[Federal Register Volume 59, Number 40 (Tuesday, March 1, 1994)]
[Unknown Section]
[Page 0]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 94-4051]


[[Page Unknown]]

[Federal Register: March 1, 1994]


_______________________________________________________________________

Part II





Environmental Protection Agency





_______________________________________________________________________



40 CFR Parts 261, 271, and 302




Hazardous Waste Management System; Carbamate Production Identification 
and Listing of Hazardous Waste; Proposed Rule
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

40 CFR Parts 261, 271, and 302

[SWH-FRL-4834-9]
RIN 2050-AD59

 
Hazardous Waste Management System; Carbamate Production 
Identification and Listing of Hazardous Waste; and CERCLA Hazardous 
Substance Designation and Reportable Quantities

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency.

ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing to 
amend the regulations for hazardous waste management under the Resource 
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) by listing as hazardous six wastes 
generated during the production of carbamates, to exempt one of these 
wastes from the definition of hazardous wastes, if it is demonstrated 
that hazardous air pollutants are not being discharged or volatilized 
during waste treatment, and to exempt biological treatment sludges 
generated from the treatment of one of these wastes provided the 
sludges are not characteristically hazardous. The Agency is also 
proposing to add 4 generic groups and 70 specific chemicals to the list 
of commercial chemical products that are hazardous wastes when 
discarded. Also, EPA is proposing not to list as hazardous certain 
wastes generated during the manufacture of carbamates. This action 
proposes to amend the basis for listing hazardous waste by adding the 
six wastes and hazardous constituents found in the wastes on which the 
listing determinations are based, and to add 78 compounds to the list 
of hazardous constituents.
    This action is proposed under the authority of under sections 
3001(e)(2) and 3001(b)(1) of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments 
of 1984 (HSWA), which direct EPA to make a hazardous waste listing 
determination for carbamate wastes. The effect of this proposed 
regulation, if promulgated, is that these wastes will be subject to 
regulation as hazardous wastes under subtitle C of RCRA. Additionally, 
this action proposes to designate the wastes proposed for listing as 
hazardous substances subject to the Comprehensive Environmental 
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). EPA is not taking 
action at this time to adjust the one-pound statutory reportable 
quantities (RQs) for these substances.

DATES: EPA will accept public comments on this proposed rule until May 
2, 1994. Comments post-marked after this date will be marked ``late'' 
and may not be considered. Any person may request a public hearing on 
this proposal by filing a request with Mr. David Bussard, whose address 
appears below, by March 15, 1994.

ADDRESSES: The official record of this rule-making is identified by 
Docket Number F-94-CPLP-FFFFF and is located at the following address. 
The public must send an original and two copies of their comments to: 
EPA RCRA Docket Clerk, room 2616 (5305), U.S. Environmental Protection 
Agency, 401 M Street SW., Washington, DC 20460.
    Copies of materials relevant to this proposed rulemaking are 
located in the docket at the address listed above. The docket is open 
from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding Federal 
holidays. The public must make an appointment to review docket 
materials by calling (202) 260-9327. The public may copy 100 pages from 
the docket at no charge; additional copies are $0.15 per page.
    Requests for a hearing should be addressed to Mr. David Bussard at: 
Characterization and Assessment Division, Office of Solid Waste (5304), 
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M Street SW., Washington, DC 
20460.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: The RCRA/Superfund Hotline, toll-free, 
at (800) 424-9346 or at (703) 920-9810. The TDD Hotline number is (800) 
553-7672 (toll-free) or (703) 486-3323 in the Washington, DC 
metropolitan area. For technical information on the RCRA hazardous 
waste listings, contact John Austin, Office of Solid Waste (5304), U.S. 
Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M Street SW., Washington, DC, 
20460, (202) 260-4789.
    For technical information on the CERCLA aspects of this rule, 
contact: Ms. Gerain H. Perry, Response Standards and Criteria Branch, 
Emergency Response Division (5202G), U.S. Environmental Protection 
Agency, 401 M Street SW., Washington, DC 20460, (703) 603-8760.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The contents of the preamble to this 
proposed rule are listed in the following outline:

I. Legal Authority
II. Background
    A. Introduction
    B. Previous Listings
    C. Previous Proposed Listings
    D. Description of the Industry
III. Summary of Proposed Regulation and Request for Comments
    A. Overview of the Proposal
    B. Description of the Wastes
    C. Basis for Listing Determination
    1. Waste Characterization and Constituents of Concern
    2. Human Health Criteria and Effects
    3. Environmental Damage Cases
    4. Mobility and Persistence of Constituents in Carbamate Wastes
    5. Risk Analysis
    6. Estimating Hazard Quotients: Dose Response Risk Assessment 
Techniques for Noncancer Endpoints
    7. Ecological Risk Assessment
    8. Summary of Basis for Listing for Additional K Listings and 
Other Considerations
    9. Summary Basis for a No-Listing Decision on Wastewaters, and 
Certain Wastewater Treatment Residuals
    10. Summary of Basis for Listing for Additional P & U Listings
    D. Source Reduction
IV. Applicability of Land Disposal Restrictions Determinations
    A. Request for Comment on the Agency's Approach to the 
Development of BDAT Treatment Standards
    B. Request for Comment on the Agency's Approach to the Capacity 
Analyses in the LDR Program
V. State Authority
    A. Applicability of Rule in Authorized States
    B. Effect on State Authorizations
VI. CERCLA Designation and Reportable Quantities
VII. Compliance Dates
    A. Notification
    B. Interim Status and Permitted Facilities
VIII. Executive Order 12866
IX. Economic Analysis
    A. Compliance Costs for Proposed Listings
    1. Universe of Carbamate Production Facilities and Waste Volumes
    2. Method for Determining Cost and Economic Impacts
    3. P and U List Wastes
    4. Summary of Results
    B. Proposed Rule Impacts
X. Regulatory Flexibility Act
XI. Paperwork Reduction Act

I. Legal Authority

    These regulations are being promulgated under the authority of 
sections 2002(a) and 3001(b) and (e)(1) of the Solid Waste Disposal 
Act, as amended, 42 U.S.C. 6912(a), and 6921(b) and (e)(1), (commonly 
referred to as RCRA), and section 102(a) of the Comprehensive 
Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 
(CERCLA), 42 U.S.C. 9602(a).

II. Background

A. Introduction

    As part of its regulations implementing Section 3001(e) of the 
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976, as amended (RCRA), EPA 
published a list of hazardous wastes that includes hazardous wastes 
generated from specific sources. This list has been amended several 
times, and is published in 40 CFR 261.32. In this action, EPA is 
proposing to amend this section to add six wastes generated during the 
production of carbamate chemicals. In addition, under the authority of 
section 3001 of RCRA, EPA has promulgated in 40 CFR 261.33 a list of 
commercial chemical products or manufacturing chemical intermediates 
that are hazardous wastes if they are discarded or intended to be 
discarded. In this action, the Agency is proposing to add four generic 
and 70 specific materials to this list.
    All hazardous wastes listed under RCRA and codified in 40 CFR 
261.31 through 261.33, as well as any solid waste that exhibits one or 
more of the characteristics of a RCRA hazardous waste (as defined in 40 
CFR 261.21 through 261.24), are also hazardous substances under the 
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act 
of 1980 (CERCLA), as amended. See CERCLA section 101(14)(C). CERCLA 
hazardous substances are listed in Table 302.4 at 40 CFR 302.4 along 
with their reportable quantities (RQs). Accordingly, the Agency is 
proposing to list the proposed wastes in this action as CERCLA 
hazardous substances in Table 302.4 of 40 CFR 302.4. EPA is not taking 
action at this time to adjust the one-pound statutory RQs for these 
substances.
    The following discussion briefly summarizes prior regulatory 
actions affecting wastes from the carbamates industry, and presents an 
overview of the industry.

B. Previous Listings

    A number of carbamate products and wastes have previously been 
listed as hazardous wastes when discarded. The Agency notes that 
neither the scope of the existing hazardous waste listings (described 
below) nor their regulation under CERCLA are affected in any way by 
this proposal. EPA is not soliciting comments concerning these listings 
and does not intend to respond to any such comments received.
    The following carbamate wastes from the production of 
ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acid (EBDC) and its salts have already been 
listed as hazardous wastes based on the presence of the carcinogen 
ethylene thiourea (ETU) in the wastes (51 FR 37725, October 24, 1985):

K123--Process Wastewater (including supernates, filtrates, and 
washwaters) from the production of ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acid 
and its salts.
K124--Reactor vent scrubber water from the production of 
ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acid and its salts.
K125--Purification solids (including filtration, evaporation, and 
centrifugation solids) from the production of 
ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acid and its salts.
K126--Baghouse dust and floor sweepings in milling and packaging 
operations from the production or formulation of 
ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acid and its salts.

    In addition, EPA has promulgated in 40 CFR 261.33 a list of 
commercial chemical products or manufacturing chemical intermediates 
that are hazardous wastes if they are discarded or intended to be 
discarded which includes the carbamate materials listed in Table 1. 

              Table 1.--Carbamate Hazardous Waste Listings              
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Waste No.               Name(s) used in CFR                 CAS No.   
------------------------------------------------------------------------
P045.........  2-Butanone, 3,3-dimethyl-1- (methylthio)-     391696-18-4
                , O- [(methylamino)- carbonyl] oxime.                   
P070.........  Aldicarb.................................        116-06-3
P066.........  Methomyl.................................      16752-77-5
U062.........  Diallate Carbamothioic acid, bis(1-             2303-16-4
                methylethyl)-, S-(2,3-dichloro-2-                       
                propenyl) ester.                                        
U114.........  Carbamothioic acid, 1,2-ethanediylbis-         1111-54-6a
                salts and esters Ethylene                               
                bisdithiocarbamate acid, salts, & esters.               
U178.........  Carbamic acid, methylnitroso-, ethyl             615-52-2
                ester.                                                  
U238.........  Carbamic acid, ethyl ester Ethyl                  51-79-6
                carbamate.                                              
U244.........  Thiram...................................       137-26-8 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\CAS number given for parent compound only.                           

    In addition, EPA classified certain carbamate products and wastes 
as hazardous substances under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, 
Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), as amended. CERCLA 
hazardous substances are listed in Table 302.4 at 40 CFR 302.4 along 
with their reportable quantities (RQs) and include the carbamate wastes 
in Table 2. 

    Table 2.--List of Currently Regulated Carbamate CERCLA Hazardous    
                  Substances and Reportable Quantities                  
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                Final RQ
            Hazardous substance                   CAS No.        (lbs)  
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aldicarb...................................           116-06-3         1
Carbaryl...................................            63-25-2       100
Carbofuran.................................          1563-66-2        10
Diallate...................................          2303-16-4       100
Ethyl carbamate............................            51-79-6       100
Ethylene- bisdithiocarbamic acid, salts &                               
 esters....................................           111-54-6      5000
Methomyl...................................         16752-77-5       100
Methiocarb.................................          2032-65-7        10
Mexacarbate................................           315-18-4      1000
Thiofanox..................................         39196-18-4       100
Carbamic acid, methylnitroso-, ethyl ester.            615-3-2         1
Thiram.....................................           137-26-8        10
Triethylamine..............................           121-44-8      5000
K123.......................................  .................        10
K124.......................................  .................        10
K125.......................................  .................        10
K126.......................................  .................        10
------------------------------------------------------------------------

C. Previous Proposed Listings

    The carbamates listed in Table 3 were proposed to be included in 
the list of commercial chemical products or manufacturing chemical 
intermediates that are hazardous wastes if they are discarded or 
intended to be discarded under 40 CFR 261.33 (49 FR 49784, December 21, 
1984). These carbamate listings were proposed in response to a petition 
by the State of Michigan to include 109 chemicals to the lists in 40 
CFR 261.33. This rule was never finalized. Today the Agency is 
reproposing a number of carbamate chemicals, that were also part of the 
Michigan petition. EPA is not soliciting comments concerning any other 
compounds contained in the December 21, 1984, notice and does not 
intend to respond to any such comments received. 

       Table 3.--1984 Proposed Carbamate Hazardous Waste Listings       
------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Proposed waste No.           Name(s) used in FR            CAS No.   
------------------------------------------------------------------------
P127....................  Carbofuran....................       1563-66-2
P128....................  Mexacarbate...................        315-18-4
U271....................  Benomyl.......................      17804-35-2
U277....................  Sulfallate....................         95-06-7
U278....................  Bendiocarb....................      22781-23-3
U279....................  Carbaryl......................         63-25-2
U280....................  Barban........................        101-27-9
U336....................  Ziram.........................        137-30-4
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, a number of acutely toxic carbamate products have 
been proposed under section 302(A)(2) of the Superfund Amendments and 
Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA) as Extremely Hazardous Substances 
for addition to Table 302.4 at 40 CFR 302.4 along with their reportable 
quantities (RQs). These carbamate compounds are listed in Table 4. The 
Extremely Hazardous Substances Proposal (54 FR 3388, January 23, 1989) 
has also not been promulgated. The Agency requests additional comment 
only for those carbamates listed in Table 4, which were previously 
proposed only for addition to Table 302.4. The Agency does not intend 
to respond to comments received on other constituents in the January 
23, 1989, notice. 

   Table 4.--Proposed Extremely Hazardous Substances and Proposed RQs   
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                             Proposed RQ
  CAS No.              Chemical name (common name)              pounds  
------------------------------------------------------------------------
26419-73-8..  1,3-Dithiolane-2-carboxaldehyde, 2,4-dimethyl-            
               , O-[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxime (Tirpate)..            1
57-64-7.....  Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy, compd. with (3aS-                
               cis)- 1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydro-1,3a,8-                    
               trimethylpyrrolo[2,3-b]indol-5-yl                        
               methylcarbamate ester (1:1) (Physostimigine              
               salicylate).................................            1
119-38-0....  Carbamic acid, dimethyl-, 3-methyl-1-(1-                  
               methylethyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl ester (Isolan).            1
1129-41-5...  Carbamic acid, methyl-, 3-methylphenyl ester              
               (Metolcarb).................................            1
644-64-4....  Carbamic acid, dimethyl-,1-                               
               (dimethylamino)carbonyl)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-            
               3- yl ester (Dimetilan).....................            1
23135-22-0..  Ethanimidothioic acid, 2-(dimethylamino)-N-               
               [[methylamino carbonyl] oxy]-2-oxo-, methyl              
               ester (Oxamyl)..............................            1
17702-57-7..  Methanimidamide, N,N-dimethyl-N'-[2-methyl-4-             
               [[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]phenyl]-                     
               (Formparanate)..............................            1
23422-53-9..  Methanimidamide, N,N-dimethyl-N'-[3-                      
               [[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]phenyl]-,                    
               monohydrochloride (Formetanate                           
               hydrochloride)..............................            1
64-00-6.....  Phenol, 3-(1-methylethyl), methyl carbamate               
               (UC 10854)..................................            1
2631-37-0...  Phenol, 3-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-methyl                 
               carbamate (Promecarb).......................            1
57-47-6.....  Pyrrolo[2,3-b]indol-5-ol, 1,2,3,3a,8,8a-                  
               hexahydro-1,3a,8-trimethyl-, methylcarbamate             
               (ester), (3aS-cis)- (Physostigmine).........            1
------------------------------------------------------------------------

D. Description of the Industry

    The U.S. carbamates manufacturing industry is a very diverse 
industry in both products manufactured and companies that make up the 
industry. The carbamates manufacturing industry is made up of four 
major classes of compounds with distinct functional characteristics. 
These include carbamates, carbamoyl oximes, thiocarbamates, and 
dithiocarbamates.
    In 1990, the carbamate industry in the U.S. was composed of 64 
chemical products produced by 20 manufacturers at 24 facilities. The 
majority of the carbamate manufacturers are located in the eastern half 
of the United States with only four facilities located west of the 
Mississippi River. There are carbamate manufacturers located in 13 
states. The total domestic production of carbamates in 1990 was 
approximately 112,000 metric tons (MT). In 1990, individual carbamate 
products were manufactured at a rate of between 2.5 and 14,000 metric 
tons per year. Carbamates are manufactured at very different rates 
depending on the type of product. Typically, dithiocarbamates are 
produced in smaller quantities than other classes of carbamates. Based 
on the results of EPA's RCRA Sec. 3007 survey, the typical carbamate 
facility manufactures one carbamate product or one chemical class of 
carbamate products. Of the 24 carbamate manufacturing facilities 14 
produce only dithiocarbamates. Five of these 14 only produce one 
dithiocarbamate product. Of the remaining ten carbamate manufacturers 5 
produce one carbamate product. Three of the remaining 5 manufacturers 
produce a single class of carbamates (e.g., carbamate, carbamoyl oxime, 
or thiocarbamate) and 2 produce more than one class of carbamate. 
Carbamate products are widely used as active ingredients in pesticides 
(i.e., herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides). Dithiocarbamates are 
also manufactured for use in the rubber processing industry as rubber 
accelerators. Uses have also been found for carbamates in the wood 
preserving and textiles industries.
    The commercial manufacture of carbamates currently includes five 
chemical reaction processes: (1) Reaction of an isocyanate with an 
alcohol to form a carbamate, (2) reaction of an amine and a 
chloroformate to form a carbamate, (3) reaction of an isocyanate and an 
organic oxime to form a carbamoyl oxime, (4) reaction of an organic 
chlorothioformate and an amine to form a thiocarbamate, and (5) the 
reaction of an amine with carbon disulfide in the presence of a metal 
salt to form a dithiocarbamate. The primary raw materials used in the 
production of these products will vary depending on the final product. 
The Carbamate Background Document\1\ (available in the RCRA Docket at 
EPA Headquarters--see ADDRESSES section) and the sources cited therein 
describe these production processes more thoroughly.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\The Background Document consists of Engineering Analysis of 
the Production of Carbamates, Carbamate Waste Listing Support: 
Health Effects Background Document, Assessment of Risks from the 
Management of Carbamate Wastes, and other supporting documents. 
Because of the confidential nature of the information in the 
Engineering Analysis, it has been classified as Confidential 
Business Information (CBI), and is not available to the public. 
However, a concise summary of this document has been assembled for 
the public docket. EPA's procedures governing the handling of 
information claimed as confidential, including procedures for 
challenging a CBI determination are found at 40 CFR Part 2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Most carbamate, carbamoyl oxime, and thiocarbamate facility 
operations are organized along similar process lines with a carbamate 
intermediate preparation phase (e.g. alcohol or oxime), the 
carbamolation step, and product and reactant recovery phase. 
Dithiocarbamate production facilities are generally run as batch 
operations where the reactants are put into a stirred reaction vessel 
and allowed to come to reaction completion. Facilities typically 
operate with a common wastewater treatment plant for all facility 
operations.

III. Summary of the Proposed Regulation and Request for Comments

A. Overview of the Proposal

    Under section 3001(e) of RCRA, EPA must make listing determinations 
on wastes generated by specific industries, including the carbamate 
industry. The carbamate industry can be divided into three major 
segments that include carbamates and carbamoyl oximes, thiocarbamates, 
and dithiocarbamates. This rule, if finalized, will satisfy the section 
3001(e) requirement to make hazardous waste listing determinations for 
wastes from the carbamate industry. This action proposes to list as 
hazardous six wastes generated during the production of carbamates:

K156--Organic waste (including heavy ends, still bottoms, light 
ends, spent solvents, filtrates, and decantates) from the production 
of carbamates and carbamoyl oximes.
K157--Wastewaters (including scrubber waters, condenser waters, 
washwaters, and separation waters) from the production of carbamates 
and carbamoyl oximes.
K158--Bag house dust, and filter/separation solids from the 
production of carbamates and carbamoyl oximes.
K159--Organics from the treatment of thiocarbamate wastes.
K160--Solids (including filter wastes, separation solids, and spent 
catalysts) from the production of thiocarbamates and solids from the 
treatment of thiocarbamate wastes.
K161--Purification solids (including filtration, evaporation, and 
centrifugation solids), baghouse dust, and floor sweepings from the 
production of dithiocarbamate acids and their salts. (This listing 
does not include K125 or K126.)

    Under the authority of section 3001 of the Resource Conservation 
and Recovery Act of 1976, as amended (RCRA), and EPA's regulations at 
40 CFR 261.11, EPA has promulgated in 40 CFR 261.33 a list of 
commercial chemical products or manufacturing chemical intermediates 
that are hazardous wastes if they are discarded or intended to be 
discarded. The phrase ``commercial chemical product or manufacturing 
chemical intermediate'' refers to a chemical substance which is 
manufactured or formulated for commercial or manufacturing use, and 
which consists of the commercially pure grade of the chemical, any 
technical grades of the chemical that are produced or marketed, and all 
formulations in which the chemical is the sole active ingredient. 
Section 261.33 also lists as hazardous wastes off-specification 
variants and the residues and debris from the clean-up of spills of 
these chemicals if discarded (Sec. 261.33 (b) and (d)). Finally 
Sec. 261.33 lists as hazardous wastes the containers that have held 
those chemicals listed in Sec. 261.33(e), if they are discarded, unless 
the containers have been triple-rinsed with a solvent capable of 
removing the chemical, or have been decontaminated in an equivalent 
manner.
    In listing waste as hazardous at Sec. 261.33, the Agency intends to 
encompass those hazardous chemical products which, for various reasons, 
are sometimes disposed in pure or diluted form. The regulation is 
intended to designate chemicals themselves as hazardous waste, if 
discarded.
    A chemical substance is listed in 40 CFR 261.33(e), if it meets the 
criteria of Sec. 261.11(a)(2); that is, it is acutely hazardous because 
it has been found to be fatal to humans in low doses or in the absence 
of data on human toxicity, it has been shown in animal studies to have 
an oral (rat) LD50 of less than 50 milligrams per kilogram, a dermal 
(rabbit) LD50 of less than 200 milligrams per kilogram, an inhalation 
(rat) LC50 of less than 2 mg/L, or is otherwise capable of causing or 
significantly contributing to serious illness.
    Chemical substances which pose toxic threats to human health or the 
environment are listed in 40 CFR 261.33(f). For the purposes of 
identifying wastes to be included on this list of toxic discarded 
commercial products, off-specification species, container residues , 
and spill residues thereof, the Agency considers principally the nature 
of the toxicity (see 40 CFR 261.11(a)(3)(i)) and its concentration (see 
40 CFR 261.11(a)(3)(ii)).
    This action proposes that the 22 substances listed in Table 5 be 
added to the list of acutely hazardous wastes. The commercial chemical 
products bendiocarb and ziram were previously proposed to be listed as 
toxic hazardous wastes (49 FR 49784). Today the Agency is proposing to 
list these two chemicals as acutely hazardous, based on more current 
toxicity information. This action also proposes that four generic 
groups and 48 specific substances listed in Table 6 should be added to 
the list of toxic hazardous wastes because all of these compounds meet 
the criteria for listing hazardous wastes contained in 40 CFR 
261.11(a)(3).
    The Agency requests comments on the proposed listing of the above 
wastes, particularly those identified as K156-K161 wastes, and on the 
option of not listing these wastes. EPA requests comments on the data 
used in this proposed listing determination, the methodology and 
assumptions used in the risk assessment, and other analyses supporting 
the proposed listings.

            Table 5.--List of Proposed Acute Hazardous Wastes           
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                           Acutely hazardous wastes--CAS                
   Hazardous waste No.         name (common name in          CAS No.    
                                   parentheses)                         
------------------------------------------------------------------------
P185....................  1,3-Dithiolane-2-                   26419-73-8
                           carboxaldehyde, 2,4- dimethyl-               
                           , O-                                         
                           [(methylamino)carbonyl]oxime                 
                           (Tirpate).                                   
P187....................  1,3-Benzodioxol-4-ol, 2,2-          22781-23-3
                           dimethyl-, methyl carbamate                  
                           (Bendiocarb).                                
P127....................  7-Benzofuranol, 2,3-dihydro-         1563-66-2
                           2,2- dimethyl-                               
                           ,methylcarbamate (Carbofuran).               
P188....................  Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy,               57-64-7
                           compd. with (3aS-cis)-                       
                           1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydro-                     
                           1,3a,8-trimethylpyrrolo[2,3-                 
                           b]indol-5- yl methylcarbamate                
                           ester (1:1) (Physostigmine                   
                           salicylate).                                 
P189....................  Carbamic acid,                      55285-14-8
                           [(dibutylamino)thio]methyl-,                 
                           2,3- dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-                 
                           benzofuranyl ester                           
                           (Carbosulfan).                               
P190....................  Carbamic acid, methyl-, 3-           1129-41-5
                           methylphenyl ester                           
                           (Metolcarb).                                 
P191....................  Carbamic acid, dimethyl-, 1-          644-64-4
                           [(dimethylamino)carbonyl]-5-                 
                           methyl-1H- pyrazol-3-yl ester                
                           (Dimetilan).                                 
P192....................  Carbamic acid, dimethyl-, 3-          119-38-0
                           methyl-1- (1-methylethyl)-1H-                
                           pyrazol-5-yl ester (Isolan).                 
P193....................  Carbamic acid, [1,2-                23564-05-8
                           phenylenebis(iminocarbonothio                
                           yl)]bis-, dimethyl ester                     
                           (Thiophanate-methyl).                        
P194....................  Ethanimidothioc acid, 2-            23135-22-0
                           (dimethylamino)-N-                           
                           [[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]-                
                           2-oxo-, methyl ester (Oxamyl).               
P195....................  Ethanimidothioic acid, N,N'-        59669-26-0
                           [thiobis[(methylimino)carbony                
                           loxy]]bis- , dimethyl ester                  
                           (Thiodicarb).                                
P196....................  Manganese,                          15339-36-3
                           bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato-                
                           S,S')-, (Manganese                           
                           dimethyldithiocarbamate).                    
P197....................  Methanimidamide, N,N-dimethyl-      17702-57-7
                           N'-[2- methyl-4-                             
                           [[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]p                
                           henyl]- (Formparanate).                      
P198....................  Methanimidamide, N,N-dimethyl-      23422-53-9
                           N'-[3-                                       
                           [[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]p                
                           henyl]-, monohydrochloride                   
                           (Formetanate hydrochloride).                 
P128....................  Phenol, 4-(dimethylamino)-3,5-        315-18-4
                           dimethyl- , methylcarbamate                  
                           (ester) (Mexacarbate).                       
P199....................  Phenol, (3,5-dimethyl-4-             2032-65-7
                           (methylthio)-,                               
                           methylcarbamate (Methiocarb).                
P200....................  Phenol, 2-(1-methylethoxy)-,          114-26-1
                           methylcarbamate (Propoxur).                  
P201....................  Phenol, 3-methyl-5-(1-               2631-37-0
                           methylethyl)-, methyl                        
                           carbamate (Promecarb).                       
P202....................  Phenol, 3-(1-methylethyl),             64-00-6
                           methyl carbamate (Hercules AC-               
                           5727).                                       
P203....................  Propanal, 2-methyl-2-                1646-88-4
                           (methylsulfonyl)-, O-                        
                           [(methylamino)carbonyl] oxime                
                           (Aldicarb sulfone).                          
P204....................  Pyrrolo[2,3-b]indol-5-ol,              57-47-6
                           1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydro-                     
                           1,3a,8- trimethyl-,                          
                           methylcarbamate (ester), (3aS-               
                           cis)-(Physostigmine).                        
P205....................  Zinc,                                137-30-4 
                           bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato-                
                           S,S')-, (Ziram).                             
------------------------------------------------------------------------


           Table 6.--List of Proposed Toxic Hazardous Wastes            
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                           Toxic hazardous wastes--IUPAC                
  Hazardous waste No.          Name (Common name in           CAS No.   
                                   parentheses)                         
------------------------------------------------------------------------
U360....................  Carbamates, N.O.S.............                
U361....................  Carbamoyl Oximes, N.O.S.......                
U362....................  Thiocarbamates, N.O.S.........                
U363....................  Dithiocarbamate acids, salts                  
                           and/or esters, N.O.S. (This                  
                           listing includes mixtures of                 
                           one or more dithiocarbamic                   
                           acid, salt, and/or ester).                   
U279....................  1-Naphthalenol,                        63-25-2
                           methylcarbamate (Carbaryl).                  
                  U364..  1,3-Benzodioxol-4-ol, 2,2-          22961-82-6
                           dimethyl-, (Bendiocarb                       
                           phenol).                                     
U365....................  1H-Azepine-1-carbothioic acid,       2212-67-1
                           hexahydro-, S-ethyl ester                    
                           (Molinate).                                  
U366....................  2H-1,3,5-Thiadiazine-2-thione,        533-74-4
                           tetrahydro-3,5-dimethyl-                     
                           (Dazomet).                                   
U367....................  7-Benzofuranol, 2,3-dihydro-         1563-38-8
                           2,2- dimethyl- (Carbofuran                   
                           phenol).                                     
U368....................  Antimony, tris                      15890-25-2
                           (dipentylcarbamodithioato-                   
                           S,S')-(Antimony                              
                           trisdipentyldithiocarbamate).                
U369....................  Antimony, tris[bis(2-               15991-76-1
                           ethylhexyl)carbamodithioato-                 
                           S,S']-, (Antimony tris(2-                    
                           ethylhexyl)dithiocarbamate).                 
U370....................  Bismuth,                            21260-46-8
                           tris(dimethylcarbamodithioato-               
                           S,S')-, (Methyl bismate).                    
U371....................  Carbamic acid,                      65086-85-3
                           [(dimethylamino)iminomethyl)]                
                           methyl, ethyl ester                          
                           monohydrochloride (Hexazinone                
                           intermediate).                               
U280....................  Carbamic acid, (3-                    101-27-9
                           chlorophenyl)-, 4- chloro-2-                 
                           butynyl ester (Barban).                      
U372....................  Carbamic acid, 1H-benzimidazol-     10605-21-7
                           2-yl, methyl ester                           
                           (Carbendazim).                               
U373....................  Carbamic acid, phenyl-, 1-            122-42-9
                           methylethyl ester (Propham).                 
U374....................  Carbamic acid, [[3-                112006-94-7
                           [(dimethylamino)carbonyl]-2-                 
                           pyridinyl]sulfonyl]-phenyl                   
                           ester (U9069).                               
U271....................  Carbamic acid, [1-                  17804-35-2
                           [(butylamino)carbonyl]-1H-                   
                           benzimidazol-2-yl]-, methyl                  
                           ester (Benomyl).                             
U375....................  Carbamic acid, butyl-, 3-iodo-      55406-53-6
                           2-propynyl ester (Troysan                    
                           Polyphase).                                  
U376....................  Carbamodithioic acid, dimethyl-       144-34-3
                           , tetraanhydrosulfide with                   
                           orthothioselenious acid                      
                           (Selenium                                    
                           dimethyldithiocarbamate).                    
U377....................  Carbamodithioic acid, methyl,-        137-41-7
                           monopotassium salt (Potassium                
                           n-methyldithiocarbamate).                    
U378....................  Carbamodithioic acid,               51026-28-9
                           (hydroxymethyl)methyl-,                      
                           monopotassium salt (Busan 40).               
U277....................  Carbamodithioic acid, diethyl-         95-06-7
                           , 2-chloro-2-propenyl ester                  
                           (Sulfallate).                                
U379....................  Carbamodithioic acid, dibutyl,        136-30-1
                           sodium salt (Sodium                          
                           dibutyldithiocarbamate).                     
U380....................  Carbamodithioic acid, dibutyl-      10254-57-6
                           , methylene ester (Vanlube                   
                           7723).                                       
U381....................  Carbamodithioic acid, diethyl-        148-18-5
                           , sodium salt (Sodium                        
                           diethyldithiocarbamate).                     
U382....................  Carbamodithioic acid, dimethyl-       128-04-1
                           , sodium salt (Dibam).                       
U383....................  Carbamodithioic acid,                 128-03-0
                           dimethyl, potassium salt                     
                           (Potassium dimethyl                          
                           dithiocarbamate) (Busan 85).                 
U384....................  Carbamodithioic acid, methyl-,        137-42-8
                           monosodium salt (Metam                       
                           Sodium).                                     
U385....................  Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-,       1929-77-7
                           S-propyl ester (Vernolate).                  
U386....................  Carbamothioic acid,                  1134-23-2
                           cyclohexylethyl-, S-ethyl                    
                           ester (Cycloate).                            
U387....................  Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-,      52888-80-9
                           S- (phenylmethyl) ester                      
                           (Prosulfocarb).                              
U388....................  Carbamothioic acid, (1,2-           85785-20-2
                           dimethylpropyl) ethyl-, S-                   
                           (phenylmethyl) ester                         
                           (Esprocarb).                                 
U389....................  Carbamothioic acid, bis(1-           2303-17-5
                           methylethyl)-, S-(2,3,3-                     
                           trichloro-2- propenyl) ester                 
                           (Triallate).                                 
U390....................  Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-,        759-94-4
                           S-ethyl ester (Eptam).                       
U391....................  Carbamothioic acid, butylethyl-      1114-71-2
                           , S-propyl ester (Pebulate).                 
U392....................  Carbamothioic acid, bis(2-           2008-41-5
                           methylpropyl)-, S-ethyl ester                
                           (Butylate).                                  
U393....................  Copper,                               137-29-1
                           bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato-                
                           S,S')-, (Copper                              
                           dimethyldithiocarbamate).                    
U394....................  Ethanimidothioic acid, 2-           30558-43-1
                           (dimethylamino)-N-hydroxy-2-                 
                           oxo-, methyl ester (A2213).                  
U395....................  Ethanol, 2,2'-oxybis-,               5952-26-1
                           dicarbamate (Reactacrease 4-                 
                           DEG).                                        
U396....................  Iron, tris(dimethyl                 14484-64-1
                           carbamodithioato- S,S')-,                    
                           (Ferbam).                                    
U397....................  Lead, bis(dipentyl                  36501-84-5
                           carbamodithioato S,S')-.                     
U398....................  Molybdenum, bis(dibutyl             68412-26-0
                           carbamothioato)di-.mu.-                      
                           oxodioxodi-, sulfurized.                     
U399....................  Nickel, bis(dibutyl                 13927-77-0
                           carbamodithioato- S,S')-                     
                           (Nickel                                      
                           dibutyldithiocarbamate).                     
U400....................  Piperidine, 1,1'-                     120-54-7
                           (tetrathiodicarbonothioyl)-                  
                           bis-(Sulfads).                               
U401....................  Bis(dimethyl thiocarbamoyl)            97-74-5
                           sulfide (Tetramethylthiuram                  
                           monosulfide).                                
U402....................  Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide,        1634-02-2
                           tetrabutyl (Butyl Tuads).                    
U403....................  Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide,          97-77-8
                           tetraethyl (Disulfiram).                     
U404....................  Ethanamine, N,N-diethyl-              121-44-8
                           (Triethylamine).                             
U405....................  Zinc,                               14726-36-4
                           bis[bis(phenylmethyl)carbamod                
                           ithioato- S,S']- (Arazate).                  
U406....................  Zinc                                  136-23-2
                           bis(dibutylcarbamodithioato-                 
                           S,S')-(Butyl Ziram).                         
U407....................  Zinc,                              14324-55-1 
                           bis(diethylcarbamodithioato-                 
                           S,S')-(Ethyl Ziram).                         
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As a result of the Agency's studies, a number of generic groups of 
wastes produced from the manufacture of carbamates, carbamoyl oximes, 
thiocarbamates, and dithiocarbamates were not found by the Agency to 
require additional regulation as a listed hazardous waste under RCRA. 
The Agency is therefore proposing to not list as hazardous the 
following categories of wastes:

--Spent carbon and wastewater treatment sludges from the production 
of carbamates and carbamoyl oximes
--Wastewaters from the production of thiocarbamates and treatment of 
wastes from thiocarbamate production
--Process Wastewater (including supernates, filtrates, and 
washwaters) from the production of dithiocarbamates
--Reactor vent scrubber water from the production of 
dithiocarbamates
--Organic wastes (including spent solvents, solvent rinses, process 
decantates, and still bottoms) from the production of 
dithiocarbamates

    Pursuant to HSWA, the Agency has collected information that 
supports the addition of these six wastes to 40 CFR 261.32. The Agency 
proposes to add K156, K157, K158, K159, K160, and K161 to 40 CFR 261.32 
because the wastes satisfy the criteria in 40 CFR 261.11(a)(1-3) for 
listing hazardous wastes. Based on the similarity of wastes from the 
production of each functional chemical class (carbamates/carbamoyl 
oximes, thiocarbamates, and dithiocarbamates), the Agency is proposing 
to identify wastes from each functional chemical class grouped by class 
and physical properties. Each of the six waste groups proposed for 
listing as hazardous wastes meets the definition of hazardous wastes by 
typically and frequently exhibiting toxicity, persistence, and 
mobility.
    Carbamate wastes that satisfy the proposed hazardous waste listing 
descriptions are not limited to the five typical production processes 
described above in section II.D. Wastes from any process that produces 
any of the four major functional carbamate classes (i.e., carbamates, 
carbamoyl oximes, thiocarbamates, and dithiocarbamates) would be 
subject to hazardous waste regulation.
    The proposed hazardous waste listings are intended to encompass the 
wastes generated from any carbamate manufacturing, including the wastes 
generated when carbamates are produced as intermediates. For example, a 
facility may produce a carbamate intermediate to be used directly as a 
raw material in another process. Similar wastes are generated from the 
production of the carbamate whether it is the final product or an 
intermediate product.
    Upon promulgation of these proposed listings, all wastes meeting 
the listing descriptions would become hazardous wastes and would 
require treatment, storage, or disposal at permitted facilities. 
Residuals from the treatment, storage, or disposal of the wastes 
included in this proposed listing also would be classified as hazardous 
wastes by the ``derived-from'' rule (40 CFR 261.3(c)(2)(i)). For 
example, ash or other residuals from treatment of the listed wastes 
would be subject to the hazardous waste regulations. Also, 40 CFR 
261.3(a)(2)(iv) (the ``mixture'' rule) provides that any mixture of a 
listed waste and a solid waste is itself a RCRA hazardous waste with 
certain limited exceptions.
    However, when these wastes are recycled as described in 40 CFR 
261.2(e)(1)(iii) or 261.4(a)(8), they are not solid wastes and are not 
subject to hazardous waste regulations. For example, if a waste is 
collected and returned in a closed-loop fashion to the same carbamate 
process, the waste would not be regulated. To meet the exemption, the 
waste must meet the three key requirements outlined in the rules and in 
50 FR 639 (January 4, 1985): (1) The material must be returned to the 
original process from which it was generated without first being 
reclaimed; (2) the production process to which the materials are 
returned must use raw materials as principal feedstocks; and (3) the 
material must be returned as a substitute for raw material feedstock in 
the original production process. (The regulations contain other 
recycling exclusions as well, but the provisions referenced above are 
the principal ones most likely to be applicable to the wastes at issue 
in this proposal.)

