[Federal Register Volume 59, Number 134 (Thursday, July 14, 1994)]
[Unknown Section]
[Page 0]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 94-17134]
[[Page Unknown]]
[Federal Register: July 14, 1994]
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
50 CFR Part 17
RIN 1018-AB83
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; The Plant, Water
Howellia (Howellia Aquatilis), Determined To Be a Threatened Species
AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.
ACTION: Final rule.
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SUMMARY: The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) determines
Howellia aquatilis (water howellia) a wetlands plant, to be a
threatened species. Populations of H. aquatilis are extant in Montana,
Washington, and Idaho, but this aquatic plant has bee extirpated from
California, Oregon, and some sites in Washington and Idaho. The species
is threatened by loss of wetland habitat and habitat changes due to
timber harvesting, livestock grazing, residential development, and
competition by introduced plant species. Listing H. aquatilis will
afford this species protection under the Endangered Species Act of
1973, as amended.
EFFECTIVE DATE: August 15, 1994.
ADDRESSES: The complete file for this rule is available for inspection,
by appointment, during normal business hours at the Office of the Field
Supervisor, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Montana State Office, 100
North Park Avenue, Suite 320, Helena, Montana 59601.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
Dale Harms at the above address (406/449-5225).
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Background
Howellia aquatilis (water howellia) is a monotypic genus in the
bellflower family (Campanulaceae). The plant was first described by
Grey in 1879 from specimens collected in Multnomah County near
Portland, Oregon. Water howellia is described as an aquatic annual
plant that grows 10-60 cm (4-24 in) in height. It has extensively
branched, submerged or floating stems with narrow leaves 1-5 cm (0.4-2
in) in length. Two types of flowers are produced: small, inconspicuous
flowers beneath the water's surface, and emergent white flowers 2-2.7
mm (0.08-0.11 in) in length. The plant is predominantly self-
pollinating, and each fruit contains up to 5 large (2-4 mm; 0.08-1.6
in) brown seeds (Shelly and Moseley 1988).
Water howellia historically occurred over a large area of the
Pacific Northwest region of the United States, but today the species is
found only in specific habitats within the Pacific Northwest (Shelly
and Moseley 1988; Gamon 1992). It has been reported from Mendocino
County, California; Clackamas, Marion, and Multnomah Counties, Oregon;
Mason, Thurston, Clark, and Spokane Counties, Washington; Kootenai and
Latah Counties, Idaho; and Lake and Missoula Counties, Montana (Jokerst
1980; Shelly and Moseley 1988; Oregon Natural Heritage Program 1991;
Gamon 1992). Distribution of howellia in eastern Washington, Idaho, and
Montana is most likely related to the glacial history of these areas
(Shelly and Moseley 1988; Gamon 1992). Populations in Oregon and in
Clark County, Washington, occur within the floodplains of the lower
Columbia and Willamette Rivers.
Howellia grows in firm consolidated clay and organic sediments that
occur in wetlands associated with ephemeral glacial pothole ponds and
former river oxbows (Shelly and Moseley 1988; Lesica 1992). These
wetland habitats are filled by spring rains and snowmelt run-off; and
depending on temperature and precipitation, exhibit some drying during
the growing season. This plant's microhabitats include shallow water,
and the edges of deep ponds that are partially surrounded by deciduous
trees (Shelly and Moseley 1988; Gamon 1992; N. Curry, U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, in litt., 1993).
Howellia reproduces entirely from seed and germination only occurs
when ponds dry out and the seeds are exposed to air (Lesica 1990,
1992). The size of a population is affected by the extent of drying the
previous growing season (Lesica 1992). Thus, populations vary in annual
abundance (Lesica 1992; Roe and Shelly 1992), and exceedingly wet or
dry seasons can have a detrimental effect on plant numbers the
following year. The length of time seeds remain viable is unknown.
However, seeds that remain in the soil longer than 8 months have shown
decreased rates of germination and vigor (Lesica 1992).
Genetic variability in howellia populations is low throughout its
range (Lesica et al. 1988). This suggests that all populations of
howellia most likely represent a single, narrowly adapted genotype.
This low rate of genetic variability within populations may explain why
the species is restricted to a highly specific habitat.
