[Federal Register Volume 59, Number 90 (Wednesday, May 11, 1994)]
[Unknown Section]
[Page 0]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 94-11120]
[[Page Unknown]]
[Federal Register: May 11, 1994]
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
50 CFR Part 36
RIN 1018-AC49
Seasonal Closure of the O'Malley River Area in the Kodiak
National Wildlife Refuge
AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.
ACTION: Proposed rule.
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SUMMARY: The Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) proposes to limit
public access, occupancy and use of a portion of the O'Malley River
drainage and adjacent lands bordering Karluk Lake and O'Malley Lake
within the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge (Refuge). Public use of a
parcel of land and water consisting of approximately 3,955 acres will
be restricted from June 25 through September 30 annually to individuals
participating in a refuge-sponsored bear viewing program.
This seasonal closure is necessary to prevent incompatible
conflicts between people and brown bears at an important bear
concentration area, during the season when conflicts and impacts on
bears are most prevalent. It is intended to control increasing human
use of a very important bear concentration area so that human uses in
the area remain compatible with refuge purposes. Research and
experience have clearly demonstrated that control of human activity in
major bear concentration areas is necessary to avoid conflicts between
people and bears. Organized bear viewing programs elsewhere in Alaska
have proven highly successful in reducing conflict to an acceptable
level while maintaining quality public use opportunities. This action
will allow quality public viewing and photography opportunities through
the O'Malley Bear Viewing Program without adversely affecting bear use
of this important feeding area.
An interim rule that would provide a restriction on public access
from June 25, 1994, to September 30, 1994, is being published elsewhere
in this separate part of the Federal Register with this proposed rule.
DATES: Comments may be submitted by July 11, 1994.
ADDRESSES: Comments should be addressed to Assistant Regional
Director--Refuges and Wildlife, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Attention: Tony Booth, 1011 E. Tudor Road, Anchorage, AK 99503.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Jay Bellinger, Refuge Manager, Kodiak
National Wildlife Refuge, 1390 Buskin River Road, Kodiak, Alaska 99615,
Telephone: (907) 487-2600, or Tony Booth, Anchorage, AK, Telephone:
(907)786-3384.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Background
President Franklin D. Roosevelt established the Kodiak National
Wildlife Refuge by Executive Order 8857 on August 14, 1941, to
``preserve the natural feeding and breeding ground of the brown bear
and other wildlife.'' This action withdrew about 1.9 million acres from
unreserved public domain on Kodiak and Uganik Islands. Congress
redesignated the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge in 1980 when it
enacted the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA).
All the lands, water, interests, and submerged lands retained in
federal ownership at the time of statehood were included in the refuge.
This legislation also added about 50,000 acres of public lands on
Afognak and Ban Islands to Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge. Section 303
(5) (b) of ANILCA states generally that ``[t]he purposes for which
Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge is established and shall be managed
include (i) to conserve fish and wildlife populations and habitats in
their natural diversity including, but not limited to, Kodiak brown
bears, salmonoids, sea otters, sea lions, and other marine mammals and
migratory birds; (ii) to fulfill the international treaty obligations
of the United States with respect to fish and wildlife and their
habitats; (iii) to provide, in a manner consistent with purposes set
forth in subparagraphs (i) and (ii), the opportunity for continued
subsistence use by local residents; and (iv) to ensure, to the maximum
extent practicable and in a manner consistent with the purposes set
forth in subparagraph (i), water quality and necessary water quantity
within the refuge.
The Kodiak Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan (U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, 1987) provides primary guidance for management of the
Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge. According to its approved alternative,
``the Service will undertake detailed management planning to guide
implementation of the plan and operation of the refuge.'' In support of
that mandate, utilizing a full spectrum of public involvement, the
final draft of the Kodiak Refuge Public Use Management Plan has been
written. This proposed rule and the interim rule which is being
published elsewhere in this separate part of the Federal Register are a
result of direction provided by both these planning processes.
During 1990-91 the Service tested a trial bear viewing program,
staffed by Refuge personnel, at the Dog Salmon Creek Fish Pass on
Kodiak Refuge. No closure was utilized for unguided use, but guided use
was restricted through the special use permit process. This trial bear
viewing program was successful except that the presence of artificial
fish passage structures significantly impaired the quality of viewing
opportunities available to the public.
Public use is increasing about ten percent annually on the Kodiak
National Wildlife Refuge and available information indicates the rate
of increase is even greater in the O'Malley River area. Also, a trend
of increasing adverse interactions between people and bears has
occurred in the O'Malley River area in recent years. Generally, brown
bears are negatively impacted by expanding human use. Bears are often
killed ``in defense of life or property'' as a consequence of increased
levels of human activity in areas that are used heavily by bears. In
addition to mortality, interaction between bears and people can impose
stress on bears that ultimately affect survival and/or productivity of
bears as well as jeopardize human safety.