B. Description of the Wastes

    While the Agency has observed that carbamate manufacturing 
processes differ according to product and raw materials, many 
similarities in the wastes generated exist. The proposal to list K156 
through K161 and to not list other groupings of wastes from this 
industry is based on the similarity of the production processes used by 
carbamate manufacturers and the similarity of the wastes generated by 
these facilities. In the course of the Agency's evaluations, wastes 
within similar processes were grouped by like physical properties due 
to their similar management, and to facilitate the development of 
potential land disposal treatment standards (see 40 CFR 268.2(f)). 
Wastewaters with less than 1 percent by weight of total organic carbon 
(TOC) and less than 1 percent by weight of total suspended solids (TSS) 
were grouped as aqueous. Liquids that contained equal to or greater 
than 1 percent by weight of TOC were grouped as organic, and wastes 
that contain equal to or greater than 1 percent by weight of TSS were 
grouped as solids. When process and wastes characterizations are taken 
into account, ten waste groups result.
    Group 1 consists of organic waste (including heavy ends, still 
bottoms, light ends, spent solvents, filtrates, and decantates) from 
the production of carbamates and carbamoyl oximes. The Agency is 
proposing that these wastes be listed as Hazardous Waste Number K156.
    Group 2 wastes include wastewaters (including scrubber waters, 
condenser waters, washwaters, separation waters) from the production of 
carbamates and carbamoyl oximes. Group 2 wastewaters are proposed to be 
listed as Hazardous Waste Number K157.
    Group 3 consists of solids from the production of carbamate and 
carbamoyl oxime products. These wastes are typically generated from the 
filtration of liquid products and include such wastes as baghouse 
dusts, dust collector bags, and process precipitates, and may contain 
high levels of carbamate product. From this generic waste grouping, 
wastewater treatment sludges and spent carbon from the production of 
carbamates and carbamoyl oximes are not proposed for listing. The 
decision not to list these wastes and other waste groupings is 
discussed in detail in section III.C.8. Group 3 baghouse dusts and 
filter/separation solids are proposed to be listed as Hazardous Waste 
Number K158.
    Group 4 wastes include organics from the treatment of thiocarbamate 
wastes. These wastes are generated from the treatment of the brine 
wastewater from the carbamolation reaction, and are proposed to be 
listed as Hazardous Waste Number K159.
    Group 5 wastes are wastewaters from the production of 
thiocarbamates and treatment of wastes from thiocarbamate production. 
EPA is proposing not to list this group of wastes.
    Group 6 wastes are the solids (including filter wastes, separation 
solids, and spent catalysts) from the production of thiocarbamates and 
solids from the treatment of thiocarbamate wastes. These wastes include 
spent catalysts generated from the production of chlorothioformates, 
filter cakes from the filtration of product to remove byproduct amine 
chlorides, and solid wastes resulting from the treatment of waste brine 
from the carbamolation step. The Agency is proposing to list Group 6 
wastes as Hazardous Waste Number K160.
    Group 7 wastes include process wastewater (including supernates, 
filtrates, and washwaters) and Group 8 includes reactor vent scrubber 
water from the production of dithiocarbamates. EPA is proposing not to 
list group 7 or group 8 wastes.
    Group 9 wastes include purification solids, baghouse dust, and 
floor sweepings from the production of dithiocarbamates. In many cases 
these wastes are the residues resulting from the filtration of a liquid 
product, and includes filtration media, filters, filter cloths, 
centrifugation solids, evaporation solids, or dryer wastes. Group 9 
wastes are proposed for listing as Hazardous Waste Number K161.
    Group 10 wastes include organic wastes (including spent solvents, 
solvent rinses, process decantates, and still bottoms) from the 
production of dithiocarbamates. EPA is proposing not to list this group 
of wastes.
    Based on data collected from industry by the 1990 RCRA section 3007 
survey, engineering site visits, and sampling and analysis, the Agency 
believes that each of the waste groups typically contain significant 
concentrations of hazardous constituents. Table 7 identifies the 
constituents of concern for the carbamate waste streams. The Agency 
conducted sampling and analysis of each of these wastes to support this 
proposed hazardous waste listing determination. The following section, 
III.C., presents this data and additional health effects data, which 
are the basis for the Agency's proposal to list or not list the wastes 
studied in this rulemaking.
    The total reported generation rate of these wastes in 1990 was 
approximately 841,000 metric tons. Tables 8 and 9 present the 
characteristics of, and management method used for these wastes by 
group.

                                      Table 7.--Waste Stream Constituents                                       
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
           Waste group                                              Constituent                                 
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1--Organic Carbamate/Carbamoyl     Acetone, acetonitrile, acetophenone, aniline, benomyl, benzene, carbaryl,    
 Oxime Wastes.                      carbendazim, carbofuran, carbosulfan, chlorobenzene, chloroform,            
                                    odichlorobenzene, hexane, methanol, methomyl, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl   
                                    isobutyl ketone, methylene chloride, naphthalene, phenol, pyridine, toluene,
                                    triethylamine, xylene.                                                      
2--Aqueous Carbamate/Carbamoyl     Acetone, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, formaldehyde, methomyl, methyl    
 Oxime Wastes.                      isobutyl ketone, methyl chloride, methyl ethyl ketone, methylene chloride,  
                                    ophenylenediamine, pyridine, triethylamine.                                 
3--Solid Carbamate/Carbamoyl       Benomyl, carbendazim, carbofuran, carbosulfan, chloroform, hexane, methanol, 
 Oxime Wastes.                      methylene chloride, phenol, xylene.                                         
4--Organic Thiocarbamate Wastes..  Benzene, butylate, eptam, molinate, pebulate, vernolate.                     
5--Aqueous Thiocarbamate Wastes..  Benzene, butylate, eptam, molinate, pebulate, toluene, vernolate, xylene.    
6--Solid Thiocarbamate Wastes....  Butylate, eptam, cycloate, molinate, pebulate, vernolate.                    
7--Aqueous Dithiocarbamate         Carbon disulfide, dithiocarbamate product, xylene.                           
 Process Waters.                                                                                                
8--Aqueous Dithiocarbamate         Carbon disulfide, dithiocarbamate product, methylene chloride, n-            
 Scrubber Wastes.                   nitrosodimethylamine.                                                       
9--Solid Dithiocarbamate Wastes..  Carbon disulfide, dithiocarbamate product, xylene.                           
10--Organic Dithiocarbamate        Carbon disulfide, dithiocarbamate product, hexane, toluene, xylene.          
 Wastes.                                                                                                        
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


                                    Table 8.--1990 Waste Management by RCRA Hazardous Waste Identification and Group                                    
                                                                  [metric tons/year]\1\                                                                 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                 Waste classification                   Non-haz.   As-haz.     Corr.      Ignit.       TC        I&TC       I&C        TC&C     Unknown 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Group 1..............................................     46,398      1,912     69,780      1,980        1.5      2,302      2,773  .........      1,368
Group 2..............................................    140,145      3,735    246,595        6.8       41.9  .........  .........  .........    Varies.
Group 3..............................................      9,729        0.4       14.8        5.5       12.3  .........  .........  .........  .........
Group 4..............................................  .........  .........  .........  .........  .........        549  .........  .........  .........
Group 5..............................................  .........  .........    130,664  .........  .........  .........  .........  .........  .........
Group 6..............................................  .........         77  .........  .........        588  .........  .........  .........  .........
Group 7..............................................     43,810      7,218          9        1.1    380,430  .........  .........  .........        230
Group 8..............................................     46,054  .........       49.1  .........       \2\0  .........  .........      1,055         89
Group 9..............................................      3,493        195  .........        3.1       15.8  .........  .........  .........        205
Group 10.............................................  .........       46.8  .........      162.9  .........       65.4  .........  .........         91
                                                      --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      Total..........................................    289,629     13,185    447,112      2,159    381,090      2,916      2,773      1,055     1,983 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Non-Haz.: Managed as nonhazardous waste                                                                                                                 
As-Haz.: Managed as a hazardous waste                                                                                                                   
Characteristically Hazardous Wastes                                                                                                                     
Ignit.: Ignitable (40 CFR 261.21)                                                                                                                       
Corr.: Corrosive (40 CFR 261.22)                                                                                                                        
I&C: Ignitable and corrosive                                                                                                                            
I&TC: Ignitable and TC                                                                                                                                  
TC&C: TC and corrosive                                                                                                                                  
TC: Toxicity Characteristic (40 CFR 261.24)                                                                                                             
\1\Wastes may have several classifications; therefore, the total mass of each waste group may exceed the actual mass.                                   
\2\There is a toxic stream in Group 8 but it was not generated in 1990.                                                                                 


                                              Table 9.--Current Waste Management by Waste Type and Quantity                                             
                                                                   [metric tons/year]                                                                   
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                   Group                        1         2         3         4         5         6         7         8         9        10       Total 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Recycle/Reuse.............................     1,601  ........        26  ........  ........  ........       701        57        64       180     2,629
Incineration..............................     3,263     1,975        18       549  ........  ........  ........        50         2        98     5,955
Fuel Blending.............................  ........  ........  ........  ........  ........  ........  ........  ........  ........        24        24
Boiler....................................     6,360  ........  ........  ........  ........  ........  ........  ........  ........  ........     6,360
POTW......................................  ........    20,497  ........  ........  ........  ........    42,599    45,957  ........  ........   109,053
PrOTW.....................................     2,922     4,986  ........  ........  ........  ........     1,410        23  ........  ........     9,341
WWTP......................................   112,292   238,751  ........  ........   130,664  ........     4,670  ........  ........  ........   486,377
Subtitle C Landfill.......................  ........  ........  ........  ........  ........       665  ........  ........       193  ........       858
Subtitle D Landfill.......................  ........  ........      1340  ........  ........  ........  ........  ........     3,199  ........     4,539
Deep Well Injection.......................  ........  ........  ........  ........   213,582  ........     1,517       100  ........  ........   215,199
Other.....................................  ........  ........         6  ........  ........  ........       645        13  ........        65       729
                                           -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      Total...............................   126,438   266,209     1,390       549   344,246       665    51,542    46,200     3,458       367  841,064 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
POTW--Publicly Owned Treatment Works                                                                                                                    
PrOTW--Privately Owned Treatment Works                                                                                                                  
WWTP--Wastewater Treatment Plant                                                                                                                        

C. Basis for Listing Determination

1. Waste Characterization and Constituents of Concern
    The Agency has conducted significant data gathering efforts in 
order to evaluate each of the criteria for listing hazardous wastes 
found at 40 CFR 261.11. In conducting its investigation before 
proposing to list a specific waste under 40 CFR 261.32, the Agency 
characterized the waste based on survey information, engineering 
analysis, and sampling and analysis. The constituents of concern in 
this proposal were identified by these methods and are proposed as the 
basis for listing and for addition to appendix VII of 40 CFR part 261 
(see Table 7). The toxic constituents of concern which are the basis of 
this and possibly future hazardous waste listing determinations are 
being proposed for addition to appendix VIII of 40 CFR part 261 
pursuant to 40 CFR 261.11(a)(3).
    This section summarizes the information concerning waste 
characterization and constituents of concern that EPA has gathered to 
support this proposed listing. Other compounds also have been 
identified in these wastes but are not presented as constituents of 
concern because they are either not sufficiently toxic, are present at 
low concentrations, or do not migrate through the environment under 
reasonable conditions.
    Information regarding the identity and concentration of the 
compounds found in carbamate wastes from EPA sampling during 
engineering site visits is presented in summary form in the Appendix A 
of the ``non-CBI'' Engineering Analysis of the Production of 
Carbamates, which is available in the Public Docket for this proposed 
rulemaking. See ``ADDRESSEES'' section.
    The constituents of concern are found at varying levels in each of 
the carbamate waste streams proposed for listing. Despite differences 
in constituents and concentrations, each of the wastes proposed for 
listing exhibit similar levels of potential hazard and are also 
amenable to similar treatment technology. The Agency therefore is 
proposing to regulate wastes from each of these processes together 
under the K156 through K161 listings.
    Table 10 lists the constituents found at concentrations above the 
level of concern (the Agency's rationale for identifying a 
concentration level of concern is detailed in the following section) 
from wastes sampled and analyzed by the Agency during the course of the 
engineering analysis of wastes in the carbamate industry and effluent 
guideline development under sections 405 (d) and (e) of the Clean Water 
Act (CWA), or reported present by the manufacturer in response to the 
Agency's RCRA section 3007 questionnaire. This table presents a 
compilation of all concentration data for each group of waste studied. 
Additional constituents were detected at concentrations below the level 
of concern. All of the collected data is presented in the carbamates 
engineering analysis. However, the risk analysis described in section 
III.C.5. of this preamble used only the results of the carbamate 
industry study. 

                         Table 10.--Range of Concentrations for Constituents of Concern                         
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                      No. of   Max. conc.   Min. conc.   Mean conc.     Median  
    Group             Constituent of concern         streams     (ppm)        (ppm)        (ppm)     conc. (ppm)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1............  acetone.............................        8      900,000           13      214,502       96,000
               acetonitrile........................        3      400,000       50,000      176,667       80,000
               acetophenone........................        1        890.7        890.7        890.7        890.7
               aniline.............................        1          3.8          3.8          3.8          3.8
               benomyl.............................        2       20,000           22       10,011       10,011
               benzene.............................        1          350          350          350          350
               carbaryl............................        1      100,000      100,000      100,000      100,000
               carbendazim.........................        2       80,000         22.3       40,011       40,011
               carbofuran..........................        3       10,000        2,490        7,497       10,000
               carbosulfan.........................        3      350,000            9      117,433        2,290
               chlorobenzene.......................        1        1,800        1,800        1,800        1,800
               chloroform..........................        1          1.2          1.2          1.2          1.2
               o-dichlorobenzene...................        1       12,000       12,000       12,000       12,000
               hexane..............................        8      200,000           42       73,755       65,000
               methanol............................       10      910,000         9.23      359,033      130,100
               methomyl............................        2         38.7         1.06         19.9         19.9
               methyl ethyl ketone.................        4      500,000           58      151,240        7,300
               methyl isobutyl ketone..............        6      650,000       21,000      335,167      210,000
               methylene chloride..................        7      150,000          1.6       32,572       20,000
               naphthalene.........................        1        6,440        6,440        6,440        6,440
               phenol..............................        5      128,700       0.0138       28,706        3,000
               pyridine............................        6      130,000          920       63,570       49,750
               toluene.............................        3      980,000          290      334,163       22,200
               triethylamine.......................        2      286,000          580      143,290      143,290
               xylene..............................        6      996,100        7,300      449,200      570,000
2............  acetone.............................       12        4,000          0.3        338.3          2.9
               carbon tetrachloride................        1         0.51         0.51         0.51         0.51
               chloroform..........................        5          8.6        0.024          2.3         0.57
               formaldehyde........................        1           48           48           48           48
               methomyl............................        5       40,000       0.0016       10,750         49.5
               methyl isobutyl ketone..............        5          300          0.8         78.3           12
               methyl chloride.....................        5        4,200       0.0076        840.9          3.5
               methyl ethyl ketone.................        5       10,000          1.1      3,400.7          300
               methylene chloride..................       15        4,100        0.074        285.9          1.4
               o-phenylenediamine..................        1         77.4         77.4         77.4         77.4
               pyridine............................        3       13,600         17.6        4,687          443
               triethylamine.......................        5        7,380          7.4        1,901          9.8
3............  benomyl.............................        2       20,000          0.3       10,000       10,000
               carbendazim.........................        2       20,000          0.3       10,000       10,000
               carbofuran..........................        2      700,000          6.8      350,003      350,003
               carbosulfan.........................        1      100,000      100,000      100,000      100,000
               chloroform..........................        1        2,600        2,600        2,600        2,600
               hexane..............................        1        3,800        3,800        3,800        3,800
               methanol............................        2         69.5           58         63.8         63.8
               methylene chloride..................        3       13,000        0.047        6,000        5,000
               phenol..............................        2        5,000        0.346        2,500        2,500
               xylene..............................        2      135,100          610       67,855       67,855
4............  butylate............................        1       50,000       50,000       50,000       50,000
               eptam...............................        1       50,000       50,000       50,000       50,000
               molinate............................        1       50,000       50,000       50,000       50,000
               pebulate............................        1       50,000       50,000       50,000       50,000
               vernolate...........................        1       50,000       50,000       50,000       50,000
5............  benzene.............................        1         0.15         0.15         0.15         0.15
               butylate............................        2          1.2          0.3          0.8          0.8
               eptam...............................        3          170         0.14           57          1.7
               molinate............................        2           39          7.5         23.3         23.3
               pebulate............................        3         0.71        0.015         0.27         0.09
               vernolate...........................        2         0.16        0.021         0.09         0.09
6............  benzene.............................        1        1,100        1,100        1,100        1,100
               toluene.............................        1        9,400        9,400        9,400        9,400
               butylate............................        2        8,800        7,400        8,100        8,100
               eptam...............................        3      401,000       12,000      271,333      271,333
               molinate............................        1       22,000       22,000       22,000       22,000
               pebulate............................        1          500          500          500          500
               vernolate...........................        1          620          620          620          620
               xylene..............................        1          201          201          201          201
7............  carbon disulfide....................        1       94,000       94,000       94,000       94,000
               xylene..............................        4        5,000        1,000        3,750        4,500
               dithiocarbamate product.............        8       10,000       10,000       10,000       10,000
8............  carbon disulfide....................        5        5,000        0.028        1,178           15
               methylene chloride..................        2         0.57        0.490         0.53         0.53
               n-nitrosodimethylamine..............        1          104          104          104          104
               piperidine..........................        1       65,000       65,000       65,000       65,000
               dithiocarbamate product.............        5        6,960         42.4        2,039         70.9
9............  carbon disulfide....................        2          420           15          218          218
               dithiocarbamate product.............       81    1,000,000        1,000      505,201      450,000
               xylene..............................        2      240,000      240,000      240,000      240,000
10...........  carbon disulfide....................        5    1,000,000        4,000      676,800      950,000
               hexane..............................        7    1,000,000      600,000      942,857    1,000,000
               toluene.............................        2       50,000       50,000       50,000       50,000
               xylene..............................        2      600,000      600,000      600,000      600,000
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Human Health Criteria and Effects
    The Agency uses health-based levels, or HBLs, to evaluate levels of 
concern of toxic constituents in various media. In establishing HBLs, 
EPA evaluates a wide variety of health effects data and existing 
standards and criteria. EPA uses any Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) 
promulgated under the Safe Drinking Water Act as an HBL for 
contaminants in aqueous streams. MCLs are Drinking Water Standards 
promulgated under section 1412 of the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 
(SDWA), as amended in 1984 for both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic 
compounds. In setting MCLs, EPA considers a range of pertinent factors 
(see 52 FR 25697-98, July 8, 1987). For other media, or if there is no 
MCL, EPA uses an oral reference dose (RfD), an inhalation reference 
concentration (RfC), and/or a carcinogenic slope factor (CSF) to derive 
the HBL, in conjunction with various exposure assumptions and, for 
carcinogens, a risk level of concern. The Agency relies on standard 
intake and exposure assumptions to derive HBLs. Standard daily intake 
assumptions are: 2 liters of water; 20 cubic meters of air; 200 mg of 
soil for six years (children) and 100 mg of soil for 24 years (adults). 
For carcinogens, the daily intake is averaged over a 70 year lifetime; 
for noncarcinogens, the daily intake is averaged over a daily period of 
exposure. The risk level of concern may vary, but for the purpose of 
deriving HBLs in the following discussion, the minimal or threshold 
risk level of concern is taken as 10-6 (i.e., one incremental 
cancer risk in a million based on lifetime exposure). A given 
constituent may have an RfD, and RfC, and/or a CSF, depending on the 
variety and nature of the toxic effects exhibited. The RfD is an 
estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a 
daily exposure to the human population, including sensitive subgroups, 
that is likely not to present appreciable risk of deleterious effects 
during a lifetime. The CSF is an estimate of the upper bound confidence 
limit of the lifetime risk of developing cancer, per unit dose, which 
results from the application of a low-dose extrapolation procedure. 
When available, EPA uses RfDs, RfCs, and CSFs that have been verified 
by the Agency's Reference Dose/Reference Concentration (RfD/RfC) Work 
Group or Carcinogen Risk Assessment Verification Endeavor (CRAVE). If 
no verified value exists, other estimates of RfDs, RfCs, and CSFs are 
examined to determine if they are appropriate for use in establishing 
HBLs. Health-based levels in water and soil, and the criteria used to 
establish them, are shown in Table 11 for the constituents identified 
in the carbamate wastes. A more detailed discussion of the toxicity of 
these constituents is included in the background document ``Carbamate 
Waste Listing Support: Health Effects Background Document'' and 
associated materials for this proposal and is available from the Public 
Docket at EPA Headquarters. See ADDRESSES section.

                                       Table. 11.--Oral and Inhalation Toxicity Information for Waste Constituents                                      
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       RfD (mg/kg/    Oral CSF (mg/                  Inhalation CSF  HBL water (mg/   HBL soil (mg/                                     
   Constituents           day)         kg/day)-1     RfC (mg/m\3\)   (mg/kg/day)-1         L)             kg)          MCL (mg/L)         Toxicity      
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acetone (67-64-1)..  1E-1 (1)        Na (1,7)        N (1,7)         N (1,7)         4E+0            8E+3            N (1,6)         Systemic: Increased
                                                                                                                                      liver and kidney  
                                                                                                                                      weights, and      
                                                                                                                                      nephrotoxicity.   
Acetophenone (98-86- 1E-1 (1)        N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         4E+0            8E+3            N (1,6)         Systemic: General  
 2).                                                                                                                                  toxicity.         
Aniline (62-53-3)..  N (1,7)         5.7E-3 (1)      1E-3 (1)        N (1,7)         6.25E-3         1.0E+2          N (1,6)         Cancer: Spleen     
                                                                                                                                      tumors.           
                                                                                                                                     Systemic: Spleen   
                                                                                                                                      toxicity.         
Anthracene (120-12-  3E-1 (1)        N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         1E+1            3E+4            N (1,6)         Systemic:          
 7).                                                                                                                                  Phototoxic        
                                                                                                                                      dermatitis,       
                                                                                                                                      inflammation of   
                                                                                                                                      the               
                                                                                                                                      gastrointestinal  
                                                                                                                                      tract.            
Antimony (7440-36-   4E-4            N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         6E-3            3E+1            0.006 (6)       Systemic: Increased
 0).                 (1,6,7)                                                                                                          mortality and     
                                                                                                                                      altered blood     
                                                                                                                                      glucose and       
                                                                                                                                      cholesterol       
                                                                                                                                      levels.           
Arsenic (7440-38-2)  3E-4 (1)        1.75E+0 (1)     N (1,7)         1.5E+1 (1)      5E-2            4E-1            0.05 (6)        Cancer: Respiratory
                                                                                                                                      system tumors.    
                                                                                                                                     Systemic:          
                                                                                                                                      Hyperpigmentation,
                                                                                                                                      keratosis, and    
                                                                                                                                      possible vascular 
                                                                                                                                      complications.    
Barium (7440-39-3).  7E-2 (1)        N (1,7)         5E-4 (7)        N (1,7)         2E+0            6E+3            2 (6)           Systemic: Oral;    
                                                                                                                                      Increased blood   
                                                                                                                                      pressure.         
                                                                                                                                     Inhalation:        
                                                                                                                                      Fetotoxicity.     
Benomyl (17804-35-   5E-2 (1)        N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         2E+0            4E+3            N (1,6)         Systemic:          
 2).                                                                                                                                  Fetotoxicity      
                                                                                                                                      (decreased pup    
                                                                                                                                      weanling weights).
Bensulide (741-58-   N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         NA              NA              N (1,6)         Systemic: Neuro-   
 2).                                                                                                                                  muscular          
                                                                                                                                      pathologyb.       
Benz[a]-anthracene   2E-1 (92)c      2E+1 (92)       N (1,7)         N (1,7)         1E-4            3E-2            0.0001          Cancer: Liver      
 (56-55-3).                                                                                                          PMCL (6)         hepatoma.         
                                                                                                                                     Systemic:          
                                                                                                                                      Respiratory system
                                                                                                                                      effects.          
Benzene (71-43-2)..  N (1,7)         2.9E-2 (1)      N (1,7)         2.9E-2 (7)      5E-3            2E+1            0.005 (6)       Cancer: Human      
                                                                                                                                      leukemia.         
Benzo[b]-            N (1,7)         7.3E-1          N (1,7)         N (1,7)         2E-4            9E-1a           0.0002          Cancer: Lung       
 fluoranthene (205-                  (TEFd)e                                                                         PMCL (6)         adenomas and      
 99-2).                                                                                                                               epidermoid        
                                                                                                                                      carcinomas,       
                                                                                                                                      putative          
                                                                                                                                      forestomach       
                                                                                                                                      tumors.           
Benzo[k]-            N (1,7)         7.3E-2          N (1,7)         N (1,7)         2E-4            9E+0a           0.0002          Cancer: Lung       
 fluoranthene (207-                  (TEFd)e                                                                         PMCL (6)         adenomas and      
 08-9).                                                                                                                               epidermoid        
                                                                                                                                      carcinomas,       
                                                                                                                                      putative          
                                                                                                                                      forestomach       
                                                                                                                                      tumors.           
Benzoic acid (65-85- 4E+0 (1,7)f     N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         1E+2            3E+5            N (1,6)         Systemic:          
 0).                                                                                                                                  Practically safe  
                                                                                                                                      to humans and     
                                                                                                                                      animals.          
Butylamine (109-73-  N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         NA              NA              N (1,6)         No data available. 
 9).                                                                                                                                                    
Butylate (2008-41-   5E-2 (1)        N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         2E+0            4E+3            N (1,6)         Systemic: Increased
 5).                                                                                                                                  relative liver    
                                                                                                                                      weights.          
Cadmium (7440-43-9)  5E-4g,          N (1,7)         N (1,7)         6.3E+0 (1)      5E-3            8E+1            0.005 (6)       Cancer: Human lung,
                     1E-3h (1)                                                                                                        tracheal, and     
                                                                                                                                      bronchial tumors. 
                                                                                                                                     Systemic:          
                                                                                                                                      Significant       
                                                                                                                                      proteinuria.      
Carbendazim (10605-  N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         NA              NA              N (1,6)         Systemic:          
 21-70).                                                                                                                              Reproductive      
                                                                                                                                      effects.          
Carbofuran (1563-66- 5E-3 (1)        N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         4E-2            4E+2            0.04 (6)        Systemic: RBC and  
 2).                                                                                                                                  plasma            
                                                                                                                                      cholinesterase    
                                                                                                                                      inhibition, and   
                                                                                                                                      testicular and    
                                                                                                                                      uterine effects.  
Carbon disulfide     1E-1 (1)        N (1,7)         1E-2 (7)        N (1,7)         4E+0            8E+3            N (1,6)         Systemic: Oral;    
 (75-15-0).                                                                                                                           Fetal toxicity and
                                                                                                                                      teratogenicity.   
                                                                                                                                     Inhalation: Fetal  
                                                                                                                                      toxicity.         
Carbon               7E-4 (1)        1.3E-1 (1)      N (1,7)         5.2E-2 (1)      5E-3            5E+0            0.005 (6)       Cancer: Liver      
 tetrachloride (56-                                                                                                                   tumors.           
 23-5).                                                                                                                              Systemic: Liver    
                                                                                                                                      lesions.          
Carbosulfan (55285-  1E-2 (1)        N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         4E-1            8E+2            N (1,6)         Systemic: Decreased
 14-8).                                                                                                                               body weight.      
Chlorobenzene (108-  2E-2 (1)        N (1,7)         2E-2 (7)        N (1,7)         1E-1            2E+3            0.1 (1)         Systemic:          
 90-7).                                                                                                                               Histopathological 
                                                                                                                                      changes in liver. 
Chloroform (67-66-   1E-2 (1)        6E-3 (1)        N (1,7)         8.1E-2 (1)      5.8E-3          1E+2            N (1,6)         Cancer: Kidney     
 3).                                                                                                                                  tumors.           
                                                                                                                                     Systemic: Fatty    
                                                                                                                                      cyst formation in 
                                                                                                                                      liver.            
Chromium VI (18540-  5E-3 (1)        N (1,7)         N (1,7)         4.2E+1 (1)      1E-1            4E+2            0.1 (6)         Cancer: Human lung 
 29-9).                                                                                                                               tumors.           
                                                                                                                                     Systemic: Kidney   
                                                                                                                                      and liver damage, 
                                                                                                                                      and cardiovascular
                                                                                                                                      and               
                                                                                                                                      gastrointestinal  
                                                                                                                                      effects.          
Chrysene (218-01-9)  N (1,7)         7.3E-2 (TEFd)e  N (1,7)         N (1,7)         2E-4            9E-0a           0.0002          Cancer: Putative   
                                                                                                                     PMCL (6)         forestomach       
                                                                                                                                      tumors.           
Cyanide (57-12-5)..  2E-2 (1)        N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         2E-1            2E+3            0.2 (6)         Systemic:          
                                                                                                                                      Degenerative      
                                                                                                                                      neurotoxicity, and
                                                                                                                                      thyroid effects.  
Cycloate (1134-23-   N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         NA              NA              N (1,6)         Systemic:          
 2).                                                                                                                                  neurotoxicity     
                                                                                                                                      skeletal muscle   
                                                                                                                                      myopathy. (2)i.   
Dibutylamine (111-   N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         NA              NA              N (1,6)         No data available. 
 92-2).                                                                                                                                                 
1,2-Dichlorobenzene  9E-2 (1)        N (1,7)         2E-1 (7)        N (1,7)         6E-1            8E+3            0.6 (6)         Systemic: Oral;    
 (95-50-1).                                                                                                                           Liver pathology.  
                                                                                                                                     Inhalation:        
                                                                                                                                      Decreased relative
                                                                                                                                      spleen weight.    
1,3-Dichlorobenzene  N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         NA              NA              N (1,6)         Systemic:          
 (541-73-1).                                                                                                                          Hemoglobin changes
                                                                                                                                      and liver and     
                                                                                                                                      kidney damage.    
1,4-Dichlorobenzene  N (1,7)         2.4E-2 (7)      7E-1 (7)        N (1,7)         7.5E-2          3E+1            0.075 (6)       Cancer: Liver      
 (106-46-7).                                                                                                                          tumors.           
                                                                                                                                     Systemic: Liver    
                                                                                                                                      damage.           
Diethylphthalate     8E-1 (1)        N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         3E+1            7E+4            N (1,6)         Systemic: Decreased
 (84-66-2).                                                                                                                           growth rate, food 
                                                                                                                                      consumption, and  
                                                                                                                                      altered organ     
                                                                                                                                      weights.          
Dimethylamine (124-  N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         NA              NA              N (1,6)         Systemic: Liver    
 40-3).                                                                                                                               fatty degeneration
                                                                                                                                      and necrosis, and 
                                                                                                                                      tubular           
                                                                                                                                      degeneration of   
                                                                                                                                      the testes. (2)j. 
Dimethyldodecylamin  N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         NA              NA              N (1,6)         Systemic:          
 e (112-18-5).                                                                                                                        Respiratory tract 
                                                                                                                                      effects.          
Dipropylamine (142-  N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         NA              NA              N (1,6)         No data available. 
 84-7).                                                                                                                                                 
Eptam (EPTC) (759-   2.5E-2 (1)      N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         8.8E-1          2E+3            N (1,6)         Systemic:          
 94-4).                                                                                                                               Degenerative      
                                                                                                                                      cardiomyopathy.   
Esprocarb (85785-20- N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         NA              NA              N (1,6)         No data available. 
 2).                                                                                                                                                    
Ethylbenzene (100-   1E-1 (1)        N (1,7)         1E+0 (1)        N (1,7)         7E-1            8E+3            0.7 (6)         Systemic: Liver and
 41-4).                                                                                                                               kidney effects.   
2-Ethylhexylamine    N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         NA              NA              N (1,6)         No data available. 
 (104-75-6).                                                                                                                                            
Fluoranthene (206-   4E-2 (1)        N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         1E+0            3E+3            N (1,6)         Systemic: Kidney   
 44-0).                                                                                                                               effects, increased
                                                                                                                                      liver weights,    
                                                                                                                                      hematological     
                                                                                                                                      alterations.      
Formaldehyde (50-00- 2E-1 (1)        N (1,7)         N (1,7)         4.5E-2 (1)      7E+0            2E+4            N (1,6)         Cancer: Nasal      
 0).                                                                                                                                  cavity tumors.    
                                                                                                                                     Systemic:          
                                                                                                                                      Gastrointestinal  
                                                                                                                                      histopathology.   
Hexachloroethane     1E-3 (1)        1.4E-2 (1)      N (1,7)         1.4E-2 (1)      3E-3            5E+1            N (1,6)         Cancer:            
 (67-72-1).                                                                                                                           Hepatocellular    
                                                                                                                                      carcinoma.        
                                                                                                                                     Systemic: Atrophy  
                                                                                                                                      and degeneration  
                                                                                                                                      of kidney tubules.
Hexane (110-54-3)..  6E-2 (7)        N (1,7)         2E-1 (1)        N (1,7)         2E+0            5E+3            N (1,6)         Systemic: Oral;    
                                                                                                                                      nervous system    
                                                                                                                                      effects,          
                                                                                                                                      testicular        
                                                                                                                                      atrophy.          
                                                                                                                                     Inhalation:        
                                                                                                                                      Neurotoxicity     
                                                                                                                                      (electrophysiologi
                                                                                                                                      cal alterations), 
                                                                                                                                      and epithelial    
                                                                                                                                      lesions in the    
                                                                                                                                      nasal cavity.     
Hexylamine (111-26-  N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         NA              NA              N (1,6)         No data available. 
 2).                                                                                                                                                    
Isopropanol (67-63-  N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         NA              NA              N (1,6)         No data available. 
 0).                                                                                                                                                    
Lead (7439-92-1)...  N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         NA              NA              N (1,6)         Cancer: Renal      
                                                                                                                                      tumors.           
                                                                                                                                     Systemic:          
                                                                                                                                      Neurotoxic,       
                                                                                                                                      adverse           
                                                                                                                                      hematopoietic, and
                                                                                                                                      reproductive and  
                                                                                                                                      developmental     
                                                                                                                                      effects.          
Mercury (7439-97-6)  3E-4 (7)        N (1,7)         3E-4 (7)        N (1,7)         2E-3            3E+1            0.002 (6)       Systemic: Damage to
                                                                                                                                      brain, kidneys,   
                                                                                                                                      and developing    
                                                                                                                                      fetuses.          
Metam-Sodium (137-   N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         NA              NA              N (1,6)         Systemic:          
 42-8).                                                                                                                               Developmental     
                                                                                                                                      effects. (A).     
Methanol (67-56-1).  5E-1 (1)        N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         2E+1            4E+4            N (1,6)         Systemic:          
                                                                                                                                      Alterations in    
                                                                                                                                      liver enzyme      
                                                                                                                                      levels, and       
                                                                                                                                      decreased brain   
                                                                                                                                      weight.           
Methomyl (16752-77-  2.5E-2 (1)      N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         9E-1            2E+3            N (1,6)         Systemic: Kidney   
 5).                                                                                                                                  and spleen        
                                                                                                                                      pathology.        
Methylamine (74-89-  N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         NA              NA              N (1,6)         Data not available.
 5).                                                                                                                                                    
Methyl chloride (74- N (1,7)         1.3E-2 (7)      N (1,7)         6.3E-3 (7)      3E-3            5E+1            N (1,6)         Cancer: Renal      
 87-3).                                                                                                                               tumors in mice    
                                                                                                                                      from intermittent 
                                                                                                                                      inhalation        
                                                                                                                                      exposure.         
                                                                                                                                     Systemic: Liver and
                                                                                                                                      kidney effects,   
                                                                                                                                      and degeneration  
                                                                                                                                      and atrophy of the
                                                                                                                                      seminiferous      
                                                                                                                                      tubules.          
Methylene chloride   6E-2 (1)        7.5E-3 (1)      3E+0 (7)        1.6E-3 (1)      5E-3            9E+1            .005 (6)        Cancer: Liver      
 (75-09-2).                                                                                                          PMCL             tumors.           
                                                                                                                                     Systemic: Adverse  
                                                                                                                                      liver effects.    
Methyl ethyl ketone  6E-1 (1)        N (1,7)         1E+0 (1,7)      N (1,7)         2E+1            5E+4            N (1,6)         Systemic: Decreased
 (78-93-3).                                                                                                                           fetal birth       
                                                                                                                                      weight.           
Methyl isobutyl      5E-2 (7)        N (1,7)         8E-2 (7)        N (1,7)         2E+0            4E+3            N (1,6)         Systemic: Liver and
 ketone (108-10-1).                                                                                                                   kidney toxicity.  
Methyl               N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         NA              NA              N (1,6)         Data not available.
 isothiocyanate                                                                                                                                         
 (556-61-6).                                                                                                                                            
Molinate (2212-67-   2E-3 (1)        N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         7E-2            2E+2            N (1,6)         Systemic:          
 1).                                                                                                                                  Reproductive      
                                                                                                                                      toxicity.         
Molybdenum (7439-98- 5E-3 (1)        N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         2E-1            4E+2            N (1,6)         Systemic: Increased
 7).                                                                                                                                  uric acid in the  
                                                                                                                                      urine, decreased  
                                                                                                                                      blood copper      
                                                                                                                                      levels, and       
                                                                                                                                      painful swelling  
                                                                                                                                      in the joint in   
                                                                                                                                      humans.           
Nabam (142-59-6)...  N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         NA              NA              N (1,6)         Cancer: Putative   
                                                                                                                                      induction of      
                                                                                                                                      thyroid adenomas  
                                                                                                                                      and               
                                                                                                                                      adenocarcinomas,  
                                                                                                                                      and hepatomas     
                                                                                                                                      (75).k,l          
Naphthalene (91-20-  4E-2 (7)        N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         1E+0            3E+3            N (1,6)         Systemic: Decreased
 3).                                                                                                                                  whole body weight 
                                                                                                                                      in rats.          
Nickel (7440-02-0).  2E-2 (1)        N (1,7)         N (1,7)         8.4E-1 (1)      1E-1            2E+3            0.1 (6)         Cancer: Respiratory
                                                                                                                                      system tumors in  
                                                                                                                                      humans.           
                                                                                                                                     Systemic: Pulmonary
                                                                                                                                      toxicity.         
Nitrobenzene (98-95- 5E-4 (1)        N (1,7)         2E-3 (7)        N (1,7)         2E-2            4E+1            N (1,6)         Systemic: Adrenal, 
 3).                                                                                                                                  renal, and hepatic
                                                                                                                                      lesions and       
                                                                                                                                      hematopathology.  
N-Nitroso-di-n-      N (1,7)         5.4E+0 (1)      N (1,7)         5.6E+0 (1)      6E-6            1E-1            N (1,6)         Cancer: Bladder and
 butylamine (924-16-                                                                                                                  gastrointestinal  
 3).                                                                                                                                  tract tumors.     
N-Nitroso-di-n-      N (1,7)         5.1E+1 (1)      N (1,7)         4.9E+1 (1)      7E-7            1E-2            N (1,6)         Cancer: Liver      
 methylamine (62-75-                                                                                                                  tumors.           
 9).                                                                                                                                                    
Oxamyl (23135-22-0)  2.5E-2          N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         9E-1            2E+3            0.2 (6)         Systemic:          
                                                                                                                                      Cholinesterase    
                                                                                                                                      inhibition, liver 
                                                                                                                                      effects, and      
                                                                                                                                      fetotoxicity.     
Pebulate (1114-71-   5E-2 (7)        N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         2E+0            4E+3            N (1,6)         No data available. 
 2).                                                                                                                                                    
Phenol (108-95-2)..  6E-1 (1,7)      N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         2E+1            5E+4            N (1,6)         Systemic:          
                                                                                                                                      Developmental     
                                                                                                                                      effects (stunted  
                                                                                                                                      growth).          
o-Phenylenediamine   N (1,7)         4.7E-2 (7)      N (1,7)         N (1,7)         7.4E-4          1.4E+1          N (1,6)         Cancer: Liver      
 (95-54-5).                                                                                                                           tumors.           
Piperidine (110-89-  N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         NA              NA              N (1,6)         Systemic:          
 4).                                                                                                                                  Developmental and 
                                                                                                                                      reproductive      
                                                                                                                                      effects (5).      
n-Propylbenzene      N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         NA              NA              N (1,6)         No data available. 
 (103-65-1).                                                                                                                                            
Prosulfocarb (52888- N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         NA              NA              N (1,6)         No data available. 
 80-9).                                                                                                                                                 
Pyrene (129-00-00).  3E-2 (1)        N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         1E+0            3E+3            N (1,6)         Systemic: Kidney   
                                                                                                                                      effects (renal    
                                                                                                                                      tubular pathology,
                                                                                                                                      decreased kidney  
                                                                                                                                      weight).          
Pyridine (110-86-1)  1E-3 (1)        N (1,7)         5E-3 (53)       N (1,7)         4E-2            8E+1            N (1,6)         Systemic: Increased
                                                                                                                                      liver weight.     
Selenium (7782-49-   5E-3 (1)        N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         5E-2            4E+2            0.05 (total)    Systemic: Clinical 
 2).                                                                                                                  (6)             selenosis.        
Styrene (100-42-5).  2E-1 (1)        N (1,7)         1E+0 (1)        N (1,7)         1E-1            2E+4            0.1 (6)         Systemic: Oral; Red
                                                                                                                                      blood cell and    
                                                                                                                                      liver effects.    
                                                                                                                                     Inhalation: Human  
                                                                                                                                      central nervous   
                                                                                                                                      system effects.   
Tetralin (119-64-2)  N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         NA              NA              N (1,6)         Systemic: Kidney   
                                                                                                                                      effects and       
                                                                                                                                      cataracts.        
Toluene (108-88-3).  2E-1 (1)        N (1,7)         4E-1 (1)        N (1,7)         1E+0            2E+4            1.0 (6)         Systemic: Oral;    
                                                                                                                                      Altered kidney and
                                                                                                                                      liver weights.    
                                                                                                                                     Inhalation:        
                                                                                                                                      Neurological      
                                                                                                                                      effects and       
                                                                                                                                      degeneration of   
                                                                                                                                      nasal epithelium. 
Triethylamine (121-  N (1,7)         N (1,7)         7E-3 (1)        N (1,7)         NA              NA              N (1,6)         Systemic: Nasal    
 44-8).                                                                                                                               passage toxicity  
                                                                                                                                      (inflammation).   
1,2,3-               N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         NA              NA              N (1,6)         Systemic:          
 Trimethylbenzene                                                                                                                     Diminished weight 
 (526-73-8).                                                                                                                          gain, central     
                                                                                                                                      nervous system    
                                                                                                                                      depression, and   
                                                                                                                                      lymphopenia and   
                                                                                                                                      neutrophilia (2)m.
1,2,4-               N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         NA              NA              N (1,6)         Systemic:          
 Trimethylbenzene                                                                                                                     Diminished weight 
 (95-63-6).                                                                                                                           gain, central     
                                                                                                                                      nervous system    
                                                                                                                                      depression, and   
                                                                                                                                      lymphopenia and   
                                                                                                                                      neutrophilia (2). 
1,3,5-               N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         NA              NA              N (1,6)         Systemic:          
 Trimethylbenzene                                                                                                                     Diminished weight 
 (108-67-8).                                                                                                                          gain, central     
                                                                                                                                      nervous system    
                                                                                                                                      depression, and   
                                                                                                                                      lymphopenia and   
                                                                                                                                      neutrophilia (2). 
Vernolate (Vernam)   1E-3 (1)        N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         4E-2            8E+1            N (1,6)         Systemic: Altered  
 (1929-77-7).                                                                                                                         liver weight and  
                                                                                                                                      hematopoiesis, and
                                                                                                                                      cholinesterase    
                                                                                                                                      inhibition,       
                                                                                                                                      elevated alkaline 
                                                                                                                                      phosphatase       
                                                                                                                                      levels, and spinal
                                                                                                                                      cord and nerve    
                                                                                                                                      degeneration      
                                                                                                                                      (100).            
Vinyl acetate (108-  1E+0 (7)        N (1,7)         2E-1 (1)        N (1,7)         4E+1            8E+4            N (1,6)         Systemic: Nasal    
 05-4).                                                                                                                               tract toxicity    
                                                                                                                                      (lesions).        
Xylene (1330-20-7).  2E+0 (1)        N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         1E+1            2E+5            10 (6)          Systemic: Central  
                                                                                                                                      nervous system    
                                                                                                                                      effects           
                                                                                                                                      (hyperactivity),  
                                                                                                                                      decreased body    
                                                                                                                                      weight, and       
                                                                                                                                      increased         
                                                                                                                                      mortality.        
o-Xylene (95-47-6).  2E+0 (7)        N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         7E+12           E+5             N (1,6)         Systemic: Central  
                                                                                                                                      nervous system    
                                                                                                                                      effects           
                                                                                                                                      (hyperactivity)   
                                                                                                                                      and decreased body
                                                                                                                                      weight.           
Zinc (7440-66-6)...  3E-1 (1)        N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         1E+1            3E+4            N (1,6)         Systemic: Decrease 
                                                                                                                                      in erythrocyte    
                                                                                                                                      superoxide        
                                                                                                                                      dismutase (ESOD)  
                                                                                                                                      in adult females. 
Ziram (137-30-4)...  N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         N (1,7)         NA              NA              N (1,6)         Systemic:          
                                                                                                                                      Alteration of     
                                                                                                                                      liver enzymes and 
                                                                                                                                      immune responses, 
                                                                                                                                      spleen            
                                                                                                                                      enlargement, and  
                                                                                                                                      developmental     
                                                                                                                                      effects (77, 2).  
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
N No data found in reference.                                                                                                                           
NA Inadequate data for calculation of health based level.                                                                                               
a. None available.                                                                                                                                      
b. At an animal oral LOAEL of 89.8 mg/kg/day.                                                                                                           
c. Human cancer potency value.                                                                                                                          
d. Benzo[a]pyrene Toxicity Equivalent Factor.                                                                                                           
e. USEPA Provisional Guidance for the Qualitative Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. 1993.                                            
f. The human per capita intake was used as the critical dose level.                                                                                     
g. Drinking water RfD.                                                                                                                                  
h. Dietary exposure RfD.                                                                                                                                
i. Inhalation unit risk.                                                                                                                                
j. At an animal oral LOAEL of 55 mg/kg/day.                                                                                                             
k. At animal LOAEL of 97 ppm.                                                                                                                           
l. Known toxic effect of ethylene bis-dithiocarbamate (EBDC) metabolite of nabam.                                                                       
m. Exposure to a mixture of (1,2,3-, 1,2,4-, 1,3,5-) trimethylbenzenes.                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                                        
References                                                                                                                                              
(1) Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). 1993.                                                                                                    
(2) Hazardous Substances Databank (HSDB). 1993.                                                                                                         
(5) RTECS (Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances) July 1992.                                                                                 
(6) Drinking Water Regulations and Health Advisories.                                                                                                   
(7) Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables (HEAST). March 1993.                                                                                       
(53) Health and Environmental Effects Profile for Pyridine. June 1986.                                                                                  
(75) Nabam Pesticide Fact Sheet, Office of Pesticide Program, April 1987.                                                                               
(77) Ziram TOX ONE-LINER. EPA Office of Pesticides, February 20, 1992.                                                                                  
(92) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, ``Evaluation of the Potential Carcinogenicity of Benz(a)anthracene'',    
  June 1988.                                                                                                                                            
(100) Vernolate TOX ONE-LINER. EPA Office of Pesticides, September 23, 1991.                                                                            
(A) Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity Peer Review of Metam-Sodium. EPA Office of Pesticides.                                                      