Only seventy-nine small populations of this aquatic plant were
known to exist when the proposed rule to list the species was published
(58 FR 19795). Subsequent inventories conducted for howellia in the
State of Washington located 28 new sites in Spokane County alone, thus
expanding the number of known populations to 107 (Roe and Shelly 1992;
N. Curry, in litt., 1993; J. Gamon, Washington Natural Heritage Program
in litt., 1993; R. Moseley, Idaho Conservation Data Center, in litt.
1993). In Montana, this aquatic plant has been found in only 13.5
percent of 437 potential habitats that have been surveyed since 1987
(Roe and Shelly 1992). Howellia appears to be extirpated from
California and Oregon and from Mason, and Thurston Counties in
Washington, and Kootenai County in Idaho (Jokerst 1980; Shelly and
Moseley 1988; Oregon Natural Heritage Program 1991; Gamon 1992).
Nearly all of the remaining populations of howellia are clustered
in two main population centers or metapopulations. Within these areas,
individual populations occur primarily in clusters of closely adjacent
ponds, although some ponds within the range of these metapopulations
are unoccupied. One metapopulation near Spokane, Washington, consists
of 46 individual populations in Spokane County, Washington, and one in
Latah County, Idaho. A second metapopulation is found in the drainage
of the Swan River in northwestern Montana (Lake and Missoula Counties),
where 59 individual populations are found. In addition to
metapopulations, a third site near Vancouver in southwestern Washington
(Clark County) contains two small populations that are in close
proximity of each other (Gamon 1992).
The large fluctuations in annual numbers, the low genetic
variability, and habitat specificity indicates that isolated
populations of howellia may be vulnerable to extirpation (Lesica 1992).
However, the individual populations within the metapopulations appear
interdependent, and may act as founders (Lesica 1992; S. Shelly, pers.
comm., 1991). Most populations are extremely small. The fifty-nine
populations found in Montana cover an area of only about 51 ha (127
acres). Of this area, one population occurs in a 12-ha (30-acre) pond,
one in a 2-ha (5-acre) pond, one in a 1.6-ha (4-acre) pond, 4 in 1.2 ha
(3 acres) of ponds, 24 in ponds of 0.4 to 0.8 ha (1 to 2 acres) in
size, and the remaining 28 are in ponds of 0.4 ha (1 acre) or less
(Shelly and Moseley 1988; Schassberger and Shelly 1991). The U.S.
Forest Service (Forest Service) estimates total area of occupied and
suitable unoccupied habitat on Forest Service lands to be less than 80
ha (200 acres) (J. Overbay, U.S. Forest Service, in litt., 1993).
Populations of howellia occur both on private and public lands. Of
the 59 known populations in Montana, 21 (36 percent) are found on
private lands, 34 (57 percent) occur on lands administered by the
Forest Service, and 4 (7 percent) occur on a mixture of private and
Forest Service lands (Schassberger and Shelly 1991). In Washington, 34
of the 47 populations (72 percent) are found on Service administered
lands, 11 (24 percent) occur on private lands, 1 (2 percent) is on
State land, and 1 (2 percent) is on Bureau of Land Management land (J.
Gamon, in litt., 1993). The one population in Idaho occurs solely on
private property (Shelly and Moseley 1988).
In the February 21, 1990, Notice of Review, the species was
reclassified from a Category 2 to a Category 1 species because: (1) It
has been extirpated from a large portion of its previously known range,
(2) it has narrow ecological requirements, (3) it has a low degree of
inter- and intrapopulation genetic variation, and (4) habitat
alteration is presently continuing throughout a major portion of its
range (Shelly and Moseley 1988).
On October 30, 1991, the Service was petitioned by the Biodiversity
Legal Foundation to list howellia as an endangered species. A petition
finding and proposed rule to list H. aquatilis as a threatened species
without designating critical habitat was published in the April 16,
1993, Federal Register (58 FR 19795).
Summary of Comments and Recommendations
A proposed rule to list this aquatic plant was published on April
16, 1993 (58 FR 19795). In that rule, all interested parties were
requested to submit any reports or information that might contribute to
the development of a final rule. Newspaper notices inviting public
comment were published in six different newspapers in Washington,
Idaho, and Montana (from May 5 to May 7, 1993). The Service received 12
comments from 2 Federal and 3 State agencies, and 7 from private
organizations, companies, and individuals. Ten comments were in support
of the listing, one was opposed, and one did not state a position.
