the public health or welfare of the United States or the environment 
because of a release of a CERCLA hazardous substance from a facility.
    (e) Response actions to remove discharges originating from 
operations conducted subject to the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act 
shall be in accordance with the NCP.
    (f) Where appropriate, when a discharge or release involves 
radioactive materials, the lead or support federal agency shall act 
consistent with the notification and assistance procedures described in 
the appropriate Federal Radiological Plan. For the purpose of the NCP, 
the FRERP (24 CFR part 2401) is the appropriate plan. Most radiological 
discharges and releases do not result in FRERP activation and should be 
handled in accordance with the NCP. However, releases from nuclear 
incidents subject to requirements for financial protection established 
by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission under the Price-Anderson 
amendments (section 170) of the Atomic Energy Act are specifically 
excluded from CERCLA and NCP requirements.
    (g) Removal actions involving nuclear weapons should be conducted 
in accordance with the joint Department of Defense, Department of 
Energy, and FEMA Agreement for Response to Nuclear Incidents and 
Nuclear Weapons Significant Incidents (January 8, 1981).
    (h) If the situation is beyond the capability of state and local 
governments and the statutory authority of federal agencies, the 
President may, under the Disaster Relief Act of 1974, act upon a 
request by the governor and declare a major disaster or emergency and 
appoint a Federal Coordinating Officer (FCO) to coordinate all federal 
disaster assistance activities. In such cases, the OSC/RPM would 
continue to carry out OSC/RPM responsibilities under the NCP, but would 
coordinate those activities with the FCO to ensure consistency with 
other federal disaster assistance activities.
    (i) In the event of a declaration of a major disaster by the 
President, the FEMA may activate the Federal Response Plan (FRP). A 
FCO, designated by the President, may implement the FRP and coordinate 
and direct emergency assistance and disaster relief of impacted 
individuals, business, and public services under the Robert T. Stafford 
Disaster Relief Act. Delivery of federal assistance is facilitated 
through twelve functional annexes to the FRP known as Emergency Support 
Functions (ESFs). EPA coordinates activities under ESF #10--Hazardous 
Materials, which addresses preparedness and response to hazardous 
materials and oil incidents caused by a natural disaster or other 
catastrophic event. In such cases, the OSC/RPM should coordinate 
response activities with the FCO, through the incident-specific ESF #10 
Chair, to ensure consistency with federal disaster assistance 
activities.


Sec. 300.135  Response operations.

    (a) The OSC/RPM, consistent with Secs. 300.120 and 300.125, shall 
direct response efforts and coordinate all other efforts at the scene 
of a discharge or release. As part of the planning and preparation for 
response, the OSCs/RPMs shall be predesignated by the regional or 
district head of the lead agency.
    (b) The first federal official affiliated with an NRT member agency 
to arrive at the scene of a discharge or release should coordinate 
activities under the NCP and is authorized to initiate, in consultation 
with the OSC, any necessary actions normally carried out by the OSC 
until the arrival of the predesignated OSC. This official may initiate 
federal fund-financed actions only as authorized by the OSC or, if the 
OSC is unavailable, the authorized representative of the lead agency.
    (c) The OSC/RPM shall, to the extent practicable, collect pertinent 
facts about the discharge or release, such as its source and cause; the 
identification of potentially responsible parties; the nature, amount, 
and location of discharged or released materials; the probable 
direction and time of travel of discharged or released materials; 
whether the discharge is a worst case discharge as discussed in 
Sec. 300.324; the pathways to human and environmental exposure; the 
potential impact on human health, welfare, and safety and the 
environment; whether the discharge or release poses a substantial 
threat to the public health or welfare of the United States as 
discussed in Sec. 300.322; the potential impact on natural resources 
and property which may be affected; priorities for protecting human 
health and welfare and the environment; and appropriate cost 
documentation.
    (d) The OSC's/RPM's efforts shall be coordinated with other 
appropriate federal, state, local, and private response agencies. OSCs/
RPMs may designate capable persons from federal, state, or local 
agencies to act as their on-scene representatives. State and local 
governments, however, are not authorized to take actions under subparts 
D and E of the NCP that involve expenditures of the Oil Spill Liability 
Trust Fund or CERCLA funds unless an appropriate contract or 
cooperative agreement has been established. The basic framework for the 
response management structure is a system (e.g., a unified command 
system), that brings together the functions of the federal government, 
the state government, and the responsible party to achieve an effective 
and efficient response, where the OSC maintains authority.
    (e) The OSC/RPM should consult regularly with the RRT and NSFCC, as 
appropriate, in carrying out the NCP and keep the RRT and NSFCC, as 
appropriate, informed of activities under the NCP.
    (f) The OSC/RPM shall advise the support agency as promptly as 
possible of reported releases.
    (g) The OSC/RPM should evaluate incoming information and 
immediately advise FEMA of potential major disaster situations.
    (h) In those instances where a possible public health emergency 
exists, the OSC/RPM should notify the Department of Health and Human 
Services (HHS) representative to the RRT. Throughout response actions, 
the OSC/RPM may call upon the HHS representative for assistance in 
determining public health threats and call upon the Occupational Safety 
and Health Administration (OSHA) and HHS for assistance on worker 
health and safety issues.
    (i) All federal agencies should plan for emergencies and develop 
procedures for dealing with oil discharges and releases of hazardous 
substances, pollutants, or contaminants from vessels and facilities 
under their jurisdiction. All federal agencies, therefore, are 
responsible for designating the office that coordinates response to 
such incidents in accordance with the NCP and applicable federal 
regulations and guidelines.
    (j)(1) The OSC/RPM shall ensure that the trustees for natural 
resources are promptly notified of discharges or releases.
    (2) The OSC or RPM shall coordinate all response activities with 
the affected natural resource trustees and, for discharges of oil, the 
OSC shall consult with the affected trustees on the appropriate removal 
action to be taken.
    (k) Where the OSC/RPM becomes aware that a discharge or release may 
affect any endangered or threatened species or their habitat, the OSC/
RPM shall consult with the Department of Interior (DOI), or the 
Department of Commerce (DOC) (NOAA) and, if appropriate, the cognizant 
federal land managing agency.
    (l) The OSC/RPM is responsible for addressing worker health and 
safety concerns at a response scene, in accordance with Sec. 300.150.
    (m) The OSC shall submit pollution reports to the RRT and other 
appropriate agencies as significant developments occur during response 
actions, through communications networks or procedures agreed to by the 
RRT and covered in the RCP.
    (n) OSCs/RPMs should ensure that all appropriate public and private 
interests are kept informed and that their concerns are considered 
throughout a response, to the extent practicable, consistent with the 
requirements of Sec. 300.155 of this part.


Sec. 300.140  Multi-regional responses.

    (a) If a discharge or release moves from the area covered by one 
ACP or RCP into another area, the authority for response actions should 
likewise shift. If a discharge or release affects areas covered by two 
or more ACPs or RCPs, the response mechanisms of each applicable plan 
may be activated. In this case, response actions of all regions 
concerned shall be fully coordinated as detailed in the RCPs and ACPs.
    (b) There shall be only one OSC and/or RPM at any time during the 
course of a response operation. Should a discharge or release affect 
two or more areas, EPA, the USCG, DOD, DOE, or other lead agency, as 
appropriate, shall give prime consideration to the area vulnerable to 
the greatest threat, in determining which agency should provide the OSC 
and/or RPM. The RRT shall designate the OSC and/or RPM if the RRT 
member agencies who have response authority within the affected areas 
are unable to agree on the designation. The NRT shall designate the OSC 
and/or RPM if members of one RRT or two adjacent RRTs are unable to 
agree on the designation.
    (c) Where the USCG has initially provided the OSC for response to a 
release from hazardous waste management facilities located in the 
coastal zone, responsibility for response action shall shift to EPA or 
another federal agency, as appropriate.


Sec. 300.145  Special teams and other assistance available to OSCs/
RPMs.

    (a) The NSF is a special team established by the USCG, including 
the three USCG Strike Teams, the Public Information Assist Team (PIAT), 
and the NSFCC. The NSF is available to assist OSCs/RPMs in their 
preparedness and response duties.
    (1) The three Strike Teams (Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific) provide 
trained personnel and specialized equipment to assist the OSC in 
training for spill response, stabilizing and containing the spill, and 
in monitoring or directing the response actions of the responsible 
parties and/or contractors. The OSC has a specific team designated for 
initial contact and may contact that team directly for any assistance.
    (2) The NSFCC can provide the following support to the OSC:
    (i) Technical assistance, equipment and other resources to augment 
the OSC staff during spill response.
    (ii) Assistance in coordinating the use of private and public 
resources in support of the OSC during a response to or a threat of a 
worst case discharge of oil.
    (iii) Review of the area contingency plan, including an evaluation 
of equipment readiness and coordination among responsible public 
agencies and private organizations.
    (iv) Assistance in locating spill response resources for both 
response and planning, using the NSFCC's national and international 
computerized inventory of spill response resources.
    (v) Coordination and evaluation of pollution response exercises.
    (vi) Inspection of district prepositioned pollution response 
equipment.
    (3) PIAT is an element of the NSFCC staff which is available to 
assist OSCs to meet the demands for public information during a 
response or exercise. Its use is encouraged any time the OSC requires 
outside public affairs support. Requests for PIAT assistance may be 
made through the NSFCC or NRC.
    (b)(1) The Environmental Response Team (ERT) is established by EPA 
in accordance with its disaster and emergency responsibilities. The ERT 
has expertise in treatment technology, biology, chemistry, hydrology, 
geology, and engineering.
    (2) The ERT can provide access to special decontamination equipment 
for chemical releases and advice to the OSC/RPM in hazard evaluation; 
risk assessment; multimedia sampling and analysis program; on-site 
safety, including development and implementation plans; cleanup 
techniques and priorities; water supply decontamination and protection; 
application of dispersants; environmental assessment; degree of cleanup 
required; and disposal of contaminated material.
    (3) The ERT also provides both introductory and intermediate level 
training courses to prepare response personnel.
    (4) OSC/RPM or RRT requests for ERT support should be made to the 
EPA representative on the RRT; EPA Headquarters, Director, Emergency 
Response Division; or the appropriate EPA regional emergency 
coordinator.
    (c) Scientific Support Coordinators (SSCs) may be designated by the 
OSC (and RPM in the case of EPA SSCs) as the principal advisors for 
scientific issues, communication with the scientific community, and 
coordination of requests for assistance from state and federal agencies 
regarding scientific studies. The SSC strives for a consensus on 
scientific issues affecting the response, but ensures that differing 
opinions within the community are communicated to the OSC/RPM.
    (1) Generally, SSCs are provided by NOAA in the coastal zones, and 
by EPA in the inland zone. OSC/RPM requests for SSC support can be made 
directly to the SSC assigned to the area or to the agency member of the 
RRT. NOAA SSCs can also be requested through NOAA's SSC program office 
in Seattle, WA. NOAA SSCs are assigned to USCG Districts and are 
supported by a scientific support team that includes expertise in 
environmental chemistry, oil slick tracking, pollutant transport 
modeling, natural resources at risk, environmental tradeoffs of 
countermeasures and cleanup, and information management.
    (2) During a response, the SSC serves on the federal OSC's/RPM's 
staff and may, at the request of the OSC/RPM, lead the scientific team 
and be responsible for providing scientific support for operational 
decisions and for coordinating on-scene scientific activity. Depending 
on the nature and location of the incident, the SSC integrates 
expertise from governmental agencies, universities, community 
representatives, and industry to assist the OSC/RPM in evaluating the 
hazards and potential effects of releases and in developing response 
strategies.
    (3) At the request of the OSC, the SSC may facilitate the OSC's 
work with the lead administrative trustee for natural resources to 
ensure coordination between damage assessment data collection efforts 
and data collected in support of response operations.
    (4) SSCs support the Regional Response Teams and the Area 
Committees in preparing regional and area contingency plans and in 
conducting spill training and exercises. For area plans, the SSC 
provides leadership for the synthesis and integration of environmental 
information required for spill response decisions in support of the 
OSC.
    (d)(1) SUPSALV has an extensive salvage/search and recovery 
equipment inventory with the requisite knowledge and expertise to 
support these operations, including specialized salvage, firefighting, 
and petroleum, oil and lubricants offloading capability.
    (2) When possible, SUPSALV will provide equipment for training 
exercises in support of national and regional contingency planning 
objectives.
    (3) The OSC/RPM may request assistance directly from SUPSALV. 
Formal requests are routed through the Chief of Naval Operations 
(N312).
    (e) For marine salvage operations, OSCs/RPMs with responsibility 
for monitoring, evaluating, or supervising these activities should 
request technical assistance from DOD, the Strike Teams, or commercial 
salvors as necessary to ensure that proper actions are taken. Marine 
salvage operations generally fall into five categories: afloat salvage; 
offshore salvage; river and harbor clearance; cargo salvage; and rescue 
towing. Each category requires different knowledge and specialized 
types of equipment. The complexity of such operations may be further 
compounded by local environmental and geographic conditions. The nature 
of marine salvage and the conditions under which it occurs combine to 
make such operations imprecise, difficult, hazardous, and expensive. 
Thus, responsible parties or other persons attempting to perform such 
operations without adequate knowledge, equipment, and experience could 
aggravate, rather than relieve, the situation.
    (f) Radiological Emergency Response Teams (RERTs) have been 
established by EPA's Office of Radiation Programs (ORP) to provide 
response and support for incidents or sites containing radiological 
hazards. Expertise is available in radiation monitoring, radionuclide 
analysis, radiation health physics, and risk assessment. RERTs can 
provide on-site support including mobile monitoring laboratories for 
field analyses of samples and fixed laboratories for radiochemical 
sampling and analyses. Requests for support may be made 24 hours a day 
via the NRC or directly to the EPA Radiological Response Coordinator in 
the Office of Radiation Programs. Assistance is also available from DOE 
and other federal agencies.
    (g)(1) DRGs assist the OSC by providing technical assistance, 
personnel, and equipment, including pre-positioned equipment. Each DRG 
consists of all Coast Guard personnel and equipment, including marine 
firefighting equipment, in its district, additional pre-positioned 
equipment, and a District Response Advisory Team (DRAT) that is 
available to provide support to the OSC in the event that a spill 
exceeds local response capabilities. Each DRG:
    (i) Shall provide technical assistance, equipment, and other 
resources, as available, when requested by an OSC through the USCG 
representative to the RRT;
    (ii) Shall ensure maintenance of all USCG response equipment within 
its district;
    (iii) May provide technical assistance in the preparation of the 
ACP; and
    (iv) Shall review each of those plans that affect its area of 
geographic responsibility.
    (2) In deciding where to locate personnel and pre-positioned 
equipment, the USCG shall give priority emphasis to:
    (i) The availability of facilities for loading and unloading heavy 
or bulky equipment by barge;
    (ii) The proximity to an airport capable of supporting large 
military transport aircraft;
    (iii) The flight time to provide response to oil spills in all 
areas of the Coast Guard district with the potential for marine 
casualties;
    (iv) The availability of trained local personnel capable of 
responding in an oil spill emergency; and
    (v) Areas where large quantities of petroleum products are 
transported.
    (h) The NPFC is responsible for implementing those portions of 
Title I of the OPA that have been delegated to the Secretary of the 
department in which the Coast Guard is operating. The NPFC is 
responsible for addressing funding issues arising from discharges and 
threats of discharges of oil. The NPFC:
    (1) Issues Certificates of Financial Responsibility to owners and 
operators of vessels to pay for costs and damages that are incurred by 
their vessels as a result of oil discharges;
    (2) Provides funding for various response organizations for timely 
abatement and removal actions related to oil discharges;
    (3) Provides equitable compensation to claimants who sustain costs 
and damages from oil discharges when the responsible party fails to do 
so;
    (4) Recovers monies from persons liable for costs and damages 
resulting from oil discharges to the full extent of liability under the 
law; and
    (5) Provides funds to initiate natural resource damage assessments.


Sec. 300.150  Worker health and safety.

    (a) Response actions under the NCP will comply with the provisions 
for response action worker safety and health in 29 CFR 1910.120. The 
NRS meets the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.120 concerning use of an 
incident command system.
    (b) In a response action taken by a responsible party, the 
responsible party must assure that an occupational safety and health 
program consistent with 29 CFR 1910.120 is made available for the 
protection of workers at the response site.
    (c) In a response taken under the NCP by a lead agency, an 
occupational safety and health program should be made available for the 
protection of workers at the response site, consistent with, and to the 
extent required by, 29 CFR 1910.120. Contracts relating to a response 
action under the NCP should contain assurances that the contractor at 
the response site will comply with this program and with any applicable 
provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 
651 et seq.) (OSH Act) and state laws with plans approved under section 
18 of the OSH Act.
    (d) When a state, or political subdivision of a state, without an 
OSHA-approved state plan is the lead agency for response, the state or 
political subdivision must comply with standards in 40 CFR part 311, 
promulgated by EPA pursuant to section 126(f) of SARA.
    (e) Requirements, standards, and regulations of the OSH Act and of 
state OSH laws not directly referenced in paragraphs (a) through (d) of 
this section, must be complied with where applicable. Federal OSH Act 
requirements include, among other things, Construction Standards (29 
CFR part 1926), General Industry Standards (29 CFR part 1910), and the 
general duty requirement of section 5(a)(1) of the OSH Act (29 U.S.C. 
654(a)(1)). No action by the lead agency with respect to response 
activities under the NCP constitutes an exercise of statutory authority 
within the meaning of section 4(b)(1) of the OSH Act. All governmental 
agencies and private employers are directly responsible for the health 
and safety of their own employees.


Sec. 300.155  Public information and community relations.

    (a) When an incident occurs, it is imperative to give the public 
prompt, accurate information on the nature of the incident and the 
actions underway to mitigate the damage. OSCs/RPMs and community 
relations personnel should ensure that all appropriate public and 
private interests are kept informed and that their concerns are 
considered throughout a response. They should coordinate with available 
public affairs/community relations resources to carry out this 
responsibility by establishing, as appropriate, a Joint Information 
Center bringing together resources from federal and state agencies and 
the responsible party.
    (b) An on-scene news office may be established to coordinate media 
relations and to issue official federal information on an incident. 
Whenever possible, it will be headed by a representative of the lead 
agency. The OSC/RPM determines the location of the on-scene news 
office, but every effort should be made to locate it near the scene of 
the incident. If a participating agency believes public interest 
warrants the issuance of statements and an on-scene news office has not 
been established, the affected agency should recommend its 
establishment. All federal news releases or statements by participating 
agencies should be cleared through the OSC/RPM. Information 
dissemination relating to natural resource damage assessment activities 
shall be coordinated through the lead administrative trustee. The 
designated lead administrative trustee may assist the OSC/RPM by 
disseminating information on issues relating to damage assessment 
activities. Following termination of removal activity, information 
dissemination on damage assessment activities shall be through the lead 
administrative trustee.
    (c) The community relations requirements specified in 
Secs. 300.415, 300.430, and 300.435 apply to removal, remedial, and 
enforcement actions and are intended to promote active communication 
between communities affected by discharges or releases and the lead 
agency responsible for response actions. Community Relations Plans 
(CRPs) are required by EPA for certain response actions. The OSC/RPM 
should ensure coordination with such plans which may be in effect at 
the scene of a discharge or release or which may need to be developed 
during follow-up activities.


Sec. 300.160  Documentation and cost recovery.

    (a) For releases of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or 
contaminant, the following provisions apply:
    (1) During all phases of response, the lead agency shall complete 
and maintain documentation to support all actions taken under the NCP 
and to form the basis for cost recovery. In general, documentation 
shall be sufficient to provide the source and circumstances of the 
release, the identity of responsible parties, the response action 
taken, accurate accounting of federal, state, or private party costs 
incurred for response actions, and impacts and potential impacts to the 
public health and welfare and the environment. Where applicable, 
documentation shall state when the NRC received notification of a 
release of a reportable quantity.
    (2) The information and reports obtained by the lead agency for 
Fund-financed response actions shall, as appropriate, be transmitted to 
the chair of the RRT. Copies can then be forwarded to the NRT, members 
of the RRT, and others as appropriate.
    (3) The lead agency shall make available to the trustees of 
affected natural resources information and documentation that can 
assist the trustees in the determination of actual or potential natural 
resource injuries.
    (b) For discharges of oil, documentation and cost recovery 
provisions are described in Sec. 300.315.
    (c) Response actions undertaken by the participating agencies shall 
be carried out under existing programs and authorities when available. 
Federal agencies are to make resources available, expend funds, or 
participate in response to discharges and releases under their existing 
authority. Interagency agreements may be signed when necessary to 
ensure that the federal resources will be available for a timely 
response to a discharge or release. The ultimate decision as to the 
appropriateness of expending funds rests with the agency that is held 
accountable for such expenditures. Further funding provisions for 
discharges of oil are described in Sec. 300.335.
    (d) The Administrator of EPA and the Administrator of the Agency 
for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) shall assure that the 
costs of health assessment or health effect studies conducted under the 
authority of CERCLA section 104(i) are documented in accordance with 
standard EPA procedures for cost recovery. Documentation shall include 
information on the nature of the hazardous substances addressed by the 
research, information concerning the locations where these substances 
have been found, and any available information on response actions 
taken concerning these substances at the location.


Sec. 300.165  OSC reports.

    (a) As requested by the NRT or RRT, the OSC/RPM shall submit to the 
NRT or RRT a complete report on the removal operation and the actions 
taken. The RRT shall review the OSC report and send to the NRT a copy 
of the OSC report with its comments or recommendations within 30 days 
after the RRT has received the OSC report.
    (b) The OSC report shall record the situation as it developed, the 
actions taken, the resources committed, and the problems encountered.


Sec. 300.170  Federal agency participation.

    Federal agencies listed in Sec. 300.175 have duties established by 
statute, executive order, or Presidential directive which may apply to 
federal response actions following, or in prevention of, the discharge 
of oil or release of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant. 
Some of these agencies also have duties relating to the restoration, 
rehabilitation, replacement, or acquisition of equivalent natural 
resources injured or lost as a result of such discharge or release as 
described in subpart G of this part. The NRT, RRT, and Area Committee 
organizational structure, and the NCP, RCPs and ACPs, described in 
Sec. 300.210, provide for agencies to coordinate with each other in 
carrying out these duties.
    (a) Federal agencies may be called upon by an OSC/RPM during 
response planning and implementation to provide assistance in their 
respective areas of expertise, as described in Sec. 300.175, consistent 
with the agencies' capabilities and authorities.
    (b) In addition to their general responsibilities, federal agencies 
should:
    (1) Make necessary information available to the Secretary of the 
NRT, RRTs, Area Committees, and OSCs/RPMs.
    (2) Provide representatives to the NRT and RRTs and otherwise 
assist RRTs and OSCs, as necessary, in formulating RCPs and ACPs.
    (3) Inform the NRT, RRTs, and Area Committees, consistent with 
national security considerations, of changes in the availability of 
resources that would affect the operations implemented under the NCP.
    (c) All federal agencies are responsible for reporting releases of 
hazardous substances from facilities or vessels under their 
jurisdiction or control in accordance with section 103 of CERCLA.
    (d) All federal agencies are encouraged to report releases of 
pollutants or contaminants and must report discharges of oil, as 
required in 40 CFR part 110, from facilities or vessels under their 
jurisdiction or control to the NRC.


Sec. 300.175  Federal agencies: additional responsibilities and 
assistance.

    (a) During preparedness planning or in an actual response, various 
federal agencies may be called upon to provide assistance in their 
respective areas of expertise, as indicated in paragraph (b) of this 
section, consistent with agency legal authorities and capabilities.
    (b) The federal agencies include:
    (1) USCG, as provided in 14 U.S.C. 1-3, is an agency in DOT, except 
when operating as an agency in the United States Navy (USN) in time of 
war. The USCG provides the NRT vice chair, co-chairs for the standing 
RRTs, and predesignated OSCs for the coastal zone, as described in 
Sec. 300.120(a)(1). The USCG maintains continuously manned facilities 
which can be used for command, control, and surveillance of oil 
discharges and hazardous substance releases occurring in the coastal 
zone. The USCG also offers expertise in domestic and international 
fields of port safety and security, maritime law enforcement, ship 
navigation and construction, and the manning, operation, and safety of 
vessels and marine facilities. The USCG may enter into a contract or 
cooperative agreement with the appropriate state in order to implement 
a response action.
    (2) EPA chairs the NRT and co-chairs, with the USCG, the standing 
RRTs; provides predesignated OSCs for all inland areas for which an ACP 
is required under CWA section 311(j) and for discharges and releases 
occurring in the inland zone and RPMs for remedial actions except as 
otherwise provided; and generally provides the SSC for responses in the 
inland zone. EPA provides expertise on human health and ecological 
effects of oil discharges or releases of hazardous substances, 
pollutants, or contaminants; ecological and human health risk 
assessment methods; and environmental pollution control techniques. 
Access to EPA's scientific expertise can be facilitated through the EPA 
representative to the Research and Development Committee of the 
National Response Team; the EPA Office of Research and Development's 
Superfund Technical Liaisons or Regional Scientists located in EPA 
Regional offices; or through EPA's Office of Science Planning and 
Regulatory Evaluation. EPA also provides legal expertise on the 
interpretation of CERCLA and other environmental statutes. EPA may 
enter into a contract or cooperative agreement with the appropriate 
state in order to implement a response action.
    (3) FEMA provides guidance, policy and program advice, and 
technical assistance in hazardous materials, chemical, and radiological 
emergency preparedness activities (including planning, training, and 
exercising). FEMA's primary point of contact for administering 
financial and technical assistance to state and local governments to 
support their efforts to develop and maintain an effective emergency 
management and response capability is the Preparedness, Training, and 
Exercises Directorate.
    (4) DOD has responsibility to take all action necessary with 
respect to releases where either the release is on, or the sole source 
of the release is from, any facility or vessel under the jurisdiction, 
custody, or control of DOD. In addition to those capabilities provided 
by SUPSALV, DOD may also, consistent with its operational requirements 
and upon request of the OSC, provide locally deployed USN oil spill 
equipment and provide assistance to other federal agencies on request. 
The following two branches of DOD have particularly relevant expertise:
    (i) The United States Army Corps of Engineers has specialized 
equipment and personnel for maintaining navigation channels, for 
removing navigation obstructions, for accomplishing structural repairs, 
and for performing maintenance to hydropower electric generating 
equipment. The Corps can also provide design services, perform 
construction, and provide contract writing and contract administrative 
services for other federal agencies.
    (ii) The U.S. Navy Supervisor of Salvage (SUPSALV) is the branch of 
service within DOD most knowledgeable and experienced in ship salvage, 
shipboard damage control, and diving. The USN has an extensive array of 
specialized equipment and personnel available for use in these areas as 
well as specialized containment, collection, and removal equipment 
specifically designed for salvage-related and open-sea pollution 
incidents.
    (5) DOE generally provides designated OSCs/RPMs that are 
responsible for taking all response actions with respect to releases 
where either the release is on, or the sole source of the release is 
from, any facility or vessel under its jurisdiction, custody, or 
control, including vessels bareboat-chartered and operated. In 
addition, under the FRERP, DOE provides advice and assistance to other 
OSCs/RPMs for emergency actions essential for the control of immediate 
radiological hazards. Incidents that qualify for DOE radiological 
advice and assistance are those believed to involve source, by-product, 
or special nuclear material or other ionizing radiation sources, 
including radium, and other naturally occurring radionuclides, as well 
as particle accelerators. Assistance is available through direct 
contact with the appropriate DOE Radiological Assistance Program 
Regional Office.
    (6) The Department of Agriculture (USDA) has scientific and 
technical capability to measure, evaluate, and monitor, either on the 
ground or by use of aircraft, situations where natural resources 
including soil, water, wildlife, and vegetation have been impacted by 
fire, insects and diseases, floods, hazardous substances, and other 
natural or man-caused emergencies. The USDA may be contacted through 
Forest Service emergency staff officers who are the designated members 
of the RRT. Agencies within USDA have relevant capabilities and 
expertise as follows:
    (i) The Forest Service has responsibility for protection and 
management of national forests and national grasslands. The Forest 
Service has personnel, laboratory, and field capability to measure, 
evaluate, monitor, and control as needed, releases of pesticides and 
other hazardous substances on lands under its jurisdiction.
    (ii) The Agriculture Research Service (ARS) administers an applied 
and developmental research program in animal and plant protection and 
production; the use and improvement of soil, water, and air; the 
processing, storage, and distribution of farm products; and human 
nutrition. The ARS has the capabilities to provide regulation of, and 
evaluation and training for, employees exposed to biological, chemical, 
radiological, and industrial hazards. In emergency situations, the ARS 
can identify, control, and abate pollution in the areas of air, soil, 
wastes, pesticides, radiation, and toxic substances for ARS facilities.
    (iii) The Soil Conservation Service (SCS) has personnel in nearly 
every county in the nation who are knowledgeable in soil, agronomy, 
engineering, and biology. These personnel can help to predict the 
effects of pollutants on soil and their movements over and through 
soils. Technical specialists can assist in identifying potential 
hazardous waste sites and provide review and advice on plans for 
remedial measures.
    (iv) The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) can 
respond in an emergency to regulate movement of diseased or infected 
organisms to prevent the spread and contamination of nonaffected areas.
    (v) The Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) has 
responsibility to prevent meat and poultry products contaminated with 
harmful substances from entering human food channels. In emergencies, 
the FSIS works with other federal and state agencies to establish 
acceptability for slaughter of exposed or potentially exposed animals 
and their products. In addition they are charged with managing the 
Federal Radiological Emergency Response Program for the USDA.
    (7) DOC, through NOAA, provides scientific support for response and 
contingency planning in coastal and marine areas, including assessments 
of the hazards that may be involved, predictions of movement and 
dispersion of oil and hazardous substances through trajectory modeling, 
and information on the sensitivity of coastal environments to oil and 
hazardous substances and associated clean-up and mitigation methods; 
provides expertise on living marine resources and their habitats, 
including endangered species, marine mammals and National Marine 
Sanctuary ecosystems; provides information on actual and predicted 
meteorological, hydrological, ice, and oceanographic conditions for 
marine, coastal, and inland waters, and tide and circulation data for 
coastal and territorial waters and for the Great Lakes.
    (8) HHS assists with the assessment, preservation, and protection 
of human health and helps ensure the availability of essential human 
services. HHS provides technical and nontechnical assistance in the 
form of advice, guidance, and resources to other federal agencies as 
well as state and local governments.
    (i) The principal HHS response comes from the U.S. Public Health 
Service and is coordinated from the Office of the Assistant Secretary 
for Health, and various Public Health Service regional offices. Within 
the Public Health Service, the primary response to a hazardous 
materials emergency comes from Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease 
Registry (ATSDR) and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Both ATSDR 
and CDC have a 24-hour emergency response capability wherein scientific 
and technical personnel are available to provide technical assistance 
to the lead federal agency and state and local response agencies on 
human health threat assessment and analysis, and exposure prevention 
and mitigation. Such assistance is used for situations requiring 
evacuation of affected areas, human exposure to hazardous materials, 
and technical advice on mitigation and prevention. CDC takes the lead 
during petroleum releases regulated under the CWA and OPA while ATSDR 
takes the lead during chemical releases under CERCLA. Both agencies are 
mutually supportive.
    (ii) Other Public Health Service agencies involved in support 
during hazardous materials incidents either directly or through ATSDR/
CDC include the Food and Drug Administration, the Health Resources and 
Services Administration, the Indian Health Service, and the National 
Institutes of Health.
    (iii) Statutory authority for HHS/National Institutes for 
Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) involvement in hazardous 
materials accident prevention is non-regulatory in nature and focused 
on two primary areas for preventing community and worker exposure to 
hazardous materials releases: Worker safety training and basic research 
activities. Under section 126 of SARA, NIEHS is given statutory 
authority for supporting development of curricula and model training 
programs for waste workers and chemical emergency responders.
    Under section 118(b) of the Hazardous Materials Transportation and 
Uniform Safety Act (HMTUSA) (49 U.S.C. 1802 et seq.), NIEHS also 
administers the Hazmat Employee Training Program to prepare curricula 
and training for hazardous materials transportation workers. In the 
basic research arena, NIEHS is authorized under section 311 of SARA to 
conduct a hazardous substance basic research and training program to 
evaluate toxic effects and assess human health risks from accidental 
releases of hazardous materials. Under Title IX, section 901(h) of the 
Clean Air Act Amendments, NIEHS also is authorized to conduct basic 
research on air pollutants, as well as train physicians in 
environmental health. Federal research and training in hazardous 
materials release prevention represents an important non-regulatory 
activity and supplements ongoing private sector programs.
    (9) DOI may be contacted through Regional Environmental Officers 
(REOs), who are the designated members of RRTs. Department land 
managers have jurisdiction over the national park system, national 
wildlife refuges and fish hatcheries, the public lands, and certain 
water projects in western states. In addition, bureaus and offices have 
relevant expertise as follows:
    (i) United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and other 
Bureaus: Anadromous and certain other fishes and wildlife, including 
endangered and threatened species, migratory birds, and certain marine 
mammals; waters and wetlands; and effects on natural resources.
    (ii) The National Biological Survey performs research in support of 
biological resource management; inventories, monitors, and reports on 
the status and trends in the Nation's biotic resources; and transfers 
the information gained in research and monitoring to resource managers 
and others concerned with the care, use, and conservation of the 
Nation's natural resources. The National Biological Survey has 
laboratory/research facilities.
    (iii) Geological Survey: Geology, hydrology (ground water and 
surface water), and natural hazards.
    (iv) Bureau of Land Management: Minerals, soils, vegetation, 
wildlife, habitat, archaeology, and wilderness; and hazardous 
materials.
    (v) Minerals Management Service: Oversight of offshore oil and gas 
exploration and production facilities and associated pipelines and 
pipeline facilities under the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act and the 
CWA; oil spill response technology research; and establishing oil 
discharge contingency planning requirements for offshore facilities.
    (vi) Bureau of Mines: Analysis and identification of inorganic 
hazardous substances and technical expertise in metals and metallurgy 
relevant to site cleanup.
    (vii) Office of Surface Mining: Coal mine wastes and land 
reclamation.
    (viii) National Park Service: General biological, natural, and 
cultural resource managers to evaluate, measure, monitor, and contain 
threats to park system lands and resources; archaeological and 
historical expertise in protection, preservation, evaluation, impact 
mitigation, and restoration of cultural resources; emergency personnel.
    (ix) Bureau of Reclamation: Operation and maintenance of water 
projects in the West; engineering and hydrology; and reservoirs.
    (x) Bureau of Indian Affairs: Coordination of activities affecting 
Indian lands; assistance in identifying Indian tribal government 
officials.
    (xi) Office of Territorial Affairs: Assistance in implementing the 
NCP in American Samoa, Guam, the Pacific Island Governments, the 
Northern Mariana Islands, and the Virgin Islands.
    (10) The Department of Justice (DOJ) can provide expert advice on 
complicated legal questions arising from discharges or releases, and 
federal agency responses. In addition, the DOJ represents the federal 
government, including its agencies, in litigation relating to such 
discharges or releases. Other legal issues or questions shall be 
directed to the federal agency counsel for the agency providing the 
OSC/RPM for the response.
    (11) The Department of Labor (DOL), through OSHA and the states 
operating plans approved under section 18 of the OSH Act, has authority 
to conduct safety and health inspections of hazardous waste sites to 
assure that employees are being protected and to determine if the site 
is in compliance with:
    (i) Safety and health standards and regulations promulgated by OSHA 
(or the states) in accordance with section 126 of SARA and all other 
applicable standards; and
    (ii) Regulations promulgated under the OSH Act and its general duty 
clause. OSHA inspections may be self-generated, consistent with its 
program operations and objectives, or may be conducted in response to 
requests from EPA or another lead agency, or in response to accidents 
or employee complaints. OSHA may also conduct inspections at hazardous 
waste sites in those states with approved plans that choose not to 
exercise their jurisdiction to inspect such sites. On request, OSHA 
will provide advice and consultation to EPA and other NRT/RRT agencies 
as well as to the OSC/RPM regarding hazards to persons engaged in 
response activities. OSHA may also take any other action necessary to 
assure that employees are properly protected at such response 
activities. Any questions about occupational safety and health at these 
sites may be referred to the OSHA Regional Office.
    (12) DOT provides response expertise pertaining to transportation 
of oil or hazardous substances by all modes of transportation. Through 
the Research and Special Programs Administration (RSPA), DOT offers 
expertise in the requirements for packaging, handling, and transporting 
regulated hazardous materials. DOT, through RSPA, establishes oil 
discharge contingency planning requirements for pipelines, transport by 
rail and containers or bulk transport of oil.
    (13) The Department of State (DOS) will lead in the development of 
international joint contingency plans. It will also help to coordinate 
an international response when discharges or releases cross 
international boundaries or involve foreign flag vessels. Additionally, 
DOS will coordinate requests for assistance from foreign governments 
and U.S. proposals for conducting research at incidents that occur in 
waters of other countries.
    (14) The Nuclear Regulatory Commission will respond, as 
appropriate, to releases of radioactive materials by its licensees, in 
accordance with the NRC Incident Response Plan (NUREG-0728) to monitor 
the actions of those licensees and assure that the public health and 
environment are protected and adequate recovery operations are 
instituted. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission will keep EPA informed of 
any significant actual or potential releases in accordance with 
procedural agreements. In addition, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission 
will provide advice to the OSC/RPM when assistance is required in 
identifying the source and character of other hazardous substance 
releases where the Nuclear Regulatory Commission has licensing 
authority for activities utilizing radioactive materials.
    (15) The General Services Administration (GSA) provides logistic 
and telecommunications support to federal agencies. During an emergency 
situation, GSA quickly responds to aid state and local governments as 
directed by other federal agencies. The type of support provided might 
include leasing and furnishing office space, setting up 
telecommunications and transportation services, and advisory 
assistance.


Sec. 300.180  State and local participation in response.

    (a) Each state governor is requested to designate one state office/
representative to represent the state on the appropriate RRT. The 
state's office/representative may participate fully in all activities 
of the appropriate RRT. Each state governor is also requested to 
designate a lead state agency that will direct state-lead response 
operations. This agency is responsible for designating the lead state 
response official for federal and/or state-lead response actions, and 
coordinating/communicating with any other state agencies, as 
appropriate. Local governments are invited to participate in activities 
on the appropriate RRT as may be provided by state law or arranged by 
the state's representative. Indian tribes wishing to participate should 
assign one person or office to represent the tribal government on the 
appropriate RRT.
    (b) Appropriate local and state officials (including Indian tribes) 
will participate as part of the response structure as provided in the 
ACP.
    (c) In addition to meeting the requirements for local emergency 
plans under SARA section 303, state and local government agencies are 
encouraged to include contingency planning for responses, consistent 
with the NCP, RCP, and ACP in all emergency and disaster planning.
    (d) For facilities not addressed under CERCLA or the CWA, states 
are encouraged to undertake response actions themselves or to use their 
authorities to compel potentially responsible parties to undertake 
response actions.
    (e) States are encouraged to enter into cooperative agreements 
pursuant to sections 104 (c)(3) and (d) of CERCLA to enable them to 
undertake actions authorized under subpart E of the NCP. Requirements 
for entering into these agreements are included in subpart F of the 
NCP. A state agency that acts pursuant to such agreements is referred 
to as the lead agency. In the event there is no cooperative agreement, 
the lead agency can be designated in a SMOA or other agreement.
    (f) Because state and local public safety organizations would 
normally be the first government representatives at the scene of a 
discharge or release, they are expected to initiate public safety 
measures that are necessary to protect public health and welfare and 
that are consistent with containment and cleanup requirements in the 
NCP, and are responsible for directing evacuations pursuant to existing 
state or local procedures.


Sec. 300.185  Nongovernmental participation.

    (a) Industry groups, academic organizations, and others are 
encouraged to commit resources for response operations. Specific 
commitments should be listed in the RCP and ACP. Those entities 
required to develop tank vessel and facility response plans under CWA 
section 311(j) must be able to respond to a worst case discharge to the 
maximum extent practicable, and shall commit sufficient resources to 
implement other aspects of those plans in accordance with the 
requirements of 30 CFR part 254, 33 CFR parts 150, 154, and 155; 40 CFR 
part 112; and 49 CFR parts 171 and 194.
    (b) The technical and scientific information generated by the local 
community, along with information from federal, state, and local 
governments, should be used to assist the OSC/RPM in devising response 
strategies where effective standard techniques are unavailable. Such 
information and strategies will be incorporated into the ACP, as 
appropriate. The SSC may act as liaison between the OSC/RPM and such 
interested organizations.
    (c) ACPs shall establish procedures to allow for well organized, 
worthwhile, and safe use of volunteers, including compliance with 
Sec. 300.150 regarding worker health and safety. ACPs should provide 
for the direction of volunteers by the OSC/RPM or by other federal, 
state, or local officials knowledgeable in contingency operations and 
capable of providing leadership. ACPs also should identify specific 
areas in which volunteers can be used, such as beach surveillance, 
logistical support, and bird and wildlife treatment. Unless 
specifically requested by the OSC/RPM, volunteers generally should not 
be used for physical removal or remedial activities. If, in the 
judgment of the OSC/RPM, dangerous conditions exist, volunteers shall 
be restricted from on-scene operations.
    (d) Nongovernmental participation must be in compliance with the 
requirements of subpart H of this part if any recovery of costs will be 
sought.

Subpart C--Planning and Preparedness


Sec. 300.200  General.

    This subpart summarizes emergency preparedness activities relating 
to discharges of oil and releases of hazardous substances, pollutants, 
or contaminants; describes the three levels of contingency planning 
under the national response system; and cross-references state and 
local emergency preparedness activities under SARA Title III, also 
known as the ``Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 
1986'' but referred to herein as ``Title III.'' Regulations 
implementing Title III are codified at 40 CFR Subchapter J.


Sec. 300.205  Planning and coordination structure.

    (a) National. As described in Sec. 300.110, the NRT is responsible 
for national planning and coordination.
    (b) Regional. As described in Sec. 300.115, the RRTs are 
responsible for regional planning and coordination.
    (c) Area. As required by section 311(j) of the CWA, under the 
direction of the federal OSC for its area, Area Committees comprising 
qualified personnel of federal, state, and local agencies shall be 
responsible for:
    (1) Preparing an ACP for their areas (as described in 
Sec. 300.210(c));
    (2) Working with appropriate federal, state, and local officials to 
enhance the contingency planning of those officials and to assure pre-
planning of joint response efforts, including appropriate procedures 
for mechanical recovery, dispersal, shoreline cleanup, protection of 
sensitive environmental areas, and protection, rescue, and 
rehabilitation of fisheries and wildlife; and
    (3) Working with appropriate federal, state, and local officials to 
expedite decisions for the use of dispersants and other mitigating 
substances and devices.
    (d) State. As provided by sections 301 and 303 of Title III, the 
SERC of each state, appointed by the Governor, is to designate 
emergency planning districts, appoint Local Emergency Planning 
Committees (LEPCs), supervise and coordinate their activities, and 
review local emergency response plans, which are described in 
Sec. 300.215. The SERC also is to establish procedures for receiving 
and processing requests from the public for information generated by 
Title III reporting requirements and to designate an official to serve 
as coordinator for information.
    (e) Local. As provided by sections 301 and 303 of Title III, 
emergency planning districts are designated by the SERC in order to 
facilitate the preparation and implementation of emergency plans. Each 
LEPC is to prepare a local emergency response plan for the emergency 
planning district and establish procedures for receiving and processing 
requests from the public for information generated by Title III 
reporting requirements. The LEPC is to appoint a chair and establish 
rules for the LEPC. The LEPC is to designate an official to serve as 
coordinator for information and designate in its plan a community 
emergency coordinator.
    (f) As required by section 311(j)(5) of the CWA, a tank vessel, as 
defined under section 2101 of title 46, U.S. Code, an offshore 
facility, and an onshore facility that, because of its location, could 
reasonably be expected to cause substantial harm to the environment by 
discharging into or on the navigable waters, adjoining shorelines, or 
exclusive economic zone must prepare and submit a plan for responding, 
to the maximum extent practicable, to a worst case discharge, and to a 
substantial threat of such a discharge, of oil or a hazardous 
substance.
    (g) The relationship of these plans is described in Figure 4.

BILLING CODE 6560-50-P

TR15SE94.004


BILLING CODE 6560-50-C


Sec. 300.210  Federal contingency plans.