In 1991, a research camp was established on the O'Malley River to
study bear use of the area and potential impacts of public use on
bears. Research data document human impacts on bears in the O'Malley
River area and confirm the need to control or restrict human uses in
this area. The O'Malley River area supports approximately 33% of the
entire brown bear population in the Karluk Lake basin. At least 110
different bears used the O'Malley River area during July-September
1991, with peak use occurring during the second and third weeks of
July. More importantly, refuge research data suggest that frequently
sighted bears represent only a small portion of the total population
utilizing the O'Malley River area.
During approximately 250 hours of intensive observation of bear
groups in the O'Malley River area in 1991, 66 interactions between
bears and people were recorded. One-third of the interactions disturbed
and/or displaced the bears by causing them to run or walk away from
people. In one instance, people caused the separation of a female from
one of her first-year cubs; while trying to locate its mother, the cub
was subsequently killed by another bear.
Alternatives considered in response to the public use/bear problems
in the O'Malley River area include closing the area to all public use,
which would satisfy the need to conserve bears, but would eliminate all
opportunity for public use during the period of closure. The area could
be left open to provide ample public use opportunity, but this use
would have incompatible impacts on refuge bear populations. Seasonal
closure in support of a bear viewing program not only would satisfy the
need to conserve bears, but would also make possible continued public
use. No other alternative could provide both benefits.
The refuge's trial bear viewing program initiated at Dog Salmon
Creek was moved to the O'Malley River area in 1992 because of the
documented problems and incompatibility between high and unregulated
public use and bears in the O'Malley area. A temporary closure,
pursuant to 50 CFR 36.42, was utilized to avoid conflicts between
people and bears at this important seasonal bear concentration area.
Goals of the trial O'Malley bear viewing program were:
1. To replace an incompatible level of unrestricted use of the
O'Malley River area during key bear use periods, with a compatible
recreational opportunity which would protect and conserve brown bear
populations.
2. To develop and maintain a program that provides the general
public a safe and professional guided bear viewing opportunity, that is
consistent with Refuge management objectives and policies established
in the Comprehensive Conservation Plan.
The program proved popular with the public; in 1992, 88 persons
participated. The Service was satisfied that both program goals were
adequately met.
The O'Malley Bear Viewing Program is designed to increase wildlife
viewing opportunities for the public. The brown bears of Kodiak
National Wildlife Refuge offer unique and highly desirable
opportunities for viewing; opportunities that are most safely and
effectively provided by a structured viewing program.
Structured wildlife viewing programs have been used successfully as
a conservation management tool and to enhance public use opportunities
elsewhere in Alaska. The best known program is conducted at the McNeil
River State Game Sanctuary by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game.
The McNeil River program has gained a worldwide reputation for quality
bear viewing, and competition for permits is so intense that applicants
have less than an 8 percent chance of obtaining a permit. Another
popular bear viewing program is conducted at Brooks Camp in Katmai
National Park. The number of visitors at Brooks Camp is not limited
except by availability of lodge and campground facilities. Use of these
facilities during peak visitation periods is presently at or beyond
capacity and the National Park Service may limit the number of visitors
in the future. A third bear viewing program is located at Pack Creek on
Admiralty Island and is cooperatively managed by the U.S. Forest
Service and Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Permits are required to
visit Pack Creek; during 1993 the Forest Service announced that the
number of visits to Pack Creek will be limited.
Experience at McNeil River State Game Sanctuary has demonstrated
that brown bears are least disturbed by human activity that is
consistent and predictable. Studies at the Brooks Camp and Pack Creek
bear viewing programs have confirmed that unpredictable human activity
causes some bears to avoid important habitat. Inconsistent human
activity has also been shown to cause conflicts between people and
bears. At the McNeil River Sanctuary, implementation of a structured
bear viewing program increased bear use and at the same time reduced
the incidence of bear/human conflicts.
Successful reduction of conflict, through implementation of a
structured brown bear viewing program at O'Malley River, will require
control of public use and access. Restriction of public use and access
to anyone not participating in the viewing program will promote a
quality wildlife experience for participants and reduce the potential
for serious and incompatible conflicts between refuge visitors and
bears. Public use and access would be restricted only seasonally, from
June 25 to September 30. These dates were selected because it is the
time period when the greatest number of bears are concentrated in the
O'Malley River area to feed on the seasonal salmon runs that provide a
critical component of their diet. Consequently, this is the period
bears are most vulnerable to adverse impacts from excessive and
unpredictable human use.
The Service has issued a permit, under which a private operator
will conduct the O'Malley Program, for the period 1994-1998. The
program will be thoroughly evaluated during 1994 and, if successful,
will be continued. If unsuccessful, the program will be discontinued
but the public use closure would be retained to protect feeding bears
from incompatible disturbance.
Statutory Authority
In accordance with the National Wildlife Refuge System
Administration Act of 1966 (16 U.S.C. 668dd), the Secretary is
authorized under such regulations as he may prescribe to permit the use
of any area within the National Wildlife Refuge System for any purpose
whenever he determines that such uses are compatible with the major
purposes for which such areas were established.