Comments pertinent to this rulemaking on whether Howellia aquatilis
merits listing and if critical habitat should be designated are
discussed in the following summary:
Issue 1: One individual representing a cattlemen's association
opposed the listing of howellia due to the potential economic effects
it may have on private landowners on whose property it is located,
especially if this land is used for livestock grazing.
Response: The Service is required to evaluate five listing criteria
in making a decision on whether a species should be listed as
threatened or endangered. During this evaluation, the Service did
determine that livestock grazing is a threat to the plant and its
habitat. However, listing this species as threatened does not preclude
livestock grazing by private landowners on their property.
Issue 2: Two individuals believe that critical habitat should be
designated since it would protect the mosaic of ponds necessary for the
long-term survival of howellia.
Response: The Service finds that designation of critical habitat is
not prudent at this time. The Service is concerned that publication of
site-specific maps of critical habitat might increase take and
vandalism at these sites. Only federally authorized, permitted, or
funded activities that would destroy or adversely modify critical
habitat would be precluded if critical habitat were designated. The
Service believes that section 7 consultation without critical habitat
designation will sufficiently protect those populations that occur on
Federal lands.
Summary of Factors Affecting the Species
The Service has determined that howellia should be listed as a
threatened species based on a thorough review and consideration of all
available information. A species may be determined to be an endangered
or threatened species due to one or more of the five factors described
in section 4(a)(1) of the act. These factors and their application to
Howellia aquatilis (water howellia) are as follows:
A. The Present or Threatened Destruction, Modification, or Curtailment
of Its Habitat or Range
Howellia aquatilis has narrow ecological requirements and any
subtle changes in its habitat could devastate a population. Any
disturbance that alters the surface or subsurface hydrology of the
habitat can negatively influence a population. Activities that affect
the ecology of a wetland bottom habitat also may affect wetland
succession and the survival of howellia populations.
Howellia aquatilis and its wetlands habitats are being threatened
by Phalaris arundinacea (reed canary grass), a highly competitive,
robust grass that invades wetlands. Reed canary grass has the potential
to extirpate howellia populations due to its ability to rapidly form
dense monocultures, causing the decline of nearly all other plants in a
wetland (Apfelbaum and Sams 1987). This exotic grass accelerates the
rate of wetland succession causing significant changes in substrate and
water table levels (Gamon 1992).
Both native and exotic varieties of this grass occur in North
America and it is not known whether the variety that occurs in wetlands
within the range of howellia is native or exotic (Lackschewitz 1991; L.
Kunze, Washington Natural Heritage Program, pers. comm., 1993).
However, due to the pernicious characteristic of the invasions, and the
lack of historical records of its presence in this region, some
ecologists in the Pacific northwest believe this invasive variety of P.
arundinacea is an exotic form that was introduced by humans (L. Kunze,
pers. comm, 1993; S. Vrilakas, Oregon Natural Heritage Program, pers.
comm., 1993).
Howellia is most abundant in areas with little or no other aquatic
vegetation, since it does not compete well with other plants (Gamon
1992). Howellia has been observed growing amongst reed canary grass
stands, but only where these stands are sparse or in openings (N.
Curry, in litt., 1993). Reed canary grass is considered a major threat
to howellia in the State of Washington since it occurs in 83 percent of
the ponds where howellia is present. This exotic also threatens the
howellia population in Idaho since it is present in nearby ponds (R.
Moseley, in litt., 1993). Reed canary grass has also been found in
several of the Montana ponds occupied by howellia (Shelly and Moseley
1988).
Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife), another aggressive exotic
plant, also poses a threat to howellia (Gamon, in litt., 1993), because
it can out-compete and eliminate other aquatic plants (West 1990).
Purple loosestrife is present in Lake County, Montana, and also in the
immediate vicinity of the Spokane howellia metapopulation (West 1990;
N. Curry, pers. comm., 1993).
Impacts associated with timber harvest also pose a threat to H.
aquatilis populations. Of the 59 populations of howellia in the Swan
Valley, Montana, 22 (37 percent) occur within areas where logging has
occurred around the wetland margins (Shelly and Moseley 1988). In
Montana, 58 percent of the populations of howellia occur on Forest
Service lands, and an additional 7 percent occur on lands partially
owned by the Forest Service (Schassberger and Shelly 1991). Thirty-
eight percent of the private lands in Montana where howellia occurs are
owned by the Plum Creek Timber Company (Shelly and Moseley 1988).