3. Environmental Damage Cases
    The nature and severity of the human health and environmental 
damage that has occurred as a result of improper management is a factor 
considered in the decision to list wastes as hazardous (see 40 CFR 
261.11(a)(3)(ix)). The Agency has limited records of damages resulting 
directly from the mismanagement of carbamate wastes. Most applicable is 
Superfund Record of Decision (EPA Region 4): Stauffer/Cold Creek, AL 
(First Remedial Action), September, 1989 (PB90-186388). In studying 
this site, which continues to manufacture thiocarbamate products, the 
Agency found groundwater contaminated by wastes from the manufacture of 
the products butylate, cycloate, EPTC, molinate, pebulate, and 
vernolate at levels of concern. Groundwater contamination at this site 
was attributed to past disposal of waste solids from thiocarbamate 
manufacture in an on-site unlined landfill.
    The Agency has a limited number of reports of adverse environmental 
effects from carbamate waste streams proposed for listing. However, 
because pesticide products when formulated for end use may contain from 
0.01 to 100 percent active ingredient, EPA believes that reports of 
adverse environmental impacts such as ground water contamination, fish 
kills, birds kills, or other non-target impacts are comparable to the 
possible adverse environmental impacts which could occur should wastes 
which contain pesticide active ingredients at comparable concentrations 
be mismanaged in the way pesticide products have been mismanaged. The 
Agency has collected information on environmental damages caused by 
improper use of carbamate products, mismanagement of containers 
previously storing carbamate products, and an accidental spill 
releasing a large volume of product to surface waters. The EPA believes 
these incidents are appropriate to consider in proposing listing 
several waste streams for the following reasons: (1) The wastes the 
Agency is proposing to list typically contain the carbamate active 
ingredients found in the products; (2) the concentrations of the active 
ingredients in the waste streams are typically many times higher than 
what is found in some formulated products; and, (3) the nature of some 
of the waste streams is similar to the product (e.g., solid, granular, 
fines) and would behave similarly if released uncontrolled to the 
environment.
    In the case of carbamate chemicals the Agency has recorded numerous 
bird kill incidents associated with the use or possible misuse of 
carbamate products, which the Agency feels are applicable to an open 
disposal mismanagement scenario of solids. For example, between 1972 
and 1991, 107 incidents have been attributed to granular carbofuran and 
40 to flowable carbofuran. These incidents resulted in loss of 9,600 
and 7,500 birds, respectively.
    In general, carbamate products are acutely toxic to aquatic 
organisms. A number of fish kills have been attributed to carbamate 
products. From 1980 to 1988, the California Department of Fish and 
Game's Pesticide Investigations Unit estimated 7,000 to 30,000 fish 
were killed in the Colusa Basin Drain due to molinate entering the 
waterway from carbamates in rice fields. The most severe fish kill 
incident resulted from the July 14, 1991, derailment of a tank car 
containing 19,500 pounds of metam-sodium, a dithiocarbamate product. As 
a result of the spill, the surrounding environment along a 45-mile 
stretch of the Sacramento River and portions of Lake Shasta were 
significantly adversely affected. More than 200,000 fish were killed, 
and several hundred people were treated for eye, skin, and respiratory 
irritation.
    The collected case studies document human exposure and wildlife 
loss caused by the improper management or misuse of carbamate products. 
While only a limited number of the carbamate products have documented 
damage incidents, they do illustrate the potential ecological effects 
that some carbamate active ingredients can exert if released 
uncontrolled to the environment. These damage incident reports document 
contamination in ground water, surface water, air and soil by carbamate 
products. The Agency currently has a more limited number of damage 
incidents for the carbamate wastes under consideration for listing. A 
more extensive discussion of these and additional damage incident 
reports can be found in risk assessment support document for carbamate 
wastes included in the docket. See ADDRESSEES section.
4. Mobility and Persistence of Constituents in Carbamate Wastes
    Mobility is the ability of a constituent to migrate from a waste to 
a transport medium, such as air, groundwater, or surface water. 
Persistence is a measure of a constituent's stability or its resistance 
to degradation in the environment. To assess mobility and persistence, 
the Agency has identified environmental release and transport pathways 
representing plausible worst-case management and disposal scenarios. By 
assessing these pathways, potential exposure can be estimated. Thus, if 
a constituent is sufficiently mobile and does not degrade as it moves 
along an environmental pathway, it may potentially reach a receptor and 
threaten human health and the environment.
    The Agency assesses mobility by estimating the concentration at 
which a constituent could migrate from the waste disposal or storage 
unit to the underlying aquifer, adjacent soils, or to the air above the 
unit. The propensity of each specific constituent to either leach, 
runoff, or volatilize can be estimated using well-established physical 
parameters as well as historic damage incident cases and transport 
theories.
    To assess the potential hazard posed by the constituents of concern 
in the wastes, the Agency compared the concentrations of constituents 
found in the wastes to known\2\ health-based levels. The Agency also 
compared the concentrations that may reach potential human and 
environmental receptors to the health-based levels. The Agency took 
into account the possible dilution and attenuation that may occur due 
to leaching from the waste, movement of waste constituents adsorbed to 
soil particulates, and subsequent dilution or release to the air as a 
result of plausible worst-case mismanagement of the waste.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \2\The Agency acknowledges that it lacks health assessment 
studies for every substance determined to be present in the wastes 
sampled as indicated by the data gaps in Table 11. Health assessment 
studies are and ongoing process where by future studies may uncover 
additional information not considered in today's rulemaking.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To evaluate the dilution and attenuation associated with leaching 
from the waste, the Agency considers the physical state of the waste. 
If the physical state of the waste is solid, the Agency first estimates 
the leaching rates for the constituents from the waste. A dilution/
attenuation factor is applied to account for dispersion in the 
subsurface from the disposal site into ground water and subsequently to 
a drinking water source. This dilution and attenuation may occur 
because of various phenomena, such as hydrolysis, solubility, soil 
conditions, adsorption onto soil particles, dilution with ground water, 
and biodegradation to the extent those processes are likely to occur in 
a plausible worst-case management or disposal scenario.
    The Agency believes that liquid wastes are mobile if improperly 
disposed and that they may reach environmental receptors through 
groundwater transport or through direct overland flow. The carbamate 
wastes proposed for listing can be either solids or liquids at ambient 
temperature.
    Ground-water fate and transport have been evaluated by EPA. 
Evaluations of ground-water transport were conducted in support of the 
Toxicity Characteristic (TC) (55 FR 11798). In the final TC rule 
promulgated on March 29, 1990, EPA determined that a dilution and 
attenuation factor of 100 was appropriate for a reasonable worst-case 
management of non-specific wastes that may be disposed of in municipal 
landfills. The factor of 100 was determined assuming no adsorption, or 
degradation of a chemical.
    In assessing the intrinsic risks associated with carbamate wastes, 
the Agency compared concentrations of constituents found in the wastes 
to 100 times their HBLs. While many carbamate active ingredients may 
exhibit break down through rapid hydrolysis at pH extremes or other 
degradation in the environment, they can be highly mobile in the soil 
column, and have been documented to reach ground water where these 
mitigating effects of hydrolysis/degradation are slowed. The factor of 
100 times the HBL (i.e., assuming a dilution factor of 100X) in the 
case of carbamate waste constituents is viewed as a screening level 
representing a potential level of concern that would warrant further 
analysis to better quantify potential risks.
    Table 12 shows that certain of these wastes contain sufficient 
levels of the constituents of concern to warrant further analysis. 
Given the high concentrations of the constituents of concern in 
comparison to HBLs, the Agency believes that there is the potential for 
exposure to harmful concentrations of the constituents of concern 
should the wastes be mismanaged. 

     Table 12.--Summary of Streams Exceeding 100 x HBL Constituent      
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                           Percentage by
                                            Percentage by    number of  
                                             waste volume     streams   
                                              containing     containing 
               Waste group                    hazardous      hazardous  
                                             constituent    constituent 
                                             above 100 x    above 100 x 
                                                 HBL            HBL     
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.........................................          82.8           47   
2.........................................          97.2           88   
3.........................................           0.75          30.4 
4.........................................          98.1           64.7 
5.........................................          99.4           70   
6.........................................         100            100   
7.........................................          11.1           51.7 
8.........................................           0.01           0.16
9.........................................          46.2           80   
10........................................          87.6           85.7 
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The mobility of carbamate active ingredients in the soil column is 
documented in the Agency's Federal Reporting Database System, 
maintained by the EPA Office of Groundwater and Drinking Water. This 
database tracks groundwater monitoring data reported from both known 
pesticide spills and as a result of normal applications. Carbamate 
active ingredients have been found in the groundwater of 19 states. 
Concentrations above health base levels of concern have been measured 
for aldicarb, carbofuran, and oxamyl. (For additional damage incidents 
cases and details, see the Carbamate Health Assessment Document and 
associated materials available in the Public Docket at EPA 
Headquarters. See ADDRESSES section, and section III.C.3.) EPA's 
overall approach to damage case information and the relationship of 
carbamate active ingredient damage cases to carbamate wastes is 
discussed earlier in this preamble.
    When assessing the air pathway, constituents must be evaluated 
considering the waste management and transport scenario to determine if 
they are sufficiently mobile to support an air plume capable of 
threatening human health. The key parameters used to estimate the 
mobility of constituents into the air are the vapor pressure of the 
pure substance and the Henry's Law Constant\3\ of the compound.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \3\Henry's Law Constants are physical chemistry constants which 
equate the vapor pressure of a slightly soluble gas in contact with 
a definite mass of liquid at a given temperature.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Agency has evaluated several air release scenarios using these 
parameters and has found that a number of constituents present in 
carbamate wastes, including benzene, chloroform, formaldehyde, methyl 
chloride, methyl ethyl ketone, methylene chloride, pyridine, 
triethylamine, and xylene, may present a threat to human health by the 
air transport pathway. These air transport assessments are consistent 
with the assessments used by the Agency in its air emissions rule (56 
FR 335490, July 22, 1991, ``Hazardous Waste Treatment Storage and 
Disposal Facilities: Emission Standards of Tanks, Surface Impoundments, 
and Containers: Proposed Rule) and use the Quiescent Surface Model for 
Inorganic Wastes and the Oil Film Model for Organic Waste to estimate 
releases from tanks and materials balance calculations for 
incineration. These models are explained in detail in ``Hazardous Waste 
Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities (TSDF) Air Emission 
Models,'' Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research 
Triangle Park, NC. EPA-450/3-87-0026. The model and documentation are 
included in the docket supporting this proposed rule. See ADDRESSES 
section.
    Evaluation of the air transport assessments can be found in the 
document Assessment of Risk from the Management of Carbamate Waste and 
associated materials available in the Public Docket at EPA 
Headquarters. See ADDRESSES section. The risks associated with the air 
pathway are further discussed in section III.C.5.
    Persistence can be evaluated by considering the various rates of 
degradation or adsorption that affect the compound during transport. A 
number of factors can potentially degrade or attenuate a compound 
during transport. Many of these processes, including biodegradation, 
photolysis, and adsorption, affect constituent concentrations under 
certain situations. Under plausible worst-case waste management 
scenarios, these processes and many others cannot be relied upon to 
attenuate constituents, because of the limited circumstances under 
which these mitigating processes could exist.
    Table 13 presents the relevant hydrolysis half-lives of each 
compound in water and air.

            Table 13.--Persistence of Constituents of Concern           
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                      Hydrolysis half-  Hydrolysis half-
             Constituent                life in water      life in air  
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acetone.............................  20 hours          22 days.        
Acetonitrile (2)....................  5.5 days          --              
Acetophenone........................  --                --              
Aniline.............................  --                --              
Benomyl.............................  <1 week           1 hour.         
Benzene (1).........................  170 hours         17 hours.       
Butylate............................  --                --              
Cadmium.............................  --                --              
Carbaryl............................  10.5 days         12 hours.       
Carbendazim.........................  --                --              
Carbofuran..........................  8.2 weeks         4 hours.        
Carbon disulfide....................  2 hours           9 days.         
Carbon tetrachloride (1)............  1,700 hours       1,700 hours.    
Carbosulfan.........................  --                --              
Chlorobenzene (1)...................  1,700 hours       170 hours.      
Chloroform (1)......................  1,700 hours       1,700 hours.    
Cycloate............................  --                --              
Dibutylamine........................  12.9 hours        4.4 hours.      
o-Dichlorobenzene (1)...............  1,700 hours       550 hours.      
Dimethylamine.......................  1.5 days          5.9 hours.      
Eptam...............................  --                --              
Hexane..............................  550 hours         17 hours.       
Isopropyl alcohol...................  5.4 days          1 day.          
Lead................................  --                --              
Methanol............................  2 days            17.8 days.      
Methomyl............................  38 weeks          1.14 months.    
Methylamine.........................  1.9 days          22 hours.       
Methyl ethyl ketone.................  12 days           2.3 days.       
Methyl isobutyl ketone..............  33 hours          15 hours.       
Methyl chloride (1).................  2.4 to 24 hours   168 to 672      
                                                         hours.         
Methylene chloride (3)..............  686 years         Several months. 
Methylisothiocyanate................  --                --              
Molinate............................  --                --              
Naphthalene (1).....................  170 hours         17 hours.       
o-Phenylenediamine..................  --                --              
Pebulate............................  --                --              
Phenol..............................  4 days            15 hours.       
Pyridine............................  90 hours          32 days.        
Sodium n-methyldithiocarbamate......  --                --              
Tetralin............................  --                --              
Toluene (1).........................  550 hours         17 hours.       
Vernolate...........................  --                --              
Xylene (1)..........................  550 hours         17 hours.       
Zinc................................  --                --              
Ziram...............................  --                --              
------------------------------------------------------------------------
--No Data                                                               
Unless otherwise specified, all values are from: Howard, Philip H., ed. 
  Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic          
  Chemicals. 1991.                                                      
(1) Mackay, Donald et al. Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical     
  Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals. 1992.        
(2) J. Jackson Ellington et al. Measurement of Hydrolysis Rate Constants
  for Evaluation of Hazardous Waste Land Disposal: Volume 2. Data on 54 
  Chemicals. 1987. U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development. EPA/600/
  3-87/019.                                                             
(3) J. Jackson Ellington et al. Chemical Specific Parameters for        
  Toxicity Characteristic Contaminants. 1991. U.S. EPA, Office of       
  Research and Development. EPA/600/3-91/004.                           

    In the case of dithiocarbamates, thermal decomposition, hydrolysis, 
and oxidation can lead to the formation of additional toxic chemicals 
of concern. Dithiocarbamic acids are extremely reactive and are 
commonly reacted to form more stable salts. Decomposition products 
include carbon disulfide, hydrogen disulfide, alkylisothiocyanates such 
as methylisothiocyanate, and amines. These amines react with nitrogen 
oxides from the air or other nitrosating ingredients to form highly 
toxic nitrosoamines. The carcinogenic potential of a number of these 
nitrosoamines has been studied and found to be significant. The Agency, 
therefore, believes dithiocarbamate chemicals typically exhibit the 
characteristic of reactivity and that discarded dithiocarbamate 
products, off-specification species, container residues, and spill 
residues of dithiocarbamate products should be managed as reactive 
hazardous wastes.
5. Risk Analysis
    In support of this proposed rulemaking, the Agency estimated the 
risks that the constituents and waste streams pose to human health and 
the environment. A more detailed presentation is included in two 
background documents entitled, ``Carbamate Waste Listing Support: 
Health Effects Background Document'' and ``Assessment of Risk from the 
Management of Carbamate Waste,'' which are included in the docket for 
this proposed rulemaking. See ADDRESSEES section. The results of the 
risk assessment are summarized in this section.
    a. Baseline Waste Management Practices and Release Potential of 
Constituents of Concern. For each proposed waste group, waste 
management scenarios were developed based on current industry 
practices. In developing these scenarios, waste management practices, 
waste management units, treatment processes, and the quantities of 
waste being managed were identified. For each waste group, RCRA 
Sec. 3007 questionnaire data which identify waste descriptions, waste 
quantities, waste management methods, and waste management units were 
compiled. Site visit reports provided an additional source of 
information.
    Based on this information and best engineering judgment, six waste 
management practices and the sequence of management units that would be 
associated with each practice were identified as follows:

(1) Recycled Wastes--covered tank treatment/recycled;
(2) Incinerated Wastes--open tank storage/industrial boiler/landfill 
ash;
(3) Wastewater Treatment Process Waste--open quiescent or aerated 
treatment tank;\4\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \4\The RCRA section 3007 questionnaire data indicated that some 
wastes were being deepwell injected. However, EPA has received 
subsequent information that due to the expiration of the facility's 
deepwell permit these wastes will no longer be deepwell injected but 
will be sent to wastewater treatment processes once a NPDES 
discharge is approved. Therefore, waste reported as deepwell 
injected were assumed to be sent to wastewater treatment.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

(4) Fuel Blended Wastes--covered treatment tank;
(5) Landfilled Wastes--open storage tank/landfill wastes; and
(6) Other--open quiescent treatment tank or impoundment.

    Table 14 identifies baseline waste management practices and the 
quantity of the waste groups going to each management practice. 

     Table 14.--Apportionment of Waste Stream Quantities to Baseline    
                          Management Practices                          
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                   Current management      Percentage of
         Waste codes                    practices           waste stream
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Waste group 1................  Covered Trt. Tank/Recycle   1.           
                               Open St. Tank/Boiler/       8.           
                                Landfill Ash                            
                               WWTP--Open Quiescent Trt.   91.          
                                Tank                                    
Waste group 2................  Open St. Tank/Boiler/       1.           
                                Landfill Ash                            
                               WWTP--Aerated Trt. Tank     99.          
Waste group 3................  Covered St. Tank/Recycle    2.           
                               Open St. Tank/Boiler/       1.           
                                Landfill Ash                            
                               Open St. Tank/Landfill      97.          
WWT sludges..................  Other--Open Quies. Trt.     Less than 1. 
                                Impoundment                             
                               Open St. Tank/Landfill      Greater than 
                                                            99.         
Waste group 4................  Open St. Tank/Boiler/       100.         
                                Landfill Ash                            
Waste group 5................  WWTP--Open Quies. Trt.      100.         
                                Tank                                    
Waste group 6................  Open St. Tank/Landfill      100.         
Waste group 7................  Covered Trt. Tank/Recycle   1.5.         
                               WWTP--Open Quies. Trt.      97.          
                                Tank                                    
                               Other--Open Quies. Trt.     1.5.         
                                Tank                                    
Waste group 8................  Covered Trt. Tank/Recycle   Less than 1. 
                               Open St. Tank/Boiler/       Less than 1. 
                                Landfill Ash                            
                               WWTP--Open Quies. Trt.      Greater than 
                                Tank                        99.         
                               Other--Open Quies. Trt.     Less than 1. 
                                Tank                                    
Waste group 9................  Covered Trt. Tank/Recycle   Less than 1. 
                               Open St. Tank/Boiler/       Less than 1. 
                                Landfill Ash                            
                               Open St. Tank/Landfill      53.          
                               Covered Trt. Tank--Fuel     Less than 1. 
                                Blending                                
                               Other--Open Quies. Trt.     46.          
                                Tank                                    
Waste group 10...............  Covered Trt. Tank/Recycle   49.          
                               Open St. Tank/Boiler/       27.          
                                Landfill Ash                            
                               Covered Trt. Tank--Fuel     6.           
                                Blending                                
                               Other--Open Quies. Trt.     18.          
                                Tank                                    
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    b. Exposure Pathway Analysis. For each constituent of concern in 
each waste group, physical, chemical, and biological properties that 
can be used to predict environmental persistence, mobility, and 
bioaccumulation of constituents were identified. These properties 
include aqueous solubility, octanol water partition coefficient,\5\ 
soil adsorption coefficient, vapor pressure, Henry's Law Constant, 
bioconcentration factor for fish tissue, bioaccumulation factor for 
meat and dairy products, air degradation value, and plant uptakes and 
adherence values. The majority of the collected values were obtained 
from available literature. In the absence of reported data, estimation 
methods\6\ were used to calculate input parameter values.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\The octanol water partition coefficient is the ratio of a 
chemical's concentration in the octanol phase to its concentration 
in the aqueous phase of a two-phase octanol/water system. Values 
represent the tendency of the chemical to partition itself between 
an organic phase and an aqueous phase.
    \6\The principle source of estimation methods for input 
parameters was the ``Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation 
Methods: Environmental Behavior of Organic Compounds'' by Warren L. 
Lyman, William F. Reel, and David H. Rosenblatt, published by 
McGraw-Hill Book Company in 1982.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For this analysis, all potential exposure pathways were identified 
for each constituent in each waste stream using information on physical 
and chemical properties of a constituent, and physical and chemical 
properties that are associated with persistence and mobility in a 
specific pathway. For example, a pathway in which a chemical is 
released from a tank to the air, is transported through the air to the 
exposed individual, and is directly inhaled by humans would be driven 
primarily by vapor pressure and Henry's Law Constant. Constituents with 
high vapor pressures and Henry's Law Constants (such as volatile 
organic compounds) would be expected to be present in this pathway, 
where as constituents with low values for these properties (such as 
metals) would not be expected to show up in this pathway. Damage 
incident cases and baseline management practices also were examined to 
determine which constituents have been released to the environment at 
concentrations presenting a concern and to determine which media and 
exposure pathways are potentially significant, or are reasonably 
expected to be released to the environment. For each waste group, Table 
15 shows the number of potential exposure pathways identified using 
this screening method.

     Table 15.--Number of Potential Exposure Pathways Identified for    
                               Evaluation                               
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                               Number of
                                                   Number of   potential
                 Waste stream                    constituents   exposure
                                                  of concern    pathways
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Waste group 1..................................           30          25
Waste group 2..................................           39          31
Waste group 3..................................            4          15
Waste group 4..................................           13          20
Waste group 5..................................            6          18
Waste group 6..................................           14          18
Waste group 7..................................           12          30
Waste group 8..................................           20          31
Waste group 9..................................           17          28
Waste group 10.................................            9          26
  WWT sludge...................................            7          5 
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Based on baseline management practices and damage incident reports, 
all relevant exposure pathways identified were evaluated for inclusion 
in the risk analysis. The background document for the risk analysis 
(Assessment of Risk from the Management of Carbamate Waste) examines 
potential pathways for specific constituents of concern. Those pathways 
determined to be plausible were identified for further assessment and 
only the exposure routes associated with these pathways were considered 
to be potential exposure routes. These routes included direct 
inhalation, indirect inhalation of soil and dust, direct soil 
ingestion, indirect soil ingestion, ingestion of ground-water, 
ingestion of surface water, ingestion of crops, ingestion of animal/
dairy products, and ingestion of fish and shellfish.
    c. Risk Estimates. i. Overview. In conducting the risk analysis, 
EPA calculated risk estimates for each waste group/management unit/
exposure pathway/exposure route combination. (An example would be 
direct inhalation of a constituent from Group 1 waste that has been 
emitted as a gas from a treatment tank.) One exception to this 
methodology concerned those wastes identified with the following waste 
management sequence: tank storage/boiler/landfill ash. Preliminary 
analysis of this exposure route indicated that constituents released 
from the ash portion of this waste managed in landfills would not pose 
risks at or above levels of concern for the most exposed individuals 
(i.e., a risk of 1 in a million for carcinogens or a hazard quotient of 
one or greater). This level of risk (<10-6 for carcinogens or a 
hazard quotient of <1) is beneath the lower bound of EPA's regulatory 
level of concern for hazardous waste listing, and for this reason, risk 
estimates for the portion of waste being landfilled as ash were not 
made.
    The Agency developed baseline risk estimates by selecting plausible 
mismanagement practices based on information collected in the RCRA 3007 
survey for current management operations. For wastewaters, the Agency 
selected the plausible mismanagement practice to be the current 
practice of storage and treatment in tanks and boilers. The Agency has 
no information or reason to believe that if not listed, the wastewaters 
would likely be managed in a different manner (e.g., unlined surface 
impoundment). The Agency believes firms would not switch to less 
protective management methods, such as unlined surface impoundments, 
because it would be expensive to do so. For sludges and waste solids, 
the Agency selected the plausible mismanagement to be an unlined 
industrial landfill. The Agency has information that a portion of these 
wastes, while not regulated as hazardous, are managed as hazardous with 
disposal in Subtitle C landfills. However, the Agency lacks adequate 
information showing, that if not listed as hazardous, the wastes would 
continue to be disposed in Subtitle C landfills and result in 
significantly lower estimates of potential risk. The Agency requests 
comment on this approach to modeling plausible mismanagement practices.
    Risk characterization approach. The risk characterization approach 
follows the recent EPA Guidance on Risk Characterization (Habicht, 
1992) and Guidance for Risk Assessment (EPA Risk Assessment Council, 
1991). The guidance specifies that EPA risk assessments will be 
expected to address or provide descriptions of (1) individual risk to 
include the central tendency and high-end portions of the risk 
distribution, (2) important subgroups of the population such as highly 
exposed or highly susceptible groups or individuals, if known, and (3) 
population risk. In addition to the presentation of results, the 
guidance also specifies that the results portray a reasonable picture 
of the actual or projected exposures with an open discussion of 
uncertainties.
    Individual risk. Individual risk descriptors are intended to convey 
information about the risk borne by individuals within a specified 
population and subpopulations. These risk descriptors are used to 
answer questions concerning the affected population, the risk levels of 
various groups within the population, and the average risk for 
individuals within a population of interests. The approach used in this 
analysis for characterizing baseline individual risk included: (1) 
identifying and describing the population of concern for each exposure 
route and important subpopulations that would exhibit much higher 
exposure patterns; (2) conducting screening analyses to obtain bounding 
and high-end estimates and to determine the sensitivity of the model 
parameters used in the risk estimation; (3) estimating central tendency 
and high-end values for the most sensitive parameters in the risk 
estimation procedures; and (4) calculating risk for each pathway that 
provide a characterization of the average individual risk and high-end 
risk descriptors.
    Bounding estimates. Screening estimates of risk are developed to 
determine whether an exposure pathway is of concern and to identify the 
parameters in the exposure calculation that contribute most to the 
certainty of the estimate. An initial screening estimate conducted for 
the potential pathways of concern was a bounding estimate. ``Bounding 
estimates'' purposefully overestimate the exposure or dose in an actual 
population for the purpose of developing a statement that the risk is 
``not greater than x.'' These bounding estimates were used to focus the 
analysis of central tendency and high end risk estimates on the most 
important pathways and constituents in these pathways.
    Following the bounding estimate, all of the parameters used in risk 
estimation for each of the exposure pathways were systematically 
evaluated for their relative influence on the risk estimates. This 
sensitivity analysis provides information as to which of the parameters 
are the most important to include in the risk analysis.
    Central tendency estimates. The central tendency risk descriptors 
are intended to provide a characterization of risk for the typical 
situation in which an individual is likely to be exposed. For each 
waste stream/management practice/constituent/ pathway combination, a 
central tendency estimate was made. Parameter values for waste stream 
characteristics, management unit characteristics, environmental fate 
and transport properties and exposure scenarios were all set at a 
central tendency value simultaneously.
    High-end estimates. The ``high-end'' of the risk distribution is, 
conceptually, above the 90th percentile of the actual (either measured 
or estimated) distribution. As described in the 1992 EPA Risk 
Assessment Guidance for Risk Managers and Risk Assessors:

    The high-end risk descriptor is a plausible estimate of the 
individual risk for those persons at the upper end of the risk 
distribution. The intent of this descriptor is to convey an estimate 
of risk in the upper range of the distribution, but to avoid 
estimates which are beyond the true distribution. Conceptually, 
high-end risk means risk above the 90th percentile of the population 
distribution, but not higher than the individual in the population 
who has the highest risk. High-end estimates focus on estimates of 
exposure or dose in the actual population. (EPA Risk Assessment 
Council, 1991)

    The ``high-end'' risk descriptor is intended to estimate the risk 
that is expected to occur in a small but plausible high-end segment of 
the population. The individuals with high-end risk may be members of a 
special population segment or individuals in the general population who 
are highly exposed.
    If only limited information on the exposure or dose factors is 
available, the guidance recommends an approach for estimating high-end 
exposure or risk that identifies the most sensitive parameters and then 
uses maximum or near maximum values for one or a few of these 
variables, leaving others at their mean values. The guidance states 
that maximizing all variables will, in virtually all cases, result in 
an estimate that is above the actual values seen in the population.
    For this analysis, data on exposure were generally not available 
for estimating specific percentiles of the exposed population for any 
of the pathways. Nonetheless, limited data were available to develop 
high-end estimates following the approach described above. All exposure 
factors for each of the pathways of concern\7\ were identified and 
sensitivity analyses were conducted to identify those parameters that 
are the most sensitive in the risk estimation process. Based on these 
sensitivity analyses, a matrix was developed for each exposure pathway 
of concern that included all of the important parameters. A base case 
was then established using the arithmetic mean and median values for 
all of the parameters; this approach provided the average estimate. 
Then, each parameter was varied using a high-end value while keeping 
all other parameters at their mean or median value. These were 
considered high-end estimates of risk.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\High end estimates were made for only those pathways/
constituents associated with a bounding risk estimate of 1  x  
10-6 or greater for carcinogens or a bounding hazard quotient 
of 1 or greater for noncarcinogens. For a chemical constituent of 
concern, a hazard quotient is the ratio of chemical's waste stream 
concentration to its reported toxicity benchmark. A quotient of 1 
shows that the toxicity benchmark was not exceeded.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Upper-tail estimates. An upper-tail estimate is conceptually above 
the 99th percentile of the cumulative risk distribution. It represents 
an extreme case, which could occur but is not probable. The EPA 
developed upper-tail estimates by varying two parameters at the same 
time using high-end values while keeping all other parameters at their 
mean or median value. Parameters were varied in a way that did not 
present inconsistencies, such as low body weight and high intake rate. 
Also, combinations of high-end values for two parameters at a time that 
seemed inconsistent or implausible were eliminated.
    Population risk. Descriptors of population risk are intended to 
convey information about the risk borne by the population or population 
segment being studied. These risk descriptors are used to answer 
questions concerning the number of cases of a particular health effect 
that probabilistically could occur within the population during a given 
time period, the number of persons or percent of the population above a 
certain risk level or health benchmark (e.g., RfD or RfC), and risk for 
a particular population segment.
    The calculation of population risk based on estimates of risk for 
all individuals in the population is very data-intensive and such data 
are normally not available, as is the case for this analysis. As the 
1992 EPA Guidelines for Exposure Assessment (57 FR 22888, May 29, 1992) 
states:

    . . . although it has been common practice to estimate the 
number of cases of disease, especially cancer, for populations 
exposed to chemicals, it should be understood that these estimates 
are not meant to be accurate predictions of real (or actuarial) 
cases of disease. The estimate's value lies in framing hypothetical 
risk in an understandable way rather than in any interpretation of 
the term cases.