The Refuge Recreation Act of 1962 (16 U.S.C. 460k) authorizes the
Secretary to administer such areas for public recreation as an
appropriate incidental or secondary use only to the extent that it is
practicable and not inconsistent with the primary purposes for which
the area was established.
Section 304 of ANILCA requires the Secretary to prescribe such
regulations and impose such terms and conditions as may be necessary
and appropriate to ensure that any activities carried out on a national
wildlife refuge in Alaska under any permit or easement granted under
any authority are compatible with the purposes of that refuge.
Section 1306 of ANILCA permits the Service to provide visitor
facilities in the refuge if compatible with the unit's purpose.
This rule is being generated to help structure public use.
Adequately regulated public use is consistent with and will not
interfere with the refuge purposes delineated above, and is thus
compatible with the purposes for which Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge
was established according to 16 U.S.C. 668(dd).
Request for Comments
A public hearing on this proposed rule was advertised in Alaska and
held on April 26, 1994, at Kodiak High School, Kodiak, Alaska.
Department of Interior policy is, whenever practicable, to afford the
public a meaningful opportunity to participate in the rulemaking
process. A 60 day comment period is specified in order to both
facilitate public input and move forward to protect important refuge
resources. Accordingly, interested persons may submit written comments
concerning this proposed rule to the persons listed above under the
heading ADDRESSES. All substantive comments will be reviewed and
considered.
Paperwork Reduction Act
This rulemaking does not contain information collection
requirements that require approval by the Office of Management and
Budget under 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.
Environmental Considerations
This rulemaking is categorically excluded under 40 CFR 1508.4 from
the requirements of the National Environmental Protection Act of 1969
(42 U.S.C. 4321-4347) as an administrative action that will have no
potential for causing substantial environmental impact.
Economic Effect
Implementation of the proposed rule will seasonally close two
tenths of one percent (.02%) of Kodiak Refuge lands, to commercial
operators and public use not connected with the organized bear viewing
program. Observations by refuge personnel indicate that commercial use
of the closure area has historically been steady. All use (commercial
and non-commercial) was estimated to have averaged 266 user days during
1989 and 1990, and 353 user days during 1991. These levels of use will
clearly be exceeded by the amount of commercial use (minimum of 480
user days) that will be allowed under terms of a permit authorizing the
bear viewing program. Thus, a net gain of commercial use is expected to
occur. Also, at least a portion of the commercial use previously
occurring in the closure area will simply be displaced to another
location and therefore not lost to the local economy.
Changes in use of the resource will have no significant effect on
national income. Private income will be enhanced, but dollar amounts
will be small and have insignificant impact on the local economy.
Agency costs for monitoring the closure and the bear viewing commercial
operation will be approximately $40,000 less than that expended during
fiscal year 1992 for program operation by the government.
This rulemaking was not subject to Office of Management and Budget
review under Executive Order 12866. In addition, a review under the
Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980 (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.) has been done
to determine whether the rulemaking would have a significant effect on
a substantial number of small entities, which include businesses,
organizations or governmental jurisdictions. This proposed rule would
have minimal effect on such entities.
List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 36
Alaska, Recreation and recreation areas, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements, and Wildlife refuges.
Accordingly, part 36 of chapter I of title 50 of the Code of
Federal Regulations is proposed to be amended as follows:
PART 36--[AMENDED]
1. The authority citation for Part 36 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 16 U.S.C. 460(k) et seq., 668dd et seq., 742(a) et
seq., 3101 et seq., and 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.
2. Sec. 36.39 (j) is revised to read as follows:
Sec. 36.39 Public use.
* * * * *
(j) Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge.--(1) Seasonal public use
closure of the O'Malley River Area. Certain areas within the Kodiak
National Wildlife Refuge are closed from June 25 through September 30
annually to all public access, occupancy and use, except for
individuals participating in the O'Malley Bear Viewing Program. These
areas subject to seasonal closure consist of lands and waters located
within Townships 33 and 34 South, Range 30 West, Seward Meridian,
Alaska, consisting of approximately 3,955 acres, and more specifically
described as follows: Township 33 South, Range 30 West, Seward
Meridian, Alaska, all of section 25; all of section 26, excluding U.S.
Survey 10875 and the adjacent riparian ownership (Koniag Inc.) fronting
the survey and extending to the center of Karluk Lake; all of section
27; the NE 1/4 of section 34; and all of sections 35 and 36, excluding
U.S. Survey 10876 and the adjacent riparian ownership (Koniag Inc.)
fronting the survey and extending to the center of Karluk Lake;
Township 34 South, Range 30 West, Seward Meridian, Alaska, the N 1/2 of
section 1 and the N 1/2 of section 2. The refuge will provide a map of
the closure area to all interested parties.
(2) Access easement provision. Notwithstanding any other provision
of this paragraph (j), there exists a twenty-five foot wide access
easement on an existing trail within the Koniag Inc. Regional Native
Corporation lands within the properties described in (j)(1) of this
section in favor of the United States of America.
Dated: April 13, 1994.
George T. Frampton, Jr.,
Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks.
[FR Doc. 94-11120 Filed 5-10-94; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P