Timber harvest has been increasing within the area of the Spokane
metapopulation (Gamon 1992).
The removal of trees from around ponds may cause an increase in
water temperatures and evaporation, thus increasing wetland drying and
influencing plant succession. Increased siltation occurs in wetlands
where logging or associated road building and maintenance is conducted,
also impacting bottom substrates and the vegetational composition of
the sites. Water howellia occurs most frequently in ponds with firm,
consolidated organic clay bottom sediments. It also is found in more
open areas within these ponds. An increase in bottom sedimentation and
subsequent competition from other vegetation could have an adverse
effect on H. aquatilis populations.
Livestock, by their grazing and trampling, can also adversely
affect howellia populations due to the disturbance of shorelines and
associated vegetation. Trampling of bottom sediments adversely affects
the seed bank and the consolidated substrate which appears to be
necessary for germination. Additionally, livestock waste increases
nutrient loading in wetlands causing a change in the water quality that
may alter pond vegetation composition. It is not known how much grazing
impact can be tolerated by H. aquatilis, although the plant still
exists in ponds that have been disturbed by grazing (N. Curry, pers.
comm., 1993; B. Wiseman, Ridgefield National Wildlife Refuge, pers.
comm., 1992). The timing, magnitude, and duration of grazing evidently
influences the plant's ability to withstand grazing. The cumulative
impacts of grazing and other human-induced disturbances threaten a
number of populations.
The California population may have been eliminated by cattle
grazing and trampling (Griggs and Dibble 1979), and two wetlands on
private lands in Montana with populations of H. aquatilis have been
heavily impacted by domestic livestock, especially horses (Shelly and
Moseley 1988). In Washington, 23 percent of the populations occur on
private lands (J. Gamon, pers. comm. 1991), many of which are subject
to grazing. Additionally, grazing occurred on some of the lands
administered by the Service until 1993 (N. Curry, pers. comm. 1993). In
Spokane County, Washington, several of the ponds containing H.
aquatilis have been significantly altered by past and current grazing
practices.
Sites where howellia was historically found in Oregon have been
converted to urban areas, and an increase in residential development is
occurring in the Spokane metapopulation area (Gamon 1992).
Additionally, the construction of dams along the Columbia and
Willamette Rivers has led to a loss of suitable wetland habitats
(Shelly and Moseley 1988; Gamon 1992). Many wetlands within the
historic range of H. aquatilis have been drained, filled, or excavated
for other uses (Gamon 1992).
B. Overutilization for Commercial, Recreational, Scientific, or
Educational Purposes
Overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or
educational purposes is presently not a threat to H. aquatilis.
However, listing the species due to its taxonomic status as a monotypic
genus may generate increased public interest. The Service has not
designated critical habitat because the publication of precise maps and
descriptions of critical habitat in the Federal Register could lead to
increased take and vandalism (Gamon 1992).
C. Disease or Predation
Howellia aquatilis may be subject to foraging by native and
domestic animals, but it was found that domestic livestock do not feed
on H. aquatilis in Idaho (Shelly and Moseley 1988). Incidence of
disease is not known.
D. The Inadequacy of Existing Regulatory Mechanisms
Some protection already exists for this species since it is
contained on the U.S. Forest Service's list of sensitive species for
the Pacific Northwest region. A sensitive species designation may help
control the use of the species and its habitat. Federal laws, such as
the Clean Water Act and the Food Security Act, and some State laws
protect wetlands. However, it is doubtful that these laws are adequate
to protect howellia and its habitats. Populations that occur entirely
on private lands receive no Federal protection.
E. Other Natural or Manmade Factors Affecting Its Continued Existence
The lack of genetic variation between populations of H. aquatilis,
and its extremely specialized habitat requirements add to the
vulnerability of the species. Because of its low genetic variability,
howellia may be less able to adapt to abrupt environmental changes
(Lesica et al. 1988). As a result, this species may be vulnerable to
random environmental events and/or habitat alterations.
Short- and long-term climatic changes could affect H. aquatilis by
influencing the drying patterns of wetlands. Successive years of
exceedingly wet or dry weather are expected to cause declines or even
extirpation of some of the populations. Long-term climatic changes
could also cause these shallow wetlands to dry up, ultimately causing
expiration of the species.