    There are three levels of contingency plans under the national 
response system: The National Contingency Plan, RCPs, and ACPs. These 
plans are available for inspection at EPA regional offices or USCG 
district offices. Addresses and telephone numbers for these offices may 
be found in the United States Government Manual, issued annually, or in 
local telephone directories.
    (a) The National Contingency Plan. The purpose and objectives, 
authority, and scope of the NCP are described in Secs. 300.1 through 
300.3.
    (b) Regional Contingency Plans. The RRTs, working with the states, 
shall develop federal RCPs for each standard federal region, Alaska, 
Oceania in the Pacific, and the Caribbean to coordinate timely, 
effective response by various federal agencies and other organizations 
to discharges of oil or releases of hazardous substances, pollutants, 
or contaminants. RCPs shall, as appropriate, include information on all 
useful facilities and resources in the region, from government, 
commercial, academic, and other sources. To the greatest extent 
possible, RCPs shall follow the format of the NCP and be coordinated 
with state emergency response plans, ACPs, which are described in 
Sec. 300.210(c), and Title III local emergency response plans, which 
are described in Sec. 300.215. Such coordination should be accomplished 
by working with the SERCs in the region covered by the RCP. RCPs shall 
contain lines of demarcation between the inland and coastal zones, as 
mutually agreed upon by USCG and EPA.
    (c) Area Contingency Plans. (1) Under the direction of an OSC and 
subject to approval by the lead agency, each Area Committee, in 
consultation with the appropriate RRTs, Coast Guard DRGs, the NSFCC, 
SSCs, LEPCs, and SERCs, shall develop an ACP for its designated area. 
This plan, when implemented in conjunction with other provisions of the 
NCP, shall be adequate to remove a worst case discharge under 
Sec. 300.324, and to mitigate or prevent a substantial threat of such a 
discharge, from a vessel, offshore facility, or onshore facility 
operating in or near the area.
    (2) The areas of responsibility may include several Title III local 
planning districts, or parts of such districts. In developing the ACP, 
the OSC shall coordinate with affected SERCs and LEPCs. The ACP shall 
provide for a well coordinated response that is integrated and 
compatible, to the greatest extent possible, with all appropriate 
response plans of state, local, and non-federal entities, and 
especially with Title III local emergency response plans.
    (3) The ACP shall include the following:
    (i) A description of the area covered by the plan, including the 
areas of special economic or environmental importance that might be 
damaged by a discharge;
    (ii) A description in detail of the responsibilities of an owner or 
operator and of federal, state, and local agencies in removing a 
discharge, and in mitigating or preventing a substantial threat of a 
discharge;
    (iii) A list of equipment (including firefighting equipment), 
dispersants, or other mitigating substances and devices, and personnel 
available to an owner or operator and federal, state, and local 
agencies, to ensure an effective and immediate removal of a discharge, 
and to ensure mitigation or prevention of a substantial threat of a 
discharge (this may be provided in an appendix or by reference to other 
relevant emergency plans (e.g., state or LEPC plans), which may include 
such equipment lists);
    (iv) A description of procedures to be followed for obtaining an 
expedited decision regarding the use of dispersants; and
    (v) A detailed description of how the plan is integrated into other 
ACPs and tank vessel, offshore facility, and onshore facility response 
plans approved by the President, and into operating procedures of the 
NSFCC.
    (4)(i) In order to provide for coordinated, immediate and effective 
protection, rescue, and rehabilitation of, and minimization of risk of 
injury to, fish and wildlife resources and habitat, Area Committees 
shall incorporate into each ACP a detailed annex containing a Fish and 
Wildlife and Sensitive Environments Plan that is consistent with the 
RCP and NCP. The annex shall be prepared in consultation with the USFWS 
and NOAA and other interested natural resource management agencies and 
parties. It shall address fish and wildlife resources and their 
habitat, and shall include other areas considered sensitive 
environments in a separate section of the annex, based upon Area 
Committee recommendations. The annex will provide the necessary 
information and procedures to immediately and effectively respond to 
discharges that may adversely affect fish and wildlife and their 
habitat and sensitive environments, including provisions for a response 
to a worst case discharge. Such information shall include the 
identification of appropriate agencies and their responsibilities, 
procedures to notify these agencies following a discharge or threat of 
a discharge, protocols for obtaining required fish and wildlife permits 
and other necessary permits, and provisions to ensure compatibility of 
annex-related activities with removal operations.
    (ii) The annex shall:
    (A) Identify and establish priorities for fish and wildlife 
resources and their habitats and other important sensitive areas 
requiring protection from any direct or indirect effects from 
discharges that may occur. These effects include, but are not limited 
to, any seasonal or historical use, as well as all critical, special, 
significant, or otherwise designated protected areas.
    (B) Provide a mechanism to be used during a spill response for 
timely identification of protection priorities of those fish and 
wildlife resources and habitats and sensitive environmental areas that 
may be threatened or injured by a discharge. These include as 
appropriate, not only marine and freshwater species, habitats, and 
their food sources, but also terrestrial wildlife and their habitats 
that may be affected directly by onshore oil or indirectly by oil-
related factors, such as loss or contamination of forage. The mechanism 
shall also provide for expeditious evaluation and appropriate 
consultations on the effects to fish and wildlife, their habitat, and 
other sensitive environments from the application of chemical 
countermeasures or other countermeasures not addressed under paragraph 
(e)(4)(iii).
    (C) Identify potential environmental effects on fish and wildlife, 
their habitat, and other sensitive environments resulting from removal 
actions or countermeasures, including the option of no removal. Based 
on this evaluation of potential environmental effects, the annex should 
establish priorities for application of countermeasure and removal 
actions to habitats within the geographic region of the ACP. The annex 
should establish methods to minimize the identified effects on fish and 
wildlife because of response activities, including, but not limited to: 
Disturbance of sensitive areas and habitats; illegal or inadvertent 
taking or disturbance of fish and wildlife or specimens by response 
personnel; and fish and wildlife, their habitat, and environmentally 
sensitive areas coming in contact with various cleaning or 
bioremediation agents. Furthermore, the annex should identify the areas 
where the movement of oiled debris may pose a risk to resident, 
transient, or migratory fish and wildlife, and other sensitive 
environments and should discuss measures to be considered for removing 
such oiled debris in a timely fashion to reduce such risk.
    (D) Provide for pre-approval of application of specific 
countermeasures or removal actions that, if expeditiously applied, will 
minimize adverse spill-induced impacts to fish and wildlife resources, 
their habitat, and other sensitive environments. Such pre-approval 
plans must be consistent with paragraphs (c)(4)(ii) (B) and (C) of this 
section and subpart J requirements, and must have the concurrence of 
the natural resource trustees.
    (E) Provide monitoring plan(s) to evaluate the effectiveness of 
different countermeasures or removal actions in protecting the 
environment. Monitoring should include ``set-aside'' or ``control'' 
areas, where no mitigative actions are taken.
    (F) Identify and plan for the acquisition and utilization of 
necessary response capabilities for protection, rescue, and 
rehabilitation of fish and wildlife resources and habitat. This may 
include appropriately permitted private organizations and individuals 
with appropriate expertise and experience. The suitable organizations 
should be identified in cooperation with natural resource law 
enforcement agencies. Such capabilities shall include, but not be 
limited to, identification of facilities and equipment necessary for 
deterring sensitive fish and wildlife from entering oiled areas, and 
for capturing, holding, cleaning, and releasing injured wildlife. Plans 
for the provision of such capabilities shall ensure that there is no 
interference with other OSC removal operations.
    (G) Identify appropriate federal and state agency contacts and 
alternates responsible for coordination of fish and wildlife rescue and 
rehabilitation and protection of sensitive environments; identify and 
provide for required fish and wildlife handling and rehabilitation 
permits necessary under federal and state laws; and provide guidance on 
the implementation of law enforcement requirements included under 
current federal and state laws and corresponding regulations. 
Requirements include, but are not limited to procedures regarding the 
capture, transport, rehabilitation, and release of wildlife exposed to 
or threatened by oil, and disposal of contaminated carcasses of 
wildlife.
    (H) Identify and secure the means for providing, if needed, the 
minimum required OSHA and EPA training for volunteers, including those 
who assist with injured wildlife.
    (I) Define the requirements for evaluating the compatibility 
between this annex and non-federal response plans (including those of 
vessels, facilities, and pipelines) on issues affecting fish and 
wildlife, their habitat, and sensitive environments.


Sec. 300.211  OPA facility and vessel response plans.

    This section describes and cross-references the regulations that 
implement section 311(j)(5) of the CWA. A tank vessel, as defined under 
section 2101 of title 46, U.S. Code, an offshore facility, and an 
onshore facility that, because of its location, could reasonably expect 
to cause substantial harm to the environment by discharging into or on 
the navigable waters, adjoining shorelines, or exclusive economic zone 
must prepare and submit a plan for responding, to the maximum extent 
practicable, to a worst case discharge, and to a substantial threat of 
such a discharge, of oil or a hazardous substance. These response plans 
are required to be consistent with applicable Area Contingency Plans. 
These regulations are codified as follows:
    (a) For tank vessels, these regulations are codified in 33 CFR part 
155;
    (b) For offshore facilities, these regulations are codified in 30 
CFR part 254;
    (c) For non-transportation related onshore facilities, these 
regulations are codified in 40 CFR 112.20;
    (d) For transportation-related onshore facilities, these 
regulations are codified in 33 CFR part 154;
    (e) For pipeline facilities, these regulations are codified in 49 
CFR part 194; and
    (f) For rolling stock, these regulations are codified in 49 CFR 
part 106 et al.


Sec. 300.212  Area response drills.

    The OSC periodically shall conduct drills of removal capability 
(including fish and wildlife response capability), without prior 
notice, in areas for which ACPs are required by Sec. 300.210(c) and 
under relevant tank vessel and facility response plans.


Sec. 300.215  Title III local emergency response plans.

    This section describes and cross-references the regulations that 
implement Title III. These regulations are codified at 40 CFR part 355.
    (a) Each LEPC is to prepare an emergency response plan in 
accordance with section 303 of Title III and review the plan once a 
year, or more frequently as changed circumstances in the community or 
at any facility may require. Such Title III local emergency response 
plans should be closely coordinated with applicable federal ACPs and 
state emergency response plans.
    (b) [Reserved]


Sec. 300.220  Related Title III issues.

    Other related Title III requirements are found in 40 CFR part 355.

Subpart D--Operational Response Phases for Oil Removal


Sec. 300.300  Phase I--Discovery or notification.

    (a) A discharge of oil may be discovered through:
    (1) A report submitted by the person in charge of a vessel or 
facility, in accordance with statutory requirements;
    (2) Deliberate search by patrols;
    (3) Random or incidental observation by government agencies or the 
public; or
    (4) Other sources.
    (b) Any person in charge of a vessel or a facility shall, as soon 
as he or she has knowledge of any discharge from such vessel or 
facility in violation of section 311(b)(3) of the CWA, immediately 
notify the NRC. If direct reporting to the NRC is not practicable, 
reports may be made to the USCG or EPA predesignated OSC for the 
geographic area where the discharge occurs. The EPA predesignated OSC 
may also be contacted through the regional 24-hour emergency response 
telephone number. All such reports shall be promptly relayed to the 
NRC. If it is not possible to notify the NRC or predesignated OSC 
immediately, reports may be made immediately to the nearest Coast Guard 
unit. In any event such person in charge of the vessel or facility 
shall notify the NRC as soon as possible.
    (c) Any other person shall, as appropriate, notify the NRC of a 
discharge of oil.
    (d) Upon receipt of a notification of discharge, the NRC shall 
promptly notify the OSC. The OSC shall ensure notification of the 
appropriate state agency of any state which is, or may reasonably be 
expected to be, affected by the discharge. The OSC shall then proceed 
with the following phases as outlined in the RCP and ACP.


Sec. 300.305  Phase II--Preliminary assessment and initiation of 
action.

    (a) The OSC is responsible for promptly initiating a preliminary 
assessment.
    (b) The preliminary assessment shall be conducted using available 
information, supplemented where necessary and possible by an on-scene 
inspection. The OSC shall undertake actions to:
    (1) Evaluate the magnitude and severity of the discharge or threat 
to public health or welfare of the United States or the environment;
    (2) Assess the feasibility of removal; and
    (3) To the extent practicable, identify potentially responsible 
parties.
    (c) Where practicable, the framework for the response management 
structure is a system (e.g., a unified command system), that brings 
together the functions of the federal government, the state government, 
and the responsible party to achieve an effective and efficient 
response, where the OSC maintains authority.
    (d) Except in a case when the OSC is required to direct the 
response to a discharge that may pose a substantial threat to the 
public health or welfare of the United States (including but not 
limited to fish, shellfish, wildlife, other natural resources, and the 
public and private beaches and shorelines of the United States), the 
OSC may allow the responsible party to voluntarily and promptly perform 
removal actions, provided the OSC determines such actions will ensure 
an effective and immediate removal of the discharge or mitigation or 
prevention of a substantial threat of a discharge. If the responsible 
party does conduct the removal, the OSC shall ensure adequate 
surveillance over whatever actions are initiated. If effective actions 
are not being taken to eliminate the threat, or if removal is not being 
properly done, the OSC should, to the extent practicable under the 
circumstances, so advise the responsible party. If the responsible 
party does not respond properly the OSC shall take appropriate response 
actions and should notify the responsible party of the potential 
liability for federal response costs incurred by the OSC pursuant to 
the OPA and CWA. Where practicable, continuing efforts should be made 
to encourage response by responsible parties.
    (1) In carrying out a response under this section, the OSC may:
    (i) Remove or arrange for the removal of a discharge, and mitigate 
or prevent a substantial threat of a discharge, at any time;
    (ii) Direct or monitor all federal, state, and private actions to 
remove a discharge; and
    (iii) Remove and, if necessary, destroy a vessel discharging, or 
threatening to discharge, by whatever means are available.
    (2) If the discharge results in a substantial threat to the public 
health or welfare of the United States (including, but not limited to 
fish, shellfish, wildlife, other natural resources, and the public and 
private beaches and shorelines of the United States), the OSC must 
direct all response efforts, as provided in Sec. 300.322(b) of this 
part. The OSC should declare as expeditiously as practicable to spill 
response participants that the federal government will direct the 
response. The OSC may act without regard to any other provision of the 
law governing contracting procedures or employment of personnel by the 
federal government in removing or arranging for the removal of such a 
discharge.
    (e) The OSC shall ensure that the natural resource trustees are 
promptly notified in the event of any discharge of oil, to the maximum 
extent practicable as provided in the Fish and Wildlife and Sensitive 
Environments Plan annex to the ACP for the area in which the discharge 
occurs. The OSC and the trustees shall coordinate assessments, 
evaluations, investigations, and planning with respect to appropriate 
removal actions. The OSC shall consult with the affected trustees on 
the appropriate removal action to be taken. The trustees will provide 
timely advice concerning recommended actions with regard to trustee 
resources potentially affected. The trustees also will assure that the 
OSC is informed of their activities in natural resource damage 
assessment that may affect response operations. The trustees shall 
assure, through the lead administrative trustee, that all data from the 
natural resource damage assessment activities that may support more 
effective operational decisions are provided in a timely manner to the 
OSC. When circumstances permit, the OSC shall share the use of non-
monetary response resources (i.e., personnel and equipment) with the 
trustees, provided trustee activities do not interfere with response 
actions. The lead administrative trustee facilitates effective and 
efficient communication between the OSC and the other trustees during 
response operations and is responsible for applying to the OSC for non-
monetary federal response resources on behalf of all trustees. The lead 
administrative trustee is also responsible for applying to the NPFC for 
funding for initiation of damage assessment for injuries to natural 
resources.


Sec. 300.310  Phase III--Containment, countermeasures, cleanup, and 
disposal.

    (a) Defensive actions shall begin as soon as possible to prevent, 
minimize, or mitigate threat(s) to the public health or welfare of the 
United States or the environment. Actions may include but are not 
limited to: Analyzing water samples to determine the source and spread 
of the oil; controlling the source of discharge; measuring and 
sampling; source and spread control or salvage operations; placement of 
physical barriers to deter the spread of the oil and to protect natural 
resources and sensitive ecosystems; control of the water discharged 
from upstream impoundment; and the use of chemicals and other materials 
in accordance with subpart J of this part to restrain the spread of the 
oil and mitigate its effects. The ACP prepared under Sec. 300.210(c) 
should be consulted for procedures to be followed for obtaining an 
expedited decision regarding the use of dispersants and other products 
listed on the NCP Product Schedule.
    (b) As appropriate, actions shall be taken to recover the oil or 
mitigate its effects. Of the numerous chemical or physical methods that 
may be used, the chosen methods shall be the most consistent with 
protecting public health and welfare and the environment. Sinking 
agents shall not be used.
    (c) Oil and contaminated materials recovered in cleanup operations 
shall be disposed of in accordance with the RCP, ACP, and any 
applicable laws, regulations, or requirements. RRT and Area Committee 
guidelines may identify the disposal options available during an oil 
spill response and may describe what disposal requirements are 
mandatory or may not be waived by the OSC. ACP guidelines should 
address: the sampling, testing, and classifying of recovered oil and 
oiled debris; the segregation, temporary storage, and stockpiling of 
recovered oil and oiled debris; prior state disposal approvals and 
permits; and the routes; methods (e.g. recycle/reuse, on-site burning, 
incineration, landfilling, etc.); and sites for the disposal of 
collected oil, oiled debris, and animal carcasses; and procedures for 
obtaining waivers, exemptions, or authorizations associated with 
handling or transporting waste materials. The ACPs may identify a 
hierarchy of preferences for disposal alternatives, with recycling 
(reprocessing) being the most preferred, and other alternatives 
preferred based on priorities for health or the environment.


Sec. 300.315  Phase IV--Documentation and cost recovery.

    (a) All OSLTF users need to collect and maintain documentation to 
support all actions taken under the CWA. In general, documentation 
shall be sufficient to support full cost recovery for resources 
utilized and shall identify the source and circumstances of the 
incident, the responsible party or parties, and impacts and potential 
impacts to public health and welfare and the environment. Documentation 
procedures are contained in 33 CFR part 136.
    (b) When appropriate, documentation shall also be collected for 
scientific understanding of the environment and for research and 
development of improved response methods and technology. Funding for 
these actions is restricted by section 6002 of the OPA.
    (c) OSCs shall submit OSC reports to the NRT or RRT, only if 
requested, as provided by Sec. 300.165.
    (d) OSCs shall ensure the necessary collection and safeguarding of 
information, samples, and reports. Samples and information shall be 
gathered expeditiously during the response to ensure an accurate record 
of the impacts incurred. Documentation materials shall be made 
available to the trustees of affected natural resources. The OSC shall 
make available to trustees of the affected natural resources 
information and documentation in the OSC's possession that can assist 
the trustees in the determination of actual or potential natural 
resource injuries.
    (e) Information and reports obtained by the EPA or USCG OSC shall 
be transmitted to the appropriate offices responsible for follow-up 
actions.


Sec. 300.317  National response priorities.

    (a) Safety of human life must be given the top priority during 
every response action. This includes any search and rescue efforts in 
the general proximity of the discharge and the insurance of safety of 
response personnel.
    (b) Stabilizing the situation to preclude the event from worsening 
is the next priority. All efforts must be focused on saving a vessel 
that has been involved in a grounding, collision, fire, or explosion, 
so that it does not compound the problem. Comparable measures should be 
taken to stabilize a situation involving a facility, pipeline, or other 
source of pollution. Stabilizing the situation includes securing the 
source of the spill and/or removing the remaining oil from the 
container (vessel, tank, or pipeline) to prevent additional oil 
spillage, to reduce the need for follow-up response action, and to 
minimize adverse impact to the environment.
    (c) The response must use all necessary containment and removal 
tactics in a coordinated manner to ensure a timely, effective response 
that minimizes adverse impact to the environment.
    (d) All parts of this national response strategy should be 
addressed concurrently, but safety and stabilization are the highest 
priorities. The OSC should not delay containment and removal decisions 
unnecessarily and should take actions to minimize adverse impact to the 
environment that begins as soon as a discharge occurs, as well as 
actions to minimize further adverse environmental impact from 
additional discharges.
    (e) The priorities set forth in this section are broad in nature, 
and should not be interpreted to preclude the consideration of other 
priorities that may arise on a site-specific basis.


Sec. 300.320  General pattern of response.

    (a) When the OSC receives a report of a discharge, actions normally 
should be taken in the following sequence:
    (1) Investigate the report to determine pertinent information such 
as the threat posed to public health or welfare of the United States or 
the environment, the type and quantity of polluting material, and the 
source of the discharge.
    (2) Officially classify the size (i.e., minor, medium, major) and 
type (i.e., substantial threat to the public health or welfare of the 
United States, worst case discharge) of the discharge and determine the 
course of action to be followed to ensure effective and immediate 
removal, mitigation, or prevention of the discharge. Some discharges 
that are classified as a substantial threat to the public health or 
welfare of the United States may be further classified as a spill of 
national significance by the Administrator of EPA or the Commandant of 
the USCG. The appropriate course of action may be prescribed in 
Secs. 300.322, 300.323, and 300.324.
    (i) When the reported discharge is an actual or potential major 
discharge, the OSC shall immediately notify the RRT and the NRC.
    (ii) When the investigation shows that an actual or potential 
medium discharge exists, the OSC shall recommend activation of the RRT, 
if appropriate.
    (iii) When the investigation shows that an actual or potential 
minor discharge exists, the OSC shall monitor the situation to ensure 
that proper removal action is being taken.
    (3) If the OSC determines that effective and immediate removal, 
mitigation, or prevention of a discharge can be achieved by private 
party efforts, and where the discharge does not pose a substantial 
threat to the public health or welfare of the United States, determine 
whether the responsible party or other person is properly carrying out 
removal. Removal is being done properly when:
    (i) The responsible party is applying the resources called for in 
its response plan to effectively and immediately remove, minimize, or 
mitigate threat(s) to public health and welfare and the environment; 
and
    (ii) The removal efforts are in accordance with applicable 
regulations, including the NCP. Even if the OSC supplements responsible 
party resources with government resources, the spill response will not 
be considered improper, unless specifically determined by the OSC.
    (4) Where appropriate, determine whether a state or political 
subdivision thereof has the capability to carry out any or all removal 
actions. If so, the OSC may arrange funding to support these actions.
    (5) Ensure prompt notification of the trustees of affected natural 
resources in accordance with the applicable RCP and ACP.
    (b) Removal shall be considered complete when so determined by the 
OSC in consultation with the Governor or Governors of the affected 
states. When the OSC considers removal complete, OSLTF removal funding 
shall end. This determination shall not preclude additional removal 
actions under applicable state law.


Sec. 300.322  Response to substantial threats to public health or 
welfare of the United States.

    (a) As part of the investigation described in Sec. 300.320, the OSC 
shall determine whether a discharge results in a substantial threat to 
public health or welfare of the United States (including, but not 
limited to, fish, shellfish, wildlife, other natural resources, and the 
public and private beaches and shorelines of the United States). 
Factors to be considered by the OSC in making this determination 
include, but are not limited to, the size of the discharge, the 
character of the discharge, and the nature of the threat to public 
health or welfare of the United States. Upon obtaining such 
information, the OSC shall conduct an evaluation of the threat posed, 
based on the OSC's experience in assessing other discharges, and 
consultation with senior lead agency officials and readily available 
authorities on issues outside the OSC's technical expertise.
    (b) If the investigation by the OSC shows that the discharge poses 
or may present a substantial threat to public health or welfare of the 
United States, the OSC shall direct all federal, state, or private 
actions to remove the discharge or to mitigate or prevent the threat of 
such a discharge, as appropriate. In directing the response in such 
cases, the OSC may act without regard to any other provision of law 
governing contracting procedures or employment of personnel by the 
federal government to:
    (1) Remove or arrange for the removal of the discharge;
    (2) Mitigate or prevent the substantial threat of the discharge; 
and
    (3) Remove and, if necessary, destroy a vessel discharging, or 
threatening to discharge, by whatever means are available.
    (c) In the case of a substantial threat to public health or welfare 
of the United States, the OSC shall:
    (1) Assess opportunities for the use of various special teams and 
other assistance described in Sec. 300.145, including the use of the 
services of the NSFCC, as appropriate;
    (2) Request immediate activation of the RRT; and
    (3) Take whatever additional response actions are deemed 
appropriate, including, but not limited to, implementation of the ACP 
as required by section 311(j)(4) of the CWA or relevant tank vessel or 
facility response plan required by section 311(j)(5) of the CWA. When 
requested by the OSC, the lead agency or RRT shall dispatch appropriate 
personnel to the scene of the discharge to assist the OSC. This 
assistance may include technical support in the agency's areas of 
expertise and disseminating information to the public. The lead agency 
shall ensure that a contracting officer is available on scene, at the 
request of the OSC.


Sec. 300.323  Spills of national significance

    (a) A discharge may be classified as a spill of national 
significance (SONS) by the Administrator of EPA for discharges 
occurring in the inland zone and the Commandant of the USCG for 
discharges occurring in the coastal zone.
    (b) For a SONS in the inland zone, the EPA Administrator may name a 
senior Agency official to assist the OSC in communicating with affected 
parties and the public and coordinating federal, state, local, and 
international resources at the national level. This strategic 
coordination will involve, as appropriate, the NRT, RRT(s), the 
Governor(s) of affected state(s), and the mayor(s) or other chief 
executive(s) of local government(s).
    (c) For a SONS in the coastal zone, the USCG Commandant may name a 
National Incident Commander (NIC) who will assume the role of the OSC 
in communicating with affected parties and the public, and coordinating 
federal, state, local, and international resources at the national 
level. This strategic coordination will involve, as appropriate, the 
NRT, RRT(s), the Governor(s) of affected state(s), and the mayor(s) or 
other chief executive(s) of local government(s).


Sec. 300.324  Response to worst case discharges.

    (a) If the investigation by the OSC shows that a discharge is a 
worst case discharge as defined in the ACP, or there is a substantial 
threat of such a discharge, the OSC shall:
    (1) Notify the NSFCC;
    (2) Require, where applicable, implementation of the worst case 
portion of an approved tank vessel or facility response plan required 
by section 311(j)(5) of the CWA;
    (3) Implement the worst case portion of the ACP required by section 
311(j)(4) of the CWA; and
    (4) Take whatever additional response actions are deemed 
appropriate.
    (b) Under the direction of the OSC, the NSFCC shall coordinate use 
of private and public personnel and equipment, including strike teams, 
to remove a worst case discharge and mitigate or prevent a substantial 
threat of such a discharge.


Sec. 300.335  Funding.

    (a) The OSLTF is available under certain circumstances to fund 
removal of oil performed under section 311 of the CWA. Those 
circumstances and the procedures for accessing the OSLTF are described 
in 33 CFR part 136. The responsible party is liable for costs of 
federal removal and damages in accordance with section 311(f) of the 
CWA, section 1002 of the OPA, and other federal laws.
    (b) Where the OSC requests assistance from a federal agency, that 
agency may be reimbursed in accordance with the provisions of 33 CFR 
part 136. Specific interagency reimbursement agreements may be used 
when necessary to ensure that the federal resources will be available 
for a timely response to a discharge of oil.
    (c) Procedures for funding the initiation of natural resource 
damage assessment are covered in 33 CFR part 136.
    (d) Response actions other than removal, such as scientific 
investigations not in support of removal actions or law enforcement, 
shall be provided by the agency with legal responsibility for those 
specific actions.
    (e) The funding of a response to a discharge from a federally 
owned, operated, or supervised facility or vessel is the responsibility 
of the owning, operating, or supervising agency if it is a responsible 
party.
    (f) The following agencies have funds available for certain 
discharge removal actions:
    (1) DOD has two specific sources of funds that may be applicable to 
an oil discharge under appropriate circumstances. This does not 
consider military resources that might be made available under specific 
conditions.
    (i) Funds required for removal of a sunken vessel or similar 
obstruction of navigation are available to the Corps of Engineers 
through Civil Works Appropriations, Operations and Maintenance, 
General.
    (ii) USN may conduct salvage operations contingent on defense 
operational commitments, when funded by the requesting agency. Such 
funding may be requested on a direct cite basis.
    (2) Pursuant to Title I of the OPA, the state or states affected by 
a discharge of oil may act where necessary to remove such discharge. 
Pursuant to 33 CFR part 136 states may be reimbursed from the OSLTF for 
the reasonable costs incurred in such a removal.

Subpart E--Hazardous Substance Response

    5. Section 300.400 is amended by revising paragraph (a) to read as 
follows:


Sec. 300.400  General.

    (a) This subpart establishes methods and criteria for determining 
the appropriate extent of response authorized by CERCLA and CWA section 
311(c):
    (1) When there is a release of a hazardous substance into the 
environment; or
    (2) When there is a release into the environment of any pollutant 
or contaminant that may present an imminent and substantial danger to 
the public health or welfare of the United States.
* * * * *
    6. Section 300.405 is amended by revising paragraphs (a) and (f)(3) 
to read as follows:


Sec. 300.405  Discovery or notification.

    (a) A release may be discovered through:
    (1) A report submitted in accordance with section 103(a) of CERCLA, 
i.e., reportable quantities codified at 40 CFR part 302;
    (2) A report submitted to EPA in accordance with section 103(c) of 
CERCLA;
    (3) Investigation by government authorities conducted in accordance 
with section 104(e) of CERCLA or other statutory authority;
    (4) Notification of a release by a federal or state permit holder 
when required by its permit;
    (5) Inventory or survey efforts or random or incidental observation 
reported by government agencies or the public;
    (6) Submission of a citizen petition to EPA or the appropriate 
federal facility requesting a preliminary assessment, in accordance 
with section 105(d) of CERCLA;
    (7) A report submitted in accordance with section 311(b)(5) of the 
CWA; and
    (8) Other sources.
* * * * *
    (f) * * *
    (3) If radioactive substances are present in a release, the EPA 
Radiological Response Coordinator should be notified for evaluation and 
assistance either directly or via the NRC, consistent with 
Secs. 300.130(e) and 300.145(f).
* * * * *
    7. Section 300.410 is revised to read as follows:


Sec. 300.410  Removal site evaluation.

    (a) A removal site evaluation includes a removal preliminary 
assessment and, if warranted, a removal site inspection.
    (b) A removal site evaluation of a release identified for possible 
CERCLA response pursuant to Sec. 300.415 shall, as appropriate, be 
undertaken by the lead agency as promptly as possible. The lead agency 
may perform a removal preliminary assessment in response to petitions 
submitted by a person who is, or may be, affected by a release of a 
hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant pursuant to 
Sec. 300.420(b)(5).
    (c)(1) The lead agency shall, as appropriate, base the removal 
preliminary assessment on readily available information. A removal 
preliminary assessment may include, but is not limited to:
    (i) Identification of the source and nature of the release or 
threat of release;
    (ii) Evaluation by ATSDR or by other sources, for example, state 
public health agencies, of the threat to public health;
    (iii) Evaluation of the magnitude of the threat;
    (iv) Evaluation of factors necessary to make the determination of 
whether a removal is necessary; and
    (v) Determination of whether a nonfederal party is undertaking 
proper response.
    (2) A removal preliminary assessment of releases from hazardous 
waste management facilities may include collection or review of data 
such as site management practices, information from generators, 
photographs, analysis of historical photographs, literature searches, 
and personal interviews conducted, as appropriate.
    (d) A removal site inspection may be performed if more information 
is needed. Such inspection may include a perimeter (i.e., off-site) or 
on-site inspection, taking into consideration whether such inspection 
can be performed safely.
    (e)(1) As part of the evaluation under this section, the OSC shall 
determine whether a release governed by CWA section 311(c)(1), as 
amended by OPA section 4201(a), has occurred.
    (2) If such a release of a CWA hazardous substance has occurred, 
the OSC shall determine whether the release results in a substantial 
threat to the public health or welfare of the United States. Factors to 
be considered by the OSC in making this determination include, but are 
not limited to, the size of the release, the character of the release, 
and the nature of the threat to public health or welfare of the United 
States. Upon obtaining relevant elements of such information, the OSC 
shall conduct an evaluation of the threat posed, based on the OSC's 
experience in assessing other releases, and consultation with senior 
lead agency officials and readily available authorities on issues 
outside the OSC's technical expertise.
    (f) A removal site evaluation shall be terminated when the OSC or 
lead agency determines:
    (1) There is no release;
    (2) The source is neither a vessel nor a facility as defined in 
Sec. 300.5 of the NCP;
    (3) The release involves neither a hazardous substance, nor a 
pollutant or contaminant that may present an imminent and substantial 
danger to public health or welfare of the United States;
    (4) The release consists of a situation specified in 
Sec. 300.400(b) (1) through (3) subject to limitations on response;
    (5) The amount, quantity, or concentration released does not 
warrant federal response;
    (6) A party responsible for the release, or any other person, is 
providing appropriate response, and on-scene monitoring by the 
government is not required; or
    (7) The removal site evaluation is completed.
    (g) The results of the removal site evaluation shall be documented.
    (h) The OSC or lead agency shall ensure that natural resource 
trustees are promptly notified in order that they may initiate 
appropriate actions, including those identified in Subpart G of this 
part. The OSC or lead agency shall coordinate all response activities 
with such affected trustees.
    (i) If the removal site evaluation indicates that removal action 
under Sec. 300.415 is not required, but that remedial action under 
Sec. 300.430 may be necessary, the lead agency shall, as appropriate, 
initiate a remedial site evaluation pursuant to Sec. 300.420.
    8. Section 300.415 is revised to read as follows:


Sec. 300.415  Removal action.

    (a)(1) In determining the appropriate extent of action to be taken 
in response to a given release, the lead agency shall first review the 
removal site evaluation, any information produced through a remedial 
site evaluation, if any has been done previously, and the current site 
conditions, to determine if removal action is appropriate.
    (2) Where the responsible parties are known, an effort initially 
shall be made, to the extent practicable, to determine whether they can 
and will perform the necessary removal action promptly and properly.
    (3) This section does not apply to removal actions taken pursuant 
to section 104(b) of CERCLA. The criteria for such actions are set 
forth in section 104(b) of CERCLA.
    (b)(1) At any release, regardless of whether the site is included 
on the National Priorities List (NPL), where the lead agency makes the 
determination, based on the factors in paragraph (b)(2) of this 
section, that there is a threat to public health or welfare of the 
United States or the environment, the lead agency may take any 
appropriate removal action to abate, prevent, minimize, stabilize, 
mitigate, or eliminate the release or the threat of release.
    (2) The following factors shall be considered in determining the 
appropriateness of a removal action pursuant to this section:
    (i) Actual or potential exposure to nearby human populations, 
animals, or the food chain from hazardous substances or pollutants or 
contaminants;
    (ii) Actual or potential contamination of drinking water supplies 
or sensitive ecosystems;
    (iii) Hazardous substances or pollutants or contaminants in drums, 
barrels, tanks, or other bulk storage containers, that may pose a 
threat of release;
    (iv) High levels of hazardous substances or pollutants or 
contaminants in soils largely at or near the surface, that may migrate;
    (v) Weather conditions that may cause hazardous substances or 
pollutants or contaminants to migrate or be released;
    (vi) Threat of fire or explosion;
    (vii) The availability of other appropriate federal or state 
response mechanisms to respond to the release; and
    (viii) Other situations or factors that may pose threats to public 
health or welfare of the United States or the environment.
    (3) If the lead agency determines that a removal action is 
appropriate, actions shall, as appropriate, begin as soon as possible 
to abate, prevent, minimize, stabilize, mitigate, or eliminate the 
threat to public health or welfare of the United States or the 
environment. The lead agency shall, at the earliest possible time, also 
make any necessary determinations pursuant to paragraph (b)(4) of this 
section.
    (4) Whenever a planning period of at least six months exists before 
on-site activities must be initiated, and the lead agency determines, 
based on a site evaluation, that a removal action is appropriate:
    (i) The lead agency shall conduct an engineering evaluation/cost 
analysis (EE/CA) or its equivalent. The EE/CA is an analysis of removal 
alternatives for a site.
    (ii) If environmental samples are to be collected, the lead agency 
shall develop sampling and analysis plans that shall provide a process 
for obtaining data of sufficient quality and quantity to satisfy data 
needs. Sampling and analysis plans shall be reviewed and approved by 
EPA. The sampling and analysis plans shall consist of two parts:
    (A) The field sampling plan, which describes the number, type, and 
location of samples and the type of analyses; and
    (B) The quality assurance project plan, which describes policy, 
organization, and functional activities and the data quality objectives 
and measures necessary to achieve adequate data for use in planning and 
documenting the removal action.
    (5) CERCLA fund-financed removal actions, other than those 
authorized under section 104(b) of CERCLA, shall be terminated after $2 
million has been obligated for the action or 12 months have elapsed 
from the date that removal activities begin on-site, unless the lead 
agency determines that:
    (i) There is an immediate risk to public health or welfare of the 
United States or the environment; continued response actions are 
immediately required to prevent, limit, or mitigate an emergency; and 
such assistance will not otherwise be provided on a timely basis; or
    (ii) Continued response action is otherwise appropriate and 
consistent with the remedial action to be taken.
    (c)(1) In carrying out a response to a release of a CWA hazardous 
substance, as described in CWA section 311(c)(1), as amended by OPA 
section 4201(a), the OSC may:
    (i) Remove or arrange for the removal of a release, and mitigate or 
prevent a substantial threat of a release, at any time;
    (ii) Direct or monitor all federal, state, and private actions to 
remove a release; and
    (iii) Remove and, if necessary, destroy a vessel releasing or 
threatening to release CWA hazardous substances, by whatever means are 
available.
    (2) If the investigation by the OSC under Sec. 300.410 shows that 
the release of a CWA hazardous substance results in a substantial 
threat to public health or welfare of the United States, the OSC shall 
direct all federal, state, or private actions to remove the release or 
to mitigate or prevent the threat of such a release, as appropriate. In 
directing the response, the OSC may act without regard to any other 
provision of law governing contracting procedures or employment of 
personnel by the federal government to:
    (i) Remove or arrange for the removal of the release;
    (ii) Mitigate or prevent the substantial threat of the release; and
    (iii) Remove and, if necessary, destroy a vessel releasing, or 
threatening to release, by whatever means are available.
    (3) In the case of a release of a CWA hazardous substance posing a 
substantial threat to public health or welfare of the United States, 
the OSC shall:
    (i) Assess opportunities for the use of various special teams and 
other assistance described in Sec. 300.145, as appropriate;
    (ii) Request immediate activation of the RRT; and
    (iii) Take whatever additional response actions are deemed 
appropriate. When requested by the OSC, the lead agency or RRT shall 
dispatch appropriate personnel to the scene of the release to assist 
the OSC. This assistance may include technical support in the agency's 
areas of expertise and disseminating information to the public in 
accordance with Sec. 300.155. The lead agency shall ensure that a 
contracting officer is available on-scene, at the request of the OSC.
    (d) Removal actions shall, to the extent practicable, contribute to 
the efficient performance of any anticipated long-term remedial action 
with respect to the release concerned.
    (e) The following removal actions are, as a general rule, 
appropriate in the types of situations shown; however, this list is not 
exhaustive and is not intended to prevent the lead agency from taking 
any other actions deemed necessary under CERCLA, CWA section 311, or 
other appropriate federal or state enforcement or response authorities, 
and the list does not create a duty on the lead agency to take action 
at any particular time:
    (1) Fences, warning signs, or other security or site control 
precautions--where humans or animals have access to the release;
    (2) Drainage controls, for example, run-off or run-on diversion--
where needed to reduce migration of hazardous substances or pollutants 
or contaminants off-site or to prevent precipitation or run-off from 
other sources, for example, flooding, from entering the release area 
from other areas;
    (3) Stabilization of berms, dikes, or impoundments or drainage or 
closing of lagoons--where needed to maintain the integrity of the 
structures;
    (4) Capping of contaminated soils or sludges--where needed to 
reduce migration of hazardous substances or pollutants or contaminants 
into soil, ground or surface water, or air;
    (5) Using chemicals and other materials to retard the spread of the 
release or to mitigate its effects--where the use of such chemicals 
will reduce the spread of the release;
    (6) Excavation, consolidation, or removal of highly contaminated 
soils from drainage or other areas--where such actions will reduce the 
spread of, or direct contact with, the contamination;
    (7) Removal of drums, barrels, tanks, or other bulk containers that 
contain or may contain hazardous substances or pollutants or 
contaminants--where it will reduce the likelihood of spillage; leakage; 
exposure to humans, animals, or food chain; or fire or explosion;
    (8) Containment, treatment, disposal, or incineration of hazardous 
materials--where needed to reduce the likelihood of human, animal, or 
food chain exposure; or
    (9) Provision of alternative water supply--where necessary 
immediately to reduce exposure to contaminated household water and 
continuing until such time as local authorities can satisfy the need 
for a permanent remedy.
    (f) Where necessary to protect public health or welfare, the lead 
agency shall request that FEMA conduct a temporary relocation or that 
state/local officials conduct an evacuation.
    (g) If the lead agency determines that the removal action will not 
fully address the threat posed by the release and the release may 
require remedial action, the lead agency shall ensure an orderly 
transition from removal to remedial response activities.
    (h) CERCLA removal actions conducted by states under cooperative 
agreements, described in subpart F of this part, shall comply with all 
requirements of this section.
    (i) Facilities operated by a state or political subdivision at the 
time of disposal require a state cost share of at least 50 percent of 
Fund-financed response costs if a Fund-financed remedial action is 
conducted.
    (j) Fund-financed removal actions under CERCLA section 104 and 
removal actions pursuant to CERCLA section 106 shall, to the extent 
practicable considering the exigencies of the situation, attain 
applicable or relevant and appropriate requirements (ARARs) under 
federal environmental or state environmental or facility siting laws. 
Waivers described in Sec. 300.430(f)(1)(ii)(C) may be used for removal 
actions. Other federal and state advisories, criteria, or guidance may, 
as appropriate, be considered in formulating the removal action (see 
Sec. 300.400(g)(3)). In determining whether compliance with ARARs is 
practicable, the lead agency may consider appropriate factors, 
including:
    (1) The urgency of the situation; and
    (2) The scope of the removal action to be conducted.
    (k) Removal actions pursuant to section 106 or 122 of CERCLA are 
not subject to the following requirements of this section:
    (1) Section 300.415(a)(2) requirement to locate responsible parties 
and have them undertake the response;
    (2) Section 300.415(b)(2)(vii) requirement to consider the 
availability of other appropriate federal or state response and 
enforcement mechanisms to respond to the release;
    (3) Section 300.415(b)(5) requirement to terminate response after 
$2 million has been obligated or 12 months have elapsed from the date 
of the initial response; and
    (4) Section 300.415(g) requirement to assure an orderly transition 
from removal to remedial action.
    (l) To the extent practicable, provision for post-removal site 
control following a CERCLA Fund-financed removal action at both NPL and 
non-NPL sites is encouraged to be made prior to the initiation of the 
removal action. Such post-removal site control includes actions 
necessary to ensure the effectiveness and integrity of the removal 
action after the completion of the on-site removal action or after the 
$2 million or 12-month statutory limits are reached for sites that do 
not meet the exemption criteria in paragraph (b)(5) of this section. 
Post-removal site control may be conducted by:
    (1) The affected state or political subdivision thereof or local 
units of government for any removal;
    (2) Potentially responsible parties; or
    (3) EPA's remedial program for some federal-lead Fund-financed 
responses at NPL sites.
    (m) OSCs/RPMs conducting removal actions shall submit OSC reports 
to the RRT as required by Sec. 300.165.
    (n) Community relations in removal actions. (1) In the case of all 
CERCLA removal actions taken pursuant to Sec. 300.415 or CERCLA 
enforcement actions to compel removal response, a spokesperson shall be 
designated by the lead agency. The spokesperson shall inform the 
community of actions taken, respond to inquiries, and provide 
information concerning the release. All news releases or statements 
made by participating agencies shall be coordinated with the OSC/RPM. 
The spokesperson shall notify, at a minimum, immediately affected 
citizens, state and local officials, and, when appropriate, civil 
defense or emergency management agencies.
    (2) For CERCLA actions where, based on the site evaluation, the 
lead agency determines that a removal is appropriate, and that less 
than six months exists before on-site removal activity must begin, the 
lead agency shall:
    (i) Publish a notice of availability of the administrative record 
file established pursuant to Sec. 300.820 in a major local newspaper of 
general circulation within 60 days of initiation of on-site removal 
activity;
    (ii) Provide a public comment period, as appropriate, of not less 
than 30 days from the time the administrative record file is made 
available for public inspection, pursuant to Sec. 300.820(b)(2); and
    (iii) Prepare a written response to significant comments pursuant 
to Sec. 300.820(b)(3).
    (3) For CERCLA removal actions where on-site action is expected to 
extend beyond 120 days from the initiation of on-site removal 
activities, the lead agency shall by the end of the 120-day period:
    (i) Conduct interviews with local officials, community residents, 
public interest groups, or other interested or affected parties, as 
appropriate, to solicit their concerns, information needs, and how or 
when citizens would like to be involved in the Superfund process;
    (ii) Prepare a formal community relations plan (CRP) based on the 
community interviews and other relevant information, specifying the 
community relations activities that the lead agency expects to 
undertake during the response; and
    (iii) Establish at least one local information repository at or 
near the location of the response action. The information repository 
should contain items made available for public information. Further, an 
administrative record file established pursuant to subpart I for all 
removal actions shall be available for public inspection in at least 
one of the repositories. The lead agency shall inform the public of the 
establishment of the information repository and provide notice of 
availability of the administrative record file for public review. All 
items in the repository shall be available for public inspection and 
copying.
    (4) Where, based on the site evaluation, the lead agency determines 
that a CERCLA removal action is appropriate and that a planning period 
of at least six months exists prior to initiation of the on-site 
removal activities, the lead agency shall at a minimum:
    (i) Comply with the requirements set forth in paragraphs (n)(3) 
(i), (ii), and (iii) of this section, prior to the completion of the 
EE/CA, or its equivalent, except that the information repository and 
the administrative record file will be established no later than when 
the EE/CA approval memorandum is signed;
    (ii) Publish a notice of availability and brief description of the 
EE/CA in a major local newspaper of general circulation pursuant to 
Sec. 300.820;
    (iii) Provide a reasonable opportunity, not less than 30 calendar 
days, for submission of written and oral comments after completion of 
the EE/CA pursuant to Sec. 300.820(a). Upon timely request, the lead 
agency will extend the public comment period by a minimum of 15 days; 
and
    (iv) Prepare a written response to significant comments pursuant to 
Sec. 300.820(a).
    9. Subpart G is revised to read as follows:

Subpart G--Trustees for Natural Resources

300.600  Designation of federal trustees.
300.605  State trustees.
300.610  Indian tribes.
300.612  Foreign trustees.
300.615  Responsibilities of trustees.