    The population risk estimates for each exposure route addressed in 
this analysis were based on this approach. The exposure routes 
described above have associated populations or subpopulations that are 
distinct, although not necessarily mutually exclusive. For this 
analysis, population data were collected to approximate the potential 
number of individuals exposed within a 10 mile radius of a 
representative facility. Data were collected for land surrounding eight 
existing carbamate facilities. Population distributions within the 
eight study areas were then computed using 1990 census tract-level 
population data to estimate the total number of persons within each 
study area, as well as subpopulations, including children.
    Using these data and central tendency individual risk estimates or 
hazard quotients (i.e., the ratio of the predicted concentration to the 
applicable health based level), population risk estimates were 
calculated. However, for inhalation risk, an overlay of estimated 
concentration in 160 sectors surrounding a facility was used to more 
accurately estimate population risk.
    ii. Bounding Estimates for Individual Risk. The results of the 
baseline bounding assessment are provided in the risk assessment 
support document, ``Assessment of Risk from The Management of Carbamate 
Waste'' (RTI, 1993). In conducting the bounding estimates all input 
parameters were set at high-end values. The bounding estimates were 
used to identify management practice/constituent/pathway combinations 
for each waste group that could potentially present risk to individuals 
at levels of concern. Two general results are of particular importance 
from this analysis. First, all food chain pathways were found to result 
in human health risk below levels of concern for all constituents in 
all waste groups. Second, EPA developed bounding risk estimates for 
wastewaters and organic liquids managed in surface impoundments from 
the production of carbamates, thiocarbamates and dithiocarbamates 
assuming an unlined impoundment. Risks exceeding 1x10-6 or a 
hazard quotient of 1 were predicted for ground water ingestion of 
constituents in waste groups 1 and 2. However, since no case could be 
documented of untreated waste from groups 1 and 2 currently being 
managed in unlined surface impoundments, this management scenario was 
not included for further evaluation in the baseline risk analysis.
    iii. Risk Estimates by Exposure Route, Waste Group and Management 
Practice. This section discusses baseline individual and population 
risk estimation for direct inhalation, direct soil ingestion, indirect 
soil ingestion, and ingestion of ground water. For each waste 
management unit/exposure route combination, the methodologies used in 
calculating individual and population risk and the resulting risk 
estimates are presented. The waste/management practice/constituent/
pathway combinations discussed in this section include only those with 
bounding risk estimates of 1x10-6 or greater for carcinogens and a 
hazard quotient of 1 or greater for noncarcinogens.

Direct Inhalation

    Individual risk estimates for tanks. The methodology used to 
estimate risk from the direct inhalation of contaminants by humans is 
based on the premise that humans live in close proximity to a facility 
where wastes are managed in tanks. The potential exists for humans to 
be exposed to hazardous constituents that volatilize from the wastes in 
the tanks.
    For this analysis, EPA estimated the typical and high-end ambient 
air concentrations using air emission and dispersion models. The EPA 
model CHEMDAT7 was used for air emissions, the EPA Industrial Source 
Long Term model (version 2) (ISCLT2) was used for emission dispersion.
    For each waste group/management practice/exposure route, Table 16 
presents the high-end and central tendency risk estimates for those 
constituents identified presenting risk at levels of concern (i.e., 
having a high-end risk estimate greater than or equal to 1 x 10-6 
for carcinogens or a hazard quotient greater than or equal to 1 for 
noncarcinogens). Table 16 also identifies the parameters that 
significantly defined the lower and upper boundaries of the high-end 
range.
    A detailed discussion of the methodology used to estimate exposure 
and the various air modeling assumptions and values of the input 
parameters for high-end and central tendency exposures is found in the 
risk assessment background document. A sensitive parameter in the air 
modeling is the distance from the emissions source to the receptor. The 
Agency used distances of 250 feet and 1000 feet to represent high-end 
and central tendency receptor distances,\8\ respectively. The Agency 
specifically requests comments on the appropriateness of using these 
distances in the analysis. The Agency also requests comment on the 
exposure assumptions for a receptor living in the vicinity of the waste 
streams being considered in today's proposal. Information requested 
includes length of time an individual dwells at any one residence in 
these areas and the amount of time (number of days a year, hours per 
day) an individual spends in and around the residence.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \8\From ``Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and Disposal 
Facilities-Organic Air Emissions Standards for Process Vents an 
Equipment Leaks Final Rule'', 55 FR 25454, June 21, 1990.

                                           Table 16.--Individual Risk Estimates for Direct Inhalation: Tanks                                            
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                                                     Central tendency   
                                                                           High-end parameters        High-end risk      High-end ----------------------
     Waste No.          Management practice     Constituent of concern        single/double             estimate          hazard      Risk       Hazard 
                                                                                                                        quotient    estimate    quotient
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Waste Group 1.......  Covered Treatment Tank/   Triethylamine..........  Recept. distance/tank &  NA                         4-30  NA                  1
                       Recycle.                                           recept. distance.                                                             
Waste Group 1.......  Open Tank Storage/Boiler/ Methylene Chloride.....  Recept. dist./conc. &    3E-07--1E-06                 NA  3E-08              NA
                       Landfill Ash.                                      recept. distance.                                                             
                                                Triethylamine..........  Recept. dist./recept.    NA                        20-40  NA                  2
                                                                          distance & met. data.                                                         
Waste Group 1.......  WWTP--Open Quiescent      Formaldehyde...........  Quantity/tank & recept.  3E-06--1E-05                 NA  6E-07              NA
                       Treatment Tank.                                    distance.                                                                     
                                                Methylene Chloride.....  Conc./tank & exposure    1E-05--5E-05                 NA  3E-06              NA
                                                                          duration.                                                                     
                                                Triethylamine..........  Met data/tank & recept.  NA                     500-2000  NA                200
                                                                          distance.                                                                     
Waste Group 2.......  WWTP--Aerated Tank......  Carbon Disulfide.......  Quantity/quantity &      NA                        0.4-2  NA               0.07
                                                                          recept. distance.                                                             
                                                Carbon Tetrachloride...  Recept. distance/        2E-06--7E-06                 NA  4E-07              NA
                                                                          recept. dist. & expo.                                                         
                                                                          dur.                                                                          
                                                Chloroform.............  Quantity/quantity &      1E-06--7E-06                 NA  2E-07              NA
                                                                          recept. distance.                                                             
                                                Methyl Chloride........  Quantity/conc. &         4E-05--2E-04                 NA  7E-06              NA
                                                                          quantity.                                                                     
                                                Methyl Ethyl Ketone....  Recept. distance/conc.   NA                        0.2-1  NA               0.04
                                                                          & recept. dist.                                                               
                                                Methylene Chloride.....  Conc./conc. & quantity.  9E-06--5E-05                 NA  9E-07              NA
                                                Pyridine...............  Recept. distance/tank &  NA                         3-20  NA                0.6
                                                                          conc.                                                                         
                                                Triethylamine..........  Recept. distance/conc.   NA                       40-200  NA                  7
                                                                          & distance.                                                                   
Waste Group 3.......  Open Tank Storage/        Chloroform.............  Recept. distance/        4E-06--1E-05                 NA  4E-07              NA
                       Landfill.                                          recept. dist. & expo.                                                         
                                                                          dur.                                                                          
                                                Methylene Chloride.....  Recept. distance/        4E-07--1E-06                 NA  5E-08              NA
                                                                          recept. dist. & expo.                                                         
                                                                          dur.                                                                          
Waste Group 4.......  Open Tank Storage/Boiler/ Benzene................  Recept. distance/        5E-05--2E-04                 NA  6E-06             NA 
                       Landfill Ash.                                      recept. dist. & expo.                                                         
                                                                          dur.                                                                          
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Population risk estimates for tanks. To estimate the population 
risk associated with direct inhalation of volatile constituents, the 
number of individuals that may potentially be exposed over a 70 year 
period was estimated. Using typical case exposure conditions, 
population risk was then calculated for each waste/constituent of 
concern/waste management practice combination. For each combination, 
estimates were made for individuals exposed in all directions (i.e., 
north, south, east, and west) out to 10 miles. Exposure concentrations 
were estimated at 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 miles from the modeled facility in 
each direction and at 1.0 mile incremental distances thereafter. The 
number of exposed individuals in each sector is an average of the 
population data collected at eight carbamate production facilities. For 
carcinogens, the number of cancer cases occurring over 70 years were 
calculated based on the individual risk, number of exposed individuals, 
and number of 9 year cohorts in a 70 year time period. For 
noncarcinogens, the total number of people exposed to constituent 
concentrations greater than or equal to the RfCs were identified. For 
each combination, the estimates were summed across all directions and 
out to 10 miles to obtain the population risk (Table 17).

                                   Table 17.--Population Risk Estimates: Tanks                                  
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                        People  
                                                                                      Cancer cases/    exposed  
    Waste codes        Current management practices       Constituent of concern        70 years       over RfC 
                                                                                                      per 70 yrs
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Waste Group 1.......  Covered Trt. Tank/Recycle.....  Methylene chloride              1.5E-04                 NA
                                                       Triethylamine.                 NA                      73
                      Open St. Tank/Boiler/Landfill   Formaldehyde..................  2.8E-05                 NA
                       Ash.                           Methylene chloride............  1.4E-04                 NA
                                                      Triethylamine.................  NA                      73
                      WWTP--Open Quiescent Trt. Tank  Chloroform....................  1.4E-04                 NA
                                                      Formaldehyde..................  4.8E-03                 NA
                                                      Methylene chloride............  2.8E-02                 NA
                                                      Triethylamine.................  NA                  54,000
Waste Group 2.......  Open St. Tank/Boiler/Landfill   Methyl chloride...............  1.3E-05                 NA
                       Ash.                           Methylene chloride............  2.3E-06                 NA
                      WWTP--Aerated Trt. Tank.......  Carbon tetrachloride..........  7.7E-04                 NA
                                                      Chloroform....................  1.2E-03                 NA
                                                      Formaldehyde..................  6.2E-05                 NA
                                                      Methyl chloride...............  3.4E-02                 NA
                                                      Methylene chloride............  4.4E-03                 NA
                                                      Triethylamine.................  NA                     390
Waste Group 3.......  Open St. Tank/Landfill........  Chloroform....................  1.9E-03                 NA
                                                      Methylene chloride............  2.3E-04                 NA
Waste Group 4.......  Open St. Tank/Boiler/Landfill   Benzene.......................  2.7E-02                 NA
                       Ash.                                                                                     
Waste Group 6.......  Open St. Tank/Landfill........  Benzene.......................  1.4E-04                 NA
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Individual risk estimates for boilers. As discussed above for 
tanks, the methodology used to estimate baseline individual risk from 
the direct inhalation of contaminants by humans is based on the premise 
that humans live in close proximity to a facility where wastes are 
managed. The potential also exists for humans living in close proximity 
to a facility to be exposed to hazardous constituents that are emitted 
from industrial boilers, furnaces or incinerators burning the wastes.
    Results from air emission and dispersion modeling using ISCLT2 were 
used to develop boiler-specific scaled modeled air concentrations 
(SMACs) for use in calculating ambient air concentrations. These scaled 
modeled air concentrations represent the downwind concentrations 
normalized by the feed rate that would result if the boiler emission 
rate is 1 gram per second (g/s). The SMACs were multiplied by the waste 
constituent concentrations, estimations of the fraction of the boiler 
feed that the waste comprised, and a specified destruction and removal 
efficiency (DRE) to calculate ambient air concentrations. The high-end 
air concentrations were estimated based on high-end waste constituent 
concentrations and the boiler-specific coefficient associated with the 
high-end boiler and meteorological data. The methodology used in 
calculating the typical case air concentrations used typical case 
values for the waste constituent concentrations and boiler-specific 
coefficient. Based on the high end estimates, the potential risk posed 
by the majority of the constituents in the wastes going to boilers is 
below levels of concern. The only constituent shown to be of concern 
(i.e., having a high-end risk estimate greater than or equal to 
1 x 10-6 for carcinogens or a hazard quotient greater than or 
equal to 1 for noncarcinogens) is benzene in waste Group 4. The central 
tendency and high end range for this constituent are 9 x 10-8 and 
4 x 10-7 to 1 x 10-6, respectively.
    Population risk estimates for boilers. Using typical case exposure 
conditions, EPA estimated the population risk for each waste group/
constituent of concern combination for waste managed in boilers, using 
a methodology similar to that used for air emissions from tanks (Table 
18).

                                 Table 18.--Population Risk Estimates: Boilers                                  
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                       People   
                                                                                    Cancer cases/   exposed over
     Waste codes      Current management practices      Constituent of concern         70 years      RfC per 70 
                                                                                                        yrs     
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Waste Group 1.......  Open tank storage/boiler/     Methylene chloride............  8.9E-01        NA           
                       landfill ash.                                                                            
Waste Group 2.......  Open tank storage/boiler/     Chloroform....................  2.0E-07        NA           
                       landfill ash.                Methyl chloride...............  5.7E-06        NA           
                                                    Methylene chloride............  7.5E-07        NA           
Waste Group 3.......  Open tank storage/boiler/     Methylene chloride............  5.7E-08        NA           
                       landfill ash.                                                                            
Waste Group 4.......  Open tank storage/boiler/     Arsenic.......................  9.6E-04        NA           
                       landfill ash.                Benzene.......................  3.4E-03        NA           
Waste Group 8.......  Open tank storage/boiler/     Chromium......................  4.3E-06        NA           
                       landfill ash.                n-Nitrosodibutylamine.........  1.5E-07        NA           
                                                    n-Nitrosodimethylamine........  1.4E-04        NA           
Waste Group 9.......  Open tank storage/boiler/     Arsenic.......................  2.4E-08        NA           
                       landfill ash.                Cadmium.......................  2.0E-08        NA           
                                                    Chromium......................  4.2E-08        NA           
Waste Group 10......  Open tank storage/boiler/     Chromium......................  8.2E-07        NA           
                       landfill ash.                                                                            
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Individual risk estimates for landfills. The equations used to 
generate the hazard quotients and risk resulting from inhalation of 
volatiles were consistent with those presented in EPA's Risk Assessment 
Guidance for Superfund (RAGS Part B, 1991). The central tendency risk 
estimates were derived from a 30 year average atmospheric concentration 
and a 9 year exposure duration. A 30 year exposure duration was used as 
a high-end exposure duration value when generating the high-end risk 
estimates.
    Central tendency and high-end risk estimates were generated for 
those constituents with a bounding risk estimate greater than 10-6 
and a bounding hazard quotient estimate greater than or equal to 1 
(Table 19). 

                                      Table 19.--Individual Baseline Risk From Inhalation of Volatiles: Landfills                                       
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                           Current                                                Risk                                                                  
     Waste codes         management       Constituent of concern   ----------------------------------                 High-end parameters               
                          practices                                       High-end          Central                                                     
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Waste Group 3.......  Landfill........  Chloroform................  8E-05--1E-04          2E-05       Receptor distance and exposure duration.          
                                        Methylene chloride........  1E-05--2E-05          3E-06       Receptor distance and exposure duration.          
Waste Group 6.......  Landfill........  Benzene...................  1E-05--2E-05          4E-06       Receptor distance and exposure duration.          
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Population risk estimates for landfills. Population risk for the 
inhalation of volatile emissions from the landfill is a function of 
individual risk from inhalation of volatile contaminants and the number 
of people living in the area where exposure will occur. The population 
risks were based on centrally tendency risk estimates for individuals.
    A sensitive parameter for many of the landfill pathways is the 
volume and management of the wastes sent to a landfill. To calculate 
the volatile emissions, waste run-off, and particle generation, EPA 
assumed the disposal of an annual quantity for each waste stream. The 
waste is allowed to remain uncovered while the portion of the landfill 
is active. EPA estimates that the landfill disposal depth is 3 meters 
and that the density of the waste is 150 kg/m\3\, a value resembling 
highly organic, muck soils. EPA requests comments on these assumptions 
or any data on these assumptions.
    As discussed above regarding population risk estimates from direct 
inhalation, the number of people living at various distances from a 
facility were also evaluated for the population risk estimates. A total 
of 493 people were determined to live within 0.3 miles of the facility. 
The central tendency risk estimates used in the baseline analyses 
incorporated a 30 year average air concentration.
     The population risk estimates for constituents of concern in waste 
group 3 are 8 x 10-2 cases over a 70-year period for chloroform, 
and 1 x 10-2 cases over a 70-year period for methylene chloride. 
The population risk for benzene, the constituent of concern in waste 
group 6, is estimated at 2 x 10-2 cases over a 70-year period.
    Individual risk estimates for surface impoundments. The sludge 
waste group was the only untreated waste group currently being managed 
in surface impoundments. The bounding risk estimates for those 
constituents in the sludge waste group were below levels of concern. 
Therefore, further risk evaluations were not required.
    Population risks estimates for surface impoundments. The bounding 
risk estimates did not indicate any constituents of concern. Therefore, 
further risk evaluations were not required.

Direct Soil Ingestion

    Individual risk estimates for landfills. The equations used to 
quantify risks resulting from ingestion of contaminated soil are 
consistent with those soil ingestion risk equations contained in EPA 
RAGS Part B. The exposure durations of 9 years and 30 years were used 
to represent central tendency and high-end. Obviously, this exposure 
duration could occur during various stages of life. For this analysis, 
it was assumed that 6 years of the exposure period was during childhood 
when soil ingestion is estimated to be highest. This is consistent with 
the RAGS Part B methodology.
    The risk estimates for this pathway are sensitive to the amount of 
the waste that travels from the landfill to off-site receptors either 
through run-off or deposition of wind-blown particulates. EPA assumed 
that landfills do not have run-off controls or that the local terrain, 
roads, or other engineered controls do not channel run-off from 
residences. The Agency requests comment on these assumptions and data 
on these parameters.
    Central tendency and high-end risk estimates were generated for 
those constituents identified at levels of concern from the bounding 
risk analysis (Table 20). 

                                      Table 20.--Individual Baseline Risk From Direct and Indirect Soil Ingestion                                       
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                 Risk or hazard                                                         
    Waste codes        Current management     Constituent of concern   ----------------------------------               High end parameters             
                           practices                                          High end         Central                                                  
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Waste Group 3.......  Landfill............  Methylene chloride........  1E-07--2E-07          NA          Soil mixing depth and soil intake rate.       
Waste Group 6.......  Landfill............  EPTC......................  4-9                   2           Constituent concentration and soil intake     
                                                                                                           rate.                                        
                                            Molinate..................  20-40                 10          Soil mixing depth and soil intake rate.       
Waste Group 9.......  Landfill............  Arsenic...................  3E-06--4E-06          1E-06       Exposure duration and soil intake rate.       
                                            Antimony..................  600-1000              300         Constituent concentration and soil intake     
                                                                                                           rate.                                        
                                            Zinc......................  1-2                   0.4         Constituent concentration and soil intake     
                                                                                                           rate.                                        
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Population risk estimates for landfills. Population risk estimates 
for soil ingestion were not evaluated. The EPA concluded that the 
general population in the vicinity of the facilities would not have 
access to the facilities. Therefore, the direct soil ingestion route 
was not considered an exposure scenario warranting population risk 
estimates.

Indirect Soil Ingestion

    Individual risk estimates for landfills. The same risk estimation 
methodology used to calculate risks from direct soil ingestion was used 
to calculate risks resulting from indirect soil ingestion. This 
scenario considered soil that had eroded from the site to a nearby 
field. Central tendency and high-end risk estimates were generated for 
those constituents with bounding risk estimates greater than or equal 
to 10-6 or hazard quotients greater than or equal to 1 (Table 20).

Ingestion of Ground Water

    Individual risk estimates for landfills. The equations used to 
calculate risk resulting from the ingestion of contaminated ground 
water were consistent with those presented in EPA's RAGS Part B. The 
ground-water concentration used in the central tendency and high-end 
risk estimates reflects a 30 year average ground-water concentration. 
The Multimedia Exposure Assessment Model (MULTIMED), an EPA analytical 
model, was used to estimate the various contaminants at specific 
receptor points downgradient from the source for a variety of 
scenarios. A full discussion of the model and inputs used for this 
analysis is contained in the report, ``Assessment of Risk from the 
Management of Carbamate Waste'' (RTI, 1993), which is available in the 
docket for this proposed rule. See ADDRESSES section.
    Central tendency and high-end risk estimates were generated for 
those constituents with bounding risk estimates greater than or equal 
to 10-6 or hazard quotients greater than or equal to 1 (Table 21).
    The groundwater modeling analysis assumes that groundwater 
contamination results from the disposal of waste in an on-site unlined 
landfill. The Agency collected data on well use surrounding the 
facility in all directions and assumed that the nearest wells are 
always downgradient of these facilities. The analysis further assumes 
that groundwater downgradient of the source may be used for drinking 
water, these wells are on the centerline of the plume, and these wells 
draw from only the uppermost aquifer. Given the current practice that 
most carbamate sludges and waste solids are disposed at off-site 
landfills, the Agency requests comments on the appropriateness of its 
assumptions, the resulting risk estimates, and the data used by the 
Agency. 

                                      Table 21.--Individual Risk Estimates From Ground-Water Ingestion: Landfills                                       
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                           Current                                           Risk or hazard                                                             
     Waste Code          management       Constituent of concern   ----------------------------------                 High End parameters               
                          practice                                        High end         Central                                                      
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Waste Group 3.......  Landfill........  Chloroform................  1E-07--3E-07          1E-08       Landfill area/leachate conc./recharge rate/       
                                                                                                       infiltration rate & distance to well.            
                                        Methylene chloride........  3E-06--9E-06          2E-07       Distance to well and exposure duration.           
Waste Group 6.......  Landfill........  Benzene...................  5E-07--2E-06          3E-08       Landfill area/leachate conc/recharge rate/        
                                                                                                       infiltration rate and distance to well.          
                                        EPTC......................  10-50                 0.1         Landfill area/leachate conc/recharge rate/        
                                                                                                       infiltration rate and distance to well.          
                                        Molinate..................  60-70                 0.6         Distance to well and neutral hydrolysis rate.     
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Population risk estimates for landfills. In conducting this 
analysis, EPA estimated the risk to the exposed population from 
ingestion of ground-water based on the estimates of the population 
using water from public or private wells and individual risk estimates. 
Population risk estimates were generated for those constituents which 
were quantitatively analyzed for the ground-water exposure route.
    The number of people using well water was estimated from the 
results of a land-use survey around 8 carbamate production facilities. 
For most of the states in which the study areas are located, little 
information was available on private well-use.
    To characterize the spatial distribution of well-water use, EPA 
contacted public works officials from the urban centers nearest the 
study areas to determine which portions of the study areas were served 
by their municipal facilities. These officials were then asked whether 
those areas not served by their public water systems are likely to be 
on private wells, or whether other smaller public utilities serve those 
areas.
    For those areas where smaller public utilities were in operation, 
those utilities were contacted. Representatives for those smaller 
utilities (usually serving rural areas adjacent to urban centers) were 
asked whether they use well water, or pipe in water from the larger 
municipalities nearby. In addition, the smaller public utilities were 
asked whether those areas not receiving their service are on private 
wells. Through this process, it was possible to identify those areas 
likely to be on well water (both private and public) and those areas 
likely to be on non-well water.
    The land-use survey was also used to determine the location of the 
well closest to each of the facilities evaluated in the survey. The 
average of the well location point closest to each facility was 
approximately 3.7 miles (5,985 m). This distance to the ground water 
exposure point was used to generate the central tendency risk estimates 
required for the population risk estimates. The survey results also 
indicate that there is a total of 672 people within a 3.7 mile radius 
of the site who use either public or private wells as their drinking 
water source. The ground water concentration used to calculate the risk 
represents a 70-year average ground water concentration.
    The population risk estimates for the constituents of concern in 
waste group 3 are 1 x 10-5 cases over a 70-year period for 
chloroform and 2 x 10-4 cases over a 70-year period for methylene 
chloride. For waste group 6, the total number of cases per 70-year 
period resulting from benzene-contaminated ground water is estimated at 
4 x 10-5. The other constituents in this waste stream which were 
analyzed, eptam (EPTC), molinate, and toluene had hazard quotients less 
than 1 and were not analyzed further. The population risk posed by the 
constituent of concern in waste group 9, arsenic, was not significant.
6. Estimating Hazard Quotients: Dose Response Risk Assessment 
Techniques for Noncancer Endpoints
    Table 11 contains RfDs, RfCs, and observed toxic effects for 
constituents detected in carbamate wastes. Because the noncarcinogens 
EPTC (eptam), triethylamine, and ziram were significant to the Agency's 
risk assessment, the Agency is seeking to further quantify the 
probability of adverse effects resulting from exposures to these 
chemicals at levels above hazard quotients. Exposure above the hazard 
quotient is viewed by the Agency to provide an indication that adverse 
effects similar to those observed in animal studies could also be 
observed in the exposed human population. However, the likelihood of 
particular effects above the RfD or RfC cannot be effectively 
predicted. The Agency is considering using logistic regression on 
ordered categories (i.e., categorical regression analysis) to provide 
estimates of risks at exposure levels above the RfD or RfC, and for the 
probability of adverse population effects. The following sections 
present an overview of dose-response assessment and categorical 
regression. A more detailed discussion of the categorical regression 
methodology is found in a paper Using Categorical Regression Instead of 
a NOEAL to Characterize a Toxicologist's Judgment in Noncancer Risk 
Assessment by Richard C. Hertzberg, Ph.D. and Michael L. Dourson, Ph.D. 
of EPA's Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office. This paper is 
available in the docket supporting this proposal. See ``ADDRESSES'' 
section.
    Dose-Response Assessment. Dose-response assessment follows hazard 
identification in the risk assessment process as defined by the 
National Academy of Sciences (1983). Dose-response assessment involves 
the quantitative evaluation of toxicity data to determine the like 
incidence of the associated effects in humans. The information 
available for dose-response assessment ranges from well-conducted and 
controlled studies on human exposures, epidemiology studies with large 
numbers of subjects and well-characterized exposures, and supportive 
studies in several animal species, to a lack of human and animal 
toxicity data with only structure-activity relationships to guide the 
evaluation. In any case, the Agency considers all pertinent studies in 
this process. However, only data of sufficient quality are used in the 
dose-response assessment of a chemical.
    The Chronic Reference Dose (RfD), and Reference Concentration 
(RfC). Given at least a moderate amount of toxicity data, one risk 
assessment goal is to determine a level of daily exposure that is 
likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during 
a lifetime. The Agency's Reference Dose (RfD) and Reference 
Concentration (RfC) approaches strive to include scientific 
considerations in their determination.
    The Agency defines the chronic RfD as an estimate (with uncertainty 
spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a daily exposure to the 
human population (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be 
without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime. 
In addition, the Agency is also using this model for inhalation 
exposures and similarly defines a Reference Concentration (RfC).
    The RfD and RfC are useful as reference points for gauging the 
potential effects of other doses and for estimating hazard quotients. 
Doses at the RfD or less (consistent with hazard quotients of 1 or 
less) are not likely to be associated with any health risks, and are, 
therefore, assumed likely to be of little regulatory concern. In 
contrast, as the amount and frequency of exposures exceeding the RfD 
increase (or the hazard quotient exceeds 1), the probability that 
adverse effects may be observed in a human population also increases. 
However, the conclusion that all doses below the RfD are acceptable and 
that all doses in excess of the RfD are unacceptable cannot be 
categorically stated because these models cannot effectively predict 
the likelihood of particular effects above the RfD or RfC.
    Another risk assessment goal is to determine or estimate the likely 
human response to various exposure levels of a particular contaminant. 
For carcinogens, a dose-response model is appropriate if sufficient 
data exist. Dose response models for noncancer endpoints are just now 
starting to be used. The next section highlights a new procedure, 
categorical regression, for which the Agency asks for comments. The 
Agency is interested in receiving comments on the categorical 
regression technique as applied to estimating the probability of effect 
above a benchmark level, and also on the appropriateness of using this 
technique in a hazardous waste listing determination.
    Categorical Regression. The categories of response used in the 
analysis correspond to the RfD and RfC derivation: no-observed-effect 
level (NOEL) = exposure level at which no effects were observed; NOAEL 
= exposure at which no adverse effects were observed; AEL = exposure at 
which mild to moderate adverse effects were observed; FEL = exposure at 
which severe (frank) effects were observed. Categorical regression 
procedures can be used to model the probabilities of these four 
categories occurring as a function of exposure level expressed as the 
logarithm of human equivalent dose or human equivalent concentration 
and duration of exposure expressed as a proportion of life span. For 
each of the compounds studied by this technique, a second data set is 
constructed by identifying and censoring ``unreliable'' NOELs or NOAELs 
from each data set; these ``censored'' studies would not include 
measurement of sensitive toxicologic endpoints shown to be of interest, 
or were studies that tested clearly insensitive species.
    The categorical regression model is described as follows: Given a 
categorical response variable where the K categories are ordered in 
some fashion, the outcomes can be expressed as numbers 1....K (e.g., 
Y=1(NOEL), Y=2(NOAEL), Y=3(AEL), Y=4(FEL)). Categorical regression can 
be used to express the relationship between category (Y) and an 
explanatory variable (X) and to estimate, at a specified value of X, 
the probability of the occurrence of a particular response category 
(Y=i). The final 3- and 4-category regression equations can be used to 
estimate the risk of a dose above the RfD or a concentration above the 
RfC.
7. Ecological Risk Assessment
    The degree to which the constituents in a waste or any degradation 
product of the constituents bioaccumulates in ecosystems, and poses 
ecological risks when improperly treated, stored or disposed of, or 
otherwise managed are also considered in the Agency's listing 
determinations. See 40 CFR 261.11(a)(3). The measure of a chemicals 
tendency to bioconcentrate is expressed as a bioconcentration factor 
(BCF). The BCF is calculated by dividing the concentration of the 
chemical in exposed organism's tissues by the concentration of the 
chemical in the exposure medium. The values calculated are normalized 
to a 3% lipid content (typical to fish) for comparison. The higher the 
BCF, the greater the potential for bioconcentration to levels which 
would have ecological effects or pose risks to humans through 
consumption. Table 22 presents BCFs for selected carbamate products. A 
number of carbamate chemicals show significant potential to 
bioaccumulate if wastes containing these chemicals were to be 
mismanaged. 

                  Table 22.--Bioconcentration Factors                   
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                            Estimated   
                                                        bioconcentration
        CAS#                    Common name              factor (BCF) 3%
                                                             lipid      
------------------------------------------------------------------------
116-06-3              Aldicarb........................            3.03  
1646-88-1             Aldicarb sulfone (Aldoxycarb)...            1     
337-71-1              Asulam..........................            1.22  
2008-41-5             Butylate........................          730     
63-25-2               Carbaryl........................           30.5   
1563-66-2             Carbofuran......................           35.8   
101-21-3              Chloropropham...................          241     
759-94-4              EPTC (Eptam)....................          171     
2212-67-1             Molinate........................           88.2   
114-26-1              Propoxur........................            7.02  
122-42-9              Propham.........................           45     
28249-77-6            Thiobencarb.....................          179     
23564-05-8            Thiophanate-methyl..............            7.31  
23031-17-5            Triallate.......................         970      
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Screening methodology. The EPA performed a screening analysis for 
ecological risk based on waste stream description, waste management 
practice, and reasonable release scenarios. Chemical properties of the 
waste groups were another key component in determining ecological 
exposure routes. For example, given the fact that most of the chemical 
constituents had low BCFs, an estimate of exposure to chemicals that 
bioaccumulate up the food chain was not necessary for most 
constituents. Taking into account current waste management practices, 
reasonable release scenarios were established only for those waste 
streams going to landfills (Waste Groups 3, 6, 9, and Sludges). The 
remaining waste streams are managed in wastewater treatment plants 
(WWTP) and on-site treatment tanks, therefore significant releases to 
either aquatic or terrestrial ecosystems are not likely. Examples of 
relevant ecological exposure routes stemming from landfills include:
     Direct contact with contaminated soil and surface water 
that has been contaminated by overland runoff or by air particle 
deposition, or by ground-water that was contaminated as a result of 
landfill leachate;
     Direct ingestion of contaminated soil or surface water 
that has been contaminated by overland runoff, or by air particle 
deposition, or by ground-water that was contaminated as a result of 
landfill leachate.
    Aquatic ecosystems. A comparison of waste stream chemical 
concentrations to their respective aquatic benchmarks, such as ambient 
water quality criteria and LC50s, was used as an initial screening to 
isolate chemicals of potential ecological concern. Those chemicals 
whose waste stream concentrations exceeded their aquatic benchmark, 
were then modeled through various pathways to estimate surface water 
(river) concentrations of the chemical. Only Ziram in waste group 9 
appears at levels of concern in surface waters through the pathways 
modeled. Wastes solids from the production of the dithiocarbamate ziram 
were modeled to exceed the LC50 of trout by 11.9 fold for possible air 
to overland transport of solids to surface waters, and by 8.9 fold for 
overland transport to surface waters. The Agency concludes that solids 
from the production of similar dithiocarbamate products would present 
similar hazards, because of the acute aquatic toxicity exhibited by 
dithiocarbamates as a chemical class.
    Terrestrial ecosystems. A comparison of waste group concentrations 
of chemicals to their respective terrestrial benchmarks was used as an 
initial screening to isolate the chemicals of potential concern. Those 
chemicals whose waste stream concentrations exceeded their terrestrial 
benchmark, were identified as constituents of concern. Modeling was 
conducted for each of these constituents through various pathways to 
estimate exposure concentrations. Since terrestrial organisms could be 
exposed through several media, chemical concentrations were estimated 
in soil, in fish, and in river water. A comparison was made of the 
estimated media concentrations of constituents to five types of 
terrestrial toxicity data: lowest observable adverse effect level 
(LOAEL) pertaining mostly to rat species, oral LD50 for rat, 
dermal LD50 for rabbit, bird LD50 for a variety of avian 
species, and reproductive TDLO (the toxic dose having the lowest 
effect) for rats.
    Several constituents are present in the media at concentrations 
that exceed their respective terrestrial benchmark. Carbofuran in waste 
group 3 presents a potential hazard to birds, as soil concentrations 
are estimated to be above the avian LD50. Bensulide, EPTC (eptam), 
vernolate, butylate and molinate in waste group 6 present potential 
hazards to mammals, as soil concentrations exceed both oral and dermal 
LD50s and other criteria. In waste group 9, ziram, molybdenum, 
dibutylamine, dimethylamine, antimony and zinc are estimated to be 
present in soils and food chain pathways at levels that may present a 
hazard to both mammals and birds. Table 23 presents the results of this 
screening analysis for terrestrial toxicity.
    EPA was unable to thoroughly assess exposures of particular animal 
species, their behavioral habits, and the complex relationships within 
their ecosystems, in order to quantify the terrestrial risk from 
carbamate waste.