Natural wetland succession due to sediment deposition may in turn
affect the existing plant community. This natural succession could
cause the extirpation of H. aquatilis populations (Jokerst 1980;
Shelly and Moseley 1988; Gamon 1992).
The Service has assessed the best scientific and commercial
information available regarding past, present, and future threats to
this species in determining to publish this rule final. Based on this
evaluation, the preferred action is to list Howellia aquatilis (water
howellia) as a threatened species. The Service has determined that,
although it is not in immediate danger of extinction, howellia is
likely to become an endangered species in the foreseeable future if the
present threats and declines continue.
Howellia has been extirpated from over one-third of its known range
(Shelly and Moseley 1988). Although additional populations of this
plant have recently been discovered, the Service does not believe that
the overall status of the species has changed as a result of these
recent discoveries. Nearly all known howellia populations are clustered
within two areas of the northwestern United States, and these
populations exhibit little genetic variation between or among
populations. This highly specialized aquatic is vulnerable to both
natural and human disturbances which if continued, will lead to its
eventual extinction. For the reasons given below, it is not prudent to
designate critical habitat for howellia at this time.
Critical Habitat
Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as amended, requires that, to the
maximum extent prudent and determinable, the Secretary designate
critical habitat at the time a species is determined to be endangered
or threatened. The Service finds that designation of critical habitat
is presently not prudent for the species because it could lead to
increased take and vandalism. Publication of precise maps and
descriptions of critical habitat in the Federal Register would likely
contribute to vandalism of the species or its habitat (Gamon 1992).
The proper Federal, State, and local agencies have been notified of
the locations and management needs of this plant. Landowners have been
notified of the location and importance of protecting habitat of this
species. Protection of its habitat will be addressed through the
recovery process and through the section 7 consultation process. The
Service believes that Federal involvement can be effective without the
designation of critical habitat and finds that designation of critical
habitat for this plant is not prudent at this time.
Available Conservation Measures
Conservation measures provided to species listed as endangered or
threatened under the Endangered Species Act include recognition,
recovery actions, requirements for Federal protection, and prohibitions
against certain activities. Listing encourages conservation actions by
Federal, State, and private agencies, groups, and individuals. The Act
provides for possible land acquisition and cooperation with States and
requires that recovery actions be carried out for all listed species.
The protection required of Federal Agencies and the prohibitions
against certain activities involving listed species are discussed, in
part, below.
Section 7(a) of the Act, as amended, requires Federal Agencies to
evaluate their actions with respect to any species that is proposed or
listed as endangered or threatened and with respect to its critical
habitat, if designated. Regulations implementing this interagency
cooperation provision of the Act are codified at 50 CFR Part 402.
Section 7(a)(2) requires Federal Agencies to ensure that activities
they authorize, fund, or carry out are not likely to jeopardize the
continued existence of a listed species or to destroy or adversely
modify its critical habitat. If a Federal action may affect a listed
species or its critical habitat, the responsible Federal Agency must
enter into formal consultation with the Service.
In the case of howellia, Federal activities that might be affected
by listing this plant as threatened include timber harvest, livestock
grazing, road construction, and filling of wetlands. Such Federal
activities may be subject to section 7 review.
The Act and its implementing regulations found at 50 CFR 17.71 and
17.72 for threatened species set forth a series of general prohibitions
and exceptions that apply to all threatened plants. All trade
prohibitions of section 9(a)(2) of the Act, implemented by 50 CFR
17.71, apply. These prohibitions, in part, make it illegal for any
person, subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, to import or
export, transport in interstate or foreign commerce in the course of a
commercial activity, sell or offer for sale, this species in interstate
or foreign commerce, or to remove and reduce to possession the species
from areas under Federal jurisdiction. Seeds from cultivated specimens
of threatened plant species are exempt from these prohibitions provided
that a statement of ``cultivated origin'' appears on their containers.
The Act and 50 CFR 17.72 also provide for the issuance of permits to
carry out otherwise prohibited activities involving threatened species
under certain circumstances. In some instances permits may be issued
for a specified time to relieve undue economic hardship. The Service
anticipates that few trade permits would ever be sought or issued
because H. aquatilis is not utilized in trade. Requests for copies of
the regulations on plants and inquiries regarding them may be addressed
to the Office of Management Authority, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
4401 North Fairfax Drive, Room 432, Arlington, Virginia, 22203-3507
(703/358-2104).