Subpart G--Trustees for Natural Resources


Sec. 300.600  Designation of federal trustees.

    (a) The President is required to designate in the NCP those federal 
officials who are to act on behalf of the public as trustees for 
natural resources. Federal officials so designated will act pursuant to 
section 107(f) of CERCLA, section 311(f)(5) of the CWA, and section 
1006 of the OPA. Natural resources means land, fish, wildlife, biota, 
air, water, ground water, drinking water supplies, and other such 
resources belonging to, managed by, held in trust by, appertaining to, 
or otherwise controlled (hereinafter referred to as ``managed or 
controlled'') by the United States (including the resources of the 
exclusive economic zone).
    (b) The following individuals shall be the designated trustee(s) 
for general categories of natural resources, including their supporting 
ecosystems. They are authorized to act pursuant to section 107(f) of 
CERCLA, section 311(f)(5) of the CWA, or section 1006 of the OPA when 
there is injury to, destruction of, loss of, or threat to natural 
resources, including their supporting ecosystems, as a result of a 
release of a hazardous substance or a discharge of oil. Notwithstanding 
the other designations in this section, the Secretaries of Commerce and 
the Interior shall act as trustees of those resources subject to their 
respective management or control.
    (1) Secretary of Commerce. The Secretary of Commerce shall act as 
trustee for natural resources managed or controlled by DOC and for 
natural resources managed or controlled by other federal agencies and 
that are found in, under, or using waters navigable by deep draft 
vessels, tidally influenced waters, or waters of the contiguous zone, 
the exclusive economic zone, and the outer continental shelf. However, 
before the Secretary takes an action with respect to an affected 
resource under the management or control of another federal agency, he 
shall, whenever practicable, seek to obtain the concurrence of that 
other federal agency. Examples of the Secretary's trusteeship include 
the following natural resources and their supporting ecosystems: marine 
fishery resources; anadromous fish; endangered species and marine 
mammals; and the resources of National Marine Sanctuaries and National 
Estuarine Research Reserves.
    (2) Secretary of the Interior. The Secretary of the Interior shall 
act as trustee for natural resources managed or controlled by the DOI. 
Examples of the Secretary's trusteeship include the following natural 
resources and their supporting ecosystems: migratory birds; anadromous 
fish; endangered species and marine mammals; federally owned minerals; 
and certain federally managed water resources. The Secretary of the 
Interior shall also be trustee for those natural resources for which an 
Indian tribe would otherwise act as trustee in those cases where the 
United States acts on behalf of the Indian tribe.
    (3) Secretary for the land managing agency. For natural resources 
located on, over, or under land administered by the United States, the 
trustee shall be the head of the department in which the land managing 
agency is found. The trustees for the principal federal land managing 
agencies are the Secretaries of DOI, USDA, DOD, and DOE.
    (4) Head of authorized agencies. For natural resources located in 
the United States but not otherwise described in this section, the 
trustee shall be the head of the federal agency or agencies authorized 
to manage or control those resources.


Sec. 300.605  State trustees.

    State trustees shall act on behalf of the public as trustees for 
natural resources, including their supporting ecosystems, within the 
boundary of a state or belonging to, managed by, controlled by, or 
appertaining to such state. For the purposes of subpart G of this part, 
the definition of the term ``state'' does not include Indian tribes. 
The governor of a state is encouraged to designate a state lead trustee 
to coordinate all state trustee responsibilities with other trustee 
agencies and with response activities of the RRT and OSC. The state's 
lead trustee would designate a representative to serve as contact with 
the OSC. This individual should have ready access to appropriate state 
officials with environmental protection, emergency response, and 
natural resource responsibilities. The EPA Administrator or USCG 
Commandant or their designees may appoint the state lead trustee as a 
member of the Area Committee. Response strategies should be coordinated 
between the state and other trustees and the OSC for specific natural 
resource locations in an inland or coastal zone and should be included 
in the Fish and Wildlife and Sensitive Environments Plan annex of the 
ACP.


Sec. 300.610  Indian tribes.

    The tribal chairmen (or heads of the governing bodies) of Indian 
tribes, as defined in Sec. 300.5, or a person designated by the tribal 
officials, shall act on behalf of the Indian tribes as trustees for the 
natural resources, including their supporting ecosystems, belonging to, 
managed by, controlled by, or appertaining to such Indian tribe, or 
held in trust for the benefit of such Indian tribe, or belonging to a 
member of such Indian tribe, if such resources are subject to a trust 
restriction on alienation. When the tribal chairman or head of the 
tribal governing body designates another person as trustee, the tribal 
chairman or head of the tribal governing body shall notify the 
President of such designation. Such officials are authorized to act 
when there is injury to, destruction of, loss of, or threat to natural 
resources, including their supporting ecosystems as a result of a 
release of a hazardous substance.


Sec. 300.612  Foreign trustees.

    Pursuant to section 1006 of the OPA, foreign trustees shall act on 
behalf of the head of a foreign government as trustees for natural 
resources belonging to, managed by, controlled by, or appertaining to 
such foreign government.


Sec. 300.615  Responsibilities of trustees.

    (a) Where there are multiple trustees, because of coexisting or 
contiguous natural resources or concurrent jurisdictions, they should 
coordinate and cooperate in carrying out these responsibilities.
    (b) Trustees are responsible for designating to the RRTs and the 
Area Committees, for inclusion in the RCP and the ACP, appropriate 
contacts to receive notifications from the OSCs/RPMs of discharges or 
releases.
    (c)(1) Upon notification or discovery of injury to, destruction of, 
loss of, or threat to natural resources, trustees may, pursuant to 
section 107(f) of CERCLA, or section 311(f)(5) of the CWA, take the 
following or other actions as appropriate:
    (i) Conduct a preliminary survey of the area affected by the 
discharge or release to determine if trust resources under their 
jurisdiction are, or potentially may be, affected;
    (ii) Cooperate with the OSC/RPM in coordinating assessments, 
investigations, and planning;
    (iii) Carry out damage assessments; or
    (iv) Devise and carry out a plan for restoration, rehabilitation, 
replacement, or acquisition of equivalent natural resources. In 
assessing damages to natural resources, the federal, state, and Indian 
tribe trustees have the option of following the procedures for natural 
resource damage assessments located at 43 CFR part 11.
    (2) Upon notification or discovery of injury to, destruction of, 
loss of, or loss of use of, natural resources, or the potential for 
such, resulting from a discharge of oil occurring after August 18, 
1990, the trustees, pursuant to section 1006 of the OPA, are to take 
the following actions:
    (i) In accordance with OPA section 1006(c), determine the need for 
assessment of natural resource damages, collect data necessary for a 
potential damage assessment, and, where appropriate, assess damages to 
natural resources under their trusteeship; and
    (ii) As appropriate, and subject to the public participation 
requirements of OPA section 1006(c), develop and implement a plan for 
the restoration, rehabilitation, replacement, or acquisition of the 
equivalent, of the natural resources under their trusteeship;
    (3)(i) The trustees, consistent with procedures specified in the 
Fish and Wildlife and Sensitive Environments Plan Annex to the Area 
Contingency Plan, shall provide timely advice on recommended actions 
concerning trustee resources that are potentially affected by a 
discharge of oil. This may include providing assistance to the OSC in 
identifying/recommending pre-approved response techniques and in 
predesignating shoreline types and areas in ACPs.
    (ii) The trustees shall assure, through the lead administrative 
trustee, that the OSC is informed of their activities regarding natural 
resource damage assessment that may affect response operations in order 
to assure coordination and minimize any interference with such 
operations. The trustees shall assure, through the lead administrative 
trustee, that all data from the natural resource damage assessment 
activities that may support more effective operational decisions are 
provided in a timely manner to the OSC.
    (iii) When circumstances permit, the OSC shall share the use of 
federal response resources (including but not limited to aircraft, 
vessels, and booms to contain and remove discharged oil) with the 
trustees, providing trustee activities do not interfere with response 
actions. The lead administrative trustee facilitates effective and 
efficient communication between the OSC and the other trustees during 
response operations and is responsible for applying to the OSC for non-
monetary federal response resources on behalf of all trustees. The lead 
administrative trustee is also responsible for applying to the NPFC for 
funding for initiation of damage assessment for injuries to natural 
resources.
    (d) The authority of federal trustees includes, but is not limited 
to the following actions:
    (1) Requesting that the Attorney General seek compensation from the 
responsible parties for the damages assessed and for the costs of an 
assessment and of restoration planning; and
    (2) Participating in negotiations between the United States and 
potentially responsible parties to obtain PRP-financed or PRP-conducted 
assessments and restorations for injured resources or protection for 
threatened resources and to agree to covenants not to sue, where 
appropriate.
    (3) Requiring, in consultation with the lead agency, any person to 
comply with the requirements of CERCLA section 104(e) regarding 
information gathering and access.
    (4) Initiating damage assessments, as provided in OPA section 6002.
    (e) Actions which may be taken by any trustee pursuant to section 
107(f) of CERCLA, section 311(f)(5) of the CWA, or section 1006 of the 
OPA include, but are not limited to, any of the following:
    (1) Requesting that an authorized agency issue an administrative 
order or pursue injunctive relief against the parties responsible for 
the discharge or release; or
    (2) Requesting that the lead agency remove, or arrange for the 
removal of, or provide for remedial action with respect to, any oil or 
hazardous substances from a contaminated medium pursuant to section 104 
of CERCLA or section 311 of CWA.
    10. Subpart H is revised to read as follows:

Subpart H--Participation by Other Persons

300.700  Activities by other persons.

Subpart H--Participation by Other Persons


Sec. 300.700  Activities by other persons.

    (a) General. Except as provided (e.g., in CWA section 311(c)), any 
person may undertake a response action to reduce or eliminate a release 
of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant.
    (b) Summary of CERCLA authorities. The mechanisms available to 
recover the costs of response actions under CERCLA are, in summary:
    (1) Section 107(a), wherein any person may receive a court award of 
his or her response costs, plus interest, from the party or parties 
found to be liable;
    (2) Section 111(a)(2), wherein a private party, a PRP pursuant to a 
settlement agreement, or certain foreign entities may file a claim 
against the Fund for reimbursement of response costs;
    (3) Section 106(b), wherein any person who has complied with a 
section 106(a) order may petition the Fund for reimbursement of 
reasonable costs, plus interest; and
    (4) Section 123, wherein a general purpose unit of local government 
may apply to the Fund under 40 CFR part 310 for reimbursement of the 
costs of temporary emergency measures that are necessary to prevent or 
mitigate injury to human health or the environment associated with a 
release.
    (c) Section 107(a) cost recovery actions. (1) Responsible parties 
shall be liable for all response costs incurred by the United States 
government or a state or an Indian tribe not inconsistent with the NCP.
    (2) Responsible parties shall be liable for necessary costs of 
response actions to releases of hazardous substances incurred by any 
other person consistent with the NCP.
    (3) For the purpose of cost recovery under section 107(a)(4)(B) of 
CERCLA:
    (i) A private party response action will be considered ``consistent 
with the NCP'' if the action, when evaluated as a whole, is in 
substantial compliance with the applicable requirements in paragraphs 
(5) and (6) of this section, and results in a CERCLA-quality cleanup; 
and
    (ii) Any response action carried out in compliance with the terms 
of an order issued by EPA pursuant to section 106 of CERCLA, or a 
consent decree entered into pursuant to section 122 of CERCLA, will be 
considered ``consistent with the NCP.''
    (4) Actions under Sec. 300.700(c)(1) will not be considered 
``inconsistent with the NCP,'' and actions under Sec. 300.700(c)(2) 
will not be considered not ``consistent with the NCP,'' based on 
immaterial or insubstantial deviations from the provisions of 40 CFR 
part 300.
    (5) The following provisions of this Part are potentially 
applicable to private party response actions:
    (i) Section 300.150 (on worker health and safety);
    (ii) Section 300.160 (on documentation and cost recovery);
    (iii) Section 300.400(c)(1), (4), (5), and (7) (on determining the 
need for a Fund-financed action); (e) (on permit requirements) except 
that the permit waiver does not apply to private party response 
actions; and (g) (on identification of ARARs) except that applicable 
requirements of federal or state law may not be waived by a private 
party;
    (iv) Section 300.405(b), (c), and (d) (on reports of releases to 
the NRC);
    (v) Section 300.410 (on removal site evaluation) except paragraphs 
(f)(5) and (6);
    (vi) Section 300.415 (on removal actions) except paragraphs (a)(2), 
(b)(2)(vii), (b)(5), and (g); and including Sec. 300.415(j) with regard 
to meeting ARARs where practicable except that private party removal 
actions must always comply with the requirements of applicable law;
    (vii) Section 300.420 (on remedial site evaluation);
    (viii) Section 300.430 (on RI/FS and selection of remedy) except 
paragraph (f)(1)(ii)(C)(6) and that applicable requirements of federal 
or state law may not be waived by a private party; and
    (ix) Section 300.435 (on RD/RA and operation and maintenance).
    (6) Private parties undertaking response actions should provide an 
opportunity for public comment concerning the selection of the response 
action based on the provisions set out below, or based on substantially 
equivalent state and local requirements. The following provisions of 
this part regarding public participation are potentially applicable to 
private party response actions, with the exception of administrative 
record and information repository requirements stated therein:
    (i) Section 300.155 (on public information and community 
relations);
    (ii) Section 300.415(n) (on community relations during removal 
actions);
    (iii) Section 300.430(c) (on community relations during RI/FS) 
except paragraph (c)(5);
    (iv) Section 300.430(f)(2), (3), and (6) (on community relations 
during selection of remedy); and
    (v) Section 300.435(c) (on community relations during RD/RA and 
operation and maintenance).
    (7) When selecting the appropriate remedial action, the methods of 
remedying releases listed in Appendix D of this part may also be 
appropriate to a private party response action.
    (8) Except for actions taken pursuant to CERCLA sections 104 or 106 
or response actions for which reimbursement from the Fund will be 
sought, any action to be taken by the lead agency listed in paragraphs 
(c)(5) through (c)(7) may be taken by the person carrying out the 
response action.
    (d) Section 111(a)(2) claims. (1) Persons, other than those listed 
in paragraphs (d)(1) (i) through (iii) of this section, may be able to 
receive reimbursement of response costs by means of a claim against the 
Fund. The categories of persons excluded from pursuing this claims 
authority are:
    (i) Federal government;
    (ii) State governments, and their political subdivisions, unless 
they are potentially responsible parties covered by an order or consent 
decree pursuant to section 122 of CERCLA; and
    (iii) Persons operating under a procurement contract or an 
assistance agreement with the United States with respect to matters 
covered by that contract or assistance agreement, unless specifically 
provided therein.
    (2) In order to be reimbursed by the Fund, an eligible person must 
notify the Administrator of EPA or designee prior to taking a response 
action and receive prior approval, i.e., ``preauthorization,'' for such 
action.
    (3) Preauthorization is EPA's prior approval to submit a claim 
against the Fund for necessary response costs incurred as a result of 
carrying out the NCP. All applications for preauthorization will be 
reviewed to determine whether the request should receive priority for 
funding. EPA, in its discretion, may grant preauthorization of a claim. 
Preauthorization will be considered only for:
    (i) Removal actions pursuant to Sec. 300.415;
    (ii) CERCLA section 104(b) activities; and
    (iii) Remedial actions at National Priorities List sites pursuant 
to Sec. 300.435.
    (4) To receive EPA's prior approval, the eligible person must:
    (i) Demonstrate technical and other capabilities to respond safely 
and effectively to releases of hazardous substances, pollutants, or 
contaminants; and
    (ii) Establish that the action will be consistent with the NCP in 
accordance with the elements set forth in paragraphs (c) (5) through 
(8) of this section.
    (5) EPA will grant preauthorization to a claim by a party it 
determines to be potentially liable under section 107 of CERCLA only in 
accordance with an order issued pursuant to section 106 of CERCLA, or a 
settlement with the federal government in accordance with section 122 
of CERCLA.
    (6) Preauthorization does not establish an enforceable contractual 
relationship between EPA and the claimant.
    (7) Preauthorization represents EPA's commitment that if funds are 
appropriated for response actions, the response action is conducted in 
accordance with the preauthorization decision document, and costs are 
reasonable and necessary, reimbursement will be made from the 
Superfund, up to the maximum amount provided in the preauthorization 
decision document.
    (8) For a claim to be awarded under section 111 of CERCLA, EPA must 
certify that the costs were necessary and consistent with the 
preauthorization decision document.
    (e) Section 106(b) petition. Subject to conditions specified in 
CERCLA section 106(b), any person who has complied with an order issued 
after October 16, 1986 pursuant to section 106(a) of CERCLA, may seek 
reimbursement for response costs incurred in complying with that order 
unless the person has waived that right.
    (f) Section 123 reimbursement to local governments. Any general 
purpose unit of local government for a political subdivision that is 
affected by a release may receive reimbursement for the costs of 
temporary emergency measures necessary to prevent or mitigate injury to 
human health or the environment subject to the conditions set forth in 
40 CFR part 310. Such reimbursement may not exceed $25,000 for a single 
response.
    (g) Release From Liability. Implementation of response measures by 
potentially responsible parties or by any other person does not release 
those parties from liability under section 107(a) of CERCLA, except as 
provided in a settlement under section 122 of CERCLA or a federal court 
judgment.
    (h) Oil Pollution Act Claims. Claims are authorized to be presented 
to the OSLTF under section 1013 of the OPA, for certain uncompensated 
removal costs or uncompensated damages resulting from the discharge, or 
substantial threat of discharge, of oil from a vessel or facility into 
or upon the navigable waters, adjoining shorelines, or exclusive 
economic zone of the United States. Anyone desiring to file a claim 
against the OSLTF may obtain general information on the procedure for 
filing a claim from the Director, National Pollution Funds Center, 
Suite 1000, 4200 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, Virginia 22203-1804, 
(703) 235-4756.

    11. Subpart J is revised to read as follows:

Subpart J--Use of Dispersants and Other Chemicals

300.900  General.
300.905  NCP Product Schedule.
300.910  Authorization of use.
300.915  Data requirements.
300.920  Addition of products to schedule.

Subpart J--Use of Dispersants and Other Chemicals


Sec. 300.900  General.

    (a) Section 311(d)(2)(G) of the CWA requires that EPA prepare a 
schedule of dispersants, other chemicals, and other spill mitigating 
devices and substances, if any, that may be used in carrying out the 
NCP. This subpart makes provisions for such a schedule.
    (b) This subpart applies to the navigable waters of the United 
States and adjoining shorelines, the waters of the contiguous zone, and 
the high seas beyond the contiguous zone in connection with activities 
under the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act, activities under the 
Deepwater Port Act of 1974, or activities that may affect natural 
resources belonging to, appertaining to, or under the exclusive 
management authority of the United States, including resources under 
the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976.
    (c) This subpart applies to the use of any chemical agents or other 
additives as defined in subpart A of this part that may be used to 
remove or control oil discharges.


Sec. 300.905  NCP Product Schedule.

    (a) Oil Discharges. (1) EPA shall maintain a schedule of 
dispersants and other chemical or bioremediation products that may be 
authorized for use on oil discharges in accordance with the procedures 
set forth in Sec. 300.910. This schedule, called the NCP Product 
Schedule, may be obtained from the Emergency Response Division (5202-
G), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M Street, SW., 
Washington, DC 20460. The telephone number is 1-202-260-2342.
    (2) Products may be added to the NCP Product Schedule by the 
process specified in Sec. 300.920.
    (b) Hazardous Substance Releases. [Reserved]


Sec. 300.910  Authorization of use.

    (a) RRTs and Area Committees shall address, as part of their 
planning activities, the desirability of using appropriate dispersants, 
surface washing agents, surface collecting agents, bioremediation 
agents, or miscellaneous oil spill control agents listed on the NCP 
Product Schedule, and the desirability of using appropriate burning 
agents. RCPs and ACPs shall, as appropriate, include applicable 
preauthorization plans and address the specific contexts in which such 
products should and should not be used. In meeting the provisions of 
this paragraph, preauthorization plans may address factors such as the 
potential sources and types of oil that might be spilled, the existence 
and location of environmentally sensitive resources that might be 
impacted by spilled oil, available product and storage locations, 
available equipment and adequately trained operators, and the available 
means to monitor product application and effectiveness. The RRT 
representatives from EPA and the states with jurisdiction over the 
waters of the area to which a preauthorization plan applies and the DOC 
and DOI natural resource trustees shall review and either approve, 
disapprove, or approve with modification the preauthorization plans 
developed by Area Committees, as appropriate. Approved preauthorization 
plans shall be included in the appropriate RCPs and ACPs. If the RRT 
representatives from EPA and the states with jurisdiction over the 
waters of the area to which a preauthorization plan applies and the DOC 
and DOI natural resource trustees approve in advance the use of certain 
products under specified circumstances as described in the 
preauthorization plan, the OSC may authorize the use of the products 
without obtaining the specific concurrences described in paragraphs (b) 
and (c) of this section.
    (b) For spill situations that are not addressed by the 
preauthorization plans developed pursuant to paragraph (a) of this 
section, the OSC, with the concurrence of the EPA representative to the 
RRT and, as appropriate, the concurrence of the RRT representatives 
from the states with jurisdiction over the navigable waters threatened 
by the release or discharge, and in consultation with the DOC and DOI 
natural resource trustees, when practicable, may authorize the use of 
dispersants, surface washing agents, surface collecting agents, 
bioremediation agents, or miscellaneous oil spill control agents on the 
oil discharge, provided that the products are listed on the NCP Product 
Schedule.
    (c) The OSC, with the concurrence of the EPA representative to the 
RRT and, as appropriate, the concurrence of the RRT representatives 
from the states with jurisdiction over the navigable waters threatened 
by the release or discharge, and in consultation with the DOC and DOI 
natural resource trustees, when practicable, may authorize the use of 
burning agents on a case-by-case basis.
    (d) The OSC may authorize the use of any dispersant, surface 
washing agent, surface collecting agent, other chemical agent, burning 
agent, bioremediation agent, or miscellaneous oil spill control agent, 
including products not listed on the NCP Product Schedule, without 
obtaining the concurrence of the EPA representative to the RRT and, as 
appropriate, the RRT representatives from the states with jurisdiction 
over the navigable waters threatened by the release or discharge, when, 
in the judgment of the OSC, the use of the product is necessary to 
prevent or substantially reduce a hazard to human life. Whenever the 
OSC authorizes the use of a product pursuant to this paragraph, the OSC 
is to inform the EPA RRT representative and, as appropriate, the RRT 
representatives from the affected states and, when practicable, the 
DOC/DOI natural resources trustees of the use of a product, including 
products not on the Schedule, as soon as possible. Once the threat to 
human life has subsided, the continued use of a product shall be in 
accordance with paragraphs (a), (b), and (c) of this section.
    (e) Sinking agents shall not be authorized for application to oil 
discharges.
    (f) When developing preauthorization plans, RRTs may require the 
performance of supplementary toxicity and effectiveness testing of 
products, in addition to the test methods specified in Sec. 300.915 and 
described in Appendix C to part 300, due to existing site-specific or 
area-specific concerns.


Sec. 300.915  Data requirements.

    (a) Dispersants. (1) Name, brand, or trademark, if any, under which 
the dispersant is sold.
    (2) Name, address, and telephone number of the manufacturer, 
importer, or vendor.
    (3) Name, address, and telephone number of primary distributors or 
sales outlets.
    (4) Special handling and worker precautions for storage and field 
application. Maximum and minimum storage temperatures, to include 
optimum ranges as well as temperatures that will cause phase 
separations, chemical changes, or other alterations to the 
effectiveness of the product.
    (5) Shelf life.
    (6) Recommended application procedures, concentrations, and 
conditions for use depending upon water salinity, water temperature, 
types and ages of the pollutants, and any other application 
restrictions.
    (7) Effectiveness. Use the Swirling Flask effectiveness test 
methods described in Appendix C to part 300. Manufacturers shall submit 
test results and supporting data, along with a certification signed by 
responsible corporate officials of the manufacturer and laboratory 
stating that the test was conducted on a representative product sample, 
the testing was conducted using generally accepted laboratory 
practices, and they believe the results to be accurate. A dispersant 
must attain an effectiveness value of 45 percent or greater to be added 
to the NCP Product Schedule. Manufacturers are encouraged to provide 
data on product performance under conditions other than those captured 
by these tests.
    (8) Dispersant Toxicity. For those dispersants that meet the 
effectiveness threshold described in paragraph (a)(7) above, use the 
standard toxicity test methods described in Appendix C to part 300. 
Manufacturers shall submit test results and supporting data, along with 
a certification signed by responsible corporate officials of the 
manufacturer and laboratory stating that the test was conducted on a 
representative product sample, the testing was conducted using 
generally accepted laboratory practices, and they believe the results 
to be accurate.
    (9) The following data requirements incorporate by reference 
standards from the 1991 or 1992 Annual Books of ASTM Standards. 
American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103. This incorporation by reference was 
approved by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 
U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51.\1\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\Copies of these standards may be obtained from the publisher. 
Copies may be inspected at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 
401 M St., SW., Room LG, Washington, DC, or at the Office of the 
Federal Register, 1100 L Street, NW., Room 8401, Washington, DC 
20408.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (i) Flash Point--Select appropriate method from the following:
    (A) ASTM--D 56-87, ``Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Tag 
Closed Tester;''
    (B) ASTM--D 92-90, ``Standard Test Method for Flash and Fire Points 
by Cleveland Open Cup;''
    (C) ASTM--D 93-90, ``Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by 
Pensky-Martens Closed Tester;''
    (D) ASTM--D 1310-86, ``Standard Test Method for Flash Point and 
Fire Point of Liquids by Tag Open-Cup Apparatus;'' or
    (E) ASTM--D 3278-89, ``Standard Test Methods for Flash Point of 
Liquids by Setaflash Closed-Cup Apparatus.''
    (ii) Pour Point--Use ASTM--D 97-87, ``Standard Test Method for Pour 
Point of Petroleum Oils.''
    (iii) Viscosity--Use ASTM--D 445-88, ``Standard Test Method for 
Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and the 
Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity).''
    (iv) Specific Gravity--Use ASTM--D 1298-85(90), ``Standard Test 
Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), or API Gravity 
of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by Hydrometer 
Method.''
    (v) pH--Use ASTM--D 1293-84(90), ``Standard Test Methods for pH of 
Water.''
    (10) Dispersing Agent Components. Itemize by chemical name and 
percentage by weight each component of the total formulation. The 
percentages will include maximum, minimum, and average weights in order 
to reflect quality control variations in manufacture or formulation. In 
addition to the chemical information provided in response to the first 
two sentences, identify the major components in at least the following 
categories: surface active agents, solvents, and additives.
    (11) Heavy Metals, Cyanide, and Chlorinated Hydrocarbons. Using 
standard test procedures, state the concentrations or upper limits of 
the following materials:
    (i) Arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, 
zinc, plus any other metals that may be reasonably expected to be in 
the sample. Atomic absorption methods should be used and the detailed 
analytical methods and sample preparation shall be fully described.
    (ii) Cyanide. Standard calorimetric procedures should be used.
    (iii) Chlorinated hydrocarbons. Gas chromatography should be used 
and the detailed analytical methods and sample preparation shall be 
fully described. At a minimum, the following test methods shall be used 
for chlorinated hydrocarbon analyses: EPA Method 601--Purgeable 
halocarbons (Standard Method 6230 B) and EPA Method 608--Organochlorine 
pesticides and PCBs (Standard Method 6630 C).\2\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \2\These test methods may be obtained from: Standard Methods for 
the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 17th Edition, American 
Public Health Association, 1989; or Method 601--Purgeable 
halocarbons, 40 CFR part 136 and Method 608--Organochlorine 
pesticide and PCBs, 40 CFR part 136. Copies may be inspected at the 
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M St., SW., Room LG, 
Washington, DC, or at the Office of the Federal Register, 1100 L 
Street, NW., Room 8401, Washington, DC 20408.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (12) The technical product data submission shall include the 
identity of the laboratory that performed the required tests, the 
qualifications of the laboratory staff, including professional 
biographical information for individuals responsible for any tests, and 
laboratory experience with similar tests. Laboratories performing 
toxicity tests for dispersant toxicity must demonstrate previous 
toxicity test experience in order for their results to be accepted. It 
is the responsibility of the submitter to select competent analytical 
laboratories based on the guidelines contained herein. EPA reserves the 
right to refuse to accept a submission of technical product data 
because of lack of qualification of the analytical laboratory, 
significant variance between submitted data and any laboratory 
confirmation performed by EPA, or other circumstances that would result 
in inadequate or inaccurate information on the dispersing agent.
    (b) Surface washing agents. (1) Name, brand, or trademark, if any, 
under which the surface washing agent is sold.
    (2) Name, address, and telephone number of the manufacturer, 
importer, or vendor.
    (3) Name, address, and telephone number of primary distributors or 
sales outlets.
    (4) Special handling and worker precautions for storage and field 
application. Maximum and minimum storage temperatures, to include 
optimum ranges as well as temperatures that will cause phase 
separations, chemical changes, or other alterations to the 
effectiveness of the product.
    (5) Shelf life.
    (6) Recommended application procedures, concentrations, and 
conditions for use depending upon water salinity, water temperature, 
types and ages of the pollutants, and any other application 
restrictions.
    (7) Toxicity. Use standard toxicity test methods described in 
Appendix C to part 300.
    (8) Follow the data requirement specifications in paragraph (a)(9) 
of this section.
    (9) Surface Washing Agent Components. Itemize by chemical name and 
percentage by weight each component of the total formulation. The 
percentages will include maximum, minimum, and average weights in order 
to reflect quality control variations in manufacture or formulation. In 
addition to the chemical information provided in response to the first 
two sentences, identify the major components in at least the following 
categories: surface active agents, solvents, and additives.
    (10) Heavy Metals, Cyanide, and Chlorinated Hydrocarbons. Follow 
specifications in paragraph (a)(11) of this section.
    (11) Analytical Laboratory Requirements for Technical Product Data. 
Follow specifications in paragraph (a)(12) of this section.
    (c) Surface collecting agents. (1) Name, brand, or trademark, if 
any, under which the product is sold.
    (2) Name, address, and telephone number of the manufacturer, 
importer, or vendor.
    (3) Name, address, and telephone number of primary distributors or 
sales outlets.
    (4) Special handling and worker precautions for storage and field 
application. Maximum and minimum storage temperatures, to include 
optimum ranges as well as temperatures that will cause phase 
separations, chemical changes, or other alterations to the 
effectiveness of the product.
    (5) Shelf life.
    (6) Recommended application procedures, concentrations, and 
conditions for use depending upon water salinity, water temperature, 
types and ages of the pollutants, and any other application 
restrictions.
    (7) Toxicity. Use standard toxicity test methods described in 
Appendix C to part 300.
    (8) Follow the data requirement specifications in paragraph (a)(9) 
of this section.
    (9) Test to Distinguish Between Surface Collecting Agents and Other 
Chemical Agents.
    (i) Method Summary--Five milliliters of the chemical under test are 
mixed with 95 milliliters of distilled water and allowed to stand 
undisturbed for one hour. Then the volume of the upper phase is 
determined to the nearest one milliliter.
    (ii) Apparatus.
    (A) Mixing Cylinder: 100 milliliter subdivisions and fitted with a 
glass stopper.
    (B) Pipettes: Volumetric pipette, 5.0 milliliter.
    (C) Timers.
    (iii) Procedure--Add 95 milliliters of distilled water at 22 deg. 
C, plus or minus 3 deg. C, to a 100 milliliter mixing cylinder. To the 
surface of the water in the mixing cylinder, add 5.0 milliliters of the 
chemical under test. Insert the stopper and invert the cylinder five 
times in ten seconds. Set upright for one hour at 22 deg. C, plus or 
minus 3 deg. C, and then measure the chemical layer at the surface of 
the water. If the major portion of the chemical added (75 percent) is 
at the water surface as a separate and easily distinguished layer, the 
product is a surface collecting agent.
    (10) Surface Collecting Agent Components. Itemize by chemical name 
and percentage by weight each component of the total formulation. The 
percentages should include maximum, minimum, and average weights in 
order to reflect quality control variations in manufacture or 
formulation. In addition to the chemical information provided in 
response to the first two sentences, identify the major components in 
at least the following categories: surface action agents, solvents, and 
additives.
    (11) Heavy Metals, Cyanide, and Chlorinated Hydrocarbons. Follow 
specifications in paragraph (a)(11) of this section.
    (12) Analytical Laboratory Requirements for Technical Product Data. 
Follow specifications in paragraph (a)(12) of this section.
    (d) Bioremediation Agents. (1) Name, brand, or trademark, if any, 
under which the agent is sold.
    (2) Name, address, and telephone number of the manufacturer, 
importer, or vendor.
    (3) Name, address, and telephone number of primary distributors or 
sales outlets.
    (4) Special handling and worker precautions for storage and field 
application. Maximum and minimum storage temperatures.
    (5) Shelf life.
    (6) Recommended application procedures, concentrations, and 
conditions for use depending upon water salinity, water temperature, 
types and ages of the pollutants, and any other application 
restrictions.
    (7) Bioremediation Agent Effectiveness. Use bioremediation agent 
effectiveness test methods described in Appendix C to part 300.
    (8) Bioremediation Agent Toxicity [Reserved].
    (9) Biological additives.
    (i) For microbiological cultures, furnish the following 
information:
    (A) Listing of each component of the total formulation, other than 
microorganisms, by chemical name and percentage by weight.
    (B) Listing of all microorganisms by species.
    (C) Percentage of each species in the composition of the additive.
    (D) Optimum pH, temperature, and salinity ranges for use of the 
additive, and maximum and minimum pH, temperature, and salinity levels 
above or below which the effectiveness of the additive is reduced to 
half its optimum capacity.
    (E) Special nutrient requirements, if any.
    (F) Separate listing of the following, and test methods for such 
determinations: Salmonella, fecal coliform, Shigella, Staphylococcus 
Coagulase positive, and Beta Hemolytic Streptococci.
    (ii) For enzyme additives, furnish the following information:
    (A) Listing of each component of the total formulation, other than 
enzymes, by chemical name and percentage by weight.
    (B) Enzyme name(s).
    (C) International Union of Biochemistry (I.U.B.) number(s).
    (D) Source of the enzyme.
    (E) Units.
    (F) Specific Activity.
    (G) Optimum pH, temperature, and salinity ranges for use of the 
additive, and maximum and minimum pH, temperature, and salinity levels 
above or below which the effectiveness of the additive is reduced to 
half its optimum capacity.
    (H) Enzyme shelf life.
    (I) Enzyme optimum storage conditions.
    (10) For nutrient additives, furnish the following information:
    (i) Listing of each component of the total formulation by chemical 
name and percentage by weight.
    (ii) Nutrient additive optimum storage conditions.
    (11) Analytical Laboratory Requirements for Technical Product Data. 
Follow specifications in paragraph (a)(12) of this section.
    (e) Burning Agents. EPA does not require technical product data 
submissions for burning agents and does not include burning agents on 
the NCP Product Schedule.
    (f) Miscellaneous Oil Spill Control Agents. (1) Name, brand, or 
trademark, if any, under which the miscellaneous oil spill control 
agent is sold.
    (2) Name, address, and telephone number of the manufacturer, 
importer, or vendor.
    (3) Name, address, and telephone number of primary distributors or 
sales outlets.
    (4) Brief description of recommended uses of the product and how 
the product works.
    (5) Special handling and worker precautions for storage and field 
application. Maximum and minimum storage temperatures, to include 
optimum ranges as well as temperatures that will cause phase 
separations, chemical changes, or other alternatives to the 
effectiveness of the product.
    (6) Shelf life.
    (7) Recommended application procedures, concentrations, and 
conditions for use depending upon water salinity, water temperature, 
types and ages of the pollutants, and any other application 
restrictions.
    (8) Toxicity. Use standard toxicity test methods described in 
Appendix C to part 300.
    (9) Follow the data requirement specifications in paragraph (a)(9) 
of this section.
    (10) Miscellaneous Oil Spill Control Agent Components. Itemize by 
chemical name and percentage by weight each component of the total 
formulation. The percentages should include maximum, minimum, and 
average weights in order to reflect quality control variations in 
manufacture or formulation. In addition to the chemical information 
provided in response to the first two sentences, identify the major 
components in at least the following categories: surface active agents, 
solvents, and additives.
    (11) Heavy Metals, Cyanide, and Chlorinated Hydrocarbons. Follow 
specifications in paragraph (a)(11) of this section.
    (12) For any miscellaneous oil spill control agent that contains 
microbiological cultures, enzyme additives, or nutrient additives, 
furnish the information specified in paragraphs (d)(9) and (d)(10) of 
this section, as appropriate.
    (13) Analytical Laboratory Requirements for Technical Product Data. 
Follow specifications in paragraph (a)(12) of this section.
    (g) Sorbents. (1) Sorbent material may consist of, but is not 
limited to, the following materials:
    (i) Organic products--
    (A) Peat moss or straw;
    (B) Cellulose fibers or cork;
    (C) Corn cobs;
    (D) Chicken, duck, or other bird feathers.
    (ii) Mineral compounds--
    (A) Volcanic ash or perlite;
    (B) Vermiculite or zeolite.
    (iii) Synthetic products--
    (A) Polypropylene;
    (B) Polyethylene;
    (C) Polyurethane;
    (D) Polyester.
    (2) EPA does not require technical product data submissions for 
sorbents and does not include sorbents on the NCP Product Schedule.
    (3) Manufacturers that produce sorbent materials that consist of 
materials other than those listed in paragraph (g)(1) of this section 
shall submit to EPA the technical product data specified for 
miscellaneous oil spill control agents in paragraph (f) of this section 
and EPA will consider listing those products on the NCP Product 
Schedule under the miscellaneous oil spill control agent category. EPA 
will inform the submitter in writing, within 60 days of the receipt of 
technical product data, of its decision on adding the product to the 
Schedule.
    (4) Certification. OSCs may request a written certification from 
manufacturers that produce sorbent materials that consist solely of the 
materials listed in paragraph (g)(1) of this section prior to making a 
decision on the use of a particular sorbent material. The certification 
at a minimum shall state that the sorbent consists solely of the 
materials listed in Sec. 300.915(g)(1) of the NCP. The following 
statement, when completed, dated, and signed by a sorbent manufacturer, 
is sufficient to meet the written certification requirement:

  [SORBENT NAME] is a sorbent material and consists solely of the 
materials listed in Sec. 300.915(g)(1) of the NCP.

    (h) Mixed products. Manufacturers of products that consist of 
materials that meet the definitions of two or more of the product 
categories contained on the NCP Product Schedule shall submit to EPA 
the technical product data specified in this section for each of those 
product categories. After review of the submitted technical product 
data, and the performance of required dispersant effectiveness and 
toxicity tests, if appropriate, EPA will make a determination on 
whether and under which category the mixed product should be listed on 
the Schedule.


Sec. 300.920  Addition of products to Schedule.

    (a) Dispersants. (1) To add a dispersant to the NCP Product 
Schedule, submit the technical product data specified in 
Sec. 300.915(a) to the Emergency Response Division (5202-G), U.S. 
Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M Street, SW, Washington, DC 
20460. A dispersant must attain an effectiveness value of 45 percent or 
greater in order to be added to the Schedule.
    (2) EPA reserves the right to request further documentation of the 
manufacturers' test results. EPA also reserves the right to verify test 
results and consider the results of EPA's verification testing in 
determining whether the dispersant meets listing criteria. EPA will, 
within 60 days of receiving a complete application as specified in 
Sec. 300.915(a) of this part, notify the manufacturer of its decision 
to list the product on the Schedule, or request additional information 
and/or a sample of the product in order to review and/or conduct 
validation sampling. If EPA requests additional information and/or a 
product sample, within 60 days of receiving such additional information 
or sample, EPA will then notify the manufacturer in writing of its 
decision to list or not list the product.
    (3) Request for review of decision. (i) A manufacturer whose 
product was determined to be ineligible for listing on the NCP Product 
Schedule may request EPA's Administrator to review the determination. 
The request must be made in writing within 30 days of receiving 
notification of EPA's decision to not list the dispersant on the 
Schedule. The request shall contain a clear and concise statement with 
supporting facts and technical analysis demonstrating that EPA's 
decision was incorrect.
    (ii) The Administrator or his designee may request additional 
information from the manufacturer, or from any other person, and may 
provide for a conference between EPA and the manufacturer, if 
appropriate. The Administrator or his designee shall render a decision 
within 60 days of receiving the request, or within 60 days of receiving 
requested additional information, if appropriate, and shall notify the 
manufacturer of his decision in writing.
    (b) Surface washing agents, surface collecting agents, 
bioremediation agents, and miscellaneous oil spill control agents. (1) 
To add a surface washing agent, surface collecting agent, 
bioremediation agent, or miscellaneous oil spill control agent to the 
NCP Product Schedule, the technical product data specified in 
Sec. 300.915 must be submitted to the Emergency Response Division 
(5202-G), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M Street, SW., 
Washington, DC 20460. If EPA determines that the required data were 
submitted, EPA will add the product to the Schedule.
    (2) EPA will inform the submitter in writing, within 60 days of the 
receipt of technical product data, of its decision on adding the 
product to the Schedule.
    (c) The submitter may assert that certain information in the 
technical product data submissions, including technical product data 
submissions for sorbents pursuant to Sec. 300.915(g)(3), is 
confidential business information. EPA will handle such claims pursuant 
to the provisions in 40 CFR part 2, subpart B. Such information must be 
submitted separately from non-confidential information, clearly 
identified, and clearly marked ``Confidential Business Information.'' 
If the submitter fails to make such a claim at the time of submittal, 
EPA may make the information available to the public without further 
notice.
    (d) The submitter must notify EPA of any changes in the 
composition, formulation, or application of the dispersant, surface 
washing agent, surface collecting agent, bioremediation agent, or 
miscellaneous oil spill control agent. On the basis of this data, EPA 
may require retesting of the product if the change is likely to affect 
the effectiveness or toxicity of the product.
    (e) The listing of a product on the NCP Product Schedule does not 
constitute approval of the product. To avoid possible misinterpretation 
or misrepresentation, any label, advertisement, or technical literature 
that refers to the placement of the product on the NCP Product Schedule 
must either reproduce in its entirety EPA's written statement that it 
will add the product to the NCP Product Schedule under 
Sec. 300.920(a)(2) or (b)(2), or include the disclaimer shown below. If 
the disclaimer is used, it must be conspicuous and must be fully 
reproduced. Failure to comply with these restrictions or any other 
improper attempt to demonstrate the approval of the product by any NRT 
or other U.S. Government agency shall constitute grounds for removing 
the product from the NCP Product Schedule.

  DISCLAIMER

  [PRODUCT NAME] is on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's 
NCP Product Schedule. This listing does NOT mean that EPA approves, 
recommends, licenses, certifies, or authorizes the use of [PRODUCT 
NAME] on an oil discharge. This listing means only that data have 
been submitted to EPA as required by subpart J of the National 
Contingency Plan, Sec. 300.915.