                                                                           Table 23.--Terrestrial Toxicity Assessment                                                                           
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                                                                Ratio of media conc. to:                        
                                                                                                                      --------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Waste stream        Pathway type                Chemical                 CAS      Concentration in media (mg/kg)                                                                 Reproduct. 
                                                                                                                           LOAEL        Oral LD50     Dermal LD50     Bird LD50         TDLo    
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Waste Group 3.......  Soil............  Carbofuran......................    1563662  soil--1.417E+0..................  1.10E-01       2.30E-01       1.30E-03       2.90E+00       2.00E-02     
                                                                                     veg--1.035E-1...................  8.00E-03       2.10E-02       1.20E-04       2.60E-01       1.50E-03     
                                                                                     fish--1.759E-4..................  1.40E-05       3.50E-05       2.00E-07       4.40E-04       2.50E-06     
                                                                                     river--1.256E-5 (mg/L)..........  1.00E-06       2.50E-06       1.40E-08       3.20E-05       1.80E-07     
                      Soil to Air to    Carbofuran......................    1563662  soil--1.417E+0..................  1.10E-01       2.30E-01       1.30E-03       2.90E+00       2.00E-02     
                       Soil.                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                                                     veg--1.035E-1...................  8.00E-03       2.10E-02       1.20E-04       2.60E-01       1.50E-03     
                                                                                     fish--8.329E-7..................  6.70E-08       1.70E-07       9.40E-10       2.10E-06       1.20E-08     
                                                                                     river--5.949E-8 (mg/L)..........  4.80E-09       1.20E-08       6.70E-11       1.50E-07       8.50E-10     
Waste Group 6.......  Soil............  Bensulide.......................     741582  soil--1.175E+3..................  na             4.30E+00       na             8.50E-01       na           
                                                                                     veg--1.796E+1...................  na             6.60E-02       na             1.30E-02       na           
                                                                                     fish--4.976E-2..................  na             1.80E-04       na             3.60E-05       na           
                                                                                     river--5.529E-4 (mg/L)..........  na             2.00E-06       na             4.00E-07       na           
                                        EPTC............................     759944  soil--4.000E+4..................  4.00E+03       4.40E+01       2.70E+01       4.00E+02       4.00E+02     
                                                                                     veg--7.520E+2...................  7.50E+01       8.20E-01       5.20E-01       7.50E+00       7.50E+00     
                                                                                     fish--1.402E+0..................  1.40E-01       1.50E-03       9.60E-04       1.40E-02       1.40E-02     
                                                                                     river--2.089E-2 (mg/L)..........  2.10E-03       2.30E-05       1.40E-05       2.10E-04       2.10E-04     
                                        Vernolate.......................    1929777  soil--4.819E+1..................  9.60E+00       4.00E-02       na             na             na           
                                                                                     veg--4.753E-1...................  1.00E-01       4.00E-04       na             na             na           
                                                                                     fish--4.48E-03..................  9.00E-04       3.70E-06       na             na             na           
                                                                                     river--2.546E-5 (mg/L)..........  5.10E-06       2.10E-08       na             na             na           
                                        Butylate........................    2008415  soil--5.054E+2..................  2.00E+01       1.70E-01       2.50E-01       na             5.10E+01     
                                                                                     veg--3.683E+0...................  1.50E-01       1.20E-03       1.80E-03       na             3.70E-01     
                                                                                     fish--7.340E-2..................  2.90E-03       2.40E-05       3.70E-05       na             7.30E-03     
                                                                                     river--2.549E-4 (mg/L)..........  1.00E-05       8.50E-08       1.30E-07       na             2.50E-05     
                                        Molinate........................    2212671  soil--7.823E+3..................  1.96E+03       2.10E+01       2.20E+00       na             na           
                                                                                     veg--2.289E+2...................  5.70E+01       6.20E-01       6.50E-02       na             na           
                                                                                     fish--1.507E-1..................  3.80E-02       4.10E-04       4.30E-05       na             na           
                                                                                     river--4.319E-3 (mg/L)..........  1.10E-03       1.20E-05       1.20E-06       na             na           
                      Soil to Air to    Bensulide.......................     741582  soil--1.175E+3..................  na             4.30E+00       na             8.50E-01       na           
                       Soil.                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                                                     veg--1.796E+1...................  na             6.60E-02       na             1.30E-02       na           
                                                                                     fish--7.227E-4..................  na             2.70E-06       na             5.20E-07       na           
                                                                                     river--8.03E-6 (mg/L)...........  na             3.00E-08       na             5.80E-09       na           
                                        EPTC............................     759944  soil--4.000E+4..................  4.00E+03       4.40E+01       2.70E+01       4.00E+02       4.00E+02     
                                                                                     veg--7.520E+2...................  7.50E+01       8.20E-01       5.20E-01       7.50E+00       7.50E+00     
                                                                                     fish--2.036E-2..................  2.00E-03       2.20E-05       1.40E-05       2.00E-04       2.00E-04     
                                                                                     river--3.034E-4 (mg/L)..........  3.03E-05       3.30E-07       2.10E-07       3.00E-06       3.00E-06     
                                        Vernolate.......................    1929777  soil--4.819E+1..................  9.60E+00       4.00E-02       na             na             na           
                                                                                     veg--4.753E-1...................  1.00E-01       4.00E-04       na             na             na           
                                                                                     fish--6.508E-5..................  1.30E-05       5.40E-08       na             na             na           
                                                                                     river--3.697E-7 (mg/L)..........  7.40E-08       3.10E-10       na             na             na           
                                        Butylate........................    2008415  soil--5.054E+2..................  2.00E+01       1.70E-01       2.50E-01       na             5.10E+01     
                                                                                     veg--3.683E+0...................  1.50E-01       1.20E-03       1.80E-03       na             3.70E-01     
                                                                                     fish--1.066E-3..................  4.30E-05       3.60E-07       5.30E-07       na             1.10E-04     
                                                                                     river--3.702E-6 (mg/L)..........  1.20E-07       1.00E-09       1.50E-09       na             3.70E-07     
                                        Molinate........................    2212671  soil--7.823E+3..................  1.96E+03       2.10E+01       2.20E+00       na             na           
                                                                                     veg--2.289E+2...................  5.70E+01       6.20E-01       6.50E-02       na             na           
                                                                                     fish--2.189E-3..................  5.50E-04       5.90E-06       6.20E-07       na             na           
                                                                                     river--6.272E-5 (mg/L)..........  1.60E-05       1.70E-07       1.80E-08       na             na           
                                        Dipropylamine...................     142847  soil--3.973E+3..................  na             8.60E+00       3.20E+00       na             na           
                                                                                     veg--5.823E+2...................  na             1.30E+00       4.70E-01       na             na           
                                                                                     fish--9.506E-5..................  na             2.10E-07       7.60E-08       na             na           
                                                                                     river--3.278E-5 (mg/L)..........  na             7.10E-08       2.60E-08       na             na           
Waste Group 9.......  Soil............  Ziram...........................     137304  soil--1.552E+5..................  na             5.81E+02       na             1.55E+03       6.21E+02     
                                                                                     veg--7.536E+3...................  na             2.80E+01       na             7.50E+01       3.00E+01     
                                                                                     fish--1.375E-1..................  na             5.10E-04       na             1.40E-03       5.50E-04     
                                                                                     river--7.766E-2 (mg/L)..........  na             2.90E-04       na             7.70E-04       3.10E-04     
                                        Molybdenum......................    7439987  soil--8.410E+1..................  6.01E+02       na             na             na             1.40E+01     
                                                                                     veg--1.750E+0...................  1.30E+01       na             na             na             2.90E-01     
                                                                                     fish--3.881E-4..................  2.80E-03       na             na             na             6.40E-05     
                                                                                     river--3.881E-5 (mg/L)..........  2.80E-04       na             na             na             6.40E-06     
                                        Antimony........................    7440360  soil--3.589E+4..................  1.03E+05       5.10E+00       na             na             na           
                                                                                     veg--1.198E+2...................  3.42E+02       1.70E-02       na             na             na           
                                                                                     fish--1.84E-2...................  5.30E-02       2.60E-06       na             na             na           
                                                                                     river--1.84E-2 (mg/L)...........  5.30E-02       2.60E-06       na             na             na           
                                        Zinc............................    7440666  soil--5.107E+4..................  5.11E+04       na             na             na             na           
                                                                                     veg--3.159E+3...................  3.16E+03       na             na             na             na           
                                                                                     fish--4.782E+1..................  4.80E+01       na             na             na             na           
                                                                                     river--2.391E-2 (mg/L)..........  2.40E-02       na             na             na             na           
                      Soil to Air to    Dibutylamine....................     111922  soil--4.971E+2..................  na             2.60E+00       4.90E-01       na             na           
                       Soil.                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                                                     veg--1.737E+1...................  na             9.20E-02       1.70E-02       na             na           
                                                                                     fish--7.066E-5..................  na             3.70E-07       7.00E-08       na             na           
                                                                                     river--3.533E-6 (mg/L)..........  na             1.90E-08       3.50E-09       na             na           
                                        Dimethylamine...................     124403  soil--7.179E+3..................  na             1.00E+01       na             na             na           
                                                                                     veg--2.079E+4...................  na             3.00E+01       na             na             na           
                                                                                     fish--8.269E-5..................  na             1.20E-07       na             na             na           
                                                                                     river--2.067E-4 (mg/L)..........  na             3.00E-07       na             na             na           
                                        Ziram...........................     137304  soil--1.552E+5..................  na             5.81E+02       na             1.55E+03       6.21E+02     
                                                                                     veg--7.536E+3...................  na             2.80E+01       na             7.50E+01       3.00E+01     
                                                                                     fish--1.996E-3..................  na             7.50E-06       na             2.00E-05       8.00E-06     
                                                                                     river--1.128E-3 (mg/L)..........  na             4.20E-06       na             1.10E-05       4.50E-06     
Waste Group 9.......  Soil to Air to    Molybdenum......................    7439987  soil--8.410E+1..................  6.01E+02       na             na             na             1.40E+01     
                       Soil.                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                                                     veg--1.750E+0...................  1.30E+01       na             na             na             2.90E-01     
                                                                                     fish--5.636E-6..................  4.00E-05       na             na             na             9.30E-07     
                                                                                     river--5.636E-7 (mg/L)..........  4.00E-06       na             na             na             9.30E-08     
                                        Antimony........................    7440360  soil--3.589E+4..................  1.03E+05       5.10E+00       na             na             na           
                                                                                     veg--1.198E+2...................  3.42E+02       1.70E-02       na             na             na           
                                                                                     fish--2.673E-4..................  7.60E-04       3.80E-08       na             na             na           
                                                                                     river--2.673E-4 (mg/L)..........  7.60E-04       3.80E-08       na             na             na           
                                        Zinc............................    7440666  soil--5.107E+4..................  5.11E+04       na             na             na             na           
                                                                                     veg--3.159E+3...................  3.16E+03       na             na             na             na           
                                                                                     fish--6.946E-1..................  6.90E-01       na             na             na             na           
                                                                                     river--3.473E-4 (mg/L)..........  3.50E-04       na             na             na             na           
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8. Summary of Basis for Listing For Additional K Listings and Other 
Considerations
    EPA's decision to propose additional hazardous waste listings 
represents a determination by the Agency that six carbamate wastes 
(identified as K156 through K161) meet the criteria for listing as 
hazardous wastes presented in 40 CFR 261.11. Consequently, EPA is 
proposing to add these 6 wastes to the list of hazardous wastes from 
specific sources contained in 40 CFR 261.32. K156 through K161 wastes 
typically and frequently contain mobile and persistent hazardous 
constituents at levels such that concentrations of these constituents 
at human or environmental receptors may exceed one or more human or 
environmental health-based levels (HBLs) if the wastes are improperly 
managed. The high concentrations of hazardous constituents in these 
wastes, the mobility and persistence of the constituents of concern, 
and the estimated risks associated with those constituents satisfy the 
criteria set forth in 40 CFR 261.11 for listing a waste as hazardous 
and provide the basis for listing these wastes as hazardous. EPA is 
proposing that these wastes from carbamate production be listed as 
hazardous and subject to the requirements of 40 CFR parts 124, 262-266, 
268, 270, and 271 since they are capable of posing a threat to human 
health and the environment when improperly treated, stored, 
transported, disposed of, or otherwise handled.
    As described in more detail below, these wastes frequently contain 
significant concentrations of product material and raw materials listed 
in Appendix VIII of 40 CFR part 261. These compounds may present a 
threat to human health and the environment if mismanaged due to their 
toxicity, mobility, and persistence. These constituents may be 
carcinogenic, mutagenic, and/or cause other chronic systemic effects if 
mismanaged. Some of these constituents are highly persistent and are 
mobile in the environment based on their physical properties and 
evidence from damage incidents studies collected by the Agency.
    EPA in its risk analysis attempted to quantify the magnitude of the 
risk posed by plausible mismanagement of each of the waste groupings. 
EPA also notes that significant toxicological data gaps exist for all 
wastes, precluding a full accounting of the total risk from plausible 
waste mismanagement and from possible additive or synergistic 
interactions. The Agency was able to calculate risks for only those 
constituents of concern for which health-based numbers were available. 
All these wastes contain significant quantities or percent levels of 
chemicals which have limited toxicological data from which health-based 
numbers can not be developed.
    The Agency requests comment on the basis for listing these wastes. 
EPA also requests comment on the data obtained for use in this listing 
determination, the methodology and the assumptions used in the risk 
assessment, and on the Agency's decision to list these waste streams. 
Specifically, the Agency requests comments on the assumptions used in 
the risk assessment which are highlighted in Section III.C.5 of this 
preamble. In particular, the Agency requests comments on the 
assumptions pertaining to characterization of the wastes, the distances 
from where the waste is managed to a receptor, the operating management 
practices for carbamate wastes disposed in a landfill, and the exposure 
frequencies and durations assumed at a receptor.
    The Agency also requests comments on the option of not listing 
these waste streams. The Agency requests comments on the use of 
carbamate active ingredient damage information in assessing the 
potential damage from the mismanagement of carbamate waste streams and 
on the relevance of the historical record on management of these waste 
streams. In addition, EPA recognizes the volumes of some of the 
carbamate waste streams are relatively low and the Agency requests 
comment on whether and how they should be addressed in this listing. 
The Agency requests comments on whether existing or potential 
regulations under the Clean Air Act (CAA) or Clean Water Act (CWA), if 
promulgated, would reduce incremental risks from the mismanagement of 
carbamate wastes significantly to warrant not listing these wastes. 
Finally, the Agency also solicits comments on the methodology and 
assumptions used in the risk assessment. The Agency's risk assessment 
finds that the central tendency risk estimates are on the order of one 
in a million, with high end individual risk estimates falling in the 
range of 10-4 to 10-6. EPA requests comments on the 
representativeness of these high-end scenarios and on the merits of 
alternative risk management strategies including decisions to list and 
not to list these waste streams.
    The following provides a summary of the rationale for each of the 
proposed listings based on EPA's consideration of the criteria for 
listing set forth in 40 CFR 261.11. The supporting data and specific 
results of the risk assessment are presented elsewhere in this 
preamble. Results of the Agency's risk assessment estimating individual 
high-end and central tendency estimates and population estimates are 
presented in Section III of this preamble.
    K156 Carbamate Organic Wastes. From the carbamate/carbamoyl oxime 
segment of the industry, the Agency is proposing to list organic wastes 
(including heavy ends, still bottoms, light ends, spent solvents, 
filtrates, and decantates) as Hazardous Waste Number K156. K156 wastes 
frequently contain high concentrations of volatile solvents such as 
methylene chloride, methyl chloride, pyridine, and methyl ethyl ketone, 
and highly toxic products such as carbaryl and carbofuran. For K156 
wastes, the primary pathway of concern was found to be air emissions 
and subsequent transport to nearby residents from the plausible 
mismanagement in open tanks. The high-end individual exposures were 
estimated to present cancer risks above a 10-6 level, as well as 
non-cancer effects based on exposures above reference concentrations. 
The Agency has also collected damage resource information showing the 
toxicity to wildlife of carbamate active ingredients such as those 
found in these wastes resulting from their misuse or mismanagement.
    K157 Carbamate Wastewaters. K157 wastes frequently contain high 
concentrations of volatile solvents such as acetone, acetonitrile, 
acetophenone, aniline, benzene, chlorobenzene, chloroform, o-
dichlorobenzene, hexane, methanol, methomyl, methyl ethyl ketone, 
methyl isobutyl ketone, methylene chloride, naphthalene, phenol, 
pyridine, toluene, triethylamine, and, xylene as well as toxic products 
including benomyl, carbaryl, carbendazim, carbofuran, and carbosulfan. 
The risk assessment primary pathway of concern was found to be air 
emissions from management in aerated tanks. In this scenario, the high-
end individual exposure from volatile solvents were estimated to 
present inhalation cancer risks above a 10-6 level and non-cancer 
effects based on exposures above reference concentrations. The Agency 
has collected damage information showing toxicity to wildlife from 
carbamate active ingredients such as those found in these wastes 
resulting from the misuse or mismanagement of these chemicals.
    In the case of wastewaters proposed for listing as K157, air 
emissions from current management practices were found to present 
substantive high-end individual cancer risks, as well as non-cancer 
effects. In order to control and reduce these emissions, a number of 
possible options were considered by the Agency. The Agency believes 
that industry should implement cost-effective source reduction efforts 
to reduce the volume and toxicity of the wastes that pose these risks 
through chemical substitution, process changes, or other measures that 
could result in the greater recovery and reuse of volatile chemicals in 
the original production process to reduce the risks. Where process 
changes are not cost-effective, the Agency believes cost-effective 
controls should be installed to capture these emissions for reuse or 
off-site recycling.
    Air emissions from hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal 
facilities (TSDFs) can be addressed by regulations under RCRA 3004(n). 
Currently, standards are in place for process vents and equipment leaks 
(subparts AA and BB of 40 CFR part 264 and part 265). Regulations to 
control air emissions from tanks, surface impoundments, containers, and 
certain miscellaneous units were proposed July 22, 1991 (56 FR 33490). 
This proposal would add part CC air emission requirements to 40 CFR 
part 264 and part 265. However, under 40 CFR 264.1(g)(6) and 
265.1(c)(10), wastewater treatment units which employ tanks and are 
subject to regulation under either section 402 or 307(b) of the Clean 
Water Act are not subject to either the part 264 or 265 standards, and, 
as such, would not be subject to the CC regulations when promulgated as 
a final rule. As a result, listing these wastes as hazardous without 
also changing existing exemptions from waste management rules can not 
mitigate the risks found, since the current exemptions would also 
prevent application of part CC air emission standards, when finalized, 
to these units. As EPA stated when it promulgated the limited 
permitting exemption, these exemptions ``were intended to reduce the 
regulatory burden on a class of facilities which pose less of a risk to 
human health and the environment than other types of hazardous waste 
management facilities'' (47 FR 4706). Removal of these exemptions as a 
means to control the air emissions from this one industry group would 
defeat this purpose, and necessitate the resource-intensive permitting 
of thousands of low risk facilities. The Agency is not at this time 
proposing to remove or amend 40 CFR 264.1(g)(6) and 264.1(c)(10). 
However, the Agency is exploring additional options to control air 
emissions from such facilities.
    As an alternative to listing this wastewater stream as hazardous 
and subjecting them to the management control of the air emission under 
RCRA 3004(n) authority, the Agency also considered the availability of 
other authorities that specifically direct EPA to control air 
emissions. The primary statute providing such authority is the Clean 
Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq., as amended by the Clean Air Act of 
1990, Public Law 101-549, Nov. 15, 1990). Under the Clean Air Act 
(CAA), the Agency has proposed a National Emission Standard for 
Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) for producers of hazardous organic 
air pollutants (57 FR 62608). The proposed NESHAP, if promulgated as a 
Final Rule, would control wastewaters from the production of one of the 
carbamate products (carbaryl), provided the total hazardous air 
pollutant (HAP) concentration is 10,000 parts per million by weight, or 
a total average concentration greater than or equal to 1,000 parts per 
million by weight and the average flow rate is greater than or equal to 
10 liters per minute, but does not impact other carbamate product 
lines. With the passage of the CAA, the Agency has embarked on a 
multiyear plan for implementation through the year 2000 (57 FR 44147, 
July 16, 1992). As explained in the July 16, 1992 notice, the Agency is 
also developing additional NESHAPs to cover a number of other source 
categories, but these actions would not fully control the risks 
associated with the particular wastewaters of concern in the carbamate 
industry segment. The Agency has also developed draft control technique 
guidlines (CTGs) under the Clean Air Act (see document No. EPA 453/D-
93-056) which may address some air risks at facilities in non-
attainment areas. The Agency also plans to develop alternative control 
techniques (ACTs) which are not mandatory. Because of the limited 
applicability of the CTGs and ACTs, they will not address all air risks 
from carbamate facilities.
    In order to provide industry with flexibility to allow it to 
accomplish the Agency's source reduction goals, the Agency is proposing 
a regulatory strategy which allows for a concentration-based exemption 
from the listing. For wastewaters from the production of carbamate and 
carbamoyl oxime chemicals (proposed as hazardous waste code K157), a 
hazardous waste listing coupled with a concentration-based listing 
exemption is appropriate to define when the K157 wastewater in tanks 
ceases to pose an unacceptable risk to human health or the environment. 
Using models to calculate the atmospheric concentrations of chemicals 
of concern, the Agency found that for these wastewaters a total 
concentration of 5 parts per million by weight (ppmwt) would be 
protective for wastewater containing formaldehyde, methyl chloride, 
methylene chloride, and triethylamine. For these constituents of 
concern, the 5 ppmwt level, while protective of air emission risks, 
would be above the 40 CFR part 268 best demonstrated available 
treatment (BDAT) level for these constituents in other hazardous 
wastewaters and current delisting criteria. These treatment standards 
assume that wastes have been subjected to final treatment prior to 
disposal. Assuming further wastewater treatment as necessary before 
discharge, under the ``plausible mismanagement'' scenario of treatment 
in open tanks for K157 (see Section III.C.5), the Agency views this 
level as protective. In addition, EPA notes that the 40 CFR Part 268 
land disposal restrictions's would not apply to wastes managed in tanks 
except to the extent the wastes were also managed in land-based units 
such as surface impoundments. Therefore, the Agency is proposing a 
concentration-based exemption to the listing description of these 
wastewaters.
    The Agency is proposing to list as Hazardous Waste Number K157 the 
``group 2'' wastewaters as follows:

    K157--Wastewaters (including scrubber waters, condenser waters, 
washwaters, and separation waters) from the production of carbamates 
and carbamoyl oximes.

    Under Sec. 261.3(a)(2)(iv), a new exemption to the definition of 
hazardous wastes would be created for these wastewaters. This proposed 
new exemption would read:
Sec. 261.3(a)(2)(iv) * * *

    (F) One or more of the following wastes listed in Sec. 261.32-- 
wastewaters from the production of carbamates and carbamoyl oximes 
(EPA Hazardous Waste No. K157)--provided that the maximum weekly 
usage of formaldehyde, methyl chloride, methylene chloride, and 
triethylamine (including all amounts that cannot be demonstrated to 
be reacted in the process or is recovered, i.e., what is discharged 
or volatilized) divided by the average weekly flow of process 
wastewater prior to any dilutions into the headworks of the 
facility's wastewater treatment system does not exceed a total of 5 
parts per million by weight.

    Under this exemption, wastes which are calculated to contain less 
than a total concentration of 5 ppmwt for the sum of the four 
constituents of concern would not be hazardous wastes, and any sludges 
generated from further biological treatment would not be derived from 
hazardous wastes, assuming wastewaters are <5 ppmwt at the point of 
generation.
    The Agency does not intend to determine compliance with this 
provision by requiring that generators actually monitor the 
concentration of the constituents of concern in untreated wastewater, 
but proposes to use the same strategy used in other exemptions for 
wastewaters discharged into the headworks of a wastewater treatment 
system found at 40 CFR 261.3(a)(2)(4) (46 FR 56582, November 17, 1981). 
A generator must be able to demonstrate that the total amount of all 
constituents of concern that is not converted to product or recovered 
(i.e., what is discharged or volatilized) during the week divided by 
the average weekly flow of the process unit discharge to into the 
headworks of the final wastewater treatment step not exceed the 
proposed standards.
    This demonstration can be made through an audit of various records 
already maintained at most facilities, including invoices showing 
material purchases, lists including to whom and how much inventory was 
distributed and other, similar, operating records. A facility can 
exclude that portion of the constituents of concern not disposed to 
wastewaters. No portion of the material of concern which is volatilized 
may be excluded from the calculation. The Agency requests comment on 
whether or not specific record keeping requirements should be 
promulgated. Under current regulations (40 CFR 262.11 and 268.7) 
generators are required to determine whether their wastes are 
hazardous. Facilities claiming the exemption would have to be able to 
demonstrate that they meet the exemption. Such information would be 
intended to verify compliance with this concentration standard. An EPA 
inspector would look to this information to verify the assessment made 
by the generator, and may employ direct analytical testing as further 
verification. Should either measurement indicate a total concentration 
greater than 5 ppmwt for the sum of the concentrations of the four 
chemicals of concern, then the wastes shall be subject to regulation as 
K157 hazardous waste. In this manner, the Agency seeks to discourage 
and prevent air stripping or other technologies which would merely 
continue to volatilize these hazardous air pollutants of concern. The 
Agency requests comment on using this regulatory strategy to achieve 
risk reduction.
    The Agency is also proposing to specifically exempt biological 
treatment sludges from the treatment of wastewaters from the production 
of carbamates and carbamoyl oximes from the definition of hazardous 
waste. Under Sec. 263.3(c)(2)(ii), a new exemption to the definition of 
hazardous wastes would be created for sludges from the biological 
treatment of these wastewaters. This proposed new exemption would read: 
Sec. 261.3(c)(2)(ii) * * *

    (D) Biological treatment sludge from the treatment of one of the 
following wastes listed in Sec. 261.32--wastewaters from the 
production of carbamates and carbamoyl oximes (EPA Hazardous Waste 
No. K157).

    Without exemption, a large volume of previously disposed wastes and 
sludge currently collecting within the various treatment systems would 
require management as derived from newly identified hazardous waste. 
However, in the case of the biological sludges from the treatment of 
carbamate and carbamoyl oxime wastewaters, the Agency could only 
identify risks resulting from the hazardous volatile air pollutants 
present in the wastewaters being treated. Neither these air pollutants 
nor other hazardous substances were found to be accumulating in the 
biological treatment sludges studied by the Agency. This leads the 
Agency to believe these sludges do not meet the definition of hazardous 
waste. Therefore, the Agency is proposing to exempt these sludges 
derived from the proposed K157 wastes from the definition of hazardous 
wastes, provided the wastes are not otherwise characteristically 
hazardous. EPA believes that this exemption is particularly appropriate 
because of the small number of facilities in this industry and the 
Agency's through investigation of carbamate wastes, as described 
elsewhere in this preamble.
    K158 Carbamate Baghouse Dust and Filter/Separation Solids. K158 
wastes frequently contain percent levels of such products as 
carbofuran, carbosulfan, benomyl, and carbendazim as well as such 
solvents as methylene chloride, chloroform, phenol, and xylene. These 
materials are known to be mobile in soils and may pose risks above a 
10-6 level by direct exposure or through groundwater transport 
when landfilled. The product chemicals in K158 wastes are acutely toxic 
to humans, birds, and fish. The Agency believes that, if mismanaged, 
carbofuran wastes will present significant risks through a soil pathway 
for wildlife. The Agency recognizes that there is 549 metric tons of 
K158 waste generated annually. The Agency has collected damage 
information showing toxicity to wildlife from carbamate active 
ingredients such as those found in these wastes resulting from their 
misuse or mismanagement.
    K159 Thiocarbamate Organic Wastes. The Agency is proposing to list 
organics from the treatment of thiocarbamate wastes as Hazardous Waste 
Number K159. These wastes frequently contain benzene, and toxic 
thiocarbamate product materials, such as eptam, molinate, and butylate, 
at percent levels.
    EPA's risk assessment estimated high-end individual cancer risk 
above a 10-6 level for inhalation of benzene, assuming plausible 
mismanagement in open tanks. In addition, because EPA currently lacks 
inhalation reference levels for the other constituents (eptam, 
molinate, and butylate), EPA was unable to evaluate potential risks 
from volatilization of these other constituents. The Agency has damage 
case information for these wastes involving groundwater contamination.
    K160 Thiocarbamate Solids. The Agency is proposing to list solids 
(including spent carbon, filter wastes, separation solids and spent 
catalysts) from the production of thiocarbamates and solids from the 
treatment of thiocarbamate wastes as Hazardous Waste Number K160. These 
wastes contain significant concentrations of benzene and percent levels 
of thiocarbamate product materials, such as eptam, molinate, and 
butylate. Also, similar to K159 wastes, the Agency was unable to 
quantify risks from volatilization of eptam, molinate, and butylate. 
Assuming plausible mismanagement in an unlined landfill, EPA's risk 
assessment showed high-end individual cancer risks above a 10-6 
level and non-cancer effects for the ground water, air, and soil 
ingestion pathways.
    In addition to the human health risk assessment results, EPA has 
records of mismanagement contributing to ground water contamination. 
These damage cases are discussed in Section III.C.4 of this preamble. 
Furthermore, the Agency calculated numerous significant terrestrial 
ecosystem risks, which are presented in Table 23 of this preamble. 
There is approximately 665 metric tons of K160 waste generated 
annually.
    K161 Dithiocarbamate Solid Wastes. From the dithiocarbamate segment 
of the industry the Agency is proposing to list purification solids 
(including filtration, evaporation, and centrifugation solids), and 
baghouse dust and floor sweepings as Hazardous Waste Number K161. K161 
wastes frequently contain carbon disulfide, heavy metals such as lead, 
nickel, arsenic, selenium, antimony and cadmium, and are comprised 
largely of reactive dithiocarbamate product materials such as metam-
sodium and ziram, which are highly toxic to aquatic organisms. Because 
these products readily react in the environment to form other gases or 
vapors, such as carbon disulfide, hydrogen sulfide, 
methylisothiocyanate, and amines, which can oxidize to carcinogenic 
nitrosoamines, the EPA is proposing to require management of these 
dithiocarbamate wastes as reactive and toxic hazardous wastes. High-end 
individual cancer risks above a 10-6 level and non-cancer effects 
for wastes disposed in an off-site landfill were estimated, and 
significant adverse aquatic or terrestrial ecological effects were 
predicted from airborne transport. The Agency has also collected damage 
resource information showing the toxicity to wildlife if the wastes 
containing dithiocarbamate product were mismanaged or the product was 
misused.
9. Summary Basis for a No-Listing Decision on Wastewaters, and Certain 
Wastewater Treatment Residuals
    The Agency's decision to propose a ``no list'' determination for a 
particular waste or waste stream represents a weight of evidence 
finding that additional regulation is not required to protect human 
health and the environment based on currently available information. 
This in no way implies that there is no potential hazard, or that 
significant environmental damage could not occur from gross 
mismanagement of the wastes. However, based on a comprehensive survey 
of the industry, EPA believes that no significant threat exists from 
normal or plausible mismanagement.
    Wastewaters of groups 5, 7, and 8 are generated throughout the 
carbamate manufacturing processes. Typically, a facility's wastewaters 
include reactor and tank washwaters, scrubber waters, condenser waters, 
process decantates, mother liquors, rinsewaters, equipment washes, and 
rainwater runoff. Several facilities treat wastewaters on site before 
discharge to a publicly owned treatment works (POTW) or a privately 
owned treatment works (PrOTW) or through an on-site wastewater 
treatment plant and then discharge under a National Pollutant Discharge 
Elimination System (NPDES) permit. Some wastewaters are incinerated and 
many are recycled back to the process. The Agency has analyzed several 
of these wastewaters and found that in some cases they may also contain 
constituents of concern at significant levels.
    Most wastewaters are collected and treated in an on-site wastewater 
treatment plant. As a result, the effluent from the wastewater 
treatment plant is subject to either the effluent guidelines and 
pretreatment standards promulgated for the Organic Chemicals, Plastics, 
and Synthetic Fibers (OCPSF) industries (52 FR 42522, November 5, 1987) 
or the Pesticide Chemicals Manufacturing Effluent Limitations, 
Guidelines, Pretreatment Standards, and New Source Performance 
Standards. These pesticide chemical manufacturing effluent limitations, 
guidelines and standards have been promulgated for a limited number of 
carbamate pesticides (58 FR 50638, September 28, 1993).
    In response to the effluent guidelines, a number of facilities may 
install steam stripping or other technologies to aid in compliance with 
the new effluent guidelines. The result of such action could be a 
reduction in the volatile materials currently reaching the wastewater 
treatment systems, if the stripper heads are recycled.
    In addition to the wastewaters proposed as hazardous waste number 
K157, the Agency also considered the following possible listings for 
wastewaters:

Group 5--Wastewaters from the production of thiocarbamates and 
treatment of wastes from thiocarbamate production.
Group 7--Process Wastewater (including supernates, filtrates, and 
washwaters) from the production of dithiocarbamates.
Group 8--Reactor vent scrubber water from the production of 
dithiocarbamates.

    A large proportion of these streams are treated on site in tanks 
before discharge under the Clean Water Act (CWA). Current risks were 
modeled for air emissions from the wastewater treatment units (i.e., 
tanks). Although the gross mismanagement of these wastewaters in 
unlined surface impoundments could result in significant environmental 
harm, management in unlined surface impoundments currently exists only 
for wastewaters which have been treated to reduce toxicity. Therefore, 
the Agency determined that for these wastewaters ``plausible 
mismanagement'' would be continued management in the open tanks of the 
existing treatment systems. The Agency is proposing not to list 
wastewaters from groups 5, 7, and 8, which were modeled and found to 
not present significant risks from current management practices.
    The Agency requests comment on its decisions not to list these 
wastes, and in particular on its selection of ``plausible 
mismanagement'' of the wastewaters to be the current management in 
tanks. Had the Agency selected ``plausible mismanagement'' to be 
``gross mismanagement'' such as management in unlined surface 
impoundments or discharge without treatment, then the significant 
intrinsic hazard of these wastes would have likely resulted in 
significantly greater estimates of potential risk. In this case, the 
Agency surveyed the entire industry and identified all current 
management practices to be treatment in tanks, except in the last 
stages of wastewater treatment. The Agency can foresee no reason for 
these facilities to abandon their current treatment works, and 
therefore, it is reasonable for the Agency to conclude, for these 
wastes in this industry, that current practices constitute ``plausible 
mismanagement.''
    The treatment of wastewaters generates sludges from aqueous 
separation, neutralization, and biological treatment. The Agency has 
found that organic/aqueous separator sludges are concentrated organic 
residuals containing significant levels of the constituents of concern. 
In contrast, most of the constituents of concern were not detected in 
wastewater neutralization and biological sludges from the production of 
carbamate and carbamoyl oxime products. Constituents present in these 
wastes, when detected, were typically present at levels below 100 times 
the HBI. Thus, the Agency is proposing to not exempt biological 
wastewater treatment sludges derived from the production of carbamate 
and carbamoyl oxime products from the definition of hazardous wastes 
and to provide an exemption for the source wastewaters provided 
hazardous air pollutants have been removed.
    In addition, a significant volume of spent carbons are generated 
from the production of carbamate and carbamoyl oxime products. These 
spent carbons are currently regulated as D022 hazardous wastes due to 
the leachable concentration of chloroform absorbed on the spent carbon. 
During its data collection effort in support of this proposal, the 
Agency characterized the spent carbons and found chloroform to be the 
driving contaminant of concern. In the Agency's opinion, existing 
hazardous waste regulations are adequate for these spent carbons, and 
therefore proposes to narrow the scope of the waste grouping of solids 
from the production of carbamates and carbamoyl oximes to focus on bag 
house dusts and filter/separation solids which are currently not 
regulated.
    Similarly, for organic wastes from the production of 
dithiocarbamates, the Agency found from its Sec. 3007 Carbamate 
Industry Survey that all wastes in the grouping were already regulated 
as either hazardous waste F003 or F005. The Agency feels that these 
wastes are adequately regulated by existing regulations, and is 
proposing not to separately list these wastes as hazardous to avoid 
redundant regulation.
10. Summary of Basis for Listing For Additional P & U Listings
    The 23 materials listed in Table 5 meet the criteria for listing as 
acute hazardous wastes presented in 40 CFR 261.11(a)(2). They are 
acutely hazardous because they have been found to be fatal to humans in 
low doses or in the absence of data on human toxicity, have been shown 
in animal studies to have an oral (rat) LD50 of less than 50 milligrams 
per kilogram, a dermal rabbit LD50 of less than 200 milligrams per 
kilogram, an inhalation (rat) LC50 of less than 2 mg/L, or are 
otherwise capable of causing or significantly contributing to serious 
illness. Table 24 presents these commercial chemical products proposed 
for listing as acute hazardous waste, the oral LD50 (rat), inhalation 
LC50 (rat), and the dermal LD50 (rabbit). As shown in this table, each 
of these chemicals meets at least one of these criteria. Consequently, 
based in part on these aquatic and acute mammalian toxicity data, EPA 
is proposing to add these 23 materials to the list of hazardous wastes 
in 40 CFR 261.33(e).
    Chemical substances which pose toxic threats to human health or the 
environment are listed in 40 CFR 261.33(f). For the purposes of 
identifying compounds to be included on this list, the Agency considers 
principally the nature of the toxicity (see 40 CFR 261.11(a)(3)(i)) and 
its concentration (see 40 CFR 261.11(a)(3)(ii)). Concentration of the 
material will be high because commercial chemicals will consist in a 
large degree the toxic compound or contain the compound as the sole 
active ingredient. Table 25 presents aquatic and acute mammalian 
toxicity data, including the oral LD50 (rat), inhalation LC50 (rat), 
and dermal LD50 (rabbit), used to support the proposed hazardous waste 
listing of these toxic commercial chemical products.
    In compiling the basic toxicological information contained in Table 
25, the Agency found that for many carbamate products or captive 
intermediates, there was little or no toxicological studies recorded in 
either the available literature, the Agency's records, or on current 
Material Safety Data Sheets. To facilitate the assessment of 
toxicological properties of the chemicals of concern in the production 
of carbamate chemicals, these chemicals with limited toxicity data were 
divided into structure-toxicity groups. These groups are:

    a. esterase (cholinesterase) inhibiting,
    b. other non-cancer toxicity,
    c. potentially carcinogenic, and
    d. toxic metal (metallocarbamates).

    Structure-toxicity surrogates were then selected for each group and 
their toxicity ascribed to the group members, for which human data are 
lacking and animal data are inadequate. For most of the constituents, 
some data on the toxicity of the chemical itself or of its metabolites 
were available. This information was used to assign the chemicals to 
one of the four toxicity groups. The assignment of groups was used to 
develop surrogate health benchmarks for use in the analysis. Although 
the data were adequate for identifying the toxicity of a chemical, 
there is considerable uncertainty in assigning surrogate health 
benchmarks for these chemicals. Further discussion of this approach can 
be found in ``Integrative Evaluation of the Toxicity of Data-Poor 
Constituents of the Carbamate Waste Listing,'' available in the docket 
supporting this proposed rule. See ``ADDRESSES'' section. The Agency 
believes that this approach is especially valid for such structurally 
similar chemicals as carbamates. The Agency requests comment on this 
approach, and any additional toxicity information.
    Table 25 also includes four generic listings; one each for each 
specific chemical group of carbamate products. The Agency feels that 
these generic descriptions are warranted to help emergency first 
responders identify the potential hazards of carbamate, carbamoyl 
oxime, thiocarbamate, and dithiocarbamate products. These descriptions 
are intended to be analogous to the current Department of 
Transportation labeling requirements for carbamate pesticides and 
dithiocarbamate pesticides to speed hazard identification in the advent 
of future transportation accidents.
    The Agency feels such generic product listings are especially 
appropriate for such structurally similar chemicals as carbamate, 
carbamoyl oximes, thiocarbamates and dithiocarbamates. As a group this 
chemicals exhibit significant toxicity to a number of organisms, which 
has been the basis for the registration and use of a number of these 
substances as pesticide active ingredients.
    As a chemical class dithiocarbamates are highly reactive materials, 
which are normally utilized as a more stable metal salt. However, even 
these salts are subject to decomposition to toxic amines, 
alkylisothiocyanates, and carbon disulfide, and to the oxidation of the 
amines to form carcinogenic nitrosoamines. The Agency, therefore, 
believes that the entire class of dithiocarbamate discarded products 
and spill residues will typically exhibit the characteristic of 
reactivity and is subject to existing regulation as D003 Characteristic 
Hazardous Wastes. Because no facility reported current management of 
these dithiocarbamate products waste as reactive hazardous wastes, the 
Agency is proposing to separately designate these dithiocarbamate 
wastes as hazardous wastes.