National Environmental Policy Act
The Service has determined that listing actions pursuant to section
4(a) of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended, do not require
an Environmental Assessment as defined under the authority of the
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969. A notice outlining the
Service's reasons for this determination was published in the October
25, 1983 Federal Register (48 FR 49244).
References Cited
Apfelbaum, S.I. and C.E. Sams. 1987. Ecology and control of reed
canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.). Natural Areas Journal. 7:69-
74.
Gamon, J. 1992. Report on the status in Washington of Howellia
aquatilis Gray. Unpublished Report, Washington Natural Heritage
Program, Olympia. 46pp.
Griggs, F.T. and J.E. Dibble. 1979. Status Report, Howellia
aquatilis Gray, for the Mendocino National Forest. Unpublished
report, Mendocino National Forest, California. 12pp.
Jokerst, J.D. 1980. Status report Howellia aquatilis Gray for the
Mendocino National Forest. Unpublished report, California State
University, Chico. 18pp.
Lackschewitz, K. 1991. Vascular plants of west-central Montana--
identification guidebook. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Intermountain
Research Station, General Technical Report INT-277, 44pp.
Lesica, P. 1990. Habitat requirements, germination behavior and seed
bank dynamics of Howellia aquatilis in the Swan Valley, Montana.
Unpublished report, Flathead National Forest, Kalispell, Montana.
48pp.
Lesica, P. 1992. Autecology of the endangered plant Howellia
aquatilis; implications for management and reserve design.
Ecological Applications 2:411-421.
Lesica, P., R.F. Leary, F.W. Allendorf, and D.E. Bilderback. 1988.
Lack of genic diversity within and among populations of an
endangered plant, Howellia aquatilis. Conservation Biology 2:275-
282.
Oregon Natural Heritage Program. 1991. Rare, threatened and
endangered plants and animals of Oregon. Oregon Natural Heritage
Program, Portland. 64pp.
Roe, L.S. and J.S. Shelly. 1992. Update to the status review of
Howellia aquatilis: field surveys, monitoring studies and transplant
experiments, U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Flathead National Forest.
Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena. 51pp.
Schassberger, L.A. and J.S. Shelly. 1991. Update to the status
review of Howellia aquatilis: field surveys, monitoring studies, and
transplant experiments 1990. Unpublished report, U.S. Forest
Service, Flathead National Forest, Kalispell, MT. 57pp.
Shelly, J.S. and R. Moseley. 1988. Report on the conservation status
of Howellia aquatilis, a candidate threatened species. Unpublished
Report, Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena, Montana. 166pp.
West, B. 1990. We've got trouble right here in River City.
Proceeding of the 28th Annual Meeting of the Montana Chapter of The
Wildlife Society, Lewiston (Abstract).
Author
The primary author of this proposed rule is Lori H. Nordstrom,
Montana State Office (See ADDRESSES section). Harold M. Tyus, Denver
Regional Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Denver, Colorado
served as editor.
List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17
Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements, and Transportation.
Regulation Promulgation
PART 17--[AMENDED]
Accordingly, Part 17, Subchapter B of Chapter I, Title 50 of the
Code of Federal Regulations, is amended as set forth below:
1. The authority citation for Part 17 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361-1407; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1544; 16 U.S.C.
4201-4245; Pub. L. 99-625, 100 Stat. 3500, unless otherwise noted.
2. Sec. 17.12(h) is amended by adding the following, in
alphabetical order under Campanulaceae--Bellflower family, to the List
of Endangered and Threatened Plants to read as follows:
Sec. 17.12 Endangered and threatened plants.
* * * * *
(h) * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Species
---------------------------------------- Historic range Status When listed Critical Special
Scientific name Common name habitat rules
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
Campanulaceae--Bell
flower family:
* * * * * * *
Howellia Water howellia.... U.S.A. (MT, ID, T ........... NA NA
aquatilis. WA, OR, CA).
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dated: June 30, 1994.
Mollie H. Beattie,
Director, Fish and Wildlife Service.
[FR Doc. 94-17134 Filed 7-13-94; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310-55-M