    12. Appendix C to part 300 is revised to read as follows:

Appendix C to Part 300--Swirling Flask Dispersant Effectiveness Test, 
Revised Standard Dispersant Toxicity Test, and Bioremediation Agent 
Effectiveness Test

Table of Contents

1.0  Introduction
2.0  Swirling Flask Dispersant Effectiveness Test
3.0  Revised Standard Dispersant Toxicity Test
4.0  Bioremediation Agent Effectiveness Test
5.0  Bioremediation Agent Toxicity Test
6.0  Summary Technical Product Test Data Format

References

List of Illustrations

Figure Number

1  Swirling Flask Test Apparatus

List of Tables

Table Number

1  Major Ion Composition of ``Instant Ocean'' Synthetic Sea Salt
2  Test Oil Characteristics
3  Oil Standard Solutions: Concentrations in Final DCM Extractions
4  Synthetic Seawater [Toxicity Test]
5  Test Oil Characteristics: No. 2 Fuel Oil
6  Analytes Listed Under the Corresponding Internal Standard Used in 
Calculating RRFs
7  Primary Ions Monitored for Each Target Analyte During GC/MS 
Analysis
8  Analytes and Reference Compounds
9  Operating Conditions and Temperature Program of GC/MS
10  Two-Way ANOVA Table
11  Product Test Data, Total Aromatics
12  Summary Statistics for Product Test Data, Total Aromatics
13  Example Two-Way ANOVA Table
14  Pairwise Protected LSD Mean Separation

1.0  Introduction

    1.1  Scope and Application. The methods described below apply to 
``dispersants, surface washing agents, surface collecting agents, 
bioremediation agents, and miscellaneous oil spill control agents'' 
involving subpart J (Use of Dispersants and Other Chemicals) in 40 
CFR Part 300 (National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution 
Contingency Plan). They are revisions and additions to the EPA's 
Standard Dispersant Effectiveness and Toxicity Tests (1). The new 
Swirling Flask Dispersant Effectiveness Test is used only for 
testing dispersants. The Revised Standard Dispersant Toxicity Test 
is used for testing dispersants, as well as surface washing agents, 
surface collecting agents, and miscellaneous oil spill control 
agents. The bioremediation agent effectiveness test is used for 
testing bioremediation agents only.
    1.2  Definitions. The definitions of dispersants, surface 
washing agents, surface collecting agents, bioremediation agents, 
and miscellaneous oil spill control agents are provided in 40 CFR 
300.5.

2.0  Swirling Flask Dispersant Effectiveness Test

    2.1  Summary of Method. This protocol was developed by 
Environment Canada to provide a relatively rapid and simple testing 
procedure for evaluating dispersant effectiveness (2). It uses a 
modified Erlenmeyer flask to which a side spout has been added for 
removing subsurface samples of water near the bottom of the flask 
without disturbing a surface oil layer. Seawater and a surface layer 
of oil are added to the flask. Turbulent mixing is provided by 
placing the flask on a standard shaker table at 150 rpm for 20 
minutes to induce a swirling motion to the liquid contents. 
Following shaking, the flask is immediately removed from the shaker 
table and maintained in a stationary position for 10 minutes to 
allow the oil that will reform a slick to return to the water's 
surface. A sample of water for chemical analysis is then removed 
from the bottom of the flask through the side spout, extracted with 
methylene chloride (dichloromethane-DCM), and analyzed for oil 
content by UV-visible absorption spectrophotometry at wavelengths of 
340, 370, and 400 nm (2).
    2.2  Apparatus.
    2.2.1  Modified Erlenmeyer Flask. Use 125-ml glass Erlenmeyer 
flasks that have been modified to include an attachment of a glass side 
spout that extends from the bottom of the flask upward to the neck 
region, as shown in Figure 1.
    2.2.2  Shaker Table. Use a shaker table with speed control unit 
with variable speed (40-400 rpm) and an orbital diameter of 
approximately 0.75 inches (2 cm) to provide turbulence to solutions 
in test flasks.
    2.2.3  Spectrophotometer. Use a UV-visible spectrophotometer 
capable of measuring absorbance at 340, 370, and 400 nm. A Hitachi 
Model U-2000 or equivalent is acceptable for this purpose.
    2.2.4  Glassware. Glassware should consist of 5-, 10-, 25-, 100-
, and 500-ml graduated cylinders; 125-ml separatory funnels with 
Teflon stopcocks; and 10-, 100-, and 1,000-ml volumetric flasks and 
micropipettes.

BILLING CODE 6560-50-P

TR15SE94.005


BILLING CODE 6560-50-C
    2.3 Reagents. 2.3.1 Synthetic seawater. The synthetic sea salt 
``Instant Ocean,'' manufactured by Aquarium Systems of Mentor, OH, 
can be used for this purpose. The synthetic seawater solution is 
prepared by dissolving 34 g of the salt mixture in 1 liter of 
distilled water (i.e., a salinity of 34 ppt). Table 1 provides a 
list of the ion composition of the seasalt mixture. 

 Table 1.--Major Ion Composition of ``Instant Ocean'' Synthetic Sea Salt
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                               Ionic    
                                                           Concentration
                  Major Ion                      % Total     at 34 ppt  
                                                 Weight    salinity (mg/
                                                                 1)     
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chloride (C1-)...............................      47.470        18,740 
Sodium (NA+).................................      26.280        10,454 
Sulfate (SO4-)...............................       6.602         2,631 
Magnesium (Mg++).............................       3.230         1,256 
Calcium (Ca++)...............................       1.013           400 
Potassium (K+)...............................       1.015           401 
Bicarbonate (HCO3-)..........................       0.491           194 
Boron (B)....................................       0.015           6.0 
Strontium (Sr++).............................       0.001           7.5 
SOLIDS TOTAL.................................      86.11%     34,089.50 
Water........................................       13.88               
TOTAL........................................      99.99%               
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Following the preparation, the saltwater solution is allowed to 
equilibrate to the ambient temperature of the laboratory and should 
be in the range of 223  deg.C.
    2.3.2  Test oil. Two EPA/American Petroleum Institute (API) 
standard reference oils, Prudhoe Bay and South Louisiana crude, 
should be used for this test. These oils can be obtained from the 
Resource Technology Corporation, 2931 Soldier Springs Road, P.O. Box 
1346, Laramie, WY 82070, (307) 742-5452. These oils have been 
thoroughly homogenized, as well as characterized physically and 
chemically for previous EPA and API studies. Various selected 
parameters are presented in Table 2. 

                   Table 2.--Test Oil Characteristics                   
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                         Prudhoe Bay     South Louisiana
                                          crude oil         crude oil   
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Specific gravity\1\.................  0.894 kg/1......  0.840 kg/1      
API gravity\1\......................  26.8 degrees....  37.0 degrees    
Sulfur..............................  1.03 wt%........  0.23 wt%        
Sulfur compounds, profile...........  ................  ................
Nitrogen............................  0.20 wt%........  0.031 wt%       
Vanadium............................  21 mg/1.........  0.95 mg/1       
Nickel..............................  11 mg/1.........  1.1 mg/1        
Simulated distillation profile......  ................  ................
Infrared spectrum...................  ................  ................
UV fluorescence spectrum............  ................  ................
Pour Point..........................  +25  deg.F......  0  deg.F        
Viscosity                                                               
at 40  deg.C........................  14.09 cST.......  3.582 cST       
at 100  deg.C.......................  4.059 cST.......  1.568 cST       
Index...............................  210.............  (2)             
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\At 15  deg.C                                                         
\2\ANot calculable when viscosity at 100  deg.C is less than 2.0.       

    2.3.3  Methylene Chloride (Dichloromethane-DCM), pesticide 
quality. For extraction of all sample water and oil-standard water 
samples.
    2.4  Pretest preparation. 2.4.1 Preparation and analysis of oil 
standards. 2.4.1.1 Standard solutions of oil for calibrating the UV-
visible spectrophotometer are prepared with the specific reference 
oils and dispersant used for a particular set of experimental test 
runs. For experiments with no dispersant, only oil is used to make 
the standard solution. For experiments with the oil plus dispersant, 
the standard is made with a 1:10 (v:v) mixture of the dispersant to 
the test oil (i.e., a dispersant-to-oil ratio of 1:10). This ratio 
is used in the test tank with dispersant added. The presence of 
water and certain dispersants in DCM extracts can affect absorbance 
readings in a spectrophotometer. All standard solutions of oil (and 
dispersant, if present) should be prepared in a stepwise manner that 
reflects the analytical protocol used for the experimental water 
samples.
    2.4.1.2  To prepare the standards, prepare a parent oil-DCM 
standard by mixing 1 part oil (plus 1/10 part premixed dispersant, 
if applicable) to 9 parts DCM (i.e., 1:10 dilution of the oil v:v). 
Add a specific volume of the parent oil-DCM standard to 30 ml of 
synthetic seawater in a separatory funnel. Extract the oil-water 
mixture with 5-ml volumes of DCM after 15 seconds of vigorous 
shaking followed by a 2 minute stationary period to allow for phase 
separation for each extraction. Repeat the extraction using a total 
of three 5-ml portions of DCM. Adjust the final DCM volume for the 
combined extracts to 20 ml with DCM in a 25-ml graduated cylinder.
    2.4.1.3  The quantities of oil used to achieve the desired 
concentrations in the final 20-ml DCM extracts for the standard oil-
solutions are summarized in Table 3. Specific masses for oil amounts 
in standards are determined as volumes of oil multiplied by the 
density of the oil.
    2.4.2  Linear stability calibration of UV-Visible 
spectrophotometer.
    2.4.2.1  Before DCM-extracts of dispersed oil-water samples can 
be analyzed for their oil content, the UV-visible spectrophotometer 
must meet an instrument stability calibration criterion. This 
criterion is determined with the six oil standards identified in 
Table 3. Determine the absorbance of standards at each of the three 
analytical wavelengths (i.e., 340, 370, and 400 nm). Determine the 
response factors (RFs) for the test oil at each of the three 
analytical wavelengths using the following equation:

  RFx=C/Ax          (1)

where:
RFx=Response factor at wavelength x (x=340, 370, or 400 nm)
C=Oil concentration, in mg of oil/ml of DCM in standard solution
Ax=Spectrophotometric absorbance of wavelength x 

      Table 3--Oil Standard Solutions: Concentrations in Final DCM      
                             Extractions\1\                             
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                        Volume of parent
     Final oil        Final extract   Total amount of     oil-DCM std   
 concentration (mg/   volume (ml of   oil in standard     (l)  
     ml of DCM)            DCM)             (mg)            added to    
                                                           saltwater    
------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.0................          20.0              80.0              890    
2.0................          20.0              40.0              440    
1.0................          20.0              20.0              220    
0.50...............          20.0              10.0              110    
0.10...............          20.0               2.0               22    
0.05...............          20.0               1.0               11    
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\Assuming an oil density of 0.9 g/ml and an extraction efficiency of  
  100% for oil from the 30-ml of seawater.                              

    2.4.2.2  Instrument stability for the initial calibration is 
acceptable when the RFs for the five highest standard extracts of 
oil are <20% different from the overall mean value for the five 
standards. If this criterion is satisfied, analysis of sample 
extracts can begin. RFs for the lowest concentration (0.05 mg oil/ml 
DCM) are not included in the consideration because the absorbance is 
close to the detection limit of the spectrophotometer (with 
associated high variability in the value) for the 1-cm path-length 
cell used for measurements. Absorbances 3.5 are not 
included because absorbance saturation occurs at and above this 
value.
    2.4.2.3  If one or more of the standard oil extracts do not meet 
this linear-stability criterion, then the ``offending'' standard(s) 
can be prepared a second time (i.e., extraction of the specified 
amount of oil from 30-ml or seawater for the ``offending'' standard 
according to the pretest preparation procedure). If replacement of 
the reanalyzed standard solution(s) in the standard curve meets the 
linear-stability criterion (i.e., no RF >20% different from the 
overall mean), then analysis of sample extracts can begin.
    2.4.2.4  If the initial-stability criterion is still not 
satisfied, analysis of sample extract cannot begin and the source of 
the problem (e.g., preparation protocol for the oil standards, 
spectrophotometer stability, etc.) must be corrected.
    2.4.2.5  The initial six-point calibration of the UV-visible 
spectrophotometer at the oil concentrations identified is required 
at least once per test day.
    2.5  Test procedure. 2.5.1 Preparation of premixed dispersant 
oil. Prepare a premixed dispersant oil by mixing 1 part dispersant 
to 10 parts oil. Store this mixture in a glass container. The 
dispersant effectiveness test procedures are listed in steps 1-20:
    1. Prepare 4 replicates (same test oil and dispersant), one 
control (i.e., no dispersant), and one method blank and run at the 
same time on the shaker table.
    2. Add 1202 ml of synthetic seawater to each of the 
modified 125-ml glass Erlenmeyer flasks. Measure and record the 
water temperature.
    3. Place the flasks securely into the attached slot on the 
shaker table.
    4. Carefully add 100 l of an oil-dispersant solution 
onto the center of the water's surface using a positive displacement 
pipette.
    5. Agitate the flasks for 201 minutes at 
15010 rpm on the shaker table.
    6. After the 201 minutes shaking, remove the flasks 
from the shaker table and allow them to remain stationary for 
101 minutes for oil droplet ``settling.''
    7. At the conclusion of the 10-minute settling period, carefully 
decant a 30-ml sample through the side spout of the test flasks into 
a 50-ml graduated cylinder.

    Note: Discard the first 1-2 ml of sample water to remove 
nonhomogeneous water-oil initially contained in the spout.

    8. Transfer the samples from the graduated cylinder into a 125- 
or 250-ml glass separatory funnel fitted with a Teflon stopcock.
    9. Add 5 ml of pesticide-quality DCM to the separatory funnel 
and shake vigorously for 15 seconds. Release the pressure carefully 
from the separatory funnel through the stopcock into a fume hood.
    10. Allow the funnel to remain in a stationary position for 2 
minutes to allow phase-separation of the water and DCM.
    11. Drain the DCM layer from the separatory funnel into a glass-
stoppered, 25-ml graduated glass cylinder.
    12. Repeat the DCM-extraction process two additional times.
    13. Combine the three extracts in the graduated cylinder and 
adjust the final volume to 20-ml with additional DCM.
    14. Analyze the samples using a UV-spectrophotometer at 340, 
370, and 400 nm-wavelengths and determine the quantity of oil as 
follows:

      Cx=(Ax)x(RFx)x(VDCM)x(Vtw/Vew)    
(2)

where:
Cx=Total mass of dispersed oil in swirling flask at wavelength 
x (x=340, 370, or 400 nm)
Ax=Spectrophotometric absorbance at wavelength x
RFx=Mean response factor at wavelength x (determined from 
equation 1)
VDCM=Final volume of DCM-extract of water sample (20 ml)
Vtw=Total water volume in swirling flask vessel (120 ml)
Vew=Volume of water extracted for dispersed oil content (30 ml)
    15. Obtain three concentration values for oil in each 
experimental water sample (340, 370, and 400 nm).
    16. Determine the mean of three values as follows:
  Cmean=(C340+C370+C400)/3      (3)

    Note: Means will be used for all dispersion-performance 
calculations. Samples where one of the values for C340, 
C370, or C400 is more than 30% different from Cmean 
will be flagged. Whenever oil measurements are flagged as having a 
concentration based on one wavelength as >30% different from 
Cmean, raw data will be evaluated to establish that the 
measurements are valid. In addition, attempts will be made to 
correlate the difference to oil type, dispersant test, or dispersant 
used. If no errors or correlations are apparent and >10% of all oil 
measurements are flagged, the mean concentration data will be used 
in the calculation for dispersant performance and the subject data 
will be flagged.

    17. Determine the dispersant performance (i.e., percent of oil 
that is dispersed, or EFF) based on the ratio of oil dispersed in 
the test system to the total oil added to the system as follows:

  EFF (in %)=(Cmean/CTOT)x100    (4)
where:
Cmean=Mean value for total mass of dispersed oil in the 
swirling flask determined by spectrophotometric analysis
CTOT=Total mass of oil initially added to the experimental 
swirling flask
    18. Calculate EFF using equation 4 for coupled experiments with 
and without dispersant (EFFc and EFFd, respectively). 
EFFc is the effectiveness of the control and represents natural 
dispersion of the oil in the test apparatus. EFFd is the 
measured uncorrected value.
    19. Calculate the final dispersant performance of a chemical 
dispersant agent after correcting for natural dispersion using 
equation 5.

  EFFD=EFFd--EFFc          (5)
where:
EFFD=% dispersed oil due to dispersant only
EFFd=% dispersed oil with dispersant added
EFFc= % dispersed oil with no dispersant added
    20. Calculate the average dispersant effectiveness value by 
summing the corrected values (EFFD) for each of the four 
replicates for each of the two test oils and dividing this sum by 
eight.
    2.6 Performance criterion. The dispersant product tested will 
remain in consideration for addition to the NCP Product Schedule if 
the average dispersant effectiveness, as calculated in section 2.5 
above, is at least 45% (i.e., 50%5%).
    2.7  Quality Control (QC) procedures for measurements of oil 
concentrations. 2.7.1 UV-visible spectrophotometric measurements. At 
least 5% of all UV-visible spectrophotometric measurements will be 
performed in duplicate as a QC check on the analytical measurement 
method. The absorbance values for the duplicates should agree within 
5% of their mean value.
    2.7.2  Method blanks. Analytical method blanks involve an 
analysis of seawater blanks (i.e., seawater but no oil or dispersant 
in a swirling flask vessel) through testing and analytical 
procedures (3, pp 79-80). Method blanks are analyzed with a 
frequency of at least 1 for every 12 experimental swirling flask 
samples. Oil concentrations in method blanks must be <5% of that 
occurring for 100% dispersion of oil in testing apparatus.

3.0  Revised standard dispersant toxicity test

    3.1  Summary of method. The standard toxicity test for 
dispersants and other products involves exposing two species 
(Menidia beryllina (silversides) and Mysidopsis bahia (mysid 
shrimp)) to five concentrations of the test product and No. 2 fuel 
oil alone and in a 1:10 mixture of product to oil. To aid in 
comparing results from assays performed by different workers, 
reference toxicity tests are conducted using dodecyl sodium sulfate 
(DSS) as a reference toxicant. The test length is 96 hours for 
Menidia and 48 hours for Mysidopsis. LC50s are calculated based 
on mortality data at the end of the exposure period (for method of 
calculation, see section 3.6 below).
    3.2  Selection and preparation of test materials.
    3.2.1  Test organisms.
    3.2.1.1  Menidia beryllina. Obtain fish (silversides) from a 
single source for each series of toxicity tests. In-house cultures 
are recommended wherever it is cost-effective; however, organisms 
are available from commercial suppliers. Information on the source 
of test organisms and any known unusual condition to which fish were 
exposed before use should be included in the data report. Use of 
animals previously treated with pesticides or chemotherapeutic 
agents should be avoided. Organisms should not be used if they 
appear to be unhealthy, discolored, or show signs of stress. Use 7-
day old larval fish. Fish should be cultured in accordance with the 
methods outlined in Middaugh, et al. (5). There should be no need to 
acclimate organisms to the 251 deg.C temperature 
recommended for the toxicity tests if laboratory stock cultures of 
Menidia are maintained at the recommended culture temperature of 
251 deg.C. If test organisms must be obtained from a 
commercial source, it may become necessary to acclimate test fish to 
the test temperature of 251 deg.C, a pH of 
8.00.2, and 202 ppt salinity since changes 
in temperature may occur during shipping. Eliminate groups of fish 
having a mortality of more than 10% during the first 48 hours, and 
more than 5% thereafter. During acclimation, organisms should be 
maintained on a diet of freshly hatched Artemia (brine shrimp) 
nauplii. Feed the fish daily to satiation during the acclimation 
period, and once daily during the 96-hour test. Care should be taken 
daily to remove excess food and fecal material from beakers during 
the test. Use only those organisms that feed actively and that 
appear to be healthy. Organisms should be free of disease, external 
parasites, and any signs of physical damage or stress. Discard any 
fish injured or dropped while handling.
    3.2.1.2  Mysidopsis bahia. Several methods for culturing 
Mysidopsis bahia (mysid shrimp) may be used and are noted in 
Appendix A of Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Effluents 
and Receiving Waters to Freshwater and Marine Organisms (6). To 
ensure uniformity of mysids, recently hatched mysids should be 
collected daily from stock cultures and identified by the date of 
hatch. Mysids used in 48-hour tests should be from a single day's 
collection, but may have an age range of 5-7 days old. In cases 
where in-house cultures of mysids are unavailable, organisms may be 
purchased from a commercial source. Information on the source of 
test organisms should be submitted in the data report.
    3.2.2  Preparation of experimental water. Filtered natural 
seawater is recommended for use since it represents a natural source 
of saltwater containing an inherent population of microorganisms. 
Synthetic seawater formulated according to the following method can 
serve as an acceptable alternative to filtered, natural seawater for 
toxicity tests performed in laboratories in which natural seawater 
is unavailable.
    3.2.3  Synthetic seawater formation. To prepare standard 
seawater, mix technical-grade salts with 900 liters of distilled or 
demineralized water in the order and quantities listed in Table 4. 
These ingredients must be added in the order listed and each 
ingredient must be dissolved before another is added. Stir 
constantly after each addition during preparation until dissolution 
is complete. Add distilled or demineralized water to make up to 
1,000 liters. The pH should now be 8.00.2. To attain the 
desired salinity of 201 ppt, dilute again with distilled 
or demineralized water at time of use.
    3.3  Sampling and storage of test materials. Toxicity tests are 
performed with No. 2 fuel oil having the characteristics defined in 
Table 5. Store oil used for toxicity tests in sealed containers to 
prevent the loss of volatiles and other changes. For ease in 
handling and use, it is recommended that 1,000-ml glass containers 
be used. To ensure comparable results in the bioassay tests, use 
oils packaged and sealed at the source. Dispose of unused oil in 
each open container on completion of dosing to prevent its use at a 
later date when it may have lost some of its volatile components. 
Run all tests in a bioassay series with oil from the same container 
and with organisms from the same group collected or secured from the 
same source.

                      Table 4.--Synthetic Seawater                      
                            [Toxicity Test]                             
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                           Salt                                 (g)\1\  
------------------------------------------------------------------------
NaF........................................................          1.9
SrCl2  6H2O........................................         13.0
H3BO2......................................................         20.0
KBr........................................................         67.0
KCl........................................................        466.0
CaC12  2H2O........................................        733.0
Na2SO4.....................................................      2,660.0
MgCl2  6H2O........................................      3,330.0
NaCl.......................................................     15,650.0
Na2SiO3  9H2O......................................         13.0
EDTA2......................................................          0.4
NaHCO3.....................................................        133.0
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\Amount added to 900 liters of water, as described in the text.       
\2\Ethylenediaminetetraacetate tetrasodium salt.                        

    3.4  General test conditions and procedures for toxicity tests.
    3.4.1 Temperature. For these toxicity tests, use test solutions 
with temperatures of 251 deg.C.
    3.4.2 Dissolved oxygen and aeration.
    3.4.2.1 Menidia. Because oils contain toxic, volatile materials, 
and because the toxicity of some water-soluble fractions of oil and 
degradation products are changed by oxidation, special care must be 
used in the oxygenation of test solutions. Aeration during the test 
is generally not recommended but should be used to maintain the 
required dissolved oxygen (DO) in cases where low DO is observed. 
The DO content of test solutions must not drop below 60% saturation 
during the first 48 hours of a static acute (96-hour) test and must 
remain between 40-100% after the first 48 hours of the test. 
Aeration at a rate of 10015 bubbles per minute is 
supplied by a serological pipette as needed for maintenance of DO. 
If aeration is necessary, all test chambers should be aerated. At 
this rate, and with the proper weight of fish, DO concentration 
should remain slightly above 4 ppm over a 96-hour period. Take DO 
measurements daily. 

           Table 5.--Test Oil Characteristics: No. 2 Fuel Oil           
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                   Characteristic                     Minimum    Maximum
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gravity ( deg.API)..................................     32.1      42.8 
Viscosity kinematic at 100 deg.F (cs)...............      2.35      3.00
Flash point ( deg.F)................................    150          ...
Pour point ( deg.F).................................       ...      0   
Cloud point ( deg.F)................................       ...     10   
Sulfur (wt %).......................................       ...      0.35
Aniline point ( deg.F)..............................    125       180   
Carbon residue (wt %)...............................       ...      0.16
Water (vol %).......................................       ...      0   
Sediment (wt %).....................................       ...      0   
Aromatics (vol %)...................................     10        15   
Distillation:                                                           
IBP ( deg.F)........................................    347       407   
10% ( deg.F)........................................    402       456   
50% ( deg.F)........................................    475       530   
90% ( deg.F)........................................    542       606   
End Point ( deg.F)..................................    596       655   
Neutralization No...................................       ...      0.05
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    3.4.2.2 Mysidopsis. Achieve sufficient DO by ensuring that the 
surface area to volume ratio of the test solution exposed is large 
enough. Oxygen content should remain high throughout the test 
because of the low oxygen demand of the organisms. Aeration is not 
recommended during 48-hour acute toxicity tests unless the DO falls 
below 60% saturation.
    3.4.3 Controls. With each fish or mysid test or each series of 
simultaneous tests of different solutions, perform a concurrent 
control test in exactly the same manner as the other tests and under 
the conditions prescribed or selected for those tests. Use the 
diluent water alone as the medium in which the controls are held. 
There must be no more than 10% mortality among the controls during 
the course of any valid test.
    3.4.4 Reference toxicant. To aid in comparing results from tests 
performed by different workers and to detect changes in the 
condition of the test organisms that might lead to different 
results, perform reference toxicity tests with reagent grade DSS in 
addition to the usual control tests. Prepare a stock solution of DSS 
immediately before use by adding 1 gram of DSS per 500 ml of test 
water solution. Use exploratory tests before the full scale tests 
are begun to determine the amount of reference standard to be used 
in each of the five different concentrations.
    3.4.5 Number of organisms. At a minimum, 20 organisms of a given 
species are exposed for each test concentration. For the toxicity 
test procedures using Menidia, place 10 fish in each of two jars. 
For the toxicity tests using Mysidopsis, place 10 larvae in each of 
two containers.
    3.4.6 Transfer of organisms. Organisms should be handled as 
little as possible in order to minimize stress. Transfer Menidia and 
Mysidopsis from the acclimatization aquaria to the test chambers 
with a pipette or a wide-bore, smooth glass tube (4 to 8 mm internal 
diameter) fitted with a rubber bulb. Dip nets should be avoided when 
handling larval fish and mysids. Do not hold fish out of the water 
longer than necessary and discard any specimen accidentally dropped 
or otherwise mishandled during transfer.
    3.4.6.1 Mysidopsis. To have the mysids ready for study, mysids 
may be sorted 24 hours prior to initiation of the 48-hour test. 
Transfer the mysids to a beaker containing a small volume of water; 
this vessel serves as a holding chamber during randomized transfer 
of the organisms to test solutions. Mysids are randomly selected 
from the batch of mysids in the holding chamber, and transferred to 
50-ml beakers containing a small volume of seawater. One mysid is 
added per beaker using a small piece of flexible 500-m 
screening until all of the beakers contain one mysid. The process of 
random selection and sorting is continued until the appropriate 
number of mysids has been delivered to each of the 50-ml beakers. 
The mysids are gently released from the 50-ml beakers into larger 
beakers filled with an appropriate volume of 20-ppt seawater (25 
deg.C) to bring the total volume to 200 ml. The beakers are randomly 
placed into a temperature-controlled water bath to acclimate 
overnight at 25  deg.C. The mysids are transferred to larger beakers 
(1-liter) for the 48-hour test after the addition of 800 ml of the 
test solution. A total of 10 mysids per beaker are used for 48-hour 
acute toxicity tests. A minimum of two replicate chambers are used 
for each test concentration and control.
    3.4.6.2  Menidia and Mysidopsis are fed 50 brine shrimp nauplii/
organism daily during the 96-hour and 48-hour tests. Excess food 
should be removed daily by aspirating with a pipette.
    3.4.7  Test duration and observations. 3.4.7.1 Menidia. Observe 
the number of dead fish in each test container and record at the end 
of each 24-hour period. Fish are considered dead upon cessation of 
respiratory and all other overt movements, whether spontaneous or in 
response to mild mechanical prodding. Remove dead fish as soon as 
observed. Also note and report when the behavior of test fish 
deviates from that of control fish. Such behavioral changes would 
include variations in opercular movement, coloration, body 
orientation, movement, depth in container, schooling tendencies, and 
others. Abnormal behavior of the test organisms (especially during 
the first 24 hours) is a desirable parameter to monitor in a 
toxicity test because changes in behavior and appearance may precede 
mortality. Toxicants can reduce an organism's ability to survive 
natural stresses. In these cases, the mortality is not directly 
attributed to the toxicant, but most certainly is an indirect 
effect. Reports on behavioral changes during a toxicity test can 
give insight into the non-acute effects of the tested material. At 
the end of the 96-hour period, terminate the fish tests and 
determine the LC50 values. The acute toxicity test is 
terminated after four days of exposure. The number of surviving fish 
are counted and recorded for each chamber in accordance with 
standard EPA methods (6). The LC50 is calculated using survival 
data from the test in accordance with the methods described in the 
guidelines (6).
    3.4.7.2   Mysidopsis. Terminate the mysid test after 48 hours of 
incubation. To count the dead animals accurately, place the exposure 
vessels on a light table such that light passes through the bottom 
of the vessel. Most of the dead mysids will be on the bottom of the 
beaker and can readily be seen against the background of the light 
table. Also search the top of the liquid for mysids trapped there by 
surface tension. Exercise caution when determining death of the 
animals. Occasionally, an animal appears dead, but closer 
observation shows slight movement of an appendage or a periodic 
spasm of its entire body. For these tests, animals exhibiting any 
movement when touched with a pipette tip are considered alive. 
Account for all test animals to ensure accuracy since Mysidopsis 
bahia may disintegrate or be cannibalized by other mysids. Consider 
individuals not accounted for as dead. At the end of 48 hours of 
exposure, terminate the mysid assay and determine the LC50 
values in accordance with the methods described in the guidelines 
(6).
    3.4.8  Physical and chemical determinations. 3.4.8.1 Menidia. 
Determine the temperature, DO, and pH of the test solutions before 
the fish are added and at P24-, 48-, 72-, and 96-hour exposure 
intervals. It is necessary to take measurements from only one of the 
replicates of each of the toxicant series.
    3.4.8.2  Mysidopsis. Determine the temperature, DO, and pH of 
the test solutions before the nauplii are added and at the 24- and 
48-hour exposure interval. Measure DO and pH in only one of the 
replicates of each of the toxicant series.
    3.4.9  Testing laboratory. An ordinary heated or air-conditioned 
laboratory room with thermostatic controls suitable for maintaining 
the prescribed test temperatures generally will suffice to conduct 
the toxicity tests. Where ambient temperatures cannot be controlled 
to 251  deg.C, use water baths with the necessary 
temperature controls.
    3.4.10  Test containers. For tests with fish or mysids, use 1-
liter glass beakers measuring approximately 10 cm in diameter. In 
conducting the test, add to each beaker 1 liter of the test solution 
or seawater formulation aerated to saturation with DO. To add the 
liter volume easily and accurately, use a large volume (1-liter) 
graduated cylinder. Process all required glassware before each test. 
Immerse in normal hexane for 10 minutes. Follow this with a thorough 
rinse with hot tap water; three hot detergent scrubs; an additional 
hot tap-water rinse; and three rinses with distilled water. Oven or 
air dry the glassware in a reasonably dust-free atmosphere.
    3.5  Preparation of test concentrations. 3.5.1  Menidia. Place 
test jars (approximately 22.5 cm in height, 15 cm in diameter, 11 cm 
in diameter at the mouth) containing 2 liters of synthetic seawater 
on a reciprocal shaker. The shaker platform should be adapted to 
hold firmly six of the toxicity test jars. Add the desired amount of 
the petroleum product (if applicable) under test directly to each 
test jar. Dispense the appropriate amount of toxicant (if 
applicable) into the jars with a pipette. Tightly cap the test jars 
and shake for 5 minutes at approximately 315 to 333 2-cm (0.75-inch) 
strokes per minute in a reciprocal shaker or at approximately 150 to 
160 rpm on orbital shakers. At the completion of shaking, remove the 
jars from the shaker and dispense 1 liter of the mixture to each of 
the 1-liter glass beakers. Randomly place beakers in a constant-
temperature water bath or room, take water quality measurements, add 
fish, and initiate aeration.
    3.5.2  Mysidopsis. 3.5.2.1  To prepare test solutions for 
products and oil/product mixtures, blend or mix the test solutions 
with an electric blender having: speeds of 10,000 rpm or less; a 
stainless-steel cutting assembly; and a 1-liter borosilicate jar. To 
minimize foaming, blend at speeds below 10,000 rpm.
    3.5.2.2  For the product test solution, add 550 ml of the 
synthetic seawater to the jar, then with the use of a gas-tight 
calibrated glass syringe with a Teflon-tipped plunger, add 0.55 ml 
of the product and mix for 5 seconds.
    3.5.2.3  For the oil test solution, add 550 ml of the synthetic 
seawater to the jar. Then with the use of a gas-tight calibrated 
glass syringe equipped with a Teflon-tipped plunger, add 0.55 ml of 
the oil and mix for 5 seconds.
    3.5.2.4  For the oil/product mixture, add 550 ml of the 
synthetic seawater to the mixing jar. While the blender is in 
operation, add 0.5 ml of the oil under study with the use of a 
calibrated syringe with a Teflon-tipper plunger and then 0.05 ml of 
the product as indicated above. Blend for 5 seconds after addition 
of product. These additions provide test solutions of the product, 
oil, and the oil/product mixture at concentrations of 1,000 ppm.
    3.5.2.5  Immediately after the test solutions are prepared, draw 
up the necessary amount of test solution with a gas-tight Teflon-
tipped glass syringe of appropriate size and dispense into each of 
the five containers in each series. If the series of five 
concentrations to be tested are 10, 18, 32, 56, and 100 ppm, the 
amount of the test solution in the order of the concentrations 
listed above would be as follows: 10, 18, 32, 56, and 100 ml.
    3.5.2.6  Each time a syringe is to be filled for dispensing to 
the series of test containers, start the mixer and withdraw the 
desired amount in the appropriate syringe while the mixer is in 
operation. Turn off immediately after the sample is taken to limit 
the loss of volatiles.
    3.5.2.7  Use exploratory tests before the full-scale test is set 
up to determine the concentration of toxicant to be used in each of 
the five different concentrations. After adding the required amounts 
of liquid, bring the volume in each of the test containers up to 800 
ml with the artificial seawater. To ensure keeping each of the 
series separate, designate on the lid of each container the date, 
the material under test, and its concentration.
    3.5.2.8  When the desired concentrations are prepared, gently 
release into each beaker the 10 test Mysidopsis (previously 
transferred into 200 ml of medium). This provides a volume of 1 
liter in each test chamber. A pair of standard cover glass forceps 
with flat, bent ends is an ideal tool for handling and tipping the 
small beaker without risk of contaminating the medium.
    3.5.2.9  After adding the test animals, incubate the test 
beakers at 251 deg.C for 48 hours. Recommended lighting 
is 2,000 lumens/m\2\ (200 ft-c) of diffused, constant, fluorescent 
illumination.
    3.5.2.10  Wash the blender thoroughly after use and repeat the 
above procedures for each series of tests. Wash the blender as 
follows: rinse with normal hexane; pour a strong solution of 
laboratory detergent into the blender to cover the blades; fill the 
container to about half of its volume with hot tap water; operate 
the blender for about 30 seconds at high speed; remove and rinse 
twice with hot tap water, mixing each rinse for 5 seconds at high 
speed; and then rinse twice with distilled water, mixing each rinse 
for 5 seconds at high speed.
    3.6  Calculating and reporting. At the end of the test period, 
the toxicity tests are terminated and the LC50 values are 
determined.
    3.6.1  Calculations. The LC50 is the concentration lethal 
to 50% of the test population. It can be calculated as an 
interpolated value based on percentages of organisms surviving at 
two or more concentrations, at which less than half and more than 
half survived. The LC50 can be estimated with the aid of 
computer programs or graphic techniques (log paper). The 95% 
confidence intervals for the LC50 estimate should also be 
determined.
    3.6.2  Reporting. The test product and oil and their source and 
storage are described in the toxicity test report. Note any observed 
changes in the experimental water or the test solutions. Also 
include the species of fish used; the sources, size, and condition 
of the fish; data of any known treatment of the fish for disease or 
infestation with parasites before their use; and any observations on 
the fish behavior at regular intervals during the tests. In addition 
to the calculated LC50 values, other data necessary for 
interpretation (e.g., DO, pH, other physical parameters, and the 
percent survival at the end of each day of exposure at each 
concentration of toxicant) should be reported.
    3.7  Summary of procedures. 3.7.1  Menidia:
    1. Prepare adequate stocks of the appropriate standard dilution 
water.
    2. Add 2 liters of the standard dilution water to the test jars. 
Each test consists of 5 replicates of each of 5 concentrations of 
the test material, a control series of 5 beakers, and a standard 
reference series of 5 different concentrations for a total of 35 
beakers. Simultaneous performance of toxicity tests on the oil, 
product, and oil/product mixture requires a total of 105 beakers.
    3. Add the determined amount (quarter points on the log scale) 
of test material to the appropriate jars. Preliminary tests will be 
necessary to define the range of definitive test concentrations.
    4. Cap the jars tightly with the Teflon-lined screw caps and 
shake for 5 minutes at 315 to 333 2-cm (0.75-inch) strokes per 
minute on a reciprocal shaker.
    5. Remove the jars from the shaker, take water quality data, 
dispense 1 liter of solution to the 1-liter glass beaker, and add 10 
acclimated fish per beaker.
    6. Aerate with 10015 bubbles per minute through a 1-
ml serological pipette, as needed, to maintain DO above 4.0 mg/l.
    7. Observe and record mortalities, water quality, and behavioral 
changes every 24 hours.
    8. After 96 hours, terminate the test, and calculate LC50 
values and corresponding confidence limits.
    3.7.2  Mysidopsis:
    1. Initiate the procedure for hatching the Mysidopsis in 
sufficient time before the toxicity test is to be conducted so that 
5-7 day old larvae are available.
    2. With the use of a small pipette, transfer 10 Mysidopsis into 
small beakers, each containing 200 ml of the proper synthetic 
seawater.
    3. To prepare the test stock product and oil solutions, add 550 
ml of the artificial seawater to the prescribed blender jar. By 
means of a gas-tight glass syringe with a Teflon-tipped plunger, add 
0.55 ml of the product (or oil) and mix at 10,000 rpm for 5 seconds. 
To prepare the test stock oil/product mixture, add 550 ml of the 
standard seawater to the blender jar. While the blender is in 
operation (10,000 rpm), add 0.5 ml of the oil, then 0.05 ml of the 
product with the use of a calibrated syringe with a Teflon-tipped 
plunger. Blend for 5 seconds after adding the product. One ml of 
these stock solutions added to the 100 ml of standard seawater in 
the test containers yields a concentration of 10 ppm product, oil, 
or oil/product combination (the test will be in a ratio of 1 part 
product to 10 parts of oil).
    4. Each test consists of 5 replications of each of 5 
concentrations of the material under study, a control series of 5 
beakers and a standard reference series of 5 different 
concentrations, for a total of 35 beakers. Simultaneous performance 
of toxicity tests on the oil, product, and oil/product mixture 
requires a total of 105 beakers. Immediately after preparing the 
test solution of the product or oil/product solution, and using an 
appropriately sized syringe, draw up the necessary amount of test 
solution and dispense into each of the five containers in each 
series. Each time a syringe is to be filled for dispensing to the 
series of test containers, start the mixer and withdraw the desired 
amount in the appropriate syringe while the mixer is in operation. 
Turn mixer off immediately after the sample is taken to limit the 
loss of volatiles. After adding the required amount of the test oil/
product or product mixture, bring the volume of liquid in each of 
the test containers up to 800 ml with the artificial seawater. When 
the desired concentrations have been prepared, gently release into 
each beaker the 10 mysids previously transferred into 200 ml of 
medium. This provides a volume of 1 liter in each test chamber.
    5. Wash the blender as prescribed for each series of tests.
    6. Incubate the test beakers at 251 deg.C for 48 
hours with the prescribed lighting.
    7. Terminate the experiment after 48 hours, observe and record 
the mortalities, and determine the LC50s and corresponding 
confidence limits.

4.0  Bioremediation agent effectiveness test

    4.1  Summary of method. The bioremediation agent effectiveness 
testing protocol is designed to determine a product's ability to 
biodegrade oil by quantifying changes in the oil composition 
resulting from biodegradation. The protocol tests for microbial 
activity and quantifies the disappearance of saturated hydrocarbons 
and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The sample preparation 
procedure extracts the oil phase into dichloromethane (DCM), with a 
subsequent solvent exchange into hexane. To effectively accomplish 
the goals of the testing protocol, it is necessary to normalize the 
concentration of the various analytes in oil to a non-biodegradable 
marker, either C2-or C3-phenanthrene, C2-chrysene, or 
hopane1 (7). The test method targets the relatively easy to 
degrade normal alkanes and the more resistant and toxic PAHs. It 
normalizes their concentrations to C2-or C3-phenanthrene, 
C2-chrysene, or C3017(H), 21 (H)-hopane 
on an oil weight basis (mg marker/kg oil, mg target analyte/kg oil). 
The analytical technique uses a high resolution gas chromatograph/
mass spectrometer (GC/MS) because of its high degree of chemical 
separation and spectral resolution. GC/MS has long been used to 
study the weathering and fate of oil spilled into the environment. 
For quantitative analyses, the instrument is operated in the 
selective ion detection (SIM) mode at a scan rate of greater than 
1.5 scans per second to maximize the linear quantitative range and 
precision of the instrument. The sample preparation method does not 
exclude analysis of selected samples by GC/MS in the full scanning 
mode of operation to qualitatively assess changes in the oil not 
accounted for by the SIM approach. Performed concurrently with the 
chemical analysis described above is a microbiological analysis. The 
microbiological analysis is performed to determine and monitor the 
viability of the microbial cultures being studied. Under this 
procedure, microbial enumerations of hydrocarbon degraders are 
performed at each sampling event using a microtiter Most Probable 
Number (MPN) determination.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\Although any of these biomarkers can be used to conduct this 
test, it is recommended that hopane be used.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    4.2  Apparatus. The following materials and equipment are 
required for the protocol: Appropriate flasks and other glassware; 
sterile tubes; graduated cylinders (100-ml); deionized water; p-
iodonitrotetrazolium violet dye; weighing pans or paper; 250-ml 
borosilicate glass Erlenmeyer flasks with screw tops; Pasteur 
pipettes; laboratory notebook; microtiter MPN plates (24-well) 
multi-channel pipetting device; dilution tube and caps; autoclave; 
environmental room or incubator; balance accurate to 0.1 mg (XD-
400); GC/MS instrument equipped with a DB-5 capillary column (30 m, 
0.25-mm I.D., and 0.25-m film thickness) and a split/
splitless injection port operating in the splitless mode, such as 
Hewlett-Packard 5890/5971 GC/MS (recommended for use); and an 
autosampler for testing multiple samples.
    4.3  Reagents and culture medium. 4.3.1  Preparation of 
seawater. All products are tested in clean natural seawater. Clean 
natural seawater means that the source of this seawater must not be 
heavily contaminated with industrial or other types of effluent. For 
example, seawater should not be obtained from a source near shipping 
channels or discharges of industrial or municipal wastewater, or 
with high turbidity. The seawater is used within seven days of 
collection. No microbial inoculum is added.
    4.3.2  Preparation of oil. A medium weight crude oil, Alaska 
North Slope (ANS), is artificially weathered by heating to 521 deg.F 
to remove the light end hydrocarbons prior to experimental start-up 
(ANS 521). The method is described in the Draft International 
Standard ISO/DIS 8708 ``Crude Petroleum Oil--Determination of 
Distillation Characteristics Using 15 Theoretical Plates Columns'' 
by the International Organization for Standardization (8). The 
ANS521 crude oil can be obtained from the National Environmental 
Technology Applications Center's (NETAC) Bioremediation Products 
Evaluation Center (BPEC), University of Pittsburgh Applied Research 
Center, 615 William Pitt Way, Pittsburgh, PA, 15238, (412) 826-5511. 
The crude oil is heated to 190 deg.C (374 deg.F) under atmospheric 
pressure. The system is then cooled and placed under vacuum (or 
under an atmospheric pressure of 20 mm Hg) for the final 
distillation to an atmospheric equivalent boiling point of 272 deg.C 
(521 deg.F).
    4.3.3  Preparation of mineral nutrient solution. If a commercial 
product is strictly a microbial agent and does not contain its own 
nutrients, a mineral nutrient solution will be provided if requested 
by the product manufacturer or vendor. If a commercial product 
contains its own nutrients, no further nutrients will be added. The 
nutrient solution is a modified salt solution and is described 
below.
    4.3.3.1  Nutrient preparation:
    1. N&P Salts. The following salts are added to distilled water 
and made up to a 1,000-ml volume. Adjust final pH to 7.8. The 
solution is sterilized by autoclaving at 121 deg.C at 15 psig for 20 
minutes or by filtering through a sterile 0.22 m membrane 
filter.