                                  Table 24.--Toxicity Data for Proposed Acutely Hazardous Commercial Chemical Products                                  
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Proposed      Acutely hazardous wastes CAS name                  Oral LD50 (rat) mg/  Inh. LC50 (rat) mg/L   Dermal LD50     Aquatic LC50 mg/L 4 day 
  waste code        (common name in parentheses)        CAS No.             kg                   4 hr.          rabbit mg/kg         unless noted       
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
P185           1,3-Dithiolane-2-carboxaldehyde, 2,4-   26419-73-8  1...................  ....................  350            ..........................
                dimethyl-, O-                                                                                                                           
                [(methylamino)carbonyl]oxime                                                                                                            
                (Tirpate).                                                                                                                              
P186           2-Butanone, 3,3-dimethyl-1-             39196-18-4  8.5.................  0.070...............  39             ..........................
                (methylthio)-, O-                                                                                                                       
                [(methylamino)carbonyl]oxime                                                                                                            
                (Thiofanox).                                                                                                                            
P187           1,3-Benzodioxol-4-ol, 2,2-dimethyl-,    22781-23-3  64-119 female rat,    0.55 2.2/1hr........  566 rat......  0.47-1.67 (BG), 1.2-1.5   
                methyl carbamate (Bendiocarb).                      72-156 male rat.                                           (Trout), 5.55 (RC).      
P127           7-Benzofuranol, 2,3-dihydro-2,2-         1563-66-2  5...................  0.017-0.047.........  885..........  0.165 (BG), 0.380 (RT)a,  
                dimethyl-, methylcarbamate                                                                                     0.872 (FM)a.             
                (Carbofuran).                                                                                                                           
P188           Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy, compd. with       57-64-7  2.5 (mouse)                                                ..........................
                (3as-cis)-1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydro-                                                                                                      
                1,3a,8-trimethylpyrrolo[2,3-b]indol-                                                                                                    
                5-yl methylcarbamate ester (1:1)                                                                                                        
                (Physostigmine salicylate).                                                                                                             
P189           Carbamic acid,                          55285-14-8  51..................  1.53/1hr............  >2,000.......  ..........................
                [(dibutylamino)thio]methyl-, 2,3-                                                                                                       
                dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl                                                                                                     
                ester (Carbosulfan).                                                                                                                    
P190           Carbamic acid, methyl-, 3-               1129-41-5  268.................  0.475                                ..........................
                methylphenyl ester (Metolcarb).                                                                                                         
P191           Carbamic acid, dimethyl-, 1-              644-64-4  25..................  ....................  2,000........  0.012/0.5 hr (DM), 0.074/ 
                [(dimethylamino)carbonyl]-5-methyl-                                                                            2d (TC).                 
                1H-pyrazol-3-yl ester (Dimetilan).                                                                                                      
P192           Carbamic acid, dimethyl-, 3-methyl-1-     119-38-0  10.8................  ....................  .............  10.7 (RT).                
                (1-methylethyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl                                                                                                         
                ester (Isolan).                                                                                                                         
P193           Carbamic acid, [1,2- phenylenebis       23564-05-8  6,640...............  1.7.................  >10,000......  11.4/3d (RT), 16/2d (DM). 
                (imino carbonothioyl)]bis-, dimethyl                                                                                                    
                ester (Thiophanate-methyl).                                                                                                             
P194           Ethanimidothioc acid, 2-(dimethy        23135-22-0  2.5 female..........  0.064 male..........  740..........  8.3 (FM).                 
                lamino)-N- [[(methy lamino)carbonyl]                                                                                                    
                oxy]-2-oxo-, methyl ester (Oxamyl).                                                                                                     
P195           Ethanimidothioic acid, N,N'-[thiobis    59669-26-0  66..................  0.52................  6,310........  1.21 (BG), 2.55 (RT).     
                [(methy limino)carbony loxy]]bis-,                                                                                                      
                dimethyl ester (Thiodicarb).                                                                                                            
P196           Manganese, bis(dimethyl                 15339-36-3  32                                                         ..........................
                carbamodithioato-S,S')-, (Manganese                                                                                                     
                dimethyldithio carbamate).                                                                                                              
P197           Methanimidamide, N,N-dimethyl -N'-[3-   17702-57-7  7.2                                                        ..........................
                methyl-4-[[(methyl                                                                                                                      
                amino)carbonyl]oxy]phenyl]-                                                                                                             
                (Formparanate).                                                                                                                         
P198           Methanimidamide, N,N-dimethyl-N'-[3-    23422-53-9  20..................  ....................  10,200         ..........................
                [[(methylamino) carbonyl]oxy]                                                                                                           
                phenyl]-, monohydro chloride                                                                                                            
                (Formetanate hydrochloride).                                                                                                            
P128           Phenol, 4-(dimethylamino)-3,5-            315-18-4  14..................  ....................  >500.........  10.4 (BG), 12 (RT)a, 23.7 
                dimethyl-, methylcarbamate (ester)                                                                             (FM), 15.8 (CT)a.        
                (Mexacarbate).                                                                                                                          
P199           Phenol, (3,5-dimethyl-4-(methylthio)-    2032-65-7  20..................  ....................  >2,000 350     0.8 (RT), 0.21 (BG).      
                , methylcarbamate (Methiocarb).                                                                 (rat).                                  
P200           Phenol, 2-(1-methylethoxy)-,              114-26-1  70..................  1.44/1hr............  800 (Rat)....  1.47 (DM), 8.2 (RT)a, 25  
                methylcarbamate (Propoxur).                                                                                    (FM)a, 4.8 (BG)a.        
P201           Phenol, 3-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-,     2631-37-0  35..................  ....................  >1,000.......  28 (TD).                  
                methyl carbamate (Promecarb).                                                                                                           
P202           Phenol, 3-(1-methylethyl), methyl          64-00-6  16..................  ....................  40...........  0.180 (RT).               
                carbamate (Hercules AC-5727).                                                                                                           
P203           Propanal, 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfonyl)-   1646-88-4  20..................  0.14................  200..........  1.017/2d (DL).            
                , O-[(methylamino)carbonyl] oxime                                                                                                       
                (Aldicarb sulfone).                                                                                                                     
P204           Pyrrolo[2,3-b]indol-5-ol,                  57-47-6  3 (mouse)                                                  ..........................
                1,2,3,3a,8,8a- hexahydro-1,3a,8-                                                                                                        
                trimethyl-, methylcarbamate (ester),                                                                                                    
                (3aS-cis)-(Physostigmine).                                                                                                              
P205           Zinc, bis(dimethyl carbamodithioato-      137-30-4  267.................  0.081...............  >2,000.......  0.002/60d (RT), 0.17/4d   
                S,S')-, (Ziram).                                                                                               (FM)\1\.                 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BG: Blue Gill                                                                                                                                           
DS: Daggerblade Shrimp                                                                                                                                  
RT: Rainbow Trout                                                                                                                                       
WM: White Mullet                                                                                                                                        
b: interperitoneal                                                                                                                                      
CT: Cutthroat Trout                                                                                                                                     
FM: Fathead Minnow                                                                                                                                      
SC: Scud                                                                                                                                                
a: Active ingredient                                                                                                                                    
DP: Daphnia Pulex                                                                                                                                       
DL: Daphnia Laevis                                                                                                                                      
HF: Harlequinfish                                                                                                                                       
TC: Tooth Carp                                                                                                                                          
DM: Daphnia Magna                                                                                                                                       
RC: Red Crayfish                                                                                                                                        
TD: Toad                                                                                                                                                
\1\Recalculation involved                                                                                                                               


                                    Table 25.--Toxicity Information for Proposed Toxic Commercial Chemical Products                                     
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Proposed      Toxic hazardous wastes IUPAC name                  Oral LD50 (rat) mg/  Inh. LC50 (rat) mg/L   Dermal LC50     Aquatic LC50 mg/L 4 day 
 waste code        (common name in parentheses)        CAS No.              kg                   4 hr.         rabbit mg/kg          unless noted       
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U360           Carbamates N.O.S                                                                                               ..........................
U361           Carbamoyl Oximes N.O.S                                                                                         ..........................
U362           Thiocarbamates N.O.S                                                                                           ..........................
U363           Dithiocarbamate acids, salts, and/or  ............  ....................  ....................  .............  ..........................
                esters, N.O.S. (This listing                                                                                                            
                includes mixtures of one or more                                                                                                        
                dithiocarbamic acid, salt, or                                                                                                           
                ester.).                                                                                                                                
U279           1-Naphthalenol, methylcarbamate            63-25-2  230.................  >3.4................  2,000........  3.28 (DM), 6.7 (BG), 2.1  
                (Carbaryl).                                                                                                    (RT), 13.4 (FM).         
U364           1,3-Benzodioxol-4-ol, 2,2-dimethyl-,    22961-82-6  4,640...............  ....................  .............  10 (RT), 25/2d (DM).      
                (Bendiocarb phenol).                                                                                                                    
U365           1H-Azepine-1-carbothioic acid,           2212-67-1  369.................  >0.2................  3,536........  0.32 (BG)a, 14.0 (RT).    
                hexahydro-, S-ethyl ester                                                                                                               
                (Molinate).                                                                                                                             
U366           2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thione,            533-74-4  320.................  8.4.................  7,000........  0.28/2d1 (HF).            
                tetrahydro-3,5-dimethyl-(Dazomet).                                                                                                      
U367           7-Benzofuranol, 2,3-dihydro-2,2-         1563-38-8  ....................  ....................  .............  16/2d (DP).               
                dimethyl-(Carbofuran phenol).                                                                                                           
U368           Antimony tris                           15890-25-2  16,400..............  ....................  16,000         ..........................
                (dipentylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-                                                                                                        
                (Antimony                                                                                                                               
                trisdipentyldithiocarbamate).                                                                                                           
U369           Antimony, tris[bis(2-                   15991-76-1  16,400..............  ....................  16,000         ..........................
                ethylhexyl)carbamodithioato-S,S']-,                                                                                                     
                (Antimony tris(2-                                                                                                                       
                ethylhexyl)dithiocarbamate).                                                                                                            
U370           Bismuth,                                21260-46-8  >3,000                                                     ..........................
                tris(dimethylcarbamodithioato-                                                                                                          
                S,S-, (Methyl bismate).                                                                                                         
U371           Carbamic acid,                          65086-85-3  >11,000                                                    ..........................
                [(dimethylamino)iminomethyl)]                                                                                                           
                methyl, ethyl ester                                                                                                                     
                monohydrochloride (Hexazinone                                                                                                           
                intermediate).                                                                                                                          
U280           Carbamic acid, (3-chlorophenyl)-, 4-      101-27-9  527.................  27.4................  23,000.......  1.16/2d (HF)1.            
                chloro-2-butynyl ester (Barban).                                                                                                        
U372           Carbamic acid, 1H-benzimidazol-2-yl,    10605-21-7  6,400...............  ....................  >10,000......  >3.20 (BG), 0.48 (RT),    
                methyl ester (Carbendazim).                                                                                    0.55/2d (DM).            
U373           Carbamic acid, phenyl-, 1-                122-42-9  1,000...............  ....................  >5,000 (Rat).  38 (RT)a, 29 (BG)a, 10    
                methylethyl ester (Propham).                                                                                   (SC).                    
U374           Carbamic acid, [[3-                    112006-94-7  >11,000.............  >5.7                                 ..........................
                [(dimethylamino)carbonyl]-2-                                                                                                            
                pyridinyl]sulfonyl]-phenyl ester                                                                                                        
                (U9069).                                                                                                                                
U271           Carbamic acid, [1-                      17804-35-2  10,000..............  >2..................  >10,000......  1.3 (BG), 0.29 (RT), 2.05 
                [(butylamino)carbonyl]-1H-                                                                                     (FM)a.                   
                benzimidazol-2-yl]-, methyl ester                                                                                                       
                (Benomyl).                                                                                                                              
U375           Carbamic acid, butyl-, 3-iodo-2-        55406-53-6  372.................  ....................  >2,000.......  1.1 (RT).                 
                propynyl ester (Troysan Polyphase).                                                                                                     
U376           Carbamodithioic acid, dimethyl-,          144-34-3  104 (mouse)                                                ..........................
                tetraanhydrosulfide with                                                                                                                
                orthothioselenious acid (Selenium                                                                                                       
                dimethyldithiocarbamate).                                                                                                               
U377           Carbamodithioic acid, methyl,-            137-41-7  630.................  ....................  .............  0.012/2d (DM), 0.08 (RT). 
                monopotassium salt (Potassium n-                                                                                                        
                methyldithiocarbamate).                                                                                                                 
U378           Carbamodithioic acid,                   51026-28-9  590                                                        ..........................
                (hydroxymethyl)methyl-,                                                                                                                 
                monopotassium salt (Busan 40).                                                                                                          
U277           Carbamodithioic acid, diethyl-, 2-         95-06-7  850.................  ....................  2,200........  ..........................
                chloro-2-propenyl ester                                                                                                                 
                (Sulfallate).                                                                                                                           
U379           Carbamodithioic acid, dibutyl,            136-30-1  670.................  ....................  .............  ..........................
                sodium salt (Sodium                                                                                                                     
                dibutyldithiocarbamate).                                                                                                                
U380           Carbamodithioic acid, dibutyl-,         10254-57-6  >16,000.............  ....................  >2,000         ..........................
                methylene ester (Vanlube 7723).                                                                                                         
U381           Carbamodithioic acid, diethyl-,           148-18-5  1,500...............  ....................  >1,000 (Rat).  0.91/2d (DM).             
                sodium salt (Sodium                                                                                                                     
                diethyldithiocarbamate).                                                                                                                
U382           Carbamodithioic acid, dimethyl-,          128-04-1  1,000...............  ....................  .............  0.0064/60d (RT), 0.67/2d  
                sodium salt (Dibam).                                                                                           (DM).                    
U383           Carbamodithioic acid, dimethyl,           128-03-0  ....................  ....................  .............  0.049 (DS).               
                potassium salt (Potassium dimethyl                                                                                                      
                dithiocarbamate) (Busan 85).                                                                                                            
U384           Carbamodithioic acid, methyl-,            137-42-8  450.................  ....................  800..........  0.33/1.08d (DM)1.         
                monosodium salt (Metam Sodium).                                                                                                         
U385           Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-,S-         1929-77-7  1,200...............  ....................  >9,000.......  2.5 (BG)a, 4.3 (RT)a, 1.8 
                propyl ester (Vernolate).                                                                                      (SC).                    
U386           Carbamothioic acid, cyclohexylethyl-     1134-23-2  1,678...............  ....................  3,000........  2.6 (SC)1.                
                , S-ethyl ester (Cycloate).                                                                                                             
U387           Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-, S-       52888-80-9  1,820...............  >4.7................  >2,000.......  ..........................
                (phenylmethyl) ester (Prosulfocarb).                                                                                                    
U388           Carbamothioic acid, (1,2-               85785-20-2  >2,000..............  ....................  >2,000 (rat).  ..........................
                dimethylpropyl) ethyl-, S-                                                                                                              
                (phenylmethyl) ester (Esprocarb).                                                                                                       
U389           Carbamothioic acid, bis(1-               2303-17-5  ....................  ....................  .............  6.0/2d (HF)1.             
                methylethyl)-, S-(2,3,3-trichloro-2-                                                                                                    
                propenyl) ester (Triallate).                                                                                                            
U390           Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-, S-         759-94-4  916.................  4.3.................  1,460........  17 (CT)a.                 
                ethyl ester (Eptam).                                                                                                                    
U391           Carbamothioic acid, butylethyl-, S-      1114-71-2  921.................  ....................  4,640........  6.25/2d (WM)1.            
                propyl ester (Pebulate).                                                                                                                
U392           Carbamothioic acid, bis(2-               2008-41-5  4,000...............  ....................  2,000-5,000..  5.5 (BG), 3.6 (RT), 11    
                methylpropyl)-, S-ethyl ester                                                                                  (SC).                    
                (Butylate).                                                                                                                             
U393           Copper, bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato-     137-29-1  ....................  ....................  .............  0.15 (FM)1, 0.32 (BG)1.   
                S,S')-, (Copper                                                                                                                         
                dimethyldithiocarbamate).                                                                                                               
U394           Ethanimidothioic acid, 2-               30558-43-1  >7,000                                                     ..........................
                (dimethylamino)-N-hydroxy-2-oxo-,                                                                                                       
                methyl ester (A2213).                                                                                                                   
U395           Ethanol, 2,2'-oxybis-, dicarbamate       5952-26-1  8,300 (mouse).......  ....................  .............  5.0/2d (RT), 5.0/2d (BG). 
                (Reactacrease 4-DEG).                                                                                                                   
U396           Iron, tris(dimethylcarbamodithioato-    14484-64-1  1,130...............  ....................  .............  .0029/60d (RT), 2.2 (FM), 
                S,S')-, (Ferbam).                                                                                              0.9/2d (DM).             
U397           Lead, bis(dipentylcarbamodithioato-     36501-84-5  >10.................  ....................  >4.64          ..........................
                S,S')-.                                                                                                                                 
U398           Molybdenum,                             68412-26-0  >10,000.............  >34.4...............  >10,000        ..........................
                bis(dibutylcarbamothioato)-di-.mu.-                                                                                                     
                oxodioxodi-, sulfurized.                                                                                                                
U399           Nickel, bis(dibutylcarbamodithioato-    13927-77-0  17,000                                                     ..........................
                S,S')- (Nickel                                                                                                                          
                dibutyldithiocarbamate).                                                                                                                
U400           Piperidine, 1,1'-                         120-54-7  200 (mouse) b                                              ..........................
                (tetrathiodicarbonothioyl)-bis-                                                                                                         
                (Sulfads).                                                                                                                              
U401           Bis(dimethylthiocarbamoyl) sulfide         97-74-5  ....................  ....................  .............  0.038/60d (RT), 2.9/2d    
                (Tetramethylthiuram monosulfide).                                                                              (DM).                    
U402           Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide,            1634-02-2  2,350 (mouse).......  ....................  .............  >0.56/2d (DM).            
                tetrabutyl (Butyl Tuads).                                                                                                               
U403           Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide,              97-77-8  8,600...............  ....................  .............  0.009/60d (RT), 0.12/2d   
                tetraethyl (Disulfiram).                                                                                       (DM).                    
U404           Ethanamine, N,N-diethyl-                  121-44-8  460.................  6/2hr (mouse).......  570..........  137/60d (RT).             
                (Triethylamine).                                                                                                                        
U405           Zinc, bis[bis(phenyl                    14726-36-4  >2,000                                                     ..........................
                methyl)carbamodi thioato-S,S']-                                                                                                         
                (Arazate).                                                                                                                              
U406           Zinc, bis(dibutyl carbamodi thioato-      136-23-2  290                                                        ..........................
                S,S')-(Butyl Ziram).                                                                                                                    
U407           Zinc, bis(diethyl carbamodi thioato-    14324-55-1  2,910...............  ....................  .............  0.24/2d (DM).             
                S,S')-(Ethyl Ziram).                                                                                                                    
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BG: Blue Gill                                                                                                                                           
CT: Cutthroat Trout                                                                                                                                     
DL: Daphnia Laevis                                                                                                                                      
DM: Daphnia Magna                                                                                                                                       
DS: Daggerblade Shrimp                                                                                                                                  
FM: Fathead Minnow                                                                                                                                      
HF: Harlequinfish                                                                                                                                       
RC: Red Crayfish                                                                                                                                        
RT: Rainbow Trout                                                                                                                                       
SC: Scud                                                                                                                                                
TC: Tooth Carp                                                                                                                                          
TD: Toad                                                                                                                                                
WM: White Mullet                                                                                                                                        
a: Active ingredient                                                                                                                                    
b: interperitoneal                                                                                                                                      
DP: Daphnia pulex                                                                                                                                       
1Recalculation involved                                                                                                                                 

D. Source Reduction

    In the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. 13101 et seq., 
Pub. L. 101-508, November 5, 1990), Congress declared pollution 
prevention the national policy of the United States. The Act declares 
that pollution should be prevented or reduced whenever feasible; 
pollution that cannot be prevented should be recycled or reused in an 
environmentally safe manner wherever feasible; pollution that cannot be 
recycled should be treated; and disposal or release into the 
environment should be chosen only as a last resort. While the Pollution 
Prevention Act gives first priority to source reduction, RCRA promotes 
``waste minimization.'' This section provides a brief discussion of 
some pollution prevention and waste minimization techniques that 
facilities may wish to consider exploring.
    Pollution prevention, recycle and reuse practices fall into three 
general groups: Actual production practices, housekeeping practices, 
and practices that employ the use of equipment that by design promote 
pollution prevention. Some of these practices/equipment listed below 
conserve water, others reduce the amount of product in the waste 
stream, while others may prevent the creation of the waste altogether. 
EPA acknowledges that some of these practices/equipment may lead to 
media transfers or increased energy consumption. This information is 
presented for general information, and is not being proposed as a 
regulatory requirement.
    Production practices include:
     Triple-rinsing raw material shipping containers and 
returning the rinsate directly to the reactor;
     Scheduling production to minimize changeover cleanouts;
     Segregating equipment by individual product or product 
``families;''
     Packaging products directly out of reactors;
     Using raw material drums for packaging final products; and
     Dedicating equipment for hard to clean products.
    Housekeeping practices include:
     Performing preventative maintenance on all valves, 
fittings, and pumps;
     Promptly correcting leaky valves and fittings;
     Placing drip pans under valves and fitting to contain 
leaks;
     Cleaning up spills or leaks in bulk containment areas to 
prevent contamination of storm or wash wasters.
    Equipment that promote pollution prevention by reducing or 
eliminating waste generation:
     Use of low volume--high pressure hoses for cleaning;
     Drum triple rinsing stations;
     Reactor scrubber systems designed to return captured 
reactants to the next batch rather than to disposal;
     Construction of material storage tanks with inert liners 
to prevent contamination of water blankets with contaminants which 
would prohibit its use in the process;
     Enclosed automated product handling equipment to eliminate 
manual product packaging; and
     Steam stripping wastewaters to recovery reactants or 
solvents for reuse.
    One or more of these practices was observed to be already 
implemented at the facilities EPA visited during its engineering site 
visit and sampling effort in the carbamate industry. The Agency took 
note that in some cases the ability of a facility to implement further 
pollution preventions efforts may be inhibited by the manner in which 
the facility elected to comply with other existing regulations. For 
example, the Agency observed that facilities dedicated to one or two 
product lines often dedicated equipment and hence air pollution control 
scrubbers to the individual processes, where facilities with larger 
product lines and numerous reactors often chose to treat air emissions 
in a central control system. The result of this choice is that the 
facilities with fewer products were able to potentially recover 
reactants for reuse, while the facilities with central treatment 
systems generated wastes which were not reusable in any one process. 
The Agency seeks additional information on any other factors which 
might inhibit the implementation of the pollution prevention practices 
described, as well as information on additional pollution prevention 
practices.
    Section 1003 of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, a 
nation policy under the Resource Conservation And Recovery Act (RCRA), 
was established to ``minimize the generation of hazardous waste by 
encouraging process substitution, materials recovery, properly 
conducted recycling, and reuse and treatment.'' To further EPA's 
pollution prevention goals, the Waste Minimization Branch (WMB) in 
EPA's Office of Solid Waste (OSW) established the RCRA Waste 
Minimization Action Plan to integrate source reduction and recycling 
into the National RCRA Program, and RCRA activities into the Agency's 
Pollution Prevention Strategy. As part of this effort, EPA attempts to 
incorporate pollution prevention alternatives in hazardous waste 
listing determinations.
    The residuals reported on EPA's RCRA section 3007 carbamate 
questionnaire were evaluated for possible pollution prevention 
opportunities. Each residual and its generating process was examined 
for a limited number of facilities. As noted in section III.D, a number 
of possible pollution prevention options were identified for those 
residuals with waste minimization potential. EPA also performed a 
literature search to determine the feasibility of the pollution 
prevention technologies identified. The residuals were then ranked 
considering quantity of waste generated, impact on the environment, and 
pollution prevention potential.
    A pollution prevention economic analysis was performed for a 
limited number of facilities. The economic analysis was conducted to 
estimate the monetary value the carbamate industry forgoes by not 
instituting pollution prevention programs. Two value components were 
estimated: Constituent value and avoided costs of disposal. Many 
constituent values were found in the residuals from the sampling 
analysis results and/or questionnaire responses. If these constituents 
were recovered in the production process, it would reduce the cost of 
raw materials. The avoided cost of disposing of the residuals was 
estimated using the questionnaire waste management costs. The two 
component values were added to determine the total revenues of avoided 
costs (i.e., savings to the facility by implementing pollution 
prevention programs).
    Pollution prevention/waste minimization measures can be tailored to 
the needs of individual industries, processes, and firms. This approach 
may make it possible to achieve greater pollution reduction with less 
cost and disruption to the firm. The Agency's economic analysis of the 
carbamate industry indicates that there may be monetary benefits to be 
gained by implementing further waste minimization programs.
    The economic analysis result was provided to each individual 
facility to review and comment. Since the 1990 base year of the 
questionnaire, some facilities have initiated pollution prevention 
programs while others had not considered recovering these waste streams 
until they received the economic analysis but felt there was a 
possibility for them to reclaim these wastes. The overall theme of the 
comments from these limited number of facilities indicates that they do 
not want the current or future regulations to inhibit their ability to 
perform source reduction and recycling efforts at their facilities.
    To this end, the Agency intends to gather information on pollution 
prevention potential wherever feasible and thus is requesting comment 
on particular opportunities for additional volume and toxicity 
reduction through increased recycling or other process changes for 
carbamate wastes proposed to be listed as hazardous in this rule.
    The Agency invites all parties concerned to use this open 
communication approach to give inputs that might help better promote 
pollution prevention. Through cooperative efforts such as these, the 
Agency can better inform the public and make enlightened decisions on 
regulatory matters. At the same time, the information collected as a 
response to this proposed rule can be assembled, evaluated, and 
potentially disseminated through the Agency's technology transfer 
program, potentially resulting in short-term positive impacts on volume 
reductions.
    Defined process control, waste segregation, and good housekeeping 
practices can often result in significant volume reduction. Evaluations 
of existing processes may also point out the need for more complex 
engineering approaches (e.g., waste reuse, secondary processing of 
distillation bottoms, and use of vacuum pumps instead of steam jets) to 
achieve pollution prevention objectives. Simple physical audits of 
current waste generation and in-plant management practices for the 
wastes can also yield positive results. These audits often turn up 
simple non-engineering practices that can be successfully implemented.
    Pollution prevention opportunities for the manufacturing processes 
generating carbamate wastes (K156 through K161) may potentially result 
in reductions in waste generation.
    The Agency is interested in comments and data on such 
opportunities, including both successful and unsuccessful attempts to 
reduce waste generation, as well as the potential for volume or 
toxicity reductions. It is also possible that, owing to previous 
implementation of waste minimization procedures, some facilities or 
specific processes have very little potential for decreases in waste 
generation rates or toxicity. The Agency is particularly interested in 
such specific information as: (1) Data on the quantities of wastes that 
have been or could be reduced; (2) a means of calculating percentage 
reductions that are achievable (accounting for changes in production 
rates); (3) the potential for reduction in toxicity and mobility of the 
wastes; (4) the results of waste audits that have been performed; and 
(5) potential cost savings that can be (or have been) achieved; (6) the 
feasibility and cost burden that could be faced to reuse/recycle these 
wastes including an estimated return on investment; (7) lead time 
required to successfully implement a recovery and/or recycling method; 
or other methods (such as process modification to improve efficiency) 
that significantly reduce the volume and/or toxicity of the wastes; and 
(8) other barriers to implementation.

IV. Applicability of the Land Disposal Restrictions Determinations

A. Request for Comment on the Agency's Approach to the Development of 
BDAT Treatment Standards

    RCRA requires EPA to make a land disposal prohibition determination 
for any hazardous waste that is newly identified or listed in 40 CFR 
part 261 after November 8, 1984, within six months of the date of 
identification or final listing (RCRA section 3004(g)(4), 42 U.S.C. 
6924(g)(4)). EPA is also required to set ``* * * levels or methods of 
treatment, if any, which substantially diminish the toxicity of the 
waste or substantially reduce the likelihood of migration of hazardous 
constituents from the waste so that short-term and long-term threats to 
human health and the environment are minimized'' (RCRA Section 
3004(m)(1), 42 U.S.C. 6924(m)(1)). Land disposal of wastes that meet 
treatment standards thus established by EPA is not prohibited. The 
wastes being proposed for listing in this action would be subject to 
this requirement once a final rule is promulgated.
    A general overview of the Agency's approach in performing analysis 
of how to develop treatment standards for hazardous wastes can be found 
in greater detail in section III.A.1 of the preamble to the final rule 
that set land disposal restrictions (LDR's) for the Third Third wastes 
(55 FR 22535, June 1, 1990). The framework for the development of the 
entire Land Disposal Restrictions program was promulgated November 7, 
1986. (51 FR 40572).
    While the Agency prefers source reduction/pollution prevention and 
recycling/recovery over conventional treatment, inevitably, some wastes 
(such as residues from recycling and inadvertent spill residues) will 
be generated. Thus, standards based on treatment using BDAT will be 
required to be developed for these wastes, if a final rule listing them 
as hazardous is promulgated.
    Treatment standards typically are established based on the 
performance data from the treatment of the listed waste or wastes with 
similar chemical and physical characteristics or similar concentrations 
of hazardous constituents. Treatment standards are established for both 
wastewater and nonwastewater forms on a constituent-specific basis. The 
constituents selected for regulation under the Land Disposal 
Restrictions Program are not necessarily limited to those identified as 
present in the listings proposed in this action, but include those 
constituents or parameters that will ensure that the technologies are 
operated properly.
    Although data on waste characteristics and current management 
practices for wastes proposed in this action have been gathered as part 
of the administrative record for this rule, the Agency has not 
completed its evaluation of the usefulness of these data for developing 
specific treatment standards or assessing the capacity to treat (or 
recycle) these wastes.
    Available treatment performance data show that incineration, 
chemical hydrolysis, and biological treatment are potentially 
applicable to carbamate wastes. These technologies have shown some 
promise, and the data are under review for the purpose of developing 
treatment standards for K156 through K161. A collection of the 
available treatment information has been placed in the docket for this 
rule.
    EPA intends to propose treatment standards for K156 through K161 
and the proposed P and U wastes in a separate rulemaking. However, EPA 
specifically is soliciting comment and data on the following as they 
pertain to the proposed listing of carbamate wastes K156 through K161 
as described in this action:

    (1) Technical descriptions of treatment systems that are or 
could potentially be used for these wastes;
    (2) Descriptions of alternative technologies that might be 
currently available or anticipated as applicable;
    (3) Performance data for the treatment of these or similar 
wastes (in particular, constituent concentrations in both treated 
and untreated wastes, as well as equipment design and operating 
conditions);
    (4) Information on known or perceived difficulties in analyzing 
treatment residues or specific constituents;
    (5) Quality assurance/quality control information for all data 
submissions;
    (6) Factors affecting on-site and off-site treatment capacity;
    (7) Information on the potential costs for set-up and operation 
of any current and alternative treatment technologies for these 
wastes;
    (8) Information on waste minimization approaches.

B. Request for Comment on the Agency's Approach to the Capacity 
Analyses in the LDR Program

    In the land disposal restrictions determinations, the Agency must 
demonstrate that adequate commercial capacity exists to manage the 
waste with BDAT standards before it can restrict the listed waste from 
further land disposal. The Agency performs capacity analyses to 
determine if sufficient alternative treatment or recovery capacity 
exists to accommodate the volumes of waste that will be affected by the 
land disposal prohibition. If adequate capacity exists, the waste is 
restricted from further land disposal. If adequate capacity does not 
exist, RCRA section 3004(h) authorizes EPA to grant a national capacity 
variance for the waste for up to two years or until adequate 
alternative treatment capacity becomes available, whichever is sooner.
    To perform capacity analyses, the Agency needs to determine the 
volumes of the listed waste that will require treatment prior to land 
disposal. The volumes of waste requiring treatment depend, in turn, on 
the waste management practices employed by the listed waste generators. 
Data on waste management practices for these wastes were collected 
during the development of this proposed rule. However, as the 
regulatory process proceeds, generators may decide to minimize or 
recycle their wastes or otherwise alter their management practices. 
Thus EPA will update and monitor changes in management practices 
because these changes will affect the final volumes of waste requiring 
commercial treatment capacity. Therefore, EPA needs information on 
current and future waste management practices for these wastes, 
including the volumes of waste that are recycled, mixed with or co-
managed with other waste, discharged under Clean Water Act provisions, 
and the volumes and types of residuals that are generated by the 
various management practices applicable to newly listed and identified 
wastes (e.g., treatment residuals).
    The availability of adequate commercial treatment capacity for 
these wastes determines whether or not a waste is granted a capacity 
variance under RCRA section 3004(h). EPA continues to update and 
monitor changes in available commercial treatment capacity because the 
commercial hazardous waste management industry is extremely dynamic. 
For example, national commercial treatment capacity changes as new 
facilities come on-line, as new units and new technologies are added at 
existing facilities, and as facilities expand existing units. The 
available capacity at commercial facilities also changes as facilities 
change their commercial status (e.g., changing from a fully commercial 
to a limited commercial or captive facility). To determine the 
availability of capacity for treating these wastes, the Agency needs to 
consider currently available data, as well as the timing of any future 
changes in available capacity.
    For previous land disposal restriction rules, the Agency performed 
capacity analyses using data from national surveys including the 1987 
National Survey of Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, Disposal, and 
Recycling Facilities (the TSDR Survey) and the 1987 National Survey of 
Hazardous Waste Generators (the Generator Survey). However, these 
surveys cannot be used to determine the volumes of carbamate wastes 
requiring treatment, since the wastes were not included in the surveys. 
Additionally, these surveys may not contain adequate information on 
currently available capacity to treat newly identified wastes because 
the data reflect 1986 capacity and do not include facility expansions 
or closures that have occurred since then. Although adjustments have 
been made to these data to account for changes in waste management 
through 1990, this was not done on a consistent basis across all waste 
management practices.
    Data on waste characteristics and management practices have been 
gathered for the purpose of the carbamates hazardous waste listing 
determinations in the carbamate RCRA Section 3007 survey. The Agency 
has compiled the capacity-related information from the survey responses 
and is soliciting any updated or additional pertinent information.
    To perform the necessary capacity analyses in the land disposal 
restrictions rulemaking, the Agency needs reliable data on current 
waste generation, waste management practices, available alternative 
treatment capacity, and planned treatment capacity. The Agency will 
need the annual generation volumes of waste by each waste code 
including wastewater and nonwastewater forms, and soil or debris 
contaminated with these wastes and the quantities stored, treated, 
recycled, or disposed due to any change of management practices. The 
Agency also requests data from facilities capable of treating these 
wastes on their current treatment capacity and any plans they may have 
in the future to expand or reduce existing capacity. The Agency is also 
requesting comments from companies that may be considering developing 
new hazardous waste treatment capacity. Specifically, the Agency 
requests information on the determining factors involved in making 
decisions to build new treatment capacity. Waste characteristics such 
as pH level, BTUs, anionic character, total organic carbon content, 
constituents concentration, and physical form may also limit the 
availability of certain treatment technologies. For these reasons, the 
Agency requests data and comments on waste characteristics that might 
limit or preclude the use of any treatment technologies.

V. State Authority

A. Applicability of Rule in Authorized States

    Under section 3006 of RCRA, EPA may authorize qualified States to 
administer and enforce the RCRA program within the State. (See 40 CFR 
part 271 for the standards and requirements for authorization.) 
Following authorization, EPA retains enforcement authority under 
sections 3007, 3008, 3013, and 7003 of RCRA, although authorized States 
have primary enforcement responsibility.
    Before the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 (HSWA) 
amended RCRA, a State with final authorization administered its 
hazardous waste program entirely in lieu of the Federal program in that 
State. The Federal requirements no longer applied in the authorized 
State, and EPA could not issue permits for any facilities located in 
the State with permitting authorization. When new, more stringent 
Federal requirements were promulgated or enacted, the State was 
obligated to enact equivalent authority within specified time-frames. 
New Federal requirements did not take effect in an authorized State 
until the State adopted the requirements as State law.
    By contrast, under section 3006(g) of RCRA, 42 U.S.C. 6926(g), new 
requirements and prohibitions imposed by the HSWA (including the 
hazardous waste listings proposed in this notice) take effect in 
authorized States at the same time that they take effect in non-
authorized States. EPA is directed to implement those requirements and 
prohibitions in authorized States, including the issuance of permits, 
until the State is granted authorization to do so. While States must 
still adopt HSWA-related provisions as State law to retain final 
authorization, the federal HSWA requirements apply in authorized States 
in the interim.

B. Effect on State Authorizations

    Because this proposal (with the exception of the actions proposed 
under CERCLA authority) will be promulgated pursuant to the HSWA, a 
state submitting a program modification is able to apply to receive 
either interim or final authorization under section 3006(g)(2) or 
3006(b), respectively, on the basis of requirements that are 
substantially equivalent or equivalent to EPA's requirements. The 
procedures and schedule for State program modifications under 3006(b) 
are described in 40 CFR 271.21. It should be noted that all HSWA 
interim authorizations are currently scheduled to expire on January 1, 
2003 (see 57 FR 60129, February 18, 1992).
    Section 271.21(e)(2) of EPA's state authorization regulations (40 
CFR part 271) requires that states with final authorization modify 
their programs to reflect federal program changes and submit the 
modifications to EPA for approval. The deadline by which the states 
must modify their programs to adopt this proposed regulation, if it is 
adopted as a final rule, will be determined by the date of promulgation 
of a final rule in accordance with Sec. 271.21(e)(2). If the proposal 
is adopted as a final rule, Table 1 at 40 CFR 271.1 will be amended 
accordingly. Once EPA approves the modification, the State requirements 
become RCRA Subtitle C requirements.
    States with authorized RCRA programs already may have regulations 
similar to those in this proposed rule. These State regulations have 
not been assessed against the federal regulations being proposed to 
determine whether they meet the tests for authorization. Thus, a State 
would not be authorized to implement these regulations as RCRA 
requirements until State program modifications are submitted to EPA and 
approved, pursuant to 40 CFR 271.21. Of course, States with existing 
regulations that are more stringent than or broader in scope than 
current Federal regulations may continue to administer and enforce 
their regulations as a matter of State law.
    It should be noted that authorized States are required to modify 
their programs only when EPA promulgates Federal standards that are 
more stringent or broader in scope than existing Federal standards. 
Section 3009 of RCRA allows States to impose standards more stringent 
than those in the Federal program. For those Federal program changes 
that are less stringent or reduce the scope of the Federal program, 
States are not required to modify their programs. See 40 CFR 271.1(i). 
This proposed rule, if finalized, is neither less stringent than nor a 
reduction in the scope or the current Federal program and, therefore, 
states would be required to modify their programs to retain 
authorization to implement and enforce these regulations.

VI. CERCLA Designation and Reportable Quantities

    All hazardous wastes listed under RCRA and codified in 40 CFR 
261.31 through 261.33, as well as any solid waste that exhibits one or 
more of the characteristics of a RCRA hazardous waste (as defined in 
Secs. 261.21 through 261.24), are hazardous substances under the 
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act 
of 1980 (CERCLA), as amended. See CERCLA Section 101(14)(C). CERCLA 
hazardous substances are listed in Table 302.4 at 40 CFR 302.4 along 
with their reportable quantities (RQs). RQs are the minimum quantity of 
a hazardous substance that, if released, must be reported to the 
National Response Center (NRC) pursuant to CERCLA Sec. 103. In this 
proposal, the Agency is proposing to list the proposed wastes in this 
action as CERCLA hazardous substances in Table 302.4 of 40 CFR 302.4, 
but is taking no action to adjust the one-pound statutory RQs for these 
substances.
    Reporting Requirements. Under section 102(b) of CERCLA, all 
hazardous substances newly designated under CERCLA will have a 
statutory RQ of one pound unless and until adjusted by regulation. 
Under CERCLA section 103(a), the person in charge of a vessel or 
facility from which a hazardous substance has been released in a 
quantity that is equal to or exceeds its RQ shall immediately notify 
the NRC of the release as soon as that person has knowledge thereof. 
The toll free number of the NRC is 1-800-424-8802; in the Washington, 
DC metropolitan area, the number is (202) 426-2675. In addition to this 
reporting requirement under CERCLA, section 304 of the Emergency 
Planning and Community Right-to Know Act of 1986 (EPCRA) requires 
owners or operators of certain facilities to report the release of a 
CERCLA hazardous substance to State and local authorities. EPCRA 
section 304 notification must be given immediately after the release of 
a RQ or more to the community emergency coordinator of the local 
emergency planning committee for each area likely to be affected by the 
release, and to the State emergency response commission of any State 
likely to be affected by the release.
    If this proposal is promulgated as a final rule, releases equal to 
or greater than the one-pound statutory RQ will be subject to the 
requirements described above, unless and until the Agency adjusts the 
RQs for these substances in a future rulemaking.