Na2HPO4.2H2--18.40 g
KNO3--76.30 g

    2. MgSO4.7H2O solution. Dissolve 22.50 g in 1,000 ml 
distilled water. The solution is sterilized by autoclaving at 
121 deg.C at 15 psig for 20 minutes.
    3. CaCl2 solution. Dissolve 27.50 g in 1,000 ml of 
distilled water. The solution is sterilized by autoclaving at 
121 deg.C at 15 psig for 20 minutes.
    4. FeCl36H2O solution. Dissolve 0.25 g in 
1,000 ml of distilled water. The solution is sterilized by 
autoclaving at 121 deg.C at 15 psig for 20 minutes.
    5. Trace Element Solution. The following salts are added to 
distilled water and made up to a 1,000-ml volume. The solution is 
sterilized by autoclaving at 121 deg.C at 15 psig for 20 minutes.

MnSO4.H2O--30.2 mg
H3BO3--57.2 mg
ZnSO4.7H2O--42.8 mg
(NH4)6Mo7(O2)4--34.7 mg

    The pH of the nutrient solution is adjusted with a pH meter 
calibrated at room temperature (approximately 25  deg.C) using 
commercial buffers of pH 4.0, 7.0, and 10.0 (Fisher Scientific), as 
appropriate, prior to use. The pH is adjusted with concentrated HCl 
or 10 M NaOH, as appropriate.
    4.3.3.2  Final concentrations: Ten (10) ml of solution 1 and 2 
ml of solutions 2-5 are added to non-sterile seawater and made up to 
a 1,000-ml volume immediately prior to test start-up. This seawater/
mineral nutrient solution is used for all flasks containing products 
requiring nutrient supplements and for the flasks containing no 
commercial additive. Seawater without the above nutrient solutions 
is used for products containing their own source of nutrients.
    4.4  Pretest preparation.
    4.4.1  Experimental setup.
    4.4.1.1  The procedure consists of an experimental shaker flask 
setup and the specific set of microbiological and chemical analyses 
that are performed on individual product samples. The following test 
flasks (labeled with unique identifiers) are prepared and set up on 
a gyratory shaker at day 0 to reflect the following treatment 
design: 

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 No. of samples at sampling         Total No. of analytical     
                                                           times                         determinations         
                  Treatment                  -------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                               Microbial                        
                                                Day 0      Day 7      Day 28     counts   Gravimetric    GC/MS  
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Control.....................................          3          3          3          9           9           9
Nutrient....................................          3          3          3          9           9           9
Product.....................................          3          3          3          9           9          9 
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Control = Oil + Seawater                                                                                        
Nutrient = Oil + Seawater + Nutrient                                                                            
Product = Oil + Seawater + Product (+ Nutrient, if required).                                                   

    4.4.1.2  For each test, a sheet listing the number of flasks, 
types of controls, number of replicates, product to be tested, and 
other information is prepared. The following steps should be adhered 
to for the experimental setup:
    1. Borosilicate glass Erlenmeyer flasks (250-ml) are thoroughly 
cleaned and autoclaved for 20 minutes at 120  deg.C at 15 psi, then 
dried in the drying oven.
    2. Flasks are labeled with the appropriate code: product or 
control, sample day, and letter indicating replicate.
    3. 100 ml of seawater is added to each flask.
    4. For nutrient and product treatments that require the addition 
of nutrients, seawater containing the nutrient solution is prepared.
    5. Pasteur pipettes should be sterilized in advance. Break off 
the tip to provide a larger opening prior to sterilization.
    6. Pour the approximate amount of oil to be used from the large 
stock bottle into a sterile beaker. Keep the beaker covered when oil 
is not being removed.
    7. The labeled flasks containing seawater and other additions, 
as necessary, are placed on the balance. The flask is tared. The 
appropriate amount of oil (0.5 g) is added drop by drop using a 
sterile Pasteur pipette with the tip broken off to provide a wider 
opening. Care is taken to avoid splashing the oil or getting it on 
the sides of flasks. Precautions are taken when handling and 
charging the flasks to minimize the likelihood of contamination by 
exogenous microbes. This includes using a new sterile pipette for 
each series of flasks.
    8. The weight of the oil is recorded in the laboratory notebook.
    9. The product is prepared and added to the appropriate flasks 
according to the manufacturer's or vendor's instructions.
    10. Flasks are carried upright and carefully placed in the 
holders on the shaker table to minimize the amount of oil that might 
adhere to the side of the flasks. Flasks in which a significant 
amount of oil is splashed on the sides are redone.
    11. The prepared flasks are shaken at 200 rpm at 20 deg.C until 
such time that they will be removed for sampling.
    4.4.2  Sampling. The control and treatments (nutrient and 
product flasks) are sampled three times over a 28-day period: day 0, 
day 7, and day 28. The entire flask is sacrificed for analysis; a 
0.5-ml aliquot is removed from each flask for the microbiological 
analysis and the remainder of each flask is used for the chemical 
analysis. Specific procedures for both the microbiological and 
chemical analysis are described below. At the time of each sampling 
event, physical observations of each flask should be recorded.
    4.5  Microbiological analysis. To monitor the viability of the 
microbial cultures being studied, microbial enumerations of 
hydrocarbon degraders are performed at each sampling event using a 
microtiter MPN determination. This is used as an indicator of the 
relative change in biomass. This test design relies on using growth 
response as an indication of enhanced activity as compared to a ``no 
addition'' control.
    4.5.1  Media preparation. Media for microbial enumerations are 
carefully prepared according to manufacturer's or other instructions 
and sterilized using appropriate methods.
    4.5.1.1  General media treatment: Buy Bushnell-Haas (B-H) broth 
in quantities to last no longer than one year. Use media on a first-
in, first-out basis. When practical, buy media in quarter-pound 
multiples, rather than one-pound multiples to keep supply sealed as 
long as possible. Keep an inventory of media, including kind, 
amount, lot number, expiration date, date received, and date opened. 
Check inventory before reordering media. Discard media that are 
caked, discolored, or show other deterioration.
    4.5.1.2  Sterile saline (pH adjusted):
    1. Weigh 30 g of NaCl.
    2. Dissolve in enough water to make 1,000 ml.
    3. Adjust pH to 8.0 with NaOH (10M and 0.5M).
    4. Sterilize by autoclaving for 15 minutes at 15 psig.
    4.5.1.3  Standard nutrient concentrate (add 1 ml to each 100 ml 
of Bushnell-Haas medium for MPNs):
    1. Weigh compounds listed below, dissolve in DIH2O, dilute 
to 1 liter.

Potassium Phosphate, monobasic KH2PO4--0.633 g
Potassium Phosphate, dibasic K2HPO4--1.619 g
Sodium Phosphate, dibasic Na2HPO4--2.486 g
Ammonium Chloride NH4Cl--3.850 g
Magnesium Sulfate, heptahydrate MgSO47H2O--4.500 g
Calcium Chloride, dihydrate CaCl22H2O--7.290 g
Ferric Chloride, hexahydrate FeCl36H2O--0.250 g

Trace Elements

Manganese Sulfate, monohydrate MnSO2H2O--6.04 mg
Boric Acid H3Bo3--11.44 mg
Zinc Sulfate, heptahydrate ZnSO47H2O--8.56 mg
Ammonium Moybdate, tetrahydrate 
(NH4)6Mo7O244H2O--6.94 mg
    2. Adjust pH to 6.0.
    3. Stir solution for approximately 3 hours, then filter through 
a Buchner funnel using #1 paper, which will retain approximately 3.8 
g of insolubles.
    4. Then filter through a 0.45 micron filter into sterile 
bottles.
    5. Cap bottles, label, and store in refrigerator until used.
    4.5.1.4   Quality assurance/Quality control (QA/QC):
    1. Periodically check the effectiveness of sterilization using 
commercially available tapes or Bacillus stearothermophilus spore 
suspensions, following the instructions with these products.
    2. Maintain a media log book that includes the dates, kinds and 
amounts of media made, pH, and any problems or observations.
    3. Before use, check plates and tubes for signs of 
contamination, drying, or other problems.
    4.5.1.5  Safety/Special precautions:
    1. Note any safety or other precautions for particular media.
    2. Note precautions to be followed when using the autoclave.
    3. Use gloves and other protective clothes when handling media.
    4. Use care in handling hot media.
    4.5.2  Microbial enumeration. Standardized techniques for 
performing Most Probable Number microbial enumerations are described 
below.
    4.5.2.1  Dilutions:
    1. Prior to sacrificing each flask, remove 0.5 ml of water from 
each flask and add it to a tube of 4.5 ml sterile phosphate buffer 
(1:10 dilution) as prepared in the Standard Methods for the 
Examination of Water and Wastewater (9). Using sterile technique, 
mix and perform serial dilutions (0.5 ml of previous dilution to 4.5 
ml of sterile phosphate buffer) to 10-9 dilution.
4.5.2.2  Inoculating MPN plates (oil degrader):
    1. Prepare sufficient sterile 0.4 M NaCl (23.4 g NaCl/1,000 ml 
B-H) and B-H at pH 7.0 to fill the number of wells required for the 
test (1.75 ml/well).
    2. Using sterile technique, add 1.75 ml of B-H broth to each 
well.
    3. Label the top of the plate with the proper dilution for each 
row.
    4. Add 0.1 ml of fluid from each dilution tube to each well in 
the appropriate row, starting with the most dilute.
    5. After adding the fluid to all the wells, add 20 l of 
sterilized No. 2 fuel oil to the top of each well.
    6. Incubate each plate at 20 deg.C.
    7. After 14 days of incubation, add 100 l of p-
iodotetrazolium violet dye (50 mg/10 ml of D.I. water) to each well 
to determine growth.
    8. View plates against a white background to determine if color 
is present. Development of a purple or pink color upon standing for 
45 minutes constitutes a positive test.
    9. Record the number of positive wells and the dilutions at 
which they occur.
    10. Enter data into a computerized enumeration method using 
``MPN Calculator'' software program (version 2.3 or higher) by 
Albert J. Klee, U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development, Risk 
Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH.
    4.5.2.3  Quality assurance/Quality control:
    1. Check pH of medium before preparing wells (pH should be 
approximately 8.0). Adjust pH, if necessary, with dilute NaOH.
    2. Keep prepared tetrazolium violet dye solution in the 
refrigerator in an amber bottle when not in use.
    3. Have all laboratory personnel periodically run MPNs on the 
same sample to test precision.
    4.5.2.4  Safety/Special precautions:
    1. Use sterile technique in preparing solutions, dilutions, 
plates, and MPN wells.
    2. Do not pipette potentially hazardous solutions by mouth.
    3. Autoclave all plates and wells before discarding.
    4.6  Chemical analysis of oil composition.
    4.6.1  Sample procedure. After 0, 7, and 28 days of incubation 
on a rotary shaker, the appropriate flasks are sacrificed and 
extracted with dichloromethane and spiked with a surrogate recovery 
standard. A 10-ml aliquot of the DCM layer is used for the 
gravimetric analysis. If significant biodegradation is evident in 
the results of the gravimetric analysis, then a solvent exchange 
into hexane takes place prior to the GC/MS analysis. Follow steps 1-
19 below when preparing for the chemical analysis.
    1. After 0, 7, and 28 days of rotary shaking and incubating at 
20 deg.C, the reaction vessels are sacrificed. Prior to the chemical 
analysis, a 0.5-ml sample of the aqueous phase is removed for the 
microbiological analysis (see Microbial Enumeration above).
    2. A surrogate recovery standard is prepared in the following 
manner: 1,000 mg of d10-phenanthrene and 1,000 mg of 
5-androstane are measured into a 500-ml volumetric flask 
and DCM is added to the mark to produce a 2,000-ng/l stock 
solution.
    3. A 100-l aliquot of the surrogate solution is added 
to each test flask. The final concentration of surrogates in each 
flask is approximately 4 ng/l of solvent in the final 
extract. The aliphatics and marker data should be corrected for 
percent recovery of the 5-androstane surrogate and the 
aromatics for the d10-phenanthrene surrogate.
    4. The contents of the flask are placed into a 250-ml separatory 
funnel.
    5. Measure a total volume of 50 ml DCM for use in the 
extraction. Use 3 10-ml fractions to rinse the flask into the funnel 
and transfer the remaining aliquot of DCM to the funnel.
    6. Stopper and mix vigorously by shaking (approximately 50 
times) while ventilating properly.
    7. Each funnel is set aside to allow the DCM and water layers to 
partition. This may take 5-10 minutes for some products, or up to 3 
hours if the product has caused the formation of an emulsion.
    8. Drain the first 10 ml of the DCM (bottom) layer, collect, 
cap, uniquely label, and use for gravimetric analysis (see below). 
Drain the remaining 40 ml and dry it by passing it through a funnel 
packed with anhydrous sodium sulfate.
    9. Assemble a Kuderna-Danish (KD) concentrator by attaching a 
Snyder column to an evaporation flask with a graduated concentrator 
tube. Align vertically and partially immerse concentrator tube in a 
water bath (10). Set the water bath to the appropriate temperature 
to maintain proper distillation.
    10. Collect the de-watered extract into the KD concentrator.
    11. Evaporate DCM to approximately 10 ml, then add approximately 
50 ml of the exchange solvent (hexane) and concentrate the volume to 
10 ml.
    12. Rinse the flask into the concentrator tube with 50 ml hexane 
and concentrate to 10 ml. Repeat one more time with 50 ml of hexane.
    13. Remove concentrator tube with the recovered 10 ml of sample 
volume. The heavier residual material should be present as a 
precipitate (bottom layer).
    14. Centrifuge to aid the separation of the hexane from the 
precipitant fraction.
    15. Place hexane-soluble fraction (top layer)--approximately 1.0 
ml--into a GC/MS vial for analysis (see GC/MS Analysis Procedure 
below). If column fouling and deterioration of separation 
characteristics occur, an alumina column sample cleanup method can 
be considered (see Alternative GC/MS Sample Cleanup Procedure 
below).
    16. Analyze by GC/MS using the conditions determined by the U.S. 
EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Water and Hazardous Waste 
Treatment Research Division, in Cincinnati, OH, which follows U.S. 
EPA Method 8270 (see GC/MS Analysis Procedure below).
    17. Calculate surrogate recovery. If surrogate recovery is less 
than 85 percent for the marker relative to the surrogate recovery 
standard (d10-phenanthrene), then the water layer should be 
extracted again using three separate extractions with DCM. Pool the 
three extractions with original extract and concentrate to 10 ml, 
and reanalyze by GC/MS.
    18. Drain the seawater into a storage sample vial/container.
    19. Seal the vial with a Teflon-lined cap and store frozen. This 
water layer is kept in case additional extractions are necessary.
    4.6.2 Gravimetric analysis. The initial means to evaluate the 
effectiveness of a bioremediation agent for oil spill response is 
through gravimetric analysis. A statistically significant difference 
(p < 0.05) in analytical weight of the oil from the control system 
as compared to the analytical weight of the oil treated with a 
bioremediation agent indicates biodegradation has successfully 
occurred. Hence, the disappearance of oil should be accompanied by 
significant decreases in total oil residue weight of extractable 
materials versus a control. If no significant decrease in oil 
residue weight is observed, the need to perform further chemical 
analysis should be evaluated. Follow steps 1-3 to conduct the 
gravimetric analysis.
    1. The 10 ml of DCM extract (from Sample Procedure step 8 above) 
is placed in a small vial and concentrated to dryness by nitrogen 
blowdown techniques using a steady stream of nitrogen (pre-purified 
gas). If the oil is severely biodegraded, a larger volume of DCM 
(>10 ml) may be necessary for the gravimetric analysis.
    2. The residue is weighed 3 times for the gravimetric weight of 
oil. Record the weight of the oil.
    3. Compare statistically (p < 0.05) the weight of the product 
treatment versus the weight of the control from each respective time 
period. If a significant decrease is observed in the sampling (flask 
containing bioremediation agent) weight, then proceed with the 
remainder of the sample procedure.
    4.6.3  GC/MS analysis. Often, analysis of saturated and aromatic 
hydrocarbons by capillary gas chromatography of DCM extracts leads 
to column fouling and deterioration of separation characteristics. 
An alternative, simple ``one-step'' alumina sample cleanup procedure 
can be performed on oil before injection; this cleanup removes both 
asphaltenes and polar compounds and can be applied to DCM extracts 
as well. This procedure is described in steps 1-11 below.
    4.6.3.1  Alternative GC/MS sample cleanup procedure:
    1. Weigh 4.0 g alumina (neutral, 80-200 mesh) into scintillation 
vials covered loosely with aluminum foil caps. Prepare one 
scintillation vial per sample. Heat for 18 hours at 300 deg.C or 
longer. Place in a desiccator of silica until needed.
    2. Add 5.0 ml of DCM to a glass luerlok multi-fit syringe (e.g., 
BD #2471) with stopcock (e.g., Perfectum #6021) in closed position, 
stainless steel syringe needle (18 gauge), and PTFE frits. Clamp in 
a vertical position.
    3. Transfer 4.0 g of prepared alumina to a plastic weighing boat 
and fill syringe slowly while applying continuous vibration (e.g., 
Conair #HM 11FF1).
    4. Add a second PTFE frit and push into place on top of the 
alumina bed.
    5. Drain 5.0 ml DCM to the top level of the column frit to await 
sample addition and discard DCM.
    6. Weigh 50 mg  0.1 mg ANS521 oil into a tared vial.
    7. Premeasure 10 ml of DCM into a graduated cylinder. Add 0.2 to 
0.3 ml of the DCM to the tared oil vial. Mix and transfer solvent to 
the column bed with a Pasteur pipette. Open stopcock and collect in 
a 10-ml volumetric flask. Repeat until approximately 1.0 ml (do not 
exceed 1.0 ml) of DCM has rinsed the vial and inner walls of the 
syringe body into the 10-ml flask.
    8. Transfer balance of DCM from the graduated cylinder to the 
column and regulate the solvent flow rate to approximately 1 to 2 
ml/minute. Collect all eluent in the 10-ml flask.
    9. Transfer a known volume of eluent to another scintillation 
vial and blow down to dryness (nitrogen).
    10. Determine and record weight.
    11. Dissolve in 1.0 ml hexane for the GC/MS analysis procedure 
(see below).
    4.6.3.2  GC/MS analysis procedure:
    Immediately prior to injection, an internal standard solution of 
four deuterated compounds is spiked into the sample extracts and 
injected. Samples are quantified using the internal standard 
technique (10) for both the aliphatic and aromatic fractions of the 
oil extracts in order to provide sufficient information that the oil 
is being degraded. To help ensure that the observed decline in 
target analytes is caused by biodegradation rather than by physical 
loss from mishandling or inefficient extraction, it is necessary to 
normalize the concentrations of the target analytes via a 
``conserved internal marker.'' Conserved internal markers that have 
been found useful for quantification are C2- or C3-
phenanthrene, C2-chrysene, and 
C3017(H),21(H)-hopane. Deuterated internal 
standards are used to calculate the relative response factor (RRF) 
for the target analyte(s). To compute the ``normalized 
concentrations,'' the target analyte concentration at a given 
sampling time is simply divided by the selected conserved analyte 
concentration at the same sampling time (11). Conduct the GC/MS 
analysis using the following procedure.
    1. One (1) ml of the hexane extract (from Sample Procedure step 
15 above) is placed into a 1.5-ml vial for use on the autosampler of 
the GC/MS instrument.
    2. To this solution, 20 l of a 500-ng/l 
solution of the internal standards is added and the vial is capped 
for injection. The final concentration of the internal standards in 
each sample is 10 ng/l. This solution contains 4 deuterated 
compounds: d8-naphthalene, d10-anthracene, d12-
chrysene, and d12-perylene.
    3. At the start of any analysis period, the mass spectrometer 
(MS) is tuned to PFTBA by an autotune program, such as the Hewlett-
Packard quicktune routine, to reduce operator variability. Set the 
GC/MS in the SIM mode at a scan rate of 1.5 scans/second to maximize 
the linear quantitative range and precision of the instrument. Set 
all other conditions to those specified in Instrument Configuration 
and Calibration section below.
    4. An instrument blank and a daily standard are analyzed prior 
to analysis of unknowns. Internal standards are combined with the 
sample extracts and coinjected with each analysis to monitor the 
instrument's performance during each run.
    5. Information that should be included on the acquisition form 
include operator's name and signature, date of extraction, date and 
time of autotune, date of injection(s), instrument blank, daily 
standard mix injection, GC column number, and standards for the 5-
point calibration curve.
    6. If the instrument is operated for a period of time greater 
than 12 hours, the tune will be checked and another daily standard 
analyzed prior to continuing with analyses. 

                              Table 6.--Analytes Listed Under the Corresponding Internal Standard Used for Calculating RRFs                             
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
         Internal Standard                 d8-naphthalene             d10-anthracene              d12-chrysene                   d12-perylene           
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alkanes............................  nC10-nC15................  nC16-nC23................  nC24-nC29................  nC30-nC35.                        
                                                                Pristane.................  .........................  C3017(H), 21(H)-
                                                                                                                       hopane.                          
                                                                Phytane..................  .........................  ..................................
                                                                5-androstane....  .........................  ..................................
Aromatics..........................  Naphthalene..............  Dibenzothiophene.........  Fluoranthene.............  Benzo(b)fluoranthene.             
                                                                Fluorene.................  Pyrene...................  Benzo(k)fluoranthene.             
                                                                Anthracene...............  Chrysene.................  Benzo(e)pyrene.                   
                                                                Phenanthrene.............  .........................  Benzo(a)pyrene.                   
                                                                                                                      Perylene.                         
                                                                                                                      Indeno(g,h,i)pyrene.              
                                                                                                                      Dibenzo(a,h) anthracene.          
                                                                                                                      Benzo(1,2,3-cd)perylene.          
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    7. The MS is calibrated using a modified version of EPA Method 
8270 (10). Specifically, the concentrations of internal standards 
are 10 ng/l instead of 40 ng/l. A five-point 
calibration curve is obtained for each compound listed in Table 6 
prior to sample analysis at 1, 5, 10, 25, and 50 ng/l. A 5-
point calibration must be conducted on a standard mix of compounds 
to determine RRFs for the analytes. The standard mix (excluding the 
marker) for this calibration curve may be obtained from Absolute 
Standards, Inc., 498 Russell St., New Haven, CT, 06513, (800) 368-
1131. If C3017(H),21(H)-hopane is used, it 
may be obtained from Dr. Charles Kennicutt II, Geochemical and 
Environmental Research Group, Texas A&M University, 833 Graham Rd., 
College Station, TX, 77845, (409) 690-0095.
    8. Calculate each compound's relative response factor to its 
corresponding deuterated internal standard indicated above, using 
the following equation:

RRF=(AxCis)/(AisCx)(6)

where:

RRF=relative response factor
Ax=peak area of the characteristic ion for the compound being 
measured (analyte)
Ais=peak area of the characteristic ion for the specific 
internal standard
Cx=concentration of the compound being measured (ng/l)
Cis=concentration of the specific internal standard (10 ng/
l). (This concentration is a constant in this equation for 
the calibration curve.)

    9. Identify each analyte based on the integrated abundance from 
the primary characteristic ion indicated in Table 7.
    10. Quantitate each analyte using the internal standard 
technique. The internal standard used shall be the one nearest the 
retention time of that of a given analyte (Table 8).

  Table 7.--Primary Ions Monitored for Each Target Analyte During GC/MS 
                                Analysis                                
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                     Ion
                             Compound                                   
------------------------------------------------------------------------
n-alkanes (C10-C35)................................................   85
Pristane...........................................................   85
Phytane............................................................   85
Naphthalene........................................................  128
C1-naphthalenes....................................................  142
C2-naphthalenes....................................................  156
C3-naphthalenes....................................................  170
C4-naphthalenes....................................................  184
Fluorene...........................................................  166
C1-fluorenes.......................................................  180
C2-fluorenes.......................................................  194
C3-fluorenes.......................................................  208
Dibenzothiophenes..................................................  184
C1-dibenzothiophenes...............................................  198
C2-dibenzothiophenes...............................................  212
C3-dibenzothiophenes...............................................  226
Anthracene.........................................................  178
Phenanthrene.......................................................  178
C1-phenanthrenes...................................................  192
C2-phenanthrenes...................................................  206
C3-phenanthrenes...................................................  220
Fluoranthene/pyrene................................................  202
C1-pyrenes.........................................................  216
C2-pyrenes.........................................................  230
Chrysene...........................................................  228
C1-chrysenes.......................................................  242
C2-chrysenes.......................................................  256
Hopanes (177 family)...............................................  177
Hopanes (191 family)...............................................  191
Steranes (217 family)..............................................  217
Benzo(b)fluoranthene...............................................  252
Benzo(k)fluoranthene...............................................  252
Benzo(e)pyrene.....................................................  252
Benzo(a)pyrene.....................................................  252
Perylene...........................................................  252
Ideno(g,h,i)pyrene.................................................  276
Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene.............................................  278
Benzo(1,2,3-cd)perylene............................................  276
d8-naphthalene.....................................................  136
d10-anthracene.....................................................  188
d10-phenanthrene...................................................  188
d12-chrysene.......................................................  240
d12-perylene.......................................................  264
-androstane...............................................  260
                                                                        
------------------------------------------------------------------------


               Table 8.--Analytes and Reference Compounds               
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       Reference                            Reference   
    Compound           compound           Compound          compound    
------------------------------------------------------------------------
n-C10............  n-C10............  C2-naphthalene..  Naphthalene.    
n-C11............  n-C11............  C3-naphthalene..  Naphthalene.    
n-C12............  n-C12............  C4-naphthalene..  Naphthalene.    
n-C13............  n-C13............  Fluorene........  Fluorene.       
n-C14............  n-C14............  C1-fluorene.....  Fluorene.       
n-C15............  n-C15............  C2-fluorene.....  Fluorene.       
n-C16............  n-C16............  C3-fluorene.....  Fluorene.       
n-C17............  n-C17............  Dibenzothiophene  Dibenzothiophene
                                                         .              
Pristane.........  Pristane.........  C1-               Dibenzothiophene
                                       dibenzothiophen   .              
                                       e.                               
n-C18............  n-C18............  C2-               Dibenzothiophene
                                       dibenzothiophen   .              
                                       e.                               
Phytane..........  Phytane..........  C3-               Dibenzothiophene
                                       dibenzothiophen   .              
                                       e.                               
n-C19............  n-C19............  Phenanthrene....  Phenanthrene.   
n-C20............  n-C20............  Anthracene......  Anthracene.     
n-C21............  n-C21............  C1-phenanthrene.  Phenanthrene.   
n-C22............  n-C22............  C2-phenanthrene.  Phenanthrene.   
n-C23............  n-C23............  C3-phenanthrene.  Phenanthrene.   
n-C24............  n-C24............  Fluoranthene....  Fluoranthene.   
n-C25............  n-C25............  Pyrene..........  Pyrene.         
n-C26............  n-C26............  C1-pyrene.......  Pyrene.         
n-C27............  n-C27............  C2-pyrene.......  Pyrene.         
n-C28............  n-C28............  Chrysene........  Chrysene.       
n-C29............  n-C29............  C1-chrysene.....  Chrysene.       
n-C30............  n-C30............  C2-chrysene.....  Chrysene.       
n-C31............  n-C31............  Benzo(b)fluorant  Benzo(b)fluorant
                                       hene.             hene.          
n-C32............  n-C32............  Benzo(k)fluorant  Benzo(k)fluorant
                                       hene.             hene.          
n-C33............  n-C33............  Benzo(e)pyrene..  Benzo(e)pyrene. 
n-C34............  n-C34............  Benzo(a)pyrene..  Benzo(a)pyrene. 
n-C35 C30173017,21-    a>,21-    ideno(g,h,i)pyr   ideno(g,h,i)pyr
 hopane.            hopane.            ene.              ene.           
5-        5-        Dibenzo(a,h)anth  Dibenzo(a,h)anth
 androstane.        androstane.        racene.           racene.        
C1-naphthalene...  Naphthalene......  Benzo(1,2,3-      Benzo(1,2,3-    
                                       cd)perylene.      cd)perylene.   
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    11. Use equation 7 to calculate the concentration of analytes in 
ng/mg (ppm) oil:

Concentration (ng/mg)=(AxIsVt x  1,000)/
(Ais(RRF)ViMo)(7)

where:

Ax=peak area of characteristic ion for compound being measured
Is=amount of internal standard injected, in ng (i.e., 20 ng)
Vt=volume of the total DCM extract (50 ml)
Ais=peak area of the characteristic ion of the internal 
standard
RRF=relative response factor
Vi=volume of the extract injected (2 l)
Mo=total mass of the oil added to the flask, mg

    12. Compute the ``normalized concentrations'' for each target 
analyte concentration at a given sampling time (equation 7) by 
simply dividing by the conserved internal marker concentration at 
the same sampling time.
    4.6.4  Generally accepted laboratory procedures. Samples are 
immediately logged into the laboratory, where they will be given a 
unique sample identification based on Julian data and the number 
logged in. Prior to the analysis of any experimental samples, a 
five-point standard curve is prepared. One of the mid-range standard 
curve concentration levels is analyzed daily before sample analysis 
as a continuing standard. RRFs for all target analytes should be 
within 25% of the standard curve response values at day 0, and at 
any sampling event the check standard percent difference from the 
initial five-point calibration must not exceed 20% between the 
before and after daily standard mix (see below). The collected GC/MS 
data are initially processed by a macro routine, which performs 
extracted chromatographic plots of the target compounds, integrates 
the target compounds, and shows integration results to include 
tabular numbers. The integration values are then transferred to a 
spreadsheet format to be quantified. Because of the complexity of 
the analyte matrix (oil), a very high degree of manual verification 
and reintegration of the spectral data is required.
    4.6.5  QA/QC procedures. The reliability of this method is 
dependent on the QA/QC procedures followed. Before and after each 
analytical batch (approximately 10 samples), analyze one procedural 
blank, one duplicate, and one calibration verification standard (10 
ng/l). Analyze one reference crude oil standard. The 
instrument's performance and reproducibility are validated routinely 
in this manner. Surrogate recoveries should be within 70 to 120%, 
and duplicate relative percent difference values should be 
20%. A control chart of the standard oil should be 
prepared and monitored. Variations of analytes in the control chart 
should be no more than 25% from the historical averages. Injection 
port discrimination for n-C25 and greater alkanes must be carefully 
monitored; the ratio of RRF n-C32/RRF n-C21 alkanes should not be 
allowed to fall below 80%. The mass discrimination can be reduced by 
replacing the quartz liner in the injection port after every 
analytical batch. The instrument's performance and reproducibility 
are validated routinely by analyzing the reference crude oil 
standard. All analyses are recorded in instrument logs detailing 
operating conditions, date and time, file name, etc. After analysis, 
the sample extracts are archived at refrigeration temperatures. To 
document QA/QC, the following information is contained in the 
detailed quantitative reports: average RRF derived from the standard 
curve; RRF from the daily standard; percent relative standard 
deviation; area of target analyte; concentration determined both on 
a weight and volume basis; and values for any surrogates and 
internal standards.
    4.6.6  Instrument configuration and calibration. A 2-ml aliquot 
of the hexane extract prepared by the above procedure is injected 
into a GC/MS instrument, such as the Hewlett-Packard 5890/5971 GC/MS 
(recommended for use). This instrument should be equipped with a DB-
5 capillary column (30 m, 0.25-mm I.D., and 0.25-m film 
thickness) and a split/splitless injection port operating in the 
splitless mode. Table 9 summarizes the temperature program used for 
the analysis. This temperature program has been optimized to give 
the best separation and sensitivity for analysis of the desired 
compounds on the instrument. Prior to the sample analysis, a five-
point calibration must be conducted on a standard mix of the 
compounds listed in Table 7 to determine RRFs for the analyses. 

    Table 9.--Operating Conditions and Temperature Program of GC/MS     
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          Operating conditions                          
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                        
                        Injector port--290 deg.C                        
                                                                        
                        Transfer line--320 deg.C                        
                                                                        
                       Total run time--73 minutes                       
                                                                        
                  Column flow rate (He)--1.0 ml/minute                  
------------------------------------------------------------------------


                                                                        
                           Temperature Program                          
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                           Rate,                        
      Level         Temp. 1,   Time 1,     deg.C/    Temp 2,    Time 2, 
                     deg.C     minutes    minute      deg.C     minutes 
Level 1..........         55          3          5        280          5
Level 2..........        280          0          3        310         10

    4.7  Statistical analysis. The determination of a bioremediation 
agent's effectiveness will be partially based upon the results of a 
statistical analysis of the shaker flask experiment. The 
experimental design for this test is a two factorial design. This 
two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) will be used to determine data 
trends. The statistical method is designed to test various types of 
bioremediation treatments including microbial, nutrient, enzyme, and 
combination products. The following is a summary of the statistical 
methods to be used to evaluate the analytical data obtained from all 
product tests. The experimental design, data analysis methodology, 
interpretation of results, required documentation, and a numeric 
example are outlined below.
    4.7.1  Experimental design. The experimental design for this 
test is known as a factorial experiment with two factors. The first 
factor is product/control group; the second factor is time (measured 
in days). For example, if two groups (product A and a non-nutrient 
control) are tested at each of three points in time (day 0, 7, and 
28), the experiment is called a 2x3 factorial experiment. There will 
be three replications (replicated shaker flasks) of each group-time 
combination.
    4.7.2  Data analysis methods. For each analyte and each product 
used, a product is considered a success by the demonstration of a 
statistically significant difference between the mean analyte 
degradation by the product and the mean analyte degradation by the 
non-nutrient control. Such a determination will be made by 
performing an ANOVA on the sample data. The technical aspects of 
this procedure are outlined in Snedecor and Cochran (12). Most 
statistical software packages support the use of two-way ANOVA. 
However, the format required for the input data differs among the 
various commercial packages. Whichever package is used, the 
following ANOVA table will be provided as part of the output. In the 
Degree of Freedom column of Table 10, p = the number of product/
control groups, t = the number of days at which each group is 
analyzed, and n = the number of replications. For the example of the 
2x3 factorial experiment discussed above, p=2, t=3, and n=3. The 
significance of the F-statistics (as indicated by their 
corresponding p-values) are used to interpret the analysis. 

                                         Table 10.--Two-Way ANOVA Table                                         
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    Degree of                                                                   
            Source                freedom (df)     Sum of squares      Mean square       F-Statistic     p-Value
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Group.........................  p-1               SSG               MSG-MSG/MSE       MSG/MSE                \1\
Time..........................  t-1               SST               MST-MST/MSE       MST/MSE                \1\
Interaction...................  (p-1)(t-1)        SSI               MSI-MSI/MSE       MSI/MSE                \1\
Error.........................  pt(n-1)           SSE               MSE-SSE                                     
      Total...................  npt-1             SSTOT                                                         
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\To be determined from the value of the F-statistic.                                                          

    4.7.3  Interpretation. 4.7.3.1 If the F-statistic for the 
interaction is significant at the 0.05 level (i.e., p-value is less 
than 0.05), the data indicate that the mean response of at least two 
groups being tested differ for at least one point in time. In order 
to find out which groups and at which points in time the difference 
occurs, pairwise comparisons between the group means should be 
conducted for all time points. These comparisons can be made using 
protected least squared difference (LSD) or Dunnett mean separation 
techniques. The protected LSD procedure is detailed in Snedecor and 
Cochran (12); the Dunnett procedure is outlined in Montgomery (13). 
For both methods, the mean square error (MSE) from the two-way ANOVA 
table should be used to compute the separation values.
    4.7.3.2  If the F-statistic for the interaction is not 
significant at the 0.05 level (i.e., p-value not less than 0.05), 
but the F-statistic for the group is significant (i.e., p-value is 
less than 0.05), the data indicate that any differences that exist 
among the group means are consistent across time. To find out which 
group means differ, a pairwise comparison of the group means should 
be carried out by pooling data across all points in time. Again, the 
MSE from the two-way ANOVA table should be used to compute the 
separation values.
    4.7.3.3  If the F-statistic corresponding to both interaction 
and group are not significant at the 0.05 level, the data indicate 
no difference between the group means at any point in time. In this 
case, no further analysis is necessary.
    4.7.3.4  Finally, Snedecor and Cochran (12) use caution 
concerning the use of multiple comparisons. If many such comparisons 
are being conducted, then about 5% of the tested differences will 
erroneously be concluded as significant. The researcher must guard 
against such differences causing undue attention.
    4.7.4  Required documentation. 4.7.4.1 The following documents 
should be included to summarize the findings from a product test.
    1. Data listings for each analyte that was analyzed. These 
should show all raw data.
    2. A table of summary statistics for each analyte. The table 
should include the mean, standard deviation, and sample size for 
each group at each day.
    3. An ANOVA table for each analyte. The table should be of the 
same format as Table 10.
    4. A clear summary of the mean separations (if mean separations 
were necessary). The mean separation methods (LSD or Dunnett), the 
significance level, the minimum significant difference value, and 
the significant differences should be clearly marked on each output 
page.
    5. All computer outputs should be included. No programming 
alterations are necessary. The specific computer package used to 
analyze the data should be included in the report.
    Example. An analysis of the total aromatic data (in ppm) was 
conducted for the following three groups:
    Group 1: Non-nutrient Control
    Group 2: Nutrient Control
    Group 3: Test Product
    4.7.4.2  The raw data are shown in Table 11. Note the three 
replications for each group-time combination. 

          Table 11.--Product Test Data, Total Aromatics (ppm)           
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                               Group 1  Group 2  Group 3
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Day 0........................................     8153     7912     7711
                                                  8299     8309     8311
                                                  8088     8111     8200
Day 7........................................     8100     7950     6900
                                                  8078     8200     6702
                                                  7999     8019     5987
Day 28.......................................     8259     8102     4000
                                                  8111     7754     3875
                                                  8344     7659     3100
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    4.7.4.3  Table 12 gives the summary statistics (number of 
observations, means, and standard deviations) for each group-time 
combination. 

   Table 12.--Summary Statistics for Product Test Data Total Aromatics  
                                 (ppm)                                  
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                Standard
                 Time                   Product   n     Mean   deviation
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Day 0................................   Group 1    3  8,180.0     108.1 
                                        Group 2    3  8,110.7     198.5 
                                        Group 3    3  8,074.0     319.2 
Day 7................................   Group 1    3  8,059.0      53.1 
                                        Group 2    3  8,056.3     129.1 
                                        Group 3    3  6,529.7     480.3 
Day 28...............................   Group 1    3  8,238.0     117.9 
                                        Group 2    3  7,838.3     233.2 
                                        Group 3    3  3,658.3     487.6 
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    4.7.4.4  Table 13 shows the results of the two-way ANOVA. 

                                     Table 13.--Example Two-Way ANOVA Table                                     
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                  F-            
                       Source                          df    Sum of squares    Mean square    statistic  p-value
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Group..............................................      2    23,944,856.41    11,972,428.70    151.94    0.0001
Time...............................................      2    10,954,731.19     5,477,365.59     69.51    0.0001
Interaction........................................      4    19,347,589.04     4,836,897.26     61.39    0.0001
Error..............................................     18     1,418,303.33        78,794.63  .........  .......
                                                    ------------------------------------------------------------
      Total........................................     26    55,665,480.96  ...............  .........  .......
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    4.7.4.5  From Table 13, it can be seen that the F-statistic for 
interaction is significant (F=61.39, p=0.0001). This indicates that 
group differences exist for one or more days. Protected LSD mean 
separations were then conducted for each day to determine which 
group differences exist. The results are summarized in Table 14. 
Note that means with the same letter (T grouping) are not 
significantly different.

           Table 14.--Pairwise Protected LSD Mean Separation            
------------------------------------------------------------------------
            T grouping                Mean     n        Interaction     
------------------------------------------------------------------------
A.................................   8,338.0    3  Group 1, Day 28.     
A.................................   8,180.0    3  Group 1, Day 0.      
A.................................   8,110.7    3  Group 2, Day 0.      
A.................................   8,074.0    3  Group 3, Day 0.      
A.................................   8,059.0    3  Group 1, Day 7.      
A.................................   8,056.3    3  Group 2, Day 7.      
A.................................   7,838.3    3  Group 2, Day 28.     
B.................................   6,529.7    3  Group 3, Day 7.      
C.................................   3,658.3    3  Group 3, Day 28.     
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Significant Level = 0.05.                                               
Degrees of Freedom = 18.                                                
Mean Square Error = 78794.63.                                           
Critical Value = 2.10.                                                  
Least Significant Difference = 481.52.                                  

    4.7.4.6  The grouping letters indicate that the product mean 
values (group 3) at day 7 and day 28 are significantly different 
from those of both the nutrient control (group 2) and the non-
nutrient control (group 1) for those days. No other significant 
differences are shown. Therefore, in terms of total aromatic 
degradation, the test indicates the desired statistically 
significant difference between the mean of the product and the mean 
of the non-nutrient control.

5.0  Bioremediation agent toxicity test [Reserved].

6.0  Summary technical product test data format.

    The purpose of this format is to summarize in a standard and 
convenient presentation the technical product test data required by 
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency before a product may be 
added to EPA's NCP Product Schedule, which may be used in carrying 
out the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency 
Plan. This format, however, is not to preclude the submission of all 
the laboratory data used to develop the data summarized in this 
format. Sufficient data should be presented on both the 
effectiveness and toxicity tests to enable EPA to evaluate the 
adequacy of the summarized data. A summary of the technical product 
test data should be submitted in the following format. The numbered 
headings should be used in all submissions. The subheadings indicate 
the kinds of information to be supplied. The listed subheadings, 
however, are not exhaustive; additional relevant information should 
be reported where necessary. As noted, some subheadings may apply 
only to particular types of agents.
    I. Name, Brand, or Trademark
    II. Name, Address, and Telephone Number of Manufacturer
    III. Name, Address, and Telephone Numbers of Primary 
Distributors
    IV. Special Handling and Worker Precautions for Storage and 
Field Application
    1. Flammability.
    2. Ventilation.
    3. Skin and eye contact; protective clothing; treatment in case 
of contact.
    4. Maximum and minimum storage temperatures; optimum storage 
temperature range; temperatures of phase separations and chemical 
changes.
    V. Shelf Life
    VI. Recommended Application Procedure
    1. Application method.
    2. Concentration, application rate (e.g., gallons of dispersant 
per ton of oil).
    3. Conditions for use: water salinity, water temperature, types 
and ages of pollutants.
    VII. Toxicity (Dispersants, Surface Washing Agents, Surface 
Collecting Agents, and Miscellaneous Oil Spill Control Agents) 

                                                                        
------------------------------------------------------------------------
     Materials Tested               Species              LC50 (ppm)     
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Product...................  Menidia beryllina       96-hr.              
                            Mysidopsis bahia 2      48-hr.              
No. 2 fuel oil............  Menidia beryllina       96-hr.              
                            Mysidopsis bahia        48-hr.              
Product and No. 2 fuel oil  Menidia beryllina       96-hr.              
 (1:10).                    Mysidopsis bahia        48-hr.              
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    VIII.(a). Effectiveness (bioremediation agents). Raw data must 
be reported according to the format shown below. The first column 
lists the names of the analytes measured by GC/MS (SIM), the 
surrogate standards, and various ratios and sums. In the next three 
columns, the concentration of the analytes (ng/mg oil), the 
concentration of the analytes corrected for the recovery of the 
surrogate standard (-androstane for alkanes, d10-
phenanthrene for aromatics), and the concentration of corrected 
analytes normalized against the conserved internal marker, 
respectively, are reported for the first replicate from the first 
sampling event. These three columns are each repeated for the next 
two replicates, giving 9 total columns for the product of interest. 
The next 9 columns are the same as the product columns except they 
are for the non-nutrient control. The last nine columns are for the 
nutrient control. Thus, a total of 28 columns are needed in the 
spreadsheet. This spreadsheet is for the first sampling event (day 
0). Two more identical spreadsheets will be needed for each of the 
next two sampling events (days 7 and 28). For the statistical 
analysis, a report showing the two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) 
table created by the software used by the investigator must be shown 
in its entirety along with the name of the software package used. 
Another printout showing the mean separation table (protected LSD 
test results) generated by the software must be reported. The 
statistical analyses are conducted using the sum of the alkane 
concentrations and the sum of the aromatics concentrations from the 
raw data table. Thus, two ANOVAs are run for each sampling event, 
one for total alkanes and one for total aromatics, giving a total of 
6 ANOVAs for a product test (2 ANOVAs  x  3 sampling events). Only 
if significant differences are detected by a given ANOVA will it be 
necessary to run a protected LSD test.