  Table 26.--Proposed One-Pound Statutory RQs for Proposed K, P, and U  
                                 Wastes                                 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                            Statutory RQ
 Waste code              Constituent of concern               (pounds)  
------------------------------------------------------------------------
K156          acetone, acetonitrile, acetophenone,                     1
               aniline, benomyl, benzene, carbaryl,                     
               carbendazim, carbofuran, carbosulfan,                    
               chlorobenzene, chloroform, o-                            
               dichlorobenzene, hexane, methanol,                       
               methomyl, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl                    
               isobutyl ketone, methylene chloride,                     
               naphthalene, phenol, pyridine, toluene,                  
               triethylamine, xylene.                                   
K157          acetone, acetonitrile, acetophenone,                     1
               aniline, benomyl, carbaryl, carbofuran,                  
               carbosulfan, chloroform, o-dichlorobenzene,              
               hexane, methanol, methomyl, methyl ethyl                 
               ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, methylene                
               chloride, naphthalene, phenol, pyridine,                 
               toluene, xylene.                                         
K158          benomyl, carbendazim, carbofuran,                        1
               carbosulfan, methylene chloride.                         
K159          benzene, butylate, eptc, molinate, pebulate,             1
               vernolate, thiocarbamate N.O.S.                          
K160          benzene, butylate, eptc, molinate, pebulate,             1
               vernolate, thiocarbamate N.O.S.                          
K161          arsenic, antimony, cadmium, metam-sodium,                1
               xylene, ziram, dithiocarbamate product                   
               N.O.S.                                                   
P185          1,3-Dithiolane-2-carboxaldehyde, 2,4-                    1
               dimethyl-, O- [(methylamino)carbonyl]oxime               
               (Tirpate).                                               
P187          1,3-Benzodioxol-4-ol, 2,2-dimethyl-, methyl              1
               carbamate (Bendiocarb).                                  
P188          Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy, compd. with (3as-               1
               cis)- 1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydro-l,3a,8-                    
               trimethylpyrrolo[2,3- b]indol-5-yl                       
               methylcarbamate ester (1:1) (Physostigmine               
               salicylate).                                             
P189          Carbamic acid, [(dibutylamino)thio]methyl-,              1
               2,3-dihydro- 2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl                 
               ester (Carbosulfan).                                     
P190          Carbamic acid, methyl-, 3-methylphenyl ester             1
               (Metolcarb).                                             
P191          Carbamic acid, dimethyl-,1-                              1
               [(dimethylamino)carbonyl]-5- methyl-1H-                  
               pyrazol-3-yl ester (Dimetilan).                          
P192          Carbamic acid, dimethyl-, 3-methyl-1-(1-                 1
               methylethyl)-1H- pyrazol-5-yl ester                      
               (Isolan).                                                
P193          Carbamic acid, [1,2-                                     1
               phenylenebis(iminocarbonothioyl)]bis-,                   
               dimethyl ester (Thiophanate-methyl).                     
P194          Ethanimidothioc acid, 2-(dimethylamino)-N-               1
               [[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]-2-oxo-, methyl              
               ester (Oxamyl).                                          
P195          Ethanimidothioic acid, N,N'-                             1
               [thiobis[(methylimino)carbonyloxy]]bis-,                 
               dimethyl ester (Thiodicarb).                             
P196          Manganese, bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato-                 1
               S,S')- (Manganese dimethyldithiocarbamate).              
P197          Methanimidamide, N,N-dimethyl-N'-[2-methyl-4-            1
                [[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]phenyl]-                    
               (Formparanate).                                          
P198          Methanimidamide, N,N-dimethyl-N'-[3-                     1
               [[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]phenyl]-,                    
               monohydrochloride (Formetanate                           
               hydrochloride).                                          
P201          Phenol, 3-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-, methyl              1
               carbamate (Promecarb).                                   
P202          Phenol, 3-(1-methylethyl), methyl carbamate              1
               (Hercules AC-5727).                                      
P203          Propanal, 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfonyl)-, O-               1
               [(methylamino)carbonyl] oxime (Aldicarb                  
               sulfone).                                                
P204          Pyrrolo[2,3-b]indol-5-ol, 1,2,3,3a,8,8a-                 1
               hexahydro-1,3a,8- trimethyl-,                            
               methylcarbamate (ester), (3aS-cis)-                      
               (Physostigmine).                                         
P205          Zinc, bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-,               1
               (T-4)- (Ziram).                                          
U360          Carbamates N.O.S............................             1
U361          Carbamoyl Oximes N.O.S......................             1
U362          Thiocarbamates N.O.S........................             1
U363          Dithiocarbamate acids, salts, and/or esters              1
               N.O.S., (This listing includes mixtures of               
               one or more dithiocarbamate acid, salt, and/             
               or ester.).                                              
U364          1,3-Benzodioxol-4-ol, 2,2-dimethyl-                      1
               (Bendiocarb phenol).                                     
U365          1H-Azepine-1-carbothioic acid, hexahydro-, S-            1
               ethyl ester (Molinate).                                  
U366          2H-1,3,5-Thiadiazine-2-thione, tetrahydro-               1
               3,5-dimethyl- (Dazomet).                                 
U367          7-Benzofuranol, 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-                1
               (Carbofuran phenol).                                     
U368          Antimony, tris(dipentylcarbamodithioato-                 1
               S,S')- (Antimony                                         
               trisdipentyldithiocarbamate).                            
U369          Antimony, tris[bis(2-                                    1
               ethylhexyl)carbamodithioato-S,S']-                       
               (Antimony tris(2-                                        
               ethylhexyl)dithiocarbamate).                             
U370          Bismuth, tris(dimethylcarbamodithioato-S,S'-             1
               , (Methyl bismate).                                      
U280          Carbamic acid, (3-chlorophenyl)-, 4-chloro-2-            1
               butynyl ester (Barban).                                  
U371          Carbamic acid, [(dimethylamino)iminomethyl)]             1
               ethyl ester monohydrochloride (Hexazinone                
               intermediate).                                           
U372          Carbamic acid, 1H-benzimidazol-2-yl, methyl              1
               ester (Carbendazim).                                     
U373          Carbamic acid, phenyl-, 1-methylethyl ester              1
               (Propham).                                               
U271          Carbamic acid, [1-[(butylamino)carbonyl]-1H-             1
               benzimidazol-2- yl]-, methyl ester                       
               (Benomyl).                                               
U374          Carbamic acid, [[3-[(dimethylamino)carbonyl]-            1
               2- pyridinyl]sulfonyl]-phenyl ester (U9069).             
U375          Carbamic acid, butyl-, 3-iodo-2-propynyl                 1
               ester (Troysan Polyphase).                               
U376          Carbamodithioic acid, dimethyl-,                         1
               tetraanhydrosulfide with orthothioselenious              
               acid (Selenium dimethyldithiocarbamate).                 
U377          Carbamodithioic acid, methyl,- monopotassium             1
               salt (Potassium n-methyldithiocarbamate).                
U378          Carbamodithioic acid, (hydroxymethyl)methyl-             1
               , monopotassium salt (Busan 40).                         
U379          Carbamodithioic acid, dibutyl, sodium salt               1
               (Sodium dibutyldithiocarbamate).                         
U380          Carbamodithioic acid, dibutyl-, methylene                1
               ester (Vanlube 7723).                                    
U381          Carbamodithioic acid, diethyl-, sodium salt              1
               (Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate).                         
U277          Carbamodithioic acid, diethyl-, 2-chloro-2-              1
               propenyl ester (Sulfallate).                             
U382          Carbamodithioic acid, dimethyl-, sodium salt             1
               (Dibam).                                                 
U383          Carbamodithioic acid, dimethyl, potassium                1
               salt (Potassium dimethyl dithiocarbamate)                
               (Busan 85).                                              
U384          Carbamodithioic acid, methyl-, monosodium                1
               salt (Metam Sodium).                                     
U385          Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-,S-propyl ester             1
               (Vernolate).                                             
U386          Carbamothioic acid, cyclohexylethyl-, S-                 1
               ethyl ester (Cycloate).                                  
U387          Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-, S-                        1
               (phenylmethyl) ester (Prosulfocarb).                     
U388          Carbamothioic acid, (1,2-dimethylpropyl)                 1
               ethyl-, S- (phenylmethyl) ester (Esprocarb).             
U389          Carbamothioic acid, bis(1-methylethyl)-, S-              1
               (2,3,3- trichloro-2-propenyl) ester                      
               (Triallate).                                             
U390          Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-, S-ethyl ester             1
               (Eptam).                                                 
U391          Carbamothioic acid, butylethyl-, S-propyl                1
               ester (Pebulate).                                        
U392          Carbamothioic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl)-, S-             1
               ethyl ester (Butylate).                                  
U393          Copper, bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-              1
               (Copper dimethyldithiocarbamate).                        
U394          Ethanimidothioic acid, 2-(dimethylamino)-N-              1
               hydroxy-2-oxo-, methyl ester (A2213).                    
U395          Ethanol, 2,2'-oxybis-, dicarbamate                       1
               (Reactacrease 4-DEG).                                    
U396          Iron, tris(dimethylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-,              1
               (Ferbam).                                                
U397          Lead, bis(dipentylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-1..              
U398          Molybdenum, bis(dibutylcarbamothioato)di-                1
               .mu.-oxodioxodi-, sulfurized.                            
U399          Nickel, bis(dibutylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-               1
               (Nickel dibutyldithiocarbamate).                         
U400          Piperidine, 1,1'-(tetrathiodicarbonothioyl)-             1
               bis- (Sulfads).                                          
U401          bis(dimethylthiocarbamoyl) sulfide                       1
               (Tetramethylthiuram monosulfide).                        
U402          Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide, tetrabutyl                 1
               (Butyl Tuads).                                           
U403          Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide, tetraethyl                 1
               (Disulfiram).                                            
U404          Zinc, bis[bis(phenylmethyl)carbamodithioato-             1
               S,S']- (Arazate).                                        
U405          Zinc, bis(dibutylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-                 1
               (Butyl Ziram).                                           
U406          Zinc, bis(diethylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-                 1
               (Ethyl Ziram).                                           
------------------------------------------------------------------------

VII. Compliance Dates

A. Notification

    Under the RCRA section 3010 any person generating, transporting, or 
managing a hazardous waste must notify EPA (or an authorized State) of 
its activities. Section 3010(a) allows EPA to waive, under certain 
circumstances, the notification requirement under section 3010 of RCRA. 
If these hazardous waste listings are promulgated, EPA is proposing to 
waive the notification requirement as unnecessary for persons already 
identified within the hazardous waste management universe (i.e., 
persons who have an EPA identification number under 40 CFR 262.12). EPA 
is not proposing to waive the notification requirement for waste 
handlers who have neither notified the Agency that they may manage 
hazardous wastes nor received an EPA identification number. Such 
individuals will have to provide notification under section 3010.

B. Interim Status and Permitted Facilities

    Because HSWA requirements are applicable in authorized States at 
the same time as in unauthorized States, EPA will regulate K156 through 
K161 and the P and U listed wastes until States are authorized to 
regulate these wastes. Thus, once this regulation becomes effective as 
a final rule, EPA will apply Federal regulations to these wastes and to 
their management in both authorized and unauthorized States.

VIII. Executive Order 12866

    Under Executive Order 12866, [58 FR 51735 (October 4, 1993)] the 
Agency must determine whether the regulatory action is ``significant'' 
and therefore subject to OMB review and the requirements of the 
Executive Order. The Order defines ``significant regulatory action'' as 
one that is likely to result in a rule that may:

    (1) Have an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more 
or adversely affects in a material way the economy, a sector of the 
economy, productivity, competition, jobs, the environment, public 
health or safety, or State, local, or tribal governments or 
communities;
    (2) Create a serious inconsistency or otherwise interferes with 
an action taken or planned by another agency;
    (3) Materially alter the budgetary impact of entitlements, 
grants, user fees, or loan programs or the rights and obligations of 
recipients thereof; or
    (4) Raise novel legal or policy issues arising out of legal 
mandates, the President's priorities, or the principles set forth in 
this Executive order.

    Pursuant to the terms of Executive Order 12866, it has been 
determined that this rule is a ``significant regulatory action'' 
because of policy issues arising out of legal mandates. As such, this 
action was submitted to OMB for review. Changes made in response to OMB 
suggestions or recommendations will be documented in the public record.

IX. Economic Impact Analysis

    This section of the preamble summarizes the costs and the economic 
impact analysis (EIA) for the proposed carbamate hazardous waste 
listings. Based upon the EIA for this proposal, the Agency estimates 
that the listing of the six carbamate production wastes discussed above 
may result in nationwide annualized costs of at least $890,000. A 
complete discussion of the EIA is available in the regulatory docket 
for this proposed rule in a report entitled ``Economic Impact Analysis 
of the Identification and Listing of Carbamate Production Waste,'' 
January 26, 1994.

A. Compliance Costs for Proposed Listings

    The remainder of this section briefly describes (1) the universe of 
carbamate production facilities and volumes of carbamate production 
wastes in the 6 waste groups proposed for hazardous waste listing, (2) 
the methodology for determining incremental cost and economic impacts 
to regulated entities, and (3) the regulatory flexibility analysis. 
Results of the analysis are summarized in section 3, Tables 30 and 31.
1. Universe of Carbamate Production Facilities and Waste Volumes
    In order to estimate costs for the EIA, it was first necessary to 
estimate total annual generation of carbamate production wastes. As 
described in section III of this preamble, the carbamate production 
industry is composed of 64 chemical products produced by 20 
manufacturers at 24 facilities. Total annual waste quantities generated 
by these facilities were derived from a 1990 survey of the carbamate 
production industry. Table 27 presents the total waste quantities 
reported, by waste group, for the carbamate production industry.

   Table 27.--1990 Total Waste Quantities of Concern, by Waste Group,   
              Reported by the Carbamate Production Industry             
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                 Total  
   Waste category(Quantities given in Metric tons per year)     quantity
                                                                reported
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Category 1--Organic wastes from the production of carbamates            
 and carbamoyl oximes........................................    126,000
Category 2--Wastewaters from the production of carbamates and           
 carbamoyl oximes............................................    269,000
Category 3--Solids from the production of carbamates an                 
 carbamoyl oximes............................................      1,390
Category 4--Organic wastes from the production of                       
 thiocarbamates..............................................        500
Category 5--Wastewaters from the production of thiocarbamates    344,000
Category 6--Solids from the production of thiocarbamates.....        700
Category 7--Process wastewater from the production of                   
 dithiocarbamates............................................     51,000
Category 8--Reactor vent scrubber water from the production             
 of dithiocarbamates.........................................     46,000
Category 9--Purification solids from the production of                  
 dithiocarbamates............................................      3,400
Category 10--Organic wastes from the production of                      
 dithiocarbamates............................................        400
                                                              ----------
    Total:...................................................   a839,500
------------------------------------------------------------------------
aNumbers may not add due to rounding.                                   

2. Method for Determining Cost and Economic Impacts
    This section details EPA's approach for estimating the incremental 
compliance cost and the economic impacts attributable to the listing of 
carbamate production waste. Because the carbamate production industry 
is relatively small (only 20 manufacturers at 24 facilities in 1990), 
EPA was able to collect facility-specific information and estimate 
incremental costs at the waste stream level. The information used in 
this analysis was collected in 1990 under the authority of a RCRA 
section 3007 survey; the survey included engineering site visits, and 
sampling and analysis of waste streams.

Approach to the Cost Analysis

    EPA's approach to the cost analysis for this proposal was to 
compare the cost of current management practices, as reported in the 
3007 survey of carbamate production facilities, with the projected cost 
of management to comply with the RCRA Subtitle C hazardous waste 
program as would be required by the proposed rule. This difference in 
cost, when annualized,\9\ represents the incremental annual compliance 
cost attributable to the proposed rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\Costs are discounted at a rate of 7 percent over a 20 year 
period.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Baseline or Current Management Scenario

    Relying on survey responses and engineering site visits, EPA was 
able to determine the current (i.e., 1990) management practices for the 
handling and disposal of carbamate production wastes. Current 
management practices varied among facilities and waste streams, and 
included such practices as off-site incineration, deep-well disposal, 
on-site destruction in boilers, and off-site landfilling. These current 
management practices at each facility represent the baseline scenario 
of the analysis.
    As part of the 3007 survey, EPA asked each facility to identify 
current costs for the management of carbamate production wastes. For 
this analysis, EPA has relied on and has not changed the industry's own 
waste-specific estimates concerning the cost of current management. EPA 
realizes that future events such as waste minimization efforts or 
increased demand for carbamate products may change waste generation 
volumes and, thus, future waste management costs.

Post-Regulatory Management Scenarios

    In predicting how industry would comply with the listing of 
carbamate production waste as RCRA hazardous waste, EPA developed nine 
post-regulatory management scenarios, described below, that represent 
plausible management reactions on the part of industry. EPA developed 
these post-regulatory management categories based on its knowledge of 
current waste management and the physical and chemical properties of 
the waste.

Management Category (MC) 1: Wastes Currently Managed as Hazardous 
Waste, Either On or Off Site

    EPA assumed in this post-regulatory scenario, that wastes would 
continue to be managed as in the baseline scenario. On-site hazardous 
waste management implies that there already exists a RCRA Subtitle C 
permitted (or interim status) unit at the facility, such as a RCRA 
permitted incinerator. If wastes are managed as hazardous on site, the 
incremental change due to the proposed rule would be to modify the RCRA 
permit (or interim status/permit application) to account for the new 
listing of carbamate production waste.\10\ If wastes are managed as 
hazardous off site, the incremental change would be the cost from the 
completion of a waste generator manifest.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \10\For this category, EPA assumed that the facility would need 
a RCRA Class II permit modification to the facility's annual 
contingency plan maintenance and biennial reporting.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Management Category 2: Wastes Currently Managed in Boilers Subject to 
BIF Requirements\11\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \11\Boilers and Industrial Furnaces.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EPA assumed that these wastes would continue to be managed in 
boilers. If the boiler is on site, costs for a Class II incinerator 
permit modification and manifest and biennial reporting would be 
incurred, similar to management Category 1. If the waste is sent to 
off-site boilers subject to BIF requirements, the only incremental cost 
would be that for completing the manifest.

Management Category 3: Wastes Currently Managed in On Site, Subtitle D, 
Non-hazardous Waste Incinerators

    EPA assumed that post-regulatory management would be off site at 
the nearest commercial hazardous waste (i.e., RCRA Subtitle C 
permitted) incinerator.\12\ In addition to the commercial treatment and 
transportation costs, the post-regulatory management of these wastes 
would include contingency plan maintenance, biennial reporting, and 
manifesting.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\EPA estimated each of facility-to-commercial incinerator 
distance from road maps.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Management Category 4: Wastes Currently Discharged Under National 
Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permits, Treated at 
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWs) Under the Clean Water Act, 
Privately Owned Treatment Works, or On-Site Wastewater Treatment 
Systems

    EPA assumed that the post-regulatory management of these wastes as 
a result of this proposal would be the same as baseline management, 
because the systems or wastes would still be, either exempt from RCRA 
regulation (see 40 CFR 264.1(g)(6)), or that the systems are already 
covered under a RCRA permit by rule (see 40 CFR 265.1(c)(10)), and 
would therefore not incur any significant incremental costs. 
Consequently, the only incremental cost attributed to this proposal is 
for contingency plan maintenance and biennial reporting.

Management Categories 5 and 6: Wastes Currently Being Recycled 
(Category No. 5) or Recovered (Category No. 6)

    No incremental cost is attributed to these waste volumes as 
recycled wastes were assumed to be exempt from RCRA Subtitle C 
regulation.\13\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \13\Because of the complexities of RCRA recycling and reuse, it 
is possible that these carbamate production wastes are recycled in a 
manner that is not exempt from RCRA permitting and other 
requirements. Without further investigation of each process 
configuration it is impossible to determine which wastes would 
continue to be recycled or recovered in the post-regulatory 
scenario. There are 2,630 metric tons assigned to management 
categories 5 and 6, if all this waste was to be shipped off site to 
a Subtitle C hazardous waste landfill (at $200/metric ton), then the 
incremental annualized cost reported in this analysis would increase 
by at least $530,000.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Management Category 7: Wastes Currently Managed Off Site in Subtitle D, 
Non-Hazardous Waste Incinerators

    EPA assumed that this waste will continue to be shipped off site, 
but to the nearest commercial hazardous waste incinerator. In addition 
to treatment costs, incremental costs would include those for 
contingency plan maintenance, manifesting, and biennial reporting.

Management Categories 8 and 9: Wastes Currently Managed in Subtitle D 
Landfills (Category No. 8 for Wastes Managed Off Site, and Category No. 
9 for Wastes Managed On Site)

    In the post-regulatory scenario, wastes in both categories would be 
shipped off site to the nearest commercial Subtitle C hazardous waste 
landfill. Commercial landfilling costs, biennial reporting, and 
manifesting would present incremental costs associated with this 
proposal.

Management Category 10: Segregation of Subtitle D Wastes Currently 
Commingled

    In the post-regulatory scenario, wastes currently commingled with 
industrial or process trash and managed in Subtitle D landfills may 
incur separation costs. The process trash will be managed in the 
current fashion, while the listed waste will be managed under Subtitle 
C facilities. Carbamate producers must devote labor and capital to 
separate these materials and devote space to storage.
    Unit costs for Subtitle C treatment (i.e., incineration) or land 
disposal, waste transportation between facilities, permit 
modifications, maintenance of contingency plans, manifesting and 
biannual reporting system (BRS) reporting are contained in Table 28 
below. The total volume of waste affected by each waste management 
category described above are presented below in Table 29. EPA requests 
comments on these cost estimates.

    Table 28.--Post-Regulatory Waste Management Unit Cost Estimates     
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                           Cost (1992 $)                Source          
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Commercial hazardous   $1,600 per metric ton  SAIC/ICF analysis.        
 waste incineration.                                                    
Commercial hazardous   $200 per metric ton..  SAIC/ICF analysis.        
 waste landfill.                                                        
Hazardous waste        $0.27 per metric ton   SAIC analysis.            
 transportation.        per mile if under                               
                        200 miles.                                      
                       $0.24 per metric ton   ..........................
                        per mile if over 200                            
                        miles.                                          
Class II on-site       $80,102..............  ICF analysis.             
 hazardous waste                                                        
 landfill permit                                                        
 modification\1\.                                                       
Class II on-site       $40,585..............  ICF analysis.             
 hazardous waste                                                        
 incinerator permit                                                     
 modification\1\.                                                       
Other class II on-     $7,476...............  ICF analysis.             
 site hazardous waste                                                   
 treatment permit                                                       
 modification.                                                          
Segregation of         $10 per metric ton...  EPA estimate.             
 industrial Subtitle                                                    
 D waste.                                                               
Maintenance of         $200 per facility per  Source a.                 
 contingency plan.      year.                                           
Manifesting\2\.......  $36 per shipment.....  Sources b, c.             
BRS reporting........  $428 per facility per  Sources c, d.             
                        year.                                           
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\Permit modification costs were assumed to be incurred no more than   
  once for each type of treatment at each facility. These costs were    
  annualized over 20 years using a discount rate of 7 percent.          
\2\Manifest completion costs were assumed to be incurred once a year for
  each waste shipped off site. One shipment was assumed to equal one    
  truckload of 20 tons.                                                 
                                                                        
Sources: a. ``Estimating Costs for the Economic Benefits of RCRA Non-   
  compliance,'' Draft Report prepared by DPRA for Office of Waste       
  Programs Enforcement, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, May 1993. 
b. ICF No. 801 ``Requirements for Generators, Transporters, and Waste   
  Management Facilities Under the RCRA Hazardous Waste Manifest         
  System,'' June 15, 1992.                                              
c. Employment and Earnings, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 1993.     
d. ``1991 Hazardous Waste Report,'' U.S. Environmental Protection       
  Agency.                                                               


    Table 29.--Total Carbamate Production Waste Quantities and Total    
     Incremental Annual Cost Incurred by Each Post-Regulatory Waste     
                          Management Category                           
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Post-regulatory                                                         
     waste       Total quantity of carbamate       Total annualized     
   management     production waste affected   incremental cost incurred 
   scenario           (in metric tons)                                  
------------------------------------------------------------------------
MC 1...........              234,000                      $25,600       
MC 2...........                6,400                        8,200       
MC 3...........                    1                          700       
MC 4...........              809,900                      776,700       
MC 5 and 6.....                2,700                          200       
MC 7...........                    0                           20       
MC 8 and 9.....                  200                       58,100       
MC 10..........                4,100                      41,000        
                --------------------------------------------------------
    Total\1\...              840,000                     910,000        
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\Numbers may not add due to rounding.                                 

Specific Analysis of K157 Wastewaters

    EPA examined two scenarios for the post-regulatory management of 
K157 wastewaters. The first scenario assumed that K157 wastewaters 
would continue to be sent through NPDES-permitted discharges or to 
POTWs, but that (1) sludge would be managed as hazardous waste, (2) 
surface impoundments would be closed and converted to tanks. The second 
scenario assumed that wastewaters would be treated by steam stripping 
before discharge into centralized wastewater treatment systems. 
Exemption of these sludges from the definition of hazardous waste was 
found to not impact the incremental costs, which are dominated by 
impoundment conversion costs.
    For the first K157 wastewater scenario, EPA reviewed the 
information collected as part of the RCRA section 3007 survey. The 
facility-specific information shows that only two facilities employ 
operational surface impoundments (as of 1990). EPA thus calculated the 
costs associated with the closure of the surface impoundments and 
conversion to tanks. The EIA technical background document contains 
details of these cost calculations. EPA estimated that the costs 
associated with the first scenario to be approximately $760,000 per 
year.
    For the second K157 wastewater scenario, EPA explored the 
possibility of off-site steam stripping as well as constructing on-site 
steam stripping units. EPA identified seven facilities with K157 
wastewater streams in significant quantities to merit construction of 
on-site steam stripping units. For these facilities, EPA calculated 
rough engineering cost estimates for the on-site systems, both for 
capital costs and annual operation and maintenance. EPA identified two 
additional facilities which did not produce significant quantities of 
K157 wastewaters to merit construction of on-site steam stripping 
units. For volumes generated by these facilities (approximately 400 
tons), EPA estimated the total annualized cost of off-site steam 
stripping.\14\ The total estimated annualized cost for scenario two is 
$6.4 million.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \14\Recent vendor quotes of off-site steam-stripping showed a 
cost of $0.75 per gallon (approximately $200 per metric ton).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Because the K157 incremental annualized cost of scenario two is 
more than seven times that of scenario one, EPA assumed that industry 
would minimize its cost by adopting the lower-cost management.\15\ The 
costs estimated for scenario one have been used in the total costs for 
K157 wastes reported below.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \15\EPA also considered facility specific comparisons between 
scenarios one and two. It should be noted that, under scenario one, 
given the worst possible case (conversion of three surface 
impoundments, one tank cover and sludge disposal) costs were still 
favorable to those that would be incurred by the same facility under 
scenario two.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. P and U List Wastes
    EPA has not estimated the amounts of P and U wastes that are 
generated annually by the carbamate producers or wastes resulting from 
spills or other one-time generation occurrences. EPA would appreciate 
any comment concerning the costs of on-going P and U waste generation 
as well as costs resulting from spills and other such incidents. 
Similarly, EPA has not explored the possible use of carbamate products 
for the precipitation of metals in the waste treatment of other 
industries.
4. Potential Remedial Action Costs
    In addition to carbamate process wastes, the proposed carbamate 
hazardous waste listing could affect the management of soils, ground 
water, and other remedial materials. The Agency's ``contained in'' 
policy defines certain remediation wastes ``containing'' a listed 
hazardous waste as a RCRA hazardous waste. It is possible that areas of 
past carbamate waste management, spills, or disposal, which met the 
proposed K156-K161 listing description at the time they were placed on 
the land, may still have contaminant concentrations which exceed 
``contained in'' levels. A person who disturbs such material could 
become a generator of RCRA hazardous waste. The likelihood of this 
imposing a significant additional burden is low since at least 22 of 24 
carbamate production facilities are already permitted TSDFs. Releases 
from all solid waste management units at these TSDFs, including those 
that in the future would be found to contain a waste meeting the 
carbamate listing descriptions, are already covered by facility-wide 
cleanup rules under 40 CFR 264.101. This issue would be more likely to 
arise from historical offsite management at facilities that were not 
TSDs.
    There are two remedial possibilities for land containing this 
material. First, it may be possible to not disturb the contaminated 
area or manage the material in place with source controls or in situ 
treatment and thus avoid generating a hazardous waste. Owners may be 
unable to make full value use of the land. In this case, the cost under 
this scenario is the difference between the cost of the land at its 
highest valued use and the cost of the land at the lower value. The 
Agency also recognizes that under this alternative property owners 
surrounding these locations may experience a change in their property 
values but this is difficult to evaluate. Second, owners may excavate 
the material. If the material contains a hazardous waste owners would 
bear hazardous waste treatment, disposal, management, and potentially 
permitting costs. Owners and EPA are likely to prefer the first 
alternative when that action is protective of human health and the 
environment.
    The Agency requests comment on the likely costs associated with 
remediation of wastes found to contain the wastes identified for 
listing in today's proposal. The Agency is interested in estimates of 
potential remedial wastes that would be defined as hazardous under RCRA 
because of this proposed listing and the potential management costs. 
EPA specifically requests comments on the number of carbamate 
production facilities already subject to federal (e.g., RCRA Corrective 
Action) or state authorities compelling owners to clean up their entire 
facility, including areas of past K165-K161 management, both onsite and 
offsite.
5. Summary of Results
    Table 30 presents a summary of estimated national incremental 
annualized compliance costs, by waste group,\16\ associated with this 
proposal to list certain carbamate production wastes as hazardous.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \16\For a detailed description of these waste groupings, please 
refer to Table 27 of this preamble.

     Table 30.--Summary of Estimated National Incremental Annualized    
                Compliance Costs (1992 dollars/year)\1\                 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
               RCRA                                                     
Waste group   waste           Annual incremental compliance cost        
              code                                                      
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1..........  K156                              $14,000                  
2..........  K157                              770,000                  
3..........  K158                               37,000                  
4..........  K159                                1,200                  
6..........  K160                                2,100                  
9..........  K161                               69,000                  
            ------------------------------------------------------------
    Total..  .......                       \2\890,000                   
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\Numbers may not add up due to rounding.                              
\2\EPA also estimated the incremental compliance costs associated with  
  waste groups 5, 7, 8 and 10, which are not recommended for listing    
  under today's proposal. If listed, total incremental annual compliance
  costs for these waste groups are estimated to be $22,000.             

    Table 30 presents the annual incremental compliance costs as they 
correspond to the RCRA waste codes proposed for listing (i.e., K156 
through K160). Please note that these codes correspond directly to the 
waste groups proposed for listing under this proposal (i.e., groups 1, 
2, 3, 4, 6 and 9). As indicated in Table 30 the total annual 
incremental compliance cost attributable to this proposal is $890,000. 
Waste category 2 (i.e., K157--wastewaters from the production of 
carbamates and carbamoyl oximes) constitutes 86\17\ percent of national 
incremental compliance cost. Waste category 9 (i.e., K161--purification 
solids, bag-house dust, and floor sweepings from the production of 
dithiocarbamates) constitutes 5 percent; and waste category 3 (i.e., 
K158--solids from the production of carbamate and carbamoyl oxime 
products) constitutes 3 percent of national incremental compliance 
cost. The remaining 1 percent are distributed among other waste groups.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \17\The bulk of this cost (99 percent) is attributable to one 
facility for the conversion of three surface impoundments to tanks. 
The ratio of total annual incremental cost that would be incurred by 
this facility, to annual revenues for the entire company, is less 
than 1 percent.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

B. Regulatory Flexibility Analysis

    Table 31 presents the estimated annualized incremental compliance 
costs borne by the five small businesses\18\ in the carbamate 
production industry. The annual incremental cost of the rule for the 
five facilities ranged from $628 to $772. The greatest ratio of 
compliance cost to sales is 0.01%, thus, EPA concluded that no small 
businesses are significantly affected by this rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \18\A small business is defined by the Small Business Size 
Regulations (13 CFR part 121) as one with under 500 employees.

       Table 31.--Results of the Regulatory Flexibility Analysis        
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                             Annual cost
                                       Annual                     of    
                                    incremental    Annual    compliance/
             Facility                 cost of       sales       annual  
                                        rule     (millions)     sales   
                                                              (percent) 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.................................        $772        $17.8       <0.01 
2.................................         628        110         <0.01 
3.................................         664          6.6       <0.01 
4.................................         628         45         <0.01 
5.................................         736         19        <0.01  
------------------------------------------------------------------------

X. Regulatory Flexibility Act

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) of 1980 requires Federal 
agencies to consider ``small entities'' throughout the regulatory 
process. Section 603 of the RFA requires an initial screening analysis 
to be performed to determine whether small entities will be affected by 
the regulation. If affected small entities are identified, regulatory 
alternatives must be considered which mitigate the potential impacts. 
Small entities as described in the Act are only those ``businesses, 
organizations and governmental jurisdictions subject to regulation.''
    If, however, the head of the Agency certifies that the rule will 
not have a significant impact on a substantial number of small 
entities, no regulatory flexibility analysis is required. Of the 24 
entities which are directly subject to this proposed rule, 18 entities 
would incur incremental compliance costs. Of the 18 affected 
facilities, 4 entities fit the definition of a ``small entity'' as 
defined by the Regulatory Flexibility Act.\19\ The annual incremental 
cost impact to these 4 entities ranges from $600 to $800. For each of 
the 4 facilities impacted, these annual costs constitute less than 1 
percent of total annual sales. EPA believes that these costs do not 
represent a significant impact. Hence, pursuant to section 605(b) of 
the Regulatory Flexibility Act, 5 U.S.C. 605(b), ``the Administrator 
certifies that this rule will not have a significant economic impact on 
a substantial number of entities.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \19\According to ``EPA Guidelines for Implementing the 
Regulatory Flexibility Act'' (April, 1992), any producer of 
pesticides and agricultural chemicals (SIC 2879) with less than 500 
employees constitutes a ``small entity.'' None of the entities which 
would incur incremental compliance costs as a result of this 
proposal have less than 500 employees.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

XI. Paperwork Reduction Act

    This rule does not contain any information collection requirements 
subject to OMB review under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1980, 44 
U.S.C. 3501 et seq.

List of Subjects

40 CFR Part 261

    Environmental protection, Hazardous materials, Waste treatment and 
disposal, Recycling.

40 CFR Part 271

    Environmental protection, Administrative practice and procedure, 
Confidential business information, Hazardous material transportation, 
Hazardous waste, Indians--lands, Intergovernmental relations, 
Penalties, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Water pollution 
control, Water supply.

40 CFR Part 302

    Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Chemicals, 
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act, Extremely hazardous 
substances, Hazardous chemicals, Hazardous materials, Hazardous 
materials transportation, Hazardous substances, Hazardous wastes, 
Intergovernmental relations, Natural resources, Pesticides and pests, 
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Superfund, Waste treatment 
and disposal, Water pollution control, Water supply.

    Dated: January 31, 1994.
Carol M. Browner,
Administrator.
    For the reasons set out in the preamble, 40 CFR parts 261, 271, and 
302 are proposed to be amended as follows:

Part 261--IDENTIFICATION AND LISTING OF HAZARDOUS WASTE

    1. The authority citation for Part 261 continues to read as 
follows:

    Authority: 42 U.S.C. 6905, 6912(a), 6921, 6922, and 6938.

    2. Section 261.3 is amended by adding paragraphs (a)(2)(iv)(F) and 
(c)(2)(ii)(D) to read as follows.


Sec. 261.3  Definition of hazardous waste.

    (a) * * *
    (2) * * *
    (iv) * * *
    (F) One or more of the following wastes listed in Sec. 261.32--
wastewaters from the production of carbamates and carbamoyl oximes (EPA 
Hazardous Waste No. K157)--provided that the maximum weekly usage of 
formaldehyde, methyl chloride, methylene chloride, and triethylamine 
(including all amounts that cannot be demonstrated to be reacted in the 
process or is recovered, i.e., what is discharged or volatilized) 
divided by the average weekly flow of process wastewater prior to any 
dilutions into the headworks of the facility's wastewater treatment 
system does not exceed a total of 5 parts per million by weight.
* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (2) * * *
    (ii) * * *
    (D) Biological treatment sludge from the treatment of one of the 
following wastes listed in Sec. 261.32--wastewaters from the production 
of carbamates and carbamoyl oximes (EPA Hazardous Waste No. K157).
* * * * *
    3. Section 261.32 is amended by adding in alphanumeric order (by 
the first column) the following waste streams to the subgroup 
``Pesticides'' to read as follows.


Sec. 261.32  Hazardous wastes from specific sources.

* * * * *

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Industry and EPA hazardous waste No.                         Hazardous waste                       Hazard code 
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                                
                                                    * * * * *                                                   
K156..................................  Organic waste (including heavy ends, still bottoms, light   (T)         
                                         ends, spent solvents, filtrates, and decantates) from the              
                                         production of carbamates and carbamoyl oximes.                         
K157..................................  Wastewaters (including scrubber waters, condenser waters,   (T)         
                                         washwaters, and separation waters) from the production of              
                                         carbamates and carbamoyl oximes.                                       
K158..................................  Bag house dusts and filter/separation solids from the       (T)         
                                         production of carbamates and carbamoyl oximes.                         
K159..................................  Organics from the treatment of thiocarbamate wastes.......  (T)         
K160..................................  Solids (including filter wastes, separation solids, and     (T)         
                                         spent catalysts) from the production of thiocarbamates                 
                                         and solids from the treatment of thiocarbamate wastes.                 
K161..................................  Purification solids (including filtration, evaporation,     (R,T)       
                                         and centrifugation solids), baghouse dust and floor                    
                                         sweepings from the production of dithiocarbamate acids                 
                                         and their salts. (This listing does not include K125 or                
                                         K126.).                                                                
                                                                                                                
                                                    * * * * *                                                   
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    4. Sections 261.33(e) and (f) are amended by adding in alphabetic 
order (by the third column) the following substances to read as 
follows:


Sec. 261.33  Discarded commercial chemical products, off-specification 
species, container residues, and spill residues thereof.