                                Bioremediation Agent Effectiveness Test Raw Data                                
                       [Date:. Testing Date: 0, 7, 28 (Circle One). Initial Oil Weight:.]                       
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                        Product Replicate 1                                     
                                     --------------------------------------------------------- Product Replicate
                                      Concentration ng/      Surrogate        Normalized to            2        
                                              mg          corrected ng/mg     marker ng/mg                      
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alkane Analyte                        .................  .................  .................  .................
    n-C10...........................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    n-C11...........................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    n-C12...........................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    n-C13...........................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    n-C14...........................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    n-C15...........................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    n-C16...........................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    n-C17...........................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    pristane........................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    n-C18...........................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    phytane.........................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    n-C19...........................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    n-C20...........................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    n-C21...........................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    n-C22...........................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    n-C23...........................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    n-C24...........................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    n-C25...........................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    n-C26...........................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    n-C27...........................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    n-C28...........................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    n-C29...........................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    n-C30...........................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    n-C31...........................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    n-C32...........................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    n-C33...........................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    n-C34...........................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    n-C35...........................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    n-C36...........................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    -androstane............  .................  .................  .................  .................
    Total alkanes...................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    n-C17:pristane..................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    n-C18:phytane...................  .................  .................  .................  .................
Aromatic Analyte:                     .................  .................  .................  .................
    naphthalene.....................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    C1-naphthalenes.................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    C2-naphthalenes.................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    C3-naphthalenes.................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    C4-naphthalenes.................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    dibenzothiophene................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    fluorene........................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    C1-fluorenes....................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    C2-fluorenes....................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    C3-fluorenes....................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    C1-dibenzothiophenes............  .................  .................  .................  .................
    C2-dibenzothiophenes............  .................  .................  .................  .................
    C3-dibenzothiophenes............  .................  .................  .................  .................
    phenanthrene....................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    anthracene......................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    C1-phenanthrenes................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    C2-phenanthrenes................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    C3-phenanthrenes................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    naphthobenzothio................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    C1-naphthobenzothio.............  .................  .................  .................  .................
    C2-naphthobenzothio.............  .................  .................  .................  .................
    C3-naphthobenzothio.............  .................  .................  .................  .................
    fluoranthene....................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    pyrene..........................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    C1-pyrenes......................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    C1-pyrenes......................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    chrysene........................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    benzo(a)anthracene..............  .................  .................  .................  .................
    C1-chrysenes....................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    c2-chrysenes....................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    benzo(b)fluoranth...............  .................  .................  .................  .................
    benzo(k)fluoranth...............  .................  .................  .................  .................
    benzo(e)pyrene..................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    benzo(a)pyrene..................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    perylene........................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    indeno(1,2,3-cd)per.............  .................  .................  .................  .................
    benzo(g,h,i)pyrene..............  .................  .................  .................  .................
    dibenz(ah)anthrac...............  .................  .................  .................  .................
    ,-hopane......  .................  .................  .................  .................
    d8-naphthalene..................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    d10-phenanthrene................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    d12-chrysene....................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    d12-perylene....................  .................  .................  .................  .................
      Total aromatics...............  .................  .................  .................  .................
    Grav. weight oil................  .................  .................  .................  .................
    No. oil degraders/ml............  .................  .................  .................  .................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    VIII.(b). Toxicity (Bioremediation Agents) [Reserved]
    IX. Microbiological Analysis (Bioremediation Agents)
    X. Physical Properties of Dispersant/Surface Washing Agent/
Surface Collecting Agent/Miscellaneous Oil Spill Control Agent:
    1. Flash Point: ( deg.F)
    2. Pour Point: ( deg.F)
    3. Viscosity: ______ at ______  deg.F (furol seconds)
    4. Specific Gravity: ______ at ______  deg.F
    5. pH: (10% solution if hydrocarbon based)
    6. Surface Active Agents (Dispersants and Surface Washing 
Agents)\2\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \2\If the submitter claims that the information presented under 
this subheading is confidential, this information should be 
submitted on a separate sheet of paper clearly labeled according to 
the subheading and entitled ``Confidential Information.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    7. Solvents (Dispersants and Surface Washing Agents)\2\
    8. Additives (Dispersants and Surface Washing Agents)
    9. Solubility (Surface Collecting Agents)
    XI. Analysis for Heavy Metals, Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, and 
Cyanide (Dispersants, Surface Washing Agents, Surface Collecting 
Agents, and Miscellaneous Oil Spill Control Agents): 

                                                                        
------------------------------------------------------------------------
             Compounds                       Concentration (ppm)        
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Arsenic............................  ...................................
Cadmium............................  ...................................
Chromium...........................  ...................................
Copper.............................  ...................................
Lead...............................  ...................................
Mercury............................  ...................................
Nickel.............................  ...................................
Zinc...............................  ...................................
Cyanide............................  ...................................
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons...........  ...................................
------------------------------------------------------------------------

References

    (1) L.T. McCarthy, Jr., I. Wilder, and J.S. Dorrier. Standard 
Dispersant Effectiveness and Toxicity Tests. EPA Report EPA-R2-73-
201 (May 1973).
    (2) M.F. Fingas, K.A. Hughes, and M.A. Schwertzer. ``Dispersant 
Testing at the Environmental Emergencies Technology Division.'' 
Proc. Tenth Arctic Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar. 9-11 
June, 1987. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Conservation and Protection, 
Environment Canada. pp. 343-356.
    (3) J.R. Clayton, Jr., S-F-Tsang, V. Frank, P. Marsden, and J. 
Harrington. Chemical Oil Spill Dispersants: Evaluation of Three 
Laboratory Procedures for Estimating Performance. Final report 
prepared by Science Applications International Corporation for U.S. 
Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.
    (4) J.R. Clayton, Jr. and J.R. Payne. Chemical Oil Spill 
Dispersants: Update State-of-the-Art on Mechanisms of Actions and 
Factors Influencing Performance With Emphasis on Laboratory Studies. 
Final report prepared by Science Applications International 
Corporation for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.
    (5) D.P. Middaugh, M.J. Hemmer, and L. Goodman. Methods for 
Spawning, Cultureing and Conducting Toxicity-tests with Early Life 
Stages of Four Antherinid Fishes: the Inland Silverside, Menidia 
beryllina, Atlantic Silverside, M. menidia, Tidewater Silverside, M. 
penisulae, and California Grunion, Lesthes tenuis. Office of 
Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 
Washington, D.C. EPA 600/8-87/004, 1987.
    (6) U.S. EPA. Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of 
Effluents and Receiving Waters to Freshwater and Marine Organisms. 
Fourth edition. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, 
D.C. EPA 600/4-90/027, 1991.
    (7) G.S. Douglas, et al. ``The Use of Hydrocarbon Analyses for 
Environmental Assessment and Remediation.'' In: P.T. Kostecki and 
E.J. Calabrese (eds.), Contaminated Soils, Diesel Fuel 
Contamination. Lewis Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI, 1992.
    (8) Draft International Standard ISO/DIS 8708 ``Crude Petroleum 
Oil--Determination of Distillation Characteristics Using 15 
Theoretical Plates Columns.'' International Organization for 
Standardization.
    (9) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and 
Wastewater, 17th Edition, American Public Health Association, 1989.
    (10) U.S. EPA. Test Method for Evaluating Solid Waste: SW-846. 
Third edition. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid 
Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, D.C., 1986.
    (11) M.C. Kennicutt II. ``The Effect of Bioremediation on Crude 
Oil Bulk and Molecular Composition.'' In: Oil Chemical Pollution, 
4:89-112, 1988.
    (12) G.W. Snedecor and W.G. Cochran. Statistical Methods, 7th 
edition, The Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, 1980.
    (13) D.C. Montgomery. Design and Analysis of Experiments. Third 
edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1991.

    13. Appendix E to part 300 is added to read as follows:

Appendix E To Part 300

Oil Spill Response

Table of Contents

1.0  Introduction.
    1.1  Background.
    1.2  Purpose/objective.
    1.3  Scope.
    1.4  Abbreviations.
    1.5  Definitions.
2.0  National response system.
    2.1  Overview.
    2.2  Priorities.
    2.3  Responsibility.
3.0  Components of national response system and responsibilities.
    3.1  National.
    3.1.1  National Response Team.
    3.1.2  National Response Center.
    3.1.3  National Strike Force Coordination Center.
    3.2  Regional.
    3.3  Area.
    3.3.1  On-scene coordinator.
    3.3.2  Area Committees.
    3.3.3  Special teams.
4.0  Preparedness activities.
    4.1  Federal contingency plans.
    4.1.1  National contingency plan.
    4.1.2  Regional contingency plans.
    4.1.3  Area contingency plans.
    4.1.4  Fish and Wildlife and Sensitive Environments Plan annex.
    4.2  OPA facility and vessel response plans.
    4.3  Relation to others plans.
    4.3.1  Federal response plans.
    4.3.2  Tank vessel and facility response plans.
    4.4  Pre-approval authority.
    4.5  Area response drills.
5.0  Response operations.
    5.1  Phase I--Discovery or notification.
    5.2  Phase II--Preliminary assessment and initiation of action.
    5.3  Patterns of response.
    5.3.1  Determinations to initiate response and special 
conditions.
    5.3.2  General pattern of response.
    5.3.3  Containment, countermeasures, and cleanup.
    5.3.4  Response to a substantial threat to the public health or 
welfare.
    5.3.5  Enhanced activities during a spill of national 
significance.
    5.3.6  Response to a worst case discharge.
    5.3.7  Multi-regional responses.
    5.3.8  Worker health and safety.
    5.4  Disposal.
    5.5  Natural resource trustees.
    5.5.1  Damage assessment.
    5.5.2  Lead administrative trustee.
    5.5.3  On-scene coordinator coordination.
    5.5.4  Dissemination of information.
    5.5.5  Responsibilities of trustees.
    5.6  Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund.
    5.6.1  Funding.
    5.6.2  Claims.
    5.7  Documentation and cost recovery.
    5.8  National response priorities.
6.0  Response coordination.
    6.1  Nongovernmental participation.
    6.2  Natural resource trustees.
    6.2.1  Federal agencies.
    6.2.2  State.
    6.2.3  Indian tribes.
    6.2.4  Foreign trustees.
    6.3  Federal agencies.
    6.4  Other federal agencies.
    6.4.1  Department of Commerce.
    6.4.2  Department of Justice.
    6.4.3  Department of Defense.
    6.4.4  Department of Health and Human Services.
    6.4.5  Department of the Interior.
    6.4.6  Department of Justice.
    6.4.7  Department of Labor.
    6.4.8  Federal Emergency Management Agency.
    6.4.9  Department of Energy.
    6.4.10  Department of State.
    6.4.11  General Services Administration
    6.4.12  Department of Transportation.
    6.5  States and local participation in response.
    1.0  Introduction.
    1.1  Background. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) amends the 
Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA), commonly referred to as 
the Clean Water Act (CWA), to require the revision of the National 
Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP). In 
revising the NCP, the need to separate the response requirements for 
oil discharges and release of hazardous substances, pollutants, and 
contaminants became evident.
    1.2  Purpose/objective. This document compiles general oil 
discharge response requirements into one appendix to aid 
participants and responders under the national response system 
(NRS). This appendix provides the organizational structure and 
procedures to prepare for and respond to oil discharges. Nothing in 
this appendix alters the meaning or policy stated in other sections 
or subparts of the NCP.
    1.3  Scope.
    (a) This appendix applies to discharges of oil into or upon the 
navigable waters of the United States and adjoining shorelines, the 
waters of the contiguous zone, or waters of the exclusive economic 
zone, or which may affect the natural resources belonging to, 
appertaining to, or under the exclusive management authority of the 
United States.
    (b) This appendix is designed to facilitate efficient, 
coordinated, and effective response to discharges of oil in 
accordance with the authorities of the CWA. It addresses:
    (1) The national response organization that may be activated in 
response actions, the responsibilities among the federal, state, and 
local governments, and the resources that are available for 
response.
    (2) The establishment of regional and area contingency plans.
    (3) Procedures for undertaking removal actions pursuant to 
section 311 of the CWA.
    (4) Listing of federal trustees for natural resources for 
purposes of the CWA.
    (5) Procedures for the participation of other persons in 
response actions.
    (6) Procedures for compiling and making available cost 
documentation for response actions.
    (7) National procedures for the use of dispersants and other 
chemicals in removals under the CWA.
    (c) In implementing the NCP provisions compiled in this 
appendix, consideration shall be given to international assistance 
plans and agreements, security regulations and responsibilities 
based on international agreements, federal statutes, and executive 
orders. Actions taken pursuant to the provisions of any applicable 
international joint contingency plans shall be consistent with the 
NCP to the greatest extent possible. The Department of State shall 
be consulted, as appropriate, prior to taking action that may affect 
its activities.
    1.4  Abbreviations. This section of the appendix provides 
abbreviations relating to oil.
    (a) Department and Agency Title Abbreviations:

ATSDR--Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
CDC--Centers for Disease Control
DOC--Department of Commerce
DOD--Department of Defense
DOE--Department of Energy
DOI--Department of Interior
DOJ--Department of Justice
DOL--Department of Labor
DOS--Department of State
DOT--Department of Transportation
EPA--Environmental Protection Agency
FEMA--Federal Emergency Management Agency
GSA--General Services Administration
HHS--Department of Health and Human Services
NIOSH--National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
NOAA--National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
OSHA--Occupational Safety and Health Administration
RSPA--Research and Special Programs Administration
USCG--United States Coast Guard
USDA--United States Department of Agriculture

    Note: Reference is made in the NCP to both the Nuclear 
Regulatory Commission and the National Response Center. In order to 
avoid confusion, the NCP will spell out Nuclear Regulatory 
Commission and use the abbreviation ``NRC'' only with respect to the 
National Response Center.
    (b) Operational Abbreviations:

AC--Area Committee
ACP--Area Contingency Plan
DRAT--District Response Advisory Team
DRG--District Response Group
ERT--Environmental Response Team
ESF--Emergency Support Functions
FCO--Federal Coordinating Officer
FRERP--Federal Radiological Emergency Response Plan
FRP--Federal Response Plan
LEPC--Local Emergency Planning Committee
NCP--National Contingency Plan
NPFC--National Pollution Funds Center
NRC--National Response Center
NRS--National Response System
NRT--National Response Team
NSF--National Strike Force
NSFCC--National Strike Force Coordination Center
OSC--On-Scene Coordinator
OSLTF--Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund
POLREP--Pollution Report
PIAT--Public Information Assist Team
RCP--Regional Contingency Plan
RERT--Radiological Emergency Response Team
RRT--Regional Response Team
SERC--State Emergency Response Commission
SONS--Spill of National Significance
SSC--Scientific Support Coordinator
SUPSALV--United States Navy Supervisor of Salvage
USFWS--United States Fish and Wildlife Service

    1.5  Definitions. Terms not defined in this section have the 
meaning given by CERCLA, the OPA, or the CWA. This appendix restates 
the NCP definitions relating to oil.
    Activation means notification by telephone or other expeditious 
manner or, when required, the assembly of some or all appropriate 
members of the RRT or NRT.
    Area Committee (AC) as provided for by CWA sections 311(a)(18) 
and (j)(4), means the entity appointed by the President consisting 
of members from qualified personnel of federal, state, and local 
agencies with responsibilities that include preparing an area 
contingency plan for an area designated by the President.
    Area contingency plan (ACP) as defined by CWA sections 
311(a)(19) and (j)(4) means the plan prepared by an Area Committee 
that is developed to be implemented in conjunction with the NCP and 
RCP, in part to address removal of a worst case discharge and to 
mitigate or prevent a substantial threat of such a discharge from a 
vessel, offshore facility, or onshore facility operating in or near 
an area designated by the President.
    Bioremediation agents means microbiological cultures, enzyme 
additives, or nutrient additives that are deliberately introduced 
into an oil discharge and that will significantly increase the rate 
of biodegradation to mitigate the effects of the discharge.
    Burning agents means those additives that, through physical or 
chemical means, improve the combustibility of the materials to which 
they are applied.
    CERCLA is the Comprehensive Environmental Response, 
Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, as amended by the Superfund 
Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986.
    Chemical agents means those elements, compounds, or mixtures 
that coagulate, disperse, dissolve, emulsify, foam, neutralize, 
precipitate, reduce, solubilize, oxidize, concentrate, congeal, 
entrap, fix, make the pollutant mass more rigid or viscous, or 
otherwise facilitate the mitigation of deleterious effects or the 
removal of the oil pollutant from the water. Chemical agents include 
biological additives, dispersants, sinking agents, miscellaneous oil 
spill control agents, and burning agents, but do not include 
solvents.
    Claim in the case of a discharge under CWA means a request, made 
in writing for a sum certain, for compensation for damages or 
removal costs resulting from an incident.
    Claimant as defined by section 1001 of the OPA means any person 
or government who presents a claim for compensation under Title I of 
the OPA.
    Clean natural seawater means that the source of this seawater 
must not be heavily contaminated with industrial or other types of 
effluent.
    Coastal waters for the purpose of classifying the size of 
discharges, means the waters of the coastal zone except for the 
Great Lakes and specified ports and harbors on inland rivers.
    Coastal zone as defined for the purpose of the NCP, means all 
United States waters subject to the tide, United States waters of 
the Great Lakes, specified ports and harbors on inland rivers, 
waters of the contiguous zone, other waters of the high seas subject 
to the NCP, and the land surface or land substrata, ground waters, 
and ambient air proximal to those waters. The term coastal zone 
delineates an area of federal responsibility for response action. 
Precise boundaries are determined by EPA/USCG agreements and 
identified in federal regional contingency plans.
    Coast Guard District Response Group (DRG) as provided for by CWA 
sections 311(a)(20) and (j)(3), means the entity established by the 
Secretary of the department in which the USCG is operating within 
each USCG district and shall consist of: the combined USCG personnel 
and equipment, including firefighting equipment, of each port within 
the district; additional prepositioned response equipment; and a 
district response advisory team.
    Contiguous zone means the zone of the high seas, established by 
the United States under Article 24 of the Convention on the 
Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone, which is contiguous to the 
territorial sea and which extends nine miles seaward from the outer 
limit of the territorial sea.
    Damages as defined by section 1001 of the OPA means damages 
specified in section 1002(b) of the Act, and includes the cost of 
assessing these damages.
    Discharge as defined by section 311(a)(2) of the CWA, includes, 
but is not limited to, any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, 
emitting, emptying, or dumping of oil, but excludes discharges in 
compliance with a permit under section 402 of the CWA, discharges 
resulting from circumstances identified and reviewed and made a part 
of the public record with respect to a permit issued or modified 
under section 402 of the CWA, and subject to a condition in such 
permit, or continuous or anticipated intermittent discharges from a 
point source, identified in a permit or permit application under 
section 402 of the CWA, that are caused by events occurring within 
the scope of relevant operating or treatment systems. For purposes 
of the NCP, discharge also means substantial threat of discharge.
    Dispersants means those chemical agents that emulsify, disperse, 
or solubilize oil into the water column or promote the surface 
spreading of oil slicks to facilitate dispersal of the oil into the 
water column.
    Exclusive economic zone as defined in OPA section 1001, means 
the zone established by Presidential Proclamation Numbered 5030, 
dated March 10, 1983, including the ocean waters of the areas 
referred to as ``eastern special areas'' in Article 3(1) of the 
Agreement between the United States of America and the Union of 
Soviet Socialist Republics on the Maritime Boundary, signed June 1, 
1990.
    Facility as defined by section 1001 of the OPA means any 
structure, group of structures, equipment, or device (other than a 
vessel) which is used for one or more of the following purposes: 
exploring for, drilling for, producing, storing, handling, 
transferring, processing, or transporting oil. This term includes 
any motor vehicle, rolling stock, or pipeline used for one or more 
of these purposes.
    Federal Response Plan (FRP) means the agreement signed by 25 
federal departments and agencies in April 1987 and developed under 
the authorities of the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977 and 
the Disaster Relief Act of 1974, as amended by the Stafford Disaster 
Relief Act of 1988.
    First federal official means the first federal representative of 
a participating agency of the National Response Team to arrive at 
the scene of a discharge or a release. This official coordinates 
activities under the NCP and may initiate, in consultation with the 
OSC, any necessary actions until the arrival of the predesignated 
OSC.
    Indian tribe as defined in OPA section 1001, means any Indian 
tribe, band, nation, or other organized group or community, but not 
including any Alaska Native regional or village corporation, which 
is recognized as eligible for the special programs and services 
provided by the United States to Indians because of their status as 
Indians and has governmental authority over lands belonging to or 
controlled by the Tribe.
    Inland waters for the purposes of classifying the size of 
discharges, means those waters of the United States in the inland 
zone, waters of the Great Lakes, and specified ports and harbors on 
inland rivers.
    Inland zone means the environment inland of the coastal zone 
excluding the Great Lakes, and specified ports and harbors on inland 
rivers. The term inland zone delineates an area of federal 
responsibility for response action. Precise boundaries are 
determined by EPA/USCG agreements and identified in federal regional 
contingency plans.
    Lead administrative trustee means a natural resource trustee who 
is designated on an incident-by-incident basis for the purpose of 
preassessment and damage assessment and chosen by the other trustees 
whose natural resources are affected by the incident. The lead 
administrative trustee facilitates effective and efficient 
communication during response operations between the OSC and the 
other natural resource trustees conducting activities associated 
with damage assessment and is responsible for applying to the OSC 
for access to response operations resources on behalf of all 
trustees for initiation of damage assessment.
    Lead agency means the agency that provides the OSC to plan and 
implement response actions under the NCP.
    Miscellaneous oil spill control agent is any product, other than 
a dispersant, sinking agent, surface washing agent, surface 
collecting agent, bioremediation agent, burning agent, or sorbent 
that can be used to enhance oil spill cleanup, removal, treatment, 
or mitigation.
    National Pollution Funds Center (NPFC) means the entity 
established by the Secretary of Transportation whose function is the 
administration of the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF). Among 
the NPFC's duties are: providing appropriate access to the OSLTF for 
federal agencies and states for removal actions and for federal 
trustees to initiate the assessment of natural resource damages; 
providing appropriate access to the OSLTF for claims; and 
coordinating cost recovery efforts.
    National Response System (NRS) is the mechanism for coordinating 
response actions by all levels of government in support of the OSC. 
The NRS is composed of the NRT, RRTs, OSC, Area Committees, and 
Special Teams and related support entities.
    National Strike Force (NSF) is a special team established by the 
USCG, including the three USCG Strike Teams, the Public Information 
Assist Team (PIAT), and the National Strike Force Coordination 
Center. The NSF is available to assist OSCs in their preparedness 
and response duties.
    National Strike Force Coordination Center (NSFCC), authorized as 
the National Response Unit by CWA section 311(a)(23) and (j)(2), 
means the entity established by the Secretary of the department in 
which the USCG is operating at Elizabeth City, North Carolina, with 
responsibilities that include administration of the USCG Strike 
Teams, maintenance of response equipment inventories and logistic 
networks, and conducting a national exercise program.
    Natural resources means land, fish, wildlife, biota, air, water, 
groundwater, drinking water supplies, and other such resources 
belonging to, managed by, held in trust by, appertaining to, or 
otherwise controlled by the United States (including the resources 
of the exclusive economic zone defined by the Magnuson Fishery 
Conservation and Management Act of 1976), any state or local 
government, any foreign government, any Indian tribe, or, if such 
resources are subject to a trust restriction on alienation, any 
member of an Indian tribe.
    Navigable waters as defined by 40 CFR 110.1 means the waters of 
the United States, including the territorial seas. The term 
includes:
    (a) All waters that are currently used, were used in the past, 
or may be susceptible to use in interstate or foreign commerce, 
including all waters that are subject to the ebb and flow of the 
tide;
    (b) Interstate waters, including interstate wetlands;
    (c) All other waters such as intrastate lakes, rivers, streams 
(including intermittent streams), mudflats, sandflats, and wetlands, 
the use, degradation, or destruction of which would affect or could 
affect interstate or foreign commerce including any such waters:
    (1) That are or could be used by interstate or foreign travelers 
for recreational or other purposes;
    (2) From which fish or shellfish are or could be taken and sold 
in interstate or foreign commerce; and
    (3) That are used or could be used for industrial purposes by 
industries in interstate commerce.
    (d) All impoundments of waters otherwise defined as navigable 
waters under this section;
    (e) Tributaries of waters identified in paragraphs (a) through 
(d) of this definition, including adjacent wetlands; and
    (f) Wetlands adjacent to waters identified in paragraphs (a) 
through (e) of this definition: Provided, that waste treatment 
systems (other than cooling ponds meeting the criteria of this 
paragraph) are not waters of the United States.
    (g) Waters of the United States do not include prior converted 
cropland. Notwithstanding the determination of an area's status as 
prior converted cropland by any other federal agency, for the 
purposes of the Clean Water Act, the final authority regarding Clean 
Water Act jurisdiction remains with EPA.
    Offshore facility as defined by section 311(a)(11) of the CWA 
means any facility of any kind located in, on, or under any of the 
navigable waters of the United States, and any facility of any kind 
which is subject to the jurisdiction of the United States and is 
located in, on, or under any other waters, other than a vessel or a 
public vessel.
    Oil as defined by section 311(a)(1) of the CWA means oil of any 
kind or in any form, including, but not limited to, petroleum, fuel 
oil, sludge, oil refuse, and oil mixed with wastes other than 
dredged spoil. Oil, as defined by section 1001 of the OPA means oil 
of any kind or in any form, including, but not limited to, 
petroleum, fuel oil, sludge, oil refuse, and oil mixed with wastes 
other than dredged spoil, but does not include petroleum, including 
crude oil or any fraction thereof, which is specifically listed or 
designated as a hazardous substance under subparagraphs (A) through 
(F) of section 101(14) of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, 
Compensation, and Liability Act (42 U.S.C. 9601) and which is 
subject to the provisions of that Act.
    Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund means the fund established under 
section 9509 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 9509).
    On-scene coordinator (OSC) means the federal official 
predesignated by the EPA or the USCG to coordinate and direct 
response under subpart D.
    Onshore facility as defined by section 311(a)(10) of the CWA, 
means any facility (including, but not limited to, motor vehicles 
and rolling stock) of any kind located in, on, or under any land 
within the United States other than submerged land.
    On-site means the areal extent of contamination and all suitable 
areas in very close proximity to the contamination necessary for 
implementation of a response action.
    Person as defined by section 1001 of the OPA, means an 
individual, corporation, partnership, association, state, 
municipality, commission, or political subdivision of a state, or 
any interstate body.
    Public vessel as defined by section 311(a)(4) of the CWA, means 
a vessel owned or bareboat-chartered and operated by the United 
States, or by a state or political subdivision thereof, or by a 
foreign nation, except when such vessel is engaged in commerce.
    Remove or removal as defined by section 311(a)(8) of the CWA, 
refers to containment and removal of oil or hazardous substances 
from the water and shorelines or the taking of such other actions as 
may be necessary to minimize or mitigate damage to the public health 
or welfare (including, but not limited to, fish, shellfish, 
wildlife, public and private property, and shorelines and beaches) 
or to the environment. For the purpose of the NCP, the term also 
includes monitoring of action to remove a discharge.
    Removal costs as defined by section 1001 of the OPA means the 
costs of removal that are incurred after a discharge of oil has 
occurred, or in any case in which there is a substantial threat of a 
discharge of oil the costs to prevent, minimize, or mitigate oil 
pollution from such an incident.
    Responsible party as defined by section 1001 of the OPA means 
the following:
    (a) Vessels--In the case of a vessel, any person owning, 
operating, or demise chartering the vessel.
    (b) Onshore Facilities--In the case of an onshore facility 
(other than a pipeline), any person owning or operating the 
facility, except a federal agency, state, municipality, commission, 
or political subdivision of a state, or any interstate body, that as 
the owner transfers possession and right to use the property to 
another person by lease, assignment, or permit.
    (c) Offshore Facilities--In the case of an offshore facility 
(other than a pipeline or a deepwater port licensed under the 
Deepwater Port Act of 1974 (33 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.)), the lessee or 
permittee of the area in which the facility is located or the holder 
of a right of use and easement granted under applicable state law or 
the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (43 U.S.C. 1301-1356) for the 
area in which the facility is located (if the holder is a different 
person than the lessee or permittee), except a federal agency, 
state, municipality, commission, or political subdivision of a 
state, or any interstate body, that as owner transfers possession 
and right to use the property to another person by lease, 
assignment, or permit.
    (d) Deepwater Ports--In the case of a deepwater port licensed 
under the Deepwater Port Act of 1974 (33 U.S.C. 1501-1524), the 
licensee.
    (e) Pipelines--In the case of a pipeline, any person owning or 
operating the pipeline.
    (f) Abandonment--In the case of an abandoned vessel, onshore 
facility, deepwater port, pipeline, or offshore facility, the person 
who would have been responsible parties immediately prior to the 
abandonment of the vessel or facility.
    Sinking agents means those additives applied to oil discharges 
to sink floating pollutants below the water surface.
    Size classes of discharges refers to the following size classes 
of oil discharges which are provided as guidance to the OSC and 
serve as the criteria for the actions delineated in subpart D. They 
are not meant to imply associated degrees of hazard to public health 
or welfare, nor are they a measure of environmental injury. Any oil 
discharge that poses a substantial threat to public health or 
welfare or the environment or results in significant public concern 
shall be classified as a major discharge regardless of the following 
quantitative measures:
    (a) Minor discharge means a discharge in inland waters of less 
than 1,000 gallons of oil or a discharge to the coastal waters of 
less than 10,000 gallons of oil.
    (b) Medium discharge means a discharge of 1,000 to 10,000 
gallons of oil to the inland waters or a discharge of 10,000 to 
100,000 gallons of oil to the coastal waters.
    (c) Major discharge means a discharge of more than 10,000 
gallons of oil to the inland waters or more than 100,000 gallons of 
oil to the coastal waters.
    Sorbents means essentially inert and insoluble materials that 
are used to remove oil and hazardous substances from water through 
adsorption, in which the oil or hazardous substance is attracted to 
the sorbent surface and then adheres to it, absorption, in which the 
oil or hazardous substance penetrates the pores of the sorbent 
material, or a combination of the two. Sorbents are generally 
manufactured in particulate form for spreading over an oil slick or 
as sheets, rolls, pillows, or booms. The sorbent material may 
consist of, but is not limited to, the following materials:
    (a) Organic products--
    (1) Peat moss or straw;
    (2) Cellulose fibers or cork;
    (3) Corn cobs;
    (4) Chicken or duck feathers.
    (b) Mineral compounds--
    (1) Volcanic ash or perlite;
    (2) Vermiculite or zeolite.
    (c) Synthetic products--
    (1) Polypropylene;
    (2) Polyethylene;
    (3) Polyurethane;
    (4) Polyester.
    Specified ports and harbors means those ports and harbor areas 
on inland rivers, and land areas immediately adjacent to those 
waters, where the USCG acts as predesignated on-scene coordinator. 
Precise locations are determined by EPA/USCG regional agreements and 
identified in federal regional contingency plans and area 
contingency plans.
    Spill of national significance (SONS) means a spill which due to 
its severity, size, location, actual or potential impact on the 
public health and welfare or the environment, or the necessary 
response effort, is so complex that it requires extraordinary 
coordination of federal, state, local, and responsible party 
resources to contain and cleanup the discharge.
    State means the several states of the United States, the 
District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, 
American Samoa, the U.S. Virgin Islands, the Commonwealth of the 
Northern Marianas, and any other territory or possession over which 
the United States has jurisdiction. For purposes of the NCP, the 
term includes Indian tribes as defined in the NCP except where 
specifically noted.
    Surface collecting agents means those chemical agents that form 
a surface film to control the layer thickness of oil.
    Surface washing agent is any product that removes oil from solid 
surfaces, such as beaches and rocks, through a detergency mechanism 
and does not involve dispersing or solubilizing the oil into the 
water column.
    Tank vessel as defined by section 1001 of OPA means a vessel 
that is constructed or adapted to carry, or that carries, oil or 
hazardous material in bulk as cargo or cargo residue, and that: (1) 
is a vessel of the United States; (2) operates on the navigable 
waters; or (3) transfers oil or hazardous material in a place 
subject to the jurisdiction of the United States.
    Threat of discharge, see definition for discharge.
    Trustee means an official of a federal natural resources 
management agency designated in subpart G of the NCP or a designated 
state official or Indian tribe or, in the case of discharges covered 
by the OPA, a foreign government official, who may pursue claims for 
damages under section 1006 of the OPA.
    United States when used in relation to section 311(a)(5) of the 
CWA, mean the states, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of 
Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, American Samoa, the 
U.S. Virgin Islands, and the Pacific Island Governments.
    Vessel as defined by section 311(a)(3) of the CWA means every 
description of watercraft or other artificial contrivance used, or 
capable of being used, as a means of transportation on water other 
than a public vessel.
    Volunteer means any individual accepted to perform services by 
the lead agency which has authority to accept volunteer services 
(for examples, see 16 U.S.C. 742f(c)). A volunteer is subject to the 
provisions of the authorizing statute and the NCP.
    Worst case discharge as defined by section 311(a)(24) of the CWA 
means, in the case of a vessel, a discharge in adverse weather 
conditions of its entire cargo, and in the case of an offshore 
facility or onshore facility, the largest foreseeable discharge in 
adverse weather conditions.

2.0  National response system.

    2.1  Overview. The national response system (NRS) is the 
mechanism for coordinating response actions by all levels of 
government in support of the OSC. The NRS is composed of the 
National Response Team (NRT), Regional Response Teams (RRTs), On-
scene coordinator (OSC), Area Committees, and Special Teams and 
related support entities. The NRS functions as an incident command 
system (ICS) under the direction of the OSC. Typical of an ICS, the 
NRS is capable of expanding or contracting to accommodate the 
response effort required by the size or complexity of the discharge.
    2.2  Priorities. (a) Safety of human life must be given the 
highest priority during every response action. This includes any 
search and rescue efforts in the general proximity of the discharge 
and the insurance of safety of response personnel.
    (b) Stabilizing the situation to preclude the event from 
worsening is the next priority. All efforts must be focused on 
saving a vessel that has been involved in a grounding, collision, 
fire or explosion, so that it does not compound the problem. 
Comparable measures should be taken to stabilize a situation 
involving a facility, pipeline, or other source of pollution. 
Stabilizing the situation includes securing the source of the spill 
and/or removing the remaining oil from the container (vessel, tank, 
or pipeline) to prevent additional oil spillage, to reduce the need 
for follow-up response action, and to minimize adverse impact to the 
environment.
    (c) The response must use all necessary containment and removal 
tactics in a coordinated manner to ensure a timely, effective 
response that minimizes adverse impact to the environment.
    (d) All parts of this national response strategy should be 
addressed concurrently, but safety and stabilization are the highest 
priorities. The OSC should not delay containment and removal 
decisions unnecessarily and should take actions to minimize adverse 
impact to the environment that begins as soon as a discharge occurs, 
as well as actions to minimize further adverse environmental impact 
from additional discharges.
    (e) The priorities set forth in this section are broad in 
nature, and should not be interpreted to preclude the consideration 
of other priorities that may arise on a site-specific basis.
    2.3  Responsibility. (a) The predesignated OSC has the 
responsibility to direct response actions and coordinate all other 
response efforts at the scene of an oil discharge or threatened 
discharge. The OSC monitors or directs all federal, state, local, 
and private removal actions, or arranges for the removal of an 
actual or threatened oil discharge, removing and if necessary, 
requesting authority to destroy a vessel. Additionally, the CWA 
requires the OSC to direct all federal, state, local, and private 
removal actions to any incident that poses a substantial threat to 
the public health or welfare.
    (b) Cleanup responsibility for an oil discharge immediately 
falls on the responsible party, unless the discharge poses a 
substantial threat to public health or welfare. In a large 
percentage of oil discharges, the responsible party shall conduct 
the cleanup. If the responsible party does conduct the removal, the 
OSC shall ensure adequate surveillance over whatever actions are 
initiated.
    (1) If effective actions are not being taken to eliminate the 
threat, or if removal is not being properly done, the OSC should, to 
the extent practicable under the circumstances, so advise the 
responsible party. If the responsible party does not respond 
properly, the OSC shall take appropriate response actions and should 
notify the responsible party of the potential liability for federal 
response costs incurred by the OSC pursuant to the OPA and CWA. 
Where practicable, continuing efforts should be made to encourage 
response by responsible parties.
    (2) If the Administrator of EPA or the Secretary of the 
department in which the USCG is operating determines that there may 
be an imminent and substantial threat to the public health or 
welfare or the environment of the United States (including fish, 
shellfish, and wildlife, public and private property, shorelines, 
beaches, habitats, and other living and nonliving natural resources 
under the jurisdiction or control of the United States, because of 
an actual or threatened discharge of oil from any vessel or offshore 
or onshore facility into or upon the navigable waters of the United 
States), the Administrator or Secretary may request the U.S. 
Attorney General to secure the relief from any person, including the 
owner or operator of the vessel or facility necessary to abate a 
threat or, after notice to the affected state, take any other action 
authorized by section 311 of the CWA including administrative 
orders, that may be necessary to protect the public health or 
welfare.
    (3) The responsible party is liable for costs of federal removal 
and damages in accordance with section 311(f) of the CWA, section 
1002 of the OPA, and other federal laws.
    (c) In those incidents where a discharge or threat of discharge 
poses a substantial threat to the public health or welfare of the 
United States, the OSC shall direct all federal, state, or private 
actions to remove the discharge or to mitigate or prevent the threat 
of such a discharge, as appropriate. The OSC shall also request 
immediate activation of the RRT.
    (d) During responses to any discharge the OSC may request advice 
or support from the Special Teams and any local support units 
identified by the Area Committee. Examples include scientific advice 
from the Scientific Support Coordinator (SSC), technical guidance or 
prepositioned equipment from the District Response Group (DRG), or 
public information assistance from the National Strike Force (NSF).
    (e) When an oil discharge exceeds the response capability of the 
region in which it occurs, transects regional boundaries, or 
involves a substantial threat to the public health or welfare, 
substantial amounts of property, or substantial threats to the 
natural resources, the NRT should be activated as an emergency 
response team. If appropriate the RRT Chairman may contact the NRT 
Chairman and request the NRT activation.

3.0  Components of national response system and responsibilities.

    The NRS is the mechanism for coordinating response actions by 
all levels of government in support of the OSC. The NRS organization 
is divided into national, regional, and area levels. The national 
level comprises the NRT, the National Strike Force Coordination 
Center (NSFCC), and the National Response Center (NRC). The regional 
level is comprised of the RRT. The area level is made up of the OSC, 
Special Teams, and Area Committees. The basic framework for the 
response management structure is a system (e.g., a unified command 
system), that brings together the functions of the federal 
government, the state government, and the responsible party to 
achieve an effective and efficient response, where the OSC retains 
authority.

3.1  National.

    3.1.1 National response team. (a) National planning and 
coordination is accomplished through the NRT. The NRT consists of 
representatives from the USCG, EPA, Federal Emergency Management 
Agency (FEMA), Department of Defense (DOD), Department of Energy 
(DOE), Department of Agriculture (DOA), Department of Commerce 
(DOC), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Department of 
the Interior (DOI), Department of Justice (DOJ), Department of Labor 
(DOL), Department of Transportation (DOT), Department of State 
(DOS), Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and General Services 
Administration (GSA). Each agency shall designate a member to the 
team and sufficient alternates to ensure representation, as agency 
resources permit. The NRT will consider requests for membership on 
the NRT from other agencies. Other agencies may request membership 
by forwarding such requests to the chair of the NRT (see PFigure 1).
    (b) The chair of the NRT shall be the representative of the EPA 
and the vice chair shall be the representative of the USCG, with the 
exception of periods of activation because of response action. 
During activation, the chair shall be the member agency providing 
the OSC. The vice chair shall maintain records of NRT activities 
along with national, regional, and area plans for response actions.
    (c) While the NRT desires to achieve a consensus on all matters 
brought before it, certain matters may prove unresolvable by this 
means. In such cases, each agency serving as a participating agency 
on the NRT may be accorded one vote in NRT proceedings.
    (d) The NRT may establish such bylaws, procedures, and 
committees as it deems appropriate to further the purposes for which 
it is established.
    (e) The NRT shall evaluate methods of responding to discharges, 
shall recommend any changes needed in the response organization, and 
shall recommend to the Administrator of EPA changes to the NCP 
designed to improve the effectiveness of the national response 
system, including drafting of regulatory language.
    (f) The NRT shall provide policy and program direction to the 
RRTs.
    (g) The NRT may consider and make recommendations to appropriate 
agencies on the training, equipping, and protection of response 
teams and necessary research, development, demonstration, and 
evaluation to improve response capabilities.

BILLING CODE 6560-50-P

TR15SE94.006


BILLING CODE 6560-50-C
    (h) Direct planning and preparedness responsibilities of the NRT 
include:
    (1) Maintaining national preparedness to respond to a major 
discharge of oil that is beyond regional capabilities;
    (2) Monitoring incoming reports from all RRTs and activating for 
a response action, when necessary;
    (3) Coordinating a national program to assist member agencies in 
preparedness planning and response, and enhancing coordination of 
member agency preparedness programs;
    (4) Developing procedures, in coordination with the NSFCC, as 
appropriate, to ensure the coordination of federal, state, and local 
governments, and private response to oil discharges;
    (5) Monitoring response-related research and development, 
testing, and evaluation activities of NRT agencies to enhance 
coordination, avoid duplication of effort, and facilitate research 
in support of response activities;
    (6) Developing recommendations for response training and for 
enhancing the coordination of available resources among agencies 
with training responsibilities under the NCP;
    (7) Reviewing regional responses to oil discharges, including an 
evaluation of equipment readiness and coordination among responsible 
public agencies and private organizations; and
    (8) Assisting in developing a national exercise program, in 
coordination with the NSFCC to ensure preparedness and coordination 
nationwide.
    (i) The NRT shall consider matters referred to it for advice or 
resolution by an RRT.
    (j) The NRT should be activated as an emergency response team:
    (1) When an oil discharge:
    (A) Exceeds the response capability of the region in which it 
occurs;
    (B) Transects regional boundaries; or
    (C) Involves a substantial threat to the public health or 
welfare, substantial amounts of property, or substantial threats to 
natural resources;
    (2) If requested by any NRT member.
    (k) When activated for a response action, the NRT will meet at 
the call of the chair and may:
    (1) Monitor and evaluate reports from the OSC and recommend to 
the OSC, through the RRT, actions to combat the discharge;
    (2) Request other federal, state and local governments, or 
private agencies, to provide resources under their existing 
authorities to combat a discharge, or to monitor response 
operations; and
    (3) Coordinate the supply of equipment, personnel, or technical 
advice to the affected region from other regions or districts.
    3.1.2  National response center. (a) The NRC, located at USCG 
Headquarters, is the national communications center, continuously 
manned for handling activities related to response actions, 
including those involving discharges of oil. The NRC acts as the 
single point of contact for all pollution incident reporting, and as 
the NRT communications center. Notice of discharges must be made by 
telephone through a toll free number or a special number 
(Telecommunication Device for the Deaf (TDD) and collect calls 
accepted). Upon receipt of a notification of discharge, the NRC 
shall promptly notify the OSC. The telephone report is distributed 
to any interested NRT member agency or federal entity that has 
established a written agreement or understanding with the NRC.
    (b) The Commandant, USCG, in conjunction with other NRT 
agencies, provides the necessary personnel, communications, plotting 
facilities, and equipment for the NRC.
    (c) Notice of an oil discharge in an amount equal to or greater 
than the reportable quantity must be made immediately in accordance 
with 33 CFR part 153, subpart B. Notification will be made to the 
NRC Duty Officer, HQ USCG, Washington, DC, telephone (800) 424-8802 
or (202) 267-2675. All notices of discharges received at the NRC 
will be relayed immediately by telephone to the OSC.
    3.1.3  National strike force coordination center. NSFCC, located 
in Elizabeth City, North Carolina, may assist the OSC by providing 
information on available spill removal resources, personnel, and 
equipment. The NSFCC can provide the following support to the OSC:
    (a) Technical assistance, equipment, and other resources to 
augment the OSC staff during spill response;
    (b) Assistance in coordinating the use of private and public 
resources in support of the OSC during a response to or a threat of 
a worst case discharge of oil;
    (c) Review of the area contingency plan, including an evaluation 
of equipment readiness and coordination among responsible public 
agencies and private organizations;
    (d) Assistance in locating spill response resources for both 
response and planning, using the NSFCC's national and international 
computerized inventory of spill response resources;
    (e) Coordination and evaluation of pollution response exercises; 
and
    (f) Inspection of district prepositioned pollution response 
equipment.
    3.2  Regional. (a) Regional planning and coordination of 
preparedness and response actions is accomplished through the RRT. 
In the case of a discharge of oil, preparedness activities shall be 
carried out in conjunction with Area Committees as appropriate. The 
RRT agency membership parallels that of the NRT, but also includes 
state and local representation. The RRT provides: (1) the 
appropriate regional mechanism for development and coordination of 
preparedness activities before a response action is taken and for 
coordination of assistance and advice to the OSC during such 
response actions; and (2) guidance to Area Committees, as 
appropriate, to ensure inter-area consistency and consistency of 
individual ACPs with the RCP and NCP.
    (b) The two principal components of the RRT mechanism are a 
standing team, which consists of designated representatives from 
each participating federal agency, state governments, and local 
governments (as agreed upon by the states); and incident-specific 
teams formed from the standing team when the RRT is activated for a 
response. On incident-specific teams, participation by the RRT 
member agencies will relate to the technical nature of the incident 
and its geographic location.
    (1) The standing team's jurisdiction corresponds to the standard 
federal regions, except for Alaska, Oceania in the Pacific, and the 
Caribbean area, each of which has a separate standing RRT. The role 
of the standing RRT includes communications systems and procedures, 
planning, coordination, training, evaluation, preparedness, and 
related matters on a regionwide basis. It also includes coordination 
of Area Committees for these functions in areas within their 
respective regions, as appropriate.
    (2) The role of the incident-specific team is determined by the 
operational requirements of the response to a specific discharge. 
Appropriate levels of activation and/or notification of the 
incident-specific RRT, including participation by state and local 
governments, shall be determined by the designated RRT chair for the 
incident, based on the RCP. The incident-specific RRT supports the 
designated OSC. The designated OSC manages response efforts and 
coordinates all other efforts at the scene of a discharge.
    (c) The representatives of EPA and the USCG shall act as co-
chairs of the RRTs except when the RRT is activated. When the RRT is 
activated for response actions, the chair is the member agency 
providing the OSC.
    (d) Each participating agency should designate one member and at 
least one alternate member to the RRT. Agencies whose regional 
subdivisions do not correspond to the standard federal regions may 
designate additional representatives to the standing RRT to ensure 
appropriate coverage of the standard federal region. Participating 
states may also designate one member and at least one alternate 
member to the RRT. Indian tribal governments may arrange with the 
RRT for representation appropriate to their geographical location. 
All agencies and states may also provide additional representatives 
as observers to meetings of the RRT.
    (e) RRT members should designate representatives and alternates 
from their agencies as resource personnel for RRT activities, 
including RRT work planning, and membership on incident-specific 
teams in support of the OSCs.
    (f) Federal RRT members or their representatives should provide 
OSCs with assistance from their respective federal agencies 
commensurate with agency responsibilities, resources, and 
capabilities within the region. During a response action, the 
members of the RRT should seek to make available the resources of 
their agencies to the OSC as specified in the RCP and ACP.
    (g) RRT members should nominate appropriately qualified 
representatives from their agencies to work with OSCs in developing 
and maintaining ACPs.
    (h) Affected states are encouraged to participate actively in 
all RRT activities. Each state Governor is requested to assign an 
office or agency to represent the state on the appropriate RRT; to 
designate representatives to work with the RRT in developing RCPs; 
to plan for, make available, and coordinate state resources for use 
in response actions; and to serve as the contact point for 
coordination of response with local government agencies, whether or 
not represented on the RRT. The state's RRT representative should 
keep the State Emergency Response Commission (SERC) apprised of RRT 
activities and coordinate RRT activities with the SERC. Local 
governments are invited to participate in activities on the 
appropriate RRT as provided by state law or as arranged by the 
state's representative. Indian tribes are also invited to 
participate in such activities.
    (i) The standing RRT shall recommend changes in the regional 
response organization as needed, revise the RCP as needed, evaluate 
the preparedness of the participating agencies and the effectiveness 
of ACPs for the federal response to discharges, and provide 
technical assistance for preparedness to the response community. The 
RRT should:
    (1) Review and comment, to the extent practicable, on local 
emergency response plans or other issues related to the preparation, 
implementation, or exercise of such plans upon request of a local 
emergency planning committee;
    (2) Evaluate regional and local responses to discharges on a 
continuing basis, considering available legal remedies, equipment 
readiness, and coordination among responsible public agencies and 
private organizations, and recommend improvements;
    (3) Recommend revisions of the NCP to the NRT, based on 
observations of response operations;
    (4) Review OSC actions to ensure that RCPs and ACPs are 
effective;
    (5) Encourage the state and local response community to improve 
its preparedness for response;
    (6) In coordination with the Area Committee and in accordance 
with any applicable laws, regulations, or requirements, conduct 
advance planning for use of dispersants, surface washing agents, 
surface collecting agents, burning agents, bioremediation agents, or 
other chemical agents in accordance with subpart J of this part;
    (7) Be prepared to provide response resources to major 
discharges or releases outside the region;
    (8) Conduct or participate in training and exercises as 
necessary to encourage preparedness activities of the response 
community within the region;
    (9) Meet at least semiannually to review response actions 
carried out during the preceding period, consider changes in RCPs, 
and recommend changes in ACPs;
    (10) Provide letter reports on RRT activities to the NRT twice a 
year, no later than January 31 and July 31; and
    (11) Ensure maximum participation in the national exercise 
program for announced and unannounced exercises.
    (j)(1) The RRT may be activated by the chair as an incident-
specific response team when a discharge:
    (A) Exceeds the response capability available to the OSC in the 
place where it occurs;
    (B) Transects state boundaries;
    (C) May pose a substantial threat to the public health or 
welfare, or to regionally significant amounts of property; or
    (D) Is a worst case discharge, as defined in section 1.5 of this 
appendix.
    (2) The RRT shall be activated during any discharge upon a 
request from the OSC, or from any RRT representative, to the chair 
of the RRT. Requests for RRT activation shall later be confirmed in 
writing. Each representative, or an appropriate alternate, should be 
notified immediately when the RRT is activated.
    (3) During prolonged removal or remedial action, the RRT may not 
need to be activated or may need to be activated only in a limited 
sense, or may need to have available only those member agencies of 
the RRT who are directly affected or who can provide direct response 
assistance.
    (4) When the RRT is activated for a discharge or release, agency 
representatives will meet at the call of the chair and may:
    (A) Monitor and evaluate reports from the OSC, advise the OSC on 
the duration and extent of response, and recommend to the OSC 
specific actions to respond to the discharge;
    (B) Request other federal, state, or local governments, or 
private agencies, to provide resources under their existing 
authorities to respond to a discharge or to monitor response 
operations;
    (C) Help the OSC prepare information releases for the public and 
for communication with the NRT;
    (D) If the circumstances warrant, make recommendations to the 
regional or district head of the agency providing the OSC that a 
different OSC should be designated; and
    (E) Submit pollution reports to the NRC as significant 
developments occur.
    (5) RCPs shall specify detailed criteria for activation of RRTs.
    (6) At the regional level, a Regional Response Center (RRC) may 
provide facilities and personnel for communications, information 
storage, and other requirements for coordinating response. The 
location of each RRC should be provided in the RCP.
    (7) When the RRT is activated, affected states may participate 
in all RRT deliberations. State government representatives 
participating in the RRT have the same status as any federal member 
of the RRT.
    (8) The RRT can be deactivated when the incident-specific RRT 
chair determines that the OSC no longer requires RRT assistance.
    (9) Notification of the RRT may be appropriate when full 
activation is not necessary, with systematic communication of 
pollution reports or other means to keep RRT members informed as to 
actions of potential concern to a particular agency, or to assist in 
later RRT evaluation of regionwide response effectiveness.
    (k) Whenever there is insufficient national policy guidance on a 
matter before the RRT, a technical matter requiring solution, a 
question concerning interpretation of the NCP, or a disagreement on 
discretionary actions among RRT members that cannot be resolved at 
the regional level, it may be referred to the NRT for advice.
    3.3  Area.
    3.3.1  On-scene coordinator. The OSC is the federal official 
predesignated by EPA or the USCG to coordinate and direct federal 
responses under subpart D of the NCP. The USCG shall provide OSCs 
for oil discharges, including discharges from facilities and vessels 
under the jurisdiction of another federal agency, within or 
threatening the coastal zone. EPA shall provide OSCs for discharges 
into or threatening the inland zone. In carrying out a response, the 
OSC may direct or monitor all federal, state, and private actions to 
remove a discharge. In contingency planning and removal, the OSC 
coordinates, directs, and reviews the work of other agencies, Area 
Committees, responsible parties, and contractors to assure 
compliance with the NCP, decision document, consent decree, 
administrative order, and lead agency-approved plans applicable to 
the response.
    3.3.2  Area committees. (a) Area Committees shall be responsible 
for: (1) preparing an ACP for their areas; (2) working with 
appropriate federal, state, and local officials to enhance the 
contingency planning of those officials and to assure pre-planning 
of joint response efforts, including appropriate procedures for 
mechanical recovery, dispersal, shoreline cleanup, protection of 
sensitive environmental areas, and protection, rescue, and 
rehabilitation of fisheries and wildlife; and (3) working with 
appropriate federal, state, and local officials to expedite 
decisions for the use of dispersants and other mitigating substances 
and devices.
    (b) The OSC is responsible for overseeing development of the ACP 
in the area of the OSC's responsibility. The ACP, when implemented 
in conjunction with other provisions of the NCP, shall be adequate 
to remove a worst case discharge, and to mitigate and prevent a 
substantial threat of such a discharge, from a vessel, offshore 
facility, or onshore facility operating in or near the area.
    3.3.3  Special teams. (a) Special teams include: NOAA/EPA's 
SSCs; EPA's Environmental Response Team (ERT); and USCG's NSF; DRGs; 
and NPFC (see Figure 2).
    (b) SSCs may be designated by the OSC as the principal advisors 
for scientific issues, communication with the scientific community, 
and coordination of requests for assistance from state and federal 
agencies regarding scientific studies. The SSC strives for a 
consensus on scientific issues affecting the response, but ensures 
that differing opinions within the community are communicated to the 
OSC.
    (1) Generally, SSCs are provided by NOAA in the coastal zones, 
and by EPA in the inland zone. OSC requests for SSC support may be 
made directly to the SSC assigned to the area or to the agency 
member of the RRT. NOAA SSCs may also be requested through NOAA's 
SSC program office in Seattle, WA. NOAA SSCs are assigned to USCG 
Districts and are supported by a scientific support team that 
includes expertise in environmental chemistry, oil slick tracking, 
pollutant transport modeling, natural resources at risk, 
environmental tradeoffs of countermeasures and cleanup, and 
information management.

BILLING CODE 6560-50-P
      

TR15SE94.007


BILLING CODE 6560-50-C
    (2) During a response, the SSC serves on the federal OSC's staff 
and may, at the request of the OSC, lead the scientific team and be 
responsible for providing scientific support for operational 
decisions and for coordinating on-scene scientific activity. 
Depending on the nature and location of the incident, the SSC 
integrates expertise from governmental agencies, universities, 
community representatives, and industry to assist the OSC in 
evaluating the hazards and potential effects of releases and in 
developing response strategies.
    (3) At the request of the OSC, the SSC may facilitate the OSC's 
work with the lead administrative trustee for natural resources to 
ensure coordination between damage assessment data collection 
efforts and data collected in support of response operations.
    (4) SSCs support the RRTs and the Area Committees in preparing 
regional and area contingency plans and in conducting spill training 
and exercises. For area plans, the SSC provides leadership for the 
synthesis and integration of environmental information required for 
spill response decisions in support of the OSC.
    (c)(1) SUPSALV has an extensive salvage/search and recovery 
equipment inventory with the requisite knowledge and expertise to 
support these operations, including specialized salvage, 
firefighting, and petroleum, oil and lubricants offloading 
capability.
    (2) When possible, SUPSALV will provide equipment for training 
exercises in support of national and regional contingency planning 
objectives.
    (3) The OSC/RPM may request assistance directly from SUPSALV. 
Formal requests are routed through the Chief of Naval Operations 
(N312).
    (d) The ERT is established by the EPA in accordance with its 
disaster and emergency responsibilities. The ERT has expertise in 
treatment technology, biology, chemistry, hydrology, geology and 
engineering.
    (1) The ERT can provide access to special decontamination 
equipment and advice to the OSC in hazard evaluation; risk 
assessment; multimedia sampling and analysis program; on-site 
safety, including development and implementation plans; cleanup 
techniques and priorities; water supply decontamination and 
protection; application of dispersants; environmental assessment; 
degree of cleanup required; and disposal of contaminated material. 
The ERT also provides both introductory and intermediate level 
training courses to prepare response personnel.
    (2) OSC or RRT requests for ERT support should be made to the 
EPA representative on the RRT; EPA Headquarters, Director, Emergency 
Response Division; or the appropriate EPA regional emergency 
coordinator.
    (e) The NSF is a special team established by the USCG, including 
the three USCG Strike Teams, the Public Information Assist Team 
(PIAT), and the NSFCC. The NSF is available to assist OSCs in their 
preparedness and response duties.
    (1) The three Strike Teams (Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific) provide 
trained personnel and specialized equipment to assist the OSC in 
training for spill response, stabilizing and containing the spill, 
and in monitoring or directing the response actions of the 
responsible parties and/or contractors. The OSC has a specific team 
designated for initial contact and may contact that team directly 
for any assistance.
    (2) The NSFCC can provide the following support to the OSC:
    --Technical assistance, equipment and other resources to augment 
the OSC staff during spill response;
    --Assistance in coordinating the use of private and public 
resources in support of the OSC during a response to or a threat of 
a worst case discharge of oil;
    --Review of the ACP, including an evaluation of equipment 
readiness and coordination among responsible public agencies and 
private organizations;
    --Assistance in locating spill response resources for both 
response and planning, using the NSFCC's national and international 
computerized inventory of spill response resources;
    --Coordination and evaluation of pollution response exercises; 
and
    --Inspection of district prepositioned pollution response 
equipment.
    (3) PIAT is an element of the NSFCC staff which is available to 
assist OSCs to meet the demands for public information during a 
response or exercise. Its use is encouraged any time the OSC 
requires outside public affairs support. Requests for PIAT 
assistance may be made through the NSFCC or NRC.
    (f)(1) The DRG assists the OSC by providing technical 
assistance, personnel, and equipment, including pre-positioned 
equipment. Each DRG consists of all Coast Guard personnel and 
equipment, including marine firefighting equipment, in its district, 
additional pre-positioned equipment, and a District Response 
Advisory Team (DRAT) that is available to provide support to the OSC 
in the event that a spill exceeds local response capabilities. Each 
DRG:
    (A) Shall provide technical assistance, equipment, and other 
resources as available when requested by an OSC through the USCG 
representative to the RRT;
    (B) Shall ensure maintenance of all USCG response equipment 
within its district;
    (C) May provide technical assistance in the preparation of the 
ACP; and
    (D) Shall review each of those plans that affect its area of 
geographic responsibility.
    (2) In deciding where to locate personnel and pre-positioned 
equipment, the USCG shall give priority emphasis to:
    (A) The availability of facilities for loading and unloading 
heavy or bulky equipment by barge;
    (B) The proximity to an airport capable of supporting large 
military transport aircraft;
    (C) The flight time to provide response to oil spills in all 
areas of the Coast Guard district with the potential for marine 
casualties;
    (D) The availability of trained local personnel capable of 
responding in an oil spill emergency; and
    (E) Areas where large quantities of petroleum products are 
transported.
    (g) The NPFC is responsible for implementing those portions of 
Title I of the OPA that have been delegated to the Secretary of the 
department in which the Coast Guard is operating. The NPFC is 
responsible for addressing funding issues arising from discharges 
and threats of discharges of oil. The NPFC:
    (1) Issues Certificates of Financial Responsibility to owners 
and operators of vessels to pay for costs and damages that are 
incurred by their vessels as a result of oil discharges; (2) 
Provides funding for various response organizations for timely 
abatement and removal actions related to oil discharges;
    (3) Provides equitable compensation to claimants who sustain 
costs and damages from oil discharges when the responsible party 
fails to do so;
    (4) Recovers monies from persons liable for costs and damages 
resulting from oil discharges to the full extent of liability under 
the law; and
    (5) Provides funds to initiate natural resources damage 
assessment.
    (h) The organizational concepts of the national response system 
discussed above are depicted in Figure 3.

4.0  Preparedness activities.

    4.1  Federal contingency plans. This section summarizes 
emergency preparedness activities relating to discharges of oil and 
describes the three levels of contingency planning under the 
national response system.
    4.1.1  National contingency plan. (a) The NCP provides for 
efficient, coordinated, and effective response to discharges of oil 
in accordance with the authorities of the CWA. It provides for:
    (1) The national response organization that may be activated in 
response actions and specifies responsibilities among the federal, 
state, and local governments and describes resources that are 
available for response;
    (2) The establishment of requirements for federal, regional, and 
area contingency plans;
    (3) Procedures for undertaking removal actions pursuant to 
section 311 of the CWA;

BILLING CODE 6560-50-P

TR15SE94.008

BILLDING CODE 6560-50-C
    (4) Procedures for involving state governments in the 
initiation, development, selection, and implementation of response 
actions;
    (5) Listing of federal trustees for natural resources for 
purposes of the CWA;
    (6) Procedures for the participation of other persons in 
response actions; and
    (7) National procedures for the use of dispersants and other 
chemicals in removals under the CWA.
    (b) In implementing the NCP, consideration shall be given to 
international assistance plans and agreements, security regulations 
and responsibilities based on international agreements, federal 
statutes, and executive orders. Actions taken pursuant to the 
provisions of any applicable international joint contingency plans 
shall be consistent with the NCP, to the greatest extent possible. 
The Department of State shall be consulted, as appropriate, prior to 
taking action which may affect its activities.
    4.1.2  Regional contingency plans. The RRTs, working with the 
states, shall develop federal RCPs for each standard federal region, 
Alaska, Oceania in the Pacific, and the Caribbean to coordinate 
timely, effective response by various federal agencies and other 
organizations to discharges of oil. RCPs shall, as appropriate, 
include information on all useful facilities and resources in the 
region, from government, commercial, academic, and other sources. To 
the greatest extent possible, RCPs shall follow the format of the 
NCP and be coordinated with state emergency response plans, ACPs, 
and Title III local emergency response plans. Such coordination 
should be accomplished by working with the SERCs in the region 
covered by the RCP. RCPs shall contain lines of demarcation between 
the inland and coastal zones, as mutually agreed upon by the USCG 
and the EPA.
    4.1.3  Area contingency plans. (a) Under the direction of an OSC 
and subject to approval by the lead agency, each Area Committee, in 
consultation with the appropriate RRTs, DRGs, the NSFCC, SSCs, Local 
Emergency Planning Committees (LEPCs), and SERCs, shall develop an 
ACP for its designated area. This plan, when implemented in 
conjunction with other provisions of the NCP, shall be adequate to 
remove a worst case discharge, and to mitigate or prevent a 
substantial threat of such a discharge, from a vessel, offshore 
facility, or onshore facility operating in or near the area.
    (b) The areas of responsibility may include several Title III 
local planning districts, or parts of such districts. In developing 
the ACP, the OSC shall coordinate with affected SERCs and LEPCs. The 
ACP shall provide for a well coordinated response that is integrated 
and compatible to the greatest extent possible with all appropriate 
response plans of state, local, and non-federal entities, and 
especially with Title III local emergency response plans.
    (c) The ACP shall include the following:
    (1) A description of the area covered by the plan, including the 
areas of special economic or environmental importance that might be 
impacted by a discharge;
    (2) A description in detail of the responsibilities of an owner 
or operator and of federal, state, and local agencies in removing a 
discharge, and in mitigating or preventing a substantial threat of a 
discharge;
    (3) A list of equipment (including firefighting equipment), 
dispersants, or other mitigating substances and devices, and 
personnel available to an owner or operator and federal, state, and 
local agencies, to ensure an effective and immediate removal of a 
discharge, and to ensure mitigation or prevention of a substantial 
threat of a discharge (this may be provided in an appendix or by 
reference to other relevant emergency plans (e.g., state or LEPC 
plans), which may include such equipment lists);
    (4) A description of procedures to be followed for obtaining an 
expedited decision regarding the use of dispersants; and
    (5) A detailed description of how the plan is integrated into 
other ACPs and tank vessel, offshore facility, and onshore facility 
response plans approved by the President, and into operating 
procedures of the NSFCC.
    4.1.4  Fish and Wildlife and sensitive environments plan annex. 
(a) In order to provide for coordinated, immediate and effective 
protection, rescue, and rehabilitation of, and minimization of risk 
of injury to, fish and wildlife resources and habitat, Area 
Committees shall incorporate into each ACP a detailed annex 
containing a Fish and Wildlife and Sensitive Environments Plan that 
is consistent with the RCP and NCP. The annex shall be prepared in 
consultation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and NOAA 
and other interested natural resource management agencies and 
parties. It shall address fish and wildlife resources and their 
habitat, and shall include other areas considered sensitive 
environments in a separate section of the annex, based upon Area 
Committee recommendations. The annex shall provide the necessary 
information and procedures to immediately and effectively respond to 
discharges that may adversely affect fish and wildlife and their 
habitat and sensitive environments, including provisions for a 
response to a worst case discharge. Such information shall include 
the identification of appropriate agencies and their 
responsibilities, procedures to notify these agencies following a 
discharge or threat of a discharge; protocols for obtaining required 
fish and wildlife permits and other necessary permits, and 
provisions to ensure compatibility of annex-related activities with 
removal operations.
    (b) The annex shall:
    (1) Identify and establish priorities for fish and wildlife 
resources and their habitats and other important sensitive areas 
requiring protection from any direct or indirect effects from 
discharges that may occur. These effects include, but are not 
limited to, any seasonal or historical use, as well as all critical, 
special, significant or otherwise designated protected areas.
    (2) Provide a mechanism to be used during a spill response for 
timely identification of protection priorities of those fish and 
wildlife resources and habitats and sensitive environmental areas 
that may be threatened or injured by a discharge. These include as 
appropriate, not only marine and freshwater species, habitats, and 
their food sources, but also terrestrial wildlife and their habitats 
that may be affected directly by onshore oil or indirectly by oil-
related factors, such as loss or contamination of forage. The 
mechanism shall also provide for expeditious evaluation and 
appropriate consultations on the effects to fish and wildlife, their 
habitat, and other sensitive environments from the application of 
chemical countermeasures or other countermeasures not addressed 
under paragraph (3) of this section.
    (3) Identify potential environmental effects on fish and 
wildlife, their habitat, and other sensitive environments resulting 
from removal actions or countermeasures, including the option of no 
removal. Based on this evaluation of potential environmental 
effects, the annex should establish priorities for application of 
countermeasure and removal actions to habitats within the geographic 
region of the ACP. The annex should establish methods to minimize 
the identified effects on fish and wildlife because of response 
activities, including, but not limited to, disturbance of sensitive 
areas and habitats; illegal or inadvertent taking or disturbance of 
fish and wildlife or specimens by response personnel; and fish and 
wildlife, their habitat, and environmentally sensitive areas coming 
in contact with various cleaning or bioremediation agents. 
Furthermore, the annex should identify the areas where the movement 
of oiled debris may pose a risk to resident, transient, or migratory 
fish and wildlife, and other sensitive environments and should 
discuss measures to be considered for removing such oiled debris in 
a timely fashion to reduce such risk.
    (4) Provide for pre-approval of application of specific 
countermeasures or removal actions that, if expeditiously applied, 
will minimize adverse spill-induced impacts to fish and wildlife 
resources, their habitat, and other sensitive environments. Such 
pre-approval plans must be consistent with paragraphs (2) and (3) of 
this section and subpart J requirements of the NCP, and must have 
the concurrence of the natural resource trustees.
    (5) Provide monitoring plan(s) to evaluate the effectiveness of 
different countermeasures or removal actions in protecting the 
environment. Monitoring should include ``set-aside'' or ``control'' 
areas, where no mitigative actions are taken.
    (6) Identify and plan for the acquisition and utilization of 
necessary response capabilities for protection, rescue, and 
rehabilitation of fish and wildlife resources and habitat. This may 
include appropriately permitted private organizations and 
individuals with appropriate expertise and experience. The suitable 
organizations should be identified in cooperation with natural 
resource law enforcement agencies. Such capabilities shall include, 
but not be limited to, identification of facilities and equipment 
necessary for deterring sensitive fish and wildlife from entering 
oiled areas, and for capturing, holding, cleaning, and releasing 
injured wildlife. Plans for the provision of such capabilities shall 
ensure that there is no interference with other OSC removal 
operations.
    (7) Identify appropriate federal and state agency contacts and 
alternates responsible for coordination of fish and wildlife rescue 
and rehabilitation and protection of sensitive environments; 
identify and provide for required fish and wildlife handling and 
rehabilitation permits necessary under federal and state laws; and 
provide guidance on the implementation of law enforcement 
requirements included under current federal and state laws and 
corresponding regulations. Requirements include, but are not limited 
to procedures regarding the capture, transport, rehabilitation, 
release of wildlife exposed to or threatened by oil, and disposal of 
contaminated carcasses of wildlife.
    (8) Identify and secure the means for providing, if needed, the 
minimum required Occupational Safety and Health Administration 
(OSHA) training for volunteers, including those who assist with 
injured wildlife.
    (9) Evaluate the compatibility between this annex and non-
federal response plans (including those of vessels, facilities and 
pipelines) on issues affecting fish and wildlife, their habitat, and 
sensitive environments.

4.2  OPA facility and vessel response plans

    This section describes and cross-references the regulations that 
implement section 311(j)(5) of the CWA. A tank vessel, as defined 
under section 2101 of title 46, U.S. Code, an offshore facility, and 
an onshore facility that, because of its location, could reasonably 
expect to cause substantial harm to the environment by discharging 
into or on the navigable waters, adjoining shorelines, or exclusive 
economic zone must prepare and submit a plan for responding, to the 
maximum extent practicable, to a worst case discharge, and to a 
substantial threat of such a discharge, of oil or a hazardous 
substance. These response plans are required to be consistent with 
applicable Area Contingency Plans. These regulations are codified as 
follows:
    (a) For tank vessels, these regulations are codified in 33 CFR 
part 155;
    (b) For offshore facilities, these regulations are codified in 
30 CFR part 254;
    (c) For non-transportation related onshore facilities, these 
regulations are codified in 40 CFR part 112.20;
    (d) For transportation-related onshore facilities, these 
regulations are cofidied in 33 CFR part 154;
    (e) For pipeline facilities, these regulations are codified in 
49 CFR part 194; and
    (f) For rolling stock, these regulations are codified in 49 CFR 
part 106 et al.

4.3  Relation to others plans.

    4.3.1  Federal response plans. In the event of a declaration of 
a major disaster by the President, the FEMA may activate the Federal 
Response Plan (FRP). A Federal Coordinating Officer (FCO), 
designated by the President, may implement the FRP and coordinate 
and direct emergency assistance and disaster relief of impacted 
individuals, business, and public services under the Robert T. 
Stafford Disaster Relief Act. Delivery of federal assistance is 
facilitated through twelve functional annexes to the FRP known as 
Emergency Support Functions (ESFs). EPA coordinates activities under 
ESF #10--Hazardous Materials, which addresses preparedness and 
response to hazardous materials and oil incidents caused by a 
natural disaster or other catastrophic event. In such cases, the OSC 
should coordinate response activities with the FCO, through the 
incident-specific ESF #10 Chair, to ensure consistency with federal 
disaster assistance activities.
    4.3.2  Tank Vessel and Facility Response Plans. (a) Under CWA 
section 311(j)(5), tank vessels, offshore facilities, and certain 
onshore facilities are required to prepare and submit response plans 
for review and approval by the President for the carriage, storage, 
and transportation of oil and hazardous substances. Separate 
regulations published by the appropriate federal agencies provide 
for required response plan development and/or approval.
    (b) These plans shall be developed to coordinate responsible 
party actions with the OSC and the ACP response strategies, for 
response to oil discharges within the inland and coastal zones of 
the United States.

4.4  Pre-approval authority.

    (a) RRTs and Area Committees shall address, as part of their 
planning activities, the desirability of using appropriate 
dispersants, surface washing agents, surface collecting agents, 
bioremediation agents, or miscellaneous oil spill control agents 
listed on the NCP Product Schedule, and the desirability of using 
appropriate burning agents. RCPs and ACPs shall, as appropriate, 
include applicable preauthorization plans and address the specific 
contexts in which such products should and should not be used. In 
meeting the provisions of this paragraph, preauthorization plans may 
address factors such as the potential sources and types of oil that 
might be spilled, the existence and location of environmentally 
sensitive resources that might be impacted by spilled oil, available 
product and storage locations, available equipment and adequately 
trained operators, and the available means to monitor product 
application and effectiveness. The RRT representatives from EPA and 
the states with jurisdiction over the waters of the area to which a 
preauthorization plan applies and the DOC and DOI natural resource 
trustees shall review and either approve, disapprove, or approve 
with modification the preauthorization plans developed by Area 
Committees, as appropriate. Approved preauthorization plans shall be 
included in the appropriate RCPs and ACPs. If the RRT 
representatives from EPA and the states with jurisdiction over the 
waters of the area to which a preauthorization plan applies and the 
DOC and DOI natural resource trustees approve in advance the use of 
certain products under specified circumstances as described in the 
preauthorization plan, the OSC may authorize the use of the products 
without obtaining the specific concurrences described in paragraphs 
(b) and (c) of this section.
    (b) For spill situations that are not addressed by the 
preauthorization plans developed pursuant to paragraph (a) of this 
section, the OSC, with the concurrence of the EPA representative to 
the RRT and, as appropriate, the concurrence of the RRT 
representatives from the states with jurisdiction over the navigable 
waters threatened by the discharge, and in consultation with the DOC 
and DOI natural resource trustees, when practicable, may authorize 
the use of dispersants, surface washing agents, surface collecting 
agents, bioremediation agents, or miscellaneous oil spill control 
agents on the oil discharge, provided that the products are listed 
on the NCP Product Schedule.
    (c) The OSC, with the concurrence of the EPA representative to 
the RRT and, as appropriate, the concurrence of the RRT 
representatives from the states with jurisdiction over the navigable 
waters threatened by the discharge, and in consultation with the DOC 
and DOI natural resource trustees, when practicable, may authorize 
the use of burning agents on a case-by-case basis.
    (d) The OSC may authorize the use of any dispersant, surface 
washing agent, surface collecting agent, other chemical agent, 
burning agent, bioremediation agent, or miscellaneous oil spill 
control agent, including products not listed on the NCP Product 
Schedule, without obtaining the concurrence of the EPA 
representative to the RRT and, as appropriate, the RRT 
representatives from the states with jurisdiction over the navigable 
waters threatened by the discharge, when, in the judgment of the 
OSC, the use of the product is necessary to prevent or substantially 
reduce a hazard to human life. Whenever the OSC authorizes the use 
of a product pursuant to this paragraph, the OSC is to inform the 
EPA RRT representative and, as appropriate, the RRT representatives 
from the affected states and, when practicable, the DOC/DOI natural 
resource trustees of the use of a product, including products not on 
the Schedule, as soon as possible. Once the threat to human life has 
subsided, the continued use of a product shall be in accordance with 
paragraphs (a), (b), and (c) of this section.
    (e) Sinking agents shall not be authorized for application to 
oil discharges.
    (f) When developing preauthorization plans, RRTs may require the 
performance of supplementary toxicity and effectiveness testing of 
products, in addition to the test methods specified in Sec. 300.915 
and described in Appendix C to part 300, due to existing site-
specific or area-specific concerns.
    4.5  Area response drills. The OSC periodically shall conduct 
drills of removal capability (including fish and wildlife response), 
without prior notice, in areas for which ACPs are required and under 
relevant tank vessel and facility response plans.

5.0  Response operations.

    (a) The OSC shall direct response efforts and coordinate all 
other efforts at the scene of a discharge. As part of the planning 
and preparation for response, OSCs shall be predesignated by the 
regional or district head of the lead agency.
    (b) The first federal official affiliated with an NRT member 
agency to arrive at the scene of a discharge should coordinate 
activities under the NCP and is authorized to initiate, in 
consultation with the OSC, any necessary actions normally carried 
out by the OSC until the arrival of the predesignated OSC. This 
official may initiate federal OSLTF-financed actions only as 
authorized by the OSC or, if the OSC is unavailable, the authorized 
representative of the lead agency.
    (c) The OSC shall, to the extent practicable, collect pertinent 
facts about the discharge, such as its source and cause; the 
identification of responsible parties; the nature, amount, and 
location of discharged materials; the probable direction and time of 
travel of discharged materials; whether the discharge is a worst 
case discharge; the pathways to human and environmental exposure; 
the potential impact on human health, welfare, and safety and the 
environment; whether the discharge poses a substantial threat to the 
public health or welfare; the potential impact on natural resources 
and property which may be affected; priorities for protecting human 
health and welfare and the environment; and appropriate cost 
documentation.
    (d) The OSC's efforts shall be coordinated with other 
appropriate federal, state, local, and private response agencies. 
OSCs may designate capable persons from federal, state, or local 
agencies to act as their on-scene representatives. State and local 
governments, however, are not authorized to take actions under 
subpart D of the NCP that involve expenditures of the OSLTF unless 
an appropriate contract or cooperative agreement has been 
established.
    (e) The OSC should consult regularly with the RRT and NSFCC, as 
appropriate, in carrying out the NCP and keep the RRT and NSFCC, as 
appropriate, informed of activities under the NCP.
    (f) The OSC should evaluate incoming information and immediately 
advise FEMA of potential major disaster situations.
    (g) The OSC is responsible for addressing worker health and 
safety concerns at a response scene.
    (h) In those instances where a possible public health emergency 
exists, the OSC should notify the HHS representative to the RRT. 
Throughout response actions, the OSC may call upon the OSHA and HHS 
representative for assistance on worker health and safety issues.
    (i) All federal agencies should plan for emergencies and develop 
procedures for dealing with oil discharges and releases of hazardous 
substances, pollutants, or contaminants from vessels and facilities 
under their jurisdiction. All federal agencies, therefore, are 
responsible for designating the office that coordinates response to 
such incidents in accordance with the NCP and applicable federal 
regulations and guidelines.
    (j)(1) The OSC shall ensure that the natural resource trustees 
are promptly notified of discharges.
    (2) The OSC shall coordinate all response activities with the 
affected natural resource trustees and shall consult with the 
affected trustees on the appropriate removal action to be taken.
    (3) Where the OSC becomes aware that a discharge may affect any 
endangered or threatened species, or their habitat, the OSC shall 
consult with DOI, DOC/NOAA, and, if appropriate, the cognizant 
federal land managing agency.
    (k) The OSC shall submit pollution reports (POLREPs) to the RRT 
and other appropriate agencies as significant developments occur 
during response actions, through communications networks or 
procedures agreed to by the RRT and covered in the RCP.
    (l) The OSC should ensure that all appropriate public and 
private interests are kept informed and that their concerns are 
considered throughout a response, to the extent practicable.
    5.1  Phase I--Discovery or notification. (a) A discharge of oil 
may be discovered through:
    (1) A report submitted by the person in charge of a vessel or 
facility, in accordance with statutory requirements;
    (2) Deliberate search by patrols;
    (3) Random or incidental observation by government agencies or 
the public; or
    (4) Other sources.
    (b) Any person in charge of a vessel or a facility shall, as 
soon as he or she has knowledge of any discharge from such vessel or 
facility in violation of section 311(b)(3) of the CWA, immediately 
notify the NRC. Notification shall be made to the NRC Duty Officer, 
HQ USCG, Washington, DC, telephone (800) 424-8802 or (202) 267-2675. 
If direct reporting to the NRC is not practicable, reports may be 
made to the USCG or EPA predesignated OSC for the geographic area 
where the discharge occurs. The EPA predesignated OSC may also be 
contacted through the regional 24-hour emergency response telephone 
number. All such reports shall be promptly relayed to the NRC. If it 
is not possible to notify the NRC or predesignated OSC immediately, 
reports may be made immediately to the nearest Coast Guard unit. In 
any event, such person in charge of the vessel or facility shall 
notify the NRC as soon as possible.
    (c) Any other person shall, as appropriate, notify the NRC of a 
discharge of oil.
    (d) Upon receipt of a notification of discharge, the NRC shall 
promptly notify the OSC. The OSC shall ensure notification of the 
appropriate state agency of any state which is, or may reasonably be 
expected to be, affected by the discharge. The OSC shall then 
proceed with the following phases as outlined in the RCP and ACP.
    5.2  Phase II--Preliminary assessment and initiation of action
    (a) The OSC is responsible for promptly initiating a preliminary 
assessment.
    (b) The preliminary assessment shall be conducted using 
available information, supplemented where necessary and possible by 
an on-scene inspection. The OSC shall undertake actions to:
    (1) Evaluate the magnitude and severity of the discharge or 
threat to public health or welfare or the environment;
    (2) Assess the feasibility of removal; and
    (3) To the extent practicable, identify potentially responsible 
parties.
    (c) Where practicable, the framework for the response management 
structure is a system (e.g., a unified command system), that brings 
together the functions of the federal government, the state 
government, and the responsible party to achieve an effective and 
efficient response, where the OSC maintains authority.
    (d) Except in a case when the OSC is required to direct the 
response to a discharge that may pose a substantial threat to the 
public health or welfare (including, but not limited to fish, 
shellfish, wildlife, other natural resources, and the public and 
private beaches and shorelines of the United States), the OSC may 
allow the responsible party to voluntarily and promptly perform 
removal actions, provided the OSC determines such actions will 
ensure an effective and immediate removal of the discharge or 
mitigation or prevention of a substantial threat of a discharge. If 
the responsible party does conduct the removal, the OSC shall ensure 
adequate surveillance over whatever actions are initiated. If 
effective actions are not being taken to eliminate the threat, or if 
removal is not being properly done, the OSC should, to the extent 
practicable under the circumstances, so advise the responsible 
party. If the responsible party does not respond properly, the OSC 
shall take appropriate response actions and should notify the 
responsible party of the potential liability for federal response 
costs incurred by the OSC pursuant to the OPA and CWA. Where 
practicable, continuing efforts should be made to encourage response 
by responsible parties.
    (1) In carrying out a response under this section, the OSC may:
    (A) Remove or arrange for the removal of a discharge, and 
mitigate or prevent a substantial threat of a discharge, at any 
time;
    (B) Direct or monitor all federal, state, and private actions to 
remove a discharge; and
    (C) Remove and, if necessary, destroy a vessel discharging, or 
threatening to discharge, by whatever means are available.
    (2) If the discharge results in a substantial threat to the 
public health or welfare of the United States (including, but not 
limited to fish, shellfish, wildlife, other natural resources, and 
the public and private beaches and shorelines of the United States), 
the OSC must direct all response efforts, as provided in section 
5.3.4 of this appendix. The OSC should declare as expeditiously as 
practicable to spill response participants that the federal 
government will direct the response. The OSC may act without regard 
to any other provision of the law governing contracting procedures 
or employment of personnel by the federal government in removing or 
arranging for the removal of such a discharge.
    (e) The OSC shall ensure that the natural resource trustees are 
promptly notified in the event of any discharge of oil, to the 
maximum extent practicable as provided in the Fish and Wildlife and 
Sensitive Environments Plan annex to the ACP for the area in which 
the discharge occurs. The OSC and the trustees shall coordinate 
assessments, evaluations, investigations, and planning with respect 
to appropriate removal actions. The OSC shall consult with the 
affected trustees on the appropriate removal action to be taken. The 
trustees will provide timely advice concerning recommended actions 
with regard to trustee resources potentially affected. The trustees 
also will assure that the OSC is informed of their activities in 
natural resource damage assessment that may affect response 
operations. The trustees shall assure, through the lead 
administrative trustee, that all data from the natural resource 
damage assessment activities that may support more effective 
operational decisions are provided in a timely manner to the OSC. 
When circumstances permit, the OSC shall share the use of non-
monetary response resources (i.e., personnel and equipment) with the 
trustees, provided trustee activities do not interfere with response 
actions. The lead administrative trustee facilitates effective and 
efficient communication between the OSC and the other trustees 
during response operations and is responsible for applying to the 
OSC for non-monetary federal response resources on behalf of all 
trustees. The lead administrative trustee is also responsible for 
applying to the National Pollution Funds Center for funding for 
initiation of damage assessment for injuries to natural resources.
    5.3  Patterns of response.
    5.3.1  Determinations to initiate response and special 
conditions.
    (a) In accordance with the CWA, the Administrator of EPA or the 
Secretary of the department in which the USCG is operating, as 
appropriate, is authorized to act for the United States to take 
response measures deemed necessary to protect the public health or 
welfare or environment from discharges of oil.
    (b) The Administrator of EPA or the Secretary of the department 
in which the USCG is operating, as appropriate, is authorized to 
initiate and, in the case of a discharge posing a substantial threat 
to public health or welfare is required to initiate and direct, 
appropriate response activities when the Administrator or Secretary 
determines that any oil is discharged or there is a substantial 
threat of such discharge from any vessel or offshore or onshore 
facility into or on the navigable waters of the United States, on 
the adjoining shorelines to the navigable waters, into or on the 
waters of the exclusive economic zone, or that may affect natural 
resources belonging to, appertaining to, or under exclusive 
management authority of the United States.
    (c) In addition to any actions taken by a state or local 
government, the Administrator of EPA or the Secretary of the 
department in which the USCG is operating may request the U.S. 
Attorney General to secure the relief from any person, including the 
owner or operator of the vessel or facility necessary to abate a 
threat or, after notice to the affected state, take any other action 
authorized by section 311 of the CWA, including issuing 
administrative orders, that may be necessary to protect the public 
health or welfare, if the Administrator or Secretary determines that 
there may be an imminent and substantial threat to the public health 
or welfare or the environment of the United States, including fish, 
shellfish, and wildlife, public and private property, shorelines, 
beaches, habitats, and other living and nonliving natural resources 
under the jurisdiction or control of the United States, because of 
an actual or threatened discharge of oil from any vessel or offshore 
or onshore facility into or upon the navigable waters of the United 
States.
    (d) Response actions to remove discharges originating from 
operations conducted subject to the Outer Continental Shelf Lands 
Act shall be in accordance with the NCP.
    (e) Where appropriate, when a discharge involves radioactive 
materials, the lead or support federal agency shall act consistent 
with the notification and assistance procedures described in the 
appropriate Federal Radiological Plan. For the purpose of the NCP, 
the Federal Radiological Emergency Response Plan (FRERP) (50 FR 
46542, November 8, 1985) is the appropriate plan. Most radiological 
discharges and releases do not result in FRERP activation and should 
be handled in accordance with the NCP. However, releases from 
nuclear incidents subject to requirements for financial protection 
established by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission under the Price-
Anderson amendments (section 170) of the Atomic Energy Act are 
specifically excluded from CERCLA and NCP requirements.
    (f) Removal actions involving nuclear weapons should be 
conducted in accordance with the joint Department of Defense, 
Department of Energy, and FEMA Agreement for Response to Nuclear 
Incidents and Nuclear Weapons Significant Incidents (January 8, 
1981).
    (g) If the situation is beyond the capability of state and local 
governments and the statutory authority of federal agencies, the 
President may, under the Disaster Relief Act of 1974, act upon a 
request by the Governor and declare a major disaster or emergency 
and appoint a FCO to coordinate all federal disaster assistance 
activities. In such cases, the OSC would continue to carry out OSC 
responsibilities under the NCP, but would coordinate those 
activities with the FCO to ensure consistency with other federal 
disaster assistance activities.
    (h) In the event of a declaration of a major disaster by the 
President, FEMA may activate the FRP. An FCO, designated by the 
President, may implement the FRP and coordinate and direct emergency 
assistance and disaster relief of impacted individuals, business, 
and public services under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief 
Act. Delivery of federal assistance is facilitated through twelve 
functional annexes to the FRP known as ESFs. EPA coordinates 
activities under ESF #10--Hazardous Materials, which addresses 
preparedness and response to hazardous materials and oil incidents 
caused by a natural disaster or other catastrophic event. In such 
cases, the OSC/RPM should coordinate response activities with the 
FCO, through the incident-specific ESF #10 Chair, to ensure 
consistency with federal disaster assistance activities.
    5.3.2  General pattern of response. (a) When the OSC receives a 
report of a discharge, actions normally should be taken in the 
following sequence:
    (1) Investigate the report to determine pertinent information 
such as the threat posed to public health or welfare or the 
environment, the type and quantity of polluting material, and the 
source of the discharge.
    (2) Officially classify the size (i.e., minor, medium, major) 
and type (i.e., substantial threat to the public health or welfare, 
worst case discharge) of the discharge and determine the course of 
action to be followed to ensure effective and immediate removal, 
mitigation, or prevention of the discharge. Some discharges that are 
classified as a substantial threat to the public health or welfare 
may be further classified as a spill of national significance by the 
Administrator of EPA or the Commandant of the USCG. The appropriate 
course of action may be prescribed in 5.3.4, 5.3.5, and 5.3.6 of 
this appendix.
    (A) When the reported discharge is an actual or potential major 
discharge, the OSC shall immediately notify the RRT and the NRC.
    (B) When the investigation shows that an actual or potential 
medium discharge exists, the OSC shall recommend activation of the 
RRT, if appropriate.
    (C) When the investigation shows that an actual or potential 
minor discharge exists, the OSC shall monitor the situation to 
ensure that proper removal action is being taken.
    (3) If the OSC determines that effective and immediate removal, 
mitigation, or prevention of a discharge can be achieved by private 
party efforts, and where the discharge does not pose a substantial 
threat to the public health or welfare, determine whether the 
responsible party or other person is properly carrying out removal. 
Removal is being done properly when:
    (A) The responsible party is applying the resources called for 
in its response plan to effectively and immediately remove, 
minimize, or mitigate threat(s) to public health and welfare and the 
environment; and
    (B) The removal efforts are in accordance with applicable 
regulations, including the NCP. Even if the OSC supplements 
responsible party resources with government resources, the spill 
response will not be considered improper, unless specifically 
determined by the OSC.
    (4) Where appropriate, determine whether a state or political 
subdivision thereof has the capability to carry out any or all 
removal actions. If so, the OSC may arrange funding to support these 
actions.
    (5) Ensure prompt notification of the trustees of affected 
natural resources in accordance with the applicable RCP and ACP.
    (b) Removal shall be considered complete when so determined by 
the OSC in consultation with the Governor or Governors of the 
affected states. When the OSC considers removal complete, OSLTF 
removal funding shall end. This determination shall not preclude 
additional removal actions under applicable state law.
    5.3.3  Containment, countermeasures, and cleanup. (a) Defensive 
actions shall begin as soon as possible to prevent, minimize, or 
mitigate threat(s) to the public health or welfare or the 
environment. Actions may include but are not limited to: analyzing 
water samples to determine the source and spread of the oil; 
controlling the source of discharge; source and spread control or 
salvage operations; placement of physical barriers to deter the 
spread of the oil and to protect natural resources and sensitive 
ecosystems; measuring and sampling; control of the water discharged 
from upstream impoundment; and the use of chemicals and other 
materials in accordance with subpart J of Part 300 of the NCP to 
restrain the spread of the oil and mitigate its effects. The ACP 
should be consulted for procedures to be followed for obtaining an 
expedited decision regarding the use of dispersants and other 
products listed on the NCP Product Schedule.
    (b) As appropriate, actions shall be taken to recover the oil or 
mitigate its effects. Of the numerous chemical or physical methods 
that may be used, the chosen methods shall be the most consistent 
with protecting public health and welfare and the environment. 
Sinking agents shall not be used.
    (c) Oil and contaminated materials recovered in cleanup 
operations shall be disposed of in accordance with the RCP, ACP, and 
any applicable laws, regulations, or requirements. RRT and Area 
Committee guidelines may identify the disposal options available 
during an oil spill response and may describe what disposal 
requirements are mandatory or may not be waived by the OSC. ACP 
guidelines should address: the sampling, testing, and classifying of 
recovered oil and oiled debris; the segregation and stockpiling of 
recovered oil and oiled debris; prior state disposal approvals and 
permits; and the routes; methods (e.g. recycle/reuse, on-site 
burning, incineration, landfilling, etc.); and sites for the 
disposal of collected oil, oiled debris, and animal carcasses; 
procedures for obtaining waivers, exemptions, or authorizations 
associated with handling or transporting waste materials. The ACPs 
may identify a hierachy of preferences for disposal alternatives, 
with recycling (reprocessing) being the most preferred, and other 
alternatives preferred based on priorities for health or the 
environment.
    5.3.4  Response to a substantial threat to the public health or 
welfare. (a) The OSC shall determine whether a discharge results in 
a substantial threat to public health or welfare (including, but not 
limited to, fish, shellfish, wildlife, other natural resources, the 
public and private beaches, and shorelines of the United States). 
Factors to be considered by the OSC in making this determination 
include, but are not limited to, the size of the discharge, the 
character of the discharge, and the nature of the threat to public 
health or welfare. Upon obtaining such information, the OSC shall 
conduct an evaluation of the threat posed, based on the OSC's 
experience in assessing other discharges and consultation with 
senior lead agency officials and readily available authorities on 
issues outside the OSC's technical expertise.
    (b) If the investigation by the OSC shows that the discharge 
poses or may present a substantial threat to public health or 
welfare, the OSC shall direct all federal, state, or private actions 
to remove the discharge or to mitigate or prevent the threat of such 
a discharge, as appropriate. In directing the response in such 
cases, the OSC may act without regard to any other provision of law 
governing contracting procedures or employment of personnel by the 
federal government to:
    (1) Remove or arrange for the removal of the discharge;
    (2) Mitigate or prevent the substantial threat of the discharge; 
and
    (3) Remove and, if necessary, destroy a vessel discharging, or 
threatening to discharge, by whatever means are available.
    (c) In the case of a substantial threat to the public health or 
welfare, the OSC shall:
    (1) Assess opportunities for the use of various special teams 
and other assistance, including the use of the services of the 
NSFCC, as appropriate;
    (2) Request immediate activation of the RRT; and
    (3) Take whatever additional response actions are deemed 
appropriate, including but not limited to implementation of the ACP 
or relevant tank vessel or facility response plan.
    (d) When requested by the OSC, the lead agency or RRT shall 
dispatch appropriate personnel to the scene of the discharge to 
assist the OSC. This assistance may include technical support in the 
agency's areas of expertise and disseminating information to the 
public. The lead agency shall ensure that a contracting officer is 
available on scene, at the request of the OSC.
    5.3.5  Enhanced activities during a spill of national 
significance. (a) A discharge may be classified as an SONS by the 
Administrator of EPA for discharges occurring in the inland zone and 
the Commandant of the USCG for discharges occurring in the coastal 
zone.
    (b) For an SONS in the inland zone, the EPA Administrator may 
name a senior Agency official to assist the OSC in: (1) 
Communicating with affected parties and the public; and (2) 
coordinating federal, state, local, and international resources at 
the national level. This strategic coordination will involve, as 
appropriate, the NRT, RRT(s), the Governor(s) of affected state(s), 
and the mayor(s) or other chief executive(s) of local government(s).
    (c) For an SONS in the coastal zone, the USCG Commandant may 
name a National Incident Commander (NIC) who will assume the role of 
the OSC in: (1) Communicating with affected parties and the public; 
and (2) coordinating federal, state, local, and international 
resources at the national level. This strategic coordination shall 
involve, as appropriate, the NRT, RRT(s), the Governor(s) of 
affected state(s), and the mayor(s) or other chief executive(s) of 
local government(s).
    5.3.6  Response to worst case discharges. (a) If the 
investigation by the OSC shows that a discharge is a worst case 
discharge as defined in the ACP, or there is a substantial threat of 
such a discharge, the OSC shall:
    (1) Notify the NSFCC;
    (2) Require, where applicable, implementation of the worst case 
portion of an approved tank vessel or facility response plan;
    (3) Implement the worst case portion of the ACP, if appropriate; 
and
    (4) Take whatever additional response actions are deemed 
appropriate.
    (b) Under the direction of the OSC, the NSFCC shall coordinate 
use of private and public personnel and equipment, including strike 
teams, to remove a worst case discharge and mitigate or prevent a 
substantial threat of such a discharge.
    5.3.7  Multi-regional responses. (a) If a discharge moves from 
the area covered by one ACP or RCP into another area, the authority 
for response actions should likewise shift. If a discharge affects 
areas covered by two or more ACPs or RCPs, the response mechanisms 
of each applicable plan may be activated. In this case, response 
actions of all regions concerned shall be fully coordinated as 
detailed in the RCPs and ACPs.
    (b) There shall be only one OSC at any time during the course of 
a response operation. Should a discharge affect two or more areas, 
EPA, the USCG, DOD, DOE, or other lead agency, as appropriate, shall 
give prime consideration to the area vulnerable to the greatest 
threat, in determining which agency should provide the OSC. The RRT 
shall designate the OSC if the RRT member agencies who have response 
authority within the affected areas are unable to agree on the 
designation. The NRT shall designate the OSC if members of one RRT 
or two adjacent RRTs are unable to agree on the designation.
    5.3.8  Worker health and safety. (a) Response actions under the 
NCP shall comply with the provisions for response action worker 
safety and health in 29 CFR 1910.120. The national response system 
meets the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.120 concerning use of an 
incident command system.
    (b) In a response action taken by a responsible party, the 
responsible party must assure that an occupational safety and health 
program consistent with 29 CFR 1910.120 is made available for the 
protection of workers at the response site.
    (c) In a response taken under the NCP by a lead agency, an 
occupational safety and health program should be made available for 
the protection of workers at the response site, consistent with, and 
to the extent required by, 29 CFR 1910.120. Contracts relating to a 
response action under the NCP should contain assurances that the 
contractor at the response site will comply with this program and 
with any applicable provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health 
Act of 1970 (OSH Act) and state laws with plans approved under 
section 18 of the OSH Act.
    (d) When a state, or political subdivision of a state, without 
an OSHA-approved state plan is the lead agency for response, the 
state or political subdivision must comply with standards in 40 CFR 
part 311, promulgated by the EPA pursuant to section 126(f) of the 
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA).
    (e) Requirements, standards, and regulations of the OSH Act and 
of state OSH laws not directly referenced in paragraphs (a) through 
(d) of this section, must be complied with where applicable. Federal 
OSH Act requirements include, among other things, Construction 
Standards (29 CFR part 1926), General Industry Standards (29 CFR 
part 1910), and the general duty requirement of section 5(a)(1) of 
the OSH Act (29 U.S.C. 654(a)(1)). No action by the lead agency with 
respect to response activities under the NCP constitutes an exercise 
of statutory authority within the meaning of section 4(b)(1) of the 
OSH Act. All governmental agencies and private employers are 
directly responsible for the health and safety of their own 
employees.