* * * * *
    (e) * * * 

------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    Chemical                                            
 Hazardous waste    abstracts                   Substance               
      No.             No.                                               
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
P187............    22781-23-3  1,3-Benzodioxol-4-ol, 2,2-dimethyl-,    
                                 methyl carbamate (Bendiocarb).         
P127............     1563-66-2  7-Benzofuranol, 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-
                                 , methylcarbamate (Carbofuran).        
P188............       57-64-7  Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy, compd. with    
                                 (3aS-cis)- 1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydro-    
                                 1,3a,8- trimethylpyrrolo[2,3-b]indol-5-
                                 yl methylcarbamate ester (1:1)         
                                 (Physostigmine salicylate).            
                                                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
P189............    55285-14-8  Carbamic acid,                          
                                 [(dibutylamino)thio]methyl-, 2,3-      
                                 dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl    
                                 ester (Carbosulfan).                   
P191............      644-64-4  Carbamic acid, dimethyl-, 1-            
                                 [(dimethylamino)carbonyl]-5-methyl-1H- 
                                 pyrazol-3-yl ester (Dimetilan).        
P192............      119-38-0  Carbamic acid, dimethyl-, 3-methyl-1-(1-
                                 methylethyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl ester     
                                 (Isolan).                              
P190............     1129-41-5  Carbamic acid, methyl-, 3-methylphenyl  
                                 ester (Metolcarb).                     
P193............    23564-05-8  Carbamic acid, [1,2-                    
                                 phenylenebis(iminocarbonothioyl)]bis-, 
                                 dimethyl ester (Thiophanate-methyl).   
                                                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
P185............    26419-73-8  1,3-Dithiolane-2-carboxaldehyde, 2,4-   
                                 dimethyl-, O-                          
                                 [(methylamino)carbonyl]oxime (Tirpate).
                                                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
P194............    23135-22-0  Ethanimidothioc acid, 2-(dimethylamino)-
                                 N- [[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]-2-oxo-,
                                 methyl ester (Oxamyl).                 
P195............    59669-26-0  Ethanimidothioic acid, N,N'-            
                                 [thiobis[(methylimino)carbonyloxy]]bis-
                                 , dimethyl ester (Thiodicarb).         
                                                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
P196............    15339-36-3  Manganese, bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato-
                                 S,S')-, (Manganese                     
                                 dimethyldithiocarbamate).              
                                                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
P198............    23422-53-9  Methanimidamide, N,N-dimethyl-N'-[3-    
                                 [[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]phenyl]-,  
                                 monohydrochloride (Formetanate         
                                 hydrochloride).                        
P197............    17702-57-7  Methanimidamide, N,N-dimethyl-N'-[2-    
                                 methyl-4-                              
                                 [[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]phenyl]-   
                                 (Formparanate).                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
P128............      315-18-4  Phenol, 4-(dimethylamino)-3,5-dimethyl-,
                                 methylcarbamate (ester) (Mexacarbate). 
P199............     2032-65-7  Phenol, (3,5-dimethyl-4-(methylthio)-,  
                                 methylcarbamate (Methiocarb).          
                                                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
P200............      114-26-1  Phenol, 2-(1-methylethoxy)-,            
                                 methylcarbamate (Propoxur).            
P202............       64-00-6  Phenol, 3-(1-methylethyl), methyl       
                                 carbamate (Hercules AC-5727).          
                                                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
P201............     2631-37-0  Phenol, 3-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-,    
                                 methyl carbamate (Promecarb).          
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
P203............     1646-88-4  Propanal, 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfonyl)-, 
                                 O- [(methylamino)carbonyl] oxime       
                                 (Aldicarb sulfone).                    
                                                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
P204............       57-47-6  Pyrrolo[2,3-b]indol-5-ol, 1,2,3,3a,8,8a-
                                 hexahydro- 1,3a,8-trimethyl-,          
                                 methylcarbamate (ester), (3aS-cis)-    
                                 (Physostigmine).                       
                                                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
P205............      137-30-4  Zinc, bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-
                                 , (Ziram).                             
                                                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                        
(f) ***                                                                 
                                                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
U369............    15991-76-1  Antimony, tris[bis(2-                   
                                 ethylhexyl)carbamodithioato- S,S']-,   
                                 (Antimony tris(2-                      
                                 ethylhexyl)dithiocarbamate).           
U368............    15890-25-2  Antimony tris(dipentylcarbamodithioato- 
                                 S,S')- (Antimony                       
                                 trisdipentyldithiocarbamate).          
U365............     2212-67-1  1H-Azepine-1-carbothioic acid, hexahydro-
                                 , S-ethyl ester (Molinate).            
                                                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
U364............    22961-82-6  1,3-Benzodioxol-4-ol, 2,2-dimethyl-,    
                                 (Bendiocarb phenol).                   
U367............     1563-38-8  7-Benzofuranol, 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-
                                  (Carbofuran phenol).                  
                                                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
U401............       97-74-5  Bis(dimethylthiocarbamoyl) sulfide      
                                 (Tetramethylthiuram monosulfide).      
U370............    21260-46-8  Bismuth, tris(dimethylcarbamodithioato- 
                                 S,S'-, (Methyl bismate).               
                                                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
U360............  ............  Carbamates N.O.S.                       
U372............    10605-21-7  Carbamic acid, 1H-benzimidazol-2-yl,    
                                 methyl ester (Carbendazim).            
U271............    17804-35-2  Carbamic acid, [1-[(butylamino)carbonyl]-
                                 1H- benzimidazol-2-yl]-, methyl ester  
                                 (Benomyl).                             
U375............    55406-53-6  Carbamic acid, butyl-, 3-iodo-2-propynyl
                                 ester (Troysan Polyphase).             
U280............      101-27-9  Carbamic acid, (3-chlorophenyl)-, 4-    
                                 chloro-2- butynyl ester (Barban).      
U380............    10254-57-6  Carbamodithioic acid, dibutyl-,         
                                 methylene ester (Vanlube 7723).        
U277............       95-06-7  Carbamodithioic acid, diethyl-, 2-chloro-
                                 2-propenyl ester (Sulfallate).         
U374............   112006-94-7  Carbamic acid, [[3-                     
                                 [(dimethylamino)carbonyl]-2-           
                                 pyridinyl]sulfonyl]-phenyl ester       
                                 (U9069).                               
U371............    65086-85-3  Carbamic acid,                          
                                 [(dimethylamino)iminomethyl)] methyl,  
                                 ethyl ester monohydrochloride          
                                 (Hexazinone intermediate).             
                                                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
U373............      122-42-9  Carbamic acid, phenyl-, 1-methylethyl   
                                 ester (Propham).                       
                                                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
U379............      136-30-1  Carbamodithioic acid, dibutyl, sodium   
                                 salt (Sodium dibutyldithiocarbamate).  
U381............      148-18-5  Carbamodithioic acid, diethyl-, sodium  
                                 salt (Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate).  
U383............      128-03-0  Carbamodithioic acid, dimethyl,         
                                 potassium salt (Potassium dimethyl     
                                 dithiocarbamate) (Busan 85).           
U382............      128-04-1  Carbamodithioic acid, dimethyl-, sodium 
                                 salt (Dibam).                          
U376............      144-34-3  Carbamodithioic acid, dimethyl-,        
                                 tetraanhydrosulfide with               
                                 orthothioselenious acid (Selenium      
                                 dimethyldithiocarbamate).              
                                                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
U378............    51026-28-9  Carbamodithioic acid,                   
                                 (hydroxymethyl)methyl-, monopotassium  
                                 salt (Busan 40).                       
U384............      137-42-8  Carbamodithioic acid, methyl-,          
                                 monosodium salt (Metam Sodium).        
U377............      137-41-7  Carbamodithioic acid, methyl,-          
                                 monopotassium salt (Potassium n-       
                                 methyldithiocarbamate).                
                                                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
U389............     2303-17-5  Carbamothioic acid, bis(1-methylethyl)-,
                                 S-(2,3,3- trichloro-2-propenyl) ester  
                                 (Triallate).                           
U392............     2008-41-5  Carbamothioic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl)-
                                 , S-ethyl ester (Butylate).            
U391............     1114-71-2  Carbamothioic acid, butylethyl-, S-     
                                 propyl ester (Pebulate).               
U386............     1134-23-2  Carbamothioic acid, cyclohexylethyl-, S-
                                 ethyl ester (Cycloate).                
U388............    85785-20-2  Carbamothioic acid, (1,2-dimethylpropyl)
                                 ethyl-, S- (phenylmethyl) ester        
                                 (Esprocarb).                           
U390............      759-94-4  Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-, S-ethyl  
                                 ester (Eptam).                         
U385............     1929-77-7  Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-, S-propyl 
                                 ester (Vernolate).                     
U387............    52888-80-9  Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-, S-       
                                 (phenylmethyl) ester (Prosulfocarb).   
U361............  ............  Carbamoyl Oximes N.O.S.                 
                                                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
U393............      137-29-1  Copper, bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato-   
                                 S,S')-, (Copper                        
                                 dimethyldithiocarbamate).              
                                                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
U363............  ............  Dithiocarbamate acids, salts, and/or    
                                 esters, N.O.S. (This listing includes  
                                 mixtures of one or more dithiocarbamic 
                                 acid, salt, or ester.)                 
                                                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
U404............      101-44-8  Ethanamine, N,N-diethyl-                
                                 (Triethylamine).                       
                                                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
U394............    30558-43-1  Ethanimidothioic acid, 2-(dimethylamino)-
                                 N-hydroxy- 2-oxo-, methyl ester        
                                 (A2213).                               
                                                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
U395............     5952-26-1  Ethanol, 2,2'-oxybis-, dicarbamate      
                                 (Reactacrease 4-DEG).                  
                                                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
U396............    14484-64-1  Iron, tris(dimethylcarbamodithioato-    
                                 S,S')-, (Ferbam).                      
                                                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
U397............    36501-84-5  Lead, bis(dipentylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
U398............    68412-26-0  Molybdenum, bis(dibutylcarbamothioato)di-
                                 .mu.- oxodioxodi-, sulfurized.         
                                                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
U279............       63-25-2  1-Naphthalenol, methylcarbamate         
                                 (Carbaryl).                            
                                                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
U399............    13927-77-0  Nickel, bis(dibutylcarbamodithioato-    
                                 S,S')- (Nickel dibutyldithiocarbamate).
                                                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
U400............      120-54-7  Piperidine, 1,1'-                       
                                 (tetrathiodicarbonothioyl)-bis         
                                 (Sulfads).                             
                                                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
U366............      533-74-4  2H-1,3,5-Thiadiazine-2-thione,          
                                 tetrahydro-3,5- dimethyl- (Dazomet).   
U362............  ............  Thiocarbamates N.O.S.                   
                                                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
U402............     1634-02-2  Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide, tetrabutyl
                                 (Butyl Tuads).                         
U403............       97-77-8  Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide, tetraethyl
                                 (Disulfiram).                          
                                                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
U405............    14726-36-4  Zinc,                                   
                                 bis[bis(phenylmethyl)carbamodithioato- 
                                 S,S']- (Arazate).                      
U406............      136-23-2  Zinc, bis(dibutylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-
                                 (Butyl Ziram).                         
U407............    14324-55-1  Zinc, bis(diethylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-
                                 (Ethyl Ziram).                         
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    5. Appendix VII to Part 261 is amended by adding the following 
waste streams in alphanumeric order (by the first column) to read as 
follows. 

      Appendix VII to Part 261.--Basis for Listing Hazardous Waste      
------------------------------------------------------------------------
    EPA                                                                 
 hazardous            Hazardous constituents for which listed           
 waste No.                                                              
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
K156        Acetone, acetonitrile, acetophenone, aniline, benomyl,      
             benzene, carbaryl, carbendazim, carbofuran, carbosulfan,   
             chlorobenzene, chloroform, o-dichlorobenzene, hexane,      
             methanol, methomyl, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl   
             ketone, methylene chloride, naphthalene, phenol, pyridine, 
             toluene, triethylamine, xylene.                            
K157        Acetone, carbon tetrachloride, formaldehyde, methomyl,      
             methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl chloride, methylene         
             chloride, o-phenylenediamine, pyridine, triethylamine.     
K158        Benomyl, carbendazim, carbofuran, carbosulfan, chloroform,  
             hexane, methanol, methylene chloride, phenol, xylene.      
K159        Benzene, butylate, eptc, molinate, pebulate, vernolate,     
             thiocarbamate N.O.S.                                       
K160        Benzene, butylate, eptc, molinate, pebulate, vernolate,     
             thiocarbamate N.O.S.                                       
K161        Metam-sodium, xylene, ziram, dithiocarbamate product N.O.S. 
------------------------------------------------------------------------

* * * * *
    6. Appendix VIII of Part 261 is amended by adding the following 
hazardous constituents in alphabetical order (by the first column) to 
read as follows. 

           Appendix VIII to Part 261.--Hazardous Constituents           
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 Chemical      Hazardous
    Common name      Chemical abstracts name   abstracts No.  waste No. 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
A2213..............  Ethanimidothioic acid,       30558-43-1  U394      
                      2-(dimethylamino)-N-                              
                      hydroxy-2-oxo-, methyl                            
                      ester.                                            
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Acetone............  2-Propanone............         67-64-1  K156      
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Aldicarb sulfone...  Propanal, 2-methyl-2-         1646-88-4  P203      
                      (methylsulfonyl)-, O-                             
                      [(methylamino)carbonyl                            
                      ] oxime.                                          
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Antimony tris(2-     Antimony, tris[bis(2-        15991-76-1  U369      
 ethylhexyl)dithioc   ethylhexyl)carbamodith                            
 arbamate.            ioato-S,S']-,.                                    
Antimony             Antimony tris                15890-25-2  U368      
 trisdipentyldithio-  (dipentylcarbamodithio                            
 carbamate.           ato-S,S')-.                                       
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Arazate............  Zinc,                        14726-36-4  U405      
                      bis[bis(phenylmethyl)                             
                      carbamodithioato-                                 
                      S,S']-.                                           
Barban.............  Carbamic acid, (3-             101-27-9  U280      
                      chlorophenyl)-, 4-                                
                      chloro-2-butynyl ester.                           
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Bendiocarb.........  1,3-Benzodioxol-4-ol,        22781-23-3  P187      
                      2,2-dimethyl-, methyl                             
                      carbamate.                                        
Bendiocarb phenol..  1,3-Benzodioxol-4-ol,        22961-82-6  U364      
                      2,2-dimethyl-,.                                   
Benomyl............  Carbamic acid, [1-           17804-35-2  U271      
                      [(butylamino)carbonyl]-                           
                      1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]-                            
                      , methyl ester.                                   
Bis(dibutylcarbamot  Molybdenum,                  68412-26-0  U389      
 hioato)              bis(dibutylcarbamothio                            
 dioxodimolybdenum    ato) dioxodi-,                                    
 sulfurized.          sulfurized.                                       
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Busan 40...........  Carbamodithioic acid,        51026-28-9  U378      
                      (hydroxymethyl)methyl-                            
                      , monopotassium salt.                             
Butylate...........  Carbamothioic acid,           2008-41-5  U392      
                      bis(2-methylpropyl)-,                             
                      S-ethyl ester.                                    
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Butyl Tuads........  Thioperoxydicarbonic          1634-02-2  U402      
                      diamide, tetrabutyl.                              
Butyl Ziram........  Zinc, bis                      136-23-2  U406      
                      (dibutylcarbamodithioa                            
                      to-S,S')-.                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Carbaryl...........  1-Naphthalenol,                 63-25-2  U279      
                      methylcarbamate.                                  
Carbendazim........  Carbamic acid, 1H-           10605-21-7  U372      
                      benzimidazol-2-yl,                                
                      methyl ester.                                     
Carbofuran.........  7-Benzofuranol, 2,3-          1563-66-2  P127      
                      dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-,                            
                      methylcarbamate.                                  
Carbofuran phenol..  7-Benzofuranol, 2,3-          1563-38-8  U367      
                      dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-.                            
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Carbosulfan........  Carbamic acid,               55285-14-8  P189      
                      [(dibutylamino)thio]me                            
                      thyl-, 2,3-dihydro-                               
                      2,2-dimethyl-7-                                   
                      benzofuranyl ester.                               
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Copper               Copper,                        137-29-1  U393      
 dimethyldithiocarb   bis(dimethylcarbamodit                            
 amate.               hioato-S,S')-,.                                   
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Cycloate...........  Carbamothioic acid,           1134-23-2  U386      
                      cyclohexylethyl-, S-                              
                      ethyl ester.                                      
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Dazomet............  2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-        533-74-4  U366      
                      thione, tetrahydro-3,5-                           
                      dimethyl-.                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Dibam..............  Carbamodithioic acid,          128-04-1  U382      
                      dimethyl-, sodium salt.                           
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Dimetilan..........  Carbamic acid, dimethyl-       644-64-4  P191      
                      , 1-                                              
                      [(dimethylamino)carbon                            
                      yl]-5-methyl-1H-                                  
                      pyrazol-3-yl ester.                               
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Disulfiram.........  Thioperoxydicarbonic            97-77-8  U403      
                      diamide, tetraethyl.                              
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
EPTC (Eptam).......  Carbamothioic acid,            759-94-4  U390      
                      dipropyl-, S-ethyl                                
                      ester.                                            
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Esprocarb..........  Carbamothioic acid,          85785-20-2  U388      
                      (1,2-dimethylpropyl)                              
                      ethyl-, S-                                        
                      (phenylmethyl) ester.                             
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Ethyl Ziram........  Zinc,                        14324-55-1  U407      
                      bis(diethylcarbamodith                            
                      ioato-S,S')-.                                     
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Ferbam.............  Iron,                        14484-64-1  U396      
                      tris(dimethylcarbamodi                            
                      thioato- S,S')-,.                                 
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Formetanate          Methanimidamide,N,N-         23422-53-9  P198      
 hydrochloride.       dimethyl-N'-[3-                                   
                      [[(methylamino)carbony                            
                      l]oxy]phenyl]-,                                   
                      monohydrochloride.                                
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Formparanate.......  Methanimidamide,N,N-         17702-57-7  P197      
                      dimethyl-N'-[2-methyl-                            
                      4-                                                
                      [[(methylamino)carbony                            
                      l]oxy]phenyl]-.                                   
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Hercules AC-5727...  Phenol, 3-(1-                   64-00-6  P202      
                      methylethyl), methyl                              
                      carbamate.                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Hexane.............  n-Hexane...............        110-54-3  K156      
Hexazinone           Carbamic acid,               65086-85-3  U371      
 intermediate.        [(dimethylamino)iminom                            
                      ethyl)] methyl, ethyl                             
                      ester                                             
                      monohydrochloride.                                
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Isolan.............  Carbamic acid, dimethyl-       119-38-0  P192      
                      , 3-methyl-1-(1-                                  
                      methylethyl)-1H-                                  
                      pyrazol-5-yl ester.                               
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Lead, bis(dipentyl   Lead,                        36501-84-5  U397      
 carbamodithioato-    bis(dipentylcarbamodit                            
 S,S')-.              hioato-S,S')-.                                    
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Manganese            Manganese, bis(dimethyl      15339-36-3  P196      
 dimethyldithiocarb   carbamodithioato-                                 
 amate.               S,S')-,.                                          
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Metam Sodium.......  Carbamodithioic acid,          137-42-8  U384      
                      methyl-, monosodium                               
                      salt.                                             
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Methanol...........  Methyl alcohol.........         67-56-1  K156      
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Methiocarb.........  Phenol, (3,5-dimethyl-4-      2032-65-7  P199      
                      (methylthio)-,                                    
                      methylcarbamate.                                  
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Methyl bismate.....  Bismuth,                     21260-46-8  U370      
                      tris(dimethylcarbamodi                            
                      thioato-S,S'-,.                                   
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Methyl isobutyl      4-Methyl-2-pentanone...        108-10-1  K156      
 ketone.                                                                
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Metolcarb..........  Carbamic acid, methyl-,       1129-41-5  P190      
                      3-methylphenyl ester.                             
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Mexacarbate........  Phenol, 4-                     315-18-4  P128      
                      (dimethylamino)- 3,5-                             
                      dimethyl-,                                        
                      methylcarbamate                                   
                      (ester).                                          
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Molinate...........  1H-Azepine-1-                 2212-67-1  U365      
                      carbothioic acid,                                 
                      hexahydro-, S-ethyl                               
                      ester.                                            
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Nickel               Nickel, bis(dibutyl          13927-77-0  U399      
 dibutyldithio        carbamodi thioato-                                
 carbamate.           S,S')-.                                           
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Oxamyl.............  Ethanimidothioc acid, 2-     23135-22-0  P194      
                      (dimethylamino)-N-                                
                      [[(methylamino)                                   
                      carbonyl] oxy]-2-oxo-,                            
                      methyl ester.                                     
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Pebulate...........  Carbamothioic acid,           1114-71-2  U391      
                      butylethyl-, S-propyl                             
                      ester.                                            
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Physostigmine......  Pyrrolo[2,3-b]indol-5-          57-47-6  P204      
                      ol, 1,2,3,3a,8,8a-                                
                      hexahydro-1,3a,8-                                 
                      trimethyl-,                                       
                      methylcarbamate                                   
                      (ester), (3aS-cis)-.                              
Physostigmine        Benzoic acid, 2-                57-64-7  P188      
 salicylate.          hydroxy, compd. with                              
                      (3aS-cis)-                                        
                      1,2,3,3a,8,8a-                                    
                      hexahydro-1,3a,8-                                 
                      trimethylpyrrolo[2,3-                             
                      b]indol-5-yl                                      
                      methylcarbamate ester                             
                      (1:1).                                            
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Potassium dimethyl   Carbamodithioic acid,          128-03-0  U383      
 dithiocarbamate.     dimethyl, potassium                               
                      salt.                                             
Potassium n-         Carbamodithioic acid,          137-41-7  U377      
 methyldithiocarbam   methyl,-monopotassium                             
 ate.                 salt.                                             
Promecarb..........  Phenol, 3-methyl-5-(1-        2631-37-0  P201      
                      methylethyl)-, methyl                             
                      carbamate.                                        
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Propham............  Carbamic acid, phenyl-,        122-42-9  U373      
                      1-methylethyl ester.                              
Propoxur...........  Phenol, 2-(1-                  114-26-1  P199      
                      methylethoxy)-,                                   
                      methylcarbamate.                                  
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Prosulfocarb.......  Carbamothioic acid,          52888-80-9  U387      
                      dipropyl-, S-                                     
                      (phenylmethyl) ester.                             
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Reactacrease 4-DEG.  Ethanol, 2,2'-oxybis-,        5952-26-1  U395      
                      dicarbamate.                                      
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Selenium             Carbamodithioic acid,          144-34-3  U376      
 dimethyldithiocarb   dimethyl-,                                        
 amate.               tetraanhydrosulfide                               
                      with                                              
                      orthothioselenious                                
                      acid.                                             
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Sodium               Carbamodithioic acid,          136-30-1  U379      
 dibutyldithiocarba   dibutyl, sodium salt.                             
 mate.                                                                  
Sodium               Carbamodithioic acid,          148-18-5  U381      
 diethyldithiocarba   diethyl-, sodium salt.                            
 mate.                                                                  
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Sulfads............  Piperidine, 1,1'-              120-54-7  U400      
                      (tetrathiodicarbonothi                            
                      oyl)-bis-.                                        
Sulfallate.........  Carbamodithioic acid,           95-06-7  U277      
                      diethyl-, 2-chloro-2-                             
                      propenyl ester.                                   
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Tetramethylthiuram   Bis(dimethylthiocarbamo         97-74-5  U401      
 monosulfide.         yl) sulfide.                                      
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Thiodicarb.........  Ethanimidothioic acid,       59669-26-0  P195      
                      N,N'-                                             
                      [thiobis[(methylimino)                            
                      carbonyloxy]]bis-,                                
                      dimethyl ester.                                   
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Thiophanate-methyl.  Carbamic acid, [1,2-         23564-05-8  P193      
                      phenylenebis                                      
                      (iminocarbonothioyl)]                             
                      bis-, dimethyl ester.                             
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Tirpate............  1,3-Dithiolane-2-            26419-73-8  P185      
                      carboxaldehyde, 2,4-                              
                      dimethyl-, O-                                     
                      [(methylamino)                                    
                      carbonyl] oxime.                                  
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Triallate..........  Carbamothioic acid,           2303-17-5  U389      
                      bis(1-methylethyl)-, S-                           
                      (2,3,3-trichloro-2-                               
                      propenyl) ester.                                  
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Triethylamine......  Ethanamine, N,N-diethyl-       121-44-8  U404      
                      .                                                 
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Troysan Polyphase..  Carbamic acid, butyl-,       55406-53-6  U375      
                      3-iodo-2-propynyl                                 
                      ester.                                            
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
U9069..............  Carbamicacid,[[3-           112006-94-7  U374      
                      [(dimethylamino)carbon                            
                      yl]-2-                                            
                      pyridinyl]sulfonyl]-                              
                      phenyl ester.                                     
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Vanlube 7723.......  Carbamodithioic acid,        10254-57-6  U380      
                      dibutyl-, methylene                               
                      ester.                                            
Vernolate..........  Carbamothioic acid,           1929-77-7  U385      
                      dipropyl-, S-propyl                               
                      ester.                                            
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
m-Xylene...........  1,3-Dimethylbenzene....        108-38-3  K156      
o-Xylene...........  1,2-Dimethylbenzene....        195-47-6  K156      
p-Xylene...........  1,4-Dimethylbenzene....        106-42-3  K156      
                                                                        
                              * * * * * * *                             
Ziram..............  Zinc,                          137-30-4  P204      
                      bis(dimethylcarbamodit                            
                      hioato-S,S')- , (T-4)-.                           
------------------------------------------------------------------------

* * * * *

PART 271--REQUIREMENTS FOR AUTHORIZATION OF STATE HAZARDOUS WASTE 
PROGRAMS

    7. The authority citation for part 271 continues to read as 
follows:

    Authority: 42 U.S.C. 6905, 6912(a), and 6926.

    8. Section 271.1(j) is amended by adding the following entry to 
Table 1 in chronological order by date of publication to read as 
follows.


Sec. 271.1  Purpose and scope.

* * * * *
    (j) * * * 

              Table 1.--Regulations Implementing the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984               
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                              Federal Register                  
         Promulgation date                     Title of regulation               reference       Effective date 
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                                
                                                  * * * * * * *                                                 
[Date of publication of final rule]  Listing Wastes from the Production of    [Federal          [Effective date 
                                      Carbamates.                              Register page     of final rule].
                                                                               numbers].                        
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

* * * * *

PART 302--DESIGNATION, REPORTABLE QUANTITIES, AND NOTIFICATION

    9. The authority citation for part 302 continues to read as 
follows:

    Authority: 42 U.S.C. 9602, 9603, and 9604; 33 U.S.C. 1321 and 
1361.

    10. Section 302.4 is amended by adding the following entries in 
alphabetical order (by the first column) to Table 302.4, and by adding 
footnote ``##'' to the table to read as follows. The other appropriate 
footnotes to Table 302.4 are republished without change.


Sec. 302.4  Designation of hazardous substances.

* * * * * 

                                          Table 302.4.--List of Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities                                          
                                            [Note: All comments/notes are located at the end of this table]                                             
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                    Statutory                         Final RQ          
                                                                         Regulatory    -----------------------------------------------------------------
                  Hazardous substance                       CASRN         synonyms                             RCRA waste                               
                                                                                          RQ       Code+          No.         Category      Pounds (Kg) 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                      * * * * * * *                                                                     
Antimony, tris[bis(2-ethylhexyl)carbamodithioato-S,S']-     15991761  ................      *1            4  U369           .............  ##           
 , (Antimony tris(2-ethylhexyl)dithiocarbamate).                                                                                                        
Antimony, tris(dipentylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-(Antimony     15890252  ................      *1            4  U368           .............  ##           
 trisdipentyldithiocarbamate).                                                                                                                          
                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                      * * * * * * *                                                                     
1H-Azepine-1-carbothioic acid, hexahydro-, S-ethyl           2212671  ................      *1            4  U365           .............  ##           
 ester (Molinate).                                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                      * * * * * * *                                                                     
1,3-Benzodioxol-4-ol, 2,2-dimethyl-, (Bendiocarb            22961826  ................      *1            4  U364           .............  ##           
 phenol).                                                                                                                                               
1,3-Benzodioxol-4-ol, 2,2-dimethyl-, methyl carbamate       22781233  ................      *1            4  P187           .............  ##           
 (Bendiocarb).                                                                                                                                          
                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                      * * * * * * *                                                                     
7-Benzofuranol, 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-(Carbofuran         1563388  ................      *1            4  U367           .............  ##           
 phenol).                                                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                      * * * * * * *                                                                     
Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy, compd. with (3aS-cis)-                57647  ................      *1            4  P188           .............  ##           
 1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydro-1,3a,8-trimethylpyrrolo[2,3-                                                                                                   
 b]indol-5-yl methylcarbamate ester (1:1)                                                                                                               
 (Physostigmine salicylate).                                                                                                                            
                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                      * * * * * * *                                                                     
Bis(dimethylthiocarbamoyl) sulfide (Tetramethylthiuram         97745  ................      *1            4  U401           .............  ##           
 monosulfide).                                                                                                                                          
                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                      * * * * * * *                                                                     
Bismuth, tris(dimethylcarbamodithioato-S,S'-, (Methyl       21260468  ................      *1            4  U370           .............  ##           
 bismate).                                                                                                                                              
                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                      * * * * * * *                                                                     
Carbamates N.O.S.......................................  ...........  ................      *1            4  U360           .............  ##           
Carbamic acid, butyl-, 3-iodo-2-propynyl ester (Troysan     55406536  ................      *1            4  U375           .............  ##           
 Polyphase).                                                                                                                                            
Carbamic acid, [1-[(butylamino)carbonyl]-1H-                17804352  ................      *1            4  U271           .............  ##           
 benzimidazol-2-yl, methyl ester (Benomyl).                                                                                                             
Carbamic acid, 1H-benzimidazol-2-yl, methyl ester           10605217  ................      *1            4  U372           .............  ##           
 (Carbendazim).                                                                                                                                         
Carbamic acid, (3-chlorophenyl)-, 4-chloro-2-butynyl          101279  ................      *1            4  U280           .............  ##           
 ester (Barban).                                                                                                                                        
Carbamic acid, [(dibutylamino)thio]methyl-, 2,3-dihydro-    55285148  ................      *1            4  P189           .............  ##           
 2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl ester (Carbosulfan).                                                                                                       
Carbamic acid, [[3-[(dimethylamino)carbonyl]-2-            112006947  ................      *1            4  U374           .............  ##           
 pyridinyl]sulfonyl]-phenyl ester (U9069).                                                                                                              
Carbamic acid, [(dimethylamino)iminomethyl)] ethyl          65086853  ................      *1            4  U371           .............  ##           
 ester monohydrochloride (Hexazinone intermediate).                                                                                                     
Carbamic acid, dimethyl-,1-[(dimethylamino)carbonyl]-5-       644644  ................      *1            4  P191           .............  ##           
 methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl ester (Dimetilan).                                                                                                              
Carbamic acid, dimethyl-, 3-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-1H-      119380  ................      *1            4  P192           .............  ##           
 pyrazol-5-yl ester (Isolan).                                                                                                                           
                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                      * * * * * * *                                                                     
Carbamic acid, methyl-, 3-methylphenyl ester                 1129415  ................      *1            4  P190           .............  ##           
 (Metolcarb).                                                                                                                                           
Carbamic acid, [1,2-                                        23564058  ................      *1            4  P189           .............  ##           
 phenylenebis(iminocarbonothioyl)]bis-, dimethyl ester                                                                                                  
 (Thiophanate-methyl).                                                                                                                                  
Carbamic acid, phenyl-, 1-methylethyl ester (Propham)..       122429  ................      *1            4  U373           .............  ##           
                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                      * * * * * * *                                                                     
Carbamodithioic acid, dibutyl, sodium salt (Sodium            136301  ................      *1            4  U379           .............  ##           
 dibutyldithiocarbamate).                                                                                                                               
Carbamodithioic acid, dibutyl-, methylene ester             10254576  ................      *1            4  U380           .............  ##           
 (Vanlube 7723).                                                                                                                                        
Carbamodithioic acid, diethyl-, 2-chloro-2-propenyl            95067  ................      *1            4  U277           .............  ##           
 ester (Sulfallate).                                                                                                                                    
Carbamodithioic acid, diethyl-, sodium salt (Sodium           148185  ................      *1            4  U381           .............  ##           
 diethyldithiocarbamate).                                                                                                                               
Carbamodithioic acid, dimethyl, potassium salt                128030  ................      *1            4  U383           .............  ##           
 (Potassium dimethyl dithiocarbamate).                                                                                                                  
Carbamodithioic acid, dimethyl-, sodium salt (Dibam)...       128041  ................      *1            4  U382           .............  ##           
Carbamodithioic acid, dimethyl-, tetraanhydrosulfide          144343  ................      *1            4  U376           .............  ##           
 with orthothioselenious acid (Selenium                                                                                                                 
 dimethyldithiocarbamate).                                                                                                                              
Carbamodithioic acid, (hydroxymethyl)methyl-,               51026289  ................      *1            4  U378           .............  ##           
 monopotassium salt (Busan 40).                                                                                                                         
Carbamodithioic acid, methyl,-monopotassium salt              137417  ................      *1            4  U377           .............  ##           
 (Potassium n-methyldithiocarbamate).                                                                                                                   
Carbamodithioic acid, methyl-, monosodium salt (Metam         137428  ................      *1            4  U384           .............  ##           
 Sodium).                                                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                      * * * * * * *                                                                     
Carbamothioic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl)-, S-ethyl ester      2008415  ................      *1            4  U392           .............  ##           
 (Butylate).                                                                                                                                            
                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                      * * * * * * *                                                                     
Carbamothioic acid, bis(1-methylethyl)-, S-(2,3,3-           2303175  ................      *1            4  U389           .............  ##           
 trichloro-2-propenyl) ester (Triallate).                                                                                                               
Carbamothioic acid, butylethyl-, S-propyl ester              1114712  ................      *1            4  U391           .............  ##           
 (Pebulate).                                                                                                                                            
Carbamothioic acid, cyclohexylethyl-, S-ethyl ester          1134232  ................      *1            4  U386           .............  ##           
 (Cycloate).                                                                                                                                            
Carbamothioic acid, (1,2-dimethylpropyl) ethyl-, S-         85785202  ................      *1            4  U388           .............  ##           
 (phenylmethyl) ester (Esprocarb).                                                                                                                      
Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-, S-ethyl ester (EPTC            759944  ................      *1            4  U390           .............  ##           
 (Eptam)).                                                                                                                                              
Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-, S-(phenylmethyl) ester       52888809  ................      *1            4  U387           .............  ##           
 (Prosulfocarb).                                                                                                                                        
Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-, S-propyl ester                1929777  ................      *1            4  U385           .............  ##           
 (Vernolate).                                                                                                                                           
Carbamoyl Oximes N.O.S.................................  ...........  ................      *1            4  U361           .............  ##           
                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                      * * * * * * *                                                                     
Copper, bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-(Copper            137291  ................      *1            4  U393           .............  ##           
 dimethyldithiocarbamate).                                                                                                                              
                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                      * * * * * * *                                                                     
Dithiocarbamate acids, salts, and/or esters N.O.S.,      ...........  ................      *1            4  U363           .............  ##           
 (This listing includes mixtures of one or more                                                                                                         
 dithiocarbamate acid, salt, and/or ester.).                                                                                                            
1,3-Dithiolane-2-carboxaldehyde, 2,4-dimethyl-, O-          26419738  ................      *1            4  P185           .............  ##           
 [(methylamino)carbonyl]oxime (Tirpate).                                                                                                                
                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                      * * * * * * *                                                                     
Ethanimidothioic acid, 2-(dimethylamino)-N-hydroxy-2-       30558431  ................      *1            4  U394           .............  ##           
 oxo-, methyl ester (A2213).                                                                                                                            
Ethanimidothioc acid, 2-(dimethylamino)-N-                  23135220  ................      *1            4  P194           .............  ##           
 [[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]-2-oxo-, methyl ester                                                                                                      
 (Oxamyl).                                                                                                                                              
                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                      * * * * * * *                                                                     
Ethanimidothioic acid, N,N'-                                59669260  ................      *1            4  P195           .............  ##           
 [thiobis[(methylimino)carbonyloxy]]bis-, dimethyl                                                                                                      
 ester (Thiodicarb).                                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                      * * * * * * *                                                                     
Ethanol, 2,2'-oxybis-, dicarbamate (Reactacrease 4-DEG)      5952261  ................      *1            4  U395           .............  ##           
                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                      * * * * * * *                                                                     
Iron, tris(dimethylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-(Ferbam).....     14484641  ................      *1            4  U396           .............  ##           
                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                      * * * * * * *                                                                     
Lead, bis(dipentylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-(Lead              36501845  ................      *1            4  U397           .............  ##           
 bisdipentyldithiocarbamate).                                                                                                                           
                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                      * * * * * * *                                                                     
Manganese, bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-              15339363  ................      *1            4  P196           .............  ##           
 (Manganese dimethyldithiocarbamate).                                                                                                                   
                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                      * * * * * * *                                                                     
Methanimidamide, N,N-dimethyl-N'-[3-                        23422539  ................      *1            4  P198           .............  ##           
 [[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]phenyl]-,                                                                                                                  
 monohydrochloride (Formetanate hydrochloride).                                                                                                         
Methanimidamide, N,N-dimethyl-N'-[2-methyl-4-               17702577  ................      *1            4  P197           .............  ##           
 [[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]phenyl]-(Formparanate).                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                      * * * * * * *                                                                     
Molybdenum, bis(dibutylcarbamothioato)di-.mu.-              68412260  ................      *1            4  U398           .............  ##           
 oxodioxodi-, sulfurized.                                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                      * * * * * * *                                                                     
Nickel, bis(dibutylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-(Nickel           13927770  ................      *1            4  U399           .............  ##           
 dibutyldithiocarbamate).                                                                                                                               
                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                      * * * * * * *                                                                     
Phenol, 3-(1-methylethyl), methyl carbamate (Hercules          64006  ................      *1            4  P202           .............  ##           
 AC-5727).                                                                                                                                              
Phenol, 3-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-, methyl carbamate        2631370  ................      *1            4  P201           .............  ##           
 (Promecarb).                                                                                                                                           
                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                      * * * * * * *                                                                     
Piperidine, 1,1'-(tetrathiodicarbonothioyl)-bis-              120547  ................      *1            4  U400           .............  ##           
 (Sulfads).                                                                                                                                             
                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                      * * * * * * *                                                                     
Propanal, 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfonyl)-, O-                   1646884  ................      *1            4  P203           .............  ##           
 [(methylamino)carbonyl] oxime (Aldicarb sulfone).                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                      * * * * * * *                                                                     
Pyrrolo[2,3-b]indol-5-ol, 1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydro-             57476  ................      *1            4  P204           .............  ##           
 1,3a,8-trimethyl-, methylcarbamate (ester), (3aS-cis)-                                                                                                 
 (Physostigmine).                                                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                      * * * * * * *                                                                     
2H-1,3,5-Thiadiazine-2-thione, tetrahydro-3,5-dimethyl-       533744  ................      *1            4  U366           .............  ##           
 (Dazomet).                                                                                                                                             
Thiocarbamates N.O.S...................................  ...........  ................      *1            4  U362           .............  ##           
                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                      * * * * * * *                                                                     
Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide, tetrabutyl (Butyl Tuads).      1634022  ................      *1            4  U402                                       
Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide, tetraethyl (Disulfiram)..        97778  ................      *1            4  U403           .............  ##           
                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                      * * * * * * *                                                                     
Zinc, bis(dimethylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-, (Ziram).....       137304  ................      *1            4  P205           .............  ##           
Zinc, bis(diethylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-(Ethyl Ziram)..     14324551  ................      *1            4  U407           .............  ##           
Zinc, bis(dibutylcarbamodithioato-S,S')-(Butyl Ziram)..       136232  ................      *1            4  U406           .............  ##           
Zinc, bis[bis(phenylmethyl)carbamodithioato-S,S']-          14726364  ................      *1            4  U405           .............  ##           
 (Arazate).                                                                                                                                             
                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                      * * * * * * *                                                                     
K156Organic waste (including heavy ends, still bottoms,  ...........  ................      *1            4  K156           .............  ##           
 light ends, spent solvents, filtrates, and decantates)                                                                                                 
 from the production of carbamates and carbamoyl oximes.                                                                                                
K157Wastewaters (including scrubber waters, condenser    ...........  ................      *1            4  K157           .............  ##           
 waters, washwaters, and separation waters) from the                                                                                                    
 production of carbamates and carbamoyl oximes (This                                                                                                    
 listing does not include sludges derived from the                                                                                                      
 treatment of these wastewaters).                                                                                                                       
K158Bag house dusts and filter/separation solids from    ...........  ................      *1            4  K158           .............  ##           
 the production of carbamates and carbamoyl oximes.                                                                                                     
K159Organics from the treatment of thiocarbamate wastes  ...........  ................      *1            4  K159           .............  ##           
K160Solids (including filter wastes, separation solids,  ...........  ................      *1            4  K160           .............  ##           
 and spent catalysts) from the production of                                                                                                            
 thiocarbamates and solids from the treatment of                                                                                                        
 thiocarbamate wastes.                                                                                                                                  
K161Purification solids (including filtration,           ...........  ................      *1            4  K161           .............  ##           
 evaporation, and centrifugation solids), baghouse                                                                                                      
 dust, and floor sweepings from the production of                                                                                                       
 dithiocarbamate acids and their salts (This listing                                                                                                    
 does not include K125 or K126.).                                                                                                                       
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+--indicates the statutory source as defined by 1, 2, 3, and 4 below.                                                                                   
4--indicates that the statutory source for designation of this hazardous substance under CERCLA is RCRA section 3001.                                   
*1--indicates that the 1-pound RQ is a CERCLA statutory RQ.                                                                                             
##--The Agency may adjust the statutory RQ for this hazardous substance in a future rulemaking; until then the statutory RQ applies.                    

[FR Doc. 94-4051 Filed 2-28-94; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P