5.4  Disposal

    Oil recovered in cleanup operations shall be disposed of in 
accordance with the RCP, ACP, and any applicable laws, regulations, 
or requirements. RRT and ACP guidelines may identify the disposal 
plans to be followed during an oil spill response and may address: 
the sampling, testing, and classifying of recovered oil and oiled 
debris; the segregation and stockpiling of recovered oil and oiled 
debris; prior state disposal approvals and permits; and the routes; 
methods (e.g., recycle/reuse, on-site burning, incineration, 
landfilling, etc.); and sites for the disposal of collected oil, 
oiled debris, and animal carcasses.

5.5  Natural Resource Trustees

    5.5.1  Damage assessment. (a) Upon notification or discovery of 
injury to, destruction of, loss of, or threat to natural resources, 
trustees may, pursuant to section 1006 of the OPA, take the 
following actions as appropriate:
    (1) Conduct a preliminary survey of the area affected by the 
discharge to determine if trust resources under their jurisdiction 
are, or potentially may be, affected;
    (2) Cooperate with the OSC in coordinating assessments, 
investigations, and planning;
    (3) Carry out damage assessments; or
    (4) Devise and carry out a plan for restoration, rehabilitation, 
replacement, or acquisition of equivalent natural resources. In 
assessing damages to natural resources, the federal, state, and 
Indian tribe trustees have the option of following the procedures 
for natural resource damage assessments located at 43 CFR part 11.
    (b) Upon notification or discovery of injury to, destruction of, 
loss of, or loss of use of, natural resources, or the potential for 
such, resulting from a discharge of oil occurring after August 18, 
1990, the trustees, pursuant to section 1006 of the OPA, are to take 
the following actions:
    (1) In accordance with OPA section 1006(c), determine the need 
for assessment of natural resource damages, collect data necessary 
for a potential damage assessment, and, where appropriate, assess 
damages to natural resources under their trusteeship; and
    (2) As appropriate, and subject to the public participation 
requirements of OPA section 1006(c), develop and implement a plan 
for the restoration, rehabilitation, replacement, or acquisition of 
the equivalent, of the natural resources under their trusteeship.
    (c)(1) The trustees, consistent with procedures specified in the 
Fish and Wildlife and Sensitive Environments Annex to the Area 
Contingency Plan, shall provide timely advice on recommended actions 
concerning trustee resources that are potentially affected by a 
discharge of oil. This may include providing assistance to the OSC 
in identifying/recommending pre-approved response techniques and in 
predesignating shoreline types and areas in ACPs.
    (2) The trustees shall assure, through the lead administrative 
trustee, that the OSC is informed of their activities regarding 
natural resource damage assessment that may affect response 
operations in order to assure coordination and minimize any 
interference with such operations. The trustees shall assure, 
through the lead administrative trustee, that all data from the 
natural resource damage assessment activities that may support more 
effective operational decisions are provided in a timely manner to 
the OSC.
    (3) The OSC deploys federal response resources, including but 
not limited to aircraft, vessels, and booms to contain and remove 
discharged oil. When circumstances permit, the OSC shall share the 
use of federal response resources with the trustees, providing 
trustee activities do not interfere with response actions. The lead 
administrative trustee facilitates effective and efficient 
communication between the OSC and the other trustees during response 
operations and is responsible for applying to the OSC for non-
monetary federal response resources on behalf of all trustees. The 
lead administrative trustee is also responsible for applying to the 
National Pollution Funds Center for funding for initiation of damage 
assessment for injuries to natural resources.
    (d) The authority of federal trustees includes, but is not 
limited to the following actions:
    (1) Requesting that the Attorney General seek compensation from 
the responsible parties for the damages assessed and for the costs 
of an assessment and of restoration planning;
    (2) Participating in negotiations between the United States and 
potentially responsible parties (PRPs) to obtain PRP-financed or 
PRP-conducted assessments and restorations for injured resources or 
protection for threatened resources and to agree to covenants not to 
sue, where appropriate; and
    (3) Initiating damage assessments, as provided in OPA section 
6002.
    (e) Actions which may be taken by any trustee pursuant to 
section 311(f)(5) of the CWA or section 1006 of the OPA include, but 
are not limited to, any of the following:
    (1) Requesting that an authorized agency issue an administrative 
order or pursue injunctive relief against the parties responsible 
for the discharge; or
    (2) Requesting that the lead agency remove, or arrange for the 
removal of any oil from a contaminated medium pursuant to section 
311 of the CWA.
    5.5.2  Lead administrative trustee. The lead administrative 
trustee is a natural resource trustee who is designated on an 
incident-by-incident basis and chosen by the other trustees whose 
natural resources are affected by the incident. The lead 
administrative trustee facilitates effective and efficient 
communication between the OSC and the other trustees during response 
operations and is responsible for applying to the OSC for non-
monetary federal response resources on behalf of all trustees. The 
lead administrative trustee is also responsible for applying to the 
National Pollution Funds Center for funding for initiation of damage 
assessment for injuries to natural resources.
    5.5.3  OSC coordination. (a) The OSC shall ensure that the 
natural resource trustees are promptly notified in the event of any 
discharge of oil, to the maximum extent practicable, as provided in 
the Fish and Wildlife and Sensitive Environments Plan annex to the 
ACP for the area in which the discharge occurs. The OSC and the 
trustees shall coordinate assessments, evaluations, investigations, 
and planning with respect to appropriate removal actions. The OSC 
shall consult with the affected trustees on the appropriate removal 
action to be taken.
    (b) The trustees will provide timely advice concerning 
recommended actions with regard to trustee resources that are 
potentially affected. This may include providing assistance to the 
OSC in identifying/recommending pre-approved response techniques, 
and in predesignating shoreline types and areas in ACPs.
    (c) The trustees also will assure that the OSC is informed of 
their activities regarding natural resource damage assessment that 
may affect response operations.
    5.5.4  Dissemination of information. (a) When an incident 
occurs, it is imperative to give the public prompt, accurate 
information on the nature of the incident and the actions underway 
to mitigate the damage. OSCs and community relations personnel 
should ensure that all appropriate public and private interests are 
kept informed and that their concerns are considered throughout a 
response. They should coordinate with available public affairs/
community relations resources to carry out this responsibility by 
establishing, as appropriate, a Joint Information Center bringing 
together resources from federal and state agencies and the 
responsible party.
    (b) An on-scene news office may be established to coordinate 
media relations and to issue official federal information on an 
incident. Whenever possible, it will be headed by a representative 
of the lead agency. The OSC determines the location of the on-scene 
news office, but every effort should be made to locate it near the 
scene of the incident. If a participating agency believes public 
interest warrants the issuance of statements and an on-scene news 
office has not been established, the affected agency should 
recommend its establishment. All federal news releases or statements 
by participating agencies should be cleared through the OSC. 
Information dissemination relating to natural resource damage 
assessment activities shall be coordinated through the lead 
administrative trustee. The designated lead administrative trustee 
may assist the OSC by disseminating information on issues relating 
to damage assessment activities. Following termination of the 
removal activity, information dissemination on damage assessment 
activities shall be through the lead administrative trustee.
    5.5.5  Responsibilities of trustees. (a) Where there are 
multiple trustees, because of coexisting or contiguous natural 
resources or concurrent jurisdictions, they should coordinate and 
cooperate in carrying out these responsibilities.
    (b) Trustees are responsible for designating to the RRTs and the 
Area Committees, for inclusion in the RCP and the ACP, appropriate 
contacts to receive notifications from the OSCs of discharges.
    (c)(1) Upon notification or discovery of injury to, destruction 
of, loss of, or threat to natural resources, trustees may, pursuant 
to section 311(f)(5) of the CWA, take the following or other actions 
as appropriate:
    (A) Conduct a preliminary survey of the area affected by the 
discharge or release to determine if trust resources under their 
jurisdiction are, or potentially may be, affected;
    (B) Cooperate with the OSC in coordinating assessments, 
investigations, and planning;
    (C) Carry out damage assessments; or
    (D) Devise and carry out a plan for restoration, rehabilitation, 
replacement, or acquisition of equivalent natural resources. In 
assessing damages to natural resources, the federal, state, and 
Indian tribe trustees have the option of following the procedures 
for natural resource damage assessments located at 43 CFR part 11.
    (2) Upon notification or discovery of injury to, destruction of, 
loss of, or loss of use of, natural resources, or the potential for 
such, resulting from a discharge of oil occurring after August 18, 
1990, the trustees, pursuant to section 1006 of the OPA, are to take 
the following actions:
    (A) In accordance with OPA section 1006(c), determine the need 
for assessment of natural resource damages, collect data necessary 
for a potential damage assessment, and, where appropriate, assess 
damages to natural resources under their trusteeship; and
    (B) As appropriate, and subject to the public participation 
requirements of OPA section 1006(c), develop and implement a plan 
for the restoration, rehabilitation, replacement, or acquisition of 
the equivalent, of the natural resources under their trusteeship;
    (3)(A) The trustees, consistent with procedures specified in the 
Fish and Wildlife and Sensitive Environments Annex to the Area 
Contingency Plan, shall provide timely advice on recommended actions 
concerning trustee resources that are potentially affected by a 
discharge of oil. This may include providing assistance to the OSC 
in identifying/recommending pre-approved response techniques and in 
predesignating shoreline types and areas in ACPs.
    (B) The trustees shall assure, through the lead administrative 
trustee, that the OSC is informed of their activities regarding 
natural resource damage assessment that may affect response 
operations in order to assure coordination and minimize any 
interference with such operations. The trustees shall assure, 
through the lead administrative trustee, that all data from the 
natural resource damage assessment activities that may support more 
effective operational decisions are provided in a timely manner to 
the OSC.
    (C) When circumstances permit, the OSC shall share the use of 
federal response resources (including but not limited to aircraft, 
vessels, and booms to contain and remove discharged oil) with the 
trustees, providing trustee activities do not interfere with 
response actions. The lead administrative trustee facilitates 
effective and efficient communication between the OSC and the other 
trustees during response operations and is responsible for applying 
to the OSC for non-monetary federal response resources on behalf of 
all trustees. The lead administrative trustee also is responsible 
for applying to the National Pollution Funds Center for funding for 
initiation of damage assessment for injuries to natural resources.
    (d) The authority of federal trustees includes, but is not 
limited to the following actions:
    (1) Requesting that the Attorney General seek compensation from 
the responsible parties for the damages assessed and for the costs 
of an assessment and of restoration planning; and
    (2) Initiating damage assessments, as provided in OPA section 
6002.
    (e) Actions which may be taken by any trustee pursuant to 
section 1006 of the OPA include, but are not limited to, any of the 
following:
    (1) Requesting that an authorized agency issue an administrative 
order or pursue injunctive relief against the parties responsible 
for the discharge or release; or
    (2) Requesting that the lead agency remove, or arrange for the 
removal of, or provide for remedial action with respect to, any oil 
from a contaminated medium pursuant to section 311 of CWA.

5.6  Oil spill liability trust fund.

    5.6.1  Funding. (a) The OSLTF is available under certain 
circumstances to fund removal of oil performed under section 311 of 
the CWA. Those circumstances and the procedures for accessing the 
OSLTF are described in 33 CFR Subchapter M. The responsible party is 
liable for costs of federal removal and damages in accordance with 
section 311(f) of the CWA, section 1002 of the OPA, and other 
federal laws.
    (b) Response actions other than removal, such as scientific 
investigations not in support of removal actions or law enforcement, 
shall be provided by the agency with legal responsibility for those 
specific actions.
    (c) The funding of a response to a discharge from a federally 
owned, operated, or supervised facility or vessel is the 
responsibility of the owning, operating, or supervising agency if it 
is a responsible party.
    (d) The following agencies have funds available for certain 
discharge removal actions:
    (1) DOD has two specific sources of funds that may be applicable 
to an oil discharge under appropriate circumstances. This does not 
consider military resources that might be made available under 
specific conditions.
    (i) Funds required for removal of a sunken vessel or similar 
obstruction of navigation are available to the Corps of Engineers 
through Civil Works Appropriations, Operations and Maintenance, 
General.
    (ii) The U.S. Navy (USN) may conduct salvage operations 
contingent on defense operational commitments, when funded by the 
requesting agency. Such funding may be requested on a direct cite 
basis.
    (2) Pursuant to Title I of the OPA, the state or states affected 
by a discharge of oil may act where necessary to remove such 
discharge. Pursuant to 33 CFR subchapter M, states may be reimbursed 
from the OSLTF for the reasonable costs incurred in such a removal.
    5.6.2  Claims. (a) Claims are authorized to be presented to the 
OSLTF under section 1013 of the OPA of 1990, for certain 
uncompensated removal costs or uncompensated damages resulting from 
the discharge, or substantial threat of discharge, of oil from a 
vessel or facility into or upon the navigable waters, adjoining 
shorelines, or exclusive economic zone of the United States.
    (b) Anyone desiring to file a claim against the OSLTF may obtain 
general information on the procedure for filing a claim from the 
Director, National Pollution Funds Center, Suite 1000, 4200 Wilson 
Boulevard, Arlington, Virginia, 22203-1804, (703) 235-4756.

5.7  Documentation and Cost Recovery.

    (a) All OSLTF users need to collect and maintain documentation 
to support all actions taken under the CWA. In general, 
documentation shall be sufficient to support full cost recovery for 
resources utilized and shall identify the source and circumstances 
of the incident, the responsible party or parties, and impacts and 
potential impacts to public health and welfare and the environment. 
Documentation procedures are contained in 33 CFR subchapter M.
    (b) When appropriate, documentation shall also be collected for 
scientific understanding of the environment and for research and 
development of improved response methods and technology. Funding for 
these actions is restricted by section 6002 of the OPA.
    (c) As requested by the NRT or RRT, the OSC shall submit to the 
NRT or RRT a complete report on the removal operation and the 
actions taken. The OSC report shall record the situation as it 
developed, the actions taken, the resources committed, and the 
problems encountered. The RRT shall review the OSC report with its 
comments or recommendations within 30 days after the RRT has 
received the OSC report.
    (d) OSCs shall ensure the necessary collection and safeguarding 
of information, samples, and reports. Samples and information shall 
be gathered expeditiously during the response to ensure an accurate 
record of the impacts incurred. Documentation materials shall be 
made available to the trustees of affected natural resources. The 
OSC shall make available to the trustees of affected natural 
resources information and documentation in the OSC's possession that 
can assist the trustees in the determination of actual or potential 
natural resource injuries.
    (e) Information and reports obtained by the EPA or USCG OSC 
shall be transmitted to the appropriate offices responsible for 
follow-up actions.

5.8  National response priorities

    (a) Safety of human life must be given the top priority during 
every response action. This includes any search and rescue efforts 
in the general proximity of the discharge and the insurance of 
safety of response personnel.
    (b) Stabilizing the situation to preclude the event from 
worsening is the next priority. All efforts must be focused on 
saving a vessel that has been involved in a grounding, collision, 
fire, or explosion, so that it does not compound the problem. 
Comparable measures should be taken to stabilize a situation 
involving a facility, pipeline, or other source of pollution. 
Stabilizing the situation includes securing the source of the spill 
and/or removing the remaining oil from the container (vessel, tank, 
or pipeline) to prevent additional oil spillage, to reduce the need 
for follow-up response action, and to minimize adverse impact to the 
environment.
    (c) The response must use all necessary containment and removal 
tactics in a coordinated manner to ensure a timely, effective 
response that minimizes adverse impact to the environment.
    (d) All parts of this national response strategy should be 
addressed concurrently, but safety and stabilization are the highest 
priorities. The OSC should not delay containment and removal 
decisions unnecessarily and should take actions to minimize adverse 
impact to the environment that begin as soon as a discharge occurs, 
as well as actions to minimize further adverse environmental impact 
from additional discharges.
    (e) The priorities set forth in this section are broad in 
nature, and should not be interpreted to preclude the consideration 
of other priorities that may arise on a site-specific basis.

6.0  Response coordination

    6.1  Nongovernmental participation. (a) Industry groups, 
academic organizations, and others are encouraged to commit 
resources for response operations. Specific commitments should be 
listed in the RCP and ACP. Those entities required to develop tank 
vessel and facility response plans under CWA section 311(j) must be 
able to respond to a worst case discharge to the maximum extent 
practicable, and should commit sufficient resources to implement 
other aspects of those plans.
    (b) The technical and scientific information generated by the 
local community, along with information from federal, state, and 
local governments, should be used to assist the OSC in devising 
response strategies where effective standard techniques are 
unavailable. Such information and strategies will be incorporated 
into the ACP, as appropriate. The SSC may act as liaison between the 
OSC and such interested organizations.
    (c) ACPs shall establish procedures to allow for well organized, 
worthwhile, and safe use of volunteers, including compliance with 
requirements regarding worker health and safety. ACPs should provide 
for the direction of volunteers by the OSC or by other federal, 
state, or local officials knowledgeable in contingency operations 
and capable of providing leadership. ACPs also should identify 
specific areas in which volunteers can be used, such as beach 
surveillance, logistical support, and bird and wildlife treatment. 
Unless specifically requested by the OSC, volunteers generally 
should not be used for physical removal or remedial activities. If, 
in the judgment of the OSC, dangerous conditions exist, volunteers 
shall be restricted from on-scene operations.
    (d) Nongovernmental participation must be in compliance with the 
requirements of subpart H of the NCP if any recovery of costs will 
be sought.

6.2  Natural resource trustees.

    6.2.1 Federal agencies. (a) The President is required to 
designate in the NCP those federal officials who are to act on 
behalf of the public as trustees for natural resources. These 
designated federal officials shall act pursuant to section 1006 of 
the OPA. ``Natural resources'' means land, fish, wildlife, biota, 
air, water, ground water, drinking water supplies, and other such 
resources belonging to, managed by, held in trust by, appertaining 
to, or otherwise controlled (hereinafter referred to as ``managed or 
controlled'') by the United States, including the resources of the 
exclusive economic zone.
    (b) The following individuals shall be the designated trustee(s) 
for general categories of natural resources, including their 
supporting ecosystems. They are authorized to act pursuant to 
section 1006 of the OPA when there is injury to, destruction of, 
loss of, or threat to natural resources, including their supporting 
ecosystems as a result of a discharge of oil. Notwithstanding the 
other designations in this section, the Secretaries of Commerce and 
the Interior shall act as trustees of those resources subject to 
their respective management or control.
    (1) The Secretary of Commerce shall act as trustee for natural 
resources managed or controlled by DOC and for natural resources 
managed or controlled by other federal agencies and that are found 
in, under, or using waters navigable by deep draft vessels, tidally 
influenced waters or waters of the contiguous zone, the exclusive 
economic zone, and the outer continental shelf. However, before the 
Secretary takes an action with respect to an affected resource under 
the management or control of another federal agency, he shall, 
whenever practicable, seek to obtain concurrence of that other 
federal agency. Examples of the Secretary's trusteeship include the 
following natural resources and their supporting ecosystems: marine 
fishery resources; anadromous fish; endangered species and marine 
mammals; and the resources of National Marine Sanctuaries and 
National Estuarine Research Reserves.
    (2) The Secretary of the Interior shall act as trustee for 
natural resources managed or controlled by DOI. Examples of the 
Secretary's trusteeship include the following natural resources and 
their supporting ecosystems: migratory birds; anadromous fish; 
endangered species and marine mammals; federally owned minerals; and 
certain federally managed water resources. The Secretary of the 
Interior shall also be trustee for those natural resources for which 
an Indian tribe would otherwise act as trustee in those cases where 
the United States acts on behalf of the Indian tribe.
    (3) Secretary for the land managing agency. For natural 
resources located on, over, or under land administered by the United 
States, the trustee shall be the head of the department in which the 
land managing agency is found. The trustees for the principal 
federal land managing agencies are the Secretaries of DOI, USDA, 
DOD, and DOE.
    (4) Head of Authorized Agencies. For natural resources located 
within the United States but not otherwise described in this 
section, the trustee is the head of the federal agency or agencies 
authorized to manage or control those resources.
    6.2.2  State. (a) State trustees shall act on behalf of the 
public as trustees for natural resources, including their supporting 
ecosystems, within the boundary of a state or belonging to, managed 
by, controlled by, or appertaining to such state. For the purposes 
of section 6.1, the definition of the term ``state'' does not 
include Indian tribes.
    (b) The Governor of a state is encouraged to designate a lead 
state trustee to coordinate all state trustee responsibilities with 
other trustee agencies and with response activities of the RRT and 
OSC. The state's lead trustee would designate a representative to 
serve as a contact with the OSC. This individual should have ready 
access to appropriate state officials with environmental protection, 
emergency response, and natural resource responsibilities. The EPA 
Administrator or USCG Commandant or their designees may appoint the 
lead state trustee as a member of the Area Committee. Response 
strategies should be coordinated between the state and other 
trustees and the OSC for specific natural resource locations in an 
inland or coastal zone, and should be included in the Fish and 
Wildlife and Sensitive Environments Plan annex of the ACP.
    6.2.3  Indian tribes. The tribal chairmen (or heads of the 
governing bodies) of Indian tribes, as defined in section 1.5, or a 
person designated by the tribal officials, shall act on behalf of 
the Indian tribes as trustees for the natural resources, including 
their supporting ecosystems, belonging to, managed by, controlled 
by, or appertaining to such Indian tribe, or held in trust for the 
benefit of such Indian tribe, or belonging to a member of such 
Indian tribe, if such resources are subject to a trust restriction 
on alienation. When the tribal chairman or head of the tribal 
governing body designates another person as trustee, the tribal 
chairman or head of the tribal governing body shall notify the 
President of such designation.
    6.2.4  Foreign trustees. Pursuant to section 1006 of the OPA, 
foreign trustees shall act on behalf of the head of a foreign 
government as trustees for natural resources belonging to, managed 
by, controlled by, or appertaining to such foreign government.

6.3  Federal agencies.

    (a) Federal agencies listed in this appendix have duties 
established by statute, executive order, or Presidential directive 
which may apply to federal response actions following, or in 
prevention of, the discharge of oil. Some of these agencies also 
have duties relating to the restoration, rehabilitation, 
replacement, or acquisition of equivalent natural resources injured 
or lost as a result of such discharge. The NRT, RRT, and Area 
Committee organizational structure, and the NCP, RCPs, and ACPs 
provide for agencies to coordinate with each other in carrying out 
these duties.
    (b) Federal agencies may be called upon by an OSC during 
response planning and implementation to provide assistance in their 
respective areas of expertise, consistent with the agencies' 
capabilities and authorities.
    (c) In addition to their general responsibilities, federal 
agencies should:
    (1) Make necessary information available to the Secretary of the 
NRT, RRTs, Area Committees, and OSCs;
    (2) Provide representatives to the NRT and RRTs and otherwise 
assist RRTs and OSCs, as necessary, in formulating RCPs and ACPs; 
and
    (3) Inform the NRT, RRTs, and Area Committees consistent with 
national security considerations, of changes in the availability of 
resources that would affect the operations implemented under the 
NCP.
    (d) All federal agencies must report discharges of oil, as 
required in 40 CFR part 110, from vessels or facilities under their 
jurisdiction or control to the NRC.

6.4  Other Federal agencies.

    6.4.1  Department of Commerce. (a) The DOC, through NOAA, 
provides scientific support for response and contingency planning in 
coastal and marine areas, including assessments of the hazards that 
may be involved, predictions of movement and dispersion of oil 
through trajectory modeling, and information on the sensitivity of 
coastal environments to oil and associated cleanup and mitigation 
methods; provides expertise on living marine resources and their 
habitats, including endangered species, marine mammals and National 
Marine Sanctuary ecosystems; and provides information on actual and 
predicted meteorological, hydrological, ice, and oceanographic 
conditions for marine, coastal, and inland waters, and tide and 
circulation data for coastal and territorial waters and for the 
Great Lakes. In addition to this expertise, NOAA provides SSCs in 
the coastal zone, as described under section 3.3.3 of this appendix, 
Special teams.
    6.4.2  Department of Justice. The DOJ can provide expert advice 
on complicated legal questions arising from discharges, and federal 
agency responses. In addition, the DOJ represents the federal 
government, including its agencies, in litigation relating to such 
discharges. Other legal issues or questions shall be directed to the 
federal agency counsel for the agency providing the OSC for the 
response.
    6.4.3  Department of Defense. The DOD has responsibility to take 
all action necessary with respect to discharges where either the 
discharge is on, or the sole source of a discharge is from, any 
facility or vessel under the jurisdiction, custody, or control of 
DOD. In addition to those capabilities provided by SUPSALV, DOD may 
also, consistent with its operational requirements and upon request 
of the OSC, provide locally deployed USN oil spill response 
equipment and provide assistance to other federal agencies upon 
request. The following two branches of DOD have particularly 
relevant expertise:
    (a) The United States Army Corps of Engineers has specialized 
equipment and personnel for maintaining navigation channels, for 
removing navigation obstructions, for accomplishing structural 
repairs, and for performing maintenance to hydropower electric 
generating equipment. The Corps can also provide design services, 
perform construction, and provide contract writing and contract 
administrative services for other federal agencies.
    (b) The U.S. Navy Supervisor of Salvage (SUPSLAV) is the branch 
of the service within DOD most knowledgeable and experienced in ship 
salvage, shipboard damage control, and diving. The USN has an 
extensive array of specialized equipment and personnel available for 
use in these areas as well as specialized containment, collection, 
and removal equipment specifically designed for salvage-related and 
open-sea pollution incidents.
    6.4.4  Department of Health and Human Services. (a) The HHS 
assists with the assessment, preservation, and protection of human 
health and helps ensure the availability of essential human 
services. HHS provides technical and nontechnical assistance in the 
form of advice, guidance, and resources to other federal agencies as 
well as state and local governments.
    (b) The principal HHS response comes from the U.S. Public Health 
Service and is coordinated from the Office of the Assistant 
Secretary for Health, and various Public Health Service regional 
offices. Within the Public Health Service, the primary response to a 
hazardous materials emergency comes from the Agency for Toxic 
Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and the Centers for Disease 
Control (CDC). Both ATSDR and CDC have a 24-hour emergency response 
capability wherein scientific and technical personnel are available 
to provide technical assistance to the lead federal agency and state 
and local response agencies on human health threat assessment and 
analysis, and exposure prevention and mitigation. Such assistance is 
used for situations requiring evacuation of affected areas, human 
exposure to hazardous materials, and technical advice on mitigation 
and prevention. CDC takes the lead during petroleum releases 
regulated under the CWA and OPA while ATSDR takes the lead during 
chemical releases under CERCLA. Both agencies are mutually 
supportive.
    (c) Other Public Health Service agencies involved in support 
during hazardous materials incidents either directly or through 
ATSDR/CDC include the Food and Drug Administration, the Health 
Resources and Services Administration, the Indian Health Service, 
and the National Institutes of Health.
    (d) Statutory authority for HHS/National Institutes for 
Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) involvement in hazardous 
materials accident prevention is non-regulatory in nature and 
focused on two primary areas for preventing community and worker 
exposure to hazardous materials releases: (1) worker safety training 
and (2) basic research activities. Under section 126 of the SARA, 
NIEHS is given statutory authority for supporting development of 
curricula and model training programs for waste workers and chemical 
emergency responders. Under section 118(b) of the Hazardous 
Materials Transportation and Uniform Safety Act, NIEHS also 
administers the Hazmat Employee Training Program to prepare 
curricula and training for hazardous materials transportation 
workers. In the basic research arena, NIEHS is authorized under 
section 311 of SARA to conduct a hazardous substance basic research 
and training program to evaluate toxic effects and assess human 
health risks from accidental releases of hazardous materials. Under 
Title IX, section 901(h) of the Clean Air Act Amendments, NIEHS also 
is authorized to conduct basic research on air pollutants, as well 
as train physicians in environmental health. Federal research and 
training in hazardous materials release prevention represents an 
important non-regulatory activity and supplements ongoing private 
sector programs.
    6.4.5  Department of the Interior. The DOI may be contacted 
through Regional Environmental Officers, who are the designated 
members of RRTs. Department land managers have jurisdiction over the 
national park system, national wildlife refuges and fish hatcheries, 
the public lands, and certain water projects in western states. In 
addition, bureaus and offices have relevant expertise as follows:
    (a) United States Fish and Wildlife Service and other Bureaus: 
Anadromous and certain other fishes and wildlife, including 
endangered and threatened species, migratory birds, and certain 
marine mammals; waters and wetlands; and effects on natural 
resources.
    (b) The National Biological Survey performs research in support 
of biological resource management; inventories, monitors, and 
reports on the status and trends in the Nation's biotic resources; 
and transfers the information gained in research and monitoring to 
resource managers and others concerned with the care, use, and 
conservation of the Nation's natural resources. The National 
Biological Survey has laboratory/research facilities.
    (c) Geological Survey: Geology, hydrology (ground water and 
surface water), and natural hazards.
    (d) Bureau of Land Management: Minerals, soils, vegetation, 
wildlife, habitat, archaeology, and wilderness.
    (e) Minerals Management Service: Oversight of offshore oil and 
gas exploration and production facilities and associated pipeline 
facilities under the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act and the CWA; 
oil spill response technology research; and establishing oil 
discharge contingency planning requirements for offshore facilities.
    (f) Bureau of Mines: Analysis and identification of inorganic 
hazardous substances and technical expertise in metals and 
metallurgy relevant to site cleanup.
    (g) Office of Surface Mining: Coal mine wastes and land 
reclamation.
    (h) National Park Service: General biological, natural, and 
cultural resource managers to evaluate, measure, monitor, and 
contain threats to park system lands and resources; archaeological 
and historical expertise in protection, preservation, evaluation, 
impact mitigation, and restoration of cultural resources; emergency 
personnel.
    (i) Bureau of Reclamation: Operation and maintenance of water 
projects in the West; engineering and hydrology; and reservoirs.
    (j) Bureau of Indian Affairs: Coordination of activities 
affecting Indian lands; assistance in identifying Indian tribal 
government officials.
    (k) Office of Territorial Affairs: Assistance in implementing 
the NCP in American Somoa, Guam, the Pacific Island Governments, the 
Northern Mariana Islands, and the Virgin Islands.
    6.4.6  Department of Justice. The DOJ can provide expert advice 
on complicated legal questions arising from discharges, and federal 
agency responses. In addition, the DOJ represents the federal 
government, including its agencies, in litigation relating to such 
discharges. Other legal issues or questions shall be directed to the 
federal agency counsel for the agency providing the OSC for the 
response.
    6.4.7  Department of Labor. The DOL, through OSHA and the states 
operating plans approved under section 18 of the OSH Act, has 
authority to conduct safety and health inspections of hazardous 
waste sites to assure that employees are being protected and to 
determine if the site is in compliance with:
    (a) Safety and health standards and regulations promulgated by 
OSHA (or the states) in accordance with section 126 of SARA and all 
other applicable standards; and
    (b) Regulations promulgated under the OSH Act and its general 
duty clause. OSHA inspections may be self-generated, consistent with 
its program operations and objectives, or may be conducted in 
response to requests from EPA or another lead agency, or in response 
to accidents or employee complaints. On request, OSHA shall provide 
advice and consultation to EPA and other NRT/RRT agencies as well as 
to the OSC regarding hazards to persons engaged in response 
activities. OSHA may also take any other action necessary to assure 
that employees are properly protected at such response activities. 
Any questions about occupational safety and health at these sites 
may be referred to the OSHA Regional Office.
    6.4.8  Federal Emergency Management Agency. FEMA provides 
guidance, policy and program advice, and technical assistance in 
hazardous materials, chemical, and radiological emergency 
preparedness activities (including planning, training, and 
exercising). FEMA's primary point of contact for administering 
financial and technical assistance to state and local governments to 
support their efforts to develop and maintain an effective emergency 
management and response capability is the Preparedness, Training, 
and Exercises Directorate.
    6.4.9  Department of Energy. The DOE generally provides 
designated OSCs that are responsible for taking all response actions 
with respect to releases where either the release is on, or the sole 
source of the release is from, any facility or vessel under its 
jurisdiction, custody, or control, including vessels bareboat-
chartered and operated. In addition, under the FRERP, DOE provides 
advice and assistance to other OSCs/RPMs for emergency actions 
essential for the control of immediate radiological hazards. 
Incidents that qualify for DOE radiological advice and assistance 
are those believed to involve source, by-product, or special nuclear 
material or other ionizing radiation sources, including radium, and 
other naturally occurring radionuclides, as well as particle 
accelerators. Assistance is available through direct contact with 
the appropriate DOE Radiological Assistance Program Regional Office.
    6.4.10  Department of State. The DOS will lead in the 
development of international joint contingency plans. It will also 
help to coordinate an international response when discharges or 
releases cross international boundaries or involve foreign flag 
vessels. Additionally, DOS will coordinate requests for assistance 
from foreign governments and U.S. proposals for conducting research 
at incidents that occur in waters of other countries.
    6.4.11  General Services Administration. The GSA provides 
logistic and telecommunications support to federal agencies. During 
an emergency situation, GSA quickly responds to aid state and local 
governments as directed by other Federal Agencies. The type of 
support provided might include leasing and furnishing office space, 
setting up telecommunications and transportation services, and 
advisory assistance.
    6.4.12  Department of Transportation. DOT provides response 
expertise pertaining to transportation of oil by all modes of 
transportation. DOT, through RSPA, establishes oil discharge 
contingency planning requirements for pipelines, transport by rail 
and containers or bulk transport of oil.

  6.5  States and local participation in response.

    (a) Each state Governor is requested to designate one state 
office/representative to represent the state on the appropriate RRT. 
The state's office/representative may participate fully in all 
activities of the appropriate RRT. Each state Governor is also 
requested to designate a lead state agency that shall direct state-
lead response operations. This agency is responsible for designating 
the OSC for state-lead response actions, and coordinating/
communicating with any other state agencies, as appropriate. Local 
governments are invited to participate in activities on the 
appropriate RRT as may be provided by state law or arranged by the 
state's representative. Indian tribes wishing to participate should 
assign one person or office to represent the tribal government on 
the appropriate RRT.
    (b) Appropriate state and local officials (including Indian 
tribes) shall participate as part of the response structure as 
provided in the ACP.
    (c) In addition to meeting the requirements for local emergency 
plans under SARA section 303, state and local government agencies 
are encouraged to include contingency planning for responses, 
consistent with the NCP, RCP, and ACP in all emergency and disaster 
planning.
    (d) For facilities not addressed under the CWA for oil 
discharges, states are encouraged to undertake response actions 
themselves or to use their authorities to compel potentially 
responsible parties to undertake response actions.
    (e) Because state and local public safety organizations would 
normally be the first government representatives at the scene of a 
discharge or release, they are expected to initiate public safety 
measures that are necessary to protect the public health and welfare 
and that are consistent with containment and cleanup requirements in 
the NCP, and are responsible for directing evacuations pursuant to 
existing state or local procedures.

[FR Doc. 94-22347 Filed 9-14-94